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@@ -15,3 +15,5 @@
*.pt filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
*.pth filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
data/ filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+one_stop_english/raft-test.parquet filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+systematic_review_inclusion/raft-test.parquet filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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-# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files
-__pycache__/
-*.py[cod]
-*$py.class
-
-# C extensions
-*.so
-
-# Distribution / packaging
-.Python
-build/
-develop-eggs/
-dist/
-downloads/
-eggs/
-.eggs/
-lib/
-lib64/
-parts/
-sdist/
-var/
-wheels/
-share/python-wheels/
-*.egg-info/
-.installed.cfg
-*.egg
-MANIFEST
-
-# PyInstaller
-# Usually these files are written by a python script from a template
-# before PyInstaller builds the exe, so as to inject date/other infos into it.
-*.manifest
-*.spec
-
-# Installer logs
-pip-log.txt
-pip-delete-this-directory.txt
-
-# Unit test / coverage reports
-htmlcov/
-.tox/
-.nox/
-.coverage
-.coverage.*
-.cache
-nosetests.xml
-coverage.xml
-*.cover
-*.py,cover
-.hypothesis/
-.pytest_cache/
-cover/
-
-# Translations
-*.mo
-*.pot
-
-# Django stuff:
-*.log
-local_settings.py
-db.sqlite3
-db.sqlite3-journal
-
-# Flask stuff:
-instance/
-.webassets-cache
-
-# Scrapy stuff:
-.scrapy
-
-# Sphinx documentation
-docs/_build/
-
-# PyBuilder
-.pybuilder/
-target/
-
-# Jupyter Notebook
-.ipynb_checkpoints
-
-# IPython
-profile_default/
-ipython_config.py
-
-# pyenv
-# For a library or package, you might want to ignore these files since the code is
-# intended to run in multiple environments; otherwise, check them in:
-# .python-version
-
-# pipenv
-# According to pypa/pipenv#598, it is recommended to include Pipfile.lock in version control.
-# However, in case of collaboration, if having platform-specific dependencies or dependencies
-# having no cross-platform support, pipenv may install dependencies that don't work, or not
-# install all needed dependencies.
-#Pipfile.lock
-
-# PEP 582; used by e.g. github.com/David-OConnor/pyflow
-__pypackages__/
-
-# Celery stuff
-celerybeat-schedule
-celerybeat.pid
-
-# SageMath parsed files
-*.sage.py
-
-# Environments
-.env
-.venv
-env/
-venv/
-ENV/
-env.bak/
-venv.bak/
-
-# Spyder project settings
-.spyderproject
-.spyproject
-
-# Rope project settings
-.ropeproject
-
-# mkdocs documentation
-/site
-
-# mypy
-.mypy_cache/
-.dmypy.json
-dmypy.json
-
-# Pyre type checker
-.pyre/
-
-# pytype static type analyzer
-.pytype/
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-# Cython debug symbols
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-
-# Datasets locks
-*.lock
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diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
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--- a/README.md
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----
-annotations_creators:
-- expert-generated
-- crowdsourced
-language_creators:
-- expert-generated
-language:
-- en
-license:
-- other
-multilinguality:
-- monolingual
-size_categories:
-- unknown
-source_datasets:
-- original
-- extended|ade_corpus_v2
-- extended|banking77
-task_categories:
-- text-classification
-task_ids:
-- multi-class-classification
-pretty_name: 'Real-world Annotated Few-shot Tasks: RAFT'
-language_bcp47:
-- en-US
----
-
-# Dataset Card for RAFT
-
-## Table of Contents
-- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
-- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- - [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- - [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- - [Languages](#languages)
-- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- - [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- - [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- - [Data Splits](#data-splits)
-- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- - [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- - [Source Data](#source-data)
- - [Annotations](#annotations)
- - [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
-- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- - [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- - [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- - [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
-- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- - [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- - [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- - [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- - [Contributions](#contributions)
-
-## Dataset Description
-
-- **Homepage:** https://raft.elicit.org
-- **Repository:** https://huggingface.co/datasets/ought/raft
-- **Paper:** [arxiv.org](https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.14076)
-- **Leaderboard:** https://huggingface.co/spaces/ought/raft-leaderboard
-- **Point of Contact:** [Eli Lifland](eli.d.lifland@gmail.com)
-
-### Dataset Summary
-
-The Real-world Annotated Few-shot Tasks (RAFT) dataset is an aggregation of English-language datasets found in the real world. Associated with each dataset is a binary or multiclass classification task, intended to improve our understanding of how language models perform on tasks that have concrete, real-world value. Only 50 labeled examples are provided in each dataset.
-
-### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
-
-- `text-classification`: Each subtask in RAFT is a text classification task, and the provided train and test sets can be used to submit to the [RAFT Leaderboard](https://huggingface.co/spaces/ought/raft-leaderboard) To prevent overfitting and tuning on a held-out test set, the leaderboard is only evaluated once per week. Each task has its macro-f1 score calculated, then those scores are averaged to produce the overall leaderboard score.
-
-### Languages
-
-RAFT is entirely in American English (en-US).
-
-## Dataset Structure
-
-### Data Instances
-
-
-| Dataset | First Example |
-| ----------- | ----------- |
-| Ade Corpus V2 | Sentence: No regional side effects were noted.
ID: 0
Label: 2
|
-| Banking 77 | Query: Is it possible for me to change my PIN number?
ID: 0
Label: 23
|
-| NeurIPS Impact Statement Risks | Paper title: Auto-Panoptic: Cooperative Multi-Component Architecture Search for Panoptic Segmentation...
Paper link: https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/ec1f764517b7ffb52057af6df18142b7-Paper.pdf...
Impact statement: This work makes the first attempt to search for all key components of panoptic pipeline and manages to accomplish this via the p...
ID: 0
Label: 1
|
-| One Stop English | Article: For 85 years, it was just a grey blob on classroom maps of the solar system. But, on 15 July, Pluto was seen in high resolution ...
ID: 0
Label: 3
|
-| Overruling | Sentence: in light of both our holding today and previous rulings in johnson, dueser, and gronroos, we now explicitly overrule dupree....
ID: 0
Label: 2
|
-| Semiconductor Org Types | Paper title: 3Gb/s AC-coupled chip-to-chip communication using a low-swing pulse receiver...
Organization name: North Carolina State Univ.,Raleigh,NC,USA
ID: 0
Label: 3
|
-| Systematic Review Inclusion | Title: Prototyping and transforming facial textures for perception research...
Abstract: Wavelet based methods for prototyping facial textures for artificially transforming the age of facial images were described. Pro...
Authors: Tiddeman, B.; Burt, M.; Perrett, D.
Journal: IEEE Comput Graphics Appl
ID: 0
Label: 2
|
-| TAI Safety Research | Title: Malign generalization without internal search
Abstract Note: In my last post, I challenged the idea that inner alignment failures should be explained by appealing to agents which perform ex...
Url: https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/ynt9TD6PrYw6iT49m/malign-generalization-without-internal-search...
Publication Year: 2020
Item Type: blogPost
Author: Barnett, Matthew
Publication Title: AI Alignment Forum
ID: 0
Label: 1
|
-| Terms Of Service | Sentence: Crowdtangle may change these terms of service, as described above, notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in any agreemen...
ID: 0
Label: 2
|
-| Tweet Eval Hate | Tweet: New to Twitter-- any men on here know what the process is to get #verified?...
ID: 0
Label: 2
|
-| Twitter Complaints | Tweet text: @HMRCcustomers No this is my first job
ID: 0
Label: 2
|
-
-
-### Data Fields
-
-The ID field is used for indexing data points. It will be used to match your submissions with the true test labels, so you must include it in your submission. All other columns contain textual data. Some contain links and URLs to websites on the internet.
-
-All output fields are designated with the "Label" column header. The 0 value in this column indicates that the entry is unlabeled, and should only appear in the unlabeled test set. Other values in this column are various other labels. To get their textual value for a given dataset:
-```
-# Load the dataset
-dataset = datasets.load_dataset("ought/raft", "ade_corpus_v2")
-# First, get the object that holds information about the "Label" feature in the dataset.
-label_info = dataset.features["Label"]
-# Use the int2str method to access the textual labels.
-print([label_info.int2str(i) for i in (0, 1, 2)])
-# ['Unlabeled', 'ADE-related', 'not ADE-related']
-```
-
-### Data Splits
-
-There are two splits provided: train data and unlabeled test data.
-
-The training examples were chosen at random. No attempt was made to ensure that classes were balanced or proportional in the training data -- indeed, the Banking 77 task with 77 different classes if used cannot fit all of its classes into the 50 training examples.
-
-| Dataset | Train Size | Test Size | |
-|--------------------------------|------------|-----------|---|
-| Ade Corpus V2 | 50 | 5000 | |
-| Banking 77 | 50 | 5000 | |
-| NeurIPS Impact Statement Risks | 50 | 150 | |
-| One Stop English | 50 | 516 | |
-| Overruling | 50 | 2350 | |
-| Semiconductor Org Types | 50 | 449 | |
-| Systematic Review Inclusion | 50 | 2243 | |
-| TAI Safety Research | 50 | 1639 | |
-| Terms Of Service | 50 | 5000 | |
-| Tweet Eval Hate | 50 | 2966 | |
-| Twitter Complaints | 50 | 3399 | |
-| **Total** | **550** | **28712** | |
-
-## Dataset Creation
-
-### Curation Rationale
-
-Generally speaking, the rationale behind RAFT was to create a benchmark for evaluating NLP models that didn't consist of contrived or artificial data sources, for which the tasks weren't originally assembled for the purpose of testing NLP models. However, each individual dataset in RAFT was collected independently. For the majority of datasets, we only collected them second-hand from existing curated sources. The datasets that we curated are:
-* NeurIPS impact statement risks
-* Semiconductor org types
-* TAI Safety Research
-
-Each of these three datasets was sourced from our existing collaborators at Ought. They had used our service, Elicit, to analyze their dataset in the past, and we contact them to include their dataset and the associated classification task in the benchmark. For all datasets, more information is provided in our paper. For the ones which we did not curate, we provide a link to the dataset. For the ones which we did, we provide a datasheet that elaborates on many of the topics here in greater detail.
-
-For the three datasets that we introduced:
-* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** The dataset was created to evaluate the then new requirement for authors to include an "impact statement" in their 2020 NeurIPS papers. Had it been successful? What kind of things did authors mention the most? How long were impact statements on average? Etc.
-* **Semiconductor org types** The dataset was originally created to understand better which countries’ organisations have contributed most to semiconductor R\&D over the past 25 years using three main conferences. Moreover, to estimate the share of academic and private sector contributions, the organisations were classified as “university”, “research institute” or “company”.
-* **TAI Safety Research** The primary motivations for assembling this database were to: (1) Aid potential donors in assessing organizations focusing on TAI safety by collecting and analyzing their research output. (2) Assemble a comprehensive bibliographic database that can be used as a base for future projects, such as a living review of the field.
-
-**For the following sections, we will only describe the datasets we introduce. All other dataset details, and more details on the ones described here, can be found in our paper.**
-
-### Source Data
-
-#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
-
-* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** The data was directly observable (raw text scraped) for the most part; although some data was taken from previous datasets (which themselves had taken it from raw text). The data was validated, but only in part, by human reviewers. Cf this link for full details:
-* **Semiconductor org types** We used the IEEE API to obtain institutions that contributed papers to semiconductor conferences in the last 25 years. This is a random sample of 500 of them with a corresponding conference paper title. The three conferences were the International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), the Symposia on VLSI Technology and Circuits (VLSI) and the International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM).
-* **TAI Safety Research** We asked TAI safety organizations for what their employees had written, emailed some individual authors, and searched Google Scholar. See the LessWrong post for more details: https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/4DegbDJJiMX2b3EKm/tai-safety-bibliographic-database
-
-
-#### Who are the source language producers?
-
-* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** Language generated from NeurIPS 2020 impact statement authors, generally the authors of submission papers.
-* **Semiconductor org types** Language generated from IEEE API. Generally machine-formatted names, and title of academic papers.
-* **TAI Safety Research** Language generated by authors of TAI safety research publications.
-
-### Annotations
-
-#### Annotation process
-
-* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** Annotations were entered directly into a Google Spreadsheet with instructions, labeled training examples, and unlabeled testing examples.
-* **Semiconductor org types** Annotations were entered directly into a Google Spreadsheet with instructions, labeled training examples, and unlabeled testing examples.
-* **TAI Safety Research** N/A
-
-
-#### Who are the annotators?
-
-* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** Contractors paid by Ought performed the labeling of whether impact statements mention harmful applications. A majority vote was taken from 3 annotators.
-* **Semiconductor org types** Contractors paid by Ought performed the labeling of organization types. A majority vote was taken from 3 annotators.
-* **TAI Safety Research** The dataset curators annotated the dataset by hand.
-
-
-### Personal and Sensitive Information
-
-It is worth mentioning that the Tweet Eval Hate, by necessity, contains highly offensive content.
-
-* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** The dataset contains authors' names. These were scraped from publicly available scientific papers submitted to NeurIPS 2020.
-* **Semiconductor org types** N/A
-* **TAI Safety Research** N/A
-
-
-## Considerations for Using the Data
-
-### Social Impact of Dataset
-
-* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** N/A
-* **Semiconductor org types** N/A
-* **TAI Safety Research** N/A
-
-
-### Discussion of Biases
-
-* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** N/A
-* **Semiconductor org types** N/A
-* **TAI Safety Research** N/A
-
-
-### Other Known Limitations
-
-* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** This dataset has limitations that should be taken into consideration when using it. In particular, the method used to collect broader impact statements involved automated downloads, conversions and scraping and was not error-proof. Although care has been taken to identify and correct as many errors as possible, not all texts have been reviewed by a human. This means it is possible some of the broader impact statements contained in the dataset are truncated or otherwise incorrectly extracted from their original article.
-* **Semiconductor org types** N/A
-* **TAI Safety Research** Don't use it to create a dangerous AI that could bring the end of days.
-
-
-## Additional Information
-
-### Dataset Curators
-
-The overall RAFT curators are Neel Alex, Eli Lifland, and Andreas Stuhlmüller.
-
-* **NeurIPS impact statement risks** Volunteers working with researchers affiliated to Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute (Carolyn Ashurst, now at The Alan Turing Institute) created the impact statements dataset.
-* **Semiconductor org types** The data science unit of Stiftung Neue Verantwortung (Berlin).
-* **TAI Safety Research** Angelica Deibel and Jess Riedel. We did not do it on behalf of any entity.
-
-### Licensing Information
-
-RAFT aggregates many other datasets, each of which is provided under its own license. Generally, those licenses permit research and commercial use.
-
-| Dataset | License |
-| ----------- | ----------- |
-| Ade Corpus V2 | Unlicensed |
-| Banking 77 | CC BY 4.0 |
-| NeurIPS Impact Statement Risks | MIT License/CC BY 4.0 |
-| One Stop English | CC BY-SA 4.0 |
-| Overruling | Unlicensed |
-| Semiconductor Org Types | CC BY-NC 4.0 |
-| Systematic Review Inclusion | CC BY 4.0 |
-| TAI Safety Research | CC BY-SA 4.0 |
-| Terms Of Service | Unlicensed |
-| Tweet Eval Hate | Unlicensed |
-| Twitter Complaints | Unlicensed |
-
-
-
-### Citation Information
-
-[More Information Needed]
-
-### Contributions
-
-Thanks to [@neel-alex](https://github.com/neel-alex), [@uvafan](https://github.com/uvafan), and [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun) for adding this dataset.
\ No newline at end of file
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-{"name": "ade_corpus_v2", "description": "", "data_columns": ["Sentence", "ID"], "label_columns": {"Label": ["ADE-related", "not ADE-related"]}}
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-Sentence,ID
-CONCLUSIONS: SD-OCT and AO detected abnormalities that correlate topographically with visual field loss from hydroxychloroquine toxicity as demonstrated by HVF 10-2 and may be useful in the detection of subclinical abnormalities that precede symptoms or objective visual field loss.,50
-Ampicillin-induced interstitial nephritis with generalised exfoliative dermatitis.,51
-Four of the aviators were allowed to continue on active duty with limitations and one was disqualified.,52
-Severe akathisia during olanzapine treatment of acute schizophrenia.,53
-"Experimental therapeutic approaches focus on the restitution of microcirculation (endothelin receptor antagonists, atriopeptins), interference with cast formation (integrin receptor blockers), and the promotion of recovery by growth factors.",54
-"Although weight gain often coincides with hyperglycemia in patients taking atypical antipsychotics, it does not seem to be a necessary causal factor.",55
-"Excluding other causes, Pentasa-associated pancytopenia was considered.",56
-"Soon after its introduction in 1952, chlorpromazine was noted to induce symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease.",57
-We report a case of hepatolithiasis (intrahepatic stone) complicated by gram-negative sepsis in a 37 year old male with acromegaly being treated with octreotide.,58
-"In the two cases, a combination of iloprost, a stable prostacyclin analogue (1 to 2 ng/kg/mn) with aspirin and dipyridamole was shown to inhibit ex vivo the heparin-induced platelet aggregation.",59
-CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PDPH have classic postural headache.,60
-"Agranulocytosis is a disorder characterized by a severe decrease in the number of granulocytes in blood, that frequently occurs as an adverse reaction to some drugs.",61
-"He was maintained on cyclosporine A, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone.",62
-Tardive seizure is a serious adverse reaction of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).,63
-An uncommon cause of gastro-duodenal ulceration.,64
-Leukocyte histamine release test with salmon calcitonin and serum tryptase levels at baseline and after intramuscular challenge test were performed.,65
-The patient presented with a painful eye and increasing vertical diplopia.,66
-"She had previously been treated unsuccessfully with a number of atypical antipsychotic medications, before she was eventually started on clozapine.",67
-"RESULTS: Careful blood cell monitoring showed a pronounced diurnal variation of WBC (2.9-4.2x10(9)/l in the morning and 3.6-7.1x10(9)/l in the afternoon) and granulocytes (0.8-1.4x10(9)/l and 2.9-5.5x10(9)/l, respectively).",68
-He had a 1-year history of mechanical aortic valve replacement and coronary stent placement because of myocardial infarction and he was taking warfarin and clopidogrel.,69
-We also discuss whether screening for DPD deficiency is warranted to identify patients at risk for severe toxicities from 5-FU treatment.,70
-CASE SUMMARY: A 16-day-old infant developed several mild episodes of apnea that culminated in a severe cyanotic episode requiring resuscitation.,71
-Histopathology of maculae showed extensive collections of melanophages in the upper dermis.,72
-"Interestingly, the patient's mother had also experienced a generalised pustular dermatosis associated with hypocalcaemia during oral contraceptive use, which was diagnosed clinically and histologically as impetigo herpetiformis.",73
-Diagnosis by PCR-REA.,74
-This observation might suggest caution when cisplatin is used in patients with cardiac disease or pretreated with other potential cardiotoxic antineoplastic agents.,75
-"In this article, we present a unique case of a 31-year-old woman with severe autoimmune hepatitis apparently abruptly triggered by vaccination.",76
-Median patient age was 52 years.,77
-An objective causality assessment by use of the Naranjo probability scale revealed that NCSE due to ifosfamide was probable.,78
-Intraventricular nafcillin-induced seizures in a neonate.,79
-Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura induced by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a Jehovah's Witness.,80
-Coagulation and complete blood count values were within the normal range.,81
-Transplant recipients are at highest risk during the first 3 months posttransplant.,82
-Detection of cytomegalovirus DNA from cytomegalovirus corneal endotheliitis after penetrating keratoplasty.,83
-"However, endocrine and clinical responses to chronic treatment have been less consistent.",84
-Atomic absorption analysis showed no significant change in the aluminium content of bone with treatment.,85
-"Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) has been associated with important behavioural disturbances, such as psychotic symptoms.",86
-Respiratory effects of halothane in a patient with refractory status asthmaticus.,87
-Medicolegal problems in the management of cardiac arrhythmias in children.,88
-OBJECTIVE: The authors described a case of interferon-induced psychosis as a framework to review the literature and discuss the decision to pursue antiviral treatment in psychiatrically ill patients with hepatitis C.,89
-"These cases suggest the possibility that, in some patients, leukopenia or agranulocytosis during olanzapine treatment might be dose-related.",90
-A 39-year-old female presented for elective bilateral thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy for chronic severe visceral pain.,91
-Effect on levels of intercellular antibodies in pemphigus vulgaris.,92
-The inter-individual variation in the expression of this protein(s) and its potential induction by anticonvulsant therapy together with an inherited deficiency in drug detoxification capacity may explain predisposition to these immunoallergic reactions.,93
-"The day after clozapine was stopped, while he was still receiving clomipramine 150 mg/d, he began behaving oddly, started sweating profusely, shivering, and became tremulous, agitated, and confused.",94
-The safety and efficacy of enfuvirtide therapy for HIV infection in patients with hemophilia: a case series.,95
-Although the aetiology of their cerebral dysfunction can not be definitely ascertained this case series emphasizes the need for long-term prospective studies in patients with diabetes of long duration to assess the impact of the disorder on cognitive and social abilities particularly where there is evidence of cerebral dysfunction.,96
-"His polymyoclonus was successfully treated with phenytoin, sodium thiopental infusion, sodium valproate and supportive care of the hemodynamic, and respiratory systems.",97
-"In three patients who stopped this medication of their own accord, pancreatic stones re-increased or reappeared about 6 months later.",98
-"Rejection of blood transfusions by individuals of this faith is usually blamed to justify this attitude, thus leading to severe personal, medical and psychological distress related to the lack of care.",99
-Antiepileptic drug hypersensitivity syndrome: in vitro and clinical observations.,100
-Cornea transplantation was required in two of six eyes for dense central corneal scarring.,101
-"Recurrent unilateral, throbbing, frontal headaches should be referred to as facial migraine.",102
-Three patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) worsened clinically and radiologically.,103
-"Fetal goiter is a rare disorder, usually associated with maternal thyroid disease.",104
-We now report the first known cancer patient who developed life-threatening complications after treatment with topical 5-FU and was shown subsequently to have profound DPD deficiency.,105
-Tenofovir-associated nephrotoxicity in two HIV-infected adolescent males.,106
-Seven of 8 evaluable patients remain alive and free of recurrence with a median follow-up of 13 months.,107
-"We present three cases from the Provincial Toxicology Center of British Columbia, Canada in which suicidal overdose deaths were associated with quetiapine.",108
-"To our knowledge, this is the first report of t-MDS with der(17)t(12;17)(q13;p13) after treatment for CLL.",109
-Didanosine also has a potential for inducing seizures.,110
-"DESIGN: We reviewed the medical records of four patients, who were seen by us between July 2000 and February 2004 for sudden onset of a central neurological syndrome within days of intrathecal MTX.",111
-Combined data reveal that 12 of 23 have had a complete or partial response with residual thrombocytopenia and a probability of 48% survival one year from the start of ATG therapy as projected by life table analysis.,112
-"Thus, the value of close monitoring and when, if ever, it is safe to stop such monitoring are currently unclear.",113
-"This report describes the initial protocol, the gingivectomy, and a 2-year follow-up.",114
-Cytostatic extravasation via central catheter is an uncommon complication in clinical practice.,115
-Hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity is markedly reduced in patients with this disorder.,116
-"She subsequently developed a classic varicella rash, sever back pain, rapidly progressive hepatic failure, pneumonitis, and encephalopathy.",117
-"Acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, has been used sporadically in adults after gastric surgery, but only once in children.",118
-"BACKGROUND: Orbital cellulitis after strabismus surgery is uncommon, may cause blindness and may lead to death.",119
-"The reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLES) is a condition characterised by reversible neurological and radiological findings that has been associated with use of immunosuppressive, chemotherapeutic and more recently novel targeted therapies.",120
-RESULTS: Glycopyrrolate successfully treated intraoperative penile erection.,121
-Steroids also contributed to the improvement of the nephrotic syndrome and proteinuria decreased from maximal ranges of 27 g/l to 2.2 g/l after six months of the follow-up.,122
-OBJECTIVE: Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is a rare but potentially lethal form of drug-induced hyperthermia.,123
-"In patients with cirrhosis, the metabolism of meperidine is decreased, leading to accumulation of the parent drug and possible CNS depressive effects similar to hepatic encephalopathy.",124
-Many new serotonergic antidepressants have been introduced over the past decade.,125
-Liver biopsies taken while symptomatic showed portal fibrosis progressing to cirrhosis.,126
-"Leakage from a conjunctival break created during trabeculectomy may cause serious complications such as shallow anterior chamber, hypotony, and a flat bleb in the early postoperative period.",127
-"Sixteen hours after the first administration of IFN, IFN was suspended by the symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF).",128
-"On postburn day 31, he developed a temperature of 108.4 degrees F (42.4 degrees C).",129
-The only two studies addressing this issue showed no problems with diagnosis caused by providing narcotic pain relief.,130
-"A medical-legal review regarding the standard of care for epidural injections, with particular reference to a closed case.",131
-Blood transfusion and natural infection cases.,132
-"The level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was 44 U/L, and that of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was 69 U/L.",133
-"Despite an extensive evaluation, which included a gallium scan, a technetium bone scan, and abdominal ultrasound, a source could not be found.",134
-"However, there was clinical and electrophysiologic recovery after initiation of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy.",135
-"The second was an 82-year-old man receiving ticlopidine for 2 years when, during a febrile episode, he was found neutropenic with marrow aplasia.",136
-Gaucher's disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease resulting in an abnormal accumulation of glucocerebrosides in macrophages.,137
-Two patients are described in whom subtle cognitive impairments are associated with therapeutic doses of amoxapine.,138
-"Until this time, she was without any antidepressive medication.",139
-Disseminated tuberculous lesions post intravesical BCG therapy are rare but need to be identified and treated quickly.,140
-"Fifteen patients with active disease and three whose disease was inactive received increased doses of corticosteroids, and four active cases and one inactive one stayed on the same doses.",141
-"Laparascopy proved useful in making the initial diagnosis, but may have contributed to the pathogenesis of the pulmonary process.",142
-"After induced delivery at term because of hypertension, repeated laboratory findings showed increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and negative hepatitis C and B markers.",143
-"We present a fatal case of subacute methanol toxicity with associated diffuse brain involvement, including bilateral putaminal necrosis and cerebral edema with ventricular compression.",144
-Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents may be an alternative to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in treating mesenteric desmoids.,145
-"On admission, serum calcium and albumin was 3.5 mg/dl and 3.7 g/dl respectively.",146
-"In patient 2, thrombolysis caused mobilisation of thrombotic mass as evidenced by disappearance of thrombus on ultrasound.",147
-"No viruses (including cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpes-virus-6, parvovirus B19, and adenovirus B11) were detected in serum or urine by polymerase chain reaction amplification.",148
-"Complete remission of nephrotic syndrome (NS) occurred in two patients, partial remission in one patient, while treatment was inefficacious in one (data not available for one patient).",149
-Salicylate-induced hepatotoxicity is reviewed.,150
-CONCLUSION: Copperhead bites typically result in mild to moderate envenomation due to local tissue effects.,151
-"Both cases were initially treated with cisplatin (CDDP), etoposide (ETP) and concurrent thoracic irradiation, however they had recurrent disease within a year.",152
-Asthma and dental erosion.,153
-She was receiving phenytoin sodium 300 mg/day; carbamazepine 200 mg four times daily had been discontinued four days before admission because of leukopenia.,154
-"Of particular interest in this patient is the fluctuation of the QT interval at a stable dose of methadone, suggesting that a single normal electrocardiogram (ECG) does not guarantee that the patient is not at risk of ventricular arrhythmias.",155
-"Gemcitabine is a known risk factor for hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which can often have a rapidly fatal clinical course despite intervention with steroids, plasmapheresis and hemodialysis.",156
-At 10.5 years rhGH therapy was started and height gain of 26 cm was observed after 2.7 years of treatment.,157
-"A 22-year-old male, referred to us as a case of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis was diagnosed as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) after serological and computed tomography confirmation.",158
-"In two cases, tiagabine was withdrawn, whereas it was continued at a lower dosage in one case.",159
-Diabetes mellitus type 1 in five military aviators: flying with insulin.,160
-The abnormal rhythm disappeared with the withdrawal of propranolol and when the drug was restarted a 2/1 S-A block was seen.,161
-Anterior spinal artery syndrome--a complication of cervical intrathecal phenol injection.,162
-"Infections after tooth extraction and fracture of the sclerotic bone following mild trauma are serious complications, as these ordinarily common problems are very difficult to treat in such patients.",163
-Multifocal osteomyelitis caused by Candida dubliniensis.,164
-"Immunodeficiency, iatrogenic immunosuppression, and some autoimmune diseases are known as predisposing conditions, and in these patients PCNSL peaks in the 4th decade.",165
-Thalidomide as elective treatment in persistent erythema multiforme; report of two cases.,166
-"Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an uncommon and potentially fatal idiosynchratic reaction of antipsychotic drugs, in which the clinical scenario encompass muscular rigidity, hyperthermia, autonomic dysfunction, altered consciousness, high creatinine phosphokinase levels, and leukocytosis.",167
-"To our knowledge, this is the first case of griseofulvin-exacerbated lupus in which nephrotic syndrome has been observed.",168
-"Unlike other macrolide antibiotics, it is not hepatically metabolized and did not produce an interaction with warfarin in a single-dose study.",169
-"In patients with a known access to INH, seizures should be considered to be caused by INH toxicity unless proved otherwise.",170
-The authors describe two cases of tardive dyskinesia in which severe axial dystonia and intense facial grimacing produced marked discomfort as well as social and physical disability.,171
-Imatinib has remarkably improved the prognosis of patients with CML.,172
-The agranulocytosis was rapidly resolved by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy and by the discontinuation of vancomycin.,173
-We report a heart-lung transplant patient who developed chronic rejection (BOS stage 3) with the appearance of gross bronchiectasis on a spiral computed tomography (CT) chest scan.,174
-"A case of tuberculous peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in a 37-year-old man who presented with fever, abdominal pain, and a malfunctioning Tenckhoff catheter is reported.",175
-Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: a complication after extracorporal circulation.,176
-Life-threatening interstitial lung disease associated with trastuzumab: case report.,177
-"Recovery of the tubular dysfunction took 15 days following cessation of the offending drug, Amikacin.",178
-"The polymorphic UGT isoenzyme, UGT1A1 has genetic variants which decrease in SN-38 glucuronidating capacity and could help predict irinotecan-associated toxicity.",179
-No myeloma cells were found in the nervous system.,180
-6-Thioguanine is being increasingly used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease but has not been reported to cause liver injury in this context.,181
-This observation supports the notion of a possible pro-epileptogenic effect of opioid substances in association with metabolic and other toxic factors.,182
-RESULTS: Topiramate was discontinued.,183
-There was complete radiological and clinical resolution of the abscess on prolonged treatment with amphotericin alone.,184
-This is a report of a renal transplant patient with Pneumocystis pneumonia who developed chemical cellulitis and ulceration following the extravasation of intravenous pentamidine into the soft tissues of the left hand and forearm.,185
-"The patient was found comatose and experienced repeated generalized tonic-clonic seizures, aspiration with subsequent pneumonia, hypotension, and an increase in PR interval.",186
-"Two months later, he was admitted to hospital with ORTHOPNEA, worsening dyspnea and cough.",187
-"The typical manifestation is an urticarial or erythematous rash, and pruritus on the face and flexural aspects of limbs, followed by progression to dermatitis.",188
-Two patients had abnormal electroretinograms (ERGs).,189
-She suffered from epigastric discomfort.,190
-The case is presented of a 39-year-old Type 1 diabetic patient of 22 years duration with recurrent hypoglycaemic comas.,191
-OBJECTIVE: We report a case of cutaneous KS lesions in a patient affected by CML treated with imatinib.,192
-"Given the wide use of gemcitabine following chemoradiation for pancreatic cancer, providers should be aware of this potential complication.",193
-"Although this therapy has a very low toxicity profile, an increase in secondary cancers has been reported.",194
-No other anti-infective therapy was given.,195
-The median survival was 22.1 months in all and 17.1 months in six patients with PVTT.,196
-The authors report the first case involving trapped epidural air in the spine that mimicked a mass lesion and caused neurological symptoms after epidural corticosteroid injection in the lumbar region.,197
-Intrapericardial infusion of 5-fluorouracil.,198
-"Case report: life-threatening hypoglycaemia associated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, a commonly used antimalarial drug.",199
-CASE SUMMARY: A 6.1-year-old child received cyclosporine and methotrexate for acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) prophylaxis after his first HSCT for acute myeloblastic leukemia.,200
-Troglitazone-induced fulminant hepatic failure.,201
-Acute adrenal insufficiency after large-dose glucocorticoids for spinal cord injury.,202
-Development of nephrotic syndrome in a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia after treatment with macrophage-colony-stimulating factor.,203
-The cause of the intracranial disease was attributable to the retrograde cerebral venous congestion.,204
-"Glycyrrhizin (GL) at a dose of 400-1600 mg/day (7.2-30.8 mg/kg/day) was administered intravenously for a period of more than a month, on 6 separate occasions, to 3 hemophiliacs with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).",205
-"Progressive improvement was also seen in all the parameters on Pentacam scans, including the pachymetry, keratometry readings, and elevation on the anterior float.",206
-Phenytoin toxicity is an uncommon problem seen in clinical practice.,207
-The other patient developed transient intraoperative hypertension immediately after inadvertent submucosal injection of concentrated epinephrine.,208
-"Since tamoxifen therapy can induce endometrial disorders, surveillance schemes of women taking tamoxifen have been recommended.",209
-Magnetic resonance imaging revealed regional kyphosis and large swollen paraspinal muscles impinging on the spinal cord without epidural hematoma.,210
-"All were females (age range: 43 to 73, mean = 61.7 years) and had taken quinine for leg cramps.",211
-She developed marked liver dysfunction.,212
-This report describes the management of repetitive paroxysms of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias triggered by catheter manipulation during interventional procedures in two children.,213
-CONCLUSION: The findings in these two patients suggest that colchicine may delay corneal wound healing.,214
-The objective of this report is to describe a case of fixed drug eruption that occurred during omeprazole treatment.,215
-Impetigo herpetiformis is a rare non-infectious pustular dermatosis of pregnancy.,216
-STUDY DESIGN: A case report is presented.,217
-They cause impairment of hepatic glucose output and delay in intestinal absorption of carbohydrates.,218
-A 51-year old physically fit woman experienced angio-oedema and hypotensive shock after irbesartan ingestion requiring noradrenaline infusion.,219
-"We describe a patient with Wilson's disease who presented with neurologic disease, was treated with D-penicillamine, and suffered sudden neurologic deterioration coincident with therapy.",220
-We recommend following daily cell counts and vancomycin peak and trough levels to calculate the amount and frequency of intraventricular vancomycin required to maintain safe and effective concentrations and to monitor for CSFE.,221
-"At the University of California at San Diego (UCSD) Cancer Center, 115 patients with advanced intra-abdominal malignant conditions have been treated with several intraperitoneal chemotherapy programs.",222
-DISCUSSION: The causal association between anticoagulant therapy and spontaneous hemothorax remains relatively uncommon.,223
-We report a case of an infant with complex congenital heart disease who was placed on captopril for afterload reduction following cardiac surgery and subsequently developed pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia.,224
-Physicians and patients must use more caution with teratogenic prescription drugs.,225
-"In early 1983, an outbreak of illness caused by raw milk contaminated with multiple-antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella typhimurium occurred in Arizona.",226
-"In the present paper the authors describe 2 female patients who developed incontinence secondary to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors paroxetine and sertraline, as well as a third who developed this side effect on venlafaxine.",227
-The cutaneous reaction remitted after withdrawal of captopril therapy.,228
-It appears that the leukoencephalopathy of the present case developed on the more complicated etiopathogenesis.,229
-CONCLUSION: We conclude that NIC may be an important treatment option in cases of severe intoxication causing cerebral swelling.,230
-"After six weeks of therapy, clinical symptoms had greatly improved and intercellular antibody levels had decreased from a titer of 5,120 to 160.",231
-"The leukoencephalopathy, documented clinically and by CT and EEG, cleared after 2350 mg of leucovorin (citrovorum factor, folinic acid) was given in addition to the 135 mg given as part of the therapy.",232
-WE is usually associated with alcoholism and malnutrition.,233
-"The diagnosis, pathogenesis and issues relevant to the treatment of this condition are discussed.",234
-The first is a case of disseminated candidiasis with stomach wall involvement.,235
-"The treatment of choice is liposomal amphotericin B, which failed in our patient.",236
-We described the occurrence of L-dopa-induced myoclonus and seizures in a case of parkinsonism with its SEPs findings.,237
-We report a case consequent to a surgical operation for cataract.,238
-"Pyogenic liver abscess in Taiwan is most commonly due to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in diabetic patients, and less frequently due to biliary tract infections.",239
-"The 38-year-old patient with no previous cardiac or smoking history developed complete heart block, ventricular fibrillation and subsequent asystole.",240
-Measured 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D) levels were elevated in three patients; levels were not determined in a fourth patient who became normocalcemic when vitamin D therapy was discontinued.,241
-A novel side effect of antithyroid drugs.,242
-One of three stool samples was positive for the presence of occult blood.,243
-This case study presents a situation in which a loss-of-resistance technique resulted in an inadvertent discogram.,244
-"Administration of low-dose cidofovir was associated with clearance of BK virus DNA from blood and allograft, and stabilization of renal function in both patients, without significant toxicity.",245
-"Although uncommon, an intact anterior vetreous face against the corneal endothelium is possible when a wide opening has been made in the posterior capsule and the underlying vitreous face remains intact.",246
-"Within weeks of initiation of baclofen treatment, the hiccups ceased.",247
-CONCLUSIONS: Our report describes a case of rhabdomyolysis possibly caused by C. mukul and underlines the need for active surveillance of natural products.,248
-Therapy was adjusted as required on the basis of BCG sensitivity results.,249
-CONCLUSIONS: Severe neuroleptic sensitivity and associated deficits of cognitive speed occurred in response to a dopaminergic antagonist agent; both responded readily to withdrawal of the offending agent.,250
-Phenytoin levels were measured and found to be grossly elevated at 170 mmol/L.,251
-"The microorganism was identified with a molecular diagnostic method as Schizophyllum commune, which had not been reported in English literature as a pathogen inducing pulmonary nodules after transplantation.",252
-Using anti-CD79a as a B-cell marker is mandatory to overcome the difficulties in identifying these tumors.,253
-Discontinuation of MMF was followed by a rapid and spontaneous rise in neutrophils in two patients.,254
-"Uveitis during treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infection with the combination of rifabutin, clarithromycin and ethambutol.",255
-This side effect has only once previously been reported with the nitrosourea group of compounds.,256
-We report on case histories of two epileptic patients who were initially on lamotrigine and to whom sertraline was added to control psychiatric features.,257
-We present case reports of three different types of eye burns and later therapy resulting in corneal calcification.,258
-The baby had an excellent recovery and was discharged home after a prolonged antibiotic course.,259
-"Thiotepa and its main metabolite tepa, ultrafilterable platinum, cyclophosphamide and its activated metabolite 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide were determined.",260
-The diagnosis of destructive thyroiditis was confirmed by anti-TSH receptor antibody (TSHRAb) negativity and the absence of radionuclide ((123)I or (99)Tc) uptake on thyroid scintiscans.,261
-"During the first days of arsenic trioxide treatment a rapid decrease in the D-dimers was seen (normal values reached until day 7), together with a slight decrease in peripheral blood leukocytes.",262
-The NZ Pharmacovigilance Centre has received 7 additional reports of severe infections in patients with RA taking leflunomide.,263
-With the alarming increase in incidence of tuberculosis in the United States over the past several years a review of anti-tuberculosis medications and their potential side effects is warranted.,264
-Slight elevation of serum transaminases and hepatic hyperechogenicity were observed.,265
-We report a case of fatal fulminant hepatitis caused by the use of disulfiram in a man with previously normal hepatocellular function.,266
-"Infiltrates, hemorrhages and macular edema present preoperatively dissolved over a period of six months.",267
-"The clinical course of a 9-year-old diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and Tourette's disorder and treated with a combination of methylphenidate, clonidine, and fluoxetine is described.",268
-In both patients the rippling phenomena worsened with pyridostigmine treatment but markedly improved after immunosuppression with azathioprine.,269
-The use of bivalirudin alone is as effective and has been associated with less bleeding than the use of UFH or enoxaparin plus a glycoprotein (GP) IIb/ IIIa inhibitor in patients with NSTE ACS who undergo PCI.,270
-Using a medical emergency team to manage anaphylactic shock.,271
-"These observations have been reflected in postmarketing clinical experience, leading to recommendations that novel antipsychotics, such as sertindole, should be prescribed to first-episode patients.",272
-METHODS: A 23-year-old contact lens wearer was treated for bilateral Acanthamoeba keratitis and underwent penetrating keratoplasty in the right eye for descemetocele with impending risk of perforation.,273
-"Despite discontinuance of the drug and/or institution of corticosteroid therapy, progressive respiratory failure led to death.",274
-He underwent uneventful cataract extraction surgery and intraocular lens implantation of the right eye.,275
-"Our patient presented at the emergency department with an increasing scalp swelling for 2 weeks, and culture of the evacuated fluid yielded Streptococcus pneumoniae.",276
-All patients underwent classic therapy.,277
-A retrospective analysis was performed to determine the incidence and clinical features of acute myelogenous leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome (AML/MDS) developing in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients.,278
-"Over a period of 3 weeks, the patient became progressively confused and ataxic.",279
-"In addition, the response to a corticotropin stimulation test was abnormal, an indication of suppression of the adrenal glands.",280
-A case may be made for the discontinuation of the usage of chloral hydrate.,281
-We concluded that flumazenil can antagonize the sedative effects of promethazine at these receptors to return the patient to a wakeful state.,282
-The precise timing of each step of the surgical procedure remains difficult to codify.,283
-Endoscopic application of photodynamic therapy for cholangiocarcinoma.,284
-The VAS decrease for this patient was 14.3%.,285
-We describe a patient who became hypothyroid while taking ferrous sulfate.,286
-The anemia continued because of bloody stool caused by Crohn's disease.,287
-"Subsequent in vivo/vitro studies clearly demonstrated that the neurological effects were due to a synergistic action of desferrioxamine and prochlorperazine, probably resulting in exceptional fluxes of intra/extra cellular iron/copper disturbing noradrenergic and serotonergic systems.",288
-Cardiovascular deterioration after seizures in tricyclic overdose has long been suspected.,289
-There was prompt response of oral ketoconazole.,290
-There are few reported findings of sexual dysfunction in men and none in women.,291
-Severe loss of vision after removal of cataract caused by intravitreal triamcinolone in combination with photodynamic therapy for exudative age-related macular degeneration.,292
-Derivatives of Imidazoline usually act to stimulate peripheral alpha2 receptors causing vasoconstriction.,293
-"This demonstrates that, despite the normal coagulation profiles previously described, mothers on chronic anticonvulsant therapy may have a subclinical carboxylation defect, while their infants are at risk for hemorrhagic disease.",294
-Angioedema and dysphagia caused by contact allergy to inhaled budesonide.,295
-Four cases of adverse experiences with clonidine are described.,296
-A 9-year-old girl with AIDS was brought to the emergency department because of tetany.,297
-A 63-year-old man with diabetes mellitus for 15 years was admitted to our hospital in 1990 because of end-stage renal failure.,298
-"Positive immunohistochemistry staining of a biopsy specimen for cytomegalovirus suggested a viral etiology; however, lesions persisted despite antiviral therapy, and immunohistochemistry was negative on follow-up biopsy.",299
-We hypothesize that decreased renal elimination of MTX induced by the COX-2 inhibitor resulted in enhanced hematopoietic toxicity and immunosuppression causing the EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disease.,300
-We also provide a literature review regarding thionamide-induced ANCA-associated vasculitis.,301
-A 64-year-old male with recurrent metastatic squamous cell carcinoma was successfully treated with intensive combination chemotherapy.,302
-"Management consisted of supportive care including antibiotics and antifungal therapy, transfusion of red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma.",303
-Procainamide-induced incessant supraventricular tachycardia in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.,304
-Nephrotic patients in endemic areas of Strongyloides infection should have the differential white cell count checked.,305
-"Fracture of the femoral neck occurred in one patient during PSL therapy, although the relationship between the fracture and PSL therapy was uncertain.",306
-This sulfonamide like nephropathy should be differentiated from acetazolamide-related calcium phosphate nephrolithiasis.,307
-"Although it is chronic, it is commonly associated with exacerbations and short periods of remission.",308
-Probabilistic analysis of decision trees using symbolic algebra.,309
-CONCLUSION: The minimum effective dose of im gold is not known.,310
-"We report for the first time the development of symptomatic methemoglobinemia after an acute ingestion of divalproex sodium (Depakote), resulting in serum concentrations 10 times greater than the therapeutic range.",311
-"His dibucaine number was 21, and the Michaelis constant was 5.5 times that of normal sera.",312
-Other upper tract neoplasms after cyclophosphamide are reviewed.,313
-A 50-year-old male patient was started on erlotinib as a third-line chemotherapy.,314
-A second biopsy after clinical improvement showed resolution of cholestasis but persistence of duct paucity.,315
-There was no evidence of worsening of the myotonic symptoms.,316
-Maintenance dosages controlled the condition thereafter.,317
-Over the last five years three new classes have been released.,318
-CONCLUSIONS: VVR stimulates mucin secretion and MCTV in the LPS-inflamed ferret airway.,319
-We describe a case of life-threatening hyponatremia associated with sibutramine use in an obese woman.,320
-"Its use in reproductive age women has become increasingly common in recent years, intensifying the risk of fetal exposure.",321
-"The present report is of a 67-year-old woman presenting with bulky cervicothoracic RIF who, 10 years previously, had received radiochemotherapy for a small cell thyroid carcinoma to a dose of 50 Gy, with severe acute side-effects.",322
-Renal biopsy showed diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis with cellular crescents.,323
-"The ""pinch-off sign"" was noted on a routine chest X-ray but that was ignored.",324
-A positive dechallenge was reported in 29 cases.,325
-"However, the use of lithium should be avoided with any patient who is purging, since it may exacerbate the loss of intracellular potassium, thereby increasing the risk of cardiac toxicity.",326
-Our results suggest that rituximab and possibly irradiated DLI played an important role in controlling early EBV-LPD in these two patients and may be an effective alternative therapeutic strategy for patients who develop EBV-LPD post transplant and are unable to receive unmanipulated DLI.,327
-We present a patient who developed skin lesions typical of disseminated superficial porokeratosis (DSP) while on immunosuppressive therapy for pemphigus foliaceus.,328
-Two of the patients who had acute renal failure while receiving ACE-inhibitor therapy experienced a recurrence when rechallenged with such therapy.,329
-Successful management of infusion reaction accompanying the start of cetuximab therapy.,330
-"RESULTS: The treatment regimen resulted in two complete regressions, five partial responses, and one mixed response, and two patients did not respond to the treatment.",331
-"Two cases of bipolar affective disorder with tardive dystonic symptoms seemed to improve only with mood elevation, whether the latter occurred spontaneously or was 'induced' pharmacologically.",332
-This report describes the clinical course of the patient over a period of 4 months after the nerve block and the post-mortem findings along with a brief review of the literature.,333
-A patient with post-traumatic epilepsy who had remained fit-free for many years until she was given the 5-HT reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine is reported.,334
-Catecholamine treatment for hypotension is common practice in neonatal intensive care units.,335
-"Two months later, at a follow-up visit, her serum cesium level was 1800 microg/dl, and her QTc interval was 494 msec.",336
-New onset of CD may be considered as an immune-mediated injury induced by etanercept.,337
-The following case demonstrates marked improvement in treatment-resistant RSD pain with intramuscular ketorolac.,338
-Disseminated Trichosporon infection.,339
-"BOOP is mainly treated with corticosteroids, which induce a rapid clinical improvement.",340
-Comparing his coronary angiograms with those obtained before surgery indicated a severely spastic left coronary artery.,341
-"In December 1983, symptoms of Parkinson disease developed in a 55-year-old man with no history of pulmonary disease, smoking, or asbestos exposure.",342
-"Instead, she referred an improvement with gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) for the treatment of endometriosis and then with tamoxifen as hormonal therapy after mastectomy and chemotherapy for breast cancer.",343
-The effects on different biophysiological parameters and subjective impressions were studied in a patient with breast cancer who was not previously given any therapy before receiving Ukrain.,344
-"We report a case of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis of protracted duration, unresponsive to conventional thionamide therapy, with therapy limited by severe adverse drug reactions.",345
-"The episode lasted 1 week and was followed by a dramatic fall in plasma sodium (104 mEq I-1), associated with a proportionally lesser decrease in plasma chloride and phosphate.",346
-"After aprotinin infusion (loading dose of 2 x 10(6) kIU followed by a continuous infusion of 5 x 10(5) kIU/h) combined with heparin, bleeding vanished until the end of bypass.",347
-"Like other myeloproliferative diseases, ET is associated with an increased risk of development of acute leukemia (AL).",348
-The case of a pregnant woman with a breast mass that proved to be a granulocytic sarcoma is presented.,349
-"We describe a 49-year-old woman who presented in 2002 with pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and idiopathic portal hypertension (IPH) that developed following a thymectomy.",350
-"These patients may require protamine/NPH desensitization, an alternative insulin preparation, or both.",351
-"It is particularly important in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) since it reduces new organ involvement and disease flares, and relieves skin and joint symptoms.",352
-Hypotension and sinus arrest with nifedipine in pulmonary hypertension.,353
-Etanercept and demyelinating disease in a patient with psoriasis.,354
-"This is an endocrine emergency that can lead to respiratory failure, dysrhythmia, and death.",355
-METHODS: We present the clinical and laboratory findings and describe the clinical course of our patient.,356
-An ICD implantation was selected for the therapy since ventricular fibrillation was induced.,357
-He presented symptoms of hemiparesis 3 days after the operation.,358
-"On CT, they were manifested as a peritoneal mass or thickening with variable shapes, including oval, round, bizarre, linear and even a molded shape due to where they were lodged, such as the pelvis and paracolic gutter.",359
-"Analysis of his cerebrospinal fluid showed a decrease in loosely-bound (catalytic) iron and increase in loosely-bound (catalytic) copper, total iron and products of lipid peroxidation, with values approaching normal as the symptoms resolved.",360
-We report the results of treatment with MACOP-B in 11 young patients with low grade lymphoma (LGL).,361
-"2) To perform a review of the published cases of visceral leishmaniasis and anti-TNF-alpha therapy, and cases of coexisting leishmaniasis and macrophagic activation syndrome by search in PubMed (period 1991-2008).",362
-Induction of glycosuria and hyperglycemia by topical corticosteroid therapy.,363
-"Interferon-induced psychosis as a ""psychiatric contraindication"" to hepatitis C treatment: a review and case-based discussion.",364
-A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.,365
-Pathology revealed the sarcoma adjacent to the recurrent ependymoma.,366
-"Although an association between exposure to bleomycin and the development of scleroderma has been suspected, few cases are reported.",367
-One patient died with myeloid leukemia at 43.5 months after initial treatment.,368
-We report a rare case of recurrent (stuttering) priapism in a patient with protein C deficiency while maintained on Warfarin therapy.,369
-"Later, more careful research showed that they are not directly associated with the antipsychotic activity of neuroleptic agents.",370
-Dapsone is increasingly used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.,371
-A patient with pemphigus vulgaris and serious side effects of steroid therapy was treated by exchange plasmapheresis.,372
-Clostridium difficile toxin-induced colitis after use of clindamycin phosphate vaginal cream.,373
-We report the case of a patient with multiple myeloma who developed acute life-threatening water intoxication following treatment with oral indomethacin and low dose intravenous cyclophosphamide.,374
-"The expected number of AML/MDS developing in a general population of the same size was 1.2 as calculated from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program data (observed-to-expected ratio = 2.49; 95% confidence interval = 0.9-7.3; p = 0.12).",375
-'Spontaneous' hypertensive episodes with monoamine oxidase inhibitors.,376
-"Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected CMV-DNA in the aqueous humor in his affected eye, and we started administration of ganciclovir.",377
-RESULTS: Ten eyes in 6 patients with late-onset interface inflammation and increased intraocular pressure were identified.,378
-Intrahepatic cholestasis and cutaneous bullae associated with glibenclamide therapy.,379
-"The patient completed a 10-month follow-up, maintaining a complete resolution of the treated skin lesions; however, the development of a painful hand ulcer, possibly associated with the hydroxyurea, and new skin cancers were observed at the last follow-up visit.",380
-Rituximab-based therapy for gemcitabine-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome in a patient with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a case report.,381
-"We report the case of a 17 years old female with a Ewing's sarcoma of the left femur treated with limb sparing surgery followed by local radiotherapy of 45 Gy and adjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine, doxorubicine, cyclophosphamide, actinomycin D.",382
-Use of haloperidol infusions to control delirium in critically ill adults.,383
-Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:124-132).,384
-Both phenotypic and genotypic virologic analysis was performed on sequential CMV isolates.,385
-The development of rickets as a complication of chemotherapy for the treatment of Wilms' tumor.,386
-"We recommend that bisphosphonates be used with caution in patients with myeloma and renal impairment, that vitamin D deficiency be corrected prior to treatment (to reduce the risk of hypocalcaemia) and that serum calcium and renal function be monitored during treatment.",387
-Generalized lichen nitidus with involvement of the palms following interferon alpha treatment.,388
-"Although risk factors for MTX-induced pulmonary toxicity are poorly understood, the presence in 3 out of 5 of our patients of pre-existing lung disease, represented by diffuse interstitial changes on chest X-ray, and mild bronchial asthma in two RA patients and by pulmonary silicosis in the patient with PsA may account for a predisposition to the development of MTX pneumonitis.",389
-A 19-year-old man with untreated systemic lupus erythematosus had an acute myocardial infarction.,390
-He did not suffer from any allergy but drinking red wine caused vasomotor rhinitis.,391
-"It can progress rapidly to high fever, altered mental status, seizures, profound muscle rigidity, rhabdomyolysis, brain injury, and death.",392
-The activity of the circulating anticoagulant and the BFP disappeared within days following discontinuation of procainamide and the administration of corticosteroids.,393
-Caution with use of cimetidine in tolazoline induced upper gastrointestinal bleeding.,394
-"Thus in spite of the failure to demonstrate a platelet autoantibody, the rapid response to steroids in association with a reduced platelet survival is compatible with an autoimmune platelet destructive process.",395
-"Lithium is known to cause acute renal failure and tubulo-interstitial disease, but the recently described association with proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome is little recognized.",396
-"Mild photophobia was the most common side effect, but could be easily overcome by wearing sunglasses.",397
-Diphenhydramine-induced wide complex dysrhythmia responds to treatment with sodium bicarbonate.,398
-"On the 3rd day after a cesarean section, because of pre-eclampsia, blood pressure was still high, oral labetalol 100 mg with an 8-hour interval was given, followed by 50 mg i.v. administered over 10 min, twice with a 5-hour interval.",399
-"The diagnosis was made on the classical appearance of ""owl's eye"" inclusion bodies on colonic and hepatic biopsies and, in addition, viral serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the cytomegalovirus DNA copy number.",400
-"At the time of death, leukocytes were 0.3 x 10(3)/mm(3), platelets 10 x 10(3)/mm(3), and hemoglobin 6.8 mg/dL.",401
-"We calculated the changes in alpha(1)-adrenoceptor occupancy by endogenous norepinephrine during treatment with the usual doses of milnacipran, fluvoxamine and imipramine by using pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters obtained from the literature.",402
-In four patients corneal infiltrates cleared on topical medication.,403
-Diagnosis may be confirmed by CT-scanning of the orbits.,404
-The risk for recurrence in a subsequent pregnancy may be high and should be taken into account in the counseling of parents and in considering drug treatment.,405
-"Eleven of those patients also experienced clinically compromising anemia, transfusion with packed red blood cells, renal insufficiency, dialysis, or death.",406
-"It is said that leprosy reaction should be properly classified for therapeutic reasons, since it is well known that in Lucio phenomenon there is not a good response to thalidomide.",407
-"All patients who died developed disseminated intravascular coagulation, and at postmortem examination were found to have had cerebral haemorrhage.",408
-Visual acuity recovered almost completely or completely (mental debilitation in one patient made accurate assessment uncertain).,409
-A case of pseudotumor cerebri following glucocorticoid therapy in which warfarin prevented recurrence.,410
-"Diagnostic workup included repeated MRI scans, PET with an (18)F-amino acid and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), as well as a brain biopsy.",411
-Histological and immunohistochemical studies of paraffin embedded specimen were conducted.,412
-OBJECTIVES: The authors described a case of Hashimoto's disease during interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) treatment for chronic viral C hepatitis in a patient with the specific genetic susceptibility associated with the thyroid disease.,413
-"The literature is reviewed, and clinical symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment options are discussed.",414
-"Calcium intake in these infants was far below that achieved by fetuses of comparable age in utero, even though in excess of that provided by usual premature infant oral formulas.",415
-After cessation of treatment there was a gradual resolution with regain of normal nails after 7 months.,416
-"In conclusion, intradermal skin tests can be a useful tool for detecting a potential cross-reaction between platinum salts.",417
-We discuss this case and issues arising from it related to the use of CD34+ selected stem cells for transplantation.,418
-Research has shown that atypical antipsychotic also reduce the craving and consumption for stimulants and alcohol.,419
-"After 14 days of therapy, he was taken to the emergency department with a 3-day history of fever, headache, and neck pain.",420
-Power spectrum analysis studies revealed that heart rate had significantly improved and that power spectrum cardiovascular parameters had returned to normal.,421
-Stable renal function followed the initiation of high-dose subcutaneous heparin therapy.,422
-She received 3.8 mg cumulative dose of vincristin before development of ptosis.,423
-"The possible role of the autonomic nervous system in the causation of acute coronary vasospasm is discussed, and this is highlighted as an unusual cause of myocardial ischemia during thoracic spine surgery.",424
-"By the 10th ICU day, the patient's respiratory and mental status improved and the patient was successfully extubated.",425
-Palmoplantar pustular psoriasis (PPP) is an uncommon form of chronic psoriasis.,426
-"A bone marrow biopsy did not show signs of hematologic disease, but revealed a small granuloma rife with acid-fast bacilli, which were later confirmed to be Mycobacterium genavense by gene sequencing.",427
-The tolerance of sunitinib in the setting of dialysis can be challenging as these interventions can have synergistic side effects.,428
-The patient did experience nasal mucosal friability and diffuse hyperpigmentation of the face and hands.,429
-Due to large chorioretinal scars the visual recovery was poor.,430
-We report the case of a 27-year-old woman with hyperthyroidism during pregnancy.,431
-Pityriasis lichenoides-like eruption occurring during therapy for myelogenous leukemia.,432
-CONCLUSION: Atovaquone should be added to the list of agents causing vortex keratopathy involving the corneal epithelium.,433
-"In lieu of an effective regimen, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon alfa are considered drugs of choice to treat this cancer.",434
-"Because of secondary left ventricular dysfunction, digoxin was administered.",435
-This case report describes a 38-year-old male in whom SIADH was strongly suspected secondary to Tegretol therapy to control a seizure disorder.,436
-"If the facial scar is a cosmetic problem 1 year after the injury, triamcinolone injections and local massage should be considered.",437
-We describe a case of catheter-associated aortoiliac thrombosis in a newborn who was successfully treated by urokinase infusion.,438
-We present a case of severe unilateral posterior scleritis associated with zoledronic acid administration that was recognized and treated in a timely manner.,439
-Sudden onset of erythroderma gave rise to a temporary arrest of the function of nail matrix with the resultant Beau's lines.,440
-"Pilocarpine has been used as an ophthalmologic agent for decades; however, toxicity rarely has been reported in the medical literature.",441
-"A computed tomography scan revealed a large mass, 12 cm x 7 cm, involving the scalp extending from the right temporal region to the vertex.",442
-Acyclovir was discontinued.,443
-METHODS: Prospective interventional case series of three patients with nonischaemic CRVO who were treated with L-CRA.,444
-"There were four females, 20 males, with 19 patients under the age of 18 years and five over the age of 18.",445
-Recombinant factor VIIa has been licensed in the United Kingdom since 1996 for the control of bleeding in hemophilic patients who are actively bleeding or are about to undergo surgery.,446
-DISCUSSION: Half were treated with topical imiquimod.,447
-"The management of this clinical challenge is reviewed, in the absence of a clinical guideline, with particular reference to the judicious tailoring of anti-platelet therapy, the role of therapeutic endoscopy and the utility of blood transfusion.",448
-Effective treatment of coprophagia in a patient with schizophrenia with the novel atypical antipsychotic drug perospirone.,449
-"To our knowledge, this is the first report of significant hypotension associated with intravenous valproate in the treatment of status epilepticus in the pediatric population.",450
-Granulomas and Histoplasma organisms were found in the histologic sections of the marrow aspirate.,451
-"Although this type of hyperpigmentation has been previously seen in patients with cancer who are receiving bleomycin, this is, to our knowledge, the first reported case of bleomycin-induced hyperpigmentation in an AIDS patient and should be added to the growing list of cutaneous eruptions seen in these patients.",452
-CASE: A 71-year-old man without immunodeficiency developed corneal endotheliitis in the right eye.,453
-"The viral DNA copy number in whole blood remained positive, however, but was reduced.",454
-"In addition, 13 other adults treated for chronic myeloid leukemia with various doses of CCNU were reviewed.",455
-"All three cases showed extensive fibrin deposition in the kidneys and lungs, the appearances of the renal lesions being similar to those seen in the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome.",456
-Radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) is a terminal sequela to irradiation that does not regress spontaneously.,457
-Whole blood histamine release studies were negative.,458
-"In view of our experience in the present case, it should be stressed that close monitoring of coagulation capacity is necessary in critically ill patients in order to avoid fatal haemorrhage after initiating warfarin therapy regardless of the dosage.",459
-Tetracycline and benign intracranial hypertension: report of five cases.,460
-"She refused surgery to remove the eye and orbital contents (exenteration), and was referred to palliative care.",461
-"Itraconazole is particularly attractive in fungal prophylaxis for cancer patients due to its broad spectrum, including Candida and Aspergillus.",462
-The pathogenesis and management of this process are reviewed.,463
-CONCLUSION: The hemolytic-uremic syndrome may be a rare complication of oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy.,464
-Spontaneous coronary artery dissection.,465
-"We present the case of a female with DDST, who responded to aripiprazole-mirtazapine combination, a finding that is in accordance with the initial approach of this disorder as a part of the schizophrenic spectrum, but also supports the hypothesis of serotonin dysfunction in DDST.",466
-The adequacy of corticosteroid replacement therapy may best be assessed by monitoring the levels of ACTH.,467
-Oliguria was not observed and this feature may impair recognition of kidney damage.,468
-During his hospitalization he experienced bloodstream infections including fungemia due to Trichosporon mucoides and prolonged undulating fever despite antifungal and antibacterial treatment.,469
-Correction after vitamin K administration suggested an organophosphate-related effect on vitamin K-dependent factor VII activity.,470
-The operation was accomplished with cardiopulmonary bypass.,471
-Severe steroid-induced glaucoma following intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide.,472
-Pathology evaluation of a specimen revealed a high-grade osteoblastic osteosarcoma.,473
-Anaphylaxis to intravenous cyclosporine and tolerance to oral cyclosporine: case report and review.,474
-"Familiarity with these hair practices will aid in the accurate diagnosis, prevention, and proper management of this problem.",475
-"Our findings suggest that significant progression of marrow reticulin fibrosis during imatinib therapy can be an indicator for a return or progression of CML and, in some patients with CML, imatinib may promote cytogenetic clonal evolution, resulting in a poor response to treatment.",476
-We describe the clinical course of an EBV seronegative 11-yr-old boy who underwent double lung transplantation and subsequently developed PTLD in the graft.,477
-The patient did well after the operation and returned to normal activity.,478
-One plausible explanation is HSV reactivation secondary to localized immunosuppression from corticosteroid injection.,479
-"In our study, we recorded glucose dynamics by a continuous glucose monitor system over 2 to 3 days before and during acarbose treatment, while the patient was on a well-controlled diet.",480
-The outcome of 19 other children with severe aplastic anemia who received ATG was also summarized.,481
-A 55-year-old male patient with hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis was found to have advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.,482
-Fatal acute tubular necrosis occurred in 1 patient in whom intravesical formalin was used to control massive persistent hemorrhage from radiation cystitis.,483
-"The incidence of cerebellar toxicity approaches 30 percent, with irreversible ataxia reported in up to 16.7 percent.",484
-Unusual hypersensitivity to warfarin in a critically ill patient.,485
-We report the case of an adult patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who presented with repeated transient ischemic attacks followed by a seizure during consolidation treatment with L-asparaginase.,486
-Symptoms correlated with an increase in alkaline phosphatase and with bone scintigraphy findings.,487
-The patient was started on increasing doses of levothyroxine for subclinical hypothyroidism.,488
-Interaction of the criminal justice system and psychiatric professionals in which civil commitment standards are prohibitive.,489
-Obtaining appropriate cultures can be critical in making the diagnosis and directing treatment.,490
-"If neovascularization occurred at the site of the anastomosis, intravitreal bevacizumab (1.25 mg) was injected followed by laser photocoagulation to areas of retinal ischaemia and the area of retina anterior to the L-CRA 1 week later.",491
-Case 2.,492
-"However, two children responded to the series of injections of hydrocortisone but not to single doses of methylprednisolone.",493
-Eight patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and four patients with aplastic anemia (AA) were treated with recombinant erythropoietin (rEpo) to investigate its effect on the anemia of these patients.,494
-Record et al. have recommended oral loading in selected patients.,495
-"The pseudolymphoma syndrome is a reversible reactive condition consisting of fever, lymphadenopathy and generalized rash.",496
-Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha inhibitors are effective in the treatment of inflammatory rheumatic diseases.,497
-The observed alterations of the thyroid gland were caused by a long lasting Wolff-Chaikoff effect with a delayed adaptation to high iodide concentrations.,498
-BACKGROUND: Large cerebral infarction is a rare complication of neurocysticercosis.,499
-This report is intended to alert others to the possible development of this serious complication following short-term Decadron therapy.,500
-"On the other hand, CLL could precede, but could also be diagnosed at the same, or delayed time as AML, suggesting the presence of other leukemogenic factors.",501
-This entity should be kept in mind when evaluating the acute abdomen in the HIV-positive patient.,502
-There may be an interval of one or more months after discontinuation of cyclophosphamide therapy before clinical or radiological improvement occurs.,503
-The clinical course of this patient did not support a cause-and-effect relationship between obidoxime and the abnormal liver function.,504
-The case of a 39-year-old woman who was referred for weight gain and amenorrhoea is reported.,505
-"Although some of these agents can improve cardiovascular disease risk in patients with diabetes, others may increase the risk and may be prohibited from use in certain populations.",506
-"Here, we report a case of angio-oedema associated with VRC therapy.",507
-Nimodipine: evidence for clinically significant gastrointestinal side-effects.,508
-"Amiodarone was discontinued, and thyrotoxicosis gradually abated.",509
-We present a case of methanol poisoning in a child in whom the use of fomepizole averted intravenous ethanol infusion and the attendant side effects of this therapy.,510
-"Perhaps more importantly, this study suggests that DPOAEs may have the potential to predict the earliest stages of progressive hearing loss before such changes are seen in audiometric thresholds.",511
-"Both octreotide and the PPAR gamma receptor-activating ligands, thiazolidinediones, may be effective for patients with TSHoma.",512
-CASE SUMMARIES: Two patients with stable hypothyroidism experienced symptoms of hypothyroidism with increased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations after switching from 1 levothyroxine product to another.,513
-He had a history of occupational exposure to asbestos as a construction worker.,514
-PSL was commonly effective in inducing remission in very elderly patients (7 of 9 patients; 78%).,515
-A 5-year-old girl was diagnosed preB cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).,516
-A case is reported of theophylline intoxication due to a dramatic decrease in theophylline clearance following concomitant administration of viloxazine.,517
-A case of propranolol overdose complicated by esophageal spasm preventing extrication of an orogastric lavage tube and relieved by intravenous glucagon is presented.,518
-"He developed an inferior corneal epithelial defect and, later, a well-demarcated area of inferior corneal keratinization.",519
-The signs and symptoms were similar to those seen with systemic use of the drug for other ailments.,520
-METHODS: We present a case in a 71-year-old man who underwent an operation for CPS fixation and laminoplasty for cervical spondylomyelopathy.,521
-Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency: a pharmacogenetic defect causing severe adverse reactions to 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy.,522
-"Recurrent life-threatening episodes of ventricular tachycardia persisted despite maximal antiarrhythmic theraphy with amiodarone, metoprolol and mexiletine.",523
-"Here, we describe two patients who developed severe proteinuria after renal transplantation, despite effective blood pressure control with an ACE inhibitor.",524
-"Although nondiphtherial corynebacteria are ubiquitous in nature and commonly colonize the skin and mucous membranes of humans, they rarely account for clinical infection.",525
-These evolutional changes in both proteinuria and glomerular histology suggest a close linkage between the M-CSF treatment and macrophage-related glomerular injury.,526
-Pulmonary edema as a delayed complication of ritodrine therapy.,527
-"Findings from biopsy specimens of skin and jejunum suggested a cell-mediated pathogenesis, and lymphoproliferative studies of the patient's mononuclear cells revealed a positive response to phenobarbital.",528
-OBJECTIVE: To report a case of Carbamazepine toxicity following the administration of Oxybutynin and Dantrolene.,529
-"The newer generation of antifungal agents such as itraconazole and terbinafine are more effective than the older therapies, griseofulvin and ketoconazole, in the treatment of dermatophyte pedal onychomycosis.",530
-We report the case of a 40-year-old woman who developed fulminant hepatic failure and aplastic anaemia following a course of oral flucloxacillin.,531
-"The mechanisms are not obvious, but it is likely that the rapid decrease of thyroid hormones in tissues may temporarily cause hypothyroid states, resulting in alterations in CK concentrations.",532
-"These results suggest that the slowed clearance of cerivastatin in this patient might have been compounded by cytochrome P450, 2C8 dysfunction.",533
-"We consider asterixis to be an easily overlooked sign of neurotoxicity, which may occur even at low or moderate dosage levels, if certain drugs as lithium or clozapine are used in combination with CBZ.",534
-DESIGN: Case series.,535
-"Recurrent prosthetic hip infections, particularly in immunosuppressive patients, should alert the physician to consider the possibility of both tuberculous and atypical mycobacterial infections.",536
-"We present a retrospective analysis of 4 HSCT recipients who survived long-term artificial respiration subsequent to pulmonary mycosis, and compare our current findings with historic data.",537
-"DISCUSSION: The main adverse effects of leflunomide consist of diarrhea, nausea, liver enzyme elevation, hypertension, alopecia, and allergic skin reactions.",538
-Stupor from lamotrigine toxicity.,539
-Neutropenic enterocolitis in breast cancer patient after taxane-containing chemotherapy.,540
-We report an unusual case of massive fluoxetine ingestion resulting in neurological and cardiovascular toxicity resulting in death.,541
-"The possible effects of tamoxifen upon the uterus are discussed in this article, in view of reports of tamoxifen associated with endometrial carcinoma and endometriosis.",542
-Traumatic late flap dehiscence and Enterobacter keratitis following LASIK.,543
-Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder following cytomegalovirus reactivation in a lung recipient.,544
-"Within 4 days of discontinuing the pentamidine, the patient's heart rate stabilized at 80 beats/minute without further intervention.",545
-PURPOSE: To report the safety and efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone in the treatment of inflammatory cystoid macular oedema (CMO) in six patients who were resistant to other forms of therapy.,546
-Studies in the father suggest that the aldosterone production by his adrenals is hyperresponsive to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).,547
-"Despite premedication with diphenhydramine and dexamethasone, she experienced generalized pruritus and urticaria, as well as headache and chest pain/tightness, after her next infusion.",548
-High-dose methotrexate is used in malignant hemopathies and solid tumors in children.,549
-"Ours is a 430-bed tertiary care teaching hospital, The Wellesley Hospital, Toronto, Ontario.",550
-METHODS: Retrospective case series of six eyes of three patients that developed Acanthamoeba keratitis with Synergeyes hybrid contact lens wear.,551
-A general physical examination revealed a boy with stable vital signs and without fever.,552
-Use of the Naranjo probability scale determined the association between cephalosporin use and leukopenia to be probable.,553
-The case concerns the sudden death of a 29-year-old male during clozapine therapy started 2 weeks before.,554
-Three children completely recovered; one patient relapsed and died.,555
-"We describe a case of coexisting psoriasis and SCLE initially treated with infliximab, and then alefacept.",556
-"Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare, but potentially lethal complication of antipsychotic medication.",557
-"DISCUSSION: Olanzapine, like other atypical antipsychotic drugs, may cause muscle injury with concomitant elevations of serum CK of muscle origin.",558
-"However, there can be a delay in diagnosing porphyria and a difficulty in selecting safe medicine for it even today.",559
-CONCLUSION: Ushaar latex is capable of penetrating the corneal stroma and inducing permanent loss of endothelial cells.,560
-Disseminated fusariosis.,561
-"However, little has been reported about conditions surrounding the change in QT interval after the steady state is achieved that may have implications in the safety and efficacy of the drug.",562
-Case report: mannitol nephrotoxicity syndrome: role of hemodialysis and postulate of mechanisms.,563
-Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease.,564
-WE from thiamine deficiency can occur as a result of cessation of MVI in the TPN infusion.,565
-Pentacam analysis may serve as a useful adjunct in following the progression of herpetic reactivation cases.,566
-"OBJECTIVES: The examination of potential associations between Graves' disease and thyrotropin-producing pituitary adenoma (TSHoma) after treatment using octreotide, and of the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma).",567
-"Although identifying the cause of contamination is most often viewed in the context of recipient safety, this case illustrates the importance of a thorough evaluation on donor safety.",568
-"In this article, four patient reports of a specific interaction--the serotonin syndrome--are presented.",569
-A greater than 50% decrease in red cell transfusion requirement was observed in one patient with RA and one patient with AA.,570
-"Pulmonary thromboembolism was diagnosed, based on: (1) blood gas analysis findings of hypoxemia and (2) defective images in both of the upper lobes on urgent pulmonary blood flow scintigram.",571
-Gastric outlet obstruction due to an iatrogenic cause in a neonatal period - report of two cases.,572
-Role of ciclosporin in steroid-responsive sudden sensorineural hearing loss.,573
-The patient who survived had been taking the lowest dose of azathioprine and was given the recommended dose of acyclovir.,574
-The advantages and disadvantages of uncontrolled case reports are reviewed using two cases of false-positive reactions to drugs as illustrative examples.,575
-Subconjunctival and external hemorrhage secondary to oral anticoagulation.,576
-The epiphyseal myeloid cells were reduced or sometimes eliminated during id injection.,577
-RESULTS: Grade 3 and 4 toxicities were mainly hematological and manageable.,578
-"SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Our case observations attempted to evaluate nine alcoholics after withdrawal suffering from persisting craving, sleep disorder, excitement, depressive symptoms or anxiety symptoms.",579
-Candida albicans shunt infection.,580
-"On day 13, a 24-hour urine collection had a protein excretion of 3151 mg.",581
-This report describes the case of a 58-year-old female patient with treatment-refractory schizophrenia who was successfully switched from clozapine 300 mg/day to aripiprazole 20 mg/day because of changes in consciousness.,582
-"The patient may have concomitant systemic disease, and the injury occurs with relatively mild trauma.",583
-Renal insufficiency was present in four patients.,584
-The remaining clinical scenarios included intravenous catheter sepsis and factitious disorders.,585
-The course of this case may be useful in the understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune hyperthyroidism.,586
-"We describe an 82-year-old woman treated with the fluoroquinolone, moxifloxacin, during a course of ECT.",587
-CASE REPORT: We report a case of intracerebral hemorrhage occurring in a middle-aged man who suffered from chronic sinusitis and had been ingesting pseudoephedrine daily for one year.,588
-"Because the maximum tolerated dose and pharmacokinetics of intravenous iron preparations are not known, their use in both adults and children should still be undertaken with caution.",589
-Both neonates were normal at birth and have shown subsequent normal development.,590
-The authors present three patients with traumatic upper limb amputations where topical capsaicin cream was of benefit in the treatment of neurogenic residual limb pain.,591
-The patient was then treated with sertraline without experiencing any incontinence episodes.,592
-"In a phase II study of hycanthone in patients with breast cancer we have recently observed severe hepatotoxicity, even at lower doses, which resulted in two drug-related deaths.",593
-"Tests for thyroid autoantibodies, as well as inhibitory and stimulatory antibodies, were negative, and fine needle aspiration biopsy revealed an adenomatous goiter.",594
-Only one death has been recorded in the responding group.,595
-"Therefore, the possibility of an association by chance cannot be ruled out.",596
-"Corticosteroids may be useful for therapy of some features of this syndrome, such as thrombocytopenia.",597
-The spectrum of antimicrobial activity of albendazole and its efficacy in the treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis are reviewed.,598
-The patient had already been on methimazole for a month when she was admitted to the Pediatric Unit with the diagnosis of sepsis.,599
-Acute hyperphosphatemia caused by sodium phosphate enema in a patient with liver dysfunction and chronic renal failure.,600
-This is the first report of the characteristic phenotypes of the teeth and craniofacial morphology of a patient with leprechaunism treated with IGF-I.,601
-The patient described feeling cold with worsening headache and chills approximately one hour after infusion of the first dose of penicillin.,602
-"METHODS: [1] Trachea specimens excised from 15 healthy ferrets were incubated in culture plates lined with 200 mg of VVR, and the mucin secretion was compared to those from controls without VVR.",603
-"In the seven patients, the mean plasma concentration of carbamazepine, but not of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, after clarithromycin coadministration was significantly (p < 0.01) higher than those at 1 and 4 weeks after its discontinuation.",604
-"Negligible reactivity was observed with microsomes from human B-lymphoblastoid cell lines expressing CYP1A1, 1A2, 2A6, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4 or epoxide hydrolase.",605
-Severe Raynaud's phenomenon with yohimbine therapy for erectile dysfunction.,606
-"It is suggested that the long-term use of androgenic-anabolic steroids is the fourth cause of HAS, the majority of cases still being of unknown aetiology.",607
-"While not life threatening, it can have a severe disruptive effect on the quality of life.",608
-"The patient remained in a depressed level of consciousness for 2 months but gradually recovered, showing a good recovery with minor subjective cognitive deficits by 6 months.",609
-For treatment of this condition he was given androgens and corticosteroids.,610
-"Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disease that is characterised by tendency to thrombosis, obstetrical and hematological complications.",611
-"Infliximab and its serious adverse effects are discussed, and other cases of osteomyelitis with infliximab use are also reviewed.",612
-Acute respiratory distress syndrome after rituximab infusion.,613
-"This pediatric case report describes a massive overdose without significant side effects, thus suggesting a beneficial therapeutic index in pediatric patients.",614
-Grade 3 hepatotoxicity (AST and ALT > 5 to 20 upper limit normal) or higher has been observed in as many as 1.4% of MS patients on IFN beta.,615
-Four of the patients reported erectile dysfunction before beginning apomorphine and two of these report a significant improvement in their sexual function resulting from apomorphine use.,616
-"Although myelosuppression is mild, immunosuppression and superinfection are potential hazards of treatment with DCF.",617
-Transient paralysis associated with epidural steroid injection.,618
-"The infection ultimately cleared in all eyes with topical therapy using chlorhexidine, propamidine, and antibiotic ointment with neomycin.",619
-Hydrocortisone prophylaxis and verapamil therapy were the primary therapies used in patient 1 (the only survivor).,620
-"Conversely, diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients receiving methotrexate who develop bilateral pulmonary infiltrates seen on chest roentgenograms.",621
-CONCLUSIONS: There was a temporal relationship between the onset of nonconvulsive status epilepticus and initiation of ifosfamide infusion.,622
-Type II heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immunological disorder characterized by antibodies to heparin-platelet factor 4 complexes and a high risk of thrombotic complications.,623
-"Hence, hyperthyroidism induced by IFN-alpha could correspond to the first phase of silent thyroiditis, to Graves' disease or to the succession of both.",624
-Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) induced by cyclosporine use in a patient with collapsing focal glomeruloesclerosis.,625
-Side effects were managed by temporary discontinuation of gold until side effects resolved and resumption of treatment using usually 50% lower dosage.,626
-"We report the first case of fulminant adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with pegylated interferon alpha-2a (pegIFNalpha-2a) and ribavirin use for hepatitis C, complicated by subsequent and ultimately fatal sepsis and multiorgan failure.",627
-"In cases such as these, initial vigorous therapy, including PEEP for hypoxia, corticosteroids for possible aspiration and volume replacement for hypotension, is recommended.",628
-"Although HCV-RNA reappeared in the serum at 3 months, the patient had continued ALT normalization and histological improvement with follow-up of over 26 months to date after the initiation of the combination therapy.",629
-"Copaxone suppresses the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, a key mediator of inflammation in MS as well as in other pathologies, such as colitis of interstitial bowel disease (IBD).",630
-The patient's visual acuity was 6/20 (non-corrected) in the right eye and 6/10 (-1.75/-1.00 x 91) in the left.,631
-"On days 2-6, the patient experienced a myocardial infarction, ischemic cerebrovascular accident, recurrent lower extremity arterial thrombus, and splenic infarct.",632
-Analysis of the case which went to trial indicates that there is not one prescribed protocol which must be followed; the definition of standard of care is broader than that.,633
-"Mycobacterium marinum infection complicating Crohn's disease, treated with infliximab.",634
-We report here the case of a patient with peritoneal metastases of GIST involving the pelvis treated by imatinib.,635
-A 32-year-old white woman with major depression was treated with venlafaxine for 3 years.,636
-"He was treated sequentially with prednisone and azathioprine (2 weeks), decreasing doses of prednisone alone (21 months), and no immunosuppressive drugs (10 months).",637
-"He ran out of medication, was unable to refill his prescription for 2 days and presented to the emergency department in status epilepticus.",638
-Nephrotic syndrome in strongyloidiasis: remission after eradication with anthelmintic agents.,639
-"A case of anaphylactoid reaction due solely to the use of Gelofusine in a patient with non-haemorrhagic hypovolaemia is presented, with a discussion on the management and the use of allergy identification jewellery.",640
-The trachea was immediately intubated and the lungs ventilated with oxygen 40% for four hours.,641
-Severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia following rituximab therapy in a patient with a lymphoproliferative disorder.,642
-"Although hepatic veno-occlusive disease (HVOD) is a common complication of allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is very rare.",643
-"Her course was complicated by pneumonia, barotrauma, and atelectasis accompanying her moribund state.",644
-The skin lesions disappeared almost completely within three months.,645
-PURPOSE: To review the current literature on suspected green tea-related hepatic reactions and to describe two new cases reported within the framework of the Italian surveillance system of natural health products.,646
-"CONCLUSION-It is possible to prevent GH from PHT treatment by intensive dental care, correct mouth hygiene and by change of treatment of carbamazepine.",647
-Aggressive combination chemotherapy was required to reverse progressive thrombocytopenia and pulmonary involvement.,648
-All patients tolerated the treatment well with no residual effects from the electric pulses.,649
-Data are presented to show that atopic cataracts and steroid cataracts can be similar in appearance and cannot be distinguished from one another in many cases.,650
-The diagnosis of ELP was made.,651
-Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) carries the risk of infection.,652
-Rapid cycling in manic-depressives induced by tricyclic antidepressants.,653
-A review of the literature on the prognosis and treatment of aortoarteritis with particular reference to the management of recurrent valvular dehiscence is discussed.,654
-The latter was discontinued slowly over a period of 10 weeks.,655
-"Folinic acid, the 5-formyl derivative of tetrahydrofolic acid, is the active form of folic acid.",656
-"To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of lithium-associated CDI and NDI presenting concurrently.",657
-Photochemotherapy using psoralen and ultraviolet (UV)A irradiation (PUVA) is a useful treatment method for vitiligo.,658
-"Extrapyramidal symptoms are well-documented complications of therapy with haloperidol, even when small doses are used.",659
-The right eye progressed to phthisis bulbi.,660
-These patients may develop systemic sepsis through bacterial or fungal translocation across the intestinal wall.,661
-A possible tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated dedifferentiation of adipocytes.,662
-A depressed woman with no history of bipolar illness developed a manic episode during treatment with fluoxetine.,663
-"Full visual electrophysiology, including flash electroretinography (ERG), pattern electroretinography, multifocal ERG using the VERIS system, electro-oculography, and flash and pattern visual evoked potentials, was undertaken.",664
-With this therapy left ventricular function improved and CHF resolved in each.,665
-"On day 4, following 3 doses of dalteparin, the patient developed acute respiratory distress attributable to a massive right hemothorax confirmed by computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and intercostal drainage of 1500 mL of frank blood.",666
-Few published human data are available concerning the acute toxicity of the new antiepileptic drug oxcarbazepine of which the metabolite 10- monohydroxy derivate (MHD) is the pharmacologically effective compound.,667
-Hemodialysis was performed in eleven patients (69%) because of visual disturbances and/or metabolic acidosis.,668
-"By contrast, PDCs were present at very low levels in atopic dermatitis and not detected in normal human skin.",669
-"Rapamycin/sirolimus (SR), trade named Rapammune (Wyeth-Ayerst, Sydney, Australia), is a potent immunosuppressive drug associated with myelosuppression, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and infection.",670
-We describe a 73-year-old woman who developed serious systemic vasculitis with associated thrombocytopenia in the course of treatment with cladribine.,671
-"Twelve patients developed central nervous system (CNS) depression, defined as National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC) neurocortical toxicity grade 2 or higher.",672
-Infliximab and nephrotic syndrome.,673
-Histologic examination of biopsies from two regressing tumor nodes showed necrotic tumor cells and infiltration with CD8 positive cells.,674
-"The patient tolerated enalapril, and lisinopril without problems.",675
-"After diagnosis of epidural lipomatosis on magnetic resonance imaging, the patient underwent decompressive thoraco-laminectomy.",676
-"Patients reported a decrease in episodes of spontaneous sleeping during the day, fewer myoclonic twitches, improved daily function and greater social interaction.",677
-We report a case of acne fulminans occurring during treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid for cystic acne.,678
-Late development of diabetes mellitus after interferon-alfa and ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C: a case report.,679
-"However, one patient exhibited severe hypersensitivity reactions including cardiac arrest and apnea, and another four patients developed eruptions, hypotension, and tachycardia soon after administration of CBDCA.",680
-"Albeit rare among Western patients, such lithium-associated thyroid dysfunctions appeared to be more likely to occur in Hong Kong Chinese.",681
-Bone marrow biopsy showed selectively inhibited erythropoiesis with giant pronormoblasts.,682
-Subsequent management with topical steroids was complicated as the patient was a steroid responder and developed a markedly raised intraocular pressure that was managed with a topical anti-glaucoma agent.,683
-We report a 4-year-old girl with a complicated Enterococcus faecalis ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection who failed vancomycin therapy.,684
-He received further chemotherapy without G-CSF and without any recurrence of the raised leucocyte count but failed to achieve full remission.,685
-Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained vulval ulceration that arises after starting HAART.,686
-OBJECTIVE: To report the late development of immune-mediated diabetes mellitus after completion of alfa-interferon therapy for hepatitis C in an Asian patient.,687
-"Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) causes increased basal metabolic rate and oxygen consumption, and hence increased ventilatory load.",688
-The manifestations of delirium tremens persisted with titration of a lorazepam infusion in excess of 40 mg/hour.,689
-Case report: persistent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using in vivo alemtuzumab: emergence of resistant CMV due to mutations in the UL97 and UL54 genes.,690
-He suffered from serious bleeding episodes requiring prolonged hospitalization and the disarticulation of the left knee joint.,691
-Mycophenolate mofetil substitution for cyclosporine-dependent myasthenia gravis and nephrotoxicity.,692
-PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of steroid injections for periocular capillary hemangioma on adrenal function and body composition.,693
-"After the institution of the combined therapy with corticosteroid, anticoagulant, and dipyridamole, urinary protein excretion was attenuated to less than 1.0 g/day.",694
-"Therefore, ocular examination at baseline and every 6 months is indicated for patients receiving a regimen of amiodarone and/or digoxin therapy.",695
-Radiography (with and without contrast medium) and ultrasonography revealed a soft tissue mass in the caudoventral portion of the coelom.,696
-Controversy exists as to whether making a definitive diagnosis in these patients has an impact on overall outcome.,697
-Olanzapine is a relatively new antipsychotic drug used in the United States for the treatment of schizophrenia.,698
-"Clinicians should consider early diagnostic amniocentesis in patients in preterm labor with a history of prior amniocentesis, and the routine Gram stain and culture of amniotic fluid.",699
-Pursuing a diagnosis in a Caribbean man.,700
-"At this time, the TSH response to TRH was normal and the patient was considered fully recovered.",701
-These asymptomatic papules with a tendency to coalesce became more prominent with prolonged exposure (Figs 1 and 2).,702
-The child was treated with resin hemoperfusion (XAD-4) to reduce her serum chloramphenicol concentration.,703
-The case is reported of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome and polyneuropathy associated with myeloperoxidase specific antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody.,704
-A 53 year old Greenlandic male was admitted twice over a period of 4 years with a new complete right bundle branch block after ingestion of 10 g and 4 g of carbamazepine respectively.,705
-The remaining lesions were treated with curette and cryotherapy.,706
-"The highest intraoperative oxygen concentration was 33 percent, but 40 percent oxygen was administered for four days postoperatively.",707
-Multiple pulmonary nodules: an unusual presentation of fludarabine pulmonary toxicity: case report and review of literature.,708
-Immune reconstitution syndrome following initiation of antiretroviral therapy in a patient with HIV infection and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.,709
-"Organ transplant recipients are generally considered to be at greater risk for developing malignant disorders because of prolonged immunosuppression for organ grafting, but acute leukemia is a rare complication after organ transplantation (0.2 -2.5%).",710
-"However, to our knowledge, in newborns there have been no reported cases to date of thrombocytosis induced by enoxaparin.",711
-The improvements were more marked at 6 months and 1 year.,712
-"A number of similarities, including the fact that both medications are 250-mg white tablets, with similar generic and brand names which are generically repackaged medications juxtaposed on the pharmacist's shelf, predispose to the inadvertent substitution of one medication for the other.",713
-Close patient monitoring is advisable in these types of patients.,714
-"Inclusion of specific culture media and staining protocols for mycobacteria, along with aggressive treatment on diagnosis, including lifting or amputating the LASIK flap, culturing, topical fortified clarithromycin and amikacin, while avoiding corticosteroids, may significantly improve resolution of the infection and potentially improve the visual outcome.",715
-Diabetes associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment may be severe but reversible: case report.,716
-We report a case of biopsy proven myositis whose symptoms began within 10 days of receiving leuprolide acetate therapy for prostate cancer.,717
-Although differential diagnostic alternatives can be considered in all described cases it is very likely that vincristine does cause severe visual loss in a small number of patients.,718
-"DISCUSSION: In general however, it must be remembered that problems with oral hypoglycaemics are rare.",719
-"Additionally, we showed conclusively that under certain circumstances (that is, corneal scarring) tandem scanning confocal microscopy can resolve the double-walled structure of the Acanthamoeba ectocyst surrounding the endocyst.",720
-Persistent CSF leak may also be present without PDPH.,721
-Four adolescents who used St.,722
-Fluconazole in the treatment of candida peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: report of a case.,723
-BACKGROUND: Intracranial malignancies (primary and metastatic) are often complicated by seizure activity.,724
-OBJECTIVE: To report 2 cases of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) following infusion of ifosfamide.,725
-"Review of existing literature shows that in immunocompromised patients, GI cryptococcosis invariably coexists with disseminated cryptococcosis, often lacks prominent GI symptomatology, and is primarily diagnosed postmortem.",726
-"Despite the significant weight loss, 4 of the 5 patients continued to take the drug due to its efficacy.",727
-AIMS: The aim of this study was to report on the effectiveness and tumor side effects of topical interferon (INF) alpha 2-beta in a case of conjunctiva-cornea intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) of a patient that rejected any surgical procedure.,728
-Teriparatide is a promising treatment for patients who have failed bisphosphonate treatment or who are at high risk for fracture.,729
-"The ulcers slowly healed with local therapy, but two patients required dose modification of the pegylated interferon alfa-2b and one patient required treatment withdrawal.",730
-When tuberculosis patients on isoniazid eat certain varieties of fish they may develop a histamine reaction.,731
-"At the onset of the ST elevation, all patients were receiving dopamine infusion, which in four of them was inadvertently increased shortly before the ECG changes, the ST elevation was not associated with chest pain, pericardial friction rub, or acute changes in the heart rate, or arterial blood pressure.",732
-"Serum antinuclear antibodies were present in high titer, and hypocomplementemia developed.",733
-Gabapentin may act directly upon temperature regulatory centers.,734
-The asthma resolved within 24 hours following three albuterol inhalations.,735
-Leukopenia and agranulocytosis are well reported and dangerous haematological side-effects associated with the use of typical and atypical antipsychotics.,736
-"Acute nitrite toxicity results from industrial exposure, accidental ingestion (e.g., abuse of organic nitrites as an aphrodisiac, especially in the male homosexual population), and suicidal ingestion.",737
-Immunofluorescent study showed granular deposits of IgG and C3 complement along glomerular basement membranes.,738
-Pancreatic carcinoma in a ten-year survivor of acute myeloblastic leukemia.,739
-During and after IFN therapy we should consider the possibility of occurrence of IDDM as well as other autoimmune diseases and observe the clinical course carefully.,740
-Photo-onycholysis caused by olanzapine and aripiprazole.,741
-We describe two cases that illustrate the use of lithium in the treatment of veterans with PTSD who complained of serious problems with irritability or angry outbursts.,742
-Corneal scrapings were taken for microscopic examination and culture.,743
-"This is the first case of PML after SCT treated with cidofovir, and the fifth case treated with this drug in a patient without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.",744
-Topical capsaicin cream has been a beneficial adjuvant medication in the treatment of some painful conditions.,745
-After surgical resection and extrabeam radiation therapy the patient is alive without evidence of recurrence five years after PEI.,746
-BACKGROUND: Nocardia exalbida was first reported in 2006.,747
-This was followed by eight 99 microsecond pulses at an amplitude of 1.3 kV/cm administered directly to the tumors 5 to 15 minutes after the bleomycin was completely infused.,748
-"The next day, he suffered from a paralytic ileus.",749
-"In followup, 18 patients reported limb dysfunction ranging from 5-365 days.",750
-Thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is the only established treatment for acute ischemic stroke.,751
-"DISCUSSION: Because of the close time relationship between drug administration and the development of symptoms and signs, as well as between drug withdrawal and changes in WBC count and ANC, the episodes of neutropenia were suspected to be drug related.",752
-"She had also been submitted to radiotherapy for a subcutaneous plasmacytoma, detected some months before, at the same site of the cutaneous lesions.",753
-The right palm also showed similar changes.,754
-"Intra-operatively, he suffered inadvertent injury to an intercostal arterial branch during isolation of the aorta below the graft.",755
-"We sought to evaluate the etiology of the long QT syndrome in these patients without previously identified causes for QT, prolongation, and determine the prevalence among patients with HIV infection.",756
-"The number of prior transfusions, the hepatic iron content and the serum ferritin levels appear to be useful in predicting which patients will respond to iron chelation therapy, especially if there is little bone marrow erythropoietic activity.",757
-It is proposed that neuroleptic-induced dysphoric responses may be responsible for therapeutic failure in some cases of psychotic depression.,758
-"This article discusses the initial treatment attempted at resolving the bronchospasm, as well as the use of heliox in the ultimate resolution of the bronchospasm.",759
-L-Asparaginase is commonly used for induction therapy of acute lymphocytic leukemia of childhood.,760
-A 17-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed acute renal failure within 48 h of an intravenous high-dose methotrexate (5 g/m2) infusion.,761
-The pathophysiology and management of myoclonus are discussed.,762
-Video game epilepsy.,763
-CONCLUSION: Overnight wearing of a rigid contact lens is a risk factor for a corneal ulcer.,764
-A 57-year-old male developed an adenocarcinoma lung cancer in November 2003.,765
-Triiodothyronine-induced thyrotoxicosis in ophthalmic Graves disease.,766
-Avascular necrosis of bone is a recognised complication of glucocorticoid treatment--the risk of this increasing with higher doses and longer duration of use.,767
-The development of an IgG lambda-type monoclonal gammopathy and subsequent multiple myeloma in an epilepsy patient on diphenylhydantoin (DILANTIN) therapy for 20 years is reported.,768
-The atypical antipsychotics have advanced the treatment of schizophrenia and have proved to be effective agents in treating other disorders with or without psychotic features.,769
-Quetiapine was assayed in biological specimens by basic extraction with n-butyl chloride and derivatized with 50 microL of MTBSTFA and separation by GC-NPD.,770
-Adalimumab may be effective for the treatment of PPP.,771
-The patient received hyperbaric oxygen therapy for 1 week.,772
-"MR detected brain abnormalities in four patients, three of whom had concomitant neurologic dysfunction.",773
-Review of the literature leads us to propose the following hypotheses: (1) that considerably increased stress-induced cortisol concentrations in critically ill patients may contribute to adverse outcomes and (2) that therapeutic suppression of the persistent and substantially elevated glucocorticoid levels in selected cases may be a beneficial therapeutic option.,774
-Rasburicase for the management of tumor lysis syndrome in neonates.,775
-"Additionally, irregularities in the cone photoreceptor density and mosaic were seen in areas with normal HVF 10-2 and SD-OCT findings.",776
-Reversible pheripheral edema in female patients taking proton pump inhibitors for peptic acid diseases.,777
-Irritability is often a problem for patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).,778
-The patient had been receiving acenocoumarol 4 mg/d for 10 years for episodes of atrial fibrillation and recurrent deep venous thrombosis.,779
-"We present a case of hemolytic-uremic syndrome that developed during the 4th cycle of combination chemotherapy with oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin.",780
-"Cardiac time intervals of a fetus in labor can be presented, which did not change significantly throughout the first stage of labor.",781
-The challenge test for Stevens-Johnson syndrome type drug allergy is very risky.,782
-RESULTS: A total of 861 patients with ischemic stroke were admitted to Calgary hospitals during the study period.,783
-"In conclusion, the in vitro susceptibility assay as well as nucleotide sequence of clinical isolate is important to choose appropriate antiviral agents for patients who have persistent CMV reactivation after stem cell transplantation.",784
-"Early diagnosis of WE is important, because if it is treated with thiamine in the acute stages, the neurologic and cardiovascular abnormalities can be reversed.",785
-"This article reviews the results of all cases of C-TMA reported to date in the English literature and discusses the theories of pathogenesis, clinical features, treatment, and treatment-related complications of the syndrome.",786
-Thrombosis of prosthetic cardiac valves is a rare but potentially lethal complication.,787
-"He was treated with oral ibuprofen 600 mg every 6 h and oral cyclobenzaprine 5 mg daily, which improved his pain, but the shoulder stiffness remained throughout his hospital stay and persisted for 2 months following discharge.",788
-METHODS: Tissue obtained during vitrectomy was cultured and examined by light and electron microscopy.,789
-This report rules out other causes of toxic epidermal necrolysis and implicates ofloxacin in what appears to be an atypical presentation of drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis.,790
-"Immunoelectron microscopy of perilesional skin revealed IgA deposits within the lamina lucida and immunoblotting of the patient's serum disclosed IgA and IgG antibodies directed against epidermal antigens of 280, 165 and 120-130 kD.",791
-Tamoxifen has been used as a chemotherapeutic agent with no serious side effects noted.,792
-Acute pleuropericarditis relevant to post-cardiac injury syndrome with an atypically early onset might have occurred in this case as a rare complication of PCI.,793
-Cutaneous metastatic plasmacytomas with tropism for a previously injured limb.,794
-"Therapeutic efficacy of ipilimumab, an anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody, in patients with metastatic melanoma unresponsive to prior systemic treatments: clinical and immunological evidence from three patient cases.",795
-"In one of these cases, the patient, a 47-year-old man, died 10 days later.",796
-"Blebitis, early endophthalmitis, and late endophthalmitis after glaucoma-filtering surgery.",797
-The child had a fair outcome despite of the very acute course of the disease and the presence of a cervical sensory level which usually harbor a poor prognosis.,798
-"Over a 5-year period, we observed three patients with a 3-15-year history of migraine, who received sumatriptan for acute headache.",799
-"Fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy often accompany hepatic injury.",800
-OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinicopathologic features of 3 patients with CML who rapidly progressed from chronic phase to blast crisis while taking imatinib and to perform a review of the literature.,801
-The diagnosis was suspected in the setting of a negative anion gap and only later confirmed by direct measurement of the serum bromide level.,802
-The patient's lymphocytes showed no proliferative response to zomepirac.,803
-The entire bezoar could be removed endoscopically.,804
-Case study: adverse response to clonidine.,805
-"One woman received ifosfamide 1000 mg/m2 (1 h infusion on days 1-5); confusion, lethargy, and speech deterioration developed on day 3.",806
-A decision was made not to remove the implant but the hepatitis resolved completely and uneventfully well within the normal time-scale.,807
-"The possible mechanisms of photo-onycholysis development by modern atypical antipsychotics, modulating dopamine receptors, are discussed.",808
-These remained the only agents for the next 50 years.,809
-We believe this to be a previously unreported complication.,810
-Nicotinic acid-induced fulminant hepatic failure.,811
-Nail staining from hydroquinone cream.,812
-Stool specimen was streaked with blood.,813
-We diagnosed BP by histopathological and immunofluorescence studies.,814
-"When patch test are performed with several drugs of the same family, results seem to indicate an absence of cross-sensitivity, but in several patients, oral provocation test were needed because patch test gave no conclusive information.",815
-Possible etiologic factors are traumatic osseous lesions and transport of rectal bacteria to the periosseous region.,816
-Little hematologic and no gastrointestinal or central nervous system toxicity was experienced.,817
-A fracture of the diffuser tip occurred during 1 of the treatments.,818
-"In 1984, a 56-year-old house painter developed intractable pain in his back and other joints.",819
-Few studies have been carried out regarding preoperative chemotherapy utilized in the treatment of primitive neuroectodermal tumors/medulloblastomas (PNET/MB).,820
-Bilateral loss of vision in bright light.,821
-We have used anti-angiogenetic therapy with thalidomide in two AILD patients and observed remarkable responses.,822
-New therapeutic approaches should be explored.,823
-The drug was immediately withdrawn and the patient was given glibenclamide.,824
-"Subsequent cardiac arrest and prolonged cardiogenic shock required aggressive pharmacologic support, intraaortic balloon pump insertion, and mechanical ventilation.",825
-"The anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS) is an idiosyncratic immunologic reaction to certain anticonvulsant medications, in which internal organ involvement may lead to fatal multisystemic failure.",826
-Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema and other causes of respiratory distress were ruled out; diagnosis of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) was made.,827
-"He was treated by the administration of vancomycin, fluconazole, and pazufloxacin mesilate.",828
-"OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether desensitization to NPH insulin, as well as standard insulin desensitization, could control allergic symptoms in a patient allergic to both NPH and regular insulin.",829
-Sustained ventricular tachycardia in a thalidomide-treated patient with primary plasma-cell leukemia.,830
-"Correlated with the lesions evaluated in computed tomography, right hemiplegia and complete aphasia was observed.",831
-"At the bedside, nurses play a pivotal role in early recognition and treatment, the key to survival.",832
-An early asymptomatic recurrence was observed in three patients 49 to 53 days after the initial diagnosis.,833
-The development of safer and more effective means for VT control is progressing and is needed.,834
-The patient recovered without permanent sequelae.,835
-"Indeed, the reported annual number of imported malaria cases increased to not less than 100.",836
-The optimal management of anthracycline extravasation remains unclear.,837
-A patient with biventricular thrombus formation in dilated cardiomyopathy suffered massive combined systemic and pulmonary embolization shortly after oral anticoagulation was started.,838
-Intravenous thrombolytic therapy has become standard treatment for acute myocardial infarction (AMI).,839
-A syndrome of increased affect in response to risperidone among patients with schizophrenia.,840
-Each procedure reduced the serum level of intercellular antibodies by 50% to 87%.,841
-"Six of 13 outpatients with schizophrenia who participated in a ten-week open trial of risperidone had an initial good response to the medication followed by development of intolerable affect, including feelings of agitation and depression and periods of crying and insomnia.",842
-"Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) may be used to rule out infectious etiologies, and an increase in BAL fluid eosinophils is suggestive of drug-induced toxicity.",843
-"One tablet from 1 of the patient's levothyroxine prescriptions was assayed, and its levothyroxine content was 74.5% of the label claim, a value outside of the United States Pharmacopeia requirements of 90-110%.",844
-This is the first time that the combination of PTX and vit-E has had a significant antifibrotic effect by completely reversing deep RIF as shown by CT scan normalization.,845
-"After 4 months, the pain had almost entirely disappeared.",846
-The eruption in this case may have been an allergic reaction arising in a depressed immunity induced by chemotherapy.,847
-CASE SUMMARY: A 10-year-old white girl with bilateral optic glioma developed a hypersensitivity reaction to carboplatin after nine courses.,848
-The patient was successfully treated with bilateral percutaneous nephrostomy drainage.,849
-"We report a case of posttransplant pulmonary capillaritis in an 8-month-old infant, and demonstrate evidence of C4d deposition and B-lymphocytes in the allograft, donor anti-HLA antibodies in the serum and a clinical and immunohistochemical response to anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) therapy.",850
-After approximately two weeks of sertraline treatment he noted an intense itching sensation in his scalp after eating a piece of chocolate cake.,851
-Nimesulide is a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drug with antipyretic and analgesic properties.,852
-Cerebral dysfunction predated the development of minimal diabetic complications and had been apparent for between 1 and 17 years.,853
-"METHODS: Exploratory surgery was performed to remove the mass, and histologic and microbiologic studies were conducted.",854
-The subject developed fever and peripheral blood neutrophilia.,855
-"Niemann-Pick type C is an autosomal-recessive, neurovisceral storage disorder that results from defective cholesterol esterification.",856
-"Toxicological analysis of the blood revealed GHB 165.6 mg/L, and 90.7 mg/L in the urine.",857
-"However, EO-induced noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has not been reported in human.",858
-"In earlier studies, it was used on a daily schedule with resulting severe gastrointestinal toxicity and myelosuppression.",859
-Ifosfamide-induced nonconvulsive status epilepticus.,860
-Methadone has two roles in human immunodeficiency viral infection: pain management and treatment of opioid abuse.,861
-Deterioration in renal function associated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy is not always reversible.,862
-The INR remained subtherapeutic for 5 weeks despite weekly warfarin dose increases.,863
-In one recording a short period of regular sinus rhythm with intermittent 2/1 S-A block was observed.,864
-Clinicians should monitor patients receiving this drug for signs of LABD.,865
-The literature review revealed that many cases typically present with chronic cough with or without dyspnea.,866
-"Patients were started on topical tacrolimus ointment 0.03%, twice daily, which was tapered to the lowest possible therapeutic dose that maintained its antirejection efficacy.",867
-We describe three infants exposed in utero to ACE inhibitors who had adverse outcomes.,868
-He denied aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use.,869
-Chloroquine-induced bilateral ptosis.,870
-This occurred after the first cycle of cisplatin and then again after the second cycle.,871
-We report the first case of herpes esophagitis in a renal transplant patient treated with Cyclosporine A while on chronic steroid therapy.,872
-The neurological status of the patient has only slightly improved to the present.,873
-This case report describes a patient who was previously prescribed alendronate (Fosamax) and presented with postoperative hypophosphatemia and hypocalcemic tetany after bowel preparation with Fleet Phospho-Soda.,874
-"In particular, this adverse effect has never been described with mefloquine (Lariam).",875
-Platelet recovery and clinical improvement coincided with administration of rituximab.,876
-Subfascial hematoma remains a rare and self-limited complication of thrombolytic therapy.,877
-The purpose of this case report and review is to enhance anesthesiologists' understanding of this phenomenon so that they may better formulate a logical treatment scheme in such an event.,878
-Adverse reaction in a patient with aspirin-induced asthma treated with zafirlukast.,879
-"Except for generalized cerebral gliosis, the abnormalities in the brain were confined to the cerebellum, where malformation of the dentate nuclei, neuronal heterotopias, and abnormalities of Purkinje's cell dendrites were found.",880
-"The patient recovered completely from his liver injury, but the sicca complex persisted 1 yr after the drug was given.",881
-"In conclusion, RSDS is a relevant osteoarticular complication in patients receiving either anticalcineurinic drug (CyA or tacrolimus), even under monotherapy or with a low steroid dose.",882
-"Because the AKBR changes in relation to electron transport in liver mitochondria, it seems to be a logical parameter for evaluating the effect of potassium cyanide poisoning on electron transport.",883
-"She developed edema, swelling, erythema, and vesicles on her eyelids.",884
-"Administration of the drug for 8 days did not effectively shorten the recovery period compared with the average reported in the literature without the drug, and may have triggered additional iatrogenic complications.",885
-"Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition of the airway, characterised by the presence of airflow obstruction which is variable over short periods of time, or is reversible with treatment.",886
-Patients were followed with sequential ocular examinations for a maximum of 36 weeks.,887
-"As the patient's pulse rate increased, the symptoms of congestive heart failure disappeared.",888
-Setting.,889
-"Despite their therapeutic utility, children may experience emotional and behavioral side effects from steroids during treatment for leukemia.",890
-DISCUSSION: Both cases met Stembach's criteria for serotonin syndrome and had serious extrapyramidal movement disorders.,891
-"Immunoglobulins were not found in the patient's serum and the red cells were coated with C3 only, suggesting an ""innocent bystander"" reaction.",892
-Acute enlargement and subsequent rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm in a patient receiving chemotherapy for pancreatic carcinoma.,893
-Administration of cidofovir was associated with clearance of BK virus DNA from blood and stabilization of renal function in 5 cases.,894
-CONCLUSION: Risperidone was an effective and safe treatment in three cases of delusions of infestation.,895
-Transcutaneous computed tomography guided core needle biopsy established the diagnosis of pelvic actinomycosis obviating immediate surgical intervention.,896
-"However, 4 days later the ocular pressure of the first patient increased to 22 mmHg, which led to suspension of the drug.",897
-Generalised pustular psoriasis induced by cyclosporin a withdrawal responding to the tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitor etanercept.,898
-Systemic complications associated with retinal cryoablation for retinopathy of prematurity.,899
-Recommended treatment duration is 6 to 12 months with frequent imaging.,900
-The treatment of choice remains operation.,901
-In 1984 alanine aminotransferase presented abnormal levels.,902
-"Lipoatrophy is a thing of the past, or is it?",903
-"For this reason, olanzapine was considered strongly associated with this patient's apparent NMS episode.",904
-Anaphylactoid reaction to methylprednisolone pulsed therapy for multiple sclerosis.,905
-"After 20 months, the patient presented clinical features of primary hypothyroidism.",906
-"Several cases of lithium-induced Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome have been reported to date; all of them were elderly patients and a half had ""therapeutic"" lithium serum levels.",907
-Protease inhibitors (ritonavir and saquinavir) were added to the treatment and the patient developed progressive ataxia related to carbamazepine toxicity.,908
-Trazodone-induced transient hypomanic symptoms and their management.,909
-Ichthyosiform erythrodermas and the 'half-baby syndrome' treated with an aromatic retinoid.,910
-"Newer therapies usually undergo closer scrutiny before being accepted, often including placebo-controlled trials to show the efficacy of a medication.",911
-The two previously unreported adverse effects are a diffuse loss of color discrimination and an increased time course to complete dark adaptation.,912
-Rapid improvement in muscle strength accompanied by prompt resolution of abnormal elevation of muscle enzymes followed cessation of both medications.,913
-BACKGROUND: Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) has been characteristically unresponsive to chemotherapy.,914
-"CONCLUSIONS: Itraconazole-induced liver injury presents with a cholestatic pattern of injury with damage to the interlobular bile ducts, possibly leading to ductopenia.",915
-Development of persistent late onset asthma following treatment with captopril.,916
-Disseminated Nocardia asteroides and coinfection with Trichophyton rubrum in a renal transplant recipient.,917
-Leflunomide-associated infections in rheumatoid arthritis.,918
-"INTERVENTION: The LASIK flap was lifted or amputated, samples were submitted for Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain and Lowenstein-Jensen's agar cultures for diagnosis; topical treatment with fortified clarithromycin and amikacin was administered until clinical resolution.",919
-Typhlitis during second-line chemotherapy with pemetrexed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): A case report.,920
-Resolution of recalcitrant warts with IV Cidofovir has been reported in a limited number of cases.,921
-"We report a patient diagnosed with B-CLL, previously treated with fludarabine, who developed TA-GVHD after being transfused during surgery for splenectomy.",922
-John's Wort while under psychiatric care are described.,923
-Hepatic failure developed after a routine surgical procedure.,924
-"High-resolution computed tomography scan findings were consistent with ILD, which was sufficient to diagnose as erlotinib-induced ILD.",925
-High dose corticosteroids have been the mainstay in the treatment of fulminant ulcerative colitis (UC) for a long time.,926
-"In order to achieve complete anticoagulation, patients were switched to bivalirudin, which determined a prompt effect on measured ACT.",927
-Chronic traumatic trigeminal neuralgia.,928
-Her urine output improved gradually and the serum creatinine normalized one month after the initial episode.,929
-"Furthermore, therapy with dantrolene has been demonstrated to be beneficial in the treatment of MH associated with diabetic coma.",930
-RESULTS: Discontinuation of corticotherapy led to anatomic and visual improvement.,931
-The two middle aged women presented with respiratory symptoms after prolonged treatment with nitrofurantoin.,932
-LDEs can clinically and histologically resemble idiopathic or classic lichen planus.,933
-"We report on three patients with acute schizophrenia, who developed severe akathisia during treatment with olanzapine (20-25 mg/d).",934
-The patient's headache resolved with diltiazem therapy and she was able to complete capecitabine and radiation therapy without further adverse events.,935
-"In contrast, the LMW heparinoid Org 10172 (Organon, Oss, The Netherlands) did not cause platelet activation.",936
-"Furthermore, the concomitant use of fluoxetine and clozapine is discouraged, with citalopram suggested as a suitable antidepressant in those depressed patients receiving clozapine.",937
-"Older therapies that have been widely accepted for a long time might not have had controlled trial data behind recommendations for their use, and once practice patterns become widespread, it is hard to change.",938
-The incidence and clinical features of allergic contact and/or photocontact dermatitis due to psoralens were examined in 371 patients with psoriasis treated with topical PUVA.,939
-"The possibility can be raised that M-CSF accelerated the underlying renal disease in this case through enhancing macrophage accumulation into the glomerulus, leading to the development of nephrotic syndrome.",940
-Cutaneous alternariosis is an opportunistic infection.,941
-"However, in rare instances, hemorrhagic pancreatitis or necrosis may occur.",942
-These data indicated that infliximab possibly triggered production of granulocyte and neutrophil autoantibodies with resultant autoimmune agranulocytosis.,943
-"Nonsurgical diseases such as acute colitis or enteritis can appear similar to such true surgical emergencies as abscess, perforation, or mesenteric ischemia.",944
-This report describes a method of applying photodynamic therapy in the biliary tract by using accessories available in the United States.,945
-A 21-year-old woman with pars planitis was treated with a subtenon's depot corticosteroid injection that was complicated by the appearance of the corticosteroid suspension within the choroidal vasculature.,946
-Being in remission with his UC the patient died 14 months later of staphylococcus aureus sepsis despite intense antibiotic treatment.,947
-Salmonellosis in dogs with lymphosarcoma.,948
-Steroid diabetes in children with Crohn disease.,949
-"The antibiotic and cyclosporine were stopped and the child was managed with furosemide, nifedipine and steroids.",950
-Clozapine was approved by the U.S.,951
-"During analysis of 28 patients receiving CAP with concomitant radiation (XRT) for pancreatic cancer (resected or locally advanced), two patients developed signs and symptoms consistent with peripheral neuropathy.",952
-"At three years progression free survival was 24% for the radiotherapy arm and 69% for the chemoradiotherapy group (P < 0.001), and three-year survival was 47% for the radiotherapy arm compared with 78% for the combined arm (P = 0.005).",953
-"The source of fever was never identified, although infection with cytomegalovirus was considered the most likely cause.",954
-"Despite progress to apparently complete remission, all manifested pulmonary nodules on computed tomography during or at the end of treatment.",955
-OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of cyproheptadine in the management of acute intrathecal baclofen (ITB) withdrawal.,956
-"After terminating the Partusisten medication, there was no effect on the fetal arrhythmia and flecainide therapy was initiated.",957
-Corneal interface abscess after excimer laser in situ keratomileusis.,958
-Hemodynamic collapse following labetalol administration in preeclampsia.,959
-This is the second report of lactic acidosis in a patient on stavudine and lamivudine.,960
-Patient had primary polydipsia and secondarily developed hyponatremia.,961
-Subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in a patient with hemicentral vein occlusion.,962
-Further injections were followed by similar symptoms in addition to paraesthesiae and altered pin-prick sensation of anterior thigh and legs with no residual deficit.,963
-Potential interaction between azithromycin and warfarin.,964
-A 54-year-old man developed TEN 4 weeks after beginning lamotrigine for complex partial seizures related to a glioblastoma multiforme brain tumor.,965
-"The patient recovered from oligoanuria to almost normal renal function, and heart, brain, and musculoskeletal injury was reversible.",966
-"Milk-alkali syndrome induced by 1,25(OH)2D in a patient with hypoparathyroidism.",967
-Biopsy-proven acute interstitial nephritis associated with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib: a class effect?,968
-A crusty cause of prosthetic valve endocarditis.,969
-CASE REPORT: We report a patient who developed a DAT-positive hemolytic episode after a red cell (RBC) transfusion was delivered during the infusion of her 17th cycle of oxaliplatin.,970
-"The case report discussed is, to our knowledge, the third of its kind regarding bone fluorosis resulting from use of this nicotinic derivative.",971
-"Despite appropriate anticoagulation therapy with warfarin, echocardiography and fluoroscopy showed stuck leaflets of the prosthetic valve due to thrombosis.",972
-"With the first cyclosporine dose, the patient complained of leg pain that was most severe during the cyclosporine infusion.",973
-"However, there may be a publication bias in some case reports and studies towards reporting successful rather than unsuccessful CPRs.",974
-The patient expired after seven cycles of treatment had been completed because of pulmonary fibrosis and the drug toxicity of bleomycin.,975
-"The harlequin color change is an unusual cutaneous phenomenon observed in newborn infants as transient, benign episodes of a sharply demarcated erythema on half of the infant, with simultaneous contralateral blanching.",976
-"8. The leukemogenic potential in man of prolonged cytotoxic agents therapy, especially with alkylating agents, seems to be well established.",977
-"DISCUSSION: As of February 11, 2004, this is the first case, to our knowledge, to describe the use of oral terbutaline therapy for chronotropic support in the setting of acute rejection after heart transplantation.",978
-KS is a rare complication in glomerular diseases that may (or may not) be related to immunosuppression.,979
-DISCUSSION: Eye burns followed by calcifications follow two different major patterns: the corrosive substance contained calcium or the continued therapy was applied with phosphate-buffered eye drops.,980
-An infant who developed pancreatitis during meglumine antimoniate treatment for visceral leishmaniasis and who was successfully treated with a combination of allopurinol and ketoconazole is reported.,981
-She was induced into CR by ALL-directed chemotherapy and then maintained with IFN-alpha2b together with weekly rotational chemotherapy.,982
-We report a bacterial corneal ulcer that occurred in a patient who had worn extended-wear rigid gas-permeable contact lenses on a 1-week cycle for 9 months.,983
-Two patients with osteomyelitis who developed reversible cholestatic jaundice during treatment with oxacillin derivatives are described.,984
-Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.,985
-Changes in serotonergic function may play a more widespread role in the pathophysiology of seizure disorders than hitherto thought.,986
-Options for avoiding allegations of abandonment are proposed.,987
-CONCLUSIONS: This case series describes a clinically distinct form of interface inflammation that presents late and is associated with elevated intraocular pressure.,988
-"The chemotherapy regimen consisted of cis-platinum, etoposide, actinomycin-D, and intrathecal methotrexate (PEA-M).",989
-A reticular pattern on high resolution CT (HRCT) invariably represents significant lung pathology and is the dominant feature of irreversible fibrosis.,990
-"It is generally hypothesized to be due to a point mutation in the androgen receptor that allows the antiandrogen to function as an agonist, leading to a dramatic and rapid PSA response.",991
-We concluded that an adequate dose of steroids can be the first line of therapy for PRCA after ABO-mismatched allogeneic stem cell transplantation.,992
-Our data is consistent with the notion that elevated blood levels of PTH in patients with chronic renal failure participate in the genesis of anemia of renal failure.,993
-"Is pseudo-Cushing's syndrome in a critically ill patient ""pseudo""? Hypothesis and supportive case report.",994
-Leishmania infantum leishmaniasis in corticosteroid--treated patients.,995
-HUS has been reported after several anticancer chemotherapies and most often after mitomycin C-based chemotherapy regimens.,996
-"A woman with a prolonged unipolar delusional depressive episode, unresponsive to antidepressant treatment, experienced rapid improvement of depressive and psychotic symptoms following the occurrence of two grand mal seizures.",997
-We report a case of intrathecal methotrexate neurotoxicity manifesting as left arm weakness and aphasia.,998
-"Treatment for her breast cancer had included surgery, radiation and chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide.",999
-Both were managed conservatively.,1000
-"After taking this treatment for 1 month, she presented with fever, diarrhea, localized edemas, generalized pruritic papular and erythematous rash and lymphadenopathies.",1001
-A suspected second episode occurred after subsequent chemotherapy and sargramostim treatment.,1002
-"A case report of a three kilogram, four month infant who received excessive doses of chloramphenicol for the treatment of bacterial meningitis is presented.",1003
-Electrodiagnostic studies at variable points during the disease course showed signs of acquired demyelination consistent with CIDP.,1004
-"Although haloperidol was discontinued, no further hallucinations or delusions occurred.",1005
-Earlier recognition and treatment may lead to improved outcome.,1006
-We present a pediatric patient who developed cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with mycosis fungoides histology after liver transplantation.,1007
-Epithelioid angiosarcoma of the lung is a rare late complication of Lucite plombage treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.,1008
-"The authors compare the case with the 8 other published cases of postinjection epidural hematomas in patients with coagulopathy, and the specific risk factors that may have contributed to the hemorrhagic complication in this patient is analyzed.",1009
-Venography demonstrated a large atrial thrombus in the superior vena cava and right atrium.,1010
-She had taken no drug except for the IFN-beta-1b.,1011
-Histologic evaluation showed massive panlobular necrosis.,1012
-EMG and NCV results and neurologic examination were suggestive for Guillain-Barre.,1013
-We describe a 35-year-old woman who developed severe thrombotic complications due to heparinization and unrecognized HDAs.,1014
-We describe a patient who developed NEH on three separate occasions provoked by two different chemotherapeutic agents--cytarabine and mitoxantrone.,1015
-"Due to refractory elevations of ICP, high-dose pentobarbital infusion was initiated, and ICP gradually normalised.",1016
-Reversible renal failure associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in polycystic kidney disease.,1017
-DISCUSSION: Electrolyte disorders associated with foscarnet are reviewed.,1018
-Propranolol-related bronchospasm in patients without history of asthma.,1019
-Massive pulmonary thromboembolism resulted in circulatory collapse.,1020
-The possible underlying electrophysiological mechanisms of this phenomenon are discussed in this paper.,1021
-Toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with interleukin-2.,1022
-A recent article has reviewed complications associated with interventional procedures and concluded that the complications were due to deviation from a specific prescribed protocol.,1023
-CASE REPORT: A 37-year-old white female patient admitted with epigastric pain and heartburn symptoms.,1024
-The ectopic pregnancy was completely resolved with two doses of methotrexate administration.,1025
-For these reasons vasoconstrictor imidazoline containing solutions should be prescribed with caution and kept out of reach of children.,1026
-"The vasopressin was stopped, and the skin lesion progressed to bullae formation with extensive superficial erosion.",1027
-A 14-year-old boy with chronic granulomatous disease and severe infection was admitted to the hospital because of left shoulder aspergillus' infection and pain.,1028
-Pediatricians rarely use a systematic approach to establish the cause of drug reactions in the clinical setting.,1029
-Blood chemistries revealed severely depleted sodium and potassium concentrations from a normal baseline within a 7-day period.,1030
-"Within 24 h of pulse therapy, they complained of palpitations and developed atrial fibrillation which reversed spontaneously or after anti-arrhythmic therapy.",1031
-Coronary artery spasm usually responds to sublingual nitroglycerin.,1032
-"If unrecognized, the neurologic deterioration becomes irreversible and may result in death.",1033
-"Given the immune-mediated processes in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, patients with these disorders may benefit from infliximab therapy but may also suffer from an increased risk of infection.",1034
-Adenosine has become the preferred treatment for common types of supraventricular tachycardia because it is extremely effective and rarely associated with with serious side effects.,1035
-"It was characterized by hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries in all cases, and it was associated with weight gain and menstrual disorders in 2 of the 3 women.",1036
-Gigantomastia induced by bucillamine.,1037
-Cerebral sinus thrombosis associated with acquired free protein S deficiency is very rare.,1038
-The use of 5-fluorouracil given in the usual manner appears to have been a failure.,1039
-This is the first reported case of the use of Monsel's solution to arrest excessive uterine bleeding after the evacuation of retained products of conception after a miscarriage.,1040
-We present a unique case of GTBM in a patient with myeloma following treatment with Melphalan.,1041
-"Eleven surviving patients were also studied by analysis of serum aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP), which is an indicator of fibrogenesis, which is especially suitable for follow-up of fibrotic liver disease.",1042
-"The three unilateral cases evolved favorably, but the bilateral case, seen late, showed extensive macular scarring.",1043
-Unexpectedly high toxicity of MACOP-B in young patients with low grade lymphoma.,1044
-"Although it has been reported that emboli from atherosclerotic disease may be more frequent than commonly appreciated, hepatic infarction caused by an arterial embolus is an unusual but serious complication.",1045
-Carbamazepine-induced tics.,1046
-"When the morning count of WBC began to fall, WBC count was repeated in the afternoons.",1047
-The unusually though potentially life-threatening possibility of heart failure secondary to anti-TNF use in ankylosing spondylitis merits attention.,1048
-"Salicylate intoxication was excluded, and theophylline was finally incriminated.",1049
-"Multiple retinal infiltrates, placoid subretinal lesions, and ground-glass opacity of the retina with hyperemic optic discs were observed in both patients.",1050
-Leukemogenesis related to chemotherapy of ovarian carcinoma: a review with three new case reports.,1051
-This is the first reported case of giant cell lichenoid dermatitis in a patient with baboon syndrome.,1052
-Neuropathic pain syndrome as an occult manifestation of injury of the spinal cord after surgical repair of aortic coarctation.,1053
-The expanded allele segregated with neurological signs in one kindred.,1054
-A review of the medical literature indicates that the optimal treatment for acute beta-blocker toxicity is intravenous glucagon.,1055
-We describe a 5-year-old girl showed recovery of vincristine induced cranial polyneuropathy with pyridoxine and pyridostigmine treatment.,1056
-"Cessation of topiramate caused return of episodes, and the response has persisted for 2 years.",1057
-A possible mechanism for focal neurological deficit in brain-damaged patients on phenytoin therapy is discussed.,1058
-"At our institution, high-dose i.v. dexmedetomidine is used to provide sedation for pediatric patients undergoing nonpainful radiological imaging studies.",1059
-Our case shows that clinical symptoms of polymyositis improved with steroid and immunoglobulin treatment without deterioration of the hepatitis B.,1060
-Diagnosis of lipoid pneumonia was made by diagnostic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL).,1061
-"The patient used the recommended dose regularly, and he described progressive proximal muscle weakness and generalized myalgias, which started 1 month before presentation.",1062
-"Early CAD recurrences may have been underestimated previously, because asymptomatic recurrences seem to be more frequent than symptomatic ones.",1063
-"The conditions may develop months or possibly years after cessation of intake of the drug and further cases may occur, although practolol has been withdrawn from use.",1064
-It was presumed that the upbeating nystagmus in this case was elicited from the lesion of the anterior vermis of the cerebellum and/or its connections.,1065
-"Although the treatment of S. aureus endocarditis in immunosuppressed transplant patients has traditionally resulted in loss of their allograft, prompt diagnosis and appropriate antibiotics with continued immunosuppressive therapy resulted in a successful outcome and allograft preservation in this case.",1066
-He was followed exclusively by the psychiatry service for more than a year.,1067
-"UFT has been used in Japan, other Asian countries, South America, and Russia.",1068
-We describe a patient with acute leukemia who developed Horner's syndrome and a severe demyelinating peripheral neuropathy leading to death after receiving high-dose cytosine arabinoside.,1069
-Drug-induced linear IgA disease with antibodies to collagen VII.,1070
-Pericardial hemorrhage due to acetylsalicylic acid in a patient with essential thrombocythemia.,1071
-The most common complaint was headache.,1072
-A 43-year-old woman with multiple sclerosis (MS) had nephrotic syndrome 21 months after starting treatment with interferon (IFN)-beta-1b (subcutaneous administration).,1073
-Immunohistochemical analysis of tongue biopsies confirmed the suspicion of melanin deposits in these areas of hyperpigmentation.,1074
-"The T4 (helper)/T8 (suppressor) ratio decreased (1.0 and 1.2) on two different days, although above the normal limit.",1075
-"Amoxapine, a new antidepressant, appears in human milk.",1076
-She had taken feedings through a nasogastric tube with 1000 ml (1000 kcal) of Ensureliquid daily since 1993 because of the muscle weakness after rhabdomyolysis.,1077
-"Clinical and microbiological data were collected prospectively from 704 patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation (BMT) during an 11-year period (1991-2001), and the first two cases of Campylobacter infection occurring in BMT recipients in the pre-engraftment period were identified.",1078
-A typical regimen is cytarabine 3 g/m2 iv over one to three hours q 12h for a total of 8 to 12 doses.,1079
-AmBisome treatment of fungal sinusitis in severe immunocompromised patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapsed after autologous peripheral blood transplantation.,1080
-"Since therapeutic trials have failed, prevention of possible causes is the only way to avoid this rare but severe complication of cardiac surgery.",1081
-"RESULTS: Of a total of 231 patients, 13 (5.6%) developed an infection of the central venous line, with fever that was very high in some cases.",1082
-Extrapyramidal side effects: a historical perspective.,1083
-OBJECTIVE: To present a previously unreported cause of neurologic compromise after cervical spine surgery.,1084
-Acute coronary vasospasm during thoracic spine surgery.,1085
-Complete dissolution was achieved with a combination of i.v. tissue plasminogen activator and heparin.,1086
-The authors report a case of a patient who received alteplase for acute myocardial infarction and developed spontaneous subfascial hematoma without any evidence of direct trauma.,1087
-"Three male patients aged 78-83 years are presented, in whom severe hepatotoxic reactions emerged after CPA administration.",1088
-Urinary iodine excretion was extremely elevated up to 18 mg/day while serum concentrations of total thyroxine were below the euthyroid range and thyrotropin levels were elevated.,1089
-"Although several adverse effects are associated with this drug, it has only rarely been known to exacerbate seizures.",1090
-"He was started on oral lansoprazole 60 mg twice daily and, on hospital day 2, his platelet count decreased to 102 x 10(3)/mm(3); on hospital day 3, the platelet count was 36 x 10(3)/mm(3).",1091
-"The median survival was 17 months in patients who had received no prior treatment, and 5 months in those who had received prior chemotherapy.",1092
-"Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs), especially naproxen and other propionic acid derivatives, appear to be the most common offenders.",1093
-"Narcolepsy, paranoid psychosis, and analeptic abuse.",1094
-A fatal outcome has been described in all reported cases of Fusarium infection occurring after bone marrow transplantation.,1095
-We report two children with HC pneumonitis and pneumatoceles as a reversible complication after ingestion and aspiration of lamp oil with very low viscosity.,1096
-Subfulminant syncytial giant cell hepatitis: recurrence after liver transplantation treated with ribavirin.,1097
-Report of two cases with evidence from serial computed tomographic brain scans.,1098
-"Controlled studies are necessary to assess the efficacy, the duration of therapy required for effective results, and the safety of this treatment over the long-term.",1099
-"This case demonstrates the potential adverse effects of exogenous estrogen therapy, which are strain-specific in the rat.",1100
-"We report that these tumors frequently express the CD-20 antigen, and immunotherapy directed at this antigen may be a well-tolerated and effective treatment.",1101
-"All patients had varying degrees of evidenced high tumor burden, including lymphocytosis, elevated lactate dehydrogenase values, bulky tumor masses, and bone marrow involvement by lymphoma.",1102
-"Sputum cultures were positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and intravenous vancomycin 1 g every 8 hours was added to the treatment regimen on hospital day 7.",1103
-Regional lipiodolized chemotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma associated with oral contraceptives.,1104
-"Treatment of JHR is largely supportive, such as administering antipyretic and antiinflammatory agents.",1105
-The algorithm derived from this case could serve as both a practical guideline and impetus for further investigation in light of increasing psychotropic co-administration.,1106
-"Physical examination revealed a healthy appearance of the palms; however, 5 min after immersion of the hands in warm water, the central part of the left palm became swollen and tiny white papules with dilated puncta appeared.",1107
-Clinicians should include phenolphthalein in their list of possible causes of drug-induced TEN.,1108
-"Standard care includes the administration of dextrose, glucagon, and diazoxide.",1109
-"We describe two ELBW infants affected by hyperkalaemia, treated with Kayexalate, who developed serious hypernatraemia, that has never been reported before in preterm infants.",1110
-"We also found a severe decrease in her serum total carnitine level of 22 micromol/l (normal range 45-91 micromol/l) before changing the diet, suggesting secondary carnitine deficiency.",1111
-"Acetazolamide may have accelerated the development of osteomalacia by several mechanisms, including increased renal calcium excretion.",1112
-"Although there was evidence of spread of the S typhimurium in the community, there was no evidence of spread of this Salmonella R plasmid to the normal flora of patients or their family members a median of 14 weeks after the infection.",1113
-Patient 2 is a 53-year-old man who underwent fibular osteocutaneous free-flap reconstruction of a floor of mouth defect who developed venous thrombosis 6 days postoperatively.,1114
-A 56-year-old Caucasian man who received concomitant chemotherapy and radiation for head and neck cancer developed fever concurrent with the administration of amifostine.,1115
-After operation they developed arterial hypotension that failed to respond to epinephrine (adrenaline) or dobutamine treatment.,1116
-"CONCLUSION: The increasing role of radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma treatment, together with improved patient survival, is likely to lead to radiation-induced, secondary, space-occupying lesions being encountered more frequently.",1117
-Dosing in these patients requires very careful management.,1118
-"In such situations, clinicians may want to consider prescribing a different antipsychotic or adding another antipsychotic and decreasing the dosage of clozapine.",1119
-"Uncommonly, erythema multiforme (EM) can develop in such patients at the port site during or soon after cranial radiation and can rapidly progress to EM major.",1120
-"Ehrlichiosis, a tickborne illness transmitted by tick vectors Amblyomma americanum and Ixodes scapularis, can be acquired in endemic areas.",1121
-Toxic hepatitis due to combination therapy with methotrexate and etretinate in psoriasis.,1122
-The use of combined therapy with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) for treatment of proteinuria has been gaining support.,1123
-"This finding suggests that eosinophil infiltration may be associated with nasal polyp formation in AIA, and that activation of eosinophils plays an important role in accumulation of eosinophils and polyp formation beginning with the initial stage.",1124
-Administration of intravenous nitroglycerin in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension resulted in an increase in pulmonary artery pressure associated with a decrease in blood flow that is best explained by an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance.,1125
-He had previously received several treatments including two courses of fludarabine.,1126
-"Motor fluctuations appear after 2-3 years of levodopa treatment, and affect at least 50% of patients after five years.",1127
-We report a case of ibuprofen-induced meningitis in an otherwise healthy individual.,1128
-Visual fields and tiagabine: a quandary.,1129
-Reactions to Aquaphor: is bisabolol the culprit?,1130
-The diagnosis of thrombotic obstruction of the prosthetic mitral valve was confirmed by transesophageal echocardiography.,1131
-"Despite surgery and combination therapy with voriconazole, caspofungin, and terbinafine, the patient died 8 months after transplantation.",1132
-"When cyanamide-treated alcoholics relapse into drinking, more severe inflammation develops in the liver.",1133
-"In patients with occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, acute exacerbation may occur when they become immunocompromised.",1134
-The incidence of RS among children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is significantly greater than the incidence of RS among children who do not have juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.,1135
-We report here a patient with carcinoma of the cervix with recurrent abdominal and thoracic disease who was previously treated with concurrent cisplatin and radiation for local control of pelvic disease.,1136
-Suspected ciprofloxacin-induced interstitial nephritis.,1137
-SIRT is a palliative treatment for unresectable liver tumours.,1138
-A review of four previously reported cases revealed that treatment with systemic glucocorticoid and CsA was effective for the DM and PnM.,1139
-New onset rapid cycling bipolar disorder is rare in late life.,1140
-"The purpose of this work is to report the case of oral chemical burns caused by topical self-medication for tooth pain relief, and also to discuss the clinical presentation and the treatment performed.",1141
-A 55-year-old man developed acute myocardial infarction (AMI) related to a large coronary artery aneurysm and a distal coronary stenotic lesion after steroid therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).,1142
-Surgically induced necrotizing scleritis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis.,1143
-"However, Strongyloides-related glomerulonephritis has not been well documented.",1144
-Pilocarpine toxicity and the treatment of xerostomia.,1145
-"RESULTS: Four patients experienced ventricular free wall rupture after having a MI between November 17, 1993, and July 28, 1995.",1146
-RESULTS: A 52-year-old woman with Parkinson disease who had taken amantadine for 6 years had bilateral corneal edema for 2 months at baseline.,1147
-"METHOD: We identified 101 patients at Yanbian Socio-Mental Hospital and Yanbian Brain Hospital in China who had received clozapine as a primary antipsychotic drug since their first episode of illness and evaluated the prevalence rate, type, and severity of TD using the Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale (ESRS).",1148
-Severe hepatitis caused by cyproterone acetate.,1149
-"CONCLUSION: When performing posterior cervical decompression, surgeons must be aware of the potential for loss of normal lordosis and anterior displacement of paraspinal muscles against the spinal cord, especially in muscular patients.",1150
-MDS was diagnosed 8.4 months after beginning TMZ.,1151
-Vasopressin (0.04 units/min) was administered through a peripheral venous catheter for hypotension unresponsive to exogenous catecholamines.,1152
-"A wide range of autoimmune disorders have been described in DiGeorge syndrome and velocardiofacial syndrome, including one prior report of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia.",1153
-"Arginine has been shown to shift potassium from cells to the extracellular compartment, an effect directly related to its serum concentration.",1154
-Immunohistochemistry confirmed some pigment-containing cells to be macrophages.,1155
-"As combination of chemotherapy and Gemtuzumab may become a common induction regimen for CD33+ AML patients, there is no report assessing the safety and toxicity of a re-treatment at relapse with such combination in a same patient.",1156
-This therapy was also complicated by Warfarin-induced skin necrosis.,1157
-One patient had MRI T2 abnormalities compatible with cyclosporin neurotoxicity.,1158
-We report treatment of a 38-year-old man with minimal change disease (MCD) who developed pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) during administration of immune-suppressive agents.,1159
-Flurbiprofen-associated acute tubulointerstitial nephritis.,1160
-Terbinafine-induced cholestatic liver disease.,1161
-The most remarkable feature was the presence of diamond-shaped Russell bodies in 20% of the plasma cells of the second biopsy specimen.,1162
-"Although great advances have been made in the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia, many patients are still not taking full advantage of the beneficial effects of antipsychotic drugs.",1163
-Retinal pigment epithelial tear following photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascularization secondary to AMD.,1164
-The evolution was favourable without treatment.,1165
-We report on a case of secondary myelodysplasia with basophilia.,1166
-"Valacyclovir is an effective oral agent for the treatment of herpes virus infection, however, the pharmacokinetics of the drug are altered in renal failure.",1167
-A complete remission was achieved twice.,1168
-"High plasma levels of N-desmethyl-clobazam (N-CLB), the major metabolite of CLB were detected.",1169
-The mean +/- SD decrease in VAS at this time was 61.2 +/- 15.5%.,1170
-METHODS: A case-note audit of all Christchurch Hospital patients with RA prescribed leflunomide between 2002 and 2006 was performed.,1171
-The imaging studies have shown that both hydrocephalus and leukoencephalopathy have improved significantly after ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion.,1172
-Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a potentially fatal adverse reaction to psychopharmacologic treatment.,1173
-"FDG PET, performed after the size and number of the lesions had increased, showed no intensely increased glucose metabolism, a high-grade recurrent tumor was therefore very unlikely.",1174
-"Captopril-associated ""pseudocholangitis'.",1175
-Piloerection induced by replacing fluvoxamine with milnacipran.,1176
-There are no previous reports in the literature about the emergence of CML during treatment with hydroxyurea.,1177
-At the time she was taking lithium carbonate 450 mg twice/day.,1178
-The dialyzer circuit did not clot during the argatroban infusion and did not apparently influence dose-related aPTT measurements.,1179
-His atrial fibrillation subsequently had converted to normal sinus rhythm while he received propafenone without adverse effects prior to this episode.,1180
-We report a case of severe respiratory failure due to gold salt toxicity in a patient suffering from rheumatoid arthritis requiring mechanical ventilation.,1181
-"In three cases, there was a close temporal correlation between the use of a corticosteroid nasal spray and the development of CSC.",1182
-"The utilization of abdominal or pelvic radiation has been extended, and the incidence of radiation enteritis appears to be increasing.",1183
-Emergency selective coronary angiography was performed.,1184
-The diagnosis was initially thought to be a recurrence of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) that had initially occurred in 1992 and had required splenectomy.,1185
-"Specifically, the data from our American series are insufficient to evaluate the hypothesis that the M694V/M694V genotype confers a more severe phenotype, or increases the risk of amyloidosis; but both our data and the recent literature (160) indicate that amyloidosis can occur in FMF patients with only 1 copy, or no copies, of the M694V mutation.",1186
-"BAL fluid also grew Mycobacterium kansasii, for which he received combination anti-mycobacterial therapy.",1187
-"BACKGROUND: With the increasing use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), device complications are becoming more common.",1188
-Proctoscopic examination after 10 days of therapy showed marked improvement with no evidence of pseudomembranous exudate.,1189
-Elevation of the blood lactate concentration by alkali therapy without requiring additional lactic acid accumulation: theoretical considerations.,1190
-"A 16-year-old poorly compliant, steroid-dependent subject with asthma received two courses of high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone during a 3-week period, followed by a tapering schedule of oral prednisone.",1191
-"Serum testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol fell to castration levels 4-6 weeks after the initiation of treatment and remained low throughout the study period.",1192
-"Gastro-intestinal side-effects, however, have not been reported in clinical studies dealing with treatment of vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage.",1193
-Resolution of the symptoms was observed in both patients when interferon alpha was withdrawn.,1194
-"Intravenous verapamil therapy in babies may cause apnea, hypotension, and bradycardia; continued episodes of atrial flutter in a child may cause sudden death; quinidine may be related to the death; children with ""familial seizure disorders"" may in fact have the long QT interval syndrome.",1195
-Five such patients were identified and their clinical course was reviewed.,1196
-In all three patients the bleeding stopped after a course of aminocaproic acid was begun.,1197
-On admission rhabdomyolysis had begun to improve despite a worsening of the hyponatremia (113 mEq/L).,1198
-Chest wall actinomycosis in association with the use of an intra-uterine device.,1199
-These three cases illustrate the diagnostic and therapeutic overlap between childhood and adult anxiety disorders and indicate the need for empirical studies aimed at evaluating diagnostic and treatment issues in childhood anxiety disorders.,1200
-Successful use of sodium ferric gluconate in sucrose in a patient with multiple drug allergies.,1201
-Goiter and hypothyroidism during re-treatment with amiodarone in a patient who previously experienced amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis.,1202
-"Resting motor threshold (RMT), active motor threshold (AMT), MEP size, intracortical inhibition (ICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were tested during and after suspension of hormonal therapy.",1203
-D-penicillamine induced crescentic glomerulonephritis: report and review of the literature.,1204
-Diphenhydramine is generally considered an innocuous drug with a minimal risk for abuse and untoward side effects.,1205
-"The persistence of free steroid secretion with decreased formation of DS suggests that the o,p'-DDD may have altered sulfatase activity before causing tumor necrosis and total decrease in steroidogenesis.",1206
-"Rat islets of Langerhans exposed to mefloquine in vitro (10(-8) mol/l to 10(-3) mol/l) secreted significantly more insulin than control islets (up to 980 +/- 180 microU/ml/5 islets incubated with mefloquine 10(-3) mol/l, vs 20 +/- 4 microU/ml/5 untreated islets).",1207
-OBJECTIVE: To report a patient developing fulminant liver failure while being treated with clarithromycin for pneumonia.,1208
-We describe a 58-year-old female patient with end-stage renal disease who 7 years after the onset of dialysis presented with pain and movement restriction of various joints.,1209
-"In each of the five patients, adenosine was given in a standard fashion (6 or 12 mg).",1210
-Her carbamazepine concentration decreased from 11.8 to 8.5 micrograms/mL; she also became pregnant at that time.,1211
-This paper outlines the indications and precautions for use and side effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of depression in elderly patients.,1212
-"Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) is one of the most severe drug adverse reactions, with characteristic biphasic symptoms.",1213
-"Celecoxib can be administered as palliative treatment to affected birds, but as with any nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, COX-2 inhibitors should be used cautiously because they can adversely affect renal function by decreasing renal prostaglandin synthesis.",1214
-Barbiturates offer a mechanism of action that is different from that of benzodiazepines.,1215
-His clinical course and laboratory studies are discussed.,1216
-Steroid therapy predisposes to early dissemination and a potentially fatal outcome.,1217
-She remained asymptomatic during the therapeutic period and the pulmonary nodules resolved six months later.,1218
-Serum free levels and evaluation anticonvulsant drug interactions.,1219
-"Until recently, discontinuance of anticoagulant therapy has been recommended, as this cessation has been shown to slow or halt further tissue infarction.",1220
-"Vitamin D toxicity complicating the treatment of senile, postmenopausal, and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.",1221
-"To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-mediated hypercalcemia caused by PCP in a renal transplant recipient.",1222
-The current case should alert clinicians to investigate pulmonary GVHD as a potential cause of postoperative dyspnea in liver transplant recipients.,1223
-Orthostatic hypotension and vertigo are not consistent with the patients' histories.,1224
-A case is reported in which posterior synechiae to the manufacturer's trademark on the surface of a Shearing intraocular lens were noted ten days after the implantation of the lens.,1225
-Propafenone is an effective antiarrhythmic drug used widely for the treatment of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.,1226
-The pathogenetic mechanism of these symptoms might possibly be explained as potentiation of the action of the neuroleptica by oral antidiabetics.,1227
-"Haemodialysis patients are likely to develop bacteriaemia due to S. aureus, probably because they are often carriers of S. aureus and also frequently have intravascular catheters.",1228
-Symptoms disappeared rapidly following cessation of emepromium bromide therapy.,1229
-Calciphylaxis in a patient with normal renal function: response to treatment with sodium thiosulfate.,1230
-"Intraocular pressure (IOP) was not able to be controlled medically, however, and filtering surgery 20 days post laser treatment was required.",1231
-Our second patient had a 2-year history of asthma prior to the onset of rippling muscles which preceded the myasthenic symptoms by 4-8 weeks.,1232
-We describe a 28-year-old man who was brought to the emergency department with a new-onset seizure and clinical signs and symptoms consistent with advanced delirium tremens.,1233
-Acute pancreatitis associated with high-concentration lipid emulsion during total parenteral nutrition therapy for Crohn's disease.,1234
-"It appears that specific MEFV mutations are probably not the sole determinants of phenotype, and that unknown environmental factors or modifying genes act as accomplices in this disease.",1235
-"Meglumine antimoniate, amiodarone and torsades de pointes: a case report.",1236
-"During prolonged treatment with zanamivir, a mutant virus was isolated from an immunocompromised child infected with influenza B virus.",1237
-Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare but potentially serious complication of neuroleptic drugs.,1238
-We report successful treatment of a cryptococcal ventriculoatrial shunt infection with antifungal therapy without shunt removal.,1239
-The patient recovered without sequelae with conservative therapy.,1240
-It has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for 24-h use.,1241
-"Serum levels of interferon-gamma, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) were elevated.",1242
-Corticosteroids have an established place in the prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting due to emetogenic cytotoxic agents.,1243
-Bleomycin and cyclophosphamide toxicity simulating metastatic nodules to the lungs in childhood cancer.,1244
-The reactive process included an infiltrative superficial dermatitis and a mural folliculitis with prevalent participation of macrophages and lymphocytes.,1245
-"Histopathology of the lesions was compatible with pemphigus foliaceus, although apoptotic cells suggestive of erythema multiforme were seen in two cases.",1246
-Systemic lupus erythematosus and acute pancreatitis: a case series.,1247
-Biopsies taken at the time revealed a dense inflammatory infiltrate consistent with an abscess.,1248
-Decrease of TTKG was possibly the result of suppressed K+ secretion.,1249
-"To our knowledge, this is the first granulomatous reaction described after calcium hydroxylapatite injection.",1250
-"About three weeks into the therapy regimen, he complained of severe retrosternal chest oppression.",1251
-Infectious toxicity of dexamethasone during all remission-induction chemotherapy: report of two cases and literature review.,1252
-"When a 34-year-old woman had dyspnea and chylothorax 8 months postpartum, lymphangiomyomatosis was diagnosed by open-lung biopsy.",1253
-"In contrast to infection secondary to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), CMV colitis has not previously been described in this context.",1254
-"Descemet folds and an atypically large amount of stromal edema were present in both cases, and there appeared to be possible endothelial dysfunction as well.",1255
-Osteomyelitis occurring during infliximab treatment of severe psoriasis.,1256
-Our patient is doing well and is continuing life-long anticoagulant therapy.,1257
-Patient was discharged home on postoperative day 19.,1258
-Osteonecrosis is not well documented as a predisposing factor of septic arthritis despite such a relationship having obvious clinical significance.,1259
-Disturbance of GABA metabolism in pyridoxine-dependent seizures.,1260
-We report the first case of fulminant hepatic failure associated with its use.,1261
-"Chronic ischemic changes in the white matter may have been an additional factor in the causation and, most likely, in the duration of his status.",1262
-He has elected to have future SBCCs managed with C&C.,1263
-"The third patient, who was elderly, survived because of early detection and initiation of therapy.",1264
-We report a case of rhino-orbital zygomycosis caused by Rhizopus oryzae that developed in a 41-year-old male renal transplant recipient.,1265
-"The subsequent reabsorption of free water from the fluid collection, with the contribution of postoperative hypotonic intravenous fluid administration and possible transient inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion resulted in acute dilutional hyponatremia and consequent seizures.",1266
-All three patients had rheumatoid arthritis and had received chloroquine for between 12 and 18 months with a maximum dose of 250 mg/daily.,1267
-"Therapeutic options to treat this dangerous imbalance comprise calcium gluconate, insulin plus glucose, albuterol/salbutamol inhalation.",1268
-To our knowledge no severe persistent neurological deficits following thrombolytic therapy have been reported.,1269
-This report addresses the association of multiple sclerosis and intracranial meningioma and discusses the effect of interferon treatment on tumour progression.,1270
-"The anaphylactic reaction was managed successfully with corticosteroids, nebulization with beta(2) agonists, and isotonic fluid support.",1271
-"One patient was treated with amphotericin B and his central venous catheter was removed, but he died of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia.",1272
-His symptoms resolved within 2 weeks of discontinuing the isoniazid.,1273
-Incorrect identification of the organism as Corynebacterium J-K led to a change of antimicrobial therapy and clinical deterioration.,1274
-This observation highlights the need for hemodynamic monitoring when potent vasodilators are used in this disorder.,1275
-A case of recurrent Candida parapsilosis prosthetic valve endocarditis: cure by medical treatment alone.,1276
-Fenofibrate is a new lipid-lowering agent for adults with very high triglyceride levels that was administered to two HIV-positive patients who were taking protease inhibitors and developed hypertriglyceridemia.,1277
-The occurrence of neuromuscular blockade and the resulting potentiation of muscle relaxants during magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) administration is well known.,1278
-"Disease behaviour in two patients was classified as penetrating because of concomitant ischiorectal abscesses, while one patient developed a metastatic colon carcinoma.",1279
-"Further study is needed to determine the incidence of subclinical membranous nephropathy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and the effect of drugs in triggering clinical manifestations of this condition.",1280
-Muscle biopsy revealed fibrous myopathy.,1281
-"In order to investigate the mechanism of late asthmatic response (LAR), inhibitory effects of various drugs for LAR were examined in two wheat flour-sensitive asthmatic subjects who showed immediate and late responses in the allergen provocation test and skin test.",1282
-"Chemotherapy for the malignant lymphoma was done after withdrawal of cyclosporine A and mizoribine, and thyroidectomy was performed for thyroid carcinoma.",1283
-"Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis (NEH) is an unusual self-limited skin disorder characterized by an inflammatory cell infiltrate in the deep dermis involving the eccrine sweat glands, commonly presenting as painful cutaneous nodules.",1284
-She received induction therapy according to the AML92 protocol of the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group (JALSG) with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) plus chemotherapeutic agents.,1285
-Delayed pseudocyst of the pancreas can be a complication of intramuscular L-asparaginase.,1286
-We diagnosed this case as danazol induced thrombocytopenia.,1287
-We present a case of an abscess in this site which was a complication of chemotherapy and was the result of haematogenous spread.,1288
-The subjects received the urinary sediment test before and during the study for screening urinary tract infection and the study was discontinued when urinary tract infection was found.,1289
-Putaminal infarct in methanol intoxication: case report and role of brain imaging studies.,1290
-Therapy with spironolactone and prednisone also normalized blood pressure.,1291
-The multiple comedones and ruptured epidermoid cysts are newly reported adverse effects of imiquimod therapy.,1292
-This is the first histologically confirmed case of NASH that was aggravated by raloxifene.,1293
-"On hospital day 2 his platelet count dropped to 47,000/microl and bottomed out at 36,000/microl by day 3 with other blood cell counts remaining within normal limits.",1294
-Diagnosis and management of such infections in the immunosuppressed host are difficult.,1295
-"Interstitial nephritis is a rare but serious adverse effect of many drugs and usually is diagnosed by clinical signs and symptoms of hematuria, proteinuria, eosinophilia, fever, azotemia, and rash.",1296
-"Since fondaparinux use in patients undergoing PCI has been associated with an increased risk for catheter-related thrombosis, the use of fondaparinux in PCI patients should be limited.",1297
-"These changes, in combination with care providers' fear of opioids, often lead to the inappropriate use of antagonists, such as naloxone.",1298
-"Although not previously known, it was at this stage discovered that the patient had received treatment with anti-leprosy drugs nearly three years before presentation in this country.",1299
-"These findings suggested vasospasm or dissection, presumably related to hypertension and/or angiitis or vasoconstriction of large cerebral arteries leading to local thrombosis as a result of stasis and sympathomimetic-induced platelet activation.",1300
-CONCLUSIONS: This case report is part of a new and growing body of literature that demonstrates the potential risk of transforaminal injection.,1301
-Toxicity associated with barracuda is discussed.,1302
-"While she was receiving the maximum dose of 180 mg/day of cinacalcet HCl and PTH at 443 pg/mL, she needed to be hospitalized for a right hip prothesis.",1303
-"Therefore, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors would appear to be appropriate therapy for hypertension in such patients.",1304
-"Therapy with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine and folinic acid resulted in total lesion healing although central vision was lost.",1305
-"Reports on such manifestations in relation to hepatitis B vaccination are scarce, however.",1306
-These neurological symptoms should be added to a growing list of important complications of DIHS/DRESS because of the high mortality rate associated with them.,1307
-DESIGN AND METHODS: A specimen of resected TSHoma tissue from our case was immunohistochemically examined for expression of somatostatin receptor 2A (SSTR2A) and PPAR gamma.,1308
-In all cases SMS 201-995 treatment has been well tolerated and has few side-effects.,1309
-The possibility of a recrudescence of a persisting infection was rejected.,1310
-Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis mimicking cutaneous vasculitis in a lupus patient: a complication of cyclophosphamide.,1311
-Clinical cases documenting the development of pemphigus in patients with a history of psoriasis have been reported in the literature.,1312
-Limited data are available regarding use of direct thrombin inhibitors in patients who have severe hepatic impairment with concurrent renal failure requiring CVVHD.,1313
-All of the patients and three of the carers recorded scores suggestive of psychiatric morbidity on the General Health Questionnaire.,1314
-Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) is a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of solid tumors.,1315
-"Initially, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 21, and 24 hours later it improved to 9.",1316
-She manifested all the clinical symptoms and signs of caffeine toxicity.,1317
-The complexity of this situation can generate an impaired consciousness in the patients.,1318
-"Its safety, even in these extreme conditions, is particularly reassuring.",1319
-"When obstruction occurs due to antacid concretions, it may be relieved by passing a long intestinal tube, by giving enemas for colonic obstruction or by operation.",1320
-The endemic nature of the finding in such a short period of time is outstanding.,1321
-"The administration of ""sweet spirits of nitre"" (4% ethyl nitrite CH3CH2ONO in 70% ethyl alcohol) was followed by acute methemoglobinemia and severe anoxic metabolic acidosis in infant twins, Methylene blue administration reversed methemoglobinemia in both, but one twin died from the consequences of hypoxemia.",1322
-"However, these patients may be admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with complications of Wolff Parkinson White (WPW) syndrome; for example post cardiopulmonary arrest or WPW as a co-morbidity.",1323
-Sodium nitroprusside was stopped and amrinone 100 mg bolus followed by 10 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 was given in addition to adding PEEP to the ventilation.,1324
-We report a series of 16 cases of methanol poisoning admitted to our Intensive Care Unit between December 2003 and April 2004.,1325
-"Traditional topical measures to reduce local tissue damage, including corticosteroids, sodium bicarbonate, and ice applications, have not consistently demonstrated beneficial effects.",1326
-Intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs are presently being used to treat DME.,1327
-A 71-year-old woman who had critical cerebral ischemia secondary to a carotid artery occlusion was receiving high-dose intravenous phenylephrine for a trial of hypertensive therapy.,1328
-Severe neurotoxicity with methyl G: CALGB experience.,1329
-"Additionally, clinically effective doses of conventional antipsychotics can actually aggravate negative symptoms through the development of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS).",1330
-"Recently, problems have arisen regarding infection with P. aeruginosa, which produces metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) and is resistant to virtually all beta-lactams.",1331
-This phenotype is reminiscent of the Baller-Gerold syndrome.,1332
-"The doses were 3,000, 6,000, or 12,000 U/day.",1333
-Vacuolar myelinopathy of the brain and lamellar ichthyosis.,1334
-"Identification of the BCG strain was performed in many sites, such as bone marrow, ganglionic mass, cerebrospinal fluid and in the site of vaccination.",1335
-The mother had received carbamazepine therapy for epilepsy.,1336
-QT interval was more than 500 m sec.,1337
-Respiratory insufficiency was further worsened by Proteus mirabilis infection and severe bronchoconstriction.,1338
-CONCLUSIONS: Fixed drug rash induced by methylphenidate is a possible but rare phenomenon.,1339
-"Forty patients with HCM were treated with calcium-channel blockers such as nifedipine, diltiazem, and verapamil.",1340
-"Acute severe intoxication with carbamazepine is associated with seizures, coma and respiratory depression.",1341
-Topiramate is a new anticonvulsant drug recommended for treatment of partial and generalized seizures in children and adults.,1342
-Drug withdrawal resulted in a slow and progressive reduction in bilirubin levels and liver enzymes.,1343
-Current trends toward intensive insulin therapy for rapid near-normalization of blood glucose levels will increase the recognition of this entity.,1344
-He was started on intravenous Zoledronic acid for reduction of bone pain and prevention of skeletal complication from multiple bone metastases.,1345
-Opioid use in HIV patients with neurological changes.,1346
-"Here, we report an 11-year-old girl with bilateral florid verrucous lesions on her hands, feet and chin, which were refractory to a number of standard treatments including cryotherapy, cantharidin preparations, topical salicylic acid, surgical debulking techniques, oral Cimetidine, and topical and intralesional Cidofovir.",1347
-"We report a 50-year-old male patient with a 15-year history of psoriasis including mutilating psoriatic arthritis, in whom the withdrawal of cyclosporin A induced a generalised pustular exacerbation and a aggravation of the joint condition.",1348
-Complications of extensive adhesion formation after intraperitoneal chemotherapy.,1349
-Its potential usefulness in reversing adverse effects encountered during therapeutic dosing with beta-blockers has not been well characterized.,1350
-"Infection and thromboembolic events are relatively frequent complications, but aneurysm formation is rare.",1351
-The patient remained asymptomatic up to the diagnosis.,1352
-"We describe a case of an NHL patient who received rituximab and developed symptomatic, biopsy-proven multinodular bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP).",1353
-The patient was admitted to our hospital due to diabetic ketoacidosis.,1354
-Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) results in salt and water depletion and studies confirm that replacement leads to sodium and vasopressin-mediated water retention in patients with intact posterior pituitary function.,1355
-Amisulpride and sertraline were discontinued.,1356
-"In both instances, reversion of intraventricular conduction to normal occurred within 72 hours, coinciding with clearance of carbamazepine from the blood stream.",1357
-"When prescribing mannitol to decrease intraocular pressure, the physician must be alert to potential complications.",1358
-Patient responded dramatically to Stellate ganglion block and returned to work within two weeks time.,1359
-An adolescent male developed acute pancreatitis and pseudocyst of the pancreas 16 weeks after cessation of intramuscular L-asparaginase.,1360
-Teamwork and skillful airway management prevented this patient's demise.,1361
-Quantification of circulating varicella-zoster virus DNA for follow-up in a case of visceral varicella-zoster infection ameliorated with intravenous acyclovir.,1362
-Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis after bone marrow transplantation.,1363
-Further study of this potential health risk in needed.,1364
-Only three cases have been described in the literature.,1365
-"Seven days later, she had full-blown, severe hepatitis.",1366
-Severe erythroderma as a complication of continuous epoprostenol therapy.,1367
-"Alopecia, nausea, and vomiting were attributed to the cyclophosphamide component of the therapy.",1368
-Patch tests with flurbiprofen were positive 48 and 72 h after application.,1369
-The effect of regional perfusion treatment on recurrent melanoma of the extremities.,1370
-"In 20 percent of affected individuals (9 percent of the total), sensory symptoms preceded the onset of the movement disorder, causing difficulty in diagnosis.",1371
-"The acronym 'EMPACT' is suggested (E: erythema; M: multiforme; associated with P: phenytoin; A: and; C: cranial, radiation; T: therapy) to best describe this disorder.",1372
-"However, given the clinically significant result to the interaction between tolazoline and cimetidine we report, the use of cimetidine in tolazoline induced upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage should deserve more attention.",1373
-"Multibacillary, lepromatous or borderline leprosy patients may present two types of vasculonecrotic reactions: Lucio phenomenon and that associated with erythema nodosum leprosum.",1374
-Asthenozoospermia: possible association with long-term exposure to an anti-epileptic drug of carbamazepine.,1375
-The patient in this case report was mentally impaired and had severe drug-induced gingival enlargement.,1376
-The posterior hyaloid became taut and partially detached after the third injection and was almost completely detached 1 year later.,1377
-Diclofenac and increasing doses of opioids did not give adequate pain relief and led to opioid toxicity.,1378
-"Despite appropriate therapy, the microangiopathic process was irreversible and the patient died.",1379
-"We emphasise the need to be vigilant for this important but relatively rare complication, which has significant associated morbidity.",1380
-Multiple keratoacanthomas after megavoltage radiation therapy.,1381
-A less frequent side effect that is becoming more recognized is neurologic toxicity.,1382
-"This case demonstrates that although percutaneous retrogasserian phenol injection is a relatively safe and noninvasive method of treatment for trigeminal neuralgia, severe complications may occur.",1383
-PURPOSE: Platinum-based therapy is the cornerstone of ovarian cancer treatment.,1384
-A patient developed restless legs symptoms paralleling the course of interferon-alpha (IFN alpha) therapy for chronic hepatitis C.,1385
-"We describe a 25-year-old, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)--negative man, who was started on antituberculosis treatment (ATT) with isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), pyrazinamide (Z) and ethambutol (E) in the combination RHZE for the first two months and RH there on.",1386
-Biopsy of the skin rash demonstrated superficial perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate and was consistent with a drug reaction.,1387
-Risks and benefits should be seriously considered before starting treatment.,1388
-Magnesium tocolysis as the cause of urinary calculus during pregnancy.,1389
-Controversy as to what constitutes a safe and effective dose of these medications still exists.,1390
-"Laboratory tests revealed cyclosporine nephrotoxicity, cytomegalovirus infection, and prediabetes.",1391
-"There have been conflicting reports as to whether clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic, will suppress symptoms of tardive dyskinesia.",1392
-"Dilatation by a balloon-tipped catheter produced an immediate and sustained reversal of the arteriospasm, together with a dramatic relief of symptoms and signs.",1393
-All eyes had subfoveal CNV secondary to AMD.,1394
-"Moreover, the etiology of t-AML and mechanism of leukemogenesis are likely to be multifactorial and complex.",1395
-"Limits to the ""benefits"" from our oncologic interventions: a case report.",1396
-A case is reported of a metastatic gestational choriocarcinoma in a 25-year old woman.,1397
-"The majority of patients, however, do not require the use of steroids.",1398
-It has also been seen in people with gastrointestinal diseases with malabsorption.,1399
-METHODS: A 70-year-old woman with bilateral normal tension glaucoma was treated with topical brimonidine and followed in an outpatient setting.,1400
-"The central nervous system (CNS) is the major organ system affected, although the renal, gastrointestinal (GI), endocrine, and cardiovascular (CV) systems also may be involved.",1401
-"The ability of clozapine to suppress tardive dyskinesia symptoms raises the possibility that clozapine, at least at the doses used in this report, might also induce the disorder.",1402
-OBJECTIVES: To present a very rare case of orally ingested sex hormone pills inducing nondurally attached meningioma in the lumbosacral region.,1403
-"Increasing evidence suggests that neurohumoral manifestations of heart failure may lead to insulin resistance, predisposing patients with heart failure to the development of glucose intolerance or worsening of existing diabetes.",1404
-"RESULTS: The patient's serum from 10 days after the episode, only when therapeutic concentrations of oxaliplatin were added, reacted with all RBCs tested using the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) (3+).",1405
-Endogenous thrombopoietin serum levels during multicycle chemotherapy.,1406
-Oculomotor disturbances associated with 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy.,1407
-Retinopathy in hepatitis C patients due to combination therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin.,1408
-The patient received two cycles of HDARAC over the course of a ten-week period.,1409
-"Based on newly published data we have applied an infusion of both compounds, 5-FU and calcium folinate, mixed together in an ambulatory pump.",1410
-The underlying mechanism as well as the treatment of hypokalaemia and hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis after ureterosigmoidostomy are briefly discussed.,1411
-"To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of Propecia-associated cataract.",1412
-Treatment with itraconazole of widespread tinea corporis due to Trichophyton rubrum in a bone marrow transplant recipient.,1413
-It is well documented that cytotoxic treatment in patients carrying the hepatitis B virus (HBV) enhances the risk of severe hepatic damage.,1414
-A comorbid diagnosis of Parkinson's disease in schizophrenia was confirmed in this way.,1415
-"Since its release in the United States market in 1996, few cases of fatal acute intoxication have been reported in the literature.",1416
-Cannulation injury of the radial artery: diagnosis and treatment algorithm.,1417
-The clinical picture and radiological abnormalities disappeared spontaneously on discontinuation of the drug.,1418
-"A patient with a second-degree burn of the forehead, induced by topical application of crushed garlic is reported.",1419
-Management and successful desensitization in methotrexate-induced anaphylaxis.,1420
-CONCLUSIONS: We report the association of postoperative chylothorax treated with somatostatin analog (octreotide) and necrotizing enterocolitis in an infant following aortic coarctation repair.,1421
-Animal studies that predated clinical trials using rhesus monkeys did not predict the ophthalmologic complications seen in human subjects.,1422
-Blood gas analysis revealed a respiratory acidosis.,1423
-The etiology of Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) is not yet clear.,1424
-"CASE: We herein report the case of a 67-year-old woman with a history of breast cancer, taking tamoxifen citrate 20 mg/day for 4 years, who underwent an operation for left ovarian tumor.",1425
-We reported a child with refractory partial seizures successfully managed by clinical desensitization to phenytoin.,1426
-"CONCLUSION: We report herein the fifth case of visceral leishmaniasis in a patient under TNF-alpha therapy, and the first one, to our knowledge, presenting a consequent secondary macrophagic activation syndrome.",1427
-Embolization of a fragmented thrombus or/and attenuation of the lytic state leading to fresh embolization is/are the possible mechanism(s).,1428
-The use of methotrexate (MTX) has been contraindicated for treatment of severe psoriasis in HIV infection on the basis of six previously reported cases in which MTX appeared to potentiate opportunistic infections and accelerate HIV disease.,1429
-"This case supports the view that in gold-induced pneumonitis a prolonged treatment with corticosteroids may be necessary, as lung function continued to improve.",1430
-We believe that this is the first report of secretory carcinoma of the endometrium associated with tamoxifen use.,1431
-The authors report a case of laryngeal necrosis after combination therapy for a patient with cervical lymph node metastases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and review the literature on late laryngeal necrosis.,1432
-Early recognition of renal toxicity of high-dose methotrexate therapy: a case report.,1433
-"There were 15 (55%) patients that responded, three with a complete and 12 with a partial response with a mean duration of response of 13.4 months.",1434
-We describe a 12-year-old boy who developed desquamative interstitial pneumonitis and hepatic cirrhosis several years following the onset of ulcerative colitis.,1435
-Conspicuous endoscopic appearance of ventriculitis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci.,1436
-Methylphenidate (Ritalin)-associated cataract and glaucoma.,1437
-The right eye was regrafted three months after the recurrence and penetrating keratoplasty was done two years later in the left eye.,1438
-"All other factors, including laboratory data, dietary intake, activity level, and concurrent use of other medications, were stable and noncontributory.",1439
-This study underscores the risks of routinely administering protamine to susceptible individuals and the need for alternative therapies.,1440
-His symptoms of amnesia resolved approximately 6-7 hours after discontinuing the propafenone therapy.,1441
-"Behavioral side effects associated with clonazepam may include agitation, aggression, hyperactivity, irritability, property destruction, and temper tantrums.",1442
-Other related complications include decreased bone healing and inhibition of orthodontic tooth movement.,1443
-"Furthermore, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) was prominently increased in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA.",1444
-Two of the patients were infected with human immunodeficiency virus.,1445
-The authors conclude that among patients taking high doses of oral niacin only those who experience visual symptoms need to be ophthalmologically evaluated.,1446
-"Clearly, more effective therapies are needed for this rapidly lethal disease.",1447
-Neither dosage nor serum levels of CBZ were in a higher range.,1448
-CONCLUSIONS: We reported the association of multiple sclerosis and intracranial meningioma and observed the progression of the meningiomas during interferon treatment.,1449
-"Twenty-four to seventy-two hours following the switch, all patients developed intractable headache, despite the use of different symptomatic drugs.",1450
-Four children received ten alternate-day courses of ATG (horse antihuman thymocyte globulin) as well as antihistamines and corticosteroids to minimize allergic reactions.,1451
-Histological improvement with lamivudine therapy for de novo hepatitis B occurring in an anti-HBs-positive child after bone marrow transplantation.,1452
-Caudal epidural blood patch for treating intractable vomiting in a child after placement of a permanent intrathecal catheter.,1453
-"Within the past 10 years, 47 cases of BC infection have been published.",1454
-Our case represents the second reported case that required surgical intervention for cure.,1455
-"Urologists should bear in mind this clinical entity, particularly when DMSO is administered to patients with multiple drug allergies.",1456
-There were several procedures suggested for the reconstruction.,1457
-"In November of 2000, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requested a voluntary recall of the product from all manufacturers.",1458
-"Median performance status (SWOG) was 2 (1 to 3), and clinical presentations included nephrotic syndrome (n = 1), symptomatic cardiomyopathy (n = 1), gastrointestinal involvement with polyneuropathy (n = 2), and hepatomegaly (n = 1).",1459
-"If confirmed, this observation may open new possibilities in intensive chemotherapy for patients for whom haematopoietic progenitors are difficult to harvest.",1460
-Choanal atresia and athelia: methimazole teratogenicity or a new syndrome?,1461
-Physicians should remain alert to the potential hazards of chemotherapy to the central nervous system.,1462
-"OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of severe infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) prescribed leflunomide in North Canterbury, New Zealand.",1463
-"FK506, which began to be administered 12 days earlier, rose to a level of 44 ng/mL (normal range, 10-20 ng/mL) 1 day before neurologic abnormalities began.",1464
-Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) is an immunobullous disorder in which IgA antibodies are deposited within the basement membrane zone.,1465
-A month later this patient developed a fibula osteomyelitis due to the same germs.,1466
-"Recombinant human interferon-alpha has been used in the treatment of several cancers, but there have been several reports that it may exacerbate psoriasis or trigger off its onset.",1467
-"According to the literature, chlorambucil central nervous toxicity is found almost exclusively in childhood nephrotic syndrome.",1468
-"Clonidine, oral and patch, has been used in adults for the treatment of hypertension and Tourette's Syndrome.",1469
-We present a case of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secondary to cisplatin therapy in a patient with advanced-stage large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix.,1470
-We assume that rIFN-gamma induced the de novo development of SLE in our patient.,1471
-We studied the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in two female patients before and during treatment with CPH82.,1472
-Antiandrogen treatment of aggressivity in men suffering from dementia.,1473
-"RESULTS: The 3 patients were men, aged 39, 42, and 43 years.",1474
-Postdural puncture cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) leak most often manifests as a postdural puncture headache (PDPH).,1475
-BACKGROUND: Three to five per cent acetic acid is commonly used in the field of gynaecology for colposcopic examinations of the cervix.,1476
-The third case received ASCT with an unmanipulated autograft for relapsed angioimmunoblastic lymphoma.,1477
-A 23-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus had a severe hypersensitivity reaction to the drug ibuprofen.,1478
-Erosive gastroduodenitis with marked epithelial atypia after hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy.,1479
-BACKGROUND: Bacterial contamination of platelet (PLT) components is an important cause of transfusion reactions.,1480
-OBJECTIVE: To report the occurrence of anaphylactoid reactions to intraperitoneal cisplatin in 3 patients.,1481
-"CASE REPORT: We describe here a case of a 60 year old female that experienced a relapse of symptomatic hyperlactatemia after being switched from stavudine to zidovudine and how the case was managed at the Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda.",1482
-Pramipexole: augmentation in the treatment of depressive symptoms.,1483
-She received chemotherapy according to the previously described modified St.,1484
-"Three weeks after traveling to Arizona, a 13-month-old, female Labrador retriever developed draining tracts in the right hind limb.",1485
-Brugada type electrocardiographic changes induced by concomitant use of lithium and propafenone in patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.,1486
-Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic active against multidrug-resistant gram-positive organisms.,1487
-Cardiopulmonary arrest following intravenous phenytoin loading.,1488
-"The lesion was successfully resected using cardiopulmonary bypass, and the diagnosis of metastatic osteogenic sarcoma was confirmed.",1489
-"After an interval of 3 months, he presented a complex pattern of nail hyperpigmentation, from combined dense horizontal and longitudinal streaks in some nails to diffuse black discoloration in others (Figure).",1490
-Epoprostenol may be associated rarely with severe erythroderma.,1491
-Hypersensitivity reaction following chloramphenicol administration in a patient with typhoid fever.,1492
-Protein in vitamin K absence (PIVKA) is the prothrombin precursor found in plasma when carboxylation to prothrombin is impaired.,1493
-The only residual neuroblastoma tissue visible on MIBG scintigraphy on day 150 of treatment was a metastasis in the left tibia which was irradiated with 24 Gy.,1494
-"A 41-year-old woman was treated according to a diagnosis of depression, which was her 6th episode.",1495
-OBJECTIVE: To report the finding of squamous metaplasia within endometrial glands occurring as a result of progestin therapy of hyperplasia.,1496
-"Open-lung biopsy revealed grade 2 lymphocytic bronchiolitis, the pathologic and immunologic correlate of acute pulmonary GVHD.",1497
-"After this period, liposomal amphotericin B (3 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) was given with the diagnosis of probable fungal infection.",1498
-"Pneumonitis, bilateral pleural effusions, echocardiographic evidence of cardiac tamponade, and positive autoantibodies developed in a 43-year-old man, who was receiving long-term sulfasalazine therapy for chronic ulcerative colitis.",1499
-Ectopic adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) syndrome and small cell carcinoma of the lung-assessment of clinical implications in patients on combination chemotherapy.,1500
-Her IFN beta-1a was discontinued and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy was started for her scleromyxedema.,1501
-Information on medical history was obtained from their carers and hospital records.,1502
-"She had been taking nabumetone for 6 months, but had discontinued the agent 2 weeks before admission due to progressive edema.",1503
-"Improvement was dose-dependent, and was limited by irritability and action tremor when the patient was taking 1,600 mg per day.",1504
-"Based on a Naranjo score of 7, this episode was probably related to an interaction between acenocoumarol and econazole.",1505
-None of the patients has clinical or radiologic findings suggestive of central pontine myelinolysis or akinetic mutism.,1506
-"Very elderly patients with nephrotic syndrome frequently suffer from oliguric renal failure, which has a potentially high mortality.",1507
-Concentrations of brompheniramine and dextromethorphan were measured in both postmortem blood and liver specimens using a gas chromatograph equipped with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector.,1508
-"We describe a technique for 'single-pass' shunt tunneling from frontal to abdominal incisions and our initial results in a consecutive, prospective series of 15 children (age 2 days to 5 years).",1509
-OBJECTIVE: To report a case of successful outpatient carboplatin desensitization in a pediatric patient with bilateral optic glioma.,1510
-"The former had a slowly progressive course, did not respond to amphotericin B (AB), and died; the latter improved after a prolonged course of liposomal-AB.",1511
-"We describe this syndrome, which occurred in one of our patients and was successfully treated by the administration of dexamethasone.",1512
-"The objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the clinical outcome of newborns treated with recombinant activated factor VII for intractable bleeding or severe coagulation disturbances, resistant to conventional hemostatic therapy.",1513
-A chorio-retinal shunt was demonstrated.,1514
-"Despite continued improvements in mortality associated with a spinal-cord injury, until recently little progress had been made in improving neurologic function.",1515
-During admission she was found to be profoundly hypothyroid despite being on adequate thyroid replacement therapy.,1516
-"Despite the prophylaxis and preemptive strategies using potent antiviral agents, cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains a major infectious cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) recipients.",1517
-OBJECTIVE: Anastrozole is a selective aromatase inhibitor and is used for the hormonal treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer.,1518
-"DESIGN: Morphologic, immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic analyses were performed on the 3 patients at the time of initial diagnosis, during imatinib therapy, and at blast crisis.",1519
-"We describe a case of disseminated muscular cysticercosis followed by myositis (fever, diffuse myalgia, weakness of the lower limbs, and inflammatory reaction around dying cysticerci) induced by praziquantel therapy, an event not described previously.",1520
-"Mechanisms, including 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C antagonism, serotonergic regulation of dopamine systems and putative dopaminergic subtypes of OCS and OCD, are discussed.",1521
-Acute myeloid leukaemia was diagnosed 4 and 5 years after G-CSF mobilisation in two donors who underwent peripheral blood stem cell donation for sibling allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.,1522
-Upper tract urothelial malignancy after cyclophosphamide therapy: a case report and literature review.,1523
-"Resolution of symptoms, physical signs and radiographic changes followed drug withdrawal and steroid therapy.",1524
-"She had been receiving oral furosemide for 5 months at the time of this report, with no complications.",1525
-CASE DESCRIPTION: A patient with congenital afibrinogenemia presented with recurrent hemiparesis.,1526
-"In summary, we report herein the first case of SIADH believed to be an adverse effect of mizoribin, which may therefore needed to be added to the list of drugs which can induce SIADH.",1527
-Safety of nab-paclitaxel plus sunitinib: analysis of three cases.,1528
-"Post-dural puncture headache, intracranial air and obstetric anesthesia.",1529
-"Experience with continuous haloperidol infusions is growing, and it appears to be an effective method for control of severe agitation or delirium.",1530
-"A rare case of upbeating nystagmus, which occurred under the condition of a loss of visual fixation, due to anticonvulsant intoxication is reported.",1531
-Gemcitabine-induced rectus abdominus radiation recall.,1532
-"A patient with torsade de pointes risk factors (female sex, advanced age, extreme bradycardia and renal failure) who developed the condition on the fourth day of 400 mg/day of oral moxifloxacin treatment is presented.",1533
-"Despite intensive hemodialysis and other supportive therapy, he developed multiple organ failure (liver, renal, and respiratory failure) and metabolic acidosis.",1534
-Symptoms of major depression: acute effect of withdrawing antidepressants.,1535
-Nephrotic syndrome related to systemic lupus erythematosus after griseofulvin therapy.,1536
-Hycanthone is an antischistosomal drug with promising antitumor activity against experimental animal tumors.,1537
-"It may become manifest as perilesional linear, depigmented, atrophic streaks, which are usually most prominent in patients with dark-colored skin.",1538
-"Sorafenib, a multitargeted kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and advanced renal cell carcinomas, received FDA approval in 2005.",1539
-"In addition, three of the four patients had unusual corneal changes.",1540
-Total lithotomy time was four hours.,1541
-The symptoms of pseudotumor cerebri disappeared within 10 days.,1542
-"Since no satisfactory remission was achieved using a multi-drug chemotherapy protocol that included cyclophosphamide, vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, prednisolone, and subsequently supplemented by L-asparaginase, it was replaced by another protocol combining vincristine, L-asparaginase, prednisolone, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin.",1543
-MRI demonstrated an ischemic infarct in the right striatum.,1544
-"After the initial resuscitation and the subsequent treatment of shock and vitamin K deficiency, acute peritoneal dialysis was instituted to correct the severe lactic acidosis.",1545
-Baseline laboratory studies to evaluate infertility had revealed normal hormonal levels.,1546
-We report a case of a 74-year-old man with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who received high-dose intermittent chlorambucil and prednisone every two weeks.,1547
-The eighth exhibited concentric constriction.,1548
-"Ordinarily occurring as a commensal, Kluyvera have been reported to cause serious infections in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent hosts, causing diarrhea, urinary infections, peritonitis, and cholecystitis.",1549
-"Clinical, histological and serological studies--a further 10-year follow-up.",1550
-He recovered and could be discharged home after 36 days of hospitalization with normal blood counts and without severe sequelae.,1551
-The association of venlafaxine treatment with ischaemic events could be explained by its unique pharmacological and haemodynamic properties.,1552
-Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy 1.5 months after withdrawal still amounted to 83% and 50%.,1553
-Cerebral dural sinus thrombosis is an unusual syndrome in which a patient presents with a severe headache that may be associated with diverse neurologic and physical findings.,1554
-"Post-transfusion purpura as the main manifestation of a trilineal transfusion reaction, responsive to steroids: flow-cytometric investigation of granulocyte and platelet antibodies.",1555
-Development and course of subjective and objective phenomena seem to be typical for patients in whom Ukrain could induce long-term complete remission.,1556
-"To our knowledge, four cases of interstitial pneumonitis associated with fludarabine have been reported in medical literature.",1557
-"To evaluate whether racial factors may be involved in the development of ART-induced lipodystrophy and/or lipid serum abnormalities, we carried-out a case-control study on all 23 consecutive anti-HIV-positive sub-Saharan black African patients observed from September 20fc01 to December 2001 ('Cases') and 23 Caucasian 'Controls' pair-matched for sex, age (+/-5 years), number of CD4 cells (+/-100 cells), clinical stage of HIV infection, overall duration (+/-3 months) of anti-retroviral treatment and type and duration (+/-3 months) of the last anti-retroviral regimen.",1558
-Acute myocardial infarction during high-dose methylprednisolone therapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy.,1559
-The evidence suggests that these deaths were the result of causes other than use of the drug.,1560
-Three of the 36 patients were receiving aspirin for the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.,1561
-"The onset of symptoms after fluorescence in both cases is highly suggestive, although the pathogenetic mechanism is not clear.",1562
-"Multiple complications of propylthiouracil treatment: granulocytopenia, eosinophilia, skin reaction and hepatitis with lymphocyte sensitization.",1563
-Differentiation between recurrent tumor and radiation necrosis in a child with anaplastic ependymoma after chemotherapy and radiation therapy.,1564
-An association between NCPH and patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been reported.,1565
-No further problems were encountered over the follow-up period of nine months.,1566
-"The stellate ganglion lies medial to the scalene muscles, lateral to the longus coli muscle, esophagus and trachea along with the recurrent laryngeal nerve, anterior to the transverse processes and prevertebral fascia, superior to the subclavian artery and the posterior aspect of the plura, and posterior to the vertebral vessels at C7 level.",1567
-Atypical antipsychotics have reduced liability for inducing tardive dystonia and show antidystonic properties in patients with pre-existing tardive dystonia.,1568
-"Serotonin-Dopamine Antagonist (SDA) should be proscribed with care became of this rare yet serious complication, especially in cases with previous history of priapism following the use of psychotropic drugs.",1569
-"Headache, nausea, emesis, and lethargy were the presenting signs.",1570
-Cisplatin-induced syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) in a patient with neuroendocrine tumor of the cervix: a case report and review of the literature.,1571
-"About 30% of patients have an initial remission on steroids alone, but most require some form of cytotoxic chemotherapy.",1572
-"CONCLUSIONS: This phenomenon of sudden vitritis after KPro, with few other symptoms and with complete recovery, would be uncharacteristic of a bacterial endophthalmitis.",1573
-Potential mechanisms involved in the occurrence of ischemic colitis in patients receiving tegaserod are also discussed.,1574
-"The most serious dental side effect of bisphosphonate treatment (particularly when it is administered intravenously) is, paradoxically, osteonecrosis of the mandible or the maxilla represented by exposed nonhealing bone.",1575
-"Three days later, he presented with evidence of massive deep haemorrhage to the point of airway compromise.",1576
-No recurrence was seen during the follow-up period (3 and 4.5 years).,1577
-Occult quinine-induced thrombocytopenia.,1578
-We present a patient who had undergone renal transplantation referred for recurrent sinusitis.,1579
-Gentamicin alone may be nephrotoxic and should be given with particular caution to the elderly and those with even mild kidney abnormalities.,1580
-An adult male presented with central blindness after ingesting methanol.,1581
-Vaccination as a triggering event for autoimmune hepatitis.,1582
-PURPOSE: To describe the use of intravitreal bevacizumab followed by sectorial retinal photocoagulation to treat the neovascular complications of laser-induced chorioretinal anastomosis (L-CRA) for nonischaemic central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO).,1583
-"Infections secondary to Leuconostoc are uncommon, and usually affect patients with underlying diseases, prior use of vancomycin and those with central lines.",1584
-We report a case in which transient sinus arrest was observed under general anesthesia.,1585
-We here report the first case of psoriatic arthritis which developed lung cancer.,1586
-"Aromatic antiepileptic agents, such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, and phenobarbital are the most frequent causes of this syndrome.",1587
-The case of a 29-year-old man suffering from falciparum malaria disease who got a reversible hearing loss from quinine therapy is presented.,1588
-"Twenty patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) entered a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial designed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of high doses of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO).",1589
-"The patient was discharged with a diagnosis of HCV-related active chronic hepatitis, skin porphyria, and type 2 diabetes.",1590
-"Lithium neurotoxicity should be considered in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease differential diagnosis, serial electroencephalograms being the most valuable.",1591
-The above-mentioned second malignancy is one of the late sequelae of platinum-based chemoradiation.,1592
-This is believed to be the third case of bacteraemia outside of Asia due to C. indologenes and the first in a diabetic child not otherwise immunocompromised.,1593
-This case illustrates two points concerning preoperative chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer: (1) The role of FNA v. tissue biopsy is examined.,1594
-The most common chemotherapeutic agents implicated are anthracyclines and taxanes.,1595
-Our patient developed both nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and renal tubular acidosis with a temporal pattern that demonstrated a link between foscarnet therapy and these abnormalities.,1596
-BACKGROUND: Contact allergy to corticosteroids has recently gained increased attention.,1597
-"Either primary headaches show a higher susceptibility to this idiosyncratic reaction or a drug-induced primary headache evolves in intensity and duration, becoming uncontrolled until the complete discontinuation of the drug in consideration.",1598
-The pharmacokinetic synergism of this combination may be hazardous for some patients.,1599
-"Erection subsided spontaneously after 4 hours, with subsequent potency unimpaired.",1600
-Molluscum contagiosum is a common viral skin infection in children with atopic diathesis and not rare in HIV patients.,1601
-Acquired long QT develops most commonly because of drugs that prolong ventricular repolarization.,1602
-We report two cases of cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia (CSFE) secondary to the intraventricular administration of vancomycin.,1603
-DISCUSSION: Acute ITB withdrawal syndrome occurs frequently in cases of malfunctioning intrathecal infusion pumps or catheters.,1604
-BACKGROUND: Interferon beta has become standard therapy for reducing relapse frequency in relapsing/remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS).,1605
-A 43-year-old patient with preexisting mitral valve prolapse and Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis with partial destruction of the posterior mitral valve leaflet is described.,1606
-Toxic shock syndrome associated with the use of the vacuum-assisted closure device.,1607
-There have been few reports regarding the clinical association of DIHS with pathogens other than herpes viruses.,1608
-A nonfatal case of accidental prolonged overdosage of pyrimethamine (10 times the usual dose for 10 days) in a seven-week-old infant treated for congenital toxoplasmosis is presented.,1609
-"We believe that total cyclosporine withdrawal is feasible, but strongly recommend overlapping mycophenolate mofetil treatment with cyclosporine.",1610
-"A 22-year-old black man developed fever, chills, fatigue, night sweats, tender lymphadenopathy, and a generalized, pruritic, macular eruption 3 weeks after starting minocycline therapy for acne.",1611
-"Reactivation of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is frequently observed, although the cause of DIHS is still unknown.",1612
-Resolution occurred mostly within 24 to 48 hours after injection.,1613
-Benign thymic hyperplasia after chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia.,1614
-Persistent segmental cutaneous anesthesia after a brown recluse spider bite.,1615
-Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs can cause oral ulcers.,1616
-A healthy 42 yr-old woman presented with a left keratitis which she had had for 3 months.,1617
-"Interferon (IFN) is the most widely prescribed drug of choice for chronic hepatitis B infection, which is a common health problem in our country.",1618
-The successful development and implementation of this protocol will have impact on patients who have anaphylactic reactions to MTX but require this medication for specific diseases.,1619
-"Full recovery occurred because of early pick up, emphasizing the need for careful fluid balance monitoring of patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy.",1620
-Tamoxifen inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) in vitro and thus may regulate glioma cell growth by modulating intracellular signal transduction.,1621
-Repeat studies performed 7 months later indicated some improvements in this indirect assessment of endogenous TRH reserve capacity but a continued exaggerated TSH response to exogenous TRH administration.,1622
-"The symptoms started when the immune status reached normal CD4 T cell levels, in response to antiviral tritherapy.",1623
-Central pontine myelinolysis manifested by temporary blindness: a possible complication of lithium toxicity.,1624
-Long term prognosis in these patients is better as photosensitivity gradually declines with increasing age.,1625
-"Amiodarone, a class III antiarrhythmic drug, is one of the most effective drugs used in the treatment of ventricular and paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmia.",1626
-A 15-year-old boy developed nephrotic syndrome and acute renal failure 4 years after allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for lymphoid crisis of chronic myelocytic leukemia.,1627
-Gemcitabine is a chemotherapy agent that may cause unpredictable side effects.,1628
-The patient recovered completely clinically and radiologically after discontinuing cyclosporine.,1629
-Acute asthma associated with sustained-release verapamil.,1630
-CASE SUMMARY: A 72-year-old white man was admitted for worsening palpable purpura over a two-day period.,1631
-"CASE SUMMARY: A 15-year-old boy of Turkish origin, diagnosed as having FMF at the age of 14 years, was treated with colchicine 1.5 mg/d.",1632
-"Three patients who received more than 1100 mg/m2 developed pulmonary symptoms with the same clinical and radiologic pattern as in the two cases with pathologic documents, and two of them died from acute respiratory failure.",1633
-"Tocolysis was stopped immediately, and the laboratory data improved gradually.",1634
-"Methemoglobinemia may occur after the administration of various drugs, including some local anesthetics.",1635
-Drug-induced fever due to diltiazem.,1636
-"At the age of 12, a prematurely born boy with an otherwise unremarkable past medical history developed bilateral optic neuritis associated with transverse myelopathy.",1637
-"After unsuccessful fluid resuscitation with crystalloid fluid, the patient's condition improved rapidly with human albumin boluses.",1638
-"Retrospective reanalysis of the radiation therapy technique, with emphasis on the doses received by the optic pathway structures, was performed.",1639
-The severity of this syndrome primarily in patients undergoing second HPCTs suggests that repetitive exposure to high-dose therapy may compromise endogenous peripheral regulatory mechanisms and predispose these patients to autoimmunity.,1640
-All 4 patients developed steroid-induced glaucoma and failed traditional immunosuppressant therapy.,1641
-The dog was treated with a combination of systemic antifungals and weaning off immunosuppressants and made a complete recovery.,1642
-"Beginning ductopenia was present in two, suggesting that itraconazole might be responsible for the occurrence of prolonged drug-induced cholangiopathy.",1643
-"Both agents are excreted by the kidneys, raising the possibility that acyclovir at high serum concentrations may interfere with the renal excretion of lithium.",1644
-A case report is presented concerning the administration of ketanserin in the treatment of pulmonary vasoconstriction and right ventricular failure following the infusion of protamine in a patient undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery and mitral valve replacement.,1645
-"The drug acted through: (a) an already known inappropriate release of ADH, and (b) a hitherto unreported tubular lesion, which impaired the reabsorption of sodium and other coupled solutes.",1646
-METHOD: Report of a case.,1647
-A 57-year-old white male with unresectable pancreatic cancer received capecitabine in combination with radiation therapy followed by capecitabine alone given over approximately a 3-month time period.,1648
-Hydatid disease: the alveolar variety in Australia.,1649
-Astute nursing care is essential to prevent complications associated with this procedure.,1650
-"Approximately 5-6% of intravaginal clindamycin is absorbed in the bloodstream, making systemic effects possible.",1651
-"All patients had typical radiological, magnetic resonance imaging or pathological changes of osteonecrosis involving the femoral heads, while two also had superimposed avascular necrosis involving the humeral heads.",1652
-Mycotic aneurysm of the suprarenal abdominal aorta.,1653
-"Our case report is focused on a woman receiving hemodialysis (HD) with diabetes mellitus for 20 years and severe secondary hyperparathyroidism, who presented painful subcutaneous nodules, skin necrosis and ulcerations.",1654
-The patient remained constantly HIV negative during 14 months of follow-up.,1655
-There are reports of accelerated SSc syndromes associated in particular with breast cancer.,1656
-"BACKGROUND: To assess the nature, incidence, and risk factors of retinopathy associated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients.",1657
-"Five weeks later, the patient underwent arthroscopic evaluation of the shoulder and subacromial decompression.",1658
-CONCLUSION: These cases suggest that moxifloxacin may interfere with the healing of corneal ulcers.,1659
-All but one patient presented with afebrile seizures.,1660
-The duration of each infusion should be minimised and blood volume should be carefully monitored throughout.,1661
-Successful treatment of ventricular assist device associated ventricular thrombus with systemic tenecteplase.,1662
-"The 2 cases direct our attention to at least 3 important points regarding safe administration of ECT shortly after the occurrence of PE, that is, careful evaluation of cardiac function and residual deep vein thrombosis before the start of an ECT course, adjustment of anticoagulants, and prevention of recurrent deep vein thrombosis and PE by methods in addition to anticoagulant therapy (fluid infusion, use of support hose, and timely ECT).",1663
-"This myoclonus is considered to be a new form of spinal reflex myoclonus, because the abdominal myoclonic jerk seems to trigger another myoclonic jerk involving the paraspinal muscles.",1664
-Fatal hepatic failure caused by chemotherapy-induced reactivation of hepatitis B virus in a patient with hematologic malignancy.,1665
-Drug withdrawal and brief steroid therapy resulted in clinical remission within two months of diagnosis.,1666
-Intraocular blastomycosis: case report and review.,1667
-A mutation in the neuraminidase active site (152 Arg-->Lys) led to a 1000-fold reduction in the enzyme sensitivity to zanamivir.,1668
-Fatal cold medication intoxication in an infant.,1669
-Deepening of lid sulcus from topical bimatoprost therapy.,1670
-Pneumonitis and pneumatoceles following accidental hydrocarbon aspiration in children.,1671
-"We describe the clinical course, renal function, and blood viral measurement in 6 renal transplant recipients with BKVN who were treated with low doses of cidofovir.",1672
-Myotonia associated with sarcoidosis is rare.,1673
-OBJECTIVE: We describe atypical motor and cognitive features in a case of familial Alzheimer disease (FAD) due to presenilin-1 (PS-1) mutation.,1674
-"Severe allergic reactions, although uncommon, have been reported.",1675
-The relation of TNF-alpha antagonist therapy to demyelinating disease/multiple sclerosis is explored.,1676
-BACKGROUND: The anti-natriuretic properties of growth hormone (GH) are well established.,1677
-"The contribution of aging, hypothyroidism and stroke to the etiology of this woman's disorder is discussed.",1678
-Milk-alkali syndrome was first described 70 years ago in the context of the treatment of peptic ulcer disease with large amounts of calcium and alkali.,1679
-These effects can increase the likelihood of its aspiration and subsequent impaired clearance from the respiratory tract.,1680
-An 86-year-old African-American man presented with tonic-clonic seizures.,1681
-Improvement in the level of arterial blood gases and pulmonary diffusing capacity occurred after discontinuation of methotrexate therapy.,1682
-Valproate levels remained low because of interactions with phenytoin.,1683
-On investigation no new change was noticed than previous evaluation.,1684
-A 33-year-old woman visited our dermatologic clinic complaining of frequent oral ulceration for 10 years and generalized discoloration of her skin for 5 years.,1685
-Poorly controlled hypertension in a painter with chronic lead toxicity.,1686
-"RSV was the only infectious agent that could be isolated, and treatment with aerosolized ribavirin lead to prompt improvement of all symptoms.",1687
-5-Fluorouracil cardiotoxicity complicating treatment of stage IIB cervical cancer--case report.,1688
-"However, the characteristic ultrasound appearance of both pathologies facilitates determination of the final diagnosis and further treatment.",1689
-"In this case, the dose was slowly reduced after delivery, and the maternal lamotrigine serum concentration more than doubled in the week before the neonatal apneic episodes.",1690
-We describe a case of hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis with hypoaldosteronism in a 4-year-old boy with nephrotic syndrome who was receiving ACE inhibitors.,1691
-"One month later recurrence appeared in the right eye, as a central corneal infiltrate in the graft.",1692
-Management of cryptococcosis and toxic epidermal necrolysis in a dog.,1693
-A 10-year-old girl who presented to our hospital was diagnosed as having B-precursor cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.,1694
-"To the best of our knowledge, this patient is the youngest, and only the fourth person in the English-language literature to develop colonic carcinoma after combination chemotherapy of Hodgkin's disease without radiation.",1695
-"Naltrexone: report of lack of hepatotoxicity in acute viral hepatitis, with a review of the literature.",1696
-CONCLUSIONS: Our experience indicates that safely flying with newly diagnosed DM type 1 is possible.,1697
-The two patients were finally released in good condition.,1698
-Drug withdrawal and cortisone administration led to resolution of the disease.,1699
-"The AUC was between 0 and 6 X 10 ng X min/ml, and AUC normalized to 1 mg/m2 of 6MP was between 0 and 815 ng X min/ml.",1700
-Patients receiving therapeutic immunosuppression for organ transplants have also reported to suffer from aspergillus osteoarthritis.,1701
-Recurrent hepatitis C and CSD were ultimately managed by the application of pegylated interferon.,1702
-"In fact, to our knowledge only 37 cases, including this one, have been documented.",1703
-We report a case of fatal pulmonary toxicity in a patient with advanced non-small cell lung cancer who received erlotinib.,1704
-These findings suggest that there may be a place for intravenous CyA therapy in patients with severe Crohn's disease who do not respond to conventional therapy or to oral treatment with CyA.,1705
-All biopsies were studied by the same pathologist.,1706
-The data show a strong influence of cortisol on total sleep time and slow wave sleep (SWS) as well as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.,1707
-"During the follow-up period of two months, there was transiently decreased MED to UVB, which became normalized after 1 month treatment with cyclophosphamide.",1708
-DISCUSSION: Propafenone is a class 1C antiarrhythmic agent that blocks fast sodium channels in heart muscle and Purkinje fibers similar to the action of encainide and flecainide.,1709
-Use of glycopyrrolate to treat intraoperative penile erection.,1710
-CASE SUMMARY: A febrile 36-year-old seaman from Mumbai (Bombay) was prescribed >5 times the usual dose of chloroquine for malaria diagnosed empirically onboard ship.,1711
-Crosslinking for post-LASIK corneal ectasia may induce DLK.,1712
-"The authors suggest that fluoxetine-induced akathisia may be caused by serotonergically mediated inhibition of dopaminergic neurotransmission and that the pathophysiology of fluoxetine-induced akathisia and tricyclic antidepressant-induced ""jitteriness"" may be identical.",1713
-Number twenty-one.,1714
-"At 8 years 1 month of age, phenytoin was first administered.",1715
-"RESULTS: Within the first 4 weeks after the injection, dense cataract developed necessitating cataract surgery.",1716
-"While mortality from trauma increases, there has been a decline in mortality from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases which parallels advances in antithrombotic and anticoagulation therapy.",1717
-"In this communication, six such melanoma cases are reported.",1718
-Conventional and diffusion-weighted MRI findings of methotrexate related sub-acute neurotoxicity.,1719
-Many types of skin disorders concomitantly occur with hepatitis C virus infection.,1720
-"The clinical, biochemical, and, finally, genetic evaluation confirmed Wilson's disease diagnosis in this patient.",1721
-Possible causes and difficulties in diagnosis were reviewed.,1722
-Drug provocation test is important in this case to confirm which drug had caused hypersensitivity reaction because anti tuberculosis drugs were the treatment of choice for her illness.,1723
-It is unknown whether the vitamin K content or malabsorption of warfarin is the mechanism of resistance.,1724
-"We report on a case of localized ganglioneuroblastoma treated by carboplatin/etoposide for 2 courses and surgery, which developed a serious GHD after 56 months.",1725
-"A case of allopurinol hypersensitivity, possibly the first in a black African, is reported.",1726
-Piritrexim-induced pulmonary toxicity.,1727
-We report a case of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) secondary to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-Sx) therapy for presumed community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infection.,1728
-The isolation of Kluyvera as a pathogen in transplant patients emphasizes that this commensal organism may be virulent in this patient population.,1729
-This was suggestive of type I hypersensitivity reaction.,1730
-"This case reminds physicians of the importance of drug reactions, their severity, techniques for diagnosis and methods of management.",1731
-We report a case of fatal adenovirus infection in a 37-year-old female who underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML).,1732
-METHOD: A case report.,1733
-This report describes 2 generations of a family with symptoms of sensory overstimulation that exhibit a potassium sensitivity similar to that seen in hypokalemic periodic paralysis.,1734
-A potential role for renal and hepatic impairment in the observed protracted course of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis is suggested.,1735
-"Soon after starting subcutaneous erythropoietin, the velocity of progression of renal failure slowed whilst no more blood transfusions were required and haptoglobin levels returned to normal.",1736
-A woman developed delusional parasitosis when taking phenelzine.,1737
-Food and Drug Administration in 1989 for treatment of severely ill schizophrenic patients.,1738
-"The cycle of admissions was eventually broken by the intervention of a social worker, who provided structured non-medical support.",1739
-Nitrendipine-induced gingival hyperplasia.,1740
-This report describes a probable case of infliximab-induced membranous nephropathy.,1741
-Cholestyramine washout and prednisolone (60 mg/day) were given.,1742
-"Pulmonary hemorrhage is an uncommon feature in the HUS, and seems to appear especially in the HUS associated with MMC therapy.",1743
-CONCLUSIONS: The use of fluorouracil treatment with careful monitoring can be considered in a patient with mild allergic reactions to capecitabine.,1744
-The patient had been receiving bisphosphonate therapy prior to admission and this may have contributed to the severity of the problem.,1745
-"Nurses can be influential in monitoring, assessing, and preventing aluminum overload.",1746
-"The patient was resuscitated, and subsequent serial cardiac enzymes indicated myocardial infarction.",1747
-The second patient developed similar symptoms on day 3 of treatment with 2500 mg/m2.,1748
-Tiny black granules were most numerous in the basal laminae of vessels in electron microscopic observation.,1749
-"Three patients with niacin-induced visual symptoms had cystoid maculopathy without leakage on fluorescein angiography, and a fourth patient with no fundus abnormality experienced cessation of visual symptoms upon discontinuation of niacin.",1750
-"Administration of high-dose intrathecal methotrexate may not lead to symptoms, as was the case in our patient.",1751
-"It is well known that exposure to manganese, solvents, or carbon monoxide in an occupational setting may lead to central nervous system damage and parkinsonism.",1752
-"Many symptoms of hyperthyroidism are identical to the adverse effects of the commonly used inhaled bronchodilators and include tremor, nervousness, tachycardia, wide pulse pressure, palpitations, emotional lability, agitation, nightmares, aggressive behavior, and diarrhea.",1753
-Opioid-related narcosis is the most likely diagnosis in this case.,1754
-"While peripheral neuropathy and cranial nerve involvement is common, optic neuropathy is extremely rare.",1755
-"In an effort to destroy verrucous growth, the authors have attempted to alter the genetic structure of these obstinate, benign warty lesions by using the antibiotic, bleomycin sulfate.",1756
-"Two days prior to admission, metoclopramide 10 mg orally three times per day was started for a gastrointestinal condition.",1757
-OBJECTIVE: To report a case of toxin-positive Clostridium difficile-induced colitis (CDIC) after use of clindamycin phosphate vaginal cream.,1758
-Encephalopathy and death may occur.,1759
-"While the association of psoriasis and lupus may have been fortuitous, the temporal relationships suggest that PUVA treatment in this case may have been of pathogenetic importance in the development of the connective tissue disease.",1760
-"Key Words: renal failure, proteinuria, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ACEI, angiotensin II receptor blocker, ARB.",1761
-Monocomponent porcine insulin was injected into each quadrant of the pit.,1762
-Pharmacokinetically induced benzodiazepine withdrawal.,1763
-Serotonergic antidepressants and urinary incontinence.,1764
-Antibody therapy is capable of permanently abolishing the signs of symptoms of digitalis poisoning after a matter of hours.,1765
-This is largely a result of the low levels of compliance.,1766
-Atypical neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with olanzapine.,1767
-Treatment of atenolol overdose in a patient with renal failure using serial hemodialysis and hemoperfusion and associated echocardiographic findings.,1768
-"UFT, a combination of uracil and tegafur, is a second-generation anticancer agent.",1769
-"BACKGROUND: Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (CBCL) is characterized by restriction to the skin, a high incidence of recurrence after various treatment modalities, and a variable but mostly favorable prognosis.",1770
-She subsequently underwent successful cardiac transplantation.,1771
-Successful treatment of Staphylococcus aureus bacterial endocarditis in a renal transplant recipient.,1772
-Results Radiographic responses to sirolimus were observed in all patients.,1773
-The case is unique in that it is the first reported ingestion of oral pilocarpine tablets and the first dosing error reported for this indication.,1774
-Case 3: A 29-year-old female alcoholic complained of general fatigue and a slight fever after 1.5 years of abstinence with cyanamide treatment.,1775
-Syncytial giant cell hepatitis recurred after transplantation and was efficiently treated with ribavirin.,1776
-"Four years later, the patient is alive and well with an ejection fraction of 53%.",1777
-We describe a heart transplant patient who presented with a large right-sided chest wall mass as a manifestation of disseminated histoplasmosis.,1778
-"Pre-diabetic immune markers were repeatedly negative, and no diabetes has developed after four years of follow-up.",1779
-"One was infected by PVB19-contaminated blood transfusion, whereas the other had become infected naturally.",1780
-We report a case of interstitial pulmonary disease that occurred together with lymphocytic colitis during treatment with ticlopidine.,1781
-"Extrapyramidal side effects induced by some selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), i.e. fluoxetine and sertraline, have been previously reported in patients with depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).",1782
-The ECG pattern of BS has also been described in patients with myocardial abnormalities.,1783
-Stopping further solvent exposure failed to improve his condition.,1784
-A new type of minocycline-induced cutaneous hyperpigmentation.,1785
-"Cerebrovascular complications were the most frequent and were seen in 51% of the liver, 59% of the heart, 58% of the lung, 50% of the heart-lung, 49% of the kidney and 44% of the bone marrow allografts.",1786
-"A full-term newborn developed oliguric renal failure at 24 hr of life, which persisted for several days.",1787
-The incidence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy increases with advancing age.,1788
-"E. coli was isolated from urine, blood cultures and later from bone biopsy.",1789
-"Case 1 presented after 25 months of myelosuppressive therapy a deletion of chromosome no. 12, del (12) (p11), in 60% of the diploid cells.",1790
-OBJECTIVE: To report a case of multiple episodes of seizure activity in an AIDS patent following amphotericin B infusion.,1791
-"Daily measurements of pulse, blood pressure, temperature and various laboratory examinations were carried out.",1792
-"Four years after the beginning of IFN therapy, he acutely developed moderate hyperglycemia and severe ketonuria with positive islet cell antibody, and then 28 units/day of insulin injection was started.",1793
-"We underline the association between this pathogen and inguinal skin breaks, and discuss the potential diagnostic pitfalls in clinical and laboratory diagnosis.",1794
-"In some patients, this pH shift may be quite transient and temporary; whereas, in some patients with other maladies, the acidosis may be much more serious.",1795
-One patient was treated symptomatically for the first 6 h until she was given dantrolene.,1796
-"The carcinomas developed after a total UVA dose of 2,042 and 1,296 joules/sq cm, respectively.",1797
-Surgeons should consider stopping carbamazepine before operations with cardiopulmonary bypass.,1798
-A 15-month-old girl with rhinopharyngitis was treated with a nasal solution containing the imidazoline derivative naphazoline.,1799
-"The beta-oxidation pathway of VPA was shown to be suppressed (lack of 3-keto-VPA), whereas metabolites from the omega-oxidation pathway could still be measured (urinary 5-OH-VPA plus 2-propylglutaric acid ca. 1.6%, controls more than 10%).",1800
-Sirolimus-eluting stent thrombosis several years after clopidogrel discontinuation.,1801
-Massive plasmocytosis due to methimazole-induced bone marrow toxicity.,1802
-Mirtazapine had been started 8 days earlier to control major depression.,1803
-Aquagenic pruritus responding to intermittent photochemotherapy.,1804
-Treatment of high-dose intrathecal morphine overdose.,1805
-There was one reported death.,1806
-"Here, we report a giant cell lichenoid dermatitis in a 41-year-old male patient who developed, 3 days after intravenous treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for erysipelas of the left leg, a clinical picture suggesting a baboon syndrome characterized by an erythematous and pruritic eruption on the axillary, inguinal and popliteal areas and the anterior side of elbows.",1807
-Aberrancies in T3 suppression testing in graves disease occur.,1808
-Use of lamotrigine to augment clozapine in patients with resistant schizophrenia and comorbid alcohol dependence: a potent anti-craving effect?,1809
-The role of IFN-beta in inflammatory musculoskeletal disease is unclear.,1810
-"If aggressive surgical therapy is not an option, the prevention of secondary complications such as infection becomes the goal of treatment until the necrotic process stops and healing begins.",1811
-The possible mechanisms for this complication in out patient are discussed.,1812
-Agranulocytosis resolved 4 days following withdrawal of teicoplanin.,1813
-"Upon subsequent reduction and discontinuation of phenobarbital, however, chlorpromazine was able to be reduced with no increase in target behaviors.",1814
-METHODS: Four solid organ transplant patients with severe hypoxemic P. jiroveci pneumonia were treated with the combination of trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole and caspofungin.,1815
-We report 3 patients with autoimmune hepatitis who either could not tolerate or failed to improve on azathioprine but responded well to 6-mercaptopurine.,1816
-Gastric stump lymphoma after distal gastrectomy for benign peptic ulcer: Report of a case.,1817
-"We report here such a case with bilateral Mooren's ulcer that failed to respond to local therapy with topical corticosteroids, silver nitrate, and conjunctival resection, as well as systemic immunosuppression with corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, and azathioprine.",1818
-The patients who were treated with Lp-TAE combined with HT had a tendency to have better survival rates than those of the Lp-TAE group (p less than 0.099).,1819
-Responsibility for the provision and use of these inhalers in young people is discussed and suggestions made towards their greater control.,1820
-"Of the five that were treated with toxin, four showed complete resolution of symptoms after a course of treatment.",1821
-Six months later she was again prescribed sustained-release verapamil 240 mg in another clinic where the physician was unaware of her previous reaction.,1822
-"""St. Anthony's fire"" may be due to stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors in the peripheral vasculature.",1823
-"Ten days following adrenalectomy, watery diarrhea appeared.",1824
-"The nasal challenge test with a calcitonin nasal spray, up to 150 UI, was negative.",1825
-Fluorinated topical steroids have been implicated as the cause or precipitating factor in previous case reports mainly involving an adult population.,1826
-One of the etiologic factors of this disorder is prolonged prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) therapy of neonates with congenital cyanotic heart diseases.,1827
-"Color Doppler was used to demonstrate a high flow pattern that, unlike in the adult goiter, was associated with hypothyroidism in the neonate.",1828
-"Mycobacterium fortuitum is a rare cause of central nervous system infection; however, shunt infection caused by this organism has not been reported.",1829
-We describe two cases of PSVT that changed to non-sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia after administration of verapamil.,1830
-The latter case was diagnosed by needle aspiration of the cyst.,1831
-Serum and salivary IgA were absent with high IgE serum total.,1832
-The cause of the death was Myelodysplastic syndrome.,1833
-"Hyperglycemia induced by the first product improved after the substitution, suggesting that the Erwinia enzyme may be less diabetogenic than the E. coli enzyme.",1834
-"However BUN and serum creatinine continued to increase and peaked on the following day at 8.6 mmol/l of urea (24 mg/dl) and 194 mumol/l (2.2 mg/ml), respectively.",1835
-CLINICAL FEATURES: The patient was a 22-yr-old obese man with metastatic testicular carcinoma who underwent a left-sided thoracoabdominal retroperitoneal tumour resection.,1836
-"The total amount of vitamin K received from the enteral feedings ranged from 50 to 115 micrograms/day, which is less than the normal daily intake of 300 to 500 micrograms.",1837
-The authors report a woman who took a massive overdose (OD) of carbamazepine (CBZ).,1838
-A wide variety of adverse central nervous system effects have been reported in association with propafenone; dizziness is the most common.,1839
-Early noninvasive neurovascular and neurometabolic imaging is very helpful in choosing candidates for this type of therapy.,1840
-We describe a case of clozapine-induced seizures in a patient with treatment-resistant schizophrenia.,1841
-These studies indicate that rhEPO can be administered safely in very high doses to patients with MDS and that 24% of these patients will respond with increased erythropoiesis.,1842
-In-hospital management of adults who have community-acquired pneumonia.,1843
-"Despite the complicated drug regimen with which the patient was treated, tobramycin was implicated by rechallenge with the drug once before its role was understood and again at an outside hospital.",1844
-Hypoglycemia induced by long-acting somatostatin analogues in a patient with nonfunctional neuroendocrine tumor.,1845
-"Myoclonic movements were noted when the patient arrived at the outpatient infusion center to begin his intermittent dobutamine infusion, and he was sent to the emergency department, where he was treated with calcium gluconate, regular insulin, and lorazepam and was instructed to stop his potassium supplements; he then received his dobutamine infusion.",1846
-"After the oily carcinostatic agents were administered by Lp-TAE, HT, at a temperature of greater than 42.5 degrees C, was induced for 40 min, twice a week by an RF of 8 MHz for a total of 10 to 38 times.",1847
-"The literature, except for anecdotal reports, does not support a significant increase of ulcers in asthmatic patients on either theophylline or steroids.",1848
-"In case #1, the concentrations of quetiapine found were 7.20 mg/L (19 micromol/L) in blood and 0.93 mg/L (2.4 micromol/L) in vitreous fluid.",1849
-The second author concurs with use of Silvadene cream and would avoid any pressure on the area (Dr.,1850
-"Especially in small prostates, care should be taken to avoid this condition.",1851
-The patient had been treated successfully in the hospital with intravenous methylprednisolone.,1852
-Percutaneous drainage of the liver abscess and externalization of the VP shunt were performed.,1853
-"We suggest that the previous classification of nitrofurantoin induced lung injury into ""acute"" and ""chronic"" injury is an oversimplification in view of the wide variety of pathological entities that have subsequently emerged.",1854
-Donepezil may be a valuable alternative to psychostimulants in the treatment of opioid-induced sedation.,1855
-Pravastatin is associated with myotonia in animals.,1856
-"No hemodynamic instability or cardiac or renal sequelae were associated with the large, inadvertent bolus in our patient.",1857
-The delirium was not affected by administration of alprazolam.,1858
-This case also extends the clinical spectrum of cerebral sinus thrombosis to include recurrent transient ischemic attacks alternating with seizures.,1859
-This effect was noted to persist throughout the 15-month observation period with no breakthrough dyskinesia.,1860
-"Two patients with Parkinson's disease with pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) stimulation for gait impairments reported ""trembling vision"" during the setting of the electrical parameters, although there was no clinically observable abnormal eye movement.",1861
-"After previously tolerating ECT well, introduction of moxifloxacin for a respiratory tract infection was associated with prolonged seizure duration despite complete resolution of her respiratory complaint.",1862
-A generalized tonic-clonic seizure occurred a few minutes after injection of the morphine antagonist naloxone.,1863
-"However, reticulocytes were markedly increased in number on the 13th day of hospitalization.",1864
-"After cessation of chemotherapy, the pulmonary lesions resolved and all three patients sustained their remissions.",1865
-Widespread dermatophyte infections that mimic collagen vascular disease.,1866
-Treatment is supportive; phenobarbital and carbamazepine may be used with caution as alternate anticonvulsant therapy.,1867
-Despite a response of the meningeal tumor the patient developed in the third week of MTX treatment a progressive visual loss and loss of consciousness which worsened during subsequent Ara-C treatment and led to death within 3 weeks.,1868
-He was initially treated with intravenous fluids and opiate analgesia.,1869
-"It usually is given by bolus intravenous injection, sometimes in high doses (> 5 mg), even though that is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration.",1870
-Three distinct types of minocycline-induced cutaneous pigmentation have been described.,1871
-"Temporal sequence of his signs and symptoms after each administration of tobramycin (similar to re-challenge testing), and his improvement after discontinuation of the drug strongly suggest an adverse drug reaction.",1872
-We have cared for three children in whom four episodes of dystonia proceeding to opisthotonus occurred in association with carbamazepine use.,1873
-Acute myocardial ischemia following accidental intravenous administration of epinephrine in high concentration.,1874
-"Although TPN appears to be beneficial in some patients with cancer, it is expensive and is associated with several significant disadvantages.",1875
-RESULTS: The production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 by the macrophages of the patient in presence of insulin were dramatically increased in comparison with control subjects.,1876
-He began treatment with dopamine agonists bromocriptine mesylate (in 1984) and pergolide mesylate (in 1989).,1877
-Acute myeloid leukemia evolving from essential thrombocythemia in two patients treated with hydroxyurea.,1878
-Temozolomide is an oral alkylating agent used in the treatment of metastatic melanoma.,1879
-He had experienced only 2 mild peritonitis attacks with fever within 1 year.,1880
-An increase in tumor volume of 25% was observable 15 days after the beginning of therapy.,1881
-The patient could be disconnected from the ventilator and within <24 h was extubated.,1882
-"Endodontic treatment, when possible, rather than extraction is the treatment of choice in patients suffering from such a disease.",1883
-"For one patient, thrombocytopenia due to autoantibodies to PEG-rHuMGDF developed shortly after PEG-rHuMGDF administration and persisted until chemotherapy was administered.",1884
-"One half hour following the ingestion of a possibly tainted antibiotic capsule, a 14 year-old female experienced acute onset of stiffness and weakness in her lower extremities.",1885
-A new case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with human growth hormone therapy in New Zealand.,1886
-"We present three cases of fatal hepatic necrosis in patients with epilepsy taking anticonvulsants, in which the terminal illness presented as an unusually severe generalized tonic-clonic seizure with failure to regain consciousness.",1887
-"Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) peritonitis is a common problem in patients on peritoneal dialysis, and the bacteriological diagnosis is important for the treatment of this condition.",1888
-Mucosal pigmentation after oral lichen planus treatment with topical tacrolimus.,1889
-The distinctive histopathological findings led to the correct diagnosis despite sparse clinical information.,1890
-Theophylline plasma concentration should be determined whenever drugs affecting theophylline clearance are administered simultaneously.,1891
-Use of tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection.,1892
-"Although, not included in the incidence calculation, four patients with CLL were referred at the time of development of AML/MDS.",1893
-"This case series demonstrates that secondary open-angle glaucoma can be a sight-threatening consequence, and periorbital steroids should therefore be used cautiously and sparingly, particularly in those with a family history of glaucoma.",1894
-"Within two months, the ophthalmic abnormalities had resolved.",1895
-One patient was an 80-year-old woman who was admitted for Staphylococcus aureus knee arthritis after several intraarticular injections of sodium hyaluronate and corticosteroids.,1896
-A brief discussion of this case and the use of digoxin-specific antibodies is presented.,1897
-"However, brain metastasis was diagnosed.",1898
-"Blood sugar and A1c were finally stabilized one month after discontinuation of olanzapine (A1c,6.9%).",1899
-Possible long-term teratogenic effect of isotretinoin in pregnancy.,1900
-The ECG monitoring revealed sinus pause with markedly prolonged PQ interval and QRS width.,1901
-We report the outcomes of two pregnancies with first trimester disulfiram exposure.,1902
-Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was consistent with syphilitic meningitis.,1903
-"DISCUSSION: CIPS is hypothesized to result from calcineurin-induced vascular changes that disturb bone perfusion and permeability, leading to intraosseous vasoconstriction and bone marrow edema.",1904
-Corneal edema resolves if sufficient endothelial cell viability is still present after resolution of ushaar keratitis.,1905
-"OBJECTIVE: To test the efficacy and safety of a nicotinic, acetylcholine antagonist, mecamylamine, in the treatment of Tourette's syndrome (TS).",1906
-Three patients received prophylaxis with MB at a dose of 4 x 50 mg day(-1) i.v. for the subsequent chemotherapy cycles.,1907
-Endogenous pneumococcal endophthalmitis after splenectomy: report of two cases.,1908
-"Cotton-wool spots were found in six patients, retinal hemorrhages in four, and branch retinal vein occlusion in one (one eye).",1909
-We report a case of immune reconstitution syndrome in response to antiretroviral therapy in a HIV-positive patient on antituberculosis therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.,1910
-The infants were treated with oral propranolol.,1911
-The vagina was saline-irrigated after realising that the acetic acid had not been diluted.,1912
-Patients with severe disease and taking combination MTX and corticosteroids are at greatest risk.,1913
-It is indicated in many inflammatory skin conditions characterized by polymorphonuclear cell infiltration.,1914
-Adalimumab belongs to the group of tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors and has been approved for the treatment Crohn's Disease since 2007.,1915
-"Several reports also demonstrated the efficacy of rituximab for the treatment of autoimmune cytopenia, especially for cold agglutinin disease.",1916
-"(or=36 is pathogenic).",1917
-Therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome with der(17)t(12;17)(q13;p13) as a new recurrent cytogenetic abnormality after treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia.,1918
-Suppression of endogenous cortisol production and replacement with more physiologic concentrations of glucocorticoid were associated with clinical improvement and appeared to contribute to her recovery.,1919
-We present a 60-year-old woman with anal cancer and liver metastasis.,1920
-1. Changes in the plasma cortisol level were reported in a male patient with panic disorder during the period of low-dose alprazolam treatment (mean 0.62 +/- 0.15 mg/day) compared with during the period of high-dose period (mean 1.08 +/- 0.28 mg/day).,1921
-There are no generally accepted therapeutic regimens for the treatment of fungal peritonitis in patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).,1922
-He rapidly recovered by intravenous hydrocortisone followed by oral prednisone administrations and percutaneous catheter pericardial drainage.,1923
-"RESULTS: Treatment with this topical fluorinated corticosteroid produced a measurable reduction in the size of the hemangiomas, which permitted clearing of the visual axis.",1924
-In this study a case of BP which was difficult to control with systemic steroids was successfully treated with mycophenolate mofetil as adjuvant therapy.,1925
-Photochemotherapy with psoralens and UVA (PUVA) is widely used in the treatment of psoriasis and many other skin conditions.,1926
-This misleading laboratory result and alternative methods of testing for proteinuria in tolmetin-treated patients are discussed.,1927
-"Although trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol (TMP/SMX) prophylaxis has been shown to prevent almost all P. carinii infections, 1%-2% of patients may still experience this complication.",1928
-He had been receiving dobutamine 3 mug/kg/min by intermittent i.v. infusion over four hours once weekly as an outpatient.,1929
-"In a second man the symptoms of prostatism diminished but in the third urinary frequency and nocturia persisted in spite of a reduction in prostatic size, presumably because his symptoms were due to renal insufficiency.",1930
-Successful treatment of poison oak dermatitis treated with Grindelia spp. (Gumweed).,1931
-For pain relief an epidural infusion at the level T1-2 with bupivacaine was started.,1932
-We speculate that platelet activation induced by pFVIII may have contributed to thrombosis and suggest that pFVIII be used with caution in elderly patients with pre-existing cardiovascular risk factors.,1933
-"However, electron microscopy disclosed focal mesangial interposition, irregular thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and subendothelial loosening.",1934
-Chemotherapy was stopped and systemic application of prednisolone was initiated.,1935
-"After the chlorambucil was discontinued, the wbc count began to slowly rise and the patient developed clinical AML.",1936
-Multiple stones and tumor cells infiltration were demonstrated in both kidney.,1937
-"Neurological examination revealed atrophy of small hand muscles, especially in the left dorsal interossei.",1938
-Ibuprofen-induced meningitis: detection of intrathecal IgG synthesis and immune complexes.,1939
-We report a cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG +ve 56-year-old patient who underwent autologous rescue with CD34(+) selected peripheral blood stem cells as part of consolidation therapy for multiple myeloma and subsequently developed CMV colitis.,1940
-De novo absence status of late onset following withdrawal of lorazepam: a case report.,1941
-"The possible causes included underlying artherosclerosis, the use of pneumatic tourniquet, surgical manipulation, and arterial spasm.",1942
-"Although useful in the management of chronic alcoholism, disulfiram is being increasingly associated with a wide spectrum of side effects and untoward medical sequelae, which now include catatonia.",1943
-The infant was monitored by imaging studies followed by ultrasonography.,1944
-It can also be used to treat hematuria through its action on decreasing urinary fibrinolysis.,1945
-"Treatment with diazepam led to resolution of symptoms within 6 hours, and there was no recurrence at 6 weeks' follow-up.",1946
-The injection of bulking agents into the urethral submucosa is designed to create artificial urethral cushions that can improve urethral coaptation and hence restore continence.,1947
-We describe 4 typical cases from the major fields of rheumatology.,1948
-Evidence regarding the remyelinating nature of human monoclonal antibodies raises interest in the potential therapeutic role these antibodies may have.,1949
-The acute reaction to nitrofurantoin is believed to be mediated by an immune mechanism.,1950
-"Dopaminergic drugs, particularly dopamine agonists, play an important role in triggering these nonmotor symptoms.",1951
-Post-PCI fatal bleeding in aspirin and clopidogrel hyper responder: shifting from antiplatelet resistance to bleeding risk assessment?,1952
-Pressure-induced interface keratitis: a late complication following LASIK.,1953
-Unintentional overdose of analgesia secondary to acute dental pain.,1954
-This clinical course suggests that the sensorimotor polyneuropathy may have been caused by 5-ASA.,1955
-"Nevertheless, overdosage and intoxication are well documented.",1956
-The field defects and some electrophysiological abnormalities persist when vigabatrin therapy is withdrawn.,1957
-Gastric variceal bleeding is a serious complication of liver cirrhosis.,1958
-He had a similar urticarial rash 1.5 years earlier with this product and was instructed not to use it.,1959
-Fludarabine induced lung toxicity must be considered in all patients who develop unexplained lung disease while receiving fludarabine.,1960
-This report describes the first case of insulin-induced cardiac failure in a patient without underlying heart disease.,1961
-"In the hospital, she continued to receive TPN without MVI, but continued taking an oral multivitamin preparation.",1962
-Initial treatment including removal of the catheter and antibiotic therapy was unsuccessful and both patients had persistent fever and bacteremia.,1963
-"For neurologists faced with the task of treating PD patients, the available array of medications may be confusing and intimidating.",1964
-"Although this patient had multiple risk factors implicated in the development of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, the infectious potential of inhaled marijuana must be recognized.",1965
-The use of intrauterine Monsel's solution in severe hemorrhage after evacuation of retained products of conception: a case report.,1966
-"Symptoms were slow to resolve after penicillamine treatment was discontinued, and four of the patients needed corticosteroid therapy.",1967
-"Although RA has been shown to confer a significant survival advantage in this disease, animal studies and a previous case report have suggested it could increase the toxic effects of chemotherapy and renal irradiation.",1968
-"Seven patients only smoked at night-time (median dose eight puffs, range two to eight puffs), and eight patients used cannabis mainly during the day (median dose three puffs, range two to eight puffs); the median frequency of use was four times per day (range one to 16 times per day).",1969
-RESULTS: The population consisted of 11 female and 2 male patients with RA.,1970
-"In addition to severe vegetative anticholinergic symptoms, the clinical picture is often dominated by a toxic psychosis with hallucinations, disturbances of orientation, and psychomotoric agitation, aggression, or anxiety.",1971
-The treatment remains the removal of the offending stimulus along with drug therapy.,1972
-"Although HAART is very important in the treatment of HIV, its side effects are responsible for patients' non-adherence to medications.",1973
-"The etiologies of the osteonecrosis in our study included corticosteroid therapy, sickle cell disease and one case of idiopathic osteonecrosis.",1974
-"However, if the increment is severe and producing symptoms, withdrawing the probable causative drug is warranted.",1975
-"Despite treatment with corticosteroids, she had rapid deterioration and died of respiratory failure.",1976
-The patient developed flares of vasculitis symptoms associated with rises in either type of ANCA.,1977
-BACKGROUND: Delivery of tobramycin by inhalation to the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who are infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been proven to be effective and safe.,1978
-Graft versus host-like illness in a child with phenobarbital hypersensitivity.,1979
-"After 39 hours on argatroban, the infusion was stopped when minor bleeding was observed with a concurrent activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of 100 seconds.",1980
-"The timolol was discontinued, and the patient's heart rate increased.",1981
-"We speculated that SLE associated with systemic vasculitis and uremic milieu over a number of years may represent the perfect preexisting condition for calcific arteriolopathy to occur following which several factors including chronic administration of corticosteroids, photosensitivity in lupus, and significant weight loss may have contributed to acral gangrene and mesenteric ischemia.",1982
-Torsades de pointes were preceded and associated with marked QT prolongation and bradycardia.,1983
-Test and teach.,1984
-Pathogenic mechanisms for the development of pseudomembranous colitis and the epidemiology of this condition in patients with AIDS are discussed.,1985
-A case of sinus arrest caused by opening the mouth under general anesthesia.,1986
-Successful intraoperative use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator during liver transplantation complicated by massive intracardiac/pulmonary thrombosis.,1987
-Corynebacterium Group JK pathogen in cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection.,1988
-"Traditionally, charcoal haemoperfusion is used to remove the drug.",1989
-"In both patients with a SAH caused by an aneurysm, transcranial Doppler sonography demonstrated vasospasm of the basal cerebral arteries.",1990
-Further control studies assessing the efficacy and safety of antiandrogen agents are recommended.,1991
-Possible mechanisms underlying her response to this form of treatment are discussed.,1992
-"A 58-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) developed fever, skin eruptions, leukocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia, 3 weeks after treatment with sulfasalazine.",1993
-METHODS: We performed a clinical chart review.,1994
-"Despite satisfactory hemodynamic measurements under general anesthesia, we postulated that she suffered from increased pulmonary vascular reactivity and commenced her on Sildenafil treatment.",1995
-The thrombus was disrupted during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.,1996
-CONCLUSIONS: Platinum-based therapies are vital to the treatment of primary peritoneal and ovarian carcinoma.,1997
-Clinical profile of oxcarbazepine-related angioneurotic edema: case report and review.,1998
-Tacrolimus (FK506)-induced mutism after liver transplant.,1999
-"CONCLUSIONS: Although mirtazapine offers clinicians a combination of strong efficacy and good safety, we suggest bearing SS in mind when prescribing this drug, especially in frail, elderly patients with underlying chronic conditions.",2000
-"SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND DATA: The subjects of this study were patients with intractable pain in donor area after conventional treatments using a transverse incision, which is parallel to posterior iliac crest.",2001
-A case of acute cardiomyopathy and pericarditis associated with methylphenidate.,2002
-"The total number of nucleated cells infused was 0.8 x 108/kg, with CD34+ cells 1.8 x 106/kg and CFU-GM 1 x 104/kg.",2003
-Gold-induced pneumonitis is a rare complication of gold salt therapy.,2004
-"However, in our experience, these patients are sometimes placed on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in accordance with guidelines applying to the general hypertensive population.",2005
-"She underwent a standard protocol for insulin desensitization twice in a 2-month period, with persistence in her symptoms.",2006
-Clomipramine was tapered and reduced to 50 mg over a period of 10 days.,2007
-Pathophysiologic concerns have also been a key reason why physicians have avoided using beta-blockers in patients with diabetes.,2008
-Hypertension develops in most patients after transplantation when immunosuppression is based on cyclosporine and prednisone.,2009
-Intra-articular glucocorticoid injection: an unusual cause of transient hypophosphataemia.,2010
-OBSERVATIONS: We observed aggravation and spreading of a psoriatic plaque when treated topically with the toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 agonist imiquimod.,2011
-The infection was successfully managed with liposomal amphotericin B and functional endoscopic sinus surgery.,2012
-"We report the displacement of a tunnelled intrathecal catheter causing significant cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, resulting in partial coning and a sixth nerve palsy.",2013
-Mean duration of therapy was 5.5 yrs.,2014
-"Liposomal amphotericin B was prescribed at the standard dose of 5 mg/kg/day; however, amphotericin B deoxycholate 5 mg/kg was inadvertently administered (usual dose of the deoxycholate formulation is 0.5-0.8 mg/kg/day).",2015
-A case of hepatocellular carcinoma in a young female is presented in which the apparent etiology was the use of oral contraceptives for 5 1/2 years.,2016
-The complete treatment schedule required the administration of a total of 708 mg of recombinant FVIIa.,2017
-We describe our initial experience of HCQ slow oral desensitization.,2018
-"Although she immediately improved following abortion (within 2 hr, peak airway pressure fell from > 70 to 38 cmH2O, without change in plateau pressure), superimposed morbidities improved more slowly, and the patient made a complete recovery.",2019
-Since the first description by Cullen in 1924 (Surg Gynecol Obstet 1924; 38: 579-582) various case reports have been published.,2020
-More attention should be focused on long term effects of neuroleptics.,2021
-He also experienced improvement in his pain control.,2022
-Emergency management of upper airway angio-oedema after routine dental extraction in a patient with C1 esterase deficiency.,2023
-This report encourages the institution of HAART once the liver graft regains normal function.,2024
-Single case study.,2025
-Recognition of amifostine as the cause of this adverse event may prevent the cost and inconvenience of a hospital admission.,2026
-Possible mechanisms for these findings are discussed.,2027
-"After five months of initiation of treatment, while receiving RHE, he developed painful bilateral gynaecomastia.",2028
-"In two of these cases, it was sufficiently marked for the course of treatment to be curtailed and occurred at a relatively low cumulative dose of the drug.",2029
-"From September 5 to November 4, 1991, four consecutive patients placed on centrifugal ventricular assist devices (VADs) for cardiac failure were supported with Biomedicus pumps coated with the Carmeda bioactive surface.",2030
-The association with etanercept therapy and granulomatous reactions is discussed along with the differential diagnosis.,2031
-Perioperative records were reviewed for use of topical 1:1000 epinephrine and for any intraoperative or postoperative complications related to its use.,2032
-"Praziquantel was ineffective and hazardous, causing some known and some previously unreported responses and reactions.",2033
-"The lactic acidosis occurred in the absence of mitochondrial myopathy, hepatomegaly, or liver failure.",2034
-Additional predisposing factors were the patient's age and difficulty in urination due to benign prostatic hypertrophy.,2035
-"At this time (1994), esophagogram and esophagogastroscopy evidenced varicosities in the lower esophageal section (stage F1).",2036
-INFVA was screened in NPA and/or bronchoalveolar lavage using IF in all BMT recipients having respiratory symptoms.,2037
-The incidence of similar cases seems to increase.,2038
-A CT scan shows diminution in the size of the tumor.,2039
-CASE SUMMARY: An elderly patient with chronic atrial fibrillation and prosthetic valve replacements had been taking warfarin 22.5 mg/wk.,2040
-This study shows that PID patients are susceptible to BCG dissemination and demonstrates the importance of an early diagnosis for their prognosis.,2041
-"The present patient was a 66-year-old Japanese woman who developed a cardiac arrhythmia and was given amiodarone as an anti-arrhythmic agent for approximately 3 months, until the day before her death.",2042
-"For primary ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion in infants and young children, the single-pass tunneling technique is safe and avoids one source of complications.",2043
-Treatment consisted of catecholamines and repetitive infusions of Ringer lactate.,2044
-Hemoglobin levels normalized after administration of enalapril was stopped.,2045
-We conclude that using hemoperfusion is an effective modality which may be used as an adjunct to supportive therapy when there is a need to increase the body clearance of chloramphenicol.,2046
-An attempt also was made through case analysis to examine the association between dynamic aspects of personality and adverse drug effect.,2047
-"The role played by repeated drug prescriptions from general practitioners without appropriate clinical and laboratory controls, and that of our patient's depression are discussed.",2048
-An immediate hemolytic reaction induced by repeated administration of oxaliplatin.,2049
-"The multifactorial pathogenesis of ARF includes (a) a disturbance of glomerular microcirculation (afferent and perhaps mesangial constriction, inadequate efferent dilatation); (b) a disturbance of medullary microcirculation (medullary capillary congestion) attributed to a combination of endothelial damage and tubular dilatation; (c) tubular cell damage which, though rarely in humans justifying the term 'acute tubular necrosis', promotes both backleak of glomerular filtrate and shedding of brush border vesicles; (d) the latter promotes tubular obstruction by casts which consist of Tamm-Horsfall protein and brush border components.",2050
-In a fifth case a 14-year-old boy developed papilloedema after taking a short course of tetracycline for bronchitis.,2051
-"His medical history included ischemic cardiomyopathy, pacemaker placement, ESRD, carotid artery disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.",2052
-There was some evidence of a delayed-type bone marrow toxicity.,2053
-Therapeutic strategy of nephrotic syndrome in patients over eighty.,2054
-"Naratriptan 2.5 mg given each morning, with a second tablet allowed for breakthrough headache, at least 4 hours later, demonstrated a remarkable reduction in frequency and intensity of daily headache.",2055
-"After processing to reduce its toxicity, 'maqianzi' was used as a herbal remedy for rheumatism, musculoskeletal injuries and limb paralysis.",2056
-"The drug was discontinued, his symptoms resolved, and his liver function tests returned to normal.",2057
-"We propose that drug-induced ocular pemphigoid represents a spectrum of diseases ranging from a self-limiting, toxic form to a progressive, immunologic form.",2058
-"Consequently, the treatment was immediately stopped.",2059
-We believe this is the first report of intrathecal diamorphine causing anaphylaxis.,2060
-"In addition, patients should be closely monitored for a possible delayed interaction that may occur with each repeated cycle of 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy.",2061
-A 60-year-old male patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy experienced an electrical storm 1 month after implantation of an internal cardioverter-defibrillator.,2062
-The postoperative course was uneventful and topical steroids were combined with neomycin and propamidine.,2063
-We report a case of myasthenia gravis in which the calcium channel blocker-nifedipine caused the worsening of the symptoms.,2064
-Azathioprine withdrawal resulted after 7 weeks in the resolution of clinical and biochemical abnormalities.,2065
-"Methadone, a synthetic opioid that is increasingly used for the management of chronic pain, has recently been implicated in the development of the prolonged QT syndrome.",2066
-Suicidal digoxin poisoning: conventional treatment and antibody therapy.,2067
-Prominent EPS developed soon after initiation of an atypical neuroleptic agent.,2068
-Early onset of hemophagocytic syndrome following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.,2069
-Two months after the operation in the right eye the patient presented with active infection in the left eye.,2070
-"One percent lindane should continue to remain the preparation of choice for nearly all patients with scabies and lice, but dermatologists should appreciate that these views are not necessarily shared by all health professionals.",2071
-"The case history confirms that gold treatment, even in the same patient, can give rise to a wide range of skin disturbances, which in many cases do not break out until long after the drug has been withdrawn.",2072
-RESULTS: A 69-year-old Saudi man underwent penetrating keratoplasty with donor tissue that was culture-positive for Candida glabrata.,2073
-"In the absence of clinical or morphologic differences, a recent ingestion of minocycline should be excluded before the diagnosis of sporadic autoimmune hepatitis is established.",2074
-"The patient failed to respond to treatment with a conventional dosage of a lipid formulation of amphotericin B (lifoAmB; 5 mg/kg/day) given alone or in combination with itraconazole, and he responded only to an aggressive strategy that included a very high dosage of lifoAmB (15 mg/kg/day) given in combination with itraconazole as well as a rapid reduction in immunosuppression.",2075
-The probable additive toxicity of both agents on the pulmonary tissue is discussed.,2076
-The patient received the interferon for four months.,2077
-OBJECTIVES: A delayed stroke-like leukoencephalopathy has been observed in patients receiving methotrexate (MTX) for childhood leukemia.,2078
-"The patient was positive for antibody against complexes of heparin and platelet factor 4, and was diagnosed as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis syndrome (HITTS).",2079
-"The 5 neonates with antral hyperplasia had received prostaglandin E1 for longer periods (mean [+/- SD] duration, 569 +/- 341 hours) than the 65 normal neonates (54 +/- 58 hours, P less than 0.001) or the 4 neonates with clinical signs of gastric obstruction (119 +/- 60 hours, P less than 0.05).",2080
-The first patient was treated with an intravenous phosphorus infusion.,2081
-"A fatal pancytopenia occurred in a patient with an history of depression with hypomanic rebounds, admitted for a manic episode and treated with levomepromazine, diazepam and lithium carbonate.",2082
-"Toxicology testing confirmed the presence of strychnine in blood, gastric aspirate, and urine.",2083
-This case describes the complications and successful treatment of high-dose intrathecal morphine overdose.,2084
-Thalidomide neuropathy in childhood.,2085
-Stenoses in the left coronary artery were verified angiographically.,2086
-We report a patient with psoriasis and HCL who was treated for 1 week with continuous intravenous infusion of 2-CdA for recurring HCL.,2087
-Pulmonary manifestations of interferon (IFN) use are a rare but well known complication seen with both standard and pegylated interferon alpha-2b (pegIFNalpha-2b) forms of the agent.,2088
-Most patients with FH deficiency associated HUS progress to end-stage renal disease despite plasma therapy.,2089
-Many clinicians appear to be concerned about the potential hepatotoxicity of the opiate antagonist naltrexone (NTX) and this may be one reason why it is not used more widely in treating both heroin and alcohol abusers.,2090
-"She was suffering from an unspecified interstitial lung disease, papillary thyroid carcinoma which had been treated, hypoparathyroidism after thyroidectomy for which she was receiving dihydrotachysterol and calcium, and atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure as a result of mitral stenosis.",2091
-"In any patient with 'unexplained' muscle spasms or convulsions, strychnine poisoning should be included in the differential diagnosis and they should be asked about the use of herbal medicines.",2092
-No change in thrombus size was seen on a followup echocardiogram after 4 days.,2093
-A 17-year-old female patient who had been taking oral minocycline (50 mg twice daily) for 3 weeks for acne developed an eruption that progressed to an exfoliative dermatitis.,2094
-"Although all patients recovered, hemodialysis hastened the rate of recovery.",2095
-The first signs of joint manifestations started one year after HIV seroconversion and resolved when antiviral treatment with AZT was started.,2096
-"Allergic side effects of AZA are rare, and reported allergic skin eruptions from AZA are very limited in Japan.",2097
-RESULTS: Disconnection or damage of the catheter leading to leakage of baclofen into the lumbar swelling could be ruled out by the use of an indium (111) DTPA flow study.,2098
-"Unfortunately, the access device frequently provides a foci for debilitating infections.",2099
-Tissue distribution of olanzapine in a postmortem case.,2100
-Bone marrow chromosomes were studied in 2 patients with polycythaemia vera (PV) at the time of diagnosis and several times subsequently during therapy with chlorambucil.,2101
-"Despite cessation of daunomycin, she demonstrated fluctuating systolic function in relation to ATRA administration.",2102
-A case of congestive heart failure in a child with Wilms' tumor treated Adriamycin is presented and discussed.,2103
-How low can you go? Use of very low dosage of gold in patients with mucocutaneous reactions.,2104
-"We hypothesize that during interferon therapy, melanocytes may produce more melanin pigment in the presence of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and sufficient amounts of tyrosine, leading to melanin deposits and clinical hyperpigmentation.",2105
-"Renal failure is a rare complication associated with the use of rifampicin for the treatment of tuberculosis, usually occurring well into the course of therapy.",2106
-"Since amiodarone was first marketed in 1992 in Japan, the incidence of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) has been increasing.",2107
-The reports of this tragic event in the media horrified a mother in another province.,2108
-Terlipressin-induced ventricular arrhythmia.,2109
-On admission the patient showed signs of incipient cardiogenic shock.,2110
-Our findings suggest that clozapine plus lamotrigine may be helpful in reducing alcohol consumption and craving among patients with schizophrenia and comorbid alcohol dependence.,2111
-Physicians should be aware of the potentially lethal side effects of dapsone.,2112
-Little is known about the behaviour of endogenous thrombopoietin (TPO) serum levels during rapid sequences of dose-intensified chemotherapy.,2113
-An objective causality assessment suggested that the increased mania was probably related to the decrease in VPA concentration and that a possible interaction exists between lopinavir/ritonavir and VPA.,2114
-The development of internal tissue inflammation is reportedly correlated with a shorter interval from the time of completion of radiation therapy to the initiation of chemotherapy.,2115
-The diabetes improved when the treatment was discontinued and worsened on re-introduction.,2116
-"Clinical consequences are discussed and disturbances of the blood brain barrier system as a speculative cause are hypothesized taking previous studies, animal studies and an additional reported clinical case into account.",2117
-Other reports are needed to establish whether such placental findings are common lesions after such therapy and to determine their impact on pregnancy outcome.,2118
-Nail-changes induced by penicillamine.,2119
-"Alertness returned over the 24 hr following by the discontinuation of BH-AC and intravenous administration of diphenylhydantoin, although she complained of intermittent headaches and visual disturbance.",2120
-It represents one of the few documented cases of delayed clearance of echovirus in the cerebrospinal fluid in a patient with normal serum immunoglobulins.,2121
-"We concluded that the recurrent bacteraemia in this predisposed patient was due to re-infection, and that antibiotic treatment (amoxicillin plus an aminoglycoside) resulted in a complete eradication of the infective microorganism.",2122
-"It also illustrates the need for continued clinical evaluation of patients with metastatic prostate cancer, even in the face of PSA response.",2123
-Extraskeletal tumoral calcifications (TC) may occur in patients with end-stage renal disease.,2124
-"CONCLUSIONS: Early recognition of this serious pharmacogenetic syndrome may allow for the modification of future chemotherapy, thus avoiding further life-threatening toxicities.",2125
-Acute pleuropericarditis after coronary stenting: a case report.,2126
-CONCLUSION: A review of the literature shows that this is a particularly uncommon micro-organism.,2127
-Rhabdomyolysis has been recognized as a complication of tocolytic therapy with ritodrine hydrochloride.,2128
-Unaccountable severe hypercalcemia in a patient treated for hypoparathyroidism with dihydrotachysterol.,2129
-An understanding of the proposed pathophysiology of various types of delirium will allow appropriate clinical measures to be taken.,2130
-First case of ivermectin-induced severe hepatitis.,2131
-Subsequent disease evolution to EM major occurred in all cases (Stevens-Johnsons syndrome developed in 73% of patients).,2132
-Life-threatening acute hyponatraemia induced by low dose cyclophosphamide and indomethacin.,2133
-Only minor complications have been reported previously.,2134
-"When pulmonary thromboembolism occurs, early diagnosis by pulmonary blood flow scintigram and early thrombolytic and anticoagulative therapies are necessary.",2135
-Ifosfamide is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of a variety of solid tumours.,2136
-"When the infusion was transiently discontinued, recurrences of polymorphous ventricular tachycardia were noted.",2137
-Disseminated histoplasmosis complicating bone marrow transplantation.,2138
-DATA: A 16-year-old girl was treated with risperidone for mood lability and impulsivity at a community hospital.,2139
-The epigastric pain completely resolved after treatment with ganciclovir.,2140
-The patient received an intravitreal injection of approximately 20 mg of triamcinolone acetonide.,2141
-Discontinuation of these two antibiotics results in an immediate decline of the thrombocyte count to normal values within three weeks.,2142
-"Several cases of nephrotic syndrome occurring after BMT have already been reported, but most cases had membranous nephropathy.",2143
-We report a case of fatal C. neoformans fungemia in a neutropenic patient with a history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with alemtuzumab.,2144
-"Cytogenetic analysis of the bone marrow cells at the time of diagnosis of t-MDS revealed a clonal abnormality; 46,XX,add(7)(p13), der(17)t(3;17)(p11;p13).",2145
-A report of 4 cases.,2146
-Viscoelastic material as an adjunct to dissections and to treat microperforations during nonpenetrating filtering surgery.,2147
-"Since their introduction in 2006, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) Sunitinib and Sorafenib have become the standard of care for many patients with renal cancer.",2148
-Management with intravenous magnesium sulfate.,2149
-"In two patients, adenosine precipitated acceleration of ventricular response, in one case necessitating emergent cardioversion.",2150
-Patients were treated with CPA at the doses of 200-300 mg/d for malignant prostate disease for 3-12 mo prior to the acute manifestation of the hepatic disease.,2151
-He was fed by mouth and had occasional episodes of coughing and choking during feeding.,2152
-"We therefore intended to verify whether a standard (tailored) chemotherapy, without the use of prophylactic blood product transfusions, could be applied during treatment of acute leukaemia under such circumstances.",2153
-Awareness of this route of intoxication might be important in patients in whom neurologic or psychiatric symptoms develop while large amounts of lidocaine cream are being used.,2154
-The patient was discharged after 110 days.,2155
-"In this report and other reports describing successful resuscitation, the total dose of sodium bicarbonate is conspicuously higher than in reports describing extracorporeal interventions.",2156
-We present a report of MRI and proton MR spectroscopy (MRS) findings in an adolescent patient with Down syndrome and Crohn disease treated with metronidazole.,2157
-"Pancreatic enzymes were discontinued, and she was given a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet with satisfactory weight gain.",2158
-To the best of our knowledge no comparable case and no discussion of possible complications of aspirin prophylaxis in patients with brain tumours have been published.,2159
-"Various combinations of antibiotics have been successful in achieving cure; however, at present, high-dose penicillin (greater than 25 million units/day) in combination with an aminoglycoside for a period of six weeks appears to be the optimum therapy.",2160
-"During two courses of cytostatic drug administration peak and trough plasma levels of phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproate sodium were measured.",2161
-the treatment was administered in a two-step process.,2162
-Merkel cell carcinoma after liver transplantation: a case report.,2163
-The patient underwent a successive surgical procedure without any adverse event.,2164
-CASE SUMMARY: A 58-year-old white woman developed fulminant liver failure while being treated with the macrolide antibiotic clarithromycin for pneumonia.,2165
-"CONCLUSIONS: In patients with coronary artery disease, or in situations where cardiovascular stability is desired, glycopyrrolate is an effective means of relieving intraoperative penile erections.",2166
-We report three cases of abdominal wall metastases from ovarian cancer after laparoscopy.,2167
-"Though hypotension, dry mouth, and constipation are well-documented possible adverse effects, the possibility of clonidine-induced bradycardia is less well recognized and is rare.",2168
-The addition of catecholamines to local anesthetics should be considered.,2169
-Magnetic resonance imaging appearance of the shoulder after subacromial injection with corticosteroids can mimic a rotator cuff tear.,2170
-Nystatin was ineffective.,2171
-Concurrent use of warfarin and 5-fluorouracil has resulted in elevated international normalized ratios (INRs).,2172
-It is mainly adolescents who are experimenting with these plants.,2173
-Paralysis after transforaminal epidural injection and previous spinal surgery.,2174
-The patient received OLT because of end-stage primary biliary cirrhosis and was found to have de novo HBV infection 3 months later.,2175
-"Although arachnoiditis, infection, and meningitis have been reported, acute paraplegia has not been reported as a complication of either caudal or spinal epidural steroid injection.",2176
-Temsirolimus-induced glomerulopathy.,2177
-This case suggests the importance of careful observation for extramedullary relapse in patients who are treated with ATRA.,2178
-Electron microscopy revealed selective loss of myosin filaments in many fibers.,2179
-"In transplant recipients, such tumors are more common and more aggressive but their treatment does not differ from the treatment of Merkel cell carcinomas in the general population.",2180
-"PURPOSE: The intravitreal application of triamcinolone acetonide as treatment of long-standing, therapy-resistant cystoid macular edema after penetrating keratoplasty is reported.",2181
-Drug-induced iatrogenic lung disease.,2182
-Dramatic clinical improvement occurred in 2 patients treated with high dose steroids.,2183
-Metastatic osteomyelitis following BCG vaccination.,2184
-Severe slowly resolving heroin-induced pulmonary edema.,2185
-Treatment with naloxone resulted in rapid reversal of signs without sequelae.,2186
-"In the highly active antiretroviral therapy era, an increasingly large number of HIV-infected patients are developing non- AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs).",2187
-An inverse correlation was found between plasma potassium and doses of phosphate (plasma potassium = -0.2 g phosphate + 3.9 r = -0.49; p < 0.05; N = 21).,2188
-"He was of unusual personality and had bizarre ideas on self-regulation of his diabetes, resulting in wide variations of insulin dosage.",2189
-"In addition to reporting this case, we review the literature regarding enteroviral infections after transplantation.",2190
-An intertriginous eruption with histological features of epidermal dysmaturation and an interface dermatitis has been previously reported in the dermatopathology literature.,2191
-"Computed tomography angiography of her chest revealed multiple bilateral pulmonary emboli with a moderate clot burden, which resulted in her hospitalization.",2192
-He had been receiving L-thyroxine therapy following mitral valve surgery.,2193
-Chest x-ray and thorax computed tomography revealed bilateral hilar masses and nodular infiltrations in the lung parenchyma.,2194
-Ventriculo-peritoneal shunting led to complete reversal of hydrocephalus with progressive disappearance of the acute encephalopathy.,2195
-"In addition, cardiac adverse effects usually develop after at least 6 days of therapy.",2196
-"OBJECTIVE: To describe the management of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) with rasburicase in 2 patients who presented with cancer within the first month of life and compare and contrast both cases with respect to their underlying renal physiology, management, and eventual outcome.",2197
-Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis induced by nimesulide.,2198
-This incidence was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that for 3CPs (four of 10 patients) or that for TMA (six of 17 patients).,2199
-Imaging studies showed calcification and fibrosis of the involved muscles.,2200
-We describe a patient with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) who was treated with high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone 2 days after onset of neurologic symptoms.,2201
-The authors discuss the implications of these findings.,2202
-The incidence of this adverse effect in children and young adults who have cystic fibrosis is unknown.,2203
-These features have not been previously associated with infliximab or leflunomide therapy and represent a unique cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction that does not fit any known description of an immune-mediated hypersensitivity reaction.,2204
-The lesions resolved after treatment with topical steroids and also oral allopurinol in one of the cases.,2205
-Analysis of the literature on scrofuloderma between 1978-1993 disclosed that the number of cases with extracervical involvement are increasing.,2206
-Laparoscopic surgery is inappropriate in patients with malignant ascites or when preoperative or intraoperative findings are suggestive of ovarian cancer.,2207
-We report its successful use in the treatment of a nodular basal cell carcinoma.,2208
-We report a case of cerebral arterial air embolism that was followed by a brain computed tomographic scan and magnetic resonance imaging during the first week after onset.,2209
-"Bicalutamide is a new, nonsteroidal antiandrogen with a favorable toxicity profile.",2210
-Her history was remarkable for duodenal ulcer and long-term treatment with a magnesium-aluminum hydroxide antacid (Maalox) and sucralfate.,2211
-"DISCUSSION: Two patients with hypothyroidism had remained euthyroid and stable while receiving 1 levothyroxine product, but became symptomatic with dramatically increased serum TSH concentrations while receiving what were thought to be comparable dosages of another levothyroxine product.",2212
-"He was initially diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and treated with six cycles of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab chemotherapy.",2213
-"In addition to its antiviral action, ribavirin also enhances the Th1 response.",2214
-Acute leukemia following prolonged cytotoxic agent therapy.,2215
-A marked decrease of the free form of protein S was documented.,2216
-Well-known signs of methotrexate toxicity include bone marrow suppression and oral and gastrointestinal ulceration.,2217
-"On fundoscopy and fluorescein angiography, the first signs of a bilateral bull's eye maculopathy were detected.",2218
-"In three patients, carbamazepine was withdrawn, whereupon the deposits disappeared in two and decreased in the third, who changed to another drug.",2219
-Hepatoxicity is a rare complication of SRL therapy and may be connected with some diagnostic and/or therapeutic problems.,2220
-CASE REPORTS: Case 1: A 53-year-old male alcoholic received cyanamide treatment for 4.5 months and completely abstained without cyanamide treatment for 6 years.,2221
-Long-term prophylaxis with TMP/SMX is necessary to prevent the relapse of nocardia.,2222
-Late-onset donor-to-host transmission of Candida glabrata following corneal transplantation.,2223
-Paecilomyces lilacinus infection in a liver transplant patient: case report and review of the literature.,2224
-No severe local side effects were observed.,2225
-Milk-alkali syndrome can present serious and occasionally life-threatening illness unless diagnosed and treated appropriately.,2226
-"We review the medical literature about mucormycosis peritonitis which, albeit rare, carries very high mortality.",2227
-"More recently, extrapyramidal side effects have gained importance because they are significant factors in both the patient's acceptance of the particular drug and his or her social adjustment.",2228
-Leflunomide-associated weight loss in rheumatoid arthritis.,2229
-It is severe enough to require discontinuation of therapy in 1-10 percent of patients.,2230
-CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous followed by intra-arterial therapy is a promising approach to the treatment of severe acute ischemic stroke.,2231
-A 15-year-old boy with previously normal thyroid function is described who developed hypothyroid goiter within six weeks following bipedal lymphography.,2232
-"In nine cases of botulism B infection due to food poisoning acute onset of accommodation paresis, mydriasis, and dry-eye symptoms were the prominent clinical findings.",2233
-We report a 56-year-old woman who was found to have bilateral pulmonary nodules four months after cardiac transplantation.,2234
-Several therapeutic and dietary manipulations failed to control these symptoms in previous reports as well as in an infant we have followed after Nissen fundoplication.,2235
-"In view of limited therapeutic options for her progressive disease, a trial of fluorouracil 300 mg/m(2)/d continuous intravenous infusion over 5 days was initiated without any premedications.",2236
-"OBJECTIVE: We report a patient who developed neutropenia on clozapine, but behind the cell count decrease showed to be a diurnal variation of the white blood cells (WBC).",2237
-Cultures from the site of corneal abscess and vitreous grew coagulase-negative Staphylococcus.,2238
-RESULTS: Evidence of neurological improvement and rehabilitation potential after severe myelopathy due to intrathecal injection of doxorubicin.,2239
-"Among CNS toxicities, generalized tonic-clonic seizures have been reported in both children and adults.",2240
-Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) recently has been publicly implicated as a cause of stroke and other neurologic events.,2241
-These results indicate that rEpo may benefit some patients with MDS and AA who are dependent on red cell transfusions while further studies will be necessary to elucidate the mechanism by which rEpo stimulates erythropoiesis and improves anemia in patients with these diseases.,2242
-"Pneumonitis is emerging as one of the most unpredictable and potentially serious, adverse effects of treatment with MTX.",2243
-"Neuralgic amyotrophy is a rare condition of unknown etiology that has never before been associated with administration of these antibiotics, individually or in combination.",2244
-Myalgias were self-limited and lasted 4-10 days.,2245
-"Although the enuresis ceased, she developed throbbing headaches, nausea, vomiting, paresthesia, lethargy, fatigue, and altered mental status over the next 7 days.",2246
-"We report a case of a 26-year-old woman, who presented with an itchy erythematous reaction and strong oedema localized to the face.",2247
-Supralethal magnesemia with patient survival.,2248
-"Bilateral simultaneous Achilles tendon ruptures are rare, with only ten cases reported in the English literature.",2249
-"Diphenhydramine, a common ingredient in over-the-counter medications, is often taken in overdose.",2250
-Early-onset pentamidine-associated second-degree heart block and sinus bradycardia: case report and review of the literature.,2251
-"In December 1998, he applied to our clinic for a follow-up examination.",2252
-A 69-year-old female with chronic posterior uveitis was treated with cyclosporine while on concomitant oral simvastatin for hypercholesterolemia.,2253
-"A sweat test using pilocarpine iontophoresis revealed a marked reduction in the sweat response, which suggested a postganglionic sweating dysfunction.",2254
-"Most patients (75%) developed the syndrome 6 to 12 months after starting chemotherapy, and 60% were in remission.",2255
-A third patient developed a severe pityrias rosea-like eruption.,2256
-"However, the sphincterotomy did not improve cholestasis.",2257
-"We treated 21 patients with stage D prostatic adenocarcinoma who had had unsuccessful hormonal therapy with a combination of 600 mg. per M.2 per day estramustine phosphate (Estracyt) and 15 mg. per M.2 per day prednimustine (Stereocyt, Leo 1031) in daily oral doses.",2258
-Heat stroke in schizophrenia during clozapine treatment: rapid recognition and management.,2259
-"Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide is useful in the treatment of macular edema; however, accumulation of triamcinolone acetonide particles on the posterior lens capsule may decrease visual acuity and requires surgical treatment.",2260
-"The relationship between BP and chronic renal failure and/or hemodialysis is not clear, but we believe that immune disarrangement due to chronic renal failure and/or hemodialysis may have influenced the pathogenesis of BP in our case.",2261
-Imidazoline intoxication due to overdose or accidental ingestion but also after normal therapeutic usage is frequent in children.,2262
-Treatment possibilities of this multisystem disease up to now remain disappointing.,2263
-Paraspinal muscle impingement causing acute Brown-Sequard syndrome after posterior cervical decompression.,2264
-"After the remission of the hypoalbuminemia and thrombocytopenia, the macular edema observed by OCT disappeared and visual acuity returned to normal.",2265
-"Neurologic examination and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were normal, but interictal EEG showed left frontal epileptiform activity.",2266
-"Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) revealed lymphocyte alveolitis with a low CD4/CD8 ratio (0.36), consistent with an immunoallergic phenomenon, rather than the most often evoked toxic hypothesis.",2267
-Both children were treated with antibiotics and steroids.,2268
-A 28-y-old male with end stage renal failure (ESRF) received an overdose of atenolol.,2269
-Administration of hydrocortisone reversed the mental status changes seen in this patient.,2270
-Malignant myelosclerosis (acute myelofibrosis): report of two cases following cytotoxic chemotherapy.,2271
-Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis was diagnosed.,2272
-The unmedicated eye remains asymptomatic to date.,2273
-We report a case in which the duration of action of 1 mg of vecuronium lasted 4 hours in a patient with severe preeclampsia whose serum magnesium level was in the therapeutic range.,2274
-"Here we report a patient with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia who developed acute focal myositis, synovitis, and possible vasculitis, after receiving all-trans retinoic acid therapy.",2275
-The causal relationship between the drug and the eruption has been based mainly on circumstantial evidence and is further strengthened by the positive result of one or two in vitro tests: the macrophage migration inhibition (MIF) test and the indirect rat mast cell degranulation (MCD) test.,2276
-It is possible that 5-HT2 antagonism is essential for therapeutic benefit in this condition.,2277
-This is the first CT demonstration of widely disseminated living cysticerci in brain and muscles.,2278
-Further studies are warranted into the pathogenesis of this unique phenomenon.,2279
-A 61-year-old man with early diffuse cutaneous scleroderma with myositis and progressive interstitial pneumonia developed generalized erythema with high fever 3 weeks after taking sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim.,2280
-Severe acidosis in patients taking metformin--rapid reversal and survival despite high APACHE score.,2281
-Further investigation is needed to determine the scope of this troubling side effect.,2282
-Pre-treatment evaluation for the presence of arterial shunts to neighbouring organs should be determined in order to avoid complications of SIRT.,2283
-Bevacizumab is a recently developed monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor used to inhibit angiogenesis.,2284
-Successful treatment with carbimazole of a hyperthyroid pregnancy with hepatic impairment after propylthiouracil administration: a case report.,2285
-This case suggests that acute pancreatitis was due to intolerance of high-concentration lipid emulsion.,2286
-A 61-year-old Japanese man with chronic myelogenous leukemia developed pityriasis lichenoides-like eruptions during chemotherapy.,2287
-Mycobacterium bovis dissemination (BCG strain) among immunodeficient Brazilian infants.,2288
-An unusual response to progestin therapy of hyperplasia.,2289
-"Despite the withdrawal of ampicillin and aggressive systemic and wound care, the infant died.",2290
-Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease accompanied by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia 1 year after a second bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.,2291
-We conclude that vincristine and actinomycin D were the cause of this rare from of hepatotoxicity and that chemotherapy for the underlying malignant disease could be given safely after clinical recovery.,2292
-Two patients are presented illustrating some differences between enteral and parenteral feedings in children receiving intensive chemotherapy.,2293
-"Recently, we started to evaluate cardiac parameters in medicated patients with schizophrenia using power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability.",2294
-Patients with cell-mediated immune defects are at higher risk for acquiring infections with Salmonella species.,2295
-OBJECTIVE: Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with gelatin sponge particles and iodized oil often yields poor results when used to treat unresectable multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).,2296
-"Radiotherapy has been the predominant treatment in the past, but more recently multi-modality treatments have been utilised.",2297
-"Of 23 patients with reported outcome, 11 died within a few weeks.",2298
-A complete immunohistochemical study was performed on heart specimens.,2299
-Pain was reduced in severity by day 29 and completely resolved once tacrolimus was discontinued on day 42.,2300
-"DISCUSSION: Fifty percent of VPA is metabolized by glucuronidation, 40% undergoes mitochondrial beta-oxidation, and less than 10% is eliminated by the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes.",2301
-Intravenous epoprostenol was administered perioperatively to control the pulmonary hypertension in both instances.,2302
-CONCLUSION: This observation suggests that IFN in combination with ribavirin may offer an effective therapeutic option for liver transplant patients with severe recurrent hepatitis C.,2303
-It appears that a low dose of mannitol acts as a renal vasodilator while high-dose mannitol is renal vasoconstrictor.,2304
-"In the second case, mild atypical change by presence of nuclear enlargement and rare mitotic figures were noted and PCNA, KI67 levels were less than 2%.",2305
-Mono-octanoin (glycerol-1-mono-octanoate) is a medium-chain diglyceride used to dissolve gallstones.,2306
-"The cystic larval forms (coenuri) are found in hares, rabbits, squirrels, and, rarely, in humans.",2307
-A 66-year old woman with acute pancreatitis was admitted to our hospital with the complaint of epigastralgia radiating to both flanks for two months.,2308
-CONCLUSIONS: Blood data did not always reflect marrow status.,2309
-"Two weeks before angioedema, the patient had started a new topical treatment with a gel containing 10% BP for acne.",2310
-"Both infants initially responded well to medical therapy for narcotic withdrawal, but at 7-14 days of age, withdrawal symptoms intensified, requiring an increase in the dosages of Paregoric (UDL Laboratories, Rockford, IL) and opium tincture in both infants and the addition of phenobarbital therapy in one infant.",2311
-"Because of his chronic diarrhea, this patient underwent colonoscopy, which revealed diffuse erythematous mucosa, multiple ulcers, exudate, and pseudopolyps with a diffuse loss of vascularity.",2312
-"Following CaEDTA therapy, continued recovery of conduction velocities, amplitude of compound muscle action potential, and diminution of conduction block at elbow were observed within a few months.",2313
-"BACKGROUND: Medical therapy for thrombosed valve in pregnancy has become an acceptable alternative to surgery, especially in hemodynamically compromised patients.",2314
-"The infiltrate resolved in response to topical voriconazole, natamycin, and oral voriconazole.",2315
-Mammary gigantism is a rare complication of D-penicillamine treatment.,2316
-Several patients successfully treated with halofantrine without any treatment failure have also been documented in Japan.,2317
-Primary ovarian large B-cell lymphoma in patient with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis treated with low dose Methotrexate.,2318
-"The 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rates were 100, 28.9 and 9.6% in all, and 100, 33.3 and 0% in six patients with portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT).",2319
-An unusual case of psoas abscess complicating one of the earliest performed ileo-anal pouch anastomoses is reported.,2320
-METHODS: An in vitro model was used to determine the extraction ratio of ifosfamide by dialysis.,2321
-Lithium and maintenance ECT.,2322
-"However, the large majority of cases of leukemic transformation in ET are thought to be related to prior therapy, usually radioactive phosphorous or alkylating chemotherapy, and the development of AL in ET is extremely rare in the untreated patient.",2323
-"Four days after intravenous Zoledronic acid, the patient presented to emergency room with complaints of carpopedal spasm and bronchospasm.",2324
-Anterior chamber shallowing was noted in both patients at presentation.,2325
-"Diethyl carbamazine citrate, an inhibitor of release of SRS-A, seemed to shorten the duration of the LAR, although it has no effect on the immediate response and/or on the severity of the LAR.",2326
-HBsAg seroconversion was achieved after an additional 12 months.,2327
-Acquired internal mammary artery to pulmonary artery fistula following bypass surgery.,2328
-Several alternatives presently exist for patients considering surgical rhinoplasty.,2329
-Among the serious systemic complications encountered were three instances of respiratory arrest and one of cardiorespiratory arrest.,2330
-Psychoendocrine sequelae of chronic testosterone deficiency.,2331
-"Ganciclovir is a nucleotide-analogue similar to acyclovir, which has an in vitro activity against herpes simplex type 1, herpes simplex type 2 and varicella zoster virus.",2332
-This unusual cause of mental nerve neuropathy has not been previously described.,2333
-He was transfused with 3 units of packed red blood cells.,2334
-We postulate individual hypersensitivity to FUdR or selective concentration of FUdR in brainstem structures to explain the toxicity in this case.,2335
-Patients with TSHoma-associated autoimmune thyroiditis should undergo careful follow-up for development of Graves' disease after treatment.,2336
-A multicentric retrospective pilot study was undertaken to detect GCV-resistance through mutations within the UL97 gene in renal transplant recipients who experienced active HCMV infection and received valacyclovir prophylaxis.,2337
-The reported risk for developing acute leukemia after treatment of ovarian cancer ranges from 21 to 175 times that of the general population with a prevalence range in treated patients of 0.8 to 2.7%.,2338
-"Most antidepressants and also antipsychotics are metabolized by the polymorphic debrisoquine/sparteine hydroxylase, i.e., cytochrome P450 (CYP)2D6.",2339
-"Frequent measurement of prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, and thrombin time was used to guide fibrinolytic therapy.",2340
-"To our knowledge, broken heart syndrome after opioid withdrawal has not been reported previously in an adult.",2341
-Apomorphine and diphasic dyskinesia.,2342
-We present a case of disseminated cryptococcal infection in a patient with pemphigus vulgaris treated with high dose corticosteroids as monotherapy.,2343
-"In contrast to two other reported cases, our patient was not overtly immunosuppressed.",2344
-Both serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) were negative on admission.,2345
-Cosmetic permanent fillers for soft tissue augmentation: a new contraindication for interferon therapies.,2346
-Knowledge of suspected cases will lead to early recognition and prompt management of this condition in the future.,2347
-Bacteremia due to Enterococcus avium.,2348
-"The uneventful recovery seen in these patients shows the advances made in transplant medicine, including the progress and improvement of immunosuppressive therapy, surgical techniques, myocardial protection, and detection and treatment of infection.",2349
-OBJECTIVE: To report a patient with a large gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) who received multiple blood transfusions intraoperatively and developed a transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI).,2350
-In both patients seizures were associated with discontinuation of short-term agents with high antimuscarinic properties.,2351
-"We report two cases of severe, acute myopathy with selective degeneration of myosin filaments in asthmatics who developed respiratory failure with hypercapnia and acidosis requiring endotracheal intubation, administration of vecuronium and prolonged ventilatory support.",2352
-Secondary leukemia with a translocation (8;21)?,2353
-"Ninety-two microg kg-1 were given thereafter at time intervals of 2 h until 12 h, then every 3 h until 24 h, and every 4 h until 48 h after surgery.",2354
-BACKGROUND: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is used for treatment of lupus erythematosus.,2355
-A case of prolonged suxamethonium apnoea successfully terminated by the infusion of a commercial preparation of serumcholinesterase is reported.,2356
-Probable enoxaparin-induced hepatotoxicity.,2357
-"A presumptive diagnosis of severe bronchospasm was made, and aggressive bronchodilator therapy was instituted.",2358
-"As far as we know, this is the first report in English literature indicating such an adverse effect of pegylated interferon alpha.",2359
-Acute endophthalmitis following intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) injection.,2360
-"We report the case of a 30-year-old male after kidney transplantation, treated with steroids, cyclosporin A and SRL, with steroid-resistant acute rejection in anamnesis.",2361
-Intensive high-flux hemodiafiltration is often used in the management of vancomycin toxicity.,2362
-"Therefore, cidofovir was administered.",2363
-A patient developed optic neuropathy while being treated with isoniazid and ethambutol.,2364
-A patient is described who developed a poorly differentiated sarcoma after cyclophosphamide was used to treat his rheumatoid arthritis.,2365
-This report suggests the importance of searching for the presence of C. difficile and its toxin in patients with diarrhea after undergoing cancer chemotherapy since C. difficile may cause severe colitis.,2366
-A 25-year-old man with a history of mid-borderline (BB) Hansen's disease developing a reversal reaction after starting dapsone and rifampin therapy is presented.,2367
-P. falciparum can be transmitted in a hospital environment from patient to patient by blood inoculum if standard precautions are breached.,2368
-Two boys were treated with methylprednisolone due to acute exacerbations of Crohn disease.,2369
-Allopurinol may be an effective treatment for granulomatous reactions to foreign body particles.,2370
-OBJECTIVE: We identified a group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who were sensitive to both the beneficial and the side effects of intramuscular (im) gold treatment and whose disease was well controlled with doses of gold between 2 mg every 6 weeks and 5 mg weekly.,2371
-A 73-year-old man was admitted for treatment of pleural dissemination that was a recurrence after right lower bilectomy for advanced lung cancer.,2372
-RESULTS: A literature search of publication between 1999 and October 2008 retrieved 34 cases of hepatitis.,2373
-"With the negative viral serologies, the clinical picture was most consistent with an infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome produced by the minocycline ingestion.",2374
-After discontinuation of danazol the diabetes completely resolved.,2375
-"Although lung specimens were lacking from these three patients, it is suggested that the pulmonary toxicity of CCNU may be dose-related.",2376
-Simultaneous scrofuloderma and intracranial tuberculomas: a rare presentation of systemic tuberculosis.,2377
-"A 65-year-old woman, in the intensive care unit because of septic shock and acute renal failure, had a small-bowel obstruction due to Amphojel concretions.",2378
-There were no immediate reactions on prick and intracutaneous testing with the commercial product used by the patient.,2379
-"Recommendations that may help prevent these adverse systemic effects in premature infants include: (1) avoidance of excess subconjunctival anesthetic doses, (2) preoperative administration of systemic atropine to minimize the oculocardiac reflex, (3) consideration of an analgesic agent to decrease the pain and exhaustion, and (4) cardiorespiratory monitoring in a hospital setting, with an intravenous line in place, at the time of treatment.",2380
-"In both patients, no known etiologic factors, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, sickle cell anemia, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, were evident.",2381
-Prompt diagnosis of WE is important because it is potentially fatal and readily treatable with thiamine supplementation.,2382
-Reconciling theory and practice.,2383
-Efficacy and safety of linezolid in multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)--a report of ten cases.,2384
-"RESULTS: Since January 2002, 171 patients with RA have commenced taking leflunomide.",2385
-"Cardiac glycosides are thought to prevent doxorubicin cardiomyopathy by competitively inhibiting doxorubicin at its receptor sites, but ouabain has a much shorter half life than doxorubicin and its metabolites and so is less effective than digoxin.",2386
-Skin biopsy specimens of lesional areas showed a bullous eruption consistent with erythema multiforme.,2387
-CASE SUMMARY: A 41-year-old woman with a history of proliferative glomerulonephritis from systemic lupus erythematosus was admitted with a diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis.,2388
-"The standard of care for treating schizophrenia is to first use monotherapy of adequate dosage and duration, including a trial of clozapine before adding a second agent.",2389
-The progressive regression was remarkable.,2390
-"A response to rhEPO was defined as an increase in hematocrit of 4 percentage points or more over baseline, or the elimination of all transfusions with the hematocrit stable at the baseline level.",2391
-OBJECTIVE: To report the first five cases of amphotericin B overdose with secondary cardiac complications in a pediatric population.,2392
-These three men had no known history of familial or personal thyroid disease.,2393
-Hematological toxicity was moderate even at the 100 mg/m2 dose level.,2394
-"Thereafter, sixteen cycles of immunoglobulin treatment (400 mg/kg) along with corticosteroids were instituted and led to an improvement in subjective symptoms with decreases in level of CPK and LDH.",2395
-Rhabdomyolysis associated with the use of intravenous vasopressin.,2396
-ECM can be easily differentiated from the latter by its typical clinical features.,2397
-Grade IV leucopenia and thrombocytopenia were observed in one of three patients at the 100 mg/m2 dose level.,2398
-The potential anticonvulsant effect of these drugs was successfully reversed by the administration of intravenous flumazenil just prior to the treatments.,2399
-"Unlike Corynebacterium jeikeium, which is highly resistant to beta-lactam agents, aminoglycosides, and quinolones, all strains of C. striatum isolated from the patients described in this report were susceptible to vancomycin and aminoglycosides, and all strains except one were susceptible to penicillin G, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin.",2400
-Trichiasis associated with prostaglandin analog use.,2401
-It is suggested that high dosage corticosteroids may damage the posterior blood-ocular barrier.,2402
-"Her history was significant for coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, chronic steroid use, and recurrent urinary tract infection.",2403
-"Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS) is a rare, potentially fatal, idiosyncratic drug reaction characterized by fever, morbilliform rash, lymphadenopathy, hepatitis, and hematologic abnormalities.",2404
-A case of acute subdural haematoma originating spontaneously from an angiomatous meningioma in a patient receiving prophylactic aspirin therapy is presented.,2405
-Opioid-related narcosis in a woman with myopathy receiving magnesium.,2406
-There was evidence of extrarenal vascular disease in 12 patients and preexisting renal impairment in 13.,2407
-"Herein, we report a patient treated preoperatively with multiple psychiatric medications who developed serotonin syndrome (SS) during the perioperative period.",2408
-It may vary in both presenting characteristics and severity.,2409
-Fifteen patients presented between January 1986 and January 1991 with deterioration in renal function coincident with the introduction of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.,2410
-"In this paper, the authors present a case in which the current American Society for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine guidelines were strictly followed with respect to withholding and reintroducing warfarin and enoxaparin after an epidural steroid injection, but the patient nevertheless developed a spinal epidural hematoma requiring emergency surgical evacuation.",2411
-Acute renal failure most likely was secondary to the nephrotoxic effect of captopril on chronically hypoperfused kidneys.,2412
-"The first patient, who received gemcitabine for treatment of a carcinoma of the pancreas, required hemodialysis for 6 months.",2413
-"This initial coagulation response was followed by a second phase of hematological response (starting on days 15-20) characterized by leukocytosis, occurrence of myeloid progenitor cells in the peripheral blood, and a decrease in bone marrow blasts (<1% on days 28 and 36).",2414
-Postoperative analgesia was withheld secondary to intermittent oxygen desaturation.,2415
-"However, it also highlights the importance of determining a patient's tuberculosis status, initiating prophylactic anti-tuberculosis therapy prior to starting treatment with etanercept, and setting up an adequate treatment regime if the patient develops active tuberculosis during therapy with etanercept.",2416
-"Polyacrylamide gel may have favorable properties for facial tissue augmentation, but a severe granulomatous inflammatory response induced by injection of polyacrylamide gel may occur.",2417
-These data indicate that lithium may limit the therapeutic efficacy of reserpine in tardive dyskinesia.,2418
-There is evidence to suggest that perfusion treatment is even superior to amputation as regards survival; if so an immunological mechanism might be responsible for this effect.,2419
-Hypoglycaemic brittle diabetes successfully managed by social worker intervention.,2420
-A 13-year-old boy was diagnosed as acute lymphoblastic leukemia following radiotherapy and chemotherapy for treatment of medulloblastoma.,2421
-"The serum concentration of cerivastatin showed that the half-life of cerivastatin in this patient was 22.4 h, compared with 2.4 h for normal controls.",2422
-Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare auto-immune blistering disease that can also be life-threatening.,2423
-"RESULT: She presented with severe anaemia (PCV of 0.05), White cell and platelet counts were within normal limits and reticulocyte count of 0.001%.",2424
-Peripheral nervous system disturbances caused by cytosine arabinoside have rarely been reported.,2425
-Solid organ transplant recipients can experience serious disease and death from infection due to the parasitic roundworm Strongyloides stercoralis.,2426
-"In this article lithium is not discussed, although there are a number of concerns about lithium's potential teratogenicity, and it has been implicated in Epstein's anomaly, a congenital heart defect among infants born to women taking lithium; as with other medications, however, the data have specific limitations.",2427
-Two patients underwent penetrating keratoplasty at 22 and 26 months after the onset of symptoms and have maintained clear grafts with no evidence of recurrence.,2428
-"Six months after the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, the patient was asymptomatic and a complete sustained response to hepatitis C was achieved.",2429
-"Clinical spectrum, ancient mutations, and a survey of 100 American referrals to the National Institutes of Health.",2430
-No aggravation of OCD symptoms was noted during mianserin administration.,2431
-We report the case of a 32-year-old man whose monotherapy with various antipsychotic agents failed.,2432
-Volatiles were assayed by gas chromatography-flame-ionization detection.,2433
-CONCLUSIONS: This patient's rhabdomyolysis was probably induced by sertraline therapy.,2434
-The authors describe the clinical and pharmacologic management of a patient who developed an organic affective syndrome during a simulated deep-diving experiment.,2435
-A case of colchicine-induced rhabdomyolysis is reported.,2436
-"Insulin resistance declined with adrenal suppression and infection control, and wound healing improved dramatically.",2437
-She had precordial ST-segment elevation characteristic of acute myocardial infarction and elevated cardiac biomarkers.,2438
-A fatal case of pancytopenia due to levomepromazine.,2439
-"G-banding analyses of bone marrow cells had repeatedly demonstrated normal male karyotype before this event, but t(9;22)(q34;q11) was demonstrated after the event.",2440
-Premature closure of the ductus arteriosus: variable response among monozygotic twins after in utero exposure to indomethacin.,2441
-Long-term lithium treatment attenuated the hypokinetic effect of reserpine in a patient with tardive dyskinesia.,2442
-Only a few reports of overt jaundice are associated with streptokinase.,2443
-"The immediate and short-term TKI side effects are well known, but the long-term side effects have not yet been clearly identified.",2444
-"CONCLUSIONS: In these 3 cases, the unique positive ocular finding was corneal endothelial deposits, which may be related to the use of rifabutin.",2445
-"Multiple periarticular abnormalities appearing on serial radionuclide bone scanning of the cancer patient, particularly when symmetric and in a distribution not suggestive of osseous metastatic disease, raise the possibility of multifocal osteonecrosis.",2446
-CASE: A 58-year-old Caucasian woman was referred to our hospital for chronic unilateral granulomatous panuveitis of the right eye (RE).,2447
-A 29-year-old man had continued treatment with anti-epileptic drugs under the diagnosis of epilepsy for 13 years.,2448
-"The case of a patient with CPH, who had marked epigastric symptoms with indomethacin treatment and responded well to topiramate 150 mg daily, is reported.",2449
-Our case illustrates an unusual presenting symptom of hemoptysis and the need to identify patients who can be at risk of developing this rare condition.,2450
-Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency was present in the former case and was thought to contribute to the lung injury.,2451
-The patient's condition progressively improved to full recovery.,2452
-"Eosinophilia has been encountered from 0.2 to 61.7% in clozapine-treated patients, mostly with a transient course and spontaneous remission.",2453
-Its disadvantage is that therapy may be necessary for several months.,2454
-"When the treatment was completed, her depression substantially improved and her posture became completely upright.",2455
-"Based on these data, we conclude that PSL therapy can ameliorate primary nephrotic syndrome in patients over the age of eighty years.",2456
-We report on a patient who presented an invalidating progressive pelvic dyskinesia while receiving different kinds of neuroleptic drugs for a psychiatric disorder.,2457
-CASE SUMMARY: A 25-year-old postpartum white woman developed multiple watery stools and abdominal cramping on day 6 of therapy with clindamycin vaginal cream for bacterial vaginosis.,2458
-The infiltrate disappeared within 6 weeks.,2459
-"The serum creatinine level gradually declined over 2 weeks, and the patient was discharged home with a serum creatinine level of 1.6 mg/dL.",2460
-These symptoms resolved over a period of five days.,2461
-"Only after three subsequent episodes of severe, symptomatic thrombocytopenia over the next four weeks did he say, upon repeat questioning, that he had continued to take quinine for night leg cramps.",2462
-We have reported the first case of successful treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis in a renal allograft recipient using a short course (14 days) of amphotericin B in combination with prolonged therapy (161 days) with ketoconazole.,2463
-She has persistent proteinuria and is currently undergoing a trial of high-dose steroid therapy.,2464
-Skin biopsy revealed multiple superficial thrombosed vessels with focal epidermal necrosis as well as prominent interstitial mucinosis.,2465
-"A scan of fetal neck region is recommended in patients with current or previous history of thyroid disease, or if neck extension is noted on routine examination of fetal spine.",2466
-Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia after living donor liver transplantation: Report of a case.,2467
-"We identified NAT2*6/*7 in one patient, and NAT2*6/*5 in the other, suggesting that both were slow acetylator phenotypes.",2468
-"The first case, a 16-year-old African American male with an absolute CD4+ cell count of 314 cells/mm(3), presented with an abrupt rise in serum creatinine leading to irreversible renal failure while on TDF-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).",2469
-Pancytopenia is already present in GD patients and it is reasonable to expect an increased risk of hematological toxicity in treating solid tumors in these patients.,2470
-CONCLUSIONS: Good visual outcome after early debridement and appropriate antibiotics was achieved.,2471
-Scleritis complicating zoledronic acid infusion.,2472
-The skin lesions healed over the next month.,2473
-"Methadone is recommended as being free of some of the neuropsychological side effects noticed with morphine, which are attributed to active metabolites.",2474
-The recipient cases were 46- and 25-year-old male patients who suffered from end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy and had been listed for cardiac transplantation in the Japan Organ Transplantation Network as status I candidates.,2475
-"However, the patient continued to deteriorate and developed CMV pneumonitis.",2476
-"The remaining 12 received three or more courses of treatment, and three of these patients achieved a complete response.",2477
-"To our knowledge, this report describes the first cases of C. striatum causing infection of exist sites of central venous catheters, thrombophlebitis associated with central venous catheters, conjunctivitis, and chorioamnionitis as well as a possible pathogen contributing to peritonitis and pyogenic granuloma.",2478
-Flavimonas oryzihabitans (CDC group Ve-2) bacteraemia associated with Hickman catheters.,2479
-All seven patients were receiving INH daily for tuberculosis (TB) prophylaxis.,2480
-This case illustrates that PCR is a rapid technique for the early diagnosis of TA-GVHD.,2481
-Clinicians should be aware of this potential adverse effect of a widely used drug.,2482
-Severe cardiomyopathy following treatment with the tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor adalimumab for Crohn's disease.,2483
-The experience obtained from the medical management of these patients is valuable for the treatment of such patients in the future.,2484
-They require immediate discontinuation of the drug and a washout procedure to hasten drug elimination from the body.,2485
-We reevaluated his cardiac parameters.,2486
-Tardive oculogyric crisis (OGC) is a dystonic syndrome that starts after long-term use of dopamine receptor antagonists.,2487
-They are proof of a disturbed GABA metabolism in pyridoxine dependent seizures.,2488
-Management of pericatheter cerebrospinal fluid leak after intrathecal implantation of a drug delivery system.,2489
-Mooren's ulcer is a rare disease of presumed autoimmune aetiology.,2490
-"Thereafter, the patient's renal function slowly worsened and she started chronic hemodialysis 5 years later.",2491
-Cholesterol-lowering agents have been demonstrated to decrease hepatic lipids in Niemann-Pick type C patients.,2492
-We report the case of a 43-year-old man with ITP refractory to steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after a single infusion of rituximab.,2493
-Hypo-oestrogenic and anabolic/androgenic side-effects of danazol are well known by the gynaecologist and some of them are present in > 50% of patients being treated for endometriosis.,2494
-"After treatment with aripiprazole was started, the patient was inadvertently given an inactive drug, resulting in a worsening of her hemiplegic episodes, which improved again on rechallenge.",2495
-During cytotoxic treatment of a child with leukemia we describe the longitudinal course of ionized calcium in a complex syndrome of hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism.,2496
-"IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses must understand the pharmacology, mechanism of action, clinical presentation, potentially lethal risks, and traumatic psychosocial stresses experienced by DPD-deficient patients with cancer receiving 5-FU therapy in order to develop timely interventions and alternative plans of care.",2497
-Caution should be taken when designing estrogen-related experiments involving Brown Norway rats and other potentially sensitive strains.,2498
-"A 72-year-old patient was submitted to an elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and a tubular adenocarcinoma in the gallbladder was incidentally diagnosed.",2499
-Treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin followed by a heparinoid resulted in slow healing of the ulcers but also allowed the subcutaneous interferon injections to be continued.,2500
-"Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis is an important opportunistic infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, estimated to occur in 20,000 to 40,000 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the United States by 1991.",2501
-CASE SUMMARY: An AIDS patient experienced an exacerbation of cytomegalovirus retinitis and was treated with foscarnet.,2502
-Symptoms resolved spontaneously and completely after 48 h.,2503
-We present a rare case of a thrombus at the aortic arch found 1 month after cisplatin-based chemotherapy in a 50-year-old patient with a diagnosis of small cell lung cancer; there were no symptoms related to the thrombus.,2504
-Membranous nephropathy in rheumatoid arthritis.,2505
-"In light of the widespread use of bleomycin, this complication may be under-appreciated.",2506
-This case is the eleventh to report this condition.,2507
-OBJECTIVES: Successful excision of the mass and identification of the causative agent by histologic and microbiologic studies.,2508
-"In the other patient, APL was diagnosed 46 months after liver transplantation for congenital biliary atresia.",2509
-DISCUSSION: Drug-induced LABD is a variant of classic or idiopathic LABD.,2510
-Increased awareness is needed on the possible occurrence of LPD resembling gastric cancer in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with MTX.,2511
-The purpose of this article was to provide a detailed review of the role of TNF-alpha in controlling hepatitis B viral infection and the clinical impact blockade might have on viral control.,2512
-It is hoped that this case report creates awareness that ofloxacin-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis is possible.,2513
-We describe two cases of drug-induced myopathy during long-term treatment of chronic hepatitis B with clevudine.,2514
-The present case is a young adult who had severe almost continuous hiccups for 3 years after placement of a feeding gastrostomy and Nissen fundoplication.,2515
-Localized panniculitis and subsequent lipoatrophy with subcutaneous glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) injection for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.,2516
-The safety of concurrent use has also to be balanced when lithium treatment is started within an ECT course.,2517
-CONCLUSIONS: X maltophilia is a potential intraocular pathogen in an immunocompetent host.,2518
-All of these have been able to reduce oral prednisone doses.,2519
-Two anaphylactic deaths after chemonucleolysis.,2520
-Recent studies have reported that patients with GD are at an increased risk of developing malignancies.,2521
-Both patients responded to intravenous administration of diazepam 10 mg and were given levetiracetam as maintenance therapy.,2522
-"Here we report the case of a 43-year-old Japanese woman with acute myelogenous leukemia who underwent 2 unrelated cord blood transplantations (UCBT), terminating in fatal disseminated tuberculosis (TB).",2523
-RESULTS: Five patients were identified.,2524
-We also review DCL to emphasize the importance of recognizing and treating this evolving disease in the growing population of patients on immunorestorative therapy.,2525
-"We describe a case of poisoning with 3,4-methylenedioxymet-amphetamine Ecstasy that presented with all the features suggestive of a fatal outcome, including a creatinine phosphokinase level markedly higher than any previously reported.",2526
-Hypotensive shock and angio-oedema from angiotensin II receptor blocker: a class effect in spite of tripled tryptase values.,2527
-A 36-year-old patient with HIV developed a set of progressive left hemiparesis and secondarily generalized partial seizures related to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.,2528
-"Thereafter, the FK506 concentration in whole blood gradually decreased, and the hyperkalaemia and metabolic acidosis following RTA improved.",2529
-It may induce rapid apoptosis and subsequent tumor lysis syndrome.,2530
-"While this could be a chance association, it does raise the question if her neurologic manifestations could be secondary to scleromyxedema.",2531
-The need for professional support for the carers of such patients should be recognized.,2532
-We report three cases of IFN beta induced hepatitis in MS and discuss the pathology findings and possible mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury.,2533
-Prior reports have emphasized the tubular and interstitial lesions associated with intermittent or discontinuous rifampin therapy for tuberculosis.,2534
-"In this case, immediate discontinuation of the chemotherapeutic agent apparently reversed the patient's symptoms and findings on MRI.",2535
-"Dermatological signs are found in 50% of cases, and are often diagnostic.",2536
-Continued study of the specific mechanisms leading to ventricular tachycardia and sudden death are needed in order to control this increasingly prevalent clinical problem.,2537
-"Before the myocardial infarction, the patient was in good condition, normotensive, non-diabetic, non-obese.",2538
-"Treatment for 1 year or longer decreased tumor secretion of gastrin and diminished basal acid secretion, an effect that persisted for 48 hours after withdrawal of SMS.",2539
-"Simultaneously, systemic dexamethasone and calcium folinic acid were given.",2540
-He received blood transfusion and recombinant human granulocyte colong-stimulating factor (filgrastim).,2541
-"Endoscopy showed a normal colon, histopathology of random biopsies of all sections of the colon demonstrated the characteristic features of collagenous colitis.",2542
-Tumor-volume increase at beginning of primary treatment with topical interferon alpha 2-beta in a case of conjunctiva-cornea intraepithelial neoplasia.,2543
-"Magnetic resonance imaging brain showed features of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, a recognised but rare complication of hypertension in children.",2544
-"Three patients, 2 with tardive dyskinesia and 1 with senile chorea, were successfully treated with corticosteroids during an observation period of up to 5 months.",2545
-One expert would order a CT scan to rule out facial fractures (Dr.,2546
-The clinical and laboratory findings in two cases of aerobic Corynebacterium Group JK infection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts are described.,2547
-"Although drug-induced allergic nephritis (DIAN) is one of the most common problems seen by nephrologists, its true frequency is probably underestimated.",2548
-Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm associated with nifedipine treatment.,2549
-a 67-year-old man with bipolar disorder developed a Creutzfeldt-Jakob like syndrome during lithium carbonate treatment.,2550
-"He was transferred when he developed pancytopenia, fever, severe mucositis, ileus and peripheral neuropathy.",2551
-"His serum carbamazepine concentration was 3.9 microg/mL (reference range, 4-12 microg/mL), and his serum ammonia concentration was 127 microg/dL (reference range, 19-60 microg/dL).",2552
-Bradycardia and congestive heart failure associated with ocular timolol maleate.,2553
-"The QT interval must be measured on the ECG in patients with unexplained seizures; ""supraventricular tachycardia with aberration"" is uncommon in children.",2554
-We discuss the association of immune suppression and melanoma.,2555
-Lenalidomide is an important contemporary treatment option for patients with multiple myeloma (MM).,2556
-A lumbar epidural catheter was placed preoperatively for pain management.,2557
-"More than 4 years later, the patient continues to be troubled by persistent paraparesis and chronic pain.",2558
-"Six months later, amiodarone treatment was reinstated due to life-threatening tachyarrhythmia; however, the patient remained euthyroid.",2559
-"Definitive diagnosis was obtained after a mean period of 4.5 weeks (range, 12 days-8 weeks) from onset.",2560
-"Accordingly, a practical and safe approach to MAOI dietary restrictions remains an essential component of patient management.",2561
-CONCLUSIONS: The increase in Accutane use observed among females may be exacerbated by advertising.,2562
-The authors describe a case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome that occurred in a patient on amitriptyline and lithium carbonate.,2563
-This report describes a case of acute compromise of renal function associated with hypotension in a 7-year-old boy treated with the ACE inhibitor lisinopril and the ARB losartan.,2564
-"A clinically atypical, neuropathologically verified case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is described in a 32-year-old New Zealand woman with idiopathic hypopituitarism who had been treated in late adolescence (1970 to 1973) with human growth hormone processed from pooled cadaveric pituitary glands.",2565
-"All patients presented with sudden, very marked decrease in vision, with little or no pain, tenderness, conjunctival redness, or discharge.",2566
-Organisms that may be associated with an enteric source should prompt a thorough gastrointestinal evaluation.,2567
-"Recent studies show that patients with other injury patterns do not appear to have significant differences post trauma, although the data about such outcomes is sparse.",2568
-"After extensive neurological 'work up', we realized that the anisocoria was related to the transdermal scopolamine patch that we had prescribed for weaning off the opioid.",2569
-Successful treatment of influenza A virus by oseltamivir in bone marrow transplant recipients.,2570
-This implies that TNFalpha may play an important role in the development of this condition.,2571
-Portal vein thrombosis in a patient with severe haemophilia A and F V G1691A mutation during continuous infusion of F VIII after intramural jejunal bleeding--successful thrombolysis under heparin therapy.,2572
-"Following steroid withdrawal and institution of gammaglobulin, the patient grew 6 inches within 2 years, regaining his vision, retrieving his stature, and normalizing his psychosocial development.",2573
-Interstitial pneumonitis associated with sirolimus: a dilemma for lung transplantation.,2574
-"Besides those manifestations, the patient also showed mucocutaneous lesions that were both clinically and histologically indistinguishable from those of pustular psoriasis.",2575
-"RESULTS: Amino acid PET, performed when the lesions were still small, showed multiple small areas of mild uptake in close correlation to the MRI lesions.",2576
-"When the data of the 57 patients are evaluated, a reversible direct cytotoxic effect of ticlopidine on the pluripotent/bipotent hematopoietic progenitor stem cell is proposed.",2577
-Cultures of the anterior chamber were positive for Candida glabrata.,2578
-All evidence suggests this was an idiosyncratic response to either hepatitis A or yellow fever vaccination.,2579
-Coexistence of bulimia nervosa and mania: a literature review and case report.,2580
-We have safely used recombinant factor VIIa to treat bleeding in the immediate and long-term period following PCC-related MI.,2581
-This case and a review of the literature show the severe and unpredictable nature of ethambutol toxicity and its potential for irreversible vision loss despite careful ophthalmologic monitoring.,2582
-Two patients who received granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) before or during radiotherapy are reviewed.,2583
-"Care must be taken in the management of lumbosacral intradural tumors because tumors resembling neurilemmoma may in fact represent meningioma, some subtypes of which possess a high rate of recurrence.",2584
-A 64 year old woman with previous history of coronary stenting five days before was admitted in our institution for intracranial bleeding while receiving aspirin and clopidogrel.,2585
-"On examination, multiple erythematous and brownish hyperkeratotic papules were seen in both axillae.",2586
-Kidney biopsy revealed ischemic glomeruli and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis lesion.,2587
-No adverse effects were observed.,2588
-The third patient developed liver and marrow toxicity on day 3 and died on day 9.,2589
-A case of stage 4 neuroblastoma that developed excessive hypertension on day 120 of chemotherapy is presented.,2590
-CONCLUSIONS: Jet-injection devices might constitute a helpful method to treat those patients affected by severe human insulin-induced lipoatrophy.,2591
-We describe a patient with M4 AML treated with standard chemotherapy followed by G-CSF who developed marked monocytosis on day 8 of G-CSF therapy.,2592
-A case is presented in which amiodarone was administered to suppress paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in a patient with an idiopathic cardiomyopathy.,2593
-"Over a two month period, these patients presented to the accident and emergency (A&E) department with acute dental pain, outside normal working hours, having been unable to access emergency dental care.",2594
-"This property is similar to that of other lipophilic agents such as amiodarone, chloroquine, chlorpromazine, quinacrine, and suramin.",2595
-He recommends evaluation for a pulmonary or ophthalmologic injury.,2596
-Transvaginal ultrasonography is a very sensitive test and therefore is often performed as a first-line screening test.,2597
-"Debris was probably flushed into the external carotid artery, and passed through an anastomosis into the ophthalmic artery, resulting in retinal artery embolization.",2598
-Herein we present a woman with bilateral lower extremity rest pain and a history of chronic ergot use for migraine headaches.,2599
-PURPOSE: Small-cell esophageal carcinoma (SCEC) is a rare disease for which standard therapy has not yet been established.,2600
-"RESULTS: Despite treatment with various neuroleptics, the psychosis resolved only when the interferon/ribavirin were discontinued.",2601
-"Careful assessment of all VADs is important to identify complications such as fibrin sheath formation, which can potentially lead to extravasation.",2602
-She was discharged with oral levofloxacin to complete an additional 3 days of treatment as an outpatient.,2603
-"At the time when the leukemia appeared seven of the patients were in complete, and one in partial, remission as regards the ovarian carcinoma.",2604
-A 16-year-old girl with refractory AML received unmanipulated BMT from an unrelated donor.,2605
-"Levosimendan (LS) is a novel calcium sensitizer drug that enhances cardiac contractility without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption, and induces vasodilatation.",2606
-This case demonstrates the value of DWI in evaluation and diagnosis of sub-acute toxic leukoencephalopathy in patients being treated with methotrexate.,2607
-"Physicians should suspect pulmonary toxicity in patients with respiratory distress after gemcitabine chemotherapy, mainly in elderly patients.",2608
-None of these patients experienced a relapse of their PTLD with follow-up ranging from 1.5 to 5 years.,2609
-Doctors should be aware of the possible ocular side effects of methylphenidate.,2610
-Amiodarone is well recognized as an anti-arrhythmic drug containing a high dose of iodine with considerable potential to cause thyroid dysfunction.,2611
-"An extensive MEDLINE search located 22 other reports of patients who developed HDAs, sometimes associated with thrombosis, but whose platelet counts did not decrease.",2612
-Post-radiation necrosis of the larynx is a major complication after irradiation and has become rare.,2613
-Lithium's effect of parathyroid hormone.,2614
-Its prevalence in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been estimated from several retrospective and prospective studies to range from 0.3% to 18%.,2615
-RESULTS: [1] Mucin secretion was increased by 63% over the controls in the VVR in vitro group (p < 0.01).,2616
-"Two weekly injections of 25 mg of the tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitor etanercept led to a rapid improvement of his psoriatic arthritis, as well as regression of the pustular eruption, while residual erythema was still present.",2617
-"We studied a series of patients to determine the onset, visual significance, treatment, and recurrent nature of these pigmented membranes in patients who underwent surgery with silicone lens implantation.",2618
-"A diagnosis of tuberculous uveitis was established; the patient was treated with rifampin, isoniazid pyrazinamide, and ethambutol and etanercept was stopped.",2619
-DISCUSSION: No published clinical studies in patients receiving clindamycin vaginal cream for bacterial vaginosis have documented C. difficile toxin in stool samples of patients with diarrhea.,2620
-The clinical course was favorable and the patient achieved full hepatic recovery 3 months after the hepatic failure was detected.,2621
-Super potent topical corticosteroid use associated with adrenal suppression: clinical considerations.,2622
-This is the first reported case of suspected DIAN due to cefuroxime.,2623
-"This case reveals that HPS could develop after alloBMT, even when engraftment of hematopoietic cells is not confirmed.",2624
-No clinical side-effects or evidence of systemic activation of coagulation occurred during the treatment.,2625
-RESULTS: Two patients with ocular inflammation of unknown origin developed severe chorioretinitis after IVTA injection.,2626
-"Initially, the patient was treated with topical and systemic antibiotics, and corneal epithelium quickly regenerated.",2627
-"The itch spread to the arms, abdomen and legs and the patient treated himself with clemastine and the itch disappeared.",2628
-The literature on thiabendazole-induced cholestasis and its association with sicca complex is reviewed.,2629
-Chemotherapy-induced Raynaud's phenomenon leading to acral gangrene has rarely been reported.,2630
-"On the 6th day of chemotherapy, she was in a drowsy state following generalized tonic clonic seizure lasting 20 minutes.",2631
-This can potentially complicate further intervention should restenosis occur.,2632
-The MRI showed marked vascularity and neovascularity of the tumor.,2633
-A 15 Year old female patient with Sturge Weber Syndrome is presented.,2634
-"In those patients who found the commercially available cream uncomfortable, a 1% clotrimazole suspension formulated in artificial tears was used and found to be well tolerated.",2635
-"The observation of responses in 3 patients with T315I phenotype-refractory CML or Ph-positive ALL, at doses of MK-0457 associated with no significant extramedullary toxicity, is very encouraging.",2636
-"While the introduction of carmustine wafers (Gliadel wafers) into the tumor resection cavity has been shown to be a beneficial therapy for malignant glioma, it is recognized that clinically significant cerebral edema is a potential adverse effect.",2637
-"No severe side effects were observed in the liver, kidney, blood or the eyeground.",2638
-We report on a case associated with atenolol.,2639
-"This observation illustrates that a coved ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads should not be, systematically, regarded as a marker of a specific syndrome, but may also reflect a common electrical manifestation of abnormalities in the right ventricle or pericardium.",2640
-"Calcipotriol (Daivonex R; Leo Pharmaceuticals, Zurich, Switzerland) may cause irritation of the skin, whereas allergic reactions are less common.",2641
-Arrhythmias and cardiac arrest have been reported during amphotericin B administration but no effective technique has been described to prevent them.,2642
-"Aminoglycoside-induced renal tubular dysfunction could result in diffuse damage or manifest as a Fanconi-like syndrome, Bartter-like syndrome, or distal renal tubular acidosis.",2643
-"CASE REPORT: 1.5 years after resection, hyperfractionated radiotherapy and chemotherapy of an anaplastic ependymoma in the right parietal region, the cranial MRI of an 11-year-old girl showed multiple small contrast-enhanced lesions in the frontal cortex.",2644
-She had received subcutaneous heparin as prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis during a 5-day hospitalization for postpartum cardiomyopathy.,2645
-TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Exploratory surgery of the coelomic cavity was performed and the neoplasm was excised.,2646
-This syndrome resolved after cessation of pergolide therapy and a switch to pramipexole dihydrochloride.,2647
-"CONCLUSIONS: To avoid and protect themselves against potential abandonment allegations when termination of the physician-patient relationship is warranted, physicians are advised to consider following the outlined procedures.",2648
-"A thorough hematologic examination revealed von Willebrand's disease, which the patient was not aware of.",2649
-The frequency of compensatory hyperhidrosis often reflects the extensiveness of the denervation.,2650
-"During the management of intracranial hemorrhage, hyperkalemia developed.",2651
-"The patient was started on low molecular weight heparin, which resulted in resolution of her clinical condition.",2652
-The other author believes tympanoplasty should be performed prior to reconstruction (Dr.,2653
-"Microdeletions of 22q11.2 are the main etiology for DiGeorge syndrome, a disorder characterized by heart defects, immune deficiencies due to aplasia or hypoplasia of the thymus, and hypocalcemia.",2654
-Gold nephropathy: tissue analysis by X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy.,2655
-SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Meningiomas are known to enlarge in response to female sex hormones.,2656
-Diagnostic testing could not be completed due to lack of clinical response to dexamethasone.,2657
-"The focus of this case report is to create awareness within the clinician that, in addition to evaluating the patient for the disease related issues that may affect the oral cavity and dentition, a total management plan should include factors beyond the structural oral problems related to the cancer.",2658
-Atypical necrotizing scleritis after strabismus surgery.,2659
-PURPOSE: To report a case of Serratia Marcescens corneal ulcer as a complication of orthokeratology treatment.,2660
-We report a fatal case of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) resulting from a high dose of cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C).,2661
-"However, 1 eye had vitreous hemorrhage after repeated injections of tPA.",2662
-"But when corticosteroid eyedrops were added, there was a recurrence of the keratitis.",2663
-Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was suspected as a possible etiologic or modifying cofactor in TEN in this case.,2664
-"At autopsy, a disseminated fungal infection was found.",2665
-Screening for celiac disease with detection of anti-endomysium antibodies would be done in susceptible patients.,2666
-This rash rapidly progressed to painful hardening of the area.,2667
-"However, the thrombocytosis did not resolve.",2668
-"The TC usually develop in the presence of secondary hyperparathyroidism or a high calcium x phosphate product, while other factors have been also occasionally implicated in their development.",2669
-"Ishihara color plates showed a marked, acquired color vision defect O.D., O.S.",2670
-Autopsy revealed that the lung/bodyweight ratio was 0.0096 (>0.015) and pulmonary hypoplasia was noted.,2671
-RESULTS: Both patients experienced a previously unreported side effect--falling backward--associated with bupropion use.,2672
-A 57-year-old woman was scheduled to receive recombinant interferon-alpha retreatment for chronic active hepatitis C.,2673
-Worsening of obstructive sleep apnoeas in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor.,2674
-Personality factors and drug effects in a controlled study of cyclazocine.,2675
-"Radiation myelopathy is a rare, devastating, late effect of radiotherapy to the spinal cord.",2676
-No side effects or drug interactions were observed.,2677
-Pediatric neurosurgeons commonly instill vancomycin into the ventricles to treat shunt infections.,2678
-Other possible causes of hepatotoxicity were excluded.,2679
-Effectiveness of milnacipran for the treatment of chronic pain: a case series.,2680
-Rapid detection of causative pathogen of peritonitis using in-situ hybridization in a patient with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.,2681
-"On the third post-procedural day, the laboratory results showed increases in his uric acid and potassium levels, which were compatible with a tumor lysis syndrome.",2682
-An unusual cause of hypocalcaemia: magnesium induced inhibition of parathyroid hormone secretion in a patient with subarachnoid haemorrhage.,2683
-The relation between tacrolimus treatment and staining was suggested by the appearance of pigmentation during topical tacrolimus treatment and its clinical disappearance when treatment was stopped.,2684
-This patient was treated successfully by surgical excision of the affected segment of ileum together with intravenous ganciclovir.,2685
-"Various treatment modalities, such as an epidural blood patch, use of glue, removal of catheter, and surgical closure of dura and subdural blood patch, have been reported previously.",2686
-"Methemoglobinemia may occur in a number of drug or chemical ingestions, but a comprehensive review of the literature failed to identify a similar reported case.",2687
-The diagnosis can be made after the exclusion of other causes of rheumatoid lung when the patient's poor respiratory status precludes invasive exploration.,2688
-Photodynamic therapy and intravitreal triamcinolone were used in an 84-year-old man with choroidal neovascularization in the left eye.,2689
-"Baseline and follow-up examinations should include: Snellen acuity, Farnsworth D-15 color testing, automated threshold perimetry and optic nerve head photography.",2690
-Amiodarone-induced dysthyroidism.,2691
-"Five of 610 adults developed chickenpox between 35 days and 9.2 years after renal transplantation, and only one patient survived.",2692
-Intravenous injection of diazepam caused a rapid normalization of the EEG with disappearance of the clinical manifestations.,2693
-During a second FAB infusion (400 mg) the patient reverted to regular AV-conduction.,2694
-"Though they are generally considered safe, there have been a few reports of myocardial infarction and stroke associated with triptan use.",2695
-"Over 2 months she had been drinking high doses of natural grapefruit juice which, combined with long-term colchicine therapy and a viral upper respiratory tract infection, increased her susceptibility to the drug.",2696
-The neurologic toxicity can vary from being mild to severe and prolonged.,2697
-"Doxorubicin, bleomycin, dacarbazine, and prophylactic pegfilgrastim (a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor), were administered.",2698
-Aggressive management of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy associated with 'low' doses of doxorubicin.,2699
-"However, in the rare case of postoperative patch leakage, a relapse of a pseudoaneurysm may occur.",2700
-"CONCLUSIONS: Because blebitis may be prodromal to endophthalmitis, aggressive antimicrobial therapy, perhaps with oral quinolones, is warranted.",2701
-The patient improved with vancomycin and high-dose ampicillin therapy.,2702
-"CONCLUSIONS: Among the many presentations of ifosfamide neurotoxicity, clinicians should consider NCSE as a possible explanation for changes in consciousness in a patient receiving this agent.",2703
-"Clinicians should, therefore, consider AI in patients with spinal cord injury receiving glucocorticoids, a population in whom it may otherwise go undiagnosed and untreated.",2704
-Therapeutic control was reestablished in both patients after therapy with the original levothyroxine product was reinstated.,2705
-The patient expired from cachexia three months later.,2706
-"To our knowledge, this case report represents only the third description of laxative-induced TEN.",2707
-Amifostine has been found to significantly decrease acute and chronic xerostomia but not mucositis.,2708
-"A case of fluoxetine induced seizures, in a person with Down syndrome, is described.",2709
-This syndrome has been previously reported following cisplatin-based chemotherapy.,2710
-These results suggested that the visual dysfunction might be entirely attributable to retinal rather than optic nerve toxicity.,2711
-Minocycline as a cause of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis.,2712
-Citalopram: an interaction study with clomipramine in a patient heterozygous for CYP2D6 genotype.,2713
-"Drug induced renal failure is a serious, potentially, fatal illness that is preventable.",2714
-"Because the cerebellar toxicity may be worsened by continuation of therapy after initial onset of symptoms, prompt termination of HDARAC is recommended.",2715
-Fundus examination revealed resolution of cystoid macula edema.,2716
-Our observation suggests that corticosteroid therapy may be beneficial in some patients with CE.,2717
-Co-trimoxazole was also being administered for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii infection.,2718
-"On day 7, blood obtained on day 4 was found to be strongly positive for HDAs.",2719
-"In our two patients, we investigated NAT2* genotypes by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method.",2720
-Bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia associated with the use of nitrofurantoin.,2721
-Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed.,2722
-Rescue of haemopoiesis by a combination of growth factors including stem-cell factor.,2723
-Identification of the antigenic determinants of FDE-inducing drugs will make predicting safe alternatives in patients with FDE an easier task.,2724
-Metoclopramide hydrochloride (Reglan) is a widely prescribed drug for treatment of upper gastrointestinal symptoms.,2725
-"Despite this, the lesions worsened in severity.",2726
-"The literature on human aflatoxicosis shows that the presentation may be acute, subacute and chronic.",2727
-The intention of this case report is to raise awareness for anyone prescribing ciprofloxacin as treatment for infected diabetic and ischemic ulcers.,2728
-"OBJECTIVE: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibitors have emerged as a potent treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but not without significant risks.",2729
-Uveitis associated with rifabutin therapy: a clinical alert.,2730
-"The patient reported immediate and sustained improvement in his post herpetic neuralgia for over two months, without adverse effects from the calcitonin therapy.",2731
-"Hyperkalaemia with renal tubular dysfunction by oral therapy of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole) is described in 2 elderly Japanese patients with lymphoid malignancy, who developed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and improved.",2732
-The prognosis of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection has been improved by new macrolides-containing regimens and the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).,2733
-"Keratitis resolved within 8.4 weeks (range, 1-18 weeks) of treatment with fortified clarithromycin and amikacin.",2734
-We report a case of shunt infection subsequent to insertion of a ventriculoatrial shunt for obstructive hydrocephalus caused by a cerebellar hematoma.,2735
-We explored ophthalmic and neurologic findings in two children who have been exposed prenatally to VGB.,2736
-Antibiotic-associated neutropenia.,2737
-Progressive anemia following combination therapy with interferon-alpha and interleukin-2 in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.,2738
-"Both of the previous patients had therapy-related leukemias after exposure to topoisomerase II inhibitors, whereas our patient had received cytotoxic therapy that did not include a topoisomerase II inhibitor.",2739
-"Total immunoglobulin E and skin prick tests were normal, however.",2740
-Pulmonary toxicity is believed to be uncommon.,2741
-A change in government program policies caused him to receive generic carbamazepine.,2742
-The difficulty in absorbing vitamin B12 when intrinsic factor is not available does not make oral replacement impossible; the dose just needs to be higher.,2743
-"Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is currently the therapy of choice for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).",2744
-"The side effects in all patients have included varying degrees of anorexia, fatigue, ipsilateral forehead dermatitis, blepharitis, and conjunctivitis.",2745
-We report a case of intentional self-poisoning with tiagabine.,2746
-"MAHA developed 2 months later, and tumor recurrence with rapid deterioration appeared 5 months later.",2747
-"Both amoxapine and its active and major metabolite, 8-OH-amoxapine, appeared in breast milk.",2748
-The patient was discharged on the 8th postoperative week in good conditions.,2749
-"Between 1993 and 1997, 52 patients (age 16-77 years) with solid tumours were treated with ifosfamide in dosages ranging from 3 to 5 g m(-2) q3w when given in combination schedules and up to 12 g m(-2) q4w when given as a single agent.",2750
-Resolution of protein-losing enteropathy and normalization of mesenteric Doppler flow with sildenafil after Fontan.,2751
-Ramipril-induced cutaneous vasculitis is particularly rare and our case was atypical because the patient had tolerated lisinopril before.,2752
-Cutaneous reactions to propylthiouracil and methimazole occur in 3%-5% of adults.,2753
-There is a dose-effect relationship between doxorubicin and the incidence of symptomatic cardiac failure.,2754
-"In this report, we describe a fatal gemcitabine-induced pulmonary toxicity in a patient with gallbladder metastatic adenocarcinoma.",2755
-"BACKGROUND: The risk/benefit ratio of warfarin therapy changes in the over 75s, when haemorrhagic side-effects become more common.",2756
-A 7-year-old boy with asthma was receiving the leukotriene receptor antagonist pranlukast (Ultair; SmithKline Beecham; Pittsburgh) as part of an open-label clinical trial.,2757
-Most of these patients benefited from therapy and survived longer (median 5 years) than historical control of untreated patients.,2758
-It is therefore one of the most serious long-term complications of current cancer treatment and is likely to increase as longer survival rates for the primary tumour are achieved.,2759
-"This symptom gradually abated within a week and when the dosage of milnacipran was increased to 100 mg day(-1) at 2 months, no further piloerection occurred.",2760
-"A patient receiving vancomycin for a serious staphylococcal infection had a lupus-like syndrome characterized by a malar rash, pain and erythema of the cartilage of both ears, and tender erythematous and hemorrhagic lesions of the finger tips.",2761
-"A 7-year-old with congenital toxoplasmosis who took pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine for reactivated chorioretinitis developed fever, severe cutaneous involvement, swelling, abdominal pain and transaminitis, persisting weeks after withholding medicines.",2762
-"When infection of the instrumented cage is diagnosed, emergency debridement with or without removal of implants, including the cage, appropriate wound closure, and the administration of potent antibiotics is the standard treatment.",2763
-After 36 h the hyponatremic episode improved after the infusion of hypertonic sodium chloride.,2764
-Naratriptan in the prophylaxis of transformed migraine.,2765
-Heart Vessels 2006;21:124?6].,2766
-They improved rapidly and over 6 months were able to stop taking analgesics and return to normal activities.,2767
-"Histology of a cutaneous lesion showed spongiosis and infiltration of the epidermis by atypical lymphocytes with large hyperchromatic nuclei, perivascular dermal lymphocytic infiltrate (CD3+) mixed with plasma cells and occasional large immunoblasts (CD20+).",2768
-A 77-year-old man with previous myocardial infarction was admitted with chronic left heart failure and atrial tachycardia.,2769
-Glaucoma secondary to epithelial downgrowth and 5-fluorouracil.,2770
-"Laboratory tests revealed creatine kinase (CK) 7952 IU/L, lactate dehydrogenase 1021 IU/L, myoglobin 2322 U/L, and aspartate aminotransferase 362 IU/L, resulting in a diagnosis of iatrogenic rhabdomyolysis.",2771
-Intravenous valproate associated with significant hypotension in the treatment of status epilepticus.,2772
-Two unusual pathological reactions to nitrofurantoin: case reports.,2773
-"Overdose of magnesium sulfate in combination with renal insufficiency, hypocalcemia, or compromise of intestinal integrity may predispose horses to magnesium toxicosis.",2774
-Sirolimus-associated pneumonitis has been described in renal transplant patients.,2775
-"Cytogenetic studies of the bone marrow performed after the development of acute leukemia showed chromosome abnormalities in all five patients examined, with hypodiploidy and loss of B and C group chromosomes.",2776
-"Median survival ranges from 15 to 24 months, and it appears that the disease cannot be cured.",2777
-We report a case of NEH masquerading as cutaneous vasculitis in a woman receiving cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis.,2778
-"The mechanism of the decrease in plasma potassium induced by phosphate treatment was investigated in a 24-year-old hypertensive patient with hypophosphatemic osteomalacia, who was the youngest of four patients, belonging to a 23 number kindred of five generations.",2779
-Small bowel haemorrhage due to cytomegalovirus vasculitis.,2780
-Four case reports presenting new acquisitions on the association between breast and endometrial carcinoma.,2781
-It is concluded that cyclophosphamide and thiotepa in obese patients should not be dosed on the basis of BSA incorporating TBW since the patient will be overexposed.,2782
-"A 34-year-old man presented 4 months after renal transplantation with a 1-week history of epigastric pain that decreased in supine position, increased while sitting, and further increased when standing or walking.",2783
-"Overall, they are the single largest cost to the healthcare system.",2784
-RESULTS: Extensive squamous metaplasia was found in endometrial glands following progestin therapy.,2785
-Only few reports exist on iodine-induced hypothyroidism after a single injection of the iodized radiopaque dye Lipiodol.,2786
-Tamoxifen exhibits agonistic properties on the uterus.,2787
-Asthma is one of the most common chronic medical conditions.,2788
-Drug provocation test is a controlled drug treatment which aims at making diagnosis of hypersensitivity reaction to drugs.,2789
-"Long-acting somatostatin analogues such as SMS 201-995 (Sandoz) are being evaluated in a wide range of clinical indications, including gut neuroendocrine tumours and acrogemaly.",2790
-We suspect that nefazodone inhibits metabolism of tacrolimus.,2791
-"Of note, the patient had been on carbamazepine therapy one year earlier and had experienced the same adverse event.",2792
-"SUMMARY: A 65-year-old Caucasian man was admitted to the hospital on January 26, 2006, for worsening congestive heart failure (CHF).",2793
-"L. monocytogenes infection should therefore be considered in CAPD patients with gram-positive rod peritonitis, even if immunocompetence is presumed.",2794
-We describe the case of a nonatopic 17-year-old girl with bronchial asthma and aspirin intolerance who developed a dramatic anaphylactic reaction to oral prednisone.,2795
-The patient had previously received PKP several times.,2796
-Lymphoma developing in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis taking methotrexate.,2797
-"On the 6th post-procedural day, the patient complained of new right knee pain.",2798
-Three cases of angel's trumpet tea-induced psychosis in adolescent substance abusers.,2799
-METHODS: The patient was a 20-year-old woman.,2800
-"From these findings, we determined his transfusion-resistant cytopenias to be attributable to HPS.",2801
-Nine patients were granulocytopenic; the three additional patients with normal granulocyte counts were immunosuppressed.,2802
-"Initial visual acuity was <20/800 (finger counting at 1-2 feet) with retinal edema on fundoscopy, arterial pH 7.19, methanol 97 mg/dL (30 mmol/L), formate 14.3 mmol/L, and ethanol undetectable.",2803
-This phenomenon appears to be related to bilateral simultaneous retinal ischemia delaying regeneration of visual pigments in the pigment epithelial layer.,2804
-"Dapsone, a potent antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory compound, is mainly used in the treatment of leprosy and a variety of blistering skin diseases.",2805
-AP-ROP in an infant with minimal oxygen exposure.,2806
-"In a patient with severe renovascular hypertension, nonoliguric acute renal failure developed after she received captopril treatment.",2807
-Cultures of both the cerebrospinal fluid and aspirated liver abscess isolated MRSA.,2808
-"During intravenous treatment with terlipressin for recurrent gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, a 50-year-old male with no history of heart disease developed a newly prolonged QT interval and torsade de pointes.",2809
-INTRODUCTION: Leflunomide is an immunomodulating agent with proven efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis.,2810
-Rapid liver failure related to chronic C hepatitis in an HIV seropositive hemophilic patient with severe immunodepression.,2811
-Pseudoephedrine-induced hemorrhage associated with a cerebral vascular malformation.,2812
-"The authors present an elderly patient with mixed dementia who developed TD at multiple sites, (including respiratory dyskinesia [RD], limb dyskinesia, and orofacial dyskinesia) following abrupt withdrawal of risperidone therapy.",2813
-Dexamethasone treatment of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) with or without persistent administration of the drug.,2814
-"The female patient received clozapine in a daily dose of 400 mg, which induced agranulocytosis after 2 months.",2815
-Olanzapine was detected and quantitated by basic liquid-liquid extraction followed by dual-column gas chromatographic analysis with nitrogen phosphorus detection.,2816
-"These side effects may be inadvertently confused with other behavioral or psychiatric conditions, especially if exacerbation of existing challenging behavior occurs.",2817
-Celiac disease onset after pegylated interferon and ribavirin treatment of chronic hepatitis C.,2818
-"At follow-up examination the patient continued to be asymptomatic, with the radiologic persistence of the infiltrate.",2819
-"This observation suggest that linezolid is a promising drug for the treatment of prosthetic joint infections due to MRSA or other Gram-positive pathogens, particularly when other therapeutic approaches are not feasible or a long-term antibiotic therapy is required.",2820
-"We present a case of chronic postoperative Propionibacterium acnes endophthalmitis in which the diagnosis was made by anterior chamber paracentesis, and topical, periocular, and systemic antibiotic therapy resolved the inflammation.",2821
-"CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Gabapentin appeared to be a safe, effective, and economical treatment for neuropathic pain in this horse.",2822
-A case of normotensive scleroderma renal crisis after high-dose methylprednisolone treatment.,2823
-The second episode ended when lamivudine dosage was reduced.,2824
-This article reports the case of an otherwise healthy patient who experienced permanent sensorineural hearing loss after a brief course of naproxen and reviews the literature on NSAID-related permanent sensorineural hearing loss.,2825
-Improvement in cholestasis associated with total parenteral nutrition after treatment with an antibody against tumour necrosis factor alpha.,2826
-BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is an infrequent spinal pathology.,2827
-Diagnostic procedures aimed to explain lower leg edema are not uncommon in the age group of women suffering from climacteric and menopausal symptoms.,2828
-The authors suggest that serum sodium levels be carried out before commencement of carbamazepine and caution be used in prescribing carbamazepine to patients with low or borderline low sodium values.,2829
-And the importance of instituting prompt diagnosis and proper treatment should also be stressed.,2830
-Bleomycin induced hyperpigmentation with yolk sac tumor.,2831
-"It is used worldwide not only as a cosmetic agent to stain the hair, skin and nails but also is applied to the body on lesions in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis or fungal infections.",2832
-There were 5 outpatients who suffered chronic pain for at least 3 months.,2833
-It occurs in approximately 0.07-2.2% of patients treated with neuroleptics.,2834
-The use of fresh frozen plasma and/or danazol before treatment prevents angioedema attacks.,2835
-Intracranial hemorrhage and focal seizures secondary to use of L-asparaginase during induction therapy of acute lymphocytic leukemia.,2836
-Gynecomastia developed in two epileptic patients some months after the addition of oral fluoresone 750 mg daily to the phenobarbital and phenytoin already being administered.,2837
-Aquagenic syringeal acrokeratoderma.,2838
-"A 31-year-old female developed multiple episodes of grand mal seizures after combination chemotherapy with cisplatin, vinblastine and bleomycin for germ cell ovarian cancer stage Ic.",2839
-Esophageal spasm following propranolol overdose relieved by glucagon.,2840
-HIT is an immune-mediated adverse drug reaction that may be associated with limb or life-threatening thrombosis.,2841
-"In adverse reactions with shock, tripled tryptase values can support a diagnosis of anaphylaxis.",2842
-A 73-year-old man with two previous mitral valve replacements presented with prosthetic valve infective endocarditis.,2843
-We describe a case of pneumonitis following local administration of methotrexate for nonsurgical termination of an ectopic pregnancy.,2844
-The histological study of the duodenal biopsies showed villus atrophy.,2845
-Enuresis is a common paediatric problem which is sometimes treated with anticholinergic drugs.,2846
-Histologic examination showed in both cases epithelioid granulomas in close relation with scattered pigment.,2847
-Alopecia is a rare but important side effect of anti-parkinsonian medications.,2848
-"We report three patients with transformed migraine, previously refractory to a wide variety of traditional preventive pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions.",2849
-Morphea after bromocriptine therapy.,2850
-"One week after the termination of IFN therapy, TSH-receptor antibodies became positive and subsequently she showed Graves' hyperthyroidism.",2851
-The patient was advised to stop administration of the mineral oil and was treated empirically with antibiotics during a 3-month period.,2852
-"A 7 year-old Turkish boy presented with a euthyroid goiter, which was noted during evaluation of familial Mediterranean fever.",2853
-We discuss the possible common immunological basis for these two diseases and the risks and benefits of immunosuppressive therapy.,2854
-"To date, little evidence exists that these drugs are oncogenic.",2855
-"This might be due to the fact that it has also been used to treat bacterial meningitis from organisms like Listeria monocytogenes, which is a common pathogen in the elderly and in infants.",2856
-This report demonstrates that PET scintigraphy might be a helpful tool in the early diagnosis of drug-induced pulmonary toxicity.,2857
-Diffuse lamellar keratitis after corneal crosslinking in a patient with post-laser in situ keratomileusis corneal ectasia.,2858
-"To demonstrate that the 2-yr clinical follow-up of our patient strongly suggests that long-term therapy with posaconazole (POS) is safe and beneficial in treatment and prevention of relapses of, otherwise fatal, central nervous system mucormycosis.",2859
-Severe hypertension in newborn after pyeloplasty of hydronephrotic kidney.,2860
-It is activated by cytochrome P450 to form reactive metabolites that bind covalently to DNA to create adducts.,2861
-The patient's symptoms were relieved with 0.5 mg intravenous atropine and she recovered uneventfully.,2862
-The rationale of suggesting N-AC and IVIG for the treatment of this syndrome relies on the theoretical synergistic effects of the two agents.,2863
-Myocardial infarction is rare in pregnancy.,2864
-Abdominal computed tomography revealed the bumper to be buried in the abdominal wall.,2865
-Atypical antipsychotic induced hypothermia is a rare adverse effect that may present with mild to severe symptoms.,2866
-"This case report describes a patient with Turner's syndrome receiving systemic androgen therapy who experienced marked gingival enlargement, bleeding, and discomfort.",2867
-"Its use led to simpler drug regimens, improved compliance and significant reduction in the length, or even need, of admission to hospital.",2868
-We report a case of a child with neurodevelopmental delay with chronic constipation and a history of chronic mineral oil ingestion presenting as asymptomatic exogenous lipoid pneumonia (ELP).,2869
-Interstitial lung disease (ILD) related to therapy with the drug gefitinib has been well reported.,2870
-"We report a case of late cerebral toxoplasmosis reactivation, which was probably triggered by a brief course of corticosteroids, administered for chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD).",2871
-Prompt recognition of a chlorambucil drug reaction is essential in patients receiving chemotherapy.,2872
-Similar phenomena have also been observed with other antibiotics.,2873
-Conventional angiography and magnetic resonance angiography showed transient stenosis of the left vertebral artery.,2874
-"While still receiving the drug or shortly thereafter, two patients were found to have abnormal dark-adaptation curves, with elevations of either cone or rod thresholds, or both.",2875
-A patient who developed necrotizing pancreatitis after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is presented.,2876
-Desensitization with methotrexate was successful and allowed the patient to complete 12 additional courses of chemotherapy.,2877
-CONCLUSION: Sexual side effects of fluoxetine may be more variable than previously thought.,2878
-Thrombocytopenia has traditionally been associated with intermittent therapy.,2879
-Abnormal metabolism of valproic acid in fatal hepatic failure.,2880
-A possible association between arterial dissection and ergotamine abuse is discussed.,2881
-Cutaneous lesions were pleomorphic but the typical picture of ecthyma gangrenosum was common in this group of patients.,2882
-It causes transient atrioventricular nodal block and thus ends paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias that involve the atrioventricular node.,2883
-"The thigh and buttock muscles were ""wooden-hard"" on palpation.",2884
-CASE DESCRIPTION: A 37-year-old woman was started on weekly interferon beta-1a (IFN beta-1a) following a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS).,2885
-"However, at the same time, multiple cutaneous violaceous papular-nodular lesions appeared on his left forearm.",2886
-METHODS: A 76-year-old woman with primary open-angle glaucoma and no history of ocular surgery developed a choroidal detachment 12 hours after initiation of therapy with dorzolamide eye drops.,2887
-The former diagnosis was supported by a subsequent in-vitro HEPTEM.,2888
-Vincristine levels were also assayed and showed a dramatic decline in postexchange levels in the 2 patients who survived and an almost unchanged value in the patient who succumbed.,2889
-"MANAGEMENT: Thalidomide withdrawal, dexamethasone maintenance therapy, monthly oral courses of combined melphalan and prednisone, salvage therapy with bortezomib.",2890
-A noninvasive method in the differential diagnosis of vecuronium-induced and magnesium-induced protracted neuromuscular block in a severely preeclamptic patient.,2891
-over the past 3 years there have been several reports of uveitis associated with rifabutin therapy.,2892
-We present a case of steroid- and cyclophosphamide-resistant nephrotic syndrome complicated by disseminated strongyloidiasis which responded to anthelmintic agents.,2893
-His seizures were controlled by 150mg/day of phenytoin in combination with primidone.,2894
-"In addition, not enough controlled clinical trials have yet been conducted.",2895
-Two infants developed hyperkalemia shortly after cessation of prolonged ACTH therapy for infantile spasms.,2896
-Carbamazepine-induced hyperammonemia.,2897
-Disulfiram-induced hepatitis.,2898
-DISCUSSION: NMS is a rare but potentially fatal reaction associated with neuroleptic drugs.,2899
-"Five patients have been weaned from all steroid treatment, and eight have required continued pulses at one- or two-week intervals as outpatients to maintain control.",2900
-Proponents of the use of fluoroscopy cite studies that report up to 35% rates of inaccurate placement of epidural needles without the aid of fluoroscopic imaging.,2901
-A 53-year-old female who developed myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) after chemotherapy for adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL) is described.,2902
-It is likely that RA contributed to the deterioration in renal function in these patients.,2903
-Increasing clinical experience with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants make combination antidepressant therapy at times a reasonable alternative to single-agent therapy in primary care patients with depression.,2904
-"In contrast to chronic or subacute thyroiditis, Graves' disease rarely complicates IFN-alpha therapy for chronic viral C hepatitis.",2905
-Equine-derived antivenin was given in 14 cases (range 2-30 vials).,2906
-MATERIAL AND METHODS-A 50-year-old woman was followed-up for 15 years clinically and paraclinically after a heavy PHT intoxication.,2907
-"There was no sign of bacterial, viral, or fungal infection in either case.",2908
-Reduction of postoperative pain is an important goal in the perioperative management of tonsillectomy patients.,2909
-"Microscopic examination of random colonic biopsies by two consecutive sigmoidoscopies revealed angulated crystals with a characteristic crystalline mosaic pattern on the ulcerated mucosa, which were consistent with Kayexalate crystals.",2910
-"Subsequent progression of cataract required cataract extraction, which resulted in a very rapid progression of the exudative macular degeneration and loss of vision.",2911
-Antibiotic lock technique.,2912
-"To our knowledge, this is the first report of this syndrome related to vinorelbine therapy.",2913
-Rifampin-associated thrombocytopenia secondary to poor compliance.,2914
-Disseminated salmonellosis in a patient treated with temozolomide.,2915
-"He presented with arthralgias, uveitis and respiratory insufficiency and developed hyperuricemic renal failure upon institution of treatment.",2916
-Delusional parasitosis associated with phenelzine.,2917
-Acute renal failure (ARF) is a rare but severe complication of active idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) in children.,2918
-CONCLUSION: This report shows thatimmune-mediateddiabetes mellitus can occur as a late complication of alfa-interferon therapy.,2919
-CONCLUSION: Serial amniocentesis may place patients at elevated risk for Candida chorioamnionitis and subsequent preterm delivery.,2920
-"Although it is generally well tolerated, 30 to 45% of patients may experience adverse cardiac effects.",2921
-The following is a case report of a 32-year-old man who experienced refractory bronchospasm upon emergence from general anesthesia.,2922
-"With the use of the newer antidepressants beyond the traditional tricyclics and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, newer options in headache prophylaxis are provided as well as the potential for undesirable and even potentially life-threatening interactions between medications.",2923
-"The immunoglobulin G (IgG) obtained from the TRAb-positive serum of the patient elicited no thyroid hormone-releasing activity in cultured human thyroid follicles, whereas all IgGs obtained from untreated Graves' disease elicited positive results.",2924
-A study of the absorption and disappearance of dexamethasone from the circulation in response to a (1 mg oral dose indicated that the steroid was absorbed normally but was cleared more rapidly from the circulation of these two patients than from normal controls.,2925
-Neither our patient's clinical symptoms nor her serologic parameters improved possibly because of the low dosage and/or short duration of cyclosporine A treatment.,2926
-Recent insights in the pathophysiological mechanism of these foreign body infections have elucidated the difficulty of achieving successful treatment without device removal.,2927
-"Two patients with severe dialysis osteomalacia, whose fractures and deformities had become progressively worse over 3 years, were treated with desferrioxamine (DFO).",2928
-"Two days later, on hospital day 27, the patient spontaneously delivered two healthy, male infants.",2929
-"Clinical and laboratory signs of liver injury resolved over the next few days, with a return to baseline levels of AST and ALT levels over the subsequent months.",2930
-"With o,p'-DDD treatment, serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS) and urinary 17-ketosteroid (17-KS) excretion fell rapidly while there was a delay in the fall of free androgens.",2931
-"Treatment with topical and intracameral amphotericin B and systemic fluconazole, along with topical corticosteroids and intracameral t-PA, was successful in eradicating the corneal infiltrate and resolving intraocular inflammation.",2932
-"RESULTS: A well-documented case report involving tap (draft) beer consumed while on an MAOI supports an earlier study, which recommended that all tap beers be restricted on MAOI diets.",2933
-Resistance to combined ganciclovir and foscarnet therapy in a liver transplant recipient with possible dual-strain cytomegalovirus coinfection.,2934
-We present the case of a 19-year-old male athlete with protein C deficiency who developed proximal deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism while abusing anabolic-androgenic steroids.,2935
-The patient developed severe and suicidal depression which responded solely to testosterone.,2936
-Acute non-lymphocytic leukemia occurred in eight women following long-term treatment with Treosulfan (= dihydroxybusulfan) for ovarian carcinoma.,2937
-"Electron microscopy showed diffuse effacement of the glomerular epithelial foot processes, leading to a diagnosis of minimal change nephrotic syndrome with interstitial nephritis.",2938
-Isoniazid induced gynaecomastia: a case report.,2939
-"Alternative medicine is becoming increasingly popular, especially with terminally ill patients.",2940
-"However, the clinical role of S-1 in patients with recurrent/metastatic head and neck cancer is still uncertain.",2941
-CASE SUMMARIES: Two patients who received ifosfamide-containing chemotherapy developed NCSE.,2942
-"A 52-year-old woman was seen in our outpatient clinic for pain and numbness in the left lower lip and chin, which developed following an endodontic treatment for her mandibular left second premolar.",2943
-Associated clinical and electrophysiological polyradiculopathy and multiple mononeuropathy of the lower extremities were observed.,2944
-The potential for progressive brain injury and subsequent disability related to intraventricular IL-2 therapy is discussed.,2945
-Treatment with topical corticosteroids and avoidance of suspect irritants usually resolves the dermatitis.,2946
-"A complete clinical remission of the lymphadenopathy was obtained after infusions of rituximab (an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody), acyclovir, and high-titer anticytomegalovirus immunoglobulin.",2947
-A pulmonary artery catheter with the capacity to measure cardiac output and mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) continuously was used.,2948
-The second is a 29-year-old man with CD in whom nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's lymphoma was diagnosed 3 weeks after infusion with infliximab.,2949
-Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) has only been described in context with free-tissue transfer in a case of distal bypass salvage.,2950
-Intravenous ribavirin was obtained and administered for 5 days without success; the patient's mental status deteriorated rapidly and she died on day 69 post-transplant.,2951
-We suggest the use of trihexyphenidyl in combination with isoprinosine in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis with myoclonic seizures refractory to valproic acid.,2952
-"The second patient, who developed cholestasis after receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, had marked duct paucity in the liver biopsy.",2953
-"A female patient with HER2 positive, metastatic breast cancer presented with pulmonary infiltrates, and a plural effusion dyspnoea after several months of trastuzumab treatment.",2954
-"On plain X-ray films and CT scans of the abdomen, pancreatic stones began to be dissolved around 8 months of treatment, and diminished in size and number or disappeared in 21 patients (70%) during the mean follow-up period of 32 months.",2955
-"In addition, she required additive reductions of 33-42% in her weekly warfarin dose with each chemotherapy cycle to maintain a therapeutic INR (goal range 2.0-3.0).",2956
-"Between 1988 and 1993, 525 adults underwent OLT.",2957
-Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and lithium carbonate.,2958
-Early detection of this rare adverse reaction may prevent acute renal insufficiency.,2959
-CASE PRESENTATION: A 33-month-old girl was diagnosed with CF at 6 months of age.,2960
-"CASE: A 33-year-old female, gravida 1, para 1, was treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) for three months prior to laparotomy and removal of a solitary, 5,190-g, pedunculated myoma.",2961
-"We describe the clinical course, renal function, serial renal histology and urine and blood viral load measurements in two consecutive patients with refractory BKVN who were treated with low-dose cidofovir (0.25 mg/kg IV).",2962
-"Despite antibiotic therapy, his pulmonary function deteriorated and 100 percent oxygen was required to maintain adequate oxygenation.",2963
-Intrathecal methotrexate-induced acute cerebellar syndrome.,2964
-Late onset subgaleal hemorrhage infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae?,2965
-Death from inappropriate therapy for Lyme disease.,2966
-We demonstrate linezolid's high CSF penetration and its CSF bacteriostatic activity against E. faecalis.,2967
-We report quadriparesis as a result of severe hypokalaemia and acidosis in a 50-year-old man who had undergone ureterosigmoidostomy for bladder extrophy 48 years earlier.,2968
-"A fifty-five-year-old male patient underwent total laryngectomy, bilateral modified radical neck dissection, and primary voice restoration for squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx.",2969
-"A patient with recessive generalized congenital myotonia and severe, disabling weakness underwent various forms of treatment while being monitored electrophysiologically.",2970
-Increasing warfarin dosage reductions associated with concurrent warfarin and repeated cycles of 5-Fluorouracil therapy.,2971
-An 82-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes had been treated with recombinant human insulin for 16 years.,2972
-"OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the present status of surviving patients 10 years later, together with the latest clinical and histological data on patients who had died.",2973
-She had been receiving oral colchicine therapy for mixed connective tissue disease.,2974
-"Posterior leukoencephalopathy following cisplatin, bleomycin and vinblastine therapy for germ cell tumor of the ovary.",2975
-Cerebral toxoplasmosis - a late complication of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.,2976
-"Forty-three of 101 outpatients with parkinsonism reported that they regularly experienced primary sensory symptoms, i.e., spontaneous abnormal sensations not caused by somatic disease.",2977
-"The precise role of testosterone in regulating mood, especially in alleviating depression, remains unclear although converging evidence indicates that androgens may exert antidepressant action.",2978
-Photosensitive reflex epilepsy is provoked by environmental flicker stimuli.,2979
-"Case histories, including medication lists, liver biopsy and laboratory data were reviewed.",2980
-Juvenile absence epilepsy exacerbated by valproic acid.,2981
-"When rechallenged with the same drug 6 months later, he developed hypothyroidism.",2982
-"Nerve biopsies confirmed the presence of Mycobacterium leprae in both endoneurial and perineurial areas, mainly in foamy macrophages (Virchow cells), but there were also large accumulations of an amorphous, acid-fast and alcohol-fast material which was not obviously of bacterial origin.",2983
-Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction.,2984
-Potential advantages and hazards of transvaginal intratubal insemination and single-dose MTX for ectopic pregnancy are discussed.,2985
-Cardiac ischemia is a well-known and serious complication during surgery.,2986
-"The risk of developing sAML is estimated to be between 1% and 5%, 2-20 years after exposure to etoposide but may also be related to cumulative drug doses, treatment schedules, host factors and co-administration of other antineoplastic agents.",2987
-"A retrospective review revealed that the patient had been exposed to iopamidol, an intravenous contrast medium, on the day prior to the commencement of methotrexate treatment.",2988
-"Although radiation-induced laryngeal necrosis has become a rare complication, the combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy may increase its incidence.",2989
-"Eight days after the end of interferon treatment, he showed signs of inability to sit still for ten seconds and walked around constantly.",2990
-Disseminated muscular cysticercosis with myositis induced by praziquantel therapy.,2991
-Profound muscle weakness of lower extremities with inability to stand up and/or walk was present.,2992
-A recent consensus suggested that endoscopic injection of tissue glue for gastric variceal obliteration (GVO) should be the first choice for treatment of acute gastric variceal bleeding.,2993
-An objective causality assessment revealed that the interaction was probable.,2994
-"We have successfully overcome severe neutropenia in an RA patient treated with gold salts, using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), reducing the duration of neutropenia and risk of infection.",2995
-Fluphenazine-induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a schizophrenic patient.,2996
-"His fever resolved, but he developed symptoms consistent with those of chloroquine toxicity.",2997
-The two children who had severe myelotoxicity achieved the largest AUC values per milligram per square meter of 6MP.,2998
-METHODS: A 40-year-old female with a 3-year history of panic disorder was prescribed fluvoxamine 50 mg day(-1) in addition to clorazepate dipotassium and sulpiride.,2999
-"Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), hepatitis C, and interferon alpha (IFNalpha) have all been associated with renal dysfunction.",3000
-Generalized pustular psoriasis precipitated by trazodone in the treatment of depression.,3001
-"The case history and toxicological findings of an infant fatality involving pseudoephedrine, brompheniramine, and dextromethorphan are presented.",3002
-"However, cyclosporine dependency is associated with the risk of nephrotoxicity.",3003
-"A third case of acquired phosphate diabetes associated with a syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), related to a pulmonary tuberculosis, is reported.",3004
-"These cases also suggest that the occurrence of RLS can cause noncompliance with antipsychotics in psychiatric patients, and thus aggravate their psychotic symptoms.",3005
-There is no consensus on the treatment of ticlopidine-induced marrow aplasia.,3006
-Management of hypophosphatemia induced by high-flux hemodiafiltration for the treatment of vancomycin toxicity: intravenous phosphorus therapy versus use of a phosphorus-enriched dialysate.,3007
-"She underwent a general ophthalmological investigation, perimetry and electroretinographic examination with multifocal (m-ERG) and flash-electroretinogram (flash-ERG).",3008
-"Two of these patients, who also received the anti-emetic prochlorperazine, lost consciousness for 48-72 h and then fully recovered.",3009
-"If troglitazone is used, frequent monitoring of serum aminotransferases and symptoms is mandatory.",3010
-Contact dermatitis treated with new topical products: a case study.,3011
-No cerebral lesion was detected.,3012
-The latex of Calotropis procera causes significant ocular morbidity which may be preventable by simple health education.,3013
-Cutaneous sarcoidosis during interferon alfa and ribavirin treatment of hepatitis C virus infection: two cases.,3014
-"In this case, discontinuing piroxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and starting a palliative treatment plan helped resolve a patient's ulcers.",3015
-Cholestyramine induced hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.,3016
-"The knowledge concerning VGB-associated visual dysfunction in pediatric patients, particularly in those who have been exposed to VGB in utero is limited.",3017
-"The neurological symptoms and signs were headaches, right quadrant hemianopia, dyslexia without agraphia, motor aphasia, numbness in and weakness of the right upper extremity, papilloedema and coma.",3018
-"The prevalence of use, demographics of a treatment population, and occurrence of a particular side effect are explored in this article.",3019
-A case of SIADH induced by mizoribin administration.,3020
-The possible relationship between transplant-induced immune dysfunction and the occurrence of this rare infection is discussed.,3021
-"METHODS: Four consecutive patients underwent high-risk penetrating keratoplasty (4 grafts) with a prior diagnosis of corneal scar secondary to herpetic keratitis, keratoconus, acanthamoeba keratitis, and Fuchs endothelial dystrophy, respectively.",3022
-After 25 months there had been no recurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding.,3023
-Methemoglobinemia is a rare cause of cyanosis in pediatric patients.,3024
-"Successful use of Shakuyaku-kanzo-to, a traditional herbal medicine, for intractable symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome: a case report.",3025
-Drug-induced fever should be considered in patients who have unexplained high temperatures during diltiazem therapy.,3026
-"In addition to its known effect on gallbladder stasis, octreotide alters bile acid composition and may thus hasten intrahepatic sludge and stone formation.",3027
-"Several drugs (e.g., penicillin, probenecid) can alter the elimination of methotrexate.",3028
-"Diagnosis, treatment, observation and outcome of fetal supraventricular tachycardia in a twin pregnancy.",3029
-His serum transaminases were slightly elevated and hepatic hyperechogenicity was observed on ultrasonography.,3030
-Bone marrow biopsy showed a moderately hypocellular marrow; 51% of the nucleated cells were blasts with myelomonocytic differentiation.,3031
-We think that our case was a new late pulmonary complication after UCBT.,3032
-Another enzyme catalyzing the metabolism of antidepressants is the polymorphic S-mephenytoin hydroxylase.,3033
-Many augmentation strategies have been tried in the past with varying levels of success or safety.,3034
-DISCUSSION: SIADH has been reported as a complication of treatment with vinca alkaloids.,3035
-Results are discussed in light of the existing literature.,3036
-OBJECTIVE: To describe a patient with asymptomatic bronchial asthma and hypertension who developed an acute asthma attack after receiving sustained-release verapamil.,3037
-Laboratory abnormalities were initially attributed to chemotherapy toxicity.,3038
-BACKGROUND: The number of leishmaniasis cases associated with immunosuppression has increased regularly over the past 20 years.,3039
-"In this case, it was suspected that a combination of cigarette smoking, pulmonary fibrosis, and low-dose methotrexate therapy might have promoted the development of lung cancer.",3040
-Resection and use of a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor for treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in a cockatiel.,3041
-Ritonavir should be added to the list of drugs that can induce adverse cutaneous reactions in HIV patients.,3042
-"However, the complications both of the disease and its treatment, (e.g., acute oliguric renal failure, hip fracture) must be carefully monitored.",3043
-A rating system to display the effect of clozapine on individual parameters as well as on the over-all state was devised for this study.,3044
-In recent years there has been an increase in the use of ACE inhibitors in the paediatric population.,3045
-"One RA patient and one AA patient have received rEpo as maintenance therapy for more than 64 and 100 weeks, respectively.",3046
-Neurological side effects in two patients receiving gold injections for rheumatoid arthritis.,3047
-Gemcitabine-related radiation recall preferentially involves internal tissue and organs.,3048
-The onset of this endocrine syndrome appeared to coincide with a more aggressive phase of the course of small cell carcinoma.,3049
-Seizures associated with fluoxetine therapy.,3050
-"In the 27 late cases, Streptococcus species and gram-negative organisms comprised 48% of isolates; of 33 cases of endophthalmitis, 15 (45%) demonstrated no growth on vitreous culture.",3051
-Immunofluorescent studies showed deposits of immunoglobulins and C3 in a granular pattern in the glomerular basement membranes.,3052
-"Electromyography, muscle biopsy, and the course of the patient's illness were consistent with polymyositis.",3053
-"This case suggests that sarcoidosis and pravastatin, two entities not frequently associated with myotonia, may interact in a synergistic manner to produce severe clinical myotonia in humans.",3054
-A neuroprotective and neuroregenerative treatment attempt with pyridoxine and pyridostigmine was initiated.,3055
-Nosocomial malaria and saline flush.,3056
-Incidence of seizures in pediatric cancer patients treated with imipenem/cilastatin.,3057
-The phenytoin only modified the IgA levels.,3058
-It may be due to several causes with different outcomes.,3059
-"This is an important pitfall because, when diagnosed early, bleeding in these patients is treatable.",3060
-He recovered well and was able to walk by postoperative day 4.,3061
-Cholestatic hepatitis after administration of furan derivatives.,3062
-Investigation revealed advanced metastatic disease with a probable primary in the right lung.,3063
-"Flecainide is a rare cause of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and few cases have been reported.",3064
-Nocardia asteroides peritonitis during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.,3065
-The clinical course suggests that the interstitial pneumonitis was induced by hydroxyurea.,3066
-A 14-year-old girl with newly diagnosed SLE developed a pruritic bullous eruption while on prednisone.,3067
-We report the occurrence of delayed postoperative coma in five of nine consecutive children following surgery for insertion of baclofen infusion pumps.,3068
-A 22-year-old man presented with hematuria and was found to have a mass in his urinary bladder on computed tomography.,3069
-Soft-tissue masses are rarely associated with Histoplasma capsulatum infection.,3070
-Successful treatment of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in autologous blood stem cell transplant recipients.,3071
-Altered drug pharmacokinetics should be considered as an important metabolic consequence of subtotal gastrectomy.,3072
-Carbamazepine toxicity induced by clarithromycin coadministration in psychiatric patients.,3073
-Therapy consisted of 3 cycles of induction cisplatin/5-fluorouracil chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy.,3074
-"Against the advice of her oncologist, she abandoned traditional therapy and started an alternative regimen that included cesium chloride supplements.",3075
-Data of drug monitoring demonstrated rapid metabolism and/or distribution of KW-2149 with a short half-life and the emergence of the cytotoxic metabolites M-16 and M-18.,3076
-"However, the medical literature now contains at least 125 other detailed reports of ANLL developing after prolonged cytotoxic agent therapy.",3077
-"We describe the case of a 61-year-old Peruvian man, who received bilateral lung transplants for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and subsequently developed persistent fever with pulmonary infiltrates, ventilator dependence, and pneumothoraces.",3078
-PURPOSE: To report a case of angiographically documented cystoid macula edema occurring after switching a pseudophakic patient from latanoprost to bimatoprost.,3079
-An unusual case of Lafora body disease.,3080
-Severe hepatocellular dysfunction following cyproterone acetate therapy.,3081
-Ayurveda is an East Indian tradition involving the treatment of medical ailments through the use of herbal medications.,3082
-Fungal infection of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: case series of five patients managed over 22 years.,3083
-"CASE PRESENTATION: The patient is a 22-year-old male with the evaluation of osteosarcoma, T1Gr2NxM0.",3084
-We report a case of a patient who developed reactivation Histoplasmosis after receiving anti-TNF-alpha.,3085
-METHODS: Review of medical records for 4 patients presenting retinochoroiditis and evidence of T. gondii infection.,3086
-"In the following months, these lesions increased in number and size and neurologic symptoms developed.",3087
-"Failure to recognize it and discontinue the offending agents may result in unnecessary morbidity and occasionally, irreversible renal failure.",3088
-"Metamizole, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent, is prohibited in the United States because of the risk of agranulocytosis but is widely used in Mexico and other countries.",3089
-Temozolomide-induced desquamative skin rash in a patient with metastatic melanoma.,3090
-"After standard treatment had failed, we tried to treat the patient by administering rituximab directly into the cerebral ventricle through an Omaya reservoir, in addition to conventional intrathecal and systemic chemotherapy.",3091
-Exclusion of other causes strengthened this conclusion.,3092
-We recently dealt with a case of severe OHS presenting features of liver dysfunction; such a case has not been reported on before.,3093
-High-dose cytarabine (HDARAC) therapy is an effective regimen in treating refractory leukemias.,3094
-The drug should be withdrawn immediately if there is a suspicion of blood disorders.,3095
-CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral administration of low-dose vasopressin for septic shock should be discouraged because of the risk of ischemic skin complications.,3096
-Phenolphthalein-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis.,3097
-Nineteen immunocompromised patients with extensive skin lesions caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa with or without P. aeruginosa bacteremia were analysed.,3098
-"Diagnosis of sclerosing glomerulonephritis occurred in this patient during anastrozole use, suggesting a newly defined side effect of anastrozole.",3099
-Caution is therefore recommended in using ACE inhibitors to treat hypertension in patients with ADPKD who are at high risk because of compromised renal function and massive cystic involvement.,3100
-"Although RFA is generally well tolerated, recent studies have reported complications associated with RFA.",3101
-Changes in the parameters of oxygen metabolism in a clinical course recovering from potassium cyanide.,3102
-"Survivors of childhood solid tumors including Ewing sarcoma (ES) have an increased risk of secondary malignant neoplasms (SMNs) as a consequence of exposure to chemotherapy and/or radiation (see: Bhatia S, Sklar C.",3103
-METHODS: The central and peripheral fields were examined with the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer.,3104
-"Extensive hormonal evaluation was performed in a girl with adrenal carcinoma during the primary tumor stage, following adrenalectomy, during the period when metastases were evident and while on treatment with o,p'-DDD.",3105
-"Both patients deteriorated during treatment with propranolol, and became asymptomatic during treatment with verapamil with normal graded exercise tests.",3106
-Delayed neurotoxicity of intraventricular interleukin-2: a case report.,3107
-"Little experience exists with this drug in the pediatric population, however.",3108
-A case of isolated Nocardia asteroides brain abscess in a kidney transplant recipient.,3109
-"In all three patients, HDL cholesterol levels returned to normal following drug withdrawal.",3110
-Lichen planus induced by hepatitis B vaccination: a new case and review of the literature.,3111
-Similarities to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) are pointed out.,3112
-"On the seventh day of therapy, he experienced fever, with temperatures as high as 38.8 degrees C.",3113
-"Bone marrow aspiration day +4 still showed hypo-normocellular marrow, with remaining 6% plasma cells.",3114
-His thigh was indeed in close contact with his trousers pocket where he used to store a wiping rag drenched into white spirit and cellulosic thinner.,3115
-"Bone marrow examination showed a generalized hypocellular picture, suggestive of drug-induced bone marrow suppression.",3116
-It has also been advocated as an intervention for diagnostic use to assess uncommon types of tachycardia.,3117
-"Acute spontaneous TLS is rare, and it has been described in leukemia and lymphoma and in some patients with solid tumors prior to institution of therapy.",3118
-"Acrodermatitis enteropathica with SMON almost always has a high occurrence of visual impairment, but other sensory disturbances are slight or absent, while common adult SMON is just the opposite.",3119
-BACKGROUND: Bleeding is the most serious complication of oral anticoagulant therapy used for the prevention of thromboembolic complications.,3120
-The patient had Hodgkin's disease and responded to chemotherapy and amphotericin B.,3121
-"Each dog developed arterial hypertension, with systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures ranging from 170 to 205, 90 to 112, and 123 to 148 mm of Hg, respectively.",3122
-Iatrogenic endometrial megapolyps in women with breast carcinoma.,3123
-"He was then scheduled to receive adjuvant chemotherapy with high-dose MTX, 12 g/m2 body surface area, followed by leucovorin rescue and ifosfamide.",3124
-A case of a 21-year-old woman who had developed mild hepatotoxicity while receiving choline magnesium trisalicylate therapy is described.,3125
-"In addition, a partial recovery of the scotopic b-wave full-field ERG was noted 19 years after cessation of treatment.",3126
-All psychotropic medications were held except for a benzodiazepine.,3127
-"We describe three patients who had been exposed to various solvents for more than 20 years (25, 34, and 46 years).",3128
-"Complete removal of all foreign material is essential, however when prosthesis removal is not possible or contraindicated, suppressive antibiotic therapy with retention of the functioning hip arthroplasty may be considered.",3129
-"In the case of SSTIs, alternative treatment of these infections should be considered, especially when the bacterial pathogen is unknown.",3130
-Nonspecific but significant abnormalities have been described in the infants of women treated with disulfiram in the first trimester of their pregnancies.,3131
-An investigation of malaria in a US patient without recent travel established Plasmodium falciparum molecular genotype identity in 2 patients who shared a hospital room.,3132
-"This case is remarkable since 1) ECM developed after subcutaneous and not after intramuscular injection, 2) the injection was given by the patient himself, and 3) glatiramer acetate can induce skin necrosis as a side effect.",3133
-"RESULTS: The inflammatory mass was excised successfully, and several specimens were examined for bacteriologic presence.",3134
-"Transnasal fiberoptic laryngoscopy revealed a significant laryngeal hematoma, as well as a hematoma on the floor of the mouth and in the tonsil area.",3135
-The dose was adjusted to 1 g every 12 hours during continuous venovenous hemodialysis.,3136
-"We review the literature concerning an increasingly reported and interesting adverse effect, atypical antipsychotic-induced obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS).",3137
-Development of Crohn's disease in a patient with multiple sclerosis treated with copaxone.,3138
-METHOD: The case histories of three geriatric patients treated with fluoxetine for depression or obsessive compulsive disorder are presented.,3139
-Immunosuppression elicited by the extensive administration of prednisolone was suspected for the initiation of the generalized mite infestation.,3140
-"Fournier's gangrene is a fulminant necrotizing fasciitis of the scrotum and penis, often with an infectious etiology.",3141
-"To optimize future management of this problem we studied 2 poorly recognized factors in the pathogenesis and prognosis of genitourinary malacoplakia in transplant recipients: 1) the probable role of azathioprine as the specific immunosuppressive agent responsible for the pathogenesis of malacoplakia, and 2) the importance of the localization of the disease and its impact on the ultimate prognosis.",3142
-All isolates were believed to be clinically significant.,3143
-"Extensive pelvic, pulmonary and brain metastases were associated with clinically manifest thyrotoxicosis.",3144
-Henna is a traditional cosmetic agent and is used worldwide.,3145
-"Although the exact cause of her hemorrhagic stroke is uncertain, the hypertensive response that may have led to the hemorrhagic stroke occurred following administration of commonly used doses of vasopressor agents.",3146
-Macrophage activation syndrome in systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis successfully treated with cyclosporine.,3147
-We report the occurrence of renal failure due to cholesterol crystal embolization following thrombolytic therapy with intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA).,3148
-Her symptoms and elevation of pancreatic enzymes did not respond to conventional medical treatment of pancreatitis for 18 d.,3149
-"Blurred vision, left bundle-branch block and cardiac failure.",3150
-Transient phenytoin induced IgA deficiency and permanent IgE increase.,3151
-Histiocytic lymphoma of the ileocecal region developed in a patient with multiple myeloma following successful long-term alkylating agent therapy.,3152
-Cisplatin administration following carboplatin desensitization failure in primary peritoneal cancer: a brief report.,3153
-"While the true correlation remains unknown, allergic cross-reactivity may occur between sulfonamide antibiotics and non-antibiotics, such as loop diuretics.",3154
-"We describe 2 patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus who developed severe dapsone reaction after low dose therapy, with a fatal outcome in one.",3155
-Careful pretreatment screening and rigorous monitoring patients are recommended to help prevent this life-threatening event.,3156
-Successful treatment of disseminated Fusarium infection after autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia.,3157
-We presented the case of a patient who developed a cutaneous reaction induced by captopril with positive patch test.,3158
-We discuss 2 recent cases seen at our institution and 39 cases described in the English-language literature since 1995.,3159
-Immunopathology detected in situ bound and circulating immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies to epithelial cell surfaces and circulating IgG autoantibodies against desmoglein 1.,3160
-2-Chloro-deoxyadenosine induces durable complete remission in Castleman's disease but may accelerate its transformation to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.,3161
-"Moreover, these findings suggest that the incidence of BOOP following rituximab therapy may be higher than has been previously appreciated.",3162
-We report a case of fulminant neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a man aged 70 developing within 12 hours of starting six-hourly intravenous metoclopramide.,3163
-The proliferating cells were of T lineage and further typing demonstrated that they bore the OKT8 antigen.,3164
-Fungal infections involving the pacemaker pocket after pacemaker implantation procedure are extremely rare.,3165
-A 44-year-old man presented to the emergency room with sudden onset of fevers and rigors 7 weeks after renal transplantation.,3166
-"Thus, olanzapine dose reduction may permit treatment continuation where this is clinically indicated.",3167
-The tendency to develop AV block in a patient who is euthyroid was reduced by bypass tract conduction.,3168
-Reversal of pathologic cardiac parameters after transition from clozapine to olanzapine treatment: a case report.,3169
-"However, it is controversial whether progressive hepatic lesions develop in complete abstainers as a result of long-term cyanamide treatment.",3170
-"The incidence of pulmonary nodules after cardiac transplantation is not uncommon, and prompt diagnostic procedures are necessary to minimize disease-related morbidity and mortality.",3171
-"This sequence of events, i.e., cause and effect, has been referred to as the ""holiday heart"" syndrome.",3172
-A brain magnetic resonance image showed multiple high signal intensities on T2-weighted images predominantly located at the parietooccipital lobe.,3173
-Sulfasalazine-induced lupus erythematosus.,3174
-Chryseobacterium indologenes was isolated from the blood cultures of an oncological patient with a totally implantable device.,3175
-"IFN-beta-1b therapy was then resumed, and the patient is in remission for both nephrotic syndrome and MS.",3176
-Complement factor H (FH) deficiency is one of the causes of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).,3177
-Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Niemann-Pick disease type C: correlation with diagnosis and clinical response to cholestyramine and lovastatin.,3178
-A purple rash in the left submandibular area was noted.,3179
-"The association of malignant mesothelioma with lymphoma is rare, and the possibility of asbestos exposure as a common etiology is discussed.",3180
-"In addition, he was given a continuous infusion of 400 micrograms daily human recombinant granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (rh GM-CSF) for 17 days.",3181
-The sub-conjunctival haematoma in a patient receiving warfarin can pose a significant management challenge.,3182
-The pathogenesis appears to be multifactorial but involves rapidly rising vasoconstrictor tone in renal and systemic vascular beds.,3183
-"Milk:plasma ratios were less than 1, although a higher ratio would be predicted.",3184
-BACKGROUND: Sympathomimetic-related intracerebral hemorrhage is well-documented.,3185
-The patient was hospitalized and treated with a bolus as well as continuous infusion of intravenous magnesium sulfate.,3186
-"His renal function returned to baseline 14 days later with supportive care, folinic acid rescue, and urinary alkalinization.",3187
-Metabolic balance studies and rechallenge with hydrochlorothiazide were undertaken to investigate the mechanism of the thiazide-induced hyponatremia.,3188
-We describe a case of extensive thromboembolism associated with antithrombin (AT) deficiency complicated by thrombocytopenia which resolved when low-molecular-weight heparin was instituted.,3189
-"In these four patients, plasma carbamazepine concentrations after clarithromycin coadministration were approximately twice as high as those after its discontinuation.",3190
-RESULTS: The patient developed bilateral central retinal vein occlusions in association with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins.,3191
-Carbamazepine-related hyponatremia following cardiopulmonary bypass.,3192
-We review the literature and discuss its pathogenesis.,3193
-The mechanism of this cholestasis is not clear at present.,3194
-"The pathogenesis of the hypoglycemia was investigated by assessment of serum insulin, plasma glucagon and serum alanine levels during disopyramide rechallenge.",3195
-"Intestinal wall thickness, evaluated by ultrasound, is an important prognostic factor which could act as a guide to surgical indication.",3196
-"Concomitant administration of estradiol resulted in a reduction in serum alanine aminotransferase and ferritin levels and hepatic iron concentration and staining after 2 years of estrogen therapy, although interferon therapy was withdrawn because of adverse effects.",3197
-Sequential patients arriving to our center within 3 hours of stroke onset who were treated with intravenous alteplase were screened for possible additional intra-arterial therapy using noninvasive neuroimaging.,3198
-We report a case of dermal alternariosis occurring in a woman treated with corticosteroids for dermatomyositis.,3199
-This toxic effect was attributed to lomustine and was not seen in patients treated with carmustine alone.,3200
-"PATIENTS AND METHODS: Here, we describe the application of this device in two patients with a complicated course of shunt infection.",3201
-CONCLUSIONS: Amphotericin B seems to be the probable cause of the seizures.,3202
-She developed neurotoxicity with an adjustment dosage of valacyclovir for a cutaneous zoster infection.,3203
-Asterixis induced by carbamazepine therapy.,3204
-"In a female with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, inadvertent doxorubicin administration intrathecally caused severe, life-threatening, acute encephalopathy with high-pressure hydrocephalus.",3205
-"However, 3 months after withdrawal of treatment, the patient still showed clinical and laboratory symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus.",3206
-"The prevalences of hypertension, coma/unresponsiveness, seizures, and death were not as prominent in our study as previously reported, perhaps reflecting earlier recognition and intervention.",3207
-"In lead intoxication, nerves may incur mechanical damage.",3208
-"We describe an exceptional case of Candida tropicalis sepsis in a patient submitted to allogeneic BMT; the diagnosis was made on a peripheral blood smear, when the pt was neutropenic and only mildly febrile.",3209
-Clinicians should be alert to these potential problems in the geriatric population.,3210
-PURPOSE: Utilization of lead-contaminated opium may lead to severe motor neuron impairment and quadriplegia.,3211
-Acute myelogenous leukemia following treatment of invasive cervix carcinoma: a case report and a review of the literature.,3212
-"Finally, leukocyte and platelet counts increased and remained within normal range following IgG therapy in the third patient having SLE-associated leuko- and thrombocytopenia.",3213
-Effective intravenous cyclosporin therapy in a patient with severe Crohn's disease on parenteral nutrition.,3214
-"Chest roentgenogram showed infiltration in the left lung field, and laboratory data revealed eosinophilia.",3215
-"Chemotherapy may be reserved for patients with positive cerebrospinal fluid, extracranial disease, or subsequent relapse.",3216
-All patients had biopsy findings or cultural evidence of the progression of their fungal infection while being treated with conventional amphotericin B.,3217
-A patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia developed drug-induced pulmonary toxicity after using low dose oral etoposide.,3218
-"Owing to suspected acute myocardial infarction, the patient was treated with thrombolytic therapy but her condition deteriorated.",3219
-Respiratory failure in Wegener's granulomatosis: response to pulse intravenous methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide.,3220
-The surgical resection and chemotherapy of metastatic osteogenic sarcoma of the right ventricle.,3221
-One suspicious mechanism is the low content of calcium ion stabilizing proteins such as hyaluronate or fetuin in treatments for severe eye burns.,3222
-"METHODS: A retrospective review of 136 central line (Broviacs [B], Port-A- Caths [PC] and Hickmans [HC]) removals during the last 5 years was undertaken.",3223
-"In all except two patients, serum Na+ returned to normal values within 3 to 12 months of continued lorcainide therapy.",3224
-"Because of their self-limiting nature, the importance of avoiding unnecessary and potentially deleterious antithyroid treatment is emphasised.",3225
-In order to develop optimal schedules for exogenous TPO administration it might be important to consider endogenous TPO response characteristics.,3226
-There was no evidence of recurrent myeloma after the initial remission on cyclophosphamide therapy.,3227
-Fat embolism in infancy after intravenous fat infusions.,3228
-"The ocular toxicity of DCF, previously described as conjunctivitis, appears to be a keratitis of moderate severity which requires further study.",3229
-Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed superior sagittal sinus (SSS) thrombosis and meningeal enhancement.,3230
-"Consequently, this is a likely, although rare, possible adverse effect with propafenone for which patients should be monitored.",3231
-Fatal toxic epidermal necrolysis related to lamotrigine administration.,3232
-"Examination revealed facial erythema and eczema, ectropion, blepharitis, chemosis, lid teleangectasia, and contact lens-related corneal edema.",3233
-"We report sporotrichoid spread of Mycobacterium marinum in a 37-year-old woman with Crohn's disease, who had been receiving infliximab infusions for 2 years.",3234
-They also suggest that liver enzymes should be monitored during treatment with riluzole.,3235
-Suicide associated with corticosteroid use during chemotherapy: case report.,3236
-Metformin-associated lactic acidosis precipitated by diarrhea.,3237
-Exacerbations of the heart failure were temporally related to the administration of the antitumor antibiotics actinomycin-D (NSC-3053) and mithramycin (NSC-24559).,3238
-Only one patient reported transient side effects.,3239
-We describe such a case who responded to chemotherapy and not to low doses of corticosteroids.,3240
-Left main coronary artery stenosis treatment with two paclitaxel-eluting stents in a patient with cardiac allograft vasculopathy.,3241
-These patients developed cutaneous sarcoidosis about 3 months after the beginning of the combination therapy.,3242
-METHODS: Cases were identified by using a questionnaire sent to nephrologists and pathologists in French university and general hospitals.,3243
-"Emphasis is placed on the significance of the possible relationship and similarity between NIS and catatonic stupor, and on the theoretical possibilities which this offers.",3244
-Dysgammaglobulinemia in steroid-dependent optic neuritis: response to gammaglobulin treatment.,3245
-"One day later, the INR was found to have decreased, and bleeding was also improved.",3246
-Propafenone-induced ataxia: report of three cases.,3247
-"We report a case of drug-induced pemphigus caused by an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril.",3248
-The case of a bipolar patient who developed thyrotoxicosis with severe exophthalmos while on lithium therapy is described.,3249
-Our observations suggest a new model for metabolic encephalopathy studies and provide insight into the mechanisms of pigmentary retinopathy.,3250
-"In this brief report, we present case of successful cisplatin administration following two unsuccessful carboplatin desensitization attempts, and without the need for pre-treatment steroids.",3251
-The potential for a variety of local and systemic side effects from the use of potent topical corticosteroids has long been recognized.,3252
-There have been several reported cases of omeprazole-induced AIN.,3253
-She was discharged without any neurologic sequela.,3254
-RESULTS: A two-year-old boy was surgically treated for residual esotropia after two botulinum toxin A injections.,3255
-"This article is a guide to its usage in children and includes discussion of its indications, contraindications, pre-treatment laboratory studies, dosing and drug interactions.",3256
-Endovascular treatment of renal artery thrombosis caused by umbilical artery catheterization.,3257
-"No dose-rate effect has been reported, however.",3258
-Patient beliefs that prescribed medication has limitations and that natural products are safe contributed to the use of herbal remedies.,3259
-Hypercoagulopathy induced by chemotherapy in a patient with lung cancer.,3260
-"METHODS: We evaluated all neonates who received prostaglandin E1 in our hospital between October 1, 1989, and September 30, 1991, for clinical, radiologic, or pathological evidence of acute gastric-outlet obstruction.",3261
-"While for ribavirin antidepressant effects are not known, we suppose that antidepressants may prevent changes in serotonergic or noradrenergic neurotransmission caused by IFN-alpha.",3262
-"Despite anti-tuberculous treatment, she died on day 85.",3263
-"Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a rare complication after ABO-incompatible allogeneic stem cell transplantation, but its mechanism is still unknown.",3264
-Results of this study show milnacipran to be beneficial in patients with chronic pain.,3265
-Triazolam-induced nocturnal bingeing with amnesia.,3266
-"In animal models, cesium chloride has induced cardiac arrhythmias, including torsade de pointes.",3267
-She was treated with intramuscular injections of methotrexate 20 mg/wk.,3268
-Central serous chorioretinopathy developed in 2 cases of retrobulbar neuritis during systemic treatment with corticosteroids.,3269
-"After both patients gave informed consent, an uneventful intravitreal injection of 1.25 mg Avastin was performed in the left eyes.",3270
-Pathological features such as large amounts of lipid droplets and lysosome-melanosome complexes were also found within the melanocytes.,3271
-Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in a patient with mucositis secondary to chemotherapy.,3272
-METHOD: Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is a newly approved treatment for weight loss and wasting in patients with AIDS.,3273
-"Dalteparin, an LMWH, was started at a maximum dose of 18,000 units subcutaneously once daily, according to British national prescribing guidelines.",3274
-Vancomycin-induced vasculitis.,3275
-Virilizing adrenal tumor in a child suppressed with dexamethasone for three years.,3276
-A 42-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital to receive intravenous acyclovir for a herpes zoster infection.,3277
-"Her course, history and outcome are presented and the pharmacokinetics, the mechanism of action, signs and symptoms and treatment of strychnine poisoning are reviewed.",3278
-Adding morphine (5 mg/60 mL levobupivicaine) permitted a reduction in infusion rate.,3279
-"The latter form (Macrodantin) is reported to engender less gastrointestinal intolerance but it can produce the same adverse effects as the conventional form--liver damage, acute and chronic pulmonary reactions, peripheral neuropathy, blood dyscrasias and allergic reactions--and does so just as rapidly and floridly; one such case is reported here.",3280
-"After an initial excellent response, each patient relapsed and developed a severe chronic depression that was refractory to other treatments.",3281
-Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection occurs in approximately 1% of newborns and is the leading infectious cause of congenital birth defects.,3282
-Combined thrombolytic therapy or therapy with a single agent with a long half-life and a prolonged infusion time is suggested as an emergent treatment option for prosthetic mitral valve thrombosis.,3283
-A 34-year-old male with lumbar disc disease and surgery was placed on gabapentin daily for chronic back pain.,3284
-"He was treated with imatinib 400 mg/d, which improved his general condition with few adverse effects.",3285
-The boy is now 14 months off tuberculostatic treatment and 8 months off AML therapy.,3286
-"This case had radiation fibrosis, so we suggest that radiation fibrosis may be another contributor of the occurrence of ILD in patients taking erlotinib.",3287
-"Chymopapain--past and present, future?",3288
-She was successfully carried through pregnancy and delivered a normal child despite combination chemotherapy.,3289
-Acute spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with Crohn's disease taking immunosuppressants.,3290
-Celiprolol pneumonitis.,3291
-"Serum sickness consists of a systemic reaction resulting from the formation of soluble circulating immunocomplexes after the introduction of a foreign substance into the body We studied a 38-year-old woman diagnosed with anxiety, depression and right sacroileitis who was treated with phenylbutazone, ranitidine, clomipramine and levomepromazine.",3292
-This observation indicates the complex effect of HIV on joint inflammation.,3293
-Relationship of eye burns with calcifications of the cornea?,3294
-The eye eventually became blind and painful and was enucleated.,3295
-This is the first report to describe this extremely rare occurrence.,3296
-"Stricture formation at the level of the calyceal infundibula occurred, as well as retroperitoneal and ureteric fibrosis.",3297
-"Despite poor prognostic factors and extensive white matter lesions, the patient recovered dramatically with no need for maintenance steroid therapy.",3298
-Managing ergot-induced gangrene: the anesthesiologist as a key player.,3299
-Persistent loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra after neuroleptic withdrawal.,3300
-Treatment of a patient with severe digitoxin intoxication by Fab fragments of anti-digitalis antibodies.,3301
-"BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis is a protozoan infection usually asymptomatic, but can progress to fatal disease in immunocompromised hosts, especially in HIV patients.",3302
-We describe the clinical course of these patients and their management aimed at maximizing the effectiveness of gold therapy.,3303
-Methanol toxicity can cause severe central nervous system insult in which a characteristic pattern of bilateral putaminal injury is noted on brain imaging studies.,3304
-PRCA developed 3 years after the thymectomy and she was successfully treated with cyclosporin.,3305
-"The microbiologic diagnosis was established after valvectomy, which was necessitated by failure of empiric antibiotics to eradicate the infection.",3306
-"A 51-yr-old nonsmoking male patient without any history of previous allergies, asthma, hay fever, or urticaria developed attacks of asthma when captopril was added to the nadolol and dyazide treatment for his high blood pressure.",3307
-Other thiazolidinediones currently in clinical trials may be able to provide the therapeutic benefits of troglitazone without significant hepatotoxicity.,3308
-"The possibility that the underlying disease or other chemotherapeutic agents may increase the risk of pulmonary toxicity can, however, be discussed.",3309
-"In the immunocompetent host, antiviral therapy can successfully treat herpesvirus respiratory infection, with reversal of clinical, virologic, and pathologic findings.",3310
-We describe a patient in whom this was the primary manifestation of drug hypersensitivity.,3311
-"BACKGROUND: Oxaliplatin is a platinum derivative, which is used in the treatment of colorectal cancer.",3312
-A T9-10 epidural catheter was placed prior to induction of general anaesthesia.,3313
-Acute myeloid leukaemia with t(8;16)(p11;p13) in a child after intrauterine X-ray exposure.,3314
-"With higher doses of radiation being given by using conformal techniques, more radiation-induced optic neuritis and neuropathy will be identified.",3315
-We report a case and discuss its presentation and management.,3316
-"After 4 years in complete remission, he developed a CD20-negative T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma (TCRBCL) presenting as multiple lung lesions.",3317
-A regimen of topical INF alpha 2-beta 4 times daily was administered.,3318
-A typical case of dextran-40 associated acute renal failure is presented.,3319
-A frequent problem is relapse of disease when corticosteroid dosage is tapered off.,3320
-Nine azotemic patients who developed a coagulopathy associated with the use of either cephalosporin or moxalactam antibiotics are reported.,3321
-"Clinically, our patient showed a vasculitic-like skin rash involving both palms and soles, and histopathological examination revealed a syringotropic lymphocytic infiltrate directed toward the intra-epidermal portion of the eccrine ducts.",3322
-Subacromial injections have been used to treat rotator cuff problems.,3323
-"Heparin is the most common cause; although the fall in platelet count tends to be modest, these cases are particularly dangerous because of associated thrombosis.",3324
-"We report a case of reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a 16-year-old girl with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), who is undergoing during consolidation chemotherapy composed of BH-AC (N4-behenoyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine) and idarubicin.",3325
-Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is an unusual cause of acute myocardial ischemia.,3326
-Transient hemiparesis caused by phenytoin toxicity.,3327
-A snoozer.,3328
-"To know the histochemical effects of steroid treatment on eosinophil accumulation in nasal polyps of AIA and the histochemical feature of a recurring polyp and to detect distributional differences between storage and secreted forms of eosinophil cationic proteins, we carried out immunocytochemical labelling with antibodies against EGI (recognizing resting and activated eosinophils) and EG2 (recognizing only activated eosinophils), and determined eosinophil infiltration in nasal polyps that were obtained before and after steroid treatment, and at recurrence of polyps.",3329
-"Flavimonas oryzihabitans has been isolated from a wide range of body sites, and the portals of entry are major wounds or implanted foreign materials.",3330
-RESULTS: A 76-year-old woman developed X maltophilia endophthalmitis after cataract extraction.,3331
-Immunosuppressive therapy was conducted with OKT-3 induction in the first patient because of the coexisting renal dysfunction and with a triple immunosuppressive regimen for both patients.,3332
-All patients were treated with ICD system explantation and antifungal therapy.,3333
-"In case #2, the concentrations of quetiapine found were 16 mg/L in blood (42 micromol/L), 120 mg/kg (310 micromol/kg) in liver, and 1.8 mg/L (4.6 micromol/L) in vitreous fluid.",3334
-Both patients suddenly became hypotensive after injection of chymopapain into a disk.,3335
-"After 56 months, she was free of disease and treatment-related toxicities.",3336
-He began taking propafenone only 6 days prior to admission because of uncontrolled atrial fibrillation and symptoms of fatigue.,3337
-Persistent cerebrospinal fluid leak is a known complication of intrathecal pump system insertion for drug delivery.,3338
-"To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of the use of sodium thiosulfate to treat calciphylaxis in a patient with normal renal function.",3339
-"In this case, interferon alpha induced polymyositis and cardiomyopathy is diagnosed in a 33-yr-old male patient with history of chronic hepatitis B.",3340
-"The mechanism of this effect is not entirely clear, but 5-azacytidine produces hypomethylation of the gamma gene at certain sites, and gene expression and DNA hypomethylation are related phenomena in many other systems.",3341
-"At autopsy, the liver was found to be small, shrunken, and scarred; histological sections demonstrated postnecrotic cirrhosis.",3342
-"Three PC lines broke at the time of removal resulting in a length of line remaining in the central venous system (the superior vena cava, innominate vein, and bracheo-cephalic subclavian junction).",3343
-"This therapy was curtailed after three cycles because of nausea, asthenia, and neuropsychological deterioration.",3344
-Our observation would confirm this statement.,3345
-CONCLUSIONS: A subgroup of patients with idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) will have steroid-dependent symptoms which can be confirmed using pure-tone audiometry.,3346
-"Itraconazole is a widely prescribed triazole antifungal drug, often given for long periods.",3347
-We describe 2 children with cerebral palsy who suffered significant morbidity immediately after treatment with hyperbaric oxygen.,3348
-High-grade atrioventricular block during dipyridamole stress testing.,3349
-METHODS AND RESULTS: This report describes a Merkel cell carcinoma which developed in a liver transplant recipient.,3350
-"Here we present the case of a woman who received high doses of methylprednisolone (1 g iv daily) for active Graves' ophthalmopathy, and developed severe hypertension followed by myocardial infarction on the fifth day of treatment.",3351
-We present the first case of WES in an infant born to a mother taking haloperidol during her pregnancy.,3352
-Childhood dermatomyositis and polymyositis.,3353
-Approximately 75%-85% of patients with bladder cancer present with disease confined to the mucosa (stage Ta-CIS) or submucosa (stage T1).,3354
-"However, she developed new pulmonary symptoms and an enlarged cavitary lesion associated with the rapid formation of a fungal, ball-shaped shadow that was serially observed by radiological analysis.",3355
-Arterial hypertension associated with topical ocular use of phenylephrine in dogs.,3356
-"In general, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors should be discontinued in pregnancy, as they can induce an ACE fetopathy.",3357
-There is yet no explanation for the occurrence of hallucinations or psychosis.,3358
-"Also, there are some suggestions of an underlying susceptibility and possibly a genetic predisposition, at least in some patients.",3359
-A euthyroid woman with ophthalmic Graves disease developed endogenous hyperthyroidism coincident with T3 suppression test.,3360
-Specific inhibitors of 5-HT reuptake are reported to have lower proconvulsive activity than other antidepressants.,3361
-Various medical treatments had been tried with meager results.,3362
-"Bicarbonate hemodialysis treatment should take place early in the course of management, especially in patients with severe metabolic acidosis who fail to respond to intravenous bicarbonate therapy or in whom renal failure is present.",3363
-"RESULTS:Haze, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), and BCVA improved in all patients.",3364
-There are a few case reports of other fluoroquinolones that have been associated with toxic epidermal necrolysis.,3365
-The underlying pathogenesis is probably multifactorial.,3366
-"CONCLUSIONS: The value of multihormonal therapy in breast carcinoma is not established, and the addition of progestogens to tamoxifen may not reduce of developing endometrial lesions, including carcinoma.",3367
-Two patients required emergent surgical procedures.,3368
-DESIGN: Description of the clinical findings in two patients with this condition.,3369
-We report the case of a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who developed fatal intravascular autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) after fludarabine treatment.,3370
-Intravenous cytarabine and methotrexate appear to act synergistically to enhance the potential for central nervous system toxicity.,3371
-"In the interim, the patient had been transitioned to warfarin.",3372
-"The mother had used lamotrigine in increasing doses throughout pregnancy, and at the time of the apneic episodes, she used 850 mg/day.",3373
-It helps to reduce the serious toxic side effects of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs).,3374
-We conclude peripheral neuropathy with 5-FU is rare.,3375
-"In addition, the development of tardive dyskinesia and its subsequent amelioration with a depot form of a high-potency neuroleptic are discussed in relation to these disorders.",3376
-"An angiogram was performed, which demonstrated that the mass was fed by the branches from the right external carotid artery.",3377
-It can mimic other diseases because of its nonspecific clinical presentation and radiographic signs.,3378
-RESULTS: Intradermal tests to intravenous cyclosporine formulation (1 mg/mL) were positive in the patient and negative in two controls.,3379
-The patient had a favourable outcome.,3380
-The novel antipsychotics offer great potential for improving compliance.,3381
-It has been shown to possess beneficial effects in reducing the relapse rate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.,3382
-"Other measures including attention to factors that contribute to falls should also be considered, necessitating a multi-disciplinary approach.",3383
-"RESULTS: Despite high pretreatment values of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT; peak value of 901 IU/L) and HCV-RNA (2.3 x 10(6) copies/ml), the combination therapy with IFN and ribavirin produced a rapid normalization of the serum ALT values, accompanied by the clearance of serum HCV-RNA.",3384
-"The CYP2D6 phenotype, determined when the patient received the antidepressant comedication, characterized a poor metabolizer status (dextromethorphan metabolic ratio >0.3), despite a heterozygous genotype containing a wild-type allele with extensive metabolic capacity and a mutant non-functional allele (CYP2D6*1A/CYP2D6*4A).",3385
-Graves' hyperthyroidism following transient thyrotoxicosis during interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis type C.,3386
-"Fluoxetine is a relatively new antidepressant, reported to have minimal side-effects.",3387
-"Gastrointestinal disturbances were reported in six patients, and hypotension in six.",3388
-"It is postulated that renal tubular damage secondary to the cumulative effects of repeated courses of aminoglycosides resulted in hypomagnesaemia, and we suggest screening for this problem by monitoring serum magnesium regularly in all patients with CF receiving multiple courses of aminoglycosides.",3389
-A 16-month-old male presented to the Emergency Department cyanotic and short of breath after ingestion of a hair-care-equipment cleaning solution.,3390
-It also appears to be effective in other conditions such as psoriasis and ankylosing spondylitis.,3391
-"However, we report the case of an 88-year-old woman who was treated for prosthetic joint infection and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia with vancomycin followed by linezolid therapy.",3392
-"It is comprised by pain, discoloration, and edema in the vicinity of intravenous infusion of phenytoin through dorsal veins of the hand.",3393
-Neuralgic amyotrophy associated with antibiotic therapy.,3394
-Cefuroxime-induced acute renal failure.,3395
-Laboratory work-up was unrevealing.,3396
-Our patient was a 72-year-old man with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) who received levodopa and anti-cholinergic drugs and whose head had become almost completely bald.,3397
-"Irritative skin reactions were observed only at higher testings doses, in contrast to the allergic type of reaction, which occurred at a lower testing dose.",3398
-Use of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicated a probable relationship (score of 5) between the patient's development of hepatotoxicity and the TMP-SMX therapy.,3399
-"Shortly before admission to our hospital, the patient had discontinued his hydrocortisone medication.",3400
-"In addition, the deletion of chromosome no. 20, described as characteristic for PV, was found in 3 cells.",3401
-Twenty patients with bladder cancer were treated by semiselective intra-arterial chemotherapy with Adriamycin.,3402
-"Sirolimus has been widely used in renal transplantation, and its use in heart transplantation is increasing.",3403
-We report a 67-year-old man with Parkinson's disease for 9 years who developed compulsive use of levodopa.,3404
-The median age was 73 years (range 41-81).,3405
-Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis is a rare but serious complication of LASIK surgery.,3406
-"Despite the severity of their illness, all patients but one survived.",3407
-"At this psychiatrist visit, sertraline 50 mg/day was added for her depression, and was continued after a geriatrician visit in October.",3408
-"Because a catheter-related infection was suspected, the Port-A-Cath was removed after a 10-day course of piperacillin-tazobactam.",3409
-RESULTS: Six preterm and 2 term patients were included in the study.,3410
-Gemcitabine-induced pulmonary toxicity is usually a dramatic condition.,3411
-We report a case of hip fracture during treatment which was associated with osteoporosis.,3412
-Children who are treated with topiramate should have a careful history taken preoperatively looking for signs of a metabolic acidosis and baseline blood chemistries should be measured prior to surgery to detect an asymptomatic metabolic acidosis.,3413
-Antimonial derivatives induced a rapid remission.,3414
-Riluzole is a new drug representing the first active treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.,3415
-"Itraconazole can be administered as continuous dosing, 200 mg per day for 3 months, or in the form of pulse therapy, 200 mg twice a day for 1 week per month for 3 consecutive months.",3416
-No major safety issues were observed during the study.,3417
-The importance of the need to avoid misdiagnosing heat stroke as neuroleptic malignant syndrome is reviewed.,3418
-Visual system side effects caused by parasympathetic dysfunction after botulinum toxin type B injections.,3419
-"In our cases, haematological side-effects were satisfactorily controlled by dose reduction without allowing the reemergence of psychiatric symptoms.",3420
-We report the case of an elderly patient who developed this unusual occurrence following an uneventful pars plana vitrectomy for a posteriorly dislocated IOL.,3421
-It is important to consider possible cross-sensitivity of chemically related compounds even when they are administered by different routes.,3422
-Tracheal mucociliary transport velocity (MCTV) was measured by timing the movement of 4 microL of mucus across the trachea.,3423
-"Although the current metabolism of the 2 drugs in combination is poorly understood, the potential for serious interactions seems to exist in the rapidly growing population of persons with asthma, for whom they may be prescribed.",3424
-"This case illustrates that a small number of subjects with severe asthma receiving high-dose CS need to be considered as a separate, high-risk group for developing disseminated varicella.",3425
-"Complete remission was achieved, however, severe neutropenia, documented infection, stomatitis, and diarrhea were observed.",3426
-"We review in clinical detail the fifth case reported from North America, involving a child with extensive central nervous system involvement.",3427
-"Therapy was continued for 8 months or longer in 6 patients, none of whom developed life-threatening infections.",3428
-"Two months later, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia developed.",3429
-Only one case of a generalized maculopapular rash with enoxaparin has been reported in Europe.,3430
-"Three (10%) eyes had an epithelial defect, nine (31%) had iridocyclitis, and seven (24%) had associated secondary glaucoma.",3431
-No changes in respiratory/hemodynamic status or oxygen saturation were observed.,3432
-A case of actinic prurigo and solar urticaria.,3433
-This report describes a case of perforated appendicitis and ectopic pregnancy following in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer.,3434
-MR appears to be valuable in the detection of abnormalities induced by treatment with high-dose methotrexate.,3435
-Clear guidelines and access to support are often lacking.,3436
-The case cited here highlights the need for continued awareness education for physicians who may use ceftriaxone to treat common illnesses such as acute exudative tonsillitis and otitis media in children.,3437
-A retrospective review incriminated transfusion therapy and volume overload as the etiology.,3438
-Vitreous touch after phacoemulsification.,3439
-Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia and thrombosis is a severe complication of systemic heparin therapy.,3440
-We conclude that autoimmune hemolytic anemia may be an unusual presentation for postirradiation sarcoma.,3441
-"Due to paranoia and agitation, the dose was increased to 5 mg twice daily after 2 days.",3442
-"Corticosteroid administration was ineffective, whereas a prompt response to cyclosporine was observed.",3443
-"Due to Quetiapine's particulars and the promising receptor profile concerning addiction medicine, we set out to examine the tolerability and efficacy concerning relapse prevention of withdrawn alcoholics suffering from craving and affective symptoms.",3444
-Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with contact lenses: six consecutive cases of successful management.,3445
-This gave almost total resolution of the injury.,3446
-We report on a patient with renal artery stenosis who had only 1 kidney and in whom acute renal impairment developed with transient anuria after the administration of captopril.,3447
-The treatment was discontinued and after 2 months the liver parameters became normal.,3448
-The association between choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and retinal vein occlusive disease is uncommon.,3449
-Childhood methanol ingestion treated with fomepizole and hemodialysis.,3450
-Human coenurosis in North America: case reports and review.,3451
-Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: consequence of treatment of an emerging pathogen.,3452
-"Orthostatic hypotension was also noted at that visit, with a standing blood pressure measurement of 95/80 mm Hg.",3453
-"After the patient developed recurrent infections, laboratory findings disclosed panhypogammaglobulinaemia with B-lymphocyte deficiency.",3454
-"Using a computer-based algebraic approach, methods for modeling this uncertainty have been formulated.",3455
-Three patients are presented in whom life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias dominated the clinical presentation.,3456
-"Although her seizures stopped, her blood pressure fluctuated between 90/60 mm Hg and 60/30 mm Hg over the next several hours, requiring treatment with intravenous fluids and pressor therapy.",3457
-"We present a case of a diabetic patient taking glyburide who was prescribed ciprofloxacin and developed prolonged hypoglycemia, which persisted for over 24 hours.",3458
-Osteonecrosis is a serious side effect of antiemetic treatment with dexamethasone and this serious complication should be incorporated in the current guidelines.,3459
-Hypersexuality with antiparkinsonian therapy.,3460
-We report on the clinical phenotype and infantile development of a girl born to a 36-year-old mother.,3461
-We report a case of a 32-year-old man who showed paradoxical enlargement of pathologically verified intracranial tuberculomas during a course of adequate antituberculous chemotherapy.,3462
-"This was the patient's first experience with trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole, and he was not taking any other medications during the treatment period.",3463
-Olanzapine may be considered a potential and safer treatment for a this specific group of patients.,3464
-"A left L1 transforaminal approach was successful, and 1 mL of iopamidol (Isovue) contrast was injected, followed by 5 mL of a solution of 0.125% bupivacaine and 40 mg of triamcinolone.",3465
-All had a history of chronic graft-vs-host disease (cGVHD) and all had active manifestations of cGVHD at MN diagnosis.,3466
-Proteinuria resolved after the initiation of oral prednisolone therapy (1 mg/kg per day).,3467
-"Here, we report the cases of two children who developed typical clinical and biochemical features of BMTN.",3468
-"His lung cancer recurred 10 months later, when he was found to have bone metastases.",3469
-"On the 3rd day, an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter was placed with a heparin flush, after which massive IVC thrombosis developed.",3470
-"Pathologically only a subpopulation of malignant cells responded to the chemotherapy, demonstrating viability of the majority of the tumor, with cell death only in the subpopulation.",3471
-The pathogenesis of augmentation is unclear.,3472
-Imatinib mesylate-related fatal acute hepatic failure in a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia and chronic hepatitis B infection.,3473
-Skin manifestations of a case of phenylbutazone-induced serum sickness-like reactions.,3474
-Ileal ulcers and cytomegalovirus infection in a case of Churg-Strauss syndrome.,3475
-Intentional overdose with tiagabine: an unusual clinical presentation.,3476
-A teenage girl with crescentic glomerulonephritis had antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) detected after she had received propylthiouracil (PTU) for hyperthyroidism without cutaneous vasculitis.,3477
-"The patient's asthma improved, and he remained asymptomatic; but routine study evaluations 9 to 12 months into therapy showed microhematuria, proteinuria, glucosuria, anemia, and renal insufficiency.",3478
-Gastrointestinal ulcers occur frequently and are mainly caused by H. pylori infection.,3479
-Recent studies have found clozapine a highly effective and ECT a possibly useful intervention.,3480
-"Lithium (Eskalith) is commonly used in the treatment of depressive and bipolar affective disorders, in a population at relatively high risk for overdose.",3481
-"As angiotensin-converting enzyme seems to play a role in the genesis and metabolism of bronchomotor mediators, this rare form of drug-induced asthma is important for both clinicians and airways pharmacologists.",3482
-"Evaluation at another laboratory showed normal levels of TSH, raising the possibility of interfering substances.",3483
-"CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should be aware that removing a serotonin-2a (S-HT2a) antagonist 1mm a treatment regimen including an agent that increases serotonin in the synaptic cleft may worsen clozapine withdrawal or potentially result in serious adverse drug reactions, such as serotonin syndrome.",3484
-"Despite the large number of cases with mediastinitis described in the literature, the chest closure with only an omental flap without closure of subcutaneous tissue and skin is rare.",3485
-CASE SUMMARY: A 54-year-old white man received a heart transplant secondary to ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.,3486
-"There have been few reports, however, which have investigated a challenge with clozapine in patients previously showing eosinophilia.",3487
-"In this report, we suppose the possibility to develop a foetal malformations after a long-term wash out from isotretinoin therapy.",3488
-Pyoderma gangrenosum related to a new granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.,3489
-We describe four patients who had seizures while receiving ofloxacin; no other causes were evident.,3490
-The thrill of reckless driving in patients with Parkinson's disease: an additional behavioural phenomenon in dopamine dysregulation syndrome?,3491
-"An Asian multiparous woman weighing 47 kg, who suffered from a rare myopathy, congenital fibre type disproportion, was given morphine 10 mg intramuscularly for labour analgesia.",3492
-It is imperative that dermatologists have a keen awareness of this possible adverse event given the increased use of this class of drugs.,3493
-"We describe a 28-year-old woman who developed stridor, orofacial swelling, and drooling several hours after a routine dental extraction.",3494
-The case history of a 42 year old male on CAPD who was receiving sodium nitroprusside (SNP) for hypertensive encephalopathy is described.,3495
-The failure of high doses steroids to alter the course of illness and to completely suppress the thyroidal inflammatory process is highlighted.,3496
-Cross-sensitivity reaction between tacrolimus and macrolide antibiotics.,3497
-These situations must be recognized as potential problems and must be treated appropriately.,3498
-Cutaneous ulceration: an unusual complication of intravenous pentamidine therapy.,3499
-"Three children presented with adrenal crises, manifested by vomiting and hypoglycaemia, after protracted courses of high-dose inhaled corticosteroids for asthma.",3500
-"Liver biopsy revealed a reduction in activity of carbamyl phosphate synthetase-I, an enzyme obligated for transformation of ammonia to urea in the urea cycle.",3501
-Response of a promethazine-induced coma to flumazenil.,3502
-The effect of repeated exposure to specific chemicals on the initiation or progression of mycosis fungoides (MF) remains unsettled.,3503
-The case history of an 11-year-old boy is reported.,3504
-It has been described most recently in patients with solid tumors who receive taxane-based therapy.,3505
-"These changes resemble lymphocytic bronchiolitis in lung transplant recipients, which was well correlated with HRCT findings.",3506
-BACKGROUND: Headaches have been reported as a potential side effect of capecitabine therapy.,3507
-We present two such case of epilepsy induced by video game.,3508
-The combination of GM-CSF to accelerate hematological recovery and the possibility of administering large doses of a liposomal form of Amphotericin B were the contributing factors to the resolution of the infection.,3509
-"In both cases, spontaneous resolution occurred over several weeks following withdrawal of the drug.",3510
-"By repeated testing other causes of diarrhea, e. g., infectious diarrhea including Clostridium difficile colitis were excluded.",3511
-"Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed with diabetes insipidus secondary to lithium therapy and was treated successfully with amiloride.",3512
-"After treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, the patient's hemodynamic status improved, permitting the liver transplant to be completed.",3513
-The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion is a common consequence of neurologic and pulmonary infections as well as drug intake and many other clinical situations.,3514
-"The patients differed with regard to risk; one patient had existing cardiopulmonary disease, and the other was free of such risk factors except liver disease.",3515
-METHODS: A 76-year-old woman with microbial keratitis and recurrent endophthalmitis after cataract surgery was referred to a tertiary care center for further management.,3516
-Internists will need to be increasingly aware of and prepared for this pharmacologic complication.,3517
-De novo absence status is a specific epileptic condition that should be suspected in all elderly subjects on chronic treatment with psychotropic drugs presenting in a confusional state.,3518
-The patient was a nonsmoker with no respiratory illnesses.,3519
-A 37-year-old male ingested 12 gm of fluoxetine approximately 2 hours prior to arrival at an emergency department.,3520
-We report such a case in a morbidly obese laboring parturient after receiving combined spinal-epidural labor analgesia.,3521
-The authors report the case of a 32-year-old man who had been treated for anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder and had received 800 mg methylphenobarbital (MPB).,3522
-"OBSERVATIONS: In both patients, at the time of the visual disturbances, macular edema was clearly observed by OCT.",3523
-METHODS AND RESULTS: Skin prick tests were positive to cloxacillin in case 1 and negative in case 2.,3524
-Antifungal therapy was given but her condition deteriorated and she died.,3525
-Chromosomal analysis showed some abnormalities.,3526
-Erythema multiforme bullosum due to rifampicin.,3527
-The proband had no detectable DPD activity.,3528
-This illustrates a rare case of gastrointestinal adverse reaction to pancreatic enzymes that was treated successfully with desensitization.,3529
-Neutropenic colitis during standard dose combination chemotherapy with nedaplatin and irinotecan for testicular cancer.,3530
-A magnetic resonance imaging scan obtained 7 weeks after the injection showed a full-thickness tear of the supraspinatus tendon.,3531
-The plasma concentration of pirmenol was at a subtherapeutic level and the lymphocyte stimulation test was positive in this patient.,3532
-Jaundice was the presenting symptom in all three.,3533
-The patient had advanced malignant mesothelioma and all other methods of pain control had been unsuccessful.,3534
-Fulminant Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 4 patients with dermatomyositis.,3535
-We report a patient with a colonic adenocarcinoma who developed hemolytic uremic syndrome after receiving 85 mg/m2 of the drug.,3536
-"On discontinuing the medication, the areas of severely restricted diffusion had entirely resolved, with minimal residual T2 signal abnormality.",3537
-Renal tubular acidosis secondary to FK506 in living donor liver transplantation: a case report.,3538
-"In the second patient, a mild augmentation of liver enzymes occurred, followed by normalization in a few days.",3539
-"Herein, we present a case of Majocchi's granuloma of face, a site rarely involved, in an immunocompetent patient.",3540
-Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an unusual tumor principally affecting the skin of the lower extremities.,3541
-"High doses of atropine (up to 50 mg per 24 hours), adrenaline and dopamine were necessary.",3542
-"Histopathologic study of the ecthyma gangrenosum-like lesion, as well as pustular lesions, revealed epidermal necrosis and an inflammatory infiltrate in the upper dermis, with numerous septate hyphae demonstrated by periodic acid-Schiff stain.",3543
-"On subsequent follow-up one patient is taking no insulin and has been maintained on hydrochlorothiazide; the other patient required insulin on two occasions when challenged with a propranolol-thiazide combination, but not when the thiazide was discontinued or replaced with furosemide.",3544
-The drug was discontinued and papular lesions gradually disappeared.,3545
-"The patient was treated with triple tuberculostatic drug therapy, followed by two-drug therapy, while receiving maintenance chemotherapy for AML, including thioguanine and cytarabine.",3546
-"Treatment was continued with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion, followed by fluconazole for 8 months.",3547
-Detailed investigations first revealed a low renin level without hypokalemia.,3548
-Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia following HIV-associated lymphoma.,3549
-"Eighteen hours after chemotherapy she was noted to have hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and acute renal failure.",3550
-"Age at diagnosis was 43 +/- 3 years (range, 37-47).",3551
-Subsequent serial electro- and echocardiograms were normal.,3552
-Such cases could prove an interesting locus for the investigation of both affective disorders and tardive dyskinesias.,3553
-SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Symptomatic spinal epidural lipomatosis is considered to be a rare condition usually presenting with slowly progressive cord or nerve root compression.,3554
-"INTERPRETATION: When high doses of fluticasone propionate are used, growth may be retarded and adrenal suppression may occur.",3555
-The symptoms disappeared with clemastine and betametasone treatment.,3556
-Our findings suggest that chronic GVHD may be complicated with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis through unknown cellular immune mechanism.,3557
-Antiarrhythmic agents can cause pneumonitis.,3558
-"The attributable mortality rate is 15%, with the most significant factor being treatment delay (mean time from presentation to initiation of treatment, 6.74 weeks).",3559
-Vitamin D toxicity is associated with enhanced resorption of bone in some patients.,3560
-"We further used immunohistochemistry (IHC) to examine the relative role of platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the pathogenesis of BCNU-related pulmonary fibrosis.",3561
-"Six month follow up showed maintained antiparkinsonian benefit, without need for levodopa treatment and complete absence of dyskinesia.",3562
-Myelodysplasia syndrome (MDS) presenting as spontaneous gingival hemorrhage is described.,3563
-"An episode of leukoencephalopathy is reported in a 13-year-old girl who, after standard radiotherapy for a posterior fossa medulloblastoma, received 8 treatments with a protocol containing a 4-hour infusion of 500 mg/m2 methotrexate and 12 mg intrathecal methotrexate.",3564
-Intrahepatic cholestasis and cutaneous bullae associated with glibenclamide therapy are described in a 61-year-old diabetic patient who presented wit hypoglycaemic coma.,3565
-"We report four cases of sensorimotor axonal neuropathy in children aged 10-15 years, treated with thalidomide for myxopapillary ependymoma, Crohn's disease and recurrent giant aphthous ulceration.",3566
-Slow acetylator genotypes as a possible risk factor for infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome induced by salazosulfapyridine.,3567
-Tamoxifen is suggested to be carcinogenic both through direct genotoxic and epigenetic mechanisms.,3568
-We report our conventional magnetic resonance and diffusion-weighted imaging findings and briefly discuss the pathophysiology of the syndrome.,3569
-So far nine patients on digoxin have received between 550 and 1000 mg/m2 of doxorubicin without ill effect.,3570
-Mesalamine may cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis in patients with Crohn's disease.,3571
-CBC revealed pancytopenia.,3572
-Self-limited edema is a well-recognized complication of insulin therapy.,3573
-"CASE SUMMARY: A 77-year-old white woman presented to the hospital with elevated serum creatinine, oliguria for the past 24 hours, arthralgia, fatigue, fever, and bilateral flank pain.",3574
-A case report of treatment with intra-arterial urokinase and review.,3575
-Neutropenia is an uncommon but potentially serious complication of drug therapy.,3576
-There are few reports of salvage chemotherapy for HIV-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).,3577
-"Propafenone's distribution, clearance, and structural similarity to propranolol contribute to its central nervous system effects.",3578
-His symptoms of brain stem compression were alleviated and the role of phenytoin in the production of his craniocervical abnormality is discussed.,3579
-The embolization of a venous catheter fragment is a rare complication.,3580
-"The quality of life was assessed in 37 maintenance hemodialysis patients during treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO; EPOGEN [epoetin alfa], AMGEN Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA) for correction of anemia.",3581
-It should therefore be instituted in good time in potentially life-threatening cases of intoxication.,3582
-"The exacerbation of psoriasis was accompanied by a massive induction of lesional type I interferon activity, detected by MxA expression after imiquimod therapy.",3583
-The excessive accumulation of copper in many tissues illustrates the potential danger of parenteral copper therapy.,3584
-"Physicians in the United States, especially those who practice primary care, hematology/oncology, and infectious diseases, must be aware of the availability and use of metamizole in specific patient populations and its potential for harmful side effects.",3585
-"This report details the pulmonary pathologic findings in four patients with rheumatoid arthritis, who developed new onset of pulmonary signs and symptoms with alveolar infiltrates temporally related to the institution of etanercept therapy.",3586
-The observations made in these three patients may give support to the hypothesis that cholinergic activity has pathogenic significance in depressive syndromes.,3587
-Adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy aggravated by cis-platinum nephrotoxicity requiring dialysis.,3588
-"The amounts of total brompheniramine, dextromethorphan, and pseudoephedrine remaining in the baby bottle were 1.4 mg, 9.4 mg, and 40 mg, respectively.",3589
-"One month after changing to fosinopril therapy, the patient reported complete resolution of the cough.",3590
-This is the first report of an adverse effect of fetal renal circulation by maternal ingestion of nimesulide.,3591
-He became febrile and developed a productive cough and pulmonary infiltrates on postoperative day 4.,3592
-"The patient, a paraplegic, was treated with dantrolene and made a full recovery.",3593
-Unlike most stent fractures reported that involve stent struts only our case demonstrated circumferential disruption with complete separation of the stent segments.,3594
-Systemic vasculitis complicating hairy cell leukaemia treatment with cladribine.,3595
-"The median latent period was 9.5 hours (range 4 to 24 hours) with a delay to medical consultation of 36 hours (range 6 to 48 hours), and a median serum methanol concentration of 1.4 g/L (range 0.19 to 3.62 g/L).",3596
-We are reporting a case of a 62 years old man who presented with atypical chest pain four months after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).,3597
-This case demonstrates the maxim that the correct dose of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate is 'enough'.,3598
-"Here, we report a case of acute liver dysfunction complicated with uncontrollable glycemia due to insulin antibody.",3599
-"Bone marrow aspirations showed hypocellular-normocellular bone marrow, 98% of plasma cells.",3600
-"The refractive state of lesion eye was -5.5D/-1.25D x 180 degrees, and visual acuity was hand motion at 30 cm.",3601
-"The striking temporal relationship between commencing dalteparin on day 1 and subsequent development of effusion on day 4, following 3 doses of LMWH, led us to believe that the bleed occurred as a result of the therapy.",3602
-"On December 24, serum CK was 839 IU/L and myoglobin was 91 U/L and the patient was discharged.",3603
-One of these patients showed pyramidal features and subsequently developed an optic neuropathy and pigmentary retinopathy.,3604
-A case of disseminated Aspergillus terreus infection in a patient with prolonged neutropenia after stem cell transplant for myeloma is reported.,3605
-Inflammatory changes were observed in four out of nine patients on HAART and in one out of 19 patients not on HAART.,3606
-Physicians should keep in mind that taxanes such as paclitaxel have the potential to cause pneumonitis and lung fibrosis.,3607
-"The authors also determined that their case of myositis developing in the rectus abdominus muscle of a patient with pancreatic adenocarcinoma was the manifestation of radiation recall, thereby bringing the number of patients who developed radiation recall to gemcitabine and were discussed in the current study to 13.",3608
-She had been receiving TPN for 2.5 years when she developed cholestasis which worsened despite adjustments to her TPN regimen.,3609
-"While a lower systemic steroid dosage may have been the provoking factor, we feel that an adverse reaction to oleic acid, a dispersing agent in the aerosol freon vehicle, is a strong possibility.",3610
-"It generally is characterized by fever, altered mental status, rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction.",3611
-Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) is an integral component of two biochemical reactions in man: the conversion of L-methylmalonyl coenzyme A into succinyl coenzyme A and the formation of methionine by methylation of homocysteine.,3612
-This form of ARF is characteristically anuric and follows a distinctive clinical course.,3613
-"Some of these lesions coalesced into plaques, with small areas of sparing, and a background erythematous color was also found in the axillary vaults (Fig.",3614
-Drug induced myopathies have been implicated with the use of several medications.,3615
-"Ritonavir can induce glucuronidation of several medications including ethinyl estradiol, levothyroxine, and lamotrigine.",3616
-"It has activity against both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, which has made it an alternative to traditional antipsychotic medications such as haloperidol.",3617
-Another patient died form an overdose due to misunderstanding of the prescribed dosage given elsewhere.,3618
-Exfoliative dermatitis secondary to tobramycin sulfate.,3619
-"Her hearing gradually, then completely returned 2-3 months after the vincristine therapy was discontinued.",3620
-"Eleven patients developed infection requiring hospitalization while taking leflunomide including: lower respiratory tract infections (3), cellulitis (2), disseminated herpes zoster (2), probable TB liver (1), abdominal sepsis (1), mycotic aneurysm (1) and gastroenteritis (1).",3621
-"Her plasma cesium level was 2400 microg/dl (normal < 1 microg/dl), and her family was told to stop her alternative treatment regimen.",3622
-"MK-0457 has in vitro activity against cells expressing wild-type or mutated BCR-ABL, including the T315I BCR-ABL mutation.",3623
-Three patients developed proteinuria following gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.,3624
-The patient complained of intolerable lumbago and numbness in her buttocks.,3625
-Implications for its drug management are discussed.,3626
-"Despite severe thyrotoxicosis, combined IFN-alpha and ribavirin therapy was continued and radioiodine treatment was considered for Graves' disease.",3627
-Jpn J Ophthalmol 2005;49:231-234 (c) Japanese Ophthalmological Society 2005.,3628
-OBJECTIVES: To describe the dissolution of a large organized intraatrial catheter-tip thrombus using a novel aggressive dose escalation of tissue plasminogen activator infusion.,3629
-"However, we cannot exclude a primitive effect of erythropoietin on the endothelium or on the platelets.",3630
-Acute lymphoblastic leukemia as a second malignancy following the treatment of medulloblastoma is a very rare condition.,3631
-"In view of the close time association between the start of chemotherapy and the acute onset of massive embolism other explanations, such as spontaneous necrosis, must be considered less likely.",3632
-We report here a case of delirium that occurred after discontinuation of glucocorticoid therapy.,3633
-"Among atypical antipsychotic, clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine have been reported to be associated with the condition.",3634
-Chemotherapy is frequently used to treat adenocarcinoma.,3635
-Culture and cytology of lavage fluid were negative.,3636
-Medical or surgical therapy is variably successful in these men.,3637
-"Although the symptom complex of disseminated cysticercosis has been well recognized for over half a century, it is not clearly included in recent disease classifications.",3638
-Two patients had a history of schizophrenia.,3639
-Median time to progression (TTP) was 12 weeks.,3640
-"The patient, with a history of cardiovascular disease and glaucoma, was admitted to the hospital because of complaints of shortness of breath, orthopnea, and reduced exercise tolerance.",3641
-"Therefore, bone marrow follow-up is critical for monitoring of response.",3642
-A skin biopsy examined by light and electron microscopy showed no morphological abnormality in the sweat glands.,3643
-As a clinical entity atrioventricular (AV) block due to hypothyroidism is rare.,3644
-Thiopurines such as azathioprine (AZA) and 6-mercaptopurine are frequently used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.,3645
-METHODS: A 79-year-old woman being treated with imiquimod 5 days per week for a nodular basal cell developed a verrucous plaque over the treatment area after 7 weeks of therapy.,3646
-"Investigations showed abnormal liver function tests, pancytopenia and elevated serum levels of aflatoxins.",3647
-Attenuation of asparaginase-induced hyperglycemia after substitution of the Erwinia carotovora for the Escherichia coli enzyme preparation.,3648
-"Laparoscopic splenectomy was performed before therapy in four patients with platelet counts of <70,000/mm(3), and during therapy in five patients with severe thrombocytopenia.",3649
-The clinical symptoms of gastric mucosa foveolar hyperplasia due to long-term PGE1 therapy simulate hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.,3650
-Two cases are presented that illustrate a possible treatment role for ECT.,3651
-One case of tacrolimus-induced hepatic VOD developing after lung transplantation (LT) has been recently reported.,3652
-Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) is a rare condition of unknown etiology characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.,3653
-There were no other known risk factors for vascular disease.,3654
-"The Japanese literature was reviewed for reports on this allergy, and the occurrence due to budesonide was compared with that of other dermocorticosteroids.",3655
-INTERVENTIONS AND RESULTS: Cardiac complications were observed in five pediatric patients who received between 4.6 and 40.8 mg/kg/d of amphotericin B.,3656
-"DHP often reduces the number of platelets, also DHP needs a lot of heparin, therefore, we should have performed HD alone instead of DHP.",3657
-"The patient's arthritis flared after the second infusion of infliximab, which was discontinued.",3658
-"In the present paper, we report on two siblings with G6PD deficiency who developed haemolytic anaemia following topical application of henna to their whole body to treat skin lesions.",3659
-Guidelines for handling common scenarios in PD patients will be illustrated by 10 case histories.,3660
-We present a case of hypereosinophilia related to zafirlukast therapy.,3661
-A 63-year-old African-American woman was admitted to the hospital with urosepsis and altered mental status.,3662
-"The day after methotrexate administration, the patient complained of severe back pain and urinary retention.",3663
-Generalized maculopapular and papular purpuric eruptions are perhaps the most common thionamide-induced reactions.,3664
-Electromyographic investigation revealed a myopathic pattern in proximal muscles without any neuropathic changes.,3665
-"His chemotherapy consisted of doxorubicin HCL, bleomycin, dacarbazine, and vinblastine, with prophylactic administration of a granulocyte colony stimulating factor.",3666
-Mucositis should be added to the list of conditions in which succinylcholine is contraindicated.,3667
-OBJECTIVE: This case discusses a rare but devastating complication of transforaminal epidural injection.,3668
-"Significant bleeding from retroperitoneal hematomas is more often associated with major pelvic fractures from high energy blunt force mechanisms, and the blood loss may be tamponaded by the retroperitoneal structures if natural clotting mechanisms are intact.",3669
-"The reported effects of these agents in increasing total Hb, however, have been inconsistent and there have been no studies on the combination of these medications.",3670
-It allows safe administration of a different platinum agent in patients who seem to benefit from platinum-based therapy.,3671
-Significance of subclinical entrapment of nerves in lead neuropathy.,3672
-"Six months after the procedure, the patient had an elective angiogram, where we discovered a new severe occlusion distally to the former stent; a second PES was implanted.",3673
-Antimalarial psychosis revisited.,3674
-"From these, three patients with myopathy were found for a total of 303 patient-years of therapy, for an incidence of 1 in 100 patient-years (95%, confidence interval 0.2-3).",3675
-Anterior chamber paracentesis for aerobic and anaerobic cultures may be an appropriate initial diagnostic step in suspected cases.,3676
-Drug interactions between Ritonavir and Tacrolimus should be anticipated.,3677
-This mode of therapy was effective in treating severe gingival hyperplasia in a patient receiving systemic androgen therapy.,3678
-Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis in a patient with a hypersensitivity reaction to penicillin.,3679
-A 22-year-old man with a synovial cell sarcoma attained an excellent response to therapy with adriamycin (NSC-123127) and dimethyltriazeno imidazole carboxamide (NSC-45388).,3680
-The clinical response was reflected by an increase in circulating interleukin (IL) 10 and a decrease in IL-6 and IL-8 serum levels during treatment.,3681
-All seven patients recovered without sequelae.,3682
-All her symptoms gradually subsided over the next few hours.,3683
-"RESULTS: One case of recurrent primary peritoneal carcinoma previously treated with a carboplatin-based regimen, developed a platinum hypersensitivity.",3684
-"Classification included dry (7%), mild (48%), moderate (39%), and severe (6%).",3685
-Adrenal crises in children treated with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids for asthma.,3686
-The seizures started when he was 2 months old.,3687
-"Reaccumulation of hemothorax occurred over the 48 hours following drain removal, necessitating insertion of a second drain, which removed 1400 mL of blood-stained fluid.",3688
-A 43-year-old woman received cisplatin 60 mg/m2 in 15 minutes during her sixth cycle of therapy.,3689
-The condition improved slowly after stopping medication and systemic steroids.,3690
-Oligohydramnios and pulmonary hypoplasia: a case in which involvement of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist was suspected.,3691
-It is well known that intravascular injection of oleic acid induces acute respiratory failure in animal models.,3692
-Our patient illustrates the importance of early recognition and treatment of hyponatremia before the onset of seizures.,3693
-"The only comparable case previously reported (Lai et al., 1991) showed close similarities in the clinical, biological and histological manifestations with microvesicular steatosis.",3694
-Histological changes were consistent with IgA-nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.,3695
-Seventy-four per cent of patients with epileptogenic disorders seen at the Emergency Unit at Groote Schuur Hospital were on phenytoin and 11.6% of these had blood levels in the toxic range.,3696
-"To rule out fibrin sheath formation, catheter dye studies need to be obtained when fibrinolytic therapy has failed to restore catheter function.",3697
-Histologic assessment of pleural fluid revealed no malignancy and results of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery were normal.,3698
-Abdominal examination and laboratory studies were not clinically remarkable.,3699
-MEASUREMENTS: A large intraatrial catheter-tip thrombus (2.5 x 3 cm) was an incidental finding on an echocardiogram done to assess cardiac function.,3700
-"A pituitary adenoma was removed, vision recovered, and the pregnancy completed successfully.",3701
-BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The occurrence of concomitant intracranial pathology in a patient with postdural puncture headache (PDPH) is rare.,3702
-"As more chemotherapy pumps are implanted, undoubtedly, new and unusual complications will occur.",3703
-Localized purpura associated with lamotrigine.,3704
-Acute abdomen due to endometriosis in a premenopausal woman taking tamoxifen.,3705
-Tardive seizure and antibiotics: case reports and review of the literature.,3706
-"A transdermal scopolamine patch is an effective medication for relieving motion sickness, treating nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy and decreasing withdrawal side-effects from wearing off opioids.",3707
-Thiabendazole given for 3 to 7 days is the treatment of choice for organ transplant recipients.,3708
-"This is particularly the case for children, who often exhibit resistance to intramuscular or rectal administration of drugs.",3709
-"In contrast, ultrarapid metabolizers with multiple CYP2D6 genes might require high doses of such drugs for optimal therapy.",3710
-Taxane-induced glaucoma.,3711
-Recurrent bacteremia developed necessitating Hickman line removal for eventual resolution of the infection.,3712
-"Because she could not tolerate ketoconazole and was hypersensitive to griseofulvin, she received itraconazole with complete recovery within 30 days.",3713
-No anti-Xa activity was demonstrated in breast milk.,3714
-"The proportions of lymphocyte subsets, as defined with monoclonal antibodies, and the proliferative response to mitogens were normal.",3715
-We present a patient who had a superior sagittal sinus thrombosis in addition to his PDPH.,3716
-At dosages 22.5-30 mg/day (0.45-0.57 mg/kg/day) longstanding non-convulsive status epilepticus was noted in all three patients.,3717
-The calculated index (posterior tibial/arm pressure) increased from a mean of 0.22 to 0.74 during the eight-month period following discontinuance of methysergide therapy with no recurrence of migraine headaches.,3718
-Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressant commonly used for organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases.,3719
-"SUMMARY: Unfortunately, the clinical features of the oral adverse effect from NVP are not well known.",3720
-"Although major hazards of treatment of hypophosphatemic osteomalacia with phosphate and calcitriol are secondary hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D intoxication, potassium loss also should be kept in mind.",3721
-Trimethadione treatment may be a useful tool for chemical dissolution of pancreatic stones.,3722
-Prothipendylhydrochloride-induced priapism: case report.,3723
-The process worsened during the two weeks following steroid cessation.,3724
-The improvement in initiative and social capacity was striking and appeared to be due to improved awareness of the environment and the acquisition and handling of useful knowledge.,3725
-We present the first case of ovarian endometrioid carcinoma and endometriosis in a postmenopausal patient who was treated with tamoxifen for breast cancer.,3726
-"Moreover, chronic GVHD-related liver injury was noted at the time of this episode.",3727
-"The patients were genotyped for the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A9 gene (which encodes the main COMT inhibitor-metabolizing enzyme), and found to carry mutations leading to defective glucuronidation activity.",3728
-This case is the first report in which RLS augmentation is shown to be characterized by motor hyperkinesias paralleling levodopa plasma pharmacokinetic profile.,3729
-"By using the preloaded biliary catheter, adequate positioning of the laser fiber was achieved in all patients.",3730
-Reversible nonthrombocytopenic palpable purpura associated with metoclopramide.,3731
-"During treatment with alefacept, the patient's psoriasis improved markedly without exacerbation of his photosensitive SCLE lesions.",3732
-A hemagglutinin mutation (198 Thr-->Ile) reduced the virus affinity for receptors found on susceptible human cells.,3733
-This would suggest that botulinum toxin is a safe and effective first line treatment for palatal tremor.,3734
-Data are presented to show a significant absorption of lidocaine through diseased skin when lidocaine cream is used as a local anesthetic.,3735
-BACKGROUND: Pseudoporphyria is a photosensitive bullous skin disease that is distinguished from porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) by its normal porphyrin profile.,3736
-PURPOSE: To report cerebral venous thrombosis as a complication of intravenous corticosteroid treatment in a patient with multiple sclerosis.,3737
-"In addition, we review recent data to indicate how concurrent use of antifolates may place these children at particular risk for adverse psychological reactions.",3738
-Acetazolamide (Diamox) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor commonly used in patients with glaucoma in order to reduce intraocular pressure.,3739
-"Although she was born after vacuum delivery and a scalp swelling was noticed from the third day of life, this swelling disappeared completely at the age of 3 months.",3740
-It was possible to reproduce the disease by the intradermal injection of killed Group A streptococcal organisms.,3741
-Twenty-six (of 40 successful) patients indicated that they favored the night-time regimen mainly because it was less complicated.,3742
-"Histology showed pigment within dendritic cells, and extracellularly throughout the dermis.",3743
-"To determine the clinical significance of this organism, we reviewed the records of all patients whose blood cultures were positive for E. avium who were seen at our institution from 1986 through 1991 and identified nine cases of bacteremia due to E. avium.",3744
-Thrombolysis was administered and the patient recovered uneventfully.,3745
-We suggested that the development of hyperlipidemia was related to the carnitine deficiency.,3746
-"Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is a rare disease, which is histopathologically defined by the presence of granulation tissue in the bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli leading to plugging of the bronchiolar and alveolar lumen.",3747
-"It seems that trigeminal manipulation during dental treatment as well as increased serum levels of induced epinephrine mainly by stress and pain, and the small amounts absorbed from the site of local anesthesia might produce abrupt elevation of blood pressure, subsequent increase in cerebral blood flow and severe, even fatal intracerebral hemorrhage.",3748
-Initial low plasma thiamine levels confirmed the diagnosis of thiamine deficiency.,3749
-"In this report, we describe a rare case of bilateral cryptorchism that did not come to the attention of the physician to implement effective substitution with testosterone until much later in adult life.",3750
-No reactions occurred to methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone.,3751
-Essential thrombocythemia is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder that causes thrombocytosis.,3752
-Here we describe two cases in postpneumonectomy patients in which expandable esophageal stent placement resulted in respiratory compromise requiring reintervention due to airway compression.,3753
-"We report a case of cough following the administration of quinapril, with complete resolution after changing to the alternative ACE inhibitor fosinopril in a patient with essential hypertension.",3754
-"One month after cataract surgery in the right eye, the best-corrected visual acuity was right 6/6 (-1.25) and left 6/10 (-2.00/-0.50 x 100).",3755
-Diagnosis and treatment of chronic postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis.,3756
-DISCUSSION: To our knowledge this is the first reported case of tuberculous uveitis following treatment with etanercept.,3757
-"Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is an inherited disease, closely following the pattern of autosomal recessive inheritance.",3758
-"E. avium bacteremias were polymicrobial in seven cases; in six cases, the coisolates were gastrointestinal organisms.",3759
-After recovery CT scan follow-up showed marked cerebral atrophy which did not exist prior to the state of coma.,3760
-A 67-year-old man was admitted for management of a diabetic foot ulcer.,3761
-A literature review of the relationship between bulimia and affective disorder showed that the evidence from empirical research and case report studies suggests that a sizeable subgroup of bulimics suffer from bipolar disorder as well as bulimia and may benefit from antimanic medications such as lithium.,3762
-Peak serum concentrations exceeded 4 mcg/ml.,3763
-A 67 year old man presented to his local dentist for restorative treatment.,3764
-Systemic absorption of oral vancomycin in a peripheral blood stem cell transplant patient with severe graft-versus-host disease of the gastrointestinal tract.,3765
-The prepuce as a donor site for reconstruction of an extravasation injury to the foot in a newborn.,3766
-Ocular symptoms began between 3 and 6 months after transplantation.,3767
-The authors report 2 cases of renal damage associated with lithium carbonate treatment.,3768
-"These cases emphasize the need for a high index of suspicion for tickborne illness in oncology patients, and the importance of a low threshold for starting empiric treatment before confirming the diagnosis.",3769
-"A 27-year-old man who had a history of bronchial asthma, eosinophilic enteritis, and eosinophilic pneumonia presented with fever, skin eruptions, cervical lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical lymphocytosis, and eosinophilia two weeks after receiving trimethoprim (TMP)-sulfamethoxazole (SMX) treatment.",3770
-RESULTS: Differences between the plaintiff's and defendant's experts' opinions are presented by utilizing the COAT literature.,3771
-A 73-year-old woman on topical pilocarpine and adrenaline for chronic simple glaucoma for three years presented with a mass in the medial canthus of the right eye.,3772
-MRI with gadolinium enhancement demonstrated prominent multifocal enhancing white matter lesions.,3773
-The association between the use of cyproterone acetate and liver abnormalities is poorly documented.,3774
-The recombinant human IgG1 monoclonal antibody specific for human TNF-a adalimumab (Humira) has been recently introduced for the treatment of moderate/severe psoriasis.,3775
-The sensory overstimulation is characterized by a subjective experience of sensory overload and a relative resistance to lidocaine local anesthesia.,3776
-"Second malignancy is one of the late complications of long-term cancer survivors, treated with radiation or chemotherapy.",3777
-"RESULTS: Vitritis occurred in 8 patients (12 episodes), 2 to 23 months postoperatively.",3778
-CONCLUSIONS: Colchicine-induced myopathy should be excluded in patients with FMF who present with generalized muscle weakness.,3779
-"The arterial ketone body ratio (AKBR), which is the ratio of acetoacetate to beta-hydroxybutyrate in arterial blood and which reflects the redox state in liver mitochondria, improved dramatically following treatment.",3780
-It also emphasizes how minor changes in electrocardiogram can be overlooked on standard electrocardiograms.,3781
-Acute renal failure with severe tubulointerstitial changes in a patient with minimal change nephrotic syndrome treated with enalapril.,3782
-We conclude that treatment with ramipril can be employed effectively and safely in GSD Ia patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria.,3783
-The occurrence of severe AIHA in CLL patients treated with fludarabine has been reported by several authors.,3784
-"After two months of mechanical ventilation, the patient was stabilized.",3785
-Use of the Naranjo probability scale showed the relationship of itraconazole therapy and the occurrence of acute hepatitis as probable.,3786
-Frequently it is also used to treat chronic pain syndromes.,3787
-CONCLUSION: We believe that risperidone is not a substitute for clozapine in treating psychosis in parkinsonian patients and should be used with caution.,3788
-Tardive and chronically recurrent oculogyric crises.,3789
-OBJECTIVES: To describe the presentation and treatment of acute isoniazid (INH) neurotoxicity appearing at an inner-city municipal hospital.,3790
-Favorable outcome of de novo hepatitis B infection after liver transplantation with lamivudine and adefovir therapy.,3791
-PURPOSE: We evaluated the in vitro hemodialysis ratio and subsequent toxicity and pharmacokinetics of ifosfamide in an anephric patient with Wilms' tumor.,3792
-Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant most effective in treating complex partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures.,3793
-"The most common presenting findings were somnolence-lethargy (96%), miosis (56%), and respiratory depression (48%), a paradoxical hypertensive response (44%) was more common than expected.",3794
-"Abnormal air accumulation was noted in the bowel, peritoneum, mediastinum and retroperitoneum.",3795
-The muscle rigidity and hyperpyrexia were unresponsive to intravenous benztropine but resolved within one hour of intravenous dantrolene 2 mg/kg.,3796
-"His illness was also characterized by a palpable spleen tip, marked lower extremity and scrotal edema, and generalized lymphadenopathy.",3797
-"The technical images (abdominal CT, scintigraphic octreotide scan and renal arteriography) revealed the presence of a left adrenal pheochromocytoma and stenosis of the renal artery.",3798
-Tuberculous peritonitis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: case report and review.,3799
-He was discharged on March 15; myoclonic muscle spasms began that afternoon.,3800
-CONCLUSION: Massive subchorionic hematomas may be observed in patients after thrombolytic therapy.,3801
-"After intravenous antibiotic treatment, the infection resolved with full restoration of visual acuity and ocular motility.",3802
-Colchicine-induced rhabdomyolysis.,3803
-On both occasions the symptoms resolved after treatment.,3804
-"Furthermore, the authors provide diagnostic and treatment options that are available for mitochondrial disorders, which are of interest to child psychiatrists due to the central nervous system manifestations of these disorders.",3805
-"We encountered a child who was intolerant to multiple commercially available preparations of pancreatic enzymes and, hence, desensitization was attempted, with success.",3806
-Syringotropic hypersensitivity reaction associated with infliximab and leflunomide combination therapy in a child with psoriatic arthritis.,3807
-"In all patients, discontinuation of aromatic AEDs resulted in resolution of symptoms and in 3 patients who required continued AED therapy, valproic acid was well tolerated.",3808
-"Though the syndrome was suspected early, attempts at reversing the hematologic and renal abnormalities were unsuccessful.",3809
-We report on two AIDS cases with long lasting bacteremia due to MAC under this regimen.,3810
-Transient bilateral blindness and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a rare complication of enuresis treatment.,3811
-Our experience with the two cases reported here has led us to propose guidelines for the treatment of initial PTE in a pediatric hematology unit.,3812
-"On day 7 of radiation therapy, she developed an extensive erythematous maculopapular rash over her face, trunk, and extremities.",3813
-Both were treated successfully with oral potassium.,3814
-Acute renal failure caused by fungal bezoar: a late complication of Candida sepsis associated with central catheterization.,3815
-"Topical provocation with ceftriaxone sodium salt (1% in water [aq.], 5% aq., 10% in petrolatum [pet.], 20% pet.) remained negative both at previously affected sites and in the unaffected skin of the back.",3816
-BACKGROUND: Platinum-based chemotherapy agents have been associated with potentially fatal acute immune-mediated hemolytic anemia.,3817
-"We report a myeloma patient who developed severe paralytic ileus during bortezomib therapy, which presented in the context of progressive constipation without other known causes and which regressed promptly with medical management after drug cessation, suggesting a direct causal relationship.",3818
-Alprazolam-induced mania: two clinical cases.,3819
-"Avascular necrosis (or osteonecrosis) is a very rare extraintestinal osseous complication that may occur in Crohn's disease, independent of previously reported risk factors, including corticosteroids or parenteral nutrition with lipid emulsions.",3820
-"In any case, from a clinical viewpoint, caution should be used when giving venlafaxine to patients with narrow-angle glaucoma, and ocular pressure must be monitored.",3821
-"In order to prevent GVHD, CsA alone was administered, 3 mg/kg i.v. per day for a total of 40 days.",3822
-Autopsy evidence of herpesvirus infection was found in visceral organs of four leukemic patients who had received large doses of cytarabine (cytosine arabinoside; Ara-C) shortly before their death.,3823
-Cluster headache (CH) is a well characterized primary headache disorder.,3824
-Polymyositis is a rare complication of interferon alpha treatment as a result of immune-modulating role of the drug itself.,3825
-"A 54-year-old man, treated with amiodarone, developed thyrotoxicosis.",3826
-This epileptic activity was continuous and unmodified by sensory stimulation and eyes opening and closing.,3827
-Education of employees and physicians should result in the prevention of unnecessary tissue destruction and pain for those inadvertently exposed to hydrofluoric acid.,3828
-"The area healed slowly over 7 weeks, but there was a residual loss of cutaneous sensation.",3829
-"Here, we report on six cases of NE in patients with acute leukemias.",3830
-"Imaging findings were compatible with left maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinusitis.",3831
-"Thus, measures must be taken to prevent and treat PVOD after BMT.",3832
-People who become dependent on these mixtures commonly do not present for medical assistance until the problem is severe.,3833
-It may be concluded that rhEPO is possibly effective in a subgroup of MDS patients where the disease is less advanced.,3834
-Renal failure after high-dose methotrexate in a child homozygous for MTHFR C677T polymorphism.,3835
-Methadone-induced myoclonus in advanced cancer.,3836
-"Although this is an intriguing hypothesis, any causative role of etanercept remains unproven at this stage.",3837
-"In all the children with azotemia who were treated with aluminum hydroxide, there was a positive correlation (r = 0.90; P less than 0.01) between the serum aluminum level and the daily dose of elemental aluminum.",3838
-She passed a non-solid stone and continued indinavir treatment.,3839
-"In North America, the adult tapeworm of Taenia (Multiceps) serialis is found in canids.",3840
-"The patient failed to respond to intravitreous, subconjunctival, and systemic amphotericin B, and the eye was enucleated.",3841
-Fulminant autoimmune hepatitis after successful interferon treatment in an HIV-HCV co-infected patient.,3842
-"If the infection takes a persistent course, persistent topical and intravitreal antibiotic treatment and possibly vitrectomy are needed to eradicate the infection.",3843
-CONCLUSIONS: Photodynamic therapy for cholangiocarcinoma is safe and technically feasible with a preloaded biliary catheter and a monorail technique for catheter positioning.,3844
-This regimen is administered in cycles of approximately 3 weeks; a total course of treatment consists of six cycles.,3845
-"We report the cases of two patients, previously operated for mitral mechanical valve replacement who developed thrombosis of the prosthesis.",3846
-One major source of risk to patients is intraarterial or intraneural injections.,3847
-We indicate that initial and early treatment of the patients with DM and PnM with CsA enabled rapid tapering of the dose of glucocorticoid and improved the disease.,3848
-A single-pass tunneling technique for CSF shunting procedures.,3849
-No other identifiable factor contributed to the unresponsiveness.,3850
-A follow-up MRI obtained immediately after his cerebral infarction demonstrated notable decrease in the size of the cysts and more prominent enhancement around the peripheral margins of the cysts and the major vessels in comparison with the initial MRI.,3851
-Both patients manifested other symptoms consistent with parkinsonian syndrome.,3852
-Spindle coma in benzodiazepine toxicity: case report.,3853
-Pulmonary edema occurred 24 hours after intravenous ritodrine therapy and 10 hours after subcutaneous terbutaline therapy.,3854
-"Use of recombinant human hemopoietic colony-stimulating factor was reported to be of benefit in patients who developed agranulocytosis, although there is still some doubt regarding the efficacy in AA.",3855
-"A case of heterotopic pregnancy, an unusual condition in itself, complicated by pulmonary embolus is presented.",3856
-OBJECTIVE: To describe the development of valproate-related reproductive endocrine disorders in women with epilepsy.,3857
-Postmortem examination revealed only minimal neoplastic infiltration of the meninges.,3858
-The aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of acute coronary syndromes in 3 cases of rituximab infusions.,3859
-Report of three cases and review of literature.,3860
-"Leflunomide, an immunosuppressive drug used in rheumatoid arthritis and in rejection in solid-organ transplantation, has been reported to have novel anti-CMV activity.",3861
-One patient had severe temporary weakness after an ampicillin sodium challenge.,3862
-"Although the immediate postoperative course was uncomplicated, delayed onset of abdominal pain and fever lead to the diagnosis of superior mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis.",3863
-"These measurements (720 before and 832 on therapy) suggested that both early and late dumping symptoms are causally related to the rate of glucose elevation and decline, rather than to glucose peak and nadir, respectively.",3864
-Reactivated herpetic keratitis following laser in situ keratomileusis.,3865
-"There is almost always a hypopyon present, and the uveitis progresses aggressively.",3866
-CONCLUSION: Oral mucositis is a frequent and potentially severe complication of cancer chemotherapy.,3867
-Observation of renal biopsy specimens by light microscopy revealed minor glomerular abnormalities.,3868
-"The infiltrate slowly resolved with topical antibiotics, and the best corrected visual acuity improved to 20/20.",3869
-This case highlights the potential of ritonavir interactions even with local injections of a corticosteroid.,3870
-RATIONALE: The atypical antipsychotic clozapine is effective in the treatment of patients with refractory schizophrenia.,3871
-"Her antecedent medical history included stable, mild renal function impairment, mitral regurgitation, atrial fibrillation, recurrent transient ischaemic attacks and cholelithiasis.",3872
-Neutropenic enterocolitis and cecal perforation in acute lymphatic leukemia.,3873
-Dose and dose intervals should be individualized for optimal benefits and tolerability.,3874
-This is the first report on the histopathological findings of thyroid tissue from a patient with amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism.,3875
-Methotrexate-induced hepatic necrosis requiring liver transplantation in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.,3876
-We report a patient with linear IgA bullous dermatosis and gluten-sensitive enteropathy.,3877
-"To treat hepatitis B, interferon alpha was administered until the proximal muscle weakness developed.",3878
-"Maternal values were 2.4 and 4%, and infant values 20.0 and 18% in cases 1 and 2, respectively.",3879
-Patient had seizures and developed failure.,3880
-A TDM consultant discusses the case in the context of toxicokinetic analysis.,3881
-Easily reversible hypoxemia and hypotension induced by nimodipine.,3882
-The patient was treated with surgery and combined cytotoxic chemotherapy.,3883
-RESULTS: Nine children presented with clinically significant lead poisoning.,3884
-There is growing interest in the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO(2)) for children with cerebral palsy.,3885
-Heparin sodium is routinely used in the prophylaxis against deep venous thrombosis in medical and surgical patients.,3886
-"During the three years of follow-up, both pulmonary sarcoidosis and hepatitis C have not recurred.",3887
-The infusion was terminated and his symptoms abated.,3888
-The case presented here provides some insight into the potential efficacy of certain herbs for relieving mild-to-moderate poison ivy dermatitis.,3889
-We document the rare occurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and polymyositis in a 68-year-old woman.,3890
-"Drug-induced thrombocytopenia was also considered, and he was told to stop all of his medicines.",3891
-A patient with end stage renal disease secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) ultimately required amputation of the four extremities and developed mesenteric ischemia.,3892
-The patient subsequently underwent surgery for embolization of the right occipital and superficial temporal arteries and removal of the mass.,3893
-"We then review case reports, expert opinion, and manufacturer recommendations regarding hepatitis B viral infection, TNF-alpha, and TNF-alpha inhibitors.",3894
-Recent technical advances in infusion systems in the form of the infusaid pump has allowed delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to the liver with great reliability.,3895
-Pure red cell aplasia due to parvovirus B19 infection after liver transplantation: a case report and review of the literature.,3896
-Such might not be the case with newer technologies.,3897
-The allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome is a rare adverse drug reaction.,3898
-The degree of emanating clinical events also conforms to status of the aflatoxicosis.,3899
-Efforts to reduce the glucose levels and long-term complications increase the frequency of hypoglycemia.,3900
-RESULTS: The in vitro hemodialysis model showed that ifosfamide was cleared with an extraction ratio of 86.7+/-0.5% and remained constant even at low concentrations of drug.,3901
-The case demonstrates features of leukostasis which are peculiar to the 'retinoic acid syndrome'.,3902
-Patients finally rated their subjective impression on this intervention.,3903
-We describe two dark-skinned patients who developed hyperpigmented skin and tongue lesions during combination therapy with IFN and ribavirin.,3904
-This is the fourth published report of adverse hepatic reaction to cyproterone acetate and it substantiates other evidence that cyproterone acetate is potentially hepatotoxic.,3905
-Intravenous diazepam exacerbated the seizures.,3906
-"We report a case of coagulation activation, fluid retention and transient autoimmune hepatitis most likely triggered by the use of black cohosh.",3907
-The potential for severe toxicity in the setting of pediatric overdose should be recognized.,3908
-"The patient was diagnosed as having a cerebral dural sinus thrombosis, but only after the diagnosis was missed initially.",3909
-Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with postirradiation malignant stromal tumor (leiomyosarcoma) of the jejunum.,3910
-A 42-year-old woman presented to our institution with a 2-week history of bone pain in the lower extremities.,3911
-Rechallenge with varenicline while the patient continued to receive amphetamine-dextroamphetamine yielded similar results.,3912
-Warfarin-associated thoracic aortic dissection in an elderly woman.,3913
-Cesium-induced QT-interval prolongation in an adolescent.,3914
-Tracheobronchial obstruction was ruled out by investigation with a fiberoptic bronchoscope.,3915
-"After 5 weeks of therapy, she stopped taking pantoprazole due to general malaise.",3916
-"Although they had complex medical problems, the high serum concentrations of ampicillin at the time of seizures without their recurrence after discontinuing the antibiotic suggest that the seizures were related to the ampicillin therapy.",3917
-"Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), or Lyell's syndrome, is a fulminant bullous dermatitis.",3918
-The symptoms were attributed to hepatitis B vaccination.,3919
-Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH (SIADH) following cisplatin administration in a pulmonary adenocarcinoma patient with a malignant pleural effusion.,3920
-Clinicians must be aware of the delicate balance between the signs and symptoms of disease states and the effects of drugs.,3921
-Herbal products have been associated with a wide spectrum of hepatic toxicities.,3922
-Cerebral air embolism after intrathoracic anti-cancer drug administration.,3923
-"Thus, the LNG-IUS is a viable option and represents a real advance in the treatment of adenomyosis.",3924
-"We described a very atypical case of a high stage, high grade endometrial cancer associated with tamoxifen in a 64-year-old woman with a past history of breast cancer.",3925
-"Thus this patient's hyponatremia cannot be accounted for solely by changes in external water and electrolyte balance; the rapidity with which changes were produced suggests that osmolar inactivation, probably intracellularly, may contribute to the severe hypotonicity seen in some patients.",3926
-Transient neurological disturbances induced by the chemotherapy of high-dose methotrexate for osteogenic sarcoma.,3927
-CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous therapy with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab is a nontoxic and effective treatment for patients with primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma.,3928
-The case described here adds to the body of information about the possible causes of thyrotoxic ophthalmopathy.,3929
-"HSOS following standard chemotherapy has been reported in patients receiving vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide for the treatment of Wilms tumor and more rarely rhabdomyosarcoma.",3930
-The additional finding of extensive resorption of the outer cortical surface and bone formation at the inner surface suggested a reversible phase after discontinuation of treatment.,3931
-CTPA identified no pulmonary embolus or vascular abnormalities.,3932
-The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is a response to the treatment of syphilis.,3933
-PURPOSE: To investigate the concentration-side effect relationship in a patient with severe acyclovir-induced neurotoxicity and to summarize the information available in the literature about central nervous system side effects due to acyclovir.,3934
-Toxic hepatitis induced by disulfiram in a non-alcoholic.,3935
-We report details of two liver transplant procedures in which post-reperfusion coagulopathy was reversed by administration of protamine sulphate.,3936
-The development of lymphoma in the gastric stump is rare.,3937
-Specimens of thyroid tissue from two cases with Hashimoto's thyroiditis were immunohistochemically examined for expression of SSTR2A.,3938
-"Five had acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) (one bcr/abl positive), six had acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with immunophenotype and/or cytogenetic intermediate-high risk features, except one patient with acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APML).",3939
-"In addition to improving insulin sensitivity, they generally result in a modest elevation of plasma HDL cholesterol.",3940
-Arsenic trioxide has recently been introduced as a promising new agent to treat refractory acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).,3941
-"After 6 months of treatment, systemic lupus erythematosus-related symptoms disappeared and anti-double-stranded DNA returned to normal.",3942
-We report a 13 year-old male who developed life-threatening anaphylaxis early in the course of Increlex therapy.,3943
-"This is a report of a 9-year-old epileptic boy, who was studied over a period of 7 years.",3944
-METHODS: Retrospective consecutive noncomparative case series.,3945
-Severe abdominal pain in low dosage clofazimine.,3946
-A patient is reported who developed essential thrombocythemia after successful treatment for hairy cell leukemia.,3947
-Pelvic arterial pseudoaneurysm-a rare complication of Cesarean section: diagnosis and novel treatment.,3948
-This report describes a unique path of spread of testicular cancer which also appears to spontaneously mature at the metastatic site.,3949
-Hypersensitivity to carboplatin is a rare but real complication of therapy and should be considered in patients presenting with hyperacute changes on ECG whilst receiving carboplatin therapy.,3950
-Reversible findings of restricted diffusion in 5-fluorouracil neurotoxicity.,3951
-"DISCUSSION: Although there are several reports on extensive passage of lamotrigine into breast milk, this is the first published report of a serious adverse reaction in a breast-fed infant.",3952
-"Each case (stage IB and IA) occurred after initiation of the subcutaneous anti-tumor necrosis factor medications etanercept and adalimumab, respectively.",3953
-Reports of corticosteroid anaphylactic reactions are rare in the medical literature.,3954
-Colitis as a manifestation of infliximab-associated disseminated cryptococcosis.,3955
-"In addition, known and/or possible mechanisms of the disorders are discussed.",3956
-A 54-year-old man received combination chemotherapy with nedaplatin and irinotecan as salvage chemotherapy for refractory non-seminomatous testicular cancer.,3957
-High-flux haemodialysis treatment as treatment for carbamazepine intoxication.,3958
-Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies against the nicotinic Ach receptor resulting in impaired transmission at the NM junction.,3959
-"We introduce a case of a sixty years old woman with several previous episodes of rhinitis, conjunctivitis and perspiration immediately after the administration of salmon calcitonin with nasal spray or intramuscular administration (Calsynar).",3960
-Eruptive epidermoid cysts resulting from treatment with imiquimod.,3961
-"It is estimated that 3-10% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) experience acute, transient neurotoxicity during induction chemotherapy.",3962
-Abnormalities resolve with drug withdrawal.,3963
-"However, the concentration of MHD, which peaked 7 h after intake, was only twofold higher (59.0 mg l(-1)).",3964
-Common hair care practices are a frequent cause of alopecia in black women.,3965
-Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorder in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis on methotrexate and rofecoxib: idiosyncratic reaction or pharmacogenetics?,3966
-We report the case of a 23-year-old woman with diffuse large-cell lymphoma who received an accidental overdose of this chemotherapeutic regimen.,3967
-"Pancreatic autoantibody tests were negative before the start of therapy, but a significant increase in glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody titer was seen after 24 weeks of treatment.",3968
-Salicylate hepato toxicity in rheumatic fever.,3969
-No cardiovascular disorder with the exception of minor ischemic changes in ECG was revealed before treatment.,3970
-"The donor was asymptomatic and had a negative review of systems, a normal physical exam, normal laboratory values, and negative blood and urine cultures.",3971
-When folinic acid was ceased on the day of methotrexate in these patients their psoriasis improved.,3972
-"Chronic hypotension, infrequent though possible in chronic renal failure patients on hemodialysis, has harmful consequences on their physical state and hence general well-being.",3973
-"We report a case of cytomegalovirus retinitis which occurred 6 months after renal transplantation and was successfully treated with an investigational drug, ganciclovir (DHPG [Dihydroxy propoxymethyl guanine], Cytovene, BW-B759U), via intravenous administration, with resolution of active retinal lesions and the cessation of cytomegalovirus shedding in the urine.",3974
-"BACKGROUND: Tamoxifen, a widely used drug in adjuvant therapy of breast carcinoma, is now being tested for its effectiveness in chemoprevention.",3975
-Clofibrate-induced myopathy in patients with diabetes insipidus.,3976
-"In children, only a few cases with this complication have been reported.",3977
-The capacity of zuclopenthixol to induce priapism is thought to be due to its antagonist activity on alpha-adrenergic receptors.,3978
-"However, repeated intracameral tPA injections may cause unwanted complications such as vitreous hemorrhage.",3979
-She had had her tongue painted with silver nitrate repeatedly 6 years ago for the treatment of oral ulcers.,3980
-This is a report of a case of a 53-year-old woman undergoing treatment with Xyrem for narcolepsy.,3981
-"Although both patients recovered from the colitis after the administration of vancomycin, the first case demonstrated a relapse of the colitis after receiving a subsequent course of the same chemotherapy with cisplatin.",3982
-Peripheral neuropathy was not fully reversed in all patients.,3983
-A reversible toxic liver damage was observed in a non-alcoholic woman treated with disulfiram.,3984
-"Case examples illustrate problems of teacher compliance in filling out measures, supplying adequate placebos, and obtaining physician cooperation, and with the practical issue of providing adequate data without overwhelming the time and resources of participants.",3985
-Tolerance to phenelzine and subsequent refractory depression: three cases.,3986
-"We report on a patient with a high grade B-cell lymphoma who presented 28 days after the second autologous stem cell transplantation with weight gain, ascites, hyperbilirubinemia, and liver venules occlusion as demonstrated by sonography.",3987
-"These 14 pregnancies resulted in four live infants who had no apparent birth defects, one live-born infant with multiple defects, four spontaneous abortions, and five induced abortions.",3988
-This rare association suggests that oral hormone replacement therapy poses a risk of thrombosis especially in patients with cc-TGA after prosthetic valve replacement.,3989
-"METHODS AND RESULTS: At 6 weeks after renal transplantation, a 57-year-old woman presented with TMA.",3990
-Clinical evaluation of SMS 201-995.,3991
-CONCLUSIONS: This novel chemotherapy regimen achieved favorable results and may be useful in treating patients with unresectable multifocal HCC resistant to TAE.,3992
-"The case report illustrates the need for flexible individualized dosage schedules, similar to other neuroleptics.",3993
-Pyridoxine for neonatal seizures: an unexpected danger.,3994
-Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease occurring during interferon alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C.,3995
-"As a result, the Flexiflo Inverta percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes with externally removable internal bumpers were found useful in the treatment of buried bumper syndrome, and the buried bumper was easily removed by external traction without any endoscopic or surgical methods.",3996
-For effective treatment of bacterial osteomyelitis a bone biopsy is sometimes unavoidable and indicated.,3997
-She died and autopsy revealed extensive hemorrhagic myocardial infarction and a free-wall rupture.,3998
-The patient achieving a partial response experienced no side effects while receiving ipilimumab.,3999
-He is in remission of AML and tuberculosis.,4000
-METHODS AND RESULTS: The authors describe a 62-year-old man with a malignant thymoma that was clinically responsive to oral prednisone.,4001
-"On the second day of hospitalization, it was noted that the patient's dyspnea and sinus bradycardia could be related to a recent increase in his timolol dosage.",4002
-"She was treated with methylprednisolone (40 mg i.v. q6h), aminophylline (loading with 5 mg/kg and maintained with 0.6 mg/kg/hr i.v. drip), nebulized terbutaline sulphate (5 mg q6h), oral procaterol 12.5 micrograms bid, along with oxygen therapy.",4003
-"We present clinical data, neuropsychological findings, and results of brain computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, electroneuromyography, evoked potentials, single photon emission computed tomography, and positron-emission tomography.",4004
-"Further refinements for customization of articulating spacers have been attempted (Rand 1993, Goldman et al. 1996).",4005
-All patients had significant renal insufficiency.,4006
-Establishing causality in pediatric adverse drug reactions: use of the Naranjo probability scale.,4007
-The ability of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors to impair pivotal pro-inflammatory host defenses may facilitate the development of disseminated cryptococcosis.,4008
-Rate of mitral thrombosis is 3.9% and aortic 0.25%.,4009
-"Due to relatively well preserved cellular immunity until 2003, no antiretroviral therapy (HAART) needed to be instituted.",4010
-Azathioprine can cause severe myelosuppression.,4011
-An uncommon cause of delayed postpartum hemorrhage is a pseudoaneurysm of the uterine artery.,4012
-During these episodes she was lost in herself.,4013
-The impressive and significant success rate for complete resolution of verrucous lesions without subsequent scarring has shown this approach to be an effective treatment for plantar warts.,4014
-Acute myocardial necrosis during administration of amsacrine.,4015
-"Cannulation of the radial artery can result in complications ranging from arterial thrombosis, arterial aneurysm, compartment syndrome, infection, nerve injury and skin necrosis to possible thumb or even hand necrosis if not recognized and treated early.",4016
-"Following the improvement of the symptoms of SJS, he received alternate-day oral prednisolone without any cutaneous eruption.",4017
-The patients required admission for assessment of the severity of the overdose in addition to advice about appropriate use of analgesics and advice on access to dental care.,4018
-Seizures associated with ofloxacin therapy.,4019
-Histological examination of the dacryolith suggested its derivation from breakdown products of adrenaline.,4020
-We postulate that an immune-mediated disruption of caveolar function was exacerbated by statin exposure.,4021
-"The mean age of these patients was 16 years (range 4-63), and 90 were aged 15 years or younger.",4022
-A 63-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis presented with pain and swelling of his right buttock.,4023
-A possible explanation of these data is that erythropoietin permitted the termination of blood transfusions which both triggered and perpetuated the syndrome.,4024
-Biopsied muscle pathology indicated the presence of neurogenic muscular atrophy in combination with corticosteroid myopathy.,4025
-Biomicroscopy revealed amiodarone corneal deposits.,4026
-Brugada syndrome whose ST-segment changes were enhanced by antihistamines and antiallergenic drugs.,4027
-CASE SUMMARY: A 75-year-old white man received 23.6 grams of ofloxacin over a 51-day period for epididymitis.,4028
-"To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report in the English-language literature of spontaneous neonatal intracerebral hemorrhage, due to thrombosis of the superior or inferior vena cava.",4029
-"Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disease (EBV-LPD) is a serious disorder seen in various states of immunodeficiency, often with a fatal outcome.",4030
-DiGeorge's syndrome in monozygotic twins.,4031
-Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy were negative for bleeding.,4032
-Multifocal electroretinographic abnormalities in ethambutol-induced visual loss.,4033
-Pulmonary nodules caused by Schizophyllum commune after cardiac transplantation.,4034
-We report a patient with chronic renal failure and ischemic heart disease who developed clinically significant methemoglobinemia after an axillary block with bupivacaine and additional injection of lidocaine in the operative field.,4035
-"A rare case of malignant osteopetrosis in a 19-year-old girl, who presented with the complication of osteomyelitis of the mandible following tooth extraction, is presented.",4036
-Long-term survival was studied in a group of 123 patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmia treated with antiarrhythmic drugs chosen primarily with noninvasive testing methods.,4037
-Mexiletine hydrochloride was useful in preventing recurrences of torsades de pointes.,4038
-"OBJECTIVE: To document a case of serotonin syndrome (SS) associated with mirtazapine monotherapy, review the previously reported cases of SS associated with this tetracyclic antidepressant, and discuss the possible pathogenic mechanisms leading to this serious adverse drug reaction.",4039
-"His diarrhea, consisting of 10 to 12 loose stools a day, had continued for approximately two weeks and was accompanied with abdominal cramping, fever, anorexia, and weight loss.",4040
-Concomitant aspiration of gastric acid was thought to be the explanation for the severity of these cases.,4041
-Rigorous diagnostic procedures with repeated scintiscans and TSHRAb titering are necessary to avoid a false diagnosis and inappropriate therapy.,4042
-"The pathophysiological mechanisms remain unknown, although the drug could act through massive cytokines liberation after destruction of CD20 positive cells by rituximab.",4043
-"A worsening of ritualistic behavior was noted, and the clomipramine dosage was increased to 150 mg/d over 14 days.",4044
-"Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is an uncommon myeloproliferative disorder, which is thought to develop from a multipotent stem cell.",4045
-The prevention and treatment of de novo HBV infection after OLT is discussed.,4046
-Fluorescein angiography confirmed leakage surrounded by central serous detachment of the retina.,4047
-"Its mode of anti-inflammatory actions in rheumatoid arthritis is not clearly understood, but modulation of neutrophil activity or inhibition of neutrophil inflammatory product formation or release appear to play a role.",4048
-Successful bone marrow transplantation from an unrelated donor in a patient with adult T cell leukemia.,4049
-Neurotoxicity of valacyclovir in peritoneal dialysis: a pharmacokinetic study.,4050
-"Additionally, a baby bottle allegedly administered to the infant was collected as evidence and sent to the Medical Examiner's Office for evaluation.",4051
-"Intravenous sodium bicarbonate and furosemide, and intrarectal calcium polystyrenesulfonate were administered to correct the acidosis and promote potassium secretion.",4052
-"Researchers and clinicians have made numerous suggestions for managing the various side effects, although there is currently no research to guide evidence-based practice.",4053
-Treatment with CSA was started after a nonresponding course of prednisone.,4054
-"Serum creatine kinase (CK), liver function tests and a light microscopy muscle biopsy were performed on all of them.",4055
-Timely diagnosis and management is crucial to maintain good structural and visual outcomes.,4056
-"This case illustrated that 'maqianzi' can cause strychnine poisoning even after processing, especially when the recommended dose is greatly exceeded.",4057
-Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia due to corticosteroids.,4058
-"We report on a case of a female patient with a chronic schizoaffective psychosis, who was treated for 3 months with 3 x 3 mio IE IFN-alpha s.c./week because of a chronic hepatitis C (genotype 1b).",4059
-This reaction was considered to fit with coronary vasospasm.,4060
-"Stomach and small intestine are the most affected organs; however, it can affect any part of the gastrointestinal system.",4061
-"SUMMARY: A 29-year-old woman sought treatment from a pulmonologist for a dry, hacking, constant cough not relieved by fast-acting inhalers or narcotic cough medications that had lasted for three weeks.",4062
-"In each of the three reported patients, alteration of eyelid appearance with deepening of the lid sulcus was evident as the result of topical bimatoprost therapy.",4063
-Fatal pulmonary fibrosis induced by paclitaxel: a case report and review of the literature.,4064
-Treatment with tacrolimus ointment completely resolved the oral lesions after 2 months of therapy.,4065
-"She had no history suggestive of gastroesophageal reflux, peptic ulcer, or pork allergy, and no vomiting on days when enzymes were not given.",4066
-All patients had experienced multiple episodes of severe hypoglycaemia and had impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia.,4067
-The possible underlying pharmacological mechanisms of this clinical reaction lend support to the cholinergic-adrenergic balance hypothesis of affective disorders.,4068
-"Other organisms, including unusual bacteria, fungi, and mycobacteria, comprise 5% or less of cases.",4069
-Obidoxime was reinstituted after the 9 d interruption and muscle strength improved with the first dose.,4070
-"After 14 months of follow-up, the patient is well and free of disease.",4071
-Drug-induced pericarditis mimicking Brugada syndrome.,4072
-"Serial lymph node biopsies showed the progression of this disorder from a pleomorphic immunoblastic proliferation to a lymphocyte-depleted, fibrotic process, in parallel with a decline from hyper- to hypogammaglobulinemia.",4073
-"Upon rechallenge with clomiphene 3 months later, she again developed bilateral anterior uveitis.",4074
-They presented with circumscribed blue-grey pigmentation within acne scars confined to the back.,4075
-"Taken together with other evidence that fluoroquinolones lower seizure threshold, this report suggests fluoroquinolones should be avoided in patients receiving ECT.",4076
-A 40-year-old man with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) developed primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) after having received 21 doses of natalizumab monotherapy.,4077
-Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a serious complication of assisted reproduction techniques using in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI).,4078
-"The cutaneous manifestations of infection can include papules, plaques, nodules, vesicles, ulcers, ecchymosis, and, rarely, cellulitis.",4079
-Renal injury due to anastrozole has not been published in the English literature.,4080
-These results emphasise the difficulty of stimulating this mesencephalic region.,4081
-"However, a common source for these infections could not be demonstrated.",4082
-Hepatic angiosarcoma occurring after cyclophosphamide therapy: case report and review of the literature.,4083
-A male patient with malignant lymphoma and thyroid papillary carcinoma after pediatric renal transplantation.,4084
-"In one patient, disease was confined to the colon, while three patients had disease involving the terminal ileum and colon.",4085
-She subsequently haemorrhaged into the infarcted area with residual neurological deficits.,4086
-The number of patients with chronic hepatitis C requiring interferon retreatment is increasing rapidly.,4087
-"CONCLUSIONS: With increasing clinical use of terlipressin and an increasing incidence of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related cirrhosis, the incidence of these serious complications is likely to rise.",4088
-Clinical and histological findings were suggestive of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease.,4089
-"The optic nerve appeared healthy, with no visible swelling in each eye.",4090
-Viral antigen was not detected at the end of or during 3 of the 5 treatment courses and decreased to a low level following the 2 other courses.,4091
-The favourable outcome in these two patients contrasts with the fatal outcome of the two other reported cases of nitrofurantoin induced BOOP.,4092
-"CASE DESCRIPTION: A 24-year-old 732-kg (1,610-lb) pregnant Belgian draft horse mare developed neuropathy and signs of intractable pain following colic surgery.",4093
-Symptomatic hypocalcaemia and renal impairment associated with bisphosphonate treatment in patients with multiple myeloma.,4094
-"Rarely, it can rupture, resulting in peritonitis and gram-negative sepsis.",4095
-Also to be considered in the differential diagnosis are multifocal infection and polysynovitis/arthritis of other etiology.,4096
-"Physicians should be aware of the presence of corticosteroids in over-the-counter products, that are not mentioned on the instruction leaflet.",4097
-Steroid therapy for ureteral obstruction after aortoiliac graft surgery.,4098
-"She developed a pre-engraftment immune reaction, which responded well to prednisolone, and engraftment was documented.",4099
-"By a combination of appropriate selection of medications and an awareness of delirium as a side effect, the patient in the ICU may be treated in a manner to minimize the clouding of consciousness.",4100
-AIM: Report of a case of a woman patient who developed celiac disease after pegylated interferon alpha-2a and ribavirin use for chronic hepatitis C.,4101
-Pulmonary fibrosis subsequent to high doses of CCNU for chronic myeloid leukemia.,4102
-"In most patients with catheter-related Rhodotorula fungemia, the condition has been treated with broadspectrum antibiotics.",4103
-"We conclude that intoxication with lacosamide, in combination with overdoses of multiple AEDs, can be survived without sequelae, even after ingestion of 12 g lacosamide.",4104
-Successful treatment with partial resection of the posterior mitral valve leaflet and antibiotic therapy with cefazolin.,4105
-"In severe cardiogenic shock, the patient required an extracorporeal membrane-oxygenation system for 8 days until cardiac recovery.",4106
-"METHOD: A 59-year-old, right-handed man of Caribbean-Hispanic descent underwent brain imaging studies, laboratory tests for AD, and serial neurologic and neuropsychologic evaluations.",4107
-Cryptococcal infections are seen mainly in immunocompromised hosts.,4108
-"The cases raise a number of issues, including the need for clinicians to routinely ask patients about alternative medicine use, to learn more about these treatments, and to discuss these approaches objectively with patients.",4109
-Initial treatment with itraconazole resulted in exacerbation of clinical signs.,4110
-Clinical recovery followed discontinuation of therapy and paralleled EEG resolution.,4111
-Anhedonic ejaculation with desipramine.,4112
-"There has been mild improvement of her symptoms, but most of the symptoms did not resolve.",4113
-"A review of the literature found 11 children and 2 adults in whom intranasal desmopressin was associated with hyponatremia, all of whom experienced seizures or altered mental status.",4114
-Mucormycosis peritonitis: more than 2 years of disease-free follow-up after posaconazole salvage therapy after failure of liposomal amphotericin B.,4115
-Well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma of the secretory type (FIGO Grade 1) with minimal myometrial invasion occurred in a postmenopausal patient on tamoxifen therapy 5 years after mastectomy for breast carcinoma.,4116
-"Discontinuation of methicillin therapy and appropriate antibiotic treatment of endocarditis led to clinical improvement, emphasizing the need to promptly discontinue potential nephrotoxic agents when abnormalities in renal function appear.",4117
-The diagnosis was confirmed by immunofluorescent studies.,4118
-Concomitant use of statins and cyclosporine should be avoided.,4119
-"Although hypophosphatemia induced by aluminum-containing antacids is rare, treatment of peptic ulcer disease with a combination of two aluminum-containing agents may increase the risk of clinically significant hypophosphatemia.",4120
-There was no evidence of disease progression.,4121
-Her serum total cholesterol was 515 mg/dl and triglyceride was 3378 mg/dl despite administration of 10 mg of simvastatin daily.,4122
-"We present two cases of nitrofurantoin-induced pulmonary toxicity in which the initial HRCT showed a widespread reticular pattern and associated distortion of the lung parenchyma, thought to represent established fibrosis.",4123
-The possible mechanisms of this leukopenia are discussed.,4124
-During the follow up period we did not observe residue or recurrence of the ptosis.,4125
-The condition responded to treatment with topical diluted steroids and antibiotics.,4126
-Treatment of acute leukaemia in adult Jehovah's Witnesses (JW) is challenging because of 'a priori' refusal of most physicians to apply diagnostic and therapeutic procedures to haematological abnormalities resembling acute leukaemia.,4127
-Complete resolution of symptoms within 1-4 days was accompanied by normalization of ADC abnormalities.,4128
-CONCLUSIONS: The piloerection observed after the replacement of fluvoxamine with milnacipran in this patient appears to have been due to an increase in the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor occupancy by endogenous norepinephrine induced by milnacipran.,4129
-An adverse drug reaction (ADR) induced by fluoxetine was suspected and fluoxetine treatment was discontinued.,4130
-"Although visual hallucinations have not been reported as an adverse effect of this agent, we describe three patients who experienced complex visual hallucinations and altered mental status after zonisamide treatment was begun or its dosage increased.",4131
-"The twelve-lead ECG exhibited a coved type ST-segment elevation in leads V(1) and V(2), and their enhancement was induced by pilsicainide.",4132
-We report a rare case of patient with dermatomyositis (DM) who developed spontaneous pneumomediastinum (PnM) and subcutaneous emphysema.,4133
-"Such agents include anthracyclines, taxanes and capecitabine.",4134
-We review the medical literature and discuss the risks of using recombinant factor VIIa to control severe bleeding after cardiac surgery.,4135
-Acute erythroid leukemia after cyclophosphamide therapy for multiple myeloma: report of two cases.,4136
-"We describe a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with gold salts, who developed bilateral interstitial pulmonary abnormalities and showed a dramatic response on corticosteroid therapy.",4137
-Diffusion-weighted MRI correlates of subacute methotrexate-related neurotoxicity.,4138
-Methylene blue (MB) may be used in the treatment of this encephalopathy.,4139
-It is becoming increasingly evident the population at highest risk for sustaining a complication related to anticoagulation is that group presenting with traumatic brain injury.,4140
-"Most symptoms resolved within several days, but tongue thrust continued until 6 months of age.",4141
-Haptic repositioning was performed in the right eye.,4142
-"Based on these data, authors have previously exposure is confirmed despite a lack of any pattern to the defects reported.",4143
-"BACKGROUND: Rapid graft dysfunction caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfection, although uncommon, is a disastrous complication in liver transplant patients.",4144
-Report of three patients.,4145
-"Unexpectedly, liver function returned to normal on stopping the drug.",4146
-Exacerbation of the inflammatory response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis after antiretroviral therapy.,4147
-"SUMMARY: Patients with NSTE ACS for whom a conservative treatment strategy is selected should receive enoxaparin, fondaparinux, or unfractionated heparin (UFH) as anticoagulant therapy.",4148
-An epinephrine injection was administered and the boy immediately felt better.,4149
-"No known causal factors for pancreatitis such as biliary tract stone, hypertriglyceridemia and alcohol consumption could be identified.",4150
-"The challenge case showed eosinophilia with 1.2 10(9)/l (z = 1.79, p = 0.04) being followed by normalization despite clozapine continuation, whereas the maximum value reached 2.1 10(9)/l in the single episode case, with consecutive normalization and uninterrupted treatment.",4151
-"Recently, we have employed fibrin glue as a vehicle for the sustained release of ACNU (nimustine hydrochloride) by spray application following subtotal tumor removal in two patients with recurrent malignant gliomas.",4152
-This case suggests that chemotherapy with its attendant immunosuppression is a predisposing factor in the development of necrotizing fasciitis and warrants a high index of suspicion.,4153
-"Anaphylactoid shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and anuric renal failure requiring dialysis occurred in a patient receiving zomepirac sodium for toothache.",4154
-It is harder to evaluate the benefit of a new technology in the face of noncomparable previous technologies.,4155
-Her serum potassium level was 13.1 mEq/L and HCO3- was 16 mEq/L.,4156
-Here we present the case of a generalized lichen nitidus with involvement of the palms in a patient with hepatitis C after systemic treatment with interferon alpha and ribavirin.,4157
-A detailed study has been made of the five hypertensive patients who received Minoxidil in Dumfries; four have been observed for over a year.,4158
-We describe a case of significant elevation of serum transaminases in a patient treated with 6-TG for a flare of Crohn's disease.,4159
-"However, the toxicity profile of leflunomide in patients with underlying GVHD remains to be defined.",4160
-A case of pyridoxine-dependent seizures is reported.,4161
-Ovarian torsion: a complication of GIFT.,4162
-Arterial occlusion due to intraplaque hemorrhage and de novo thrombosis caused by thrombin-mediated platelet aggregation are also discussed as potential mechanisms of arterial occlusion.,4163
-"According to the Naranjo probability scale, this reaction was probable.",4164
-These data suggest that cidofovir may be useful as adjuvant therapy for BKVN.,4165
-"Fever, lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia, lymphocytosis, hepatitis, and dermatitis: a severe adverse reaction to minocycline.",4166
-"A patient suffering from heparin-associated thrombocytopenia (HAT), recurrent arteriothromboses, and acute renal failure after treatment with standard heparin is described.",4167
-"We examined the in vitro inhibition of the clonogenic capacity of bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells of this patient by D-Pen, and found strong inhibition in burst-forming unit-erythroid and colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte assays, but not in colony-forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage assays.",4168
-Bull's-eye maculopathy associated with quinacrine therapy for malaria.,4169
-"Sympathetically mediated chest pain is a rare presentation, as it is similar to that of secondary hyperalgesia in the intact skin surrounding an injury site.",4170
-A prompt and accurate diagnosis is crucial.,4171
-Cranial MRI showed large asymmetric T2 and FLAIR hyperintense lesions in cortical and subcortical structures.,4172
-Post-transfusion purpura: response to steroids and association with red blood cell and lymphocytotoxic antibodies.,4173
-There was no residual corneal scarring.,4174
-"The infants in the other two reported cases also died, which suggests that TEN in early infancy has an extremely poor prognosis.",4175
-She had been diagnosed as having myotonic dystrophy by electromyographic investigations and abnormal serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) levels.,4176
-"CASE SUMMARY: A 65-year-old patient chronically treated with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram developed confusion, agitation, tachycardia, tremors, myoclonic jerks and unsteady gait, consistent with serotonin syndrome, following initiation of fentanyl, and all symptoms and signs resolved following discontinuation of fentanyl.",4177
-"Findings of electrophysiologic study and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging were within normal limits, pointing to the ingestion of Aconitum as the most likely source of his arrhythmia.",4178
-This etiology has to be considered in patients taking this drug who present with intraocular inflammation.,4179
-"In a patient suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, we report the first simultaneous occurrence of two side effects of low-dose methotrexate: an acute megaloblastic anaemia and a pneumonitis.",4180
-We report a patient with severe Crohn's disease and the short bowel syndrome on parenteral feeding who was not responding to conventional therapy and underwent treatment with cyclosporin (CyA) given initially intravenously and subsequently orally in each of two courses.,4181
-"The diagnosis of DIHS was made based on the patient's history of using an offending drug, clinical manifestations and laboratory data showing peripheral eosinophilia with the presence of atypical lymphocytes.",4182
-Her symptoms soon alleviated and serum lipase level declined.,4183
-"Valproic acid is commonly and effectively used in the treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies, including juvenile absence epilepsy.",4184
-"In each case, some degree of recovery followed discontinuation of the statin medication.",4185
-All patients had taken phenytoin for variable time periods (range 16-80 days; mean: 40) and were on the medication when the skin lesions first appeared.,4186
-"SMS 201-995 is active orally at doses of 4-8 mg and when given thrice-daily to 6 patients with active acromegaly, suppressed mean 24-h growth hormone levels by 51-88%.",4187
-"Although it is very rare, careful monitoring and readiness for the occurrence of such a potentially lethal situation with necessary medications may prevent a fatal outcome.",4188
-Our case suggests that the peripheral venous access was probably the portal of entry of the fungus.,4189
-"He underwent hospital admission, early intubation, intensive care for nine days and hospitalization for six weeks.",4190
-Alternaria is a very common and saprophytic fungus.,4191
-CASE SUMMARY: TLS developed in 2 neonates born at 38 weeks' gestational age; both were managed in part with rasburicase.,4192
-Neuroleptic-induced panic attacks in a patient with delusional depression.,4193
-"To our knowledge, this is the first clear report of reactivation of ""latent"" Histoplasmosis after anti-TNF-alpha therapy.",4194
-"However, the electroretinogram was abnormal on several occasions during therapy with rifabutin, but returned to normal 3 months after withdrawal of the medication.",4195
-"One of the side-effects of intravitreal triamcinolone is the development of cataract, and it is known that cataract extraction can exacerbate macular degeneration.",4196
-"The use of a plant fungicide, the imidazole imazalil, in the therapy of human alternariosis is described.",4197
-"He suddenly developed a fever (temperature, 38 degrees C) and severe lower back pain without apparent cause.",4198
-No subjective discomfort was reported.,4199
-Delayed onset diffuse lamellar keratitis following enhancement LASIK surgery.,4200
-"We strongly suspect that this lethal anuria was mainly due to ifosfamide, occurring in a patient having received previous cisplatin chemotherapy and with poor kidney perfusion due to transient hypotension.",4201
-"However, recently we were confronted with two cases within 1 month.",4202
-MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 39-year-old male with idiopathic sudden SNHL that was responsive to corticosteroids was treated with ciclosporin for 18 months.,4203
-"Fatal pulmonary fibrosis following 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) therapy.",4204
-Postural epigastric pain as a sign of cytomegalovirus gastritis in renal transplant recipients: a case-based review.,4205
-OBJECTIVE: To report on the possible development of serotonin syndrome in a patient receiving clomipramine after clozapine was withdrawn from the treatment regimen.,4206
-Embolic phenomena occurred in 10 (42%) of 24 cases.,4207
-Immediate surgical management became necessary.,4208
-The patient's metastatic disease remained stable for the next 2 years.,4209
-We describe a patient who developed significant deterioration in her conscious level due to iatrogenic gabapentin overdose.,4210
-We present a severe case of TPP in a 22-year-old Latino male with rapidly progressive ascending paralysis and hypokalemia severe enough to lead to cardiac arrest.,4211
-CONCLUSIONS: Serious lead poisoning continues to occur and there appears to be complacency regarding the hazard posed by lead paint in old houses.,4212
-"A 17-year-old anuric female patient with end-stage renal failure received a massive overdose of vancomycin and was treated with high-flux hemodiafiltration, as described in this report.",4213
-Methotrexate inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of DNA and RNA.,4214
-This is the first report of a middle-aged man with multiple coronary lesions.,4215
-There are few references of allergic reaction to this hormone.,4216
-Antipsychotic medications have been associated with significant cardiovascular adverse effects and instances of sudden cardiac death.,4217
-We report on a patient who developed the clinical findings of pulmonary eosinophilia.,4218
-"The therapies used for pyoderma gangrenosum include systemic corticosteroids, azathioprine, dapsone, mercaptopurine, sulphasalazine, sulphapyridine, thalidomide, cyclophosphamide, clofazimine, isotretinoin, immunoglobulins and cyclosporin.",4219
-Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease associated with altered immunoregulation and resulting in a deforming polyarthritis.,4220
-Case 4: A 61-year-old male alcoholic who remained completely abstinent while taking cyanamide for 3 years showed slight elevation of serum transaminases.,4221
-"We suggest the use of esmolol for treatment of dysrhythmias secondary to caffeine toxicity; to the best of our knowledge, the use of esmolol has not been reported for this purpose.",4222
-Six of the patients were no longer receiving vigabatrin.,4223
-"The vasodilating action of calcium-channel blockers decreases the systemic pressure and in turn, may increase the pressure gradient and the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure.",4224
-Tonic seizures occurred immediately and appeared to represent a paradoxical seizure exacerbation.,4225
-Muscle biopsy showed nonspecific myopathic changes on light microscopy.,4226
-1. Nine patients in whom acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) developed following prolonged alkylating agent therapy are described.,4227
-"INTRODUCTION: Chronic constipation is a common symptom in pediatrics, and physicians often use mineral oil to treat chronic constipation in children.",4228
-Of particular interest in the present case report is the silent presentation and the absence of any pharmacological interference.,4229
-Our results suggest that patients with CLL in whom AML/MDS develops have similar prognoses to other patients with AML/MDS.,4230
-Patients were monitored for adverse treatment effects.,4231
-Severe ehrlichia infection in pediatric oncology and stem cell transplant patients.,4232
-It may represent a uveitic immune phenomenon.,4233
-Five patients receiving fluoxetine for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder or major depression developed akathisia.,4234
-"In 1993, a case of PI with nephrotic syndrome following steroid treatment was reported in Japan.",4235
-CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis of the published case reports suggests a causal association between green tea and liver damage.,4236
-"It was postulated that the allergic reaction was most likely caused by capecitabine or the intermediate metabolites based on the immediate reappearance of symptoms from the rechallenge, pharmacokinetic data, and well-tolerance of fluorouracil.",4237
-"OBJECTIVE: To report a case of ciprofloxacin-induced psychosis and to discuss occurrence rates, risk factors, possible etiologies, preventive measures, and treatment courses for this adverse reaction.",4238
-"The next day similar symptoms developed with rechallenge of the same brand of sustained-release verapamil in a 120-mg formulation, and verapamil was discontinued.",4239
-RESULTS: Two of three melanoma patients had objective responses.,4240
-The patient died of heart failure complicated by pneumonia.,4241
-The present report examines the case of a patient with longstanding Crohn's disease who had never been treated with corticosteroids and who developed osteonecrosis of the talus.,4242
-We report the case of a young HIV seropositive patient with severe hemophilia A who presented rapid liver failure related to his chronic C hepatitis.,4243
-"Acyclovir, an antiviral nucleoside analogue, is a widely used agent highly specific for herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses.",4244
-Pulmonary leukostasis secondary to all-trans retinoic acid in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia in first relapse.,4245
-CONCLUSIONS: Recurrence of Acanthamoeba keratitis after penetrating keratoplasty a chaud may occur even several months after the operation and the manifestation may be atypical.,4246
-"But if necessary, when deciding which agent to use, the clinician should consider the mechanism by which the body clears TNF-alpha.",4247
-All strains were sensitive to linezolid with MIC<4 mg/l.,4248
-"It is the most prescribed antineoplastic drug in the world, with approximately 10 million women-use-years of experience.",4249
-"At ophthalmic review, the tumour had apparently completely regressed.",4250
-"The abscess was surgically drained, the IUD removed, and a prolonged course of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid given.",4251
-One patient improved after withdrawal of dextroamphetamine; others had worsening of their symptoms on higher doses of medications.,4252
-One patient developed large intramural esophageal hematoma as a complication of heparin therapy.,4253
-"The use of protease Inhibitors (PI) has been associated with many adverse effects including increased tendency to bleed, which is particularly problematic in individuals with congenital coagulation disorders.",4254
-Circadian rhythm of white blood cells during clozapine treatment.,4255
-The literature of vincristine optic nerve toxicity is reviewed.,4256
-The recovery of the pneumococcal meningitis was complicated by severe neurological impairment.,4257
-"Based on these observations and data in the literature, they discuss a possible relationship.",4258
-The safety of cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) preferential inhibitors such as meloxicam is debated.,4259
-The authors describe two patients with this disease who initially had findings suggestive of an optic neuropathy.,4260
-"Despite close monitoring of therapy, he experienced two episodes of unexpected and prolonged hypercalcemia.",4261
-"CONCLUSION: Although a definite association has not been proven, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of agranulocytosis while using quetiapine.",4262
-Successful treatment was achieved with partial resection of the posterior mitral valve leaflet and antibiotic therapy.,4263
-This case demonstrates that the rapid effect of intravenous dantrolene can be life saving in fulminant neuroleptic malignant syndrome.,4264
-"Serum samples from the first and second days contained 3.6 and 1.9 mg/l carbachol, respectively.",4265
-"Imaging and tissue biopsy revealed a diffuse large B-cell, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.",4266
-"Over several weeks, all neurologic and imaging deficits resolved.",4267
-Discontinuation of chlormadinone acetate resulted in decline of the serum PSA level.,4268
-Treatment has mainly been empirical.,4269
-"A renal route of potassium loss was suspected, but could not be confirmed as potassium excretion did not increase although sodium excretion was augmented [basal sodium output: 56.7 mmol/24 h; phosphate treatment: 153 mmol/24 h (p < 0.05)].",4270
-Ganciclovir and standard high-dose immunoglobulins for the treatment of cytomegalovirus interstitial pneumonia in a bone marrow recipient.,4271
-"It is usually a consequence of direct extension from an underlying bony lesion, in the setting of multiple myeloma.",4272
-The case of a patient with infectious mononucleosis treated with cephalexin who later showed a rash is presented and the previous literature is reviewed.,4273
-His wound cultures continued to be negative.,4274
-"We present 2 cases of patients with schizophrenia who manifested a catatonic syndrome and were indicated for ECT, along with antibiotic therapies for infectious diseases with piperacillin and cefotiam, respectively.",4275
-Steroid rosacea in children.,4276
-"METHODS: Double-blind, placebo-controlled titrated oral challenges with pancreatic enzymes resulted in definite vomiting within 1 to 1.5 hours after challenges with Viokase and Pancrease MT 16, but not with placebo.",4277
-Patient survival depends on prompt referral to a specialist burns unit.,4278
-Intranasal desmopressin-induced hyponatremia.,4279
-(2) Rehabilitation of a 29-year-old man with a 7-year history of ankylosing spondylitis who lived in an adjustable easy chair for 2 years due to severe pain prior to admission.,4280
-High-dose tamoxifen in treatment of brain tumors: interaction with antiepileptic drugs.,4281
-Inhibitory effects of various drugs on dual asthmatic responses in wheat flour-sensitive subjects.,4282
-"However, peripheral and cerebral embolism occurred.",4283
-Tetracycline-induced benign intracranial hypertension.,4284
-Medication can induce severe ulcerations.,4285
-During the treatment of hematological malignancies this could be a cause of great concern.,4286
-"Ticlopidine treatment was stopped, and a prolonged course of prednisone was necessary to treat the pulmonary and intestinal symptoms.",4287
-"She received cyclophosphamide, phenylalanine mustard, urethane, and prednisolone intravenously or orally.",4288
-Steroid diabetes experienced by the reported cases may be a marker for the onset of diabetes in their adulthood.,4289
-CBF was decreased by 35% (p < 0.05) in the VVR group.,4290
-"Therefore, we emphasize the importance of treatment to prevent tumor flare during LH-RH analogue therapy.",4291
-Acute acoustic nerve palsy associated with vincristine therapy.,4292
-"He had an extensive psychiatric history significant for schizophrenia and multiple past hospital admissions, starting at age 14 years.",4293
-Strongyloidiasis and aseptic meningitis occurred in a renal transplant recipient who was receiving immunosuppressive drugs.,4294
-Case report with neuropathologic findings.,4295
-There have been anecdotal reports of septal perforation in patients with rhinitis on intranasal corticosteroids but hitherto not in patients with ABPA.,4296
-Cytogenetic studies revealed an abnormal karyotype with deletion of the long arm of chromosome 11 (11q21) and 2 additional copies of the MLL gene attached to the short arms of chromosome 10 in 80% of the metaphase cells examined.,4297
-It is concluded that simultaneous administration of ciprofloxacin and tazobactam/piperacillin may cause marked thrombocytosis.,4298
-"In the meantime the patient developed acute respiratory distress, was intubated on clinical grounds and was transferred to the intensive care unit.",4299
-"We report a series of three patients with HCC and platelet count < 60,000/mm(3) who were successfully treated with sorafenib with no complications.",4300
-On March 13 the patient was again admitted for worsening CHF and was started on continuous dobutamine infusion.,4301
-"Examination revealed confusion, jaundice, signs of chronic liver disease, portal hypertension and hepatic encephalopathy.",4302
-"The use of real-time ultrasonography enabled us to image this infant's aortoiliac thrombosis in an accurate, noninvasive manner and monitor the effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy.",4303
-Transient cardiac arrhythmias related to lopinavir/ritonavir in two patients with HIV infection.,4304
-OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha may mediate the loss and the dedifferentiation of subcutaneous fat tissue in the insulin-induced lipoatrophies of a diabetic patient who presented extensive lesions.,4305
-This organism has rapidly spread through many countries.,4306
-OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of botulinum toxin injection of the lacrimal gland for palliative treatment of epiphora secondary to canalicular obstruction from docetaxel therapy.,4307
-MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A 37-yr-old female with recently diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia was admitted to the ICU with mental status changes and progressive dyspnea requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation.,4308
-Intraocular inflammation was minimal in all cases.,4309
-This is the first report to illustrate the implementation of an lndium (111) DTPA flow study without interrupting the infusion of CITB.,4310
-There was neither intrathecal chemotherapy nor brain irradiation.,4311
-Progressive outer retinal necrosis presenting with isolated optic neuropathy.,4312
-To our knowledge this is the first report that demonstrates histological abnormalities of the glomerulus associated with postoperative IFN-beta therapy for the malignant melanoma.,4313
-Neuroleptic drug induced downregulation of nigral dopaminergic neurons may help to explain the persistent parkinsonism found in many patients after withdrawal of medication.,4314
-Prosthetic valve thrombosis is associated with high mortality.,4315
-These findings were consistent with the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.,4316
-LTG toxicity should be considered in patients taking this drug who have depressed mental status.,4317
-Aliskiren-associated acute renal failure with hyperkalemia.,4318
-Osteonecrosis of the maxilla as a complication to chemotherapy: a case report.,4319
-Disulfiram is used commonly as reinforcement in the treatment of chronic alcoholism.,4320
-Macrodantin: a cautionary tale.,4321
-Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome as a complication of induction chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.,4322
-"However, a cross-correlation analysis indicated that TPO responses preceded platelet responses by approximately one day in all patients.",4323
-"Although given ephedrine, epinephrine, and atropine sulfate, the patient's normal heart rhythm could not be restored until calcium chloride was administered.",4324
-"In all cases, response to corticosteroids was unsatisfactory and three of these patients ultimately died from complications that ensued from prolonged immunosuppressive therapy.",4325
-One had a mildly abnormal electro-oculogram.,4326
-The plasma concentrations of the active metabolite M6G were more than 10 times those normally seen and the half-lives of M6G and morphine were prolonged.,4327
-Progression of the clinical picture was documented over 15 years of follow-up.,4328
-A 27-year-old Caucasian woman with end-stage Crohn's disease was hospitalized with an upper extremity thrombosis.,4329
-"When tested in ferrets, the mutant virus had less virulence than the parent; however, it had a growth preference over the parent in zanamivir-treated animals.",4330
-This abdomen CT scan was thought as abnormality pictures of neutropenic enterocolitis.,4331
-"Despite a hematologic response in all 3 patients, none of them achieved cytogenetic remission, and all progressed to blast crisis at 7 to 10 months of imatinib therapy.",4332
-The mechanism of leukopenia is thought to be secondary to either an immune-mediated response or direct bone marrow toxicity.,4333
-"Signs of severe liver disease included elevated aminotransferases, conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, significant coagulopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and ascites.",4334
-We suggest that irinotecan offers an effective treatment option for children with recurrent brain stem glioma and other genetic variants except UGT1A1 may be a risk factor for irinotecan-induced toxicity.,4335
-We will also discuss other potential mechanisms inducing this disturbance and its differential diagnoses.,4336
-"METHODS: Between April 2002 and October 2003, we performed 24 liver transplants in 25 patients.",4337
-Baseline measurements of anterior chamber depth and lens thickness were obtained.,4338
-The tinnitus is thought to be secondary to rhythmic involuntary movements of the soft palate.,4339
-"He developed pneumonitis, pleural and pericardial effusions, and a predominantly proximal motor neuropathy.",4340
-Clioquinol intoxication occurring in the treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica with reference to SMON outside of Japan.,4341
-Three of the four patients also had bilateral ptosis.,4342
-"G-CSF was used as an adjunctive therapy with discontinuation of carbimazole, barrier nursing and a broad-spectrum antibiotic regimen to treat her neutropenic sepsis.",4343
-"A 32-year-old man with a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus presented with circulatory collapse and deep coma after 9 days of treatment with perospirone hydrochloride, a recently developed atypical antipsychotic agent available only in Japan.",4344
-DISCUSSION: The occurrence of priapism in our patient was related to zuclopenthixol.,4345
-"Myeloma screen was negative; ANC >1,000 at day +7, platelets >50,000 at day +24.",4346
-A less well known phenomenon is paradoxical seizures.,4347
-OBJECTIVE: To describe the pathology and the rehabilitation of an uncommon complication of intrathecal drug administration during the oncologic treatment of acute lymphoma.,4348
-One of the subjects who was using extemporaneous topical minoxidil had hypertension and arteriosclerotic disease and the other died of a myocardial infarction.,4349
-This case is similar to four other cases described in the literature and to the neuroleptic malignant syndrome.,4350
-"A clinical history was taken, and laboratory and imaging tests were performed.",4351
-The patient had severe hypoxemia associated with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates.,4352
-"Unfortunately, the patient went to another hospital located in the small city where she lived, and all remaining doses of the total course of treatment were administered over the next 5 consecutive days, with no interruption in therapy.",4353
-The median age of patients was 61 years.,4354
-Severe systemic hypersensitivity reaction to ibuprofen occurring after prolonged therapy.,4355
-Markedly elevated blood pyruvate and alanine levels also decreased to normal.,4356
-We report a fatal case of acute interstitial pneumonitis in a patient treated with carmustine (BCNU) for a brain tumor.,4357
-"PURPOSE: To report the clinical course, management, and outcome of infectious interface keratitis caused by mycobacterium species after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK).",4358
-Indinavir-associated nephrolithiasis and chronic interstitial nephritis were the only possible causes identified in this patient.,4359
-We present findings from three patients who experienced a psoriasiform eruption apparently due to the antiepileptic agents sodium valproate and carbamazepine.,4360
-DISCUSSION: Serotonin syndrome is a potentially lethal pharmacodynamic interaction between medications that increase serotonergic transmission at the synaptic junction.,4361
-This is a rare complication of bypass surgery and may be a cause of recurrent angina postoperatively due to coronary artery steal.,4362
-"Only 1 death occurred, and most patients (57.5%) had complete resolution of their symptoms within 24 hours of presentation.",4363
-A case of cataract development in a patient with atopic dermatitis is presented.,4364
-We believe that the infection was due to asymptomatic ethmoid sinusitis.,4365
-"This article focuses on the methodological issues involved in choosing instruments to monitor behavior, once a comprehensive evaluation has suggested trials on Ritalin.",4366
-"Cholesterol microembolization as a sequela of oral anticoagulant therapy has been reported to cause infarction of virtually any organ, often resulting in death.",4367
-We present 2 patients with demonstrated IgE-mediated allergy to cloxacillin and tolerance to amoxicillin and cefuroxime.,4368
-Parenteral challenge with suspected sensitizing agents confirmed methicillin as the likely offender.,4369
-She had been treated for pulmonary tuberculosis seven years prior to admission.,4370
-He was not rechallenged with the drug.,4371
-"Morphine, an opium alkaloid, frequently causes side effects such as hyperhidrosis and facial flushing, but serious cutaneous adverse drug reactions are seldom observed.",4372
-We describe a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and impaired renal function probably mainly due to tubulointerstitial disease.,4373
-"Since August, 1989, the primary immunosuppressive agent is FK-506 (Tacrolimus).",4374
-"Primary spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a rare condition but one that must be considered when young people, especially post partum women, present an acute ischaemic syndrome.",4375
-"One patient underwent coronary angiography which disclosed no pathology, but following which, while on a calcium channel blocking agent regimen, he had an uneventful course of chemotherapy with cisplatin.",4376
-Optic nerve sheath fenestration for a reversible optic neuropathy in radiation oncology.,4377
-"Although dacryocystography showed a dilated and partially obstructed nasolacrimal system, ultrasound examination was able to demonstrate a mass in the nasolacrimal duct.",4378
-We describe the development of severe lipoatrophy in a patient treated with biphasic aspart.,4379
-A 25-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis for the past 5 years started to develop gradual enlargement of her breasts 15 months before presentation.,4380
-"Complete remission of BOOP was achieved by long-term treatment with low-dose methotrexate (5-20 mg/week, i.v.).",4381
-CONCLUSION: This report describes a case of a probable interaction between topical econazole lotion 1% and acenocoumarol that resulted in overanticoagulation and a life-threatening laryngeal hematoma in this elderly patient.,4382
-The literature describing occurrence of DSP on immunosuppression is reviewed and possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.,4383
-Renal failure associated with acetazolamide therapy for glaucoma.,4384
-The patient was treated with corticosteroid therapy and surgical resection of the jejunal tumor.,4385
-Prompt correction of hyponatremia by administration of hypertonic saline solution was followed by resolution of all neurologic defects.,4386
-Rapid improvement of delusional depression following drug-induced seizures: case report.,4387
-GCV-resistance during VCV-prophylaxis was rare after renal transplantation.,4388
-Enoxaparin is the current anticoagulant of choice with advantages for the treatment of neonatal thrombosis.,4389
-"This syndrome is potentially life-threatening: the 5 untreated patients died, whereas 5 patients given immunosuppressive therapy are alive.",4390
-The patient was ultimately treated with a combination of leflunomide and foscarnet.,4391
-"RESULTS: After treatment, seven of the eight patients had healing of their ulcers, prompt reduction in their pain, and improvement in livedo reticularis and purpura.",4392
-A 52-year-old Black woman on phenytoin therapy for post-traumatic epilepsy developed transient hemiparesis contralateral to the injury.,4393
-We address the clinical problems and possible detrimental effects of CSFE in the setting of shunt infection.,4394
-Risperidone versus clozapine in the treatment of psychosis in six patients with Parkinson's disease and other akinetic-rigid syndromes.,4395
-The photosensitivity is still present 3 years after the withdrawal of quinine.,4396
-METHODS: A case is presented of a 45-year-old woman on prolonged gemcitabine treatment for ovarian cancer who developed HUS and recovered after drug discontinuation.,4397
-"All patients were given pharmacologic doses of vitamin D, had reduced baseline levels of renal function, and became hypercalcemic with acute renal failure.",4398
-"The development of perianal fistulas in 2 patients, granuloma on biopsy in 1 patient and perianal skin tag in 1 patient, led to a diagnosis change of CD.",4399
-"Histological examination of the liver revealed inflammatory reactions, cholestasis, occasional steatosis, and necrosis.",4400
-"Despite a preferential action on cerebral vessels, there is clinical and experimental evidence of effects on systemic vascular and intestinal smooth muscle cells.",4401
-Hepatolithiasis is uncommon in western countries but is quite prevalent in East Asia and is often associated with a predisposing condition that causes intrahepatic bile stasis (eg. bile duct stricture).,4402
-Two attempts at carboplatin desensitization were unsuccessful.,4403
-"Other explanations for an exaggerated and delayed response to opioids include co-administration of other respiratory depressant drugs such as magnesium sulphate, co-morbidity such as renal impairment and genetic variability in the metabolism of morphine.",4404
-"She had palpable cervicosternal fibrosis measuring 10 x 8 cm, with local inflammatory signs and functional consequences (cough, restricted cervical movement, dyspnoea and bronchitis) with a SOMA scale for grading the long-term side effects of radiation therapy of 19/14.",4405
-"Little is known regarding etiologic risk factors, optimal management, and prognosis.",4406
-"Protocols that successfully incorporate platinum agents, despite a platinum hypersensitivity, are clinically relevant.",4407
-"BOOP is considered as a nonspecific response to many types of lung injury, including drugs, radiation, an underlying hematologic malignant neoplasm, autoimmune diseases, bacterial or virus infection, or an underlying lung disease, or occurs idiopathically.",4408
-"Nitrofurantoin, one of the antimicrobial agents which should be chosen for the prophylactic treatment of recurrent urinary tract infection, may be prescribed in the conventional form or, alternatively, as macrocrystals.",4409
-It must be distinguished from bilateral occipital lobe ischemia caused by vertebrobasilar system disease.,4410
-Reciprocal chromosomal translocations involving the MLL gene at chromosome region 11q23 are recurring cytogenetic abnormalities in both de novo and therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.,4411
-He developed a cerebellar hemorrhage after repetitive pressing of the shunt reservoir.,4412
-Sensorimotor polyneuropathy with 5-aminosalicylic acid: a case report.,4413
-Myoclonus and seizures disappeared after discontinuation of L-dopa and the introduction of valproate sodium (VPA).,4414
-The pathogenesis of the liver changes and their possible relationship to splenomegaly and busulphan toxicity are considered.,4415
-"The side-effects and unusual pharmacokinetics of phenytoin are discussed, as well as the array of potential drug interactions.",4416
-"These findings are consistent with an immune-complex form of glomerulopathy in which gold is neither the antigen nor a hapten in the glomerular deposits, and they suggest the hypothesis that antibodies to tubular epithelial antigens induced by gold therapy may be a causative factor in the renal disease associated with gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.",4417
-"Extrahepatic cholestasis, viral hepatitis and autoimmune liver disorders were excluded.",4418
-"None of the patients had a previous history of glaucoma, ocular hypertension or IOP asymmetry and the IOP was as high as 30, 34, 46, and 50 mmHg in the four patients.",4419
-Lymphocytes obtained from a hyperthyroid patient treated with propylthiouracil without complications failed to show evidence of sensitization.,4420
-Anticoagulant therapy was initiated with subcutaneous enoxaparin and oral warfarin.,4421
-Patients treated with L-asparaginase may present with hemorrhagic and thrombotic cerebrovascular events.,4422
-She had a history of diabetes and angina pectoris.,4423
-Successful rescue of severe recurrent hepatitis C with interferon and ribavirin in a liver transplant patient.,4424
-"Recently, results of three open clinical trials on mycophenolate mofetil in myasthenia gravis have been reported.",4425
-CONCLUSIONS: The pathogenesis of methotrexate-induced papular eruption in collagen vascular diseases may suggest cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis.,4426
-These preliminary results indicate the possible advantage of adding an alkylating agent (prednimustine) to estramustine in advanced prostatic carcinoma.,4427
-Definitive therapy by subtotal thyroidectomy was subsequently performed and yielded good results.,4428
-Cholestyramine was utilized to interrupt the enterohepatic recycling of warfarin and for its antidiarrheal effects to prevent gastrointestinal vitamin K wasting.,4429
-"When pilsicainide is prescribed in patients with coronary artery disease or renal dysfunction, close attention must be paid to avoid life-threatening arrhythmias due to high plasma concentrations of the drug.",4430
-Combined therapy of advanced prostatic carcinoma with estramustine and prednimustine.,4431
-Pemphigus vulgaris precipitated by glibenclamide therapy.,4432
-Acute renal failure in a patient receiving treatment with suramin.,4433
-Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome after epidural triamcinolone injections in an HIV type 1-infected patient receiving therapy with ritonavir-lopinavir.,4434
-The potential for absorption is not well described in patients with impaired gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa.,4435
-"The manufacturer began a Pregnancy Prevention Program (PPP) in 1988; however, exposed pregnancies continue to occur.",4436
-Atomoxetine has been explored as an alternative treatment as one of the few non-stimulants available to treat ADHD.,4437
-Fluoxetine-related death in a child with cytochrome P-450 2D6 genetic deficiency.,4438
-"Furthermore, radial keratoneuritis was demonstrated, consisting of an irregularly swollen nerve fiber with probable amoebic infiltration.",4439
-"The hepatitis C infection was eradicated, but he continued to be diabetic requiring insulin therapy during the follow-up.",4440
-Sudden cardiac arrest associated with major spasm of three coronary arteries was observed about 10 hours after Taxus stent insertion in a three vessel lesion and was successfully treated by intracoronary glyceryl trinitrate infusion.,4441
-"RESULTS: Two weeks after treatment of the injury with botulinum toxin, the patient reported complete resolution of his symptoms.",4442
-Treatment with isotretinoin appeared to shorten her recovery period.,4443
-Early replacement therapy is recommended when proximal renal tubular abnormalities are detected to help prevent and control the severe metabolic bone disease associated with the Fanconi syndrome.,4444
-"In the absence of palpable cysticerci, the clinical diagnosis can be missed, although no other disease in its full form presents in this manner.",4445
-Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and neuroleptic-induced catatonia: differential diagnosis and treatment.,4446
-SCA2 may present as levodopa-responsive parkinsonism.,4447
-We report on a young adolescent with benign intracranial hypertension which we attribute to the use of minocycline for acne.,4448
-Histological examination of liver biopsies showed diffuse microvesicular steatosis.,4449
-"The most common symptoms are fever (78%), abdominal pain (92%), and cloudy dialysate (90%); 76% of cases had a predominance of polymorphonuclear cells in peritoneal fluid.",4450
-The azathioprine dose was low (1 mg/kg) and pancytopenia occurred after 56 days therapy.,4451
-Microbiologic evaluation is essential for accurate early diagnosis and treatment.,4452
-The concern about depression associated with beta-blocker use grew out of one widely referenced case report.,4453
-OBJECTIVE: To report a case of Cushing's syndrome in an adult patient caused by prolonged and unsupervised use of glucocorticoid ocular drops.,4454
-SLE receded after withdrawal of carbamazepine and treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs.,4455
-Here we describe the case of a 69-year-old patient who achieved a second complete remission with this association without additional toxicity.,4456
-To the best of our knowledge there have been no previous reports of AGEP induced by the ingestion of nimesulide in the medical literature.,4457
-Hepatobiliary scans using Tc-IDA are reliable in making the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis.,4458
-She subsequently developed severe post-herpetic neuralgia requiring the recommencement of gabapentin and amitriptyline.,4459
-"On the first day of the schedule, moderate high doses of Methotrexate, Etoposide and Cyclophosphamide were administered.",4460
-"CASE SUMMARIES: While conducting a protocol evaluating the efficacy of intraperitoneal cisplatin and hyperthermia in the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer, 3 patients were noted to exhibit anaphylactoid reactions.",4461
-"Other pertinent laboratory data, including liver and renal function tests results, serology for virus infection, and serum levels of vitamin B12 and folic acids, were normal.",4462
-Magnetic resonance imaging may be useful in these cases to confirm the diagnosis of WE.,4463
-"In May 1996, as part of his routine antihepatitis B (hepB) vaccination plan, a 28-year-old HbsAg-negative man, hospital worker, received his first dose (20 microg) of a recombinant vaccine (EngerixB-B, Smith Kline and Beecham, Belgium), administered via deltoid injection.",4464
-New lesions gradually spread to the arms and trunk (Fig. 1).,4465
-We herein report this rare case of acute onset of nephrotic syndrome during interferon-alpha retreatment.,4466
-"Shortly after the start of surgery, he suffered an allergic reaction that, at first, was difficult to distinguish from the recognised side-effects of intrathecal diamorphine.",4467
-"In case no. 2, the pathogenic mechanism seemed to be persistent light reaction preceded by systemic photoallergy, as he had taken mequitazine for 6 months, and there were strong positive photopatch test results with immediate erythema reaction, cross-reaction to promethazine, decreased MED to both UVA and UVB, and persistence of the photosensitivity over a 3-year follow-up period after discontinuation of the mequitazine.",4468
-Fundoscopic examination revealed only hypertensive retinopathy.,4469
-"We analyze a case of neutropenic enterocolitis which occurred in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia during chemotherapy and we suggest that, as well as intestinal wall thickness, hemodynamic worsening should be considered an indication for surgery.",4470
-"This case raises the possibility that chronic exposure to cyanoacrylates, the adhesive agents in industrial strength glue, may be associated with the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in humans.",4471
-"C. striatum should be recognized as a potential pathogen in both immunocompromised and normal hosts in the appropriate circumstances, and appropriate antimicrobial therapy can quickly lead to resolution of infection.",4472
-OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of exacerbated mania potentially related to an interaction between lopinavir/ritonavir and valproic acid (VPA) and propose a mechanism of action for this interaction.,4473
-This report suggests that bleomycin lung toxicity may be reversible if treated aggressively.,4474
-Treatment was started with heparin and vasodilators.,4475
-Candida shunt infection appears to occur by either contamination at the time of shunt placement or by hematogenous dissemination.,4476
-"On day 23 of varenicline therapy, he received and filled a new prescription for amphetamine-dextroamphetamine and resumed his prescribed dosage (30 mg twice/day).",4477
-"Children undergoing chemotherapy, postsurgical procedures and those with AIDS are at increased risk for developing this unique type of shock.",4478
-An almost total breast reduction was performed; 5 kg of right breast tissue and 7 kg of left breast tissue were excised.,4479
-We present two cases of neonates with gastric mucosa and submucosa hyperplasia revealed during ultrasound examination.,4480
-"CONCLUSION: Infectious retinochoroiditis is a potentially blinding complication seen after cardiac transplantation, justifying close clinical and serological surveillance or, in certain cases such as mismatched donors, anti-parasitic prophylaxis.",4481
-"Total blindness with a transient tonic pupillary response, denervation supersensitivity, and abnormal visual-evoked potentials developed in a 54-year-old man after the use of quinine sulfate for leg cramps.",4482
-These findings are compatible with PVOD.,4483
-High-dose intravenous mannitol infusion in various clinical settings may result in acute renal failure (ARF).,4484
-Endoscopy demonstrated dimpling of the gastric mucosa on the anterior wall of the stomach.,4485
-Screening for CMV infection in pregnant women receiving immunosuppressive drugs is recommended.,4486
-We report a 31-year-old women with recurrent Hodgkin's lymphoma and unrecognized HMSN-1 who developed severe motor neuropathy 3 weeks after the first cycle of treatment including 2 mg of vincristine.,4487
-Her autoantibodies except fluorescent anti-nuclear antibodies were negative.,4488
-After hydrocortisone supplementation and intensive therapy the baby recovered completely.,4489
-METHODS: A single patient who developed uveitis while taking clomiphene citrate is described.,4490
-Clinicians are advised to observe for symptoms of toxicity and to do serial blood levels to monitor this interaction.,4491
-"Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) is an important problem that remains undertreated, even by rheumatologists.",4492
-The marked thrombocytosis was nonresponsive to hydroxyurea therapy.,4493
-Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity: possible role of digoxin in its prevention.,4494
-Vincristine induced cranial polyneuropathy.,4495
-"The tacalcitol treatment was terminated, seven days later, the serum calcium level had returned to the reference range without any specific treatment.",4496
-"The patient was treated with ethanol, then fomepizole intravenously (15, 10, then 5 mg/kg), and hemodialysis.",4497
-"We present herein the case of a 56-year-old woman in whom bilateral and recurrent SSP was caused by the rupture of pulmonary lacunae induced by chemotherapy, given for bilateral lung metastases secondary to breast carcinoma.",4498
-"In one patient this resulted in an ischemic and necrotic digital ulcus, necessitating surgical amputation.",4499
-A forty-two year old female with known alcoholic liver disease was given intravenous lorazepam and diazepam for delirium tremens.,4500
-Therapy-related CD7+ acute myeloid leukemia with trisomy 8 following acute monocytic leukemia.,4501
-OBJECTIVE: To report a case of decreased international normalized ratio (INR) in a patient receiving warfarin and bosentan.,4502
-Five days of treatment with ketoconazole alone was ineffective in our patient's infection.,4503
-"Ciclosporin was administered, allowing corticosteroid therapy to be discontinued.",4504
-"Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) morbitity is primarily due to cardiac arrhythmias and hypotension, which become more refractory to treatment as acidosis progresses (Ann Emerg Med. 1985;14:1-9; Clin Toxicol. 2007;45:203-233; Flomenbaum N, Goldfrank L, Hoffman R, et al. Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies. 8th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2006).",4505
-"This case suggests that BH-AC, a derivative of cytosine arabinoside (1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine) could be a cause of reversible encephalopathy syndrome.",4506
-"A 24-year-old woman with ALL developed severe epigastric pain 168 days after CBSCT, followed by blistering eruptions 2 days later.",4507
-Uncertainty in medical decision making techniques occurs in the specification of both decision tree probabilities and utilities.,4508
-An Enterobacter species was cultured from an intraoperative swab.,4509
-"Hormone therapy with leuprolide acetate (Lupron) is frequently used to treat prostate cancer, a common malignancy expected to be diagnosed in >180,000 men in the United States this year.",4510
-Posthypoglycemic hyperglycemia (rebound hyperglycemia) after overdosing of insulin was diagnosed in 6 cats with diabetes mellitus.,4511
-"On the other hand, aspirin may have promoted the enlargement of spontaneous hemorrhage from meningioma.",4512
-"During clarithromycin coadministration, four out of the seven patients developed moderate-to-severe toxic symptoms of carbamazepine, such as drowsiness, dizziness, and ataxia, which resolved within 5 days after clarithromycin discontinuation.",4513
-One not so well documented consequence of this treatment is avascular necrosis or osteonecrosis of the underlying bone.,4514
-Streptomycin caused vertigo and had to be stopped.,4515
-"Leukemia was treated with courses of adriblastin, cytosine arabinoside, and thioguanin (DAT protocol), with a 8 months' survival.",4516
-We believe serum triglyceride levels should be monitored in patients who have other cardiac risk factors and are receiving clozapine.,4517
-The development of nephrotic-range proteinuria after renal transplantation is an unfavourable prognostic factor for graft survival.,4518
-The patient showed no initial evidence of being a latent HBV carrier.,4519
-The patients were followed up for an average of 32 months (range 16-75 months).,4520
-Creatinine 8 days earlier was 0.9 mg/dL (79.6 micromol/L).,4521
-Caution is emphasized in the use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in patients with obstructive airway disease.,4522
-Three cases of self-inflicted gingival injuries resulting from the improper use of the Keyes technique are presented.,4523
-The catheter was safely removed surgically; pathology examination showed no residual thrombus.,4524
-Methanol poisoning in Tunisia: report of 16 cases.,4525
-Chemoradiation therapy used on pediatric oncology patients often causes dental developmental anomalies that affect future dental care.,4526
-"Therapy with phenytoin, phenobarbital, valproic acid, and methylphenidate was unsuccessful.",4527
-Ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma arising from an endometriotic cyst in a postmenopausal woman under tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer: a case report.,4528
-"In a series of 104 cases of intentional or inadvertent use of zidovudine at differing gestations in pregnancy, there were eight spontaneous first trimester abortions, eight therapeutic terminations, and eight cases of fetal abnormality occurring among a total of 88 cases where the pregnancy progressed.",4529
-Following therapy with AmBisome his symptoms abated and significantly improved scan picture was seen.,4530
-"In our patient, symptoms were most acute during the infusion, when whole blood cyclosporine concentrations were likely to be the highest.",4531
-"Physical examination revealed diaphoresis, low-grade fever, hypertension, tachycardia, bilateral cogwheel rigidity, hyperreflexia, tremor, and myoclonus, symptoms and signs that are consistent with severe SS.",4532
-"Three ovarian thecomas, which are considered to be estrogenic tumors, were associated with endometrial malignant mullerian mixed tumor, mullerian adenosarcoma, and low-grade stromal sarcoma in postmenopausal women.",4533
-At least three of these patients developed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).,4534
-"CASE SUMMARY: A 35-year-old African American woman with a history of primary pulmonary hypertension managed with warfarin, diltiazem, and hydrochlorothiazide was initiated on bosentan therapy.",4535
-We describe the first case of a Chinese liver transplant recipient with PVB19-induced PRCA during immunosuppressive therapy.,4536
-We report a 76-year-old man who developed an acute blistering eruption following high-dose penicillin treatment for pneumococcal septicaemia.,4537
-Pregabalin-induced cortical negative myoclonus in a patient with neuropathic pain.,4538
-The increased use of serotonergic agents (alone and in combination) across multiple medical disciplines presents the possibility that the prevalence and clinical significance of this condition will rise in the future.,4539
-Safety and efficacy of S-1 chemotherapy in recurrent/metastatic head and neck cancer.,4540
-"Linear IgA bullous dermatosis has a much lower prevalence of histological small bowel abnormalities, and lesions are not known to respond to gluten restriction.",4541
-We report a case of penile fibrosis after intracavernous self-injection of a combination of phentolamine and papaverine.,4542
-Capillary leak syndrome (CLS) commonly occurs in the intensive care setting.,4543
-The patient was initially treated with hydration and furosemide but developed congestive heart failure.,4544
-These findings are significant not only in monitoring amiodarone effects during chronic prophylactic drug therapy but also in providing further insight into the complex interrelation between the action of the drug and the thyroid hormones on cardiac muscle.,4545
-"This infection progressed despite treatment with antifungal regimens known to be effective, even in immunocompromised patients.",4546
-The pathophysiology for this unusual disorder may be agonist-induced dopamine receptor hypersensitivity.,4547
-"Genitourinary malacoplakia in renal transplant recipients: pathogenic, prognostic and therapeutic considerations.",4548
-Hypertensive reactions occurred without obvious cause in two patients receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) while being monitored in a hospital.,4549
-"Abdominal CT showed diffuse swelling of the pancreas, with two distinct masses in the corpus and the tail.",4550
-"With the help of intensive supportive care and symptomatic treatment, the patient recovered and was discharged home after a hospital stay of 25 days.",4551
-Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus was cultured in the aspirate.,4552
-"We report two cases in unrelated UCBT setting and added the following new information to the literature: (i) EBV-related PTLD can be presented late in recipients of unrelated UCBT; (ii) in contrast to reported literatures that PTLD is a serious complication with unfavorable outcome, especially in monomorphic form, our cases showed that the clinical course may be relatively benign if treatment is initiated promptly.",4553
-"Superior mesenteric vein thrombosis persisted, with evidence of early vascular recanalization.",4554
-Delayed recognition of intrathecal methotrexate overdose.,4555
-The most common causes of sudden cardiac arrest are massive pulmonary embolism (PE) and acute myocardial infarction (MI).,4556
-"Ocular examinations revealed intraocular pressure (IOP) of 30 mmHg under medication, dense posterior subcapsular opacity of lens, pale disc with advanced cupping, and marked constriction of visual field.",4557
-The patient responded to atovaquone plus proguanil followed by primaquine.,4558
-"These differences necessitate close monitoring of hypothyroid patients, counseling these patients about the clinical signs of sub- and supratherapeutic levothyroxine dosages, and prudence when switching patients with stable hypothyroidism to alternative levothyroxine products.",4559
-Alternating sinus rhythm and intermittent sinoatrial block induced by propranolol.,4560
-Rapid diagnosis may avert unnecessary changes in therapy to treat conditions which clinically mimic NEH.,4561
-"After 5 days of treatment with IL-2, the patient developed a hemorrhagic lesion that progressed to toxic epidermal necrolysis, as well as grade 4 pancytopenia.",4562
-CONCLUSIONS: The results of this self-selected case series must be interpreted with caution.,4563
-Cervical artery dissection (CAD) recurrences are rare but the risk could be higher during the first month.,4564
-Erythropoietin is beneficial in mitomycin-induced hemolytic-uremic syndrome.,4565
-Two probands had borderline mutations; the rest were normal.,4566
-Alleged medical abandonment in chronic opioid analgesic therapy: case report.,4567
-A low initial dosage that is gradually adjusted upward is recommended.,4568
-Drug-induced pemphigus related to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.,4569
-The patient had a history of four resections since the age of 19 years.,4570
-A lymphocyte stimulation test was reactive to pranlukast.,4571
-Haematological malignancies developing in previously healthy individuals who received haematopoietic growth factors: report from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) project.,4572
-Spontaneous pneumothorax following chemotherapy for metastatic germ cell tumor: a case report.,4573
-A case of severe hyperlipidemia caused by long-term tube feedings.,4574
-"Occasionally, traditional analgesic medication regimens cannot be used or are ineffective in relieving the pain.",4575
-Infection of a shunt by Mycobacterium fortuitum: case report.,4576
-Cardiac disease is a significant complication of childhood oncologic therapy.,4577
-Three men and 2 women aged 38 to 53 years were treated.,4578
-The parasite that causes this infection is usually transmitted by the sandfly and occasionally by nonsterile needles among intravenous drug users.,4579
-At the same time the elevated plasma oncotic pressure was reduced to normal values.,4580
-Herbal medicine induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a case report.,4581
-"Treatment was for various tumors at advanced stages, and in some patients, other anticancer drugs previously had been administered.",4582
-"The clinical features included fever, severe myalgia, documented fungemia with F. solani, an ecthyma gangrenosum-like lesion next to a peripheral venous catheter, and disseminated pustules.",4583
-"The granular layer was preserved and, in some areas, hypergranulosis was found (Fig.",4584
-Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for persisting cystoid macular edema after penetrating keratoplasty.,4585
-Isolation of Mycobacterium thermoresistibile following augmentation mammaplasty.,4586
-"These agents are increasingly associated with infections, particularly mycobacterial infections.",4587
-"Thrombin is highly effective for stopping intractable arterial hemorrhage during stereotactic brain biopsy; however, it is a vasospastic agent and may have been responsible for the cerebral infarctions in one patient.",4588
-METHODS: A patient with C6D tetraplegia who sustained intoxication because of drug interaction is presented.,4589
-The patient had suffered two spontaneous left humeral fractures treated with prosthesis replacement just before the initial diagnosis of multiple myeloma.,4590
-Massive pulmonary embolism complicating streptokinase treatment for deep vein thrombosis.,4591
-"Five days after the 3rd booster dose, in November 1996, the dermatosis relapsed on the forearms, trunk, and legs.",4592
-"Five patients (ages 23-52; UNOS status 3-4) exhibited a characteristic pattern of stuttering dysarthria, leading to complete loss of speech production, occasionally with elements of aphasia.",4593
-Discontinuation of simvastatin and cyclosporine resulted in resolution of rhabdomyolysis and normalization of renal function.,4594
-Myoclonus seen in the abdominal wall was segmental and considered to be of spinal origin.,4595
-Each had angiographically documented bilateral high-grade stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid arteries.,4596
-The development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) after 38 months of therapy with recombinant human interferon gamma (rIFN-gamma) was observed in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.,4597
-Reperfusion of the transplanted heart was performed retrogradely through the coronary sinus utilizing leukocyte-depleted blood with a gradual increase in temperature.,4598
-Genotyping of CYP2B6 and therapeutic drug monitoring in an HIV-infected patient with high efavirenz plasma concentrations and severe CNS side-effects.,4599
-The erythroid defect fully reversed after the drug was discontinued and could not be attributed to the patient's previously treated lung carcinoma.,4600
-"CONCLUSION: For severe cases of TiACG that are associated with very high intraocular pressures, the combination of mannitol and methylprednisolone can induce a rapid improvement.",4601
-This undesirable side effect of Tolazoline may be prevented by the concomitant use of antacids to maintain gastric pH greater than 5.,4602
-Computed tomography of the brain was normal but electroencephalography showed focal theta and delta slow waves over the right temporal-parietal-occipital area.,4603
-Electrical proarrhythmia with procainamide: a new ICD-drug interaction.,4604
-Cerebral Embolism Study Group.,4605
-"The authors present a woman with profound lower extremity weakness and sensory abnormality after falling asleep in the head-to-knees yoga position (also called ""Paschimottanasana"").",4606
-"In general, it is good medical practice to avoid concomitant administration with centrally acting anticholinergic agents.",4607
-This patient rapidly progressed from mild neurotoxicity to fatal encephalopathy after one dose of intrathecal methotrexate during his third cycle of chemotherapy.,4608
-CPH is exquisitely responsive to indomethacin so much so that the response is one of the current diagnostic criteria.,4609
-This is the third patient with severe FUra toxicity secondary to an alteration in pyrimidine catabolism and the second from our clinic population suggesting that the frequency of this genetic defect may be greater than previously thought.,4610
-We report a case of torsade de pointes following a single oral dose of amiodarone (1400 mg or 30 mg kg-1) administered after short intravenous loading for prevention of paroxysmal atrial flutter.,4611
-Patients with huge tumor mass and multiple liver metastases have increased risk of tumor-induced hypoglycemia.,4612
-Chlorambucil central nervous toxicity: a significant side effect of chlorambucil therapy in childhood nephrotic syndrome.,4613
-PURPOSE: Interface inflammation is a common complication of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK).,4614
-We report a case of Zidovudine induced anaemia and bone marrow aplasia in a patient infected with HIV.,4615
-Dermatomyositis is associated with malignancy in approximately 20-25% of cases.,4616
-These cases demonstrate that CBZ can induce simple motor tics in children.,4617
-It may be confused with intracranial tumors and requires long-term combined antibiotic therapy after drainage.,4618
-Acute pancreatitis is a rare but severe complication of TACE.,4619
-The relationship between infliximab treatment and lymphoma in Crohn's disease.,4620
-"We report here on two middle-aged women, apparently healthy, who suffered from a fatal intracerebral hemorrhage following a dental treatment.",4621
-Thymic hyperplasia can occur after cytotoxic therapy for various malignancies.,4622
-"Although heliox has been used foryears to treat patients with various respiratory complications, it is not currently a common treatment instituted by anesthesia practitioners for the treatment of bronchospasm.",4623
-"Clinical features suggested that the lesion was an ischemic infarct, and this was confirmed by an MRI scan.",4624
-"Furthermore, beneficial or harmful effects of steroids in eosinophilic jejunitis and its treatment details are discussed and reviewed.",4625
-We report the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis as a much earlier side-effect of carbamazepine administration in a 29-year Nigerian female patient with generalized tonic-elonic seizures.,4626
-"In addition, while cases of loop diuretic-induced pancreatitis, including furosemide, have been published, the allergic manifestations with both sulfonamide antibiotics and non-antibiotics in our patient suggest possible cross-reactivity between these 2 drug classes.",4627
-Antacid and sucralfate-induced hypophosphatemic osteomalacia: a case report and review of the literature.,4628
-At delivery the umbilical cord plasma concentration was similar to that in the maternal venous plasma.,4629
-Sural nerve biopsy revealed mild demyelination and many inclusion bodies in the axoplasm and in Schwann cell cytoplasm.,4630
-Tardive oculogyric crisis during treatment with clozapine: report of three cases.,4631
-Argatroban for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in hepato-renal failure and CVVHD.,4632
-"To our knowledge, these movements have not been reported previously as an adverse effect of quetiapine.",4633
-Ultrastructurally the follicular cells contained large residual bodies composed of abundant electron-lucent lipid droplets of variable size.,4634
-"At 29 months of age, she developed diarrhea with bulky stools and weight loss.",4635
-Foci of retinochoroiditis were observed unilaterally in three patients and bilaterally in one.,4636
-"Renal biopsy demonstrated minimal glomerular changes with fusion of podocytes, tubular necrosis with regeneration of tubular epithelial cells, interstitial edema with focal interstitial fibrosis, and interstitial infiltration with neutrophils, eosinophils, plasma cells and mononuclear cells.",4637
-PEComas demonstrated loss of TSC2 protein expression and evidence of baseline mTORC1 activation.,4638
-BACKGROUND: Electroporation is a process that causes a transient increase in the permeability of cell membranes.,4639
-The massively obese patients had an increased risk of cancer and complications from therapy.,4640
-Successful treatment of florid cutaneous warts with intravenous cidofovir in an 11-year-old girl.,4641
-Central venous catheters deliver life-prolonging medications to Group IVC AIDS patients.,4642
-OVERVIEW: Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1 results in medical disqualification for all military aviation duties all over the world.,4643
-Both cytoplasmic features of adaptation and nuclear alterations were noted in hepatocytes.,4644
-We hypothesized that vigorous rubbing of the eye of the atopic patient might cause limbal erosion that could lead to exposure of the angle-supported AC IOL haptic through the limbus.,4645
-We report two new cases of sarcoidosis in two patients with hepatitis C virus infection treated with interferon alfa and ribavirin.,4646
-The computer-based algebraic method is illustrated for a problem previously analyzed by Monte Carlo simulation.,4647
-In two cases acute renal failure also occurred.,4648
-"Despite a postulated dopaminergic mechanism, there seems to have been only one previous report of amantadine's precipitating psychosis in a schizophrenic patient.",4649
-It is suggested that an allergic background may play an important role in the development of EP in patients on CAPD.,4650
-Restless legs syndrome may thus be an adverse effect of IFN alpha treatment.,4651
-"This therapeutical regimen was chosen--in accordance with cardiac surgeons, cardiologists, and interventional radiologists--due to the high risk of adverse event after repeated surgery in this particular patient.",4652
-The catheter was removed and the abscess was drained.,4653
-"Carboplatin was substituted for cisplatin, and there were no further episodes of SIADH.",4654
-Psychotic disorder associated with isoniazid.,4655
-CONCLUSIONS: Any patient undergoing medical treatment for tuberculosis requires proper education concerning potential drug side effects.,4656
-The patient recovered completely following withdrawal of antacids and sucralfate and short-term treatment with phosphate.,4657
-There is a paucity of literature etiologically inculpating other ephedra alkaloids in the causation of intracerebral hemorrhage.,4658
-"However, our patient was later found to have re-activation tuberculosis after long-term treatment.",4659
-The case resembles two previously reported cases of optic neuropathy which occurred in patients with Wilson's disease who were receiving penicillamine.,4660
-The findings are based on liver histology and the exclusion of other causes of liver damage.,4661
-Antibiotic-associated colitis (pseudomembranous colitis) developed in four patients with spinal cord injury and taking oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.,4662
-Lymphangiomyomatosis: hormonal implications in etiology and therapy.,4663
-Agitated dysphoria after late-onset loss of response to antidepressants: a case report.,4664
-Increased libido in a woman treated with fluvoxamine: a case report.,4665
-Local anesthetic switching for intrathecal tachyphylaxis in cancer patients with pain.,4666
-This case report illustrates how pharmacodynamic properties of drugs can complicate the treatment of neurologic disorders.,4667
-"These 4 cases are the first to be recorded in infancy, and with histopathological proof of fat embolism.",4668
-"BACKGROUND: Extrapyramidal signs (EPS) typically are a late-presenting feature of sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD), but relatively little data are available regarding EPS in FAD.",4669
-Acute kidney injury caused by zonisamide-induced hypersensitivity syndrome.,4670
-DNA-based analysis of amniotic fluid (AF) from at-risk pregnancies has been suggested as an adjunct/substitute for traditional culture.,4671
-Renal function gradually improved but nephrotic state was persistent.,4672
-Patients should be informed of the risk of septic arthritis.,4673
-This rise was halved over the next 8 days.,4674
-"Because of the presence of severe ascites and massive ovarian enlargement, it was elected to treat this patient with methotrexate therapy rather than surgery.",4675
-"Laboratory investigation confirmed prior exposure to CMV, EBV and HSV and suggested drug-induced immunological suppression.",4676
-"Therefore, we gradually reduced the opiate dosage.",4677
-"Immunoblastic sarcoma is also seen in immunosuppressed patients, and the role of the immunoblast in both of these disorders indicates that they may be related.",4678
-Cancer patients who are receiving 5-FU treatment and are DPD deficient can develop severe side effects.,4679
-"Her primary care physician had earlier made a preliminary diagnosis of pertussis and prescribed a short course of azithromycin and corticosteroids, which did not help relieve the symptoms.",4680
-By continuous irrigation it is frequently used to treat suppurative mediastinitis after median sternotomy.,4681
-Cisplatin and acute tubular necrosis.,4682
-"Physicians using this ""new"" drug must be aware of the potential danger of sulfonamide-induced injury to the urinary tract.",4683
-Heparin was administered on the initial one and a half days.,4684
-After treatment with prednisolone a complete resolution of the dyspnea was observed.,4685
-"Some of the clots were firmly adherent, whereas others dislodged easily after being rinsed with saline.",4686
-We describe a patient with phenobarbital-induced hypersensitivity syndrome who revealed syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) associated with limbic encephalitis during the course of the disease.,4687
-Bleomycin pneumonitis potentiated by oxygen administration.,4688
-The allograft function remained stable.,4689
-Multifocal inflammatory leukoencephalopathy associated with levamisole therapy.,4690
-Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema after transfusion therapy is an infrequent but hazardous complication.,4691
-Clinical and biochemical recovery followed discontinuation of drug therapy.,4692
-"Transarterial membranotomy and repeated infusion of thrombolytic agents and anticoagulants directly in the thrombus brought about improvement of the circulation surrounding the liver and IVC, and recovery from hepatic failure.",4693
-Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as a complication of methotrexate treatment of asthma.,4694
-"Proposed mechanisms include von Willebrand Factor abnormalities, decreased prostacyclin production, and immune complex formation.",4695
-"A macrophage activation syndrome, possibly related to methotrexate toxicity, developed in a boy with systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.",4696
-Radiation recall refers to inflammatory reactions triggered by cytotoxic agents and develops in previously irradiated areas.,4697
-"Four recovered fully within 24 h, two recovered partially after 24 h and completely after 48 h while two recovered only after 72 h.",4698
-"After two weeks of drug treatment, the patient exhibited symptoms similar to those seen in the manic phase of bipolar affective disorder.",4699
-"On the basis of the clinico-radiologic presentation, a pulmonary hemorrhage was likely to occur; so to clarify the origin of this process, a complete serologic examination was performed but all the antibodies were negative.",4700
-We believe that immunosuppression-induced pneumonitis in a lung allograft is a serious dilemma for lung transplant physicians,4701
-Amiodarone was discontinued after discussion with the cardiologist.,4702
-We report a case of glaucoma induced by doxetaxel therapy for metastatic breast cancer.,4703
-"Gynaecomastia, however, persisted even after three months of cessation of therapy.",4704
-Life-threatening hyponatremia caused by vinblastine.,4705
-"Even in a patient undergoing posterior lumbar interbody fusion using a metal cage, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) might be able to diagnose epidural abscesses and diskitis when titanium alloy implants are used.",4706
-"Indeed, the superiority of the combination of interferon alfa and ribavirin in terms of antiviral action is corroborated by the enhancement of a Th1-type immune reaction by this combination.",4707
-"No published reports of priapism with antidepressants were located, but 11 cases have been reported to the manufacturers.",4708
-"Controlled clinical trials are indicated to determine if this finding is indicative of a class effect for all GABAergic antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), as already noted with vigabatrin, or if this case represents an incidental finding with tiagabine (41 references).",4709
-He developed Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignant lymphoma at 10 years and thyroid papillary carcinoma at 20 years of age.,4710
-Successful repair of myocardial free wall rupture after thrombolytic therapy for acute infarction.,4711
-Lacosamide intoxication in attempted suicide.,4712
-"However, an increasing number of reports are appearing suggesting more than just a casual relationship between leukemia and the use of alkylating agents.",4713
-Gold-induced aplastic anemia.,4714
-The pathogenesis of chemotherapy-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (C-TMA) has not been established.,4715
-The same error had led to the death of her child five years earlier.,4716
-"In this study, we report on three individual patients who received BTX-B and who subsequently developed parasympathetic dysfunction of the visual system after injections of BTX-B at remote sites.",4717
-"However, there are some recent reports on serious adverse events, probably associated with this complementary and alternative herbal medicine.",4718
-Cutaneous mycobacterial infection post intravesical BCG installation.,4719
-"A computed tomographic (CT) scan confirmed a massive renal tumour associated with extensive retroperitoneal lymph node involvement, bony metastases and a right hip fracture.",4720
-"One patient suffered coronary artery vasospasm, attributed to the use of topical 1:1000 epinephrine during surgery.",4721
-The clinical features and management of this combined intoxication are discussed.,4722
-"AIMS: To present a case of piloerection after replacing fluvoxamine maleate with milnacipran hydrochloride, and to analyse this effect based on receptor occupancy theory.",4723
-"A combination of methotrexate suspension, folinic acid and corticosteroids led to recovery.",4724
-This patient recovered after aggressive supportive therapy including intravenous alkali and fluid administration as well as continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration.,4725
-The analysed carbachol concentration exceeded the supposed serum level resulting from a therapeutic dose by a factor of 130 to 260.,4726
-"Aspirin was substituted for acenocoumarol, and the patient returned home after 10 days without sequelae.",4727
-Mutations were detected in the precore region (nt1896) of HBV.,4728
-We describe a case of severe aplastic anemia (AA) that was probably induced by lenalidomide.,4729
-Bone marrow biopsy revealed no evidence of neoplasia.,4730
-Biopsies revealed an interface dermatitis with epidermal dysmaturation.,4731
-The blindness may have been a consequence of an immune reactivation inflammatory syndrome caused by this treatment.,4732
-"In both, skin biopsy showed a cell-poor subepidermal vesicle with festooning of the dermal papillae.",4733
-"In 6 of 10 patients, several treatment attempts either had failed or could not be used due to severe side effects or underlying disease.",4734
-Mitoxantrone and cyclophosphamide in advanced breast cancer: a pilot study.,4735
-"An objective causality assessment indicated a probable relationship between clotting abnormality and warfarin administration, although the degree of elevation of the INR was unusual in the light of the daily warfarin dose and duration of its exposure.",4736
-Fibrin sheath formation and chemotherapy extravasation: a case report.,4737
-Leukaemoid monocytosis in M4 AML following chemotherapy and G-CSF.,4738
-This infection was successfully eradicated after neutrophil recovery by prolonged systemic administration of amphotericin B as well as aggressive local therapy including enucleation of the affected eye.,4739
-"In the second patient, acute renal failure necessitated hemodialysis.",4740
-"Aromatic anticonvulsants, sulphamides, minocycline and more rarely carbamazepine are the principal responsible drugs.",4741
-We carried out a retrospective study of changes in the serological markers of HBV in this patient.,4742
-We reviewed the findings for healthy volunteers/donors who developed haematological malignancies following PEG-rHuMGDF or G-CSF administration.,4743
-"Routine endomyocardial biopsy showed acute rejection of less than grade Ib, and the patients were discharged on the 65th and 46th postoperative day, respectively.",4744
-The reported frequency in young children varies (1-4).,4745
-Typhlitis is usually seen in the setting of severe chemotherapy-induced neutropenia for acute leukaemia.,4746
-"Unfortunately, while there are numerous observational reports in the literature, there is not a lot of information concerning the safety and efficacy of particular treatments or the nontreatment of bipolar disorder during pregnancy.",4747
-"Both patients completed the planned course of radiotherapy without interruption, after administration of G-CSF.",4748
-Five patients underwent botulinum toxin injection into the insertion of the levator and tensor veli palatini muscles.,4749
-Fluoxetine-induced akathisia: clinical and theoretical implications.,4750
-Moxalactam is more likely to be associated with platelet dysfunction.,4751
-This report emphasizes the unnecessary hazard accompanying use of a potentially toxic drug-especially when prepared in error by the pharmacist-when a safer drug (nystatin) is available for treatment of oral candidiasis.,4752
-It occasionally accompanies the heparin-associated thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome.,4753
-The syndrome of irreversible lithium-effectuated neurotoxicity (SILENT).,4754
-These reports suggest the possibility that the risk of developing hyperglycemia and diabetic coma with this combination may be greater than when taking diuretics alone.,4755
-Its ease of administration makes it an ideal drug to treat patients in the outpatient setting while maintaining adequate quality of life.,4756
-The primary outcome measure was angiographic resolution of CMO.,4757
-"Therefore, wide spectrum antibiotics were continued.",4758
-A common pathogenesis to link these agents to fibrosis remains uncertain.,4759
-Minimal change nephrotic syndrome after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.,4760
-She was otherwise healthy and did not complain of hyperhidrosis.,4761
-"When the thyrotoxicosis recurred, accompanied by a severe psychotic reaction, administration of antithyroid medication was recommenced.",4762
-This hypersensitivity response cannot be explained pathophysiologically by any mechanism.,4763
-Thoracoscopic biopsy to confirm metastasis revealed instead fibrotic lesions apparently attributable to bleomycin or cyclophosphamide.,4764
-Two inactive patients received no corticosteroids before or after the diagnosis of pancreatitis.,4765
-Five patients required short-term dialysis.,4766
-"Biochemical, bacteriological and imaging studies were performed for specific diagnosis.",4767
-"Unfortunately, the patient died from adult respiratory distress syndrome.",4768
-"Our data suggest that low-molecular-weight heparin possesses strong renoprotective properties, thus confirming previous data from experimental nephropathies.",4769
-Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome complicating long-term mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil therapy for gastric carcinoma.,4770
-46-year-old woman developed painful ulcers over her lower abdomen in the form of reticulate erythema after injecting interferon beta-1b subcutaneously for multiple sclerosis.,4771
-"However, hepatotoxicity is extremely rare.",4772
-Ofloxacin: a probable cause of toxic epidermal necrolysis.,4773
-"We also describe a new, noninvasive method to assess magnesium-induced neuromuscular block when curariform muscle relaxant was given simultaneously.",4774
-"BACKGROUND: Antidepressants can sometimes cause agitation, particularly in patients with bipolar disorder, but concern about such effects is generally limited to the first weeks and months of treatment.",4775
-Clinicians should be aware of this potential adverse effect of tigecycline.,4776
-Mycobacterium abscessus infection after use of tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor therapy: case report and review of infectious complications associated with tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor use.,4777
-"Reports in the literature of isolated agranulocytosis are few, although they may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality.",4778
-"He developed a low grade fever, cough and nasal discharge, and was given a compound ""cold"" remedy with anticholenergic properties.",4779
-Establishment of diuresis with fluids and IV administration of calcium may provide successful treatment of magnesium toxicosis in horses.,4780
-"Child-Pugh class A liver function and a platelet count of > or = 60,000/mm(3) were among the inclusion criteria for SHARP.",4781
-"A skin biopsy specimen revealed microscopic, sterile, neutrophilic abscesses.",4782
-"The increasing use of this agent is expected, because of the increasing number of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.",4783
-"In the other patient, a 78-year-old woman, Neisseria mucosa knee arthritis occurred after a single sodium hyaluronate injection.",4784
-Disturbances of the IAN and mental nerve will predominantly give sensitivity symptoms in the soft tissue of the lower lip and chin.,4785
-"On day 7 of linezolid treatment, the patient developed severe pruritus, macular rash, facial edema, eosinophilia, marked increase in serum creatinine level, and mild hepatitis.",4786
-"Our report suggested that CBDCA hypersensitivity was correlated with the total dose of previously administered platinum agents and that CBDCA should be excluded in patients who have received multiple platinum-based chemotherapy, even in platinum-sensitive cases, because CBDCA hypersensitivity can occur even with low-dose CBDCA administration.",4787
-Transient central diabetes insipidus in the setting of underlying chronic nephrogenic diabetes insipidus associated with lithium use.,4788
-The membranes resolved and visual acuity improved with topical corticosteroid treatment alone but recurred in all patients on cessation of treatment.,4789
-This paper reports a case of peritonitis by Nocardia asteroides during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in a man who had systemic lupus erythematous and chronic renal failure.,4790
-"During 6 weeks of monitoring, arrhythmia did not recur.",4791
-Thirteen consecutive stage II breast cancer patients were treated with long-term adjuvant chemotherapy using chlorambucil.,4792
-We present foreign body granulomas induced by activated charcoal from intraperitoneal chemotherapy and mimicked peritoneal metastases in the patients with gastric cancer.,4793
-Radiographic studies suggest three possible explanations: (a) inadvertent thecal penetration during injection may have produced an atypical anesthetic block; (b) loculation of the injected fluid may have caused a transient compressive lesion; or (c) intrathecal injection may have produced an iatrogenic arachnoid cyst.,4794
-A positive rechallenge occurred in seven cases (20%).,4795
-The diffuse gastritis was aggressively treated with proton pump inhibitors.,4796
-No oligodendroglias with intranuclear inclusions were found.,4797
-Both patients presented with abdominal pain and turbid dialysis effluent with or without fever.,4798
-"Consequently, inadvertent placement of the needle into the vertebral artery, thyroid, neural tissues, or esophagus can occur with the fluoroscopic or blind approach.",4799
-RESULTS: A 30-year-old woman with polycystic ovary syndrome developed bilateral anterior uveitis during ovulation induction therapy.,4800
-"Thirty minutes after an anti-drug administration through the chest drainage tube, he lost consciousness shortly after coughing.",4801
-"OBJECTIVE: To report a case of rhabdomyolysis caused by Commiphora mukul, a natural lipid-lowering agent.",4802
-These perfusions gave a moderate or good temporary palliation as regards to tumor growths on the extremity.,4803
-Successful treatment of the fungal infection was achieved using ketoconazole.,4804
-Further testing at 28 months revealed a serum T4 value of 7.8 micrograms/dl and a serum T3 value of 141 ng/dl.,4805
-The patients treated with bromocriptine at 7.5-15 mg/day adjunctive to l-dopa were selected to replace bromocriptine with pergolide of the equivalent dosage approved in Japan.,4806
-"A possible mechanism for this alarming outcome is discussed, and it is suggested that resuscitation facilities should be quickly available during such trials.",4807
-A causal relationship of phrenal neuropathy with adalimumab is herein discussed.,4808
-"It is suggested that many of the reported side-effects of o,p'-DDD may be due to hypoadrenalism and may be controlled by greatly increasing the steroid replacement dose.",4809
-"When using local anaesthetic epidural infusions, it is important to exclude other causes of motor block before attributing it to the local anaesthetic.",4810
-Tacrolimus was substituted for cyclosporine on day 20; on day 21 amlodipine was initiated to manage hypertension.,4811
-Thyrotropin concentrations and cardiac systolic time indexes during the elevation of serum CK concentrations were not consistent with hypothyroidism.,4812
-BACKGROUND: Etanercept is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor that has been licensed in the United States for the treatment of adult and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis as well as psoriatic arthritis.,4813
-"Nineteen months after diagnosis, her mother gave birth to an HLA-compatible sibling, whose cord blood was cryopreserved.",4814
-Endocrine physicians should be alert to this in patients with fixed DI and an abnormal thirst threshold.,4815
-This report describes a forty-seven-year-old female patient with a complex medical history.,4816
-His immunosuppressive medication had been tapered to 15 mg/day of prednisolone.,4817
-None of these patients were operated on.,4818
-In one case the central serous chorioretinopathy recurred 3 times during 3 separate courses of treatment.,4819
-"The stimulation indices of the drug-induced lymphocyte stimulation test (DLST) for AZA in these two patients were as high as 2,180% and 430%, respectively, but those of healthy volunteers were under 120% without nonspecific suppression of lymphocyte proliferation.",4820
-We report here a case of thymic hyperplasia after chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia.,4821
-One hundred forty-eight (59%) of 251 patients with spinal cord injury who were evaluated had received this drug.,4822
-We report the case of a 77-year-old male who developed a florid photosensitive eruption while taking thiazide diuretics for heart failure.,4823
-Lamotrigine toxicity secondary to sertraline.,4824
-"They conclude that the vascular surgeon should be aware of this possibility and that oral anticoagulants should be used very carefully in the ""medical"" management of cholesterol embolization.",4825
-We can speculate that the overexpression of VEGF induced by local ischemia and inflammation can make these patients more likely to have CNV.,4826
-This adverse reaction is more common in children than adults and is rarely symptomatic.,4827
-"Only two case reports of adults with allergic contact dermatitis to this chemical exist in the literature, and we describe three more cases of children with recalcitrant atopic dermatitis found to have potential allergic contact dermatitis to bisabolol- a component of the Aquaphor emollient they were using to treat their atopic dermatitis.",4828
-We suggest being aware of such reactions during omeprazole usage.,4829
-Transluminal removal of a fractured and embolized indwelling central venous catheter in the pulmonary artery.,4830
-It is concluded that at least some sensory symptoms originate within the nervous system as a manifestation of the disease process and are not secondary effects of the motor disorder.,4831
-Her postoperative course was further complicated by a fungal infection.,4832
-"Patients treated with captopril who develop ""atypical cholangitis"" should be suspected of having captopril-associated liver damage.",4833
-High-dose corticosteroids were given with a return to baseline pulmonary function.,4834
-Clinical recovery required an average of 42 days and was complete in four of five patients.,4835
-Early detection of ototoxicity is of vital importance in cases in which ototoxic drugs are administered.,4836
-"Renal arterial thrombosis, usually in association with aortic thrombosis, has been reported as a result of prolonged neonatal umbilical artery catheterization.",4837
-Proton MRS examination demonstrated a persistent lactate elevation during metronidazole treatment.,4838
-The third was a 16-year-old male who developed a profound peripheral and central neuropathy after chemotherapy treatment for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.,4839
-"Although cytarabine exhibits pronounced in vitro virucidal activity against herpes viruses and has been successfully used in clinical treatment of severe herpesvirus infections, the present findings and a review of the recent literature cast doubt on the antiviral effectiveness of this drug, particularly in already immunosuppressed patients, and suggest instead that such patients actually have an increased risk for development of disseminated herpesvirus infection owing to further depression of host defenses by the drug.",4840
-This is the first described case of acute gouty arthritis after RFA for a HCC lesion in a patient with underlying chronic renal insufficiency.,4841
-CONCLUSIONS: Caution should be exercised when using ciprofloxacin in the treatment of patients with personality abnormalities or symptoms of psychosis.,4842
-The rash was treated with moisturizing cream along with intravenous and topical corticosteroids and antibiotics.,4843
-Electromyelography confirmed peripheral nerve injuries.,4844
-Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside used to treat cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure.,4845
-"Before the introduction of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs, photodynamic therapy (PDT) was used, with conflicting functional results.",4846
-Methotrexate serum concentrations must be monitored because of the possible toxicity of drug elimination delay.,4847
-"Sodium thiosulfate, an inorganic salt that has been claimed to inhibit the formation and to favor the solubility and the mobilization of calcified masses, was administered to the patient, and after a long period of treatment considerable radiological regression of the TC with concurrent clinical recovery was noticed.",4848
-"Coagulase-negative staphylococci were detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and the infection persisted even with intrathecal administration of gentamycin, and intravenous administration of vancomycin and arbekacin.",4849
-Symptoms resolved without consequence 48 hours after discontinuation of venlafaxine.,4850
-"Replicate brain magnetic resonance imaging examinations after six weeks and 11 months of penicillamine therapy documented the development of new brain lesions during this period, while liver biopsy specimen data disclosed that excellent hepatic decoppering had occurred.",4851
-Acute intravenous--intra-arterial revascularization therapy for severe ischemic stroke.,4852
-OBJECTIVE: To report the case of a young woman with Graves' disease in whom ototoxicity developed because of propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis.,4853
-"On arrival in the hospital 1 hour later, she complained of muscle pain and tiredness.",4854
-No side effects were observed and improvement was sustained during a mean of 7 months (range 3-12 months) follow up.,4855
-Primary coronary artery dissection occurring 2 months post partum in a 33-year-old woman is described.,4856
-The two cases described in this paper are the only known deaths due to anaphylaxis.,4857
-"The pathogenesis, through retrograde spread of superficial infection to durocortical veins, is discussed in the light of serial CT scans at different stages of formation and treatment of the abscess.",4858
-This lead to the hypothesis of a partially dialysable toxic metabolite of muzolimine.,4859
-Immune tolerance in a haemophilia A patient with high inhibitor using locally prepared lyophilized cryoprecipitate.,4860
-An apparent link is described between the use of MMF with prednisone to treat pemphigus vulgaris and the development of red blood cell anemia.,4861
-"After induction of general anesthesia and administration of a standard dose of intravenous esmolol hydrochloride, her cardiac rhythm progressed to asystole.",4862
-The case of a 65-year-old male migraine patient with spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection is presented.,4863
-Diphenylhydantoin apparently adversely affected both the clinical and biochemical parameters of the acute intermittent porphyria.,4864
-"At the time of diagnosis, an esophageal fistula was observed and treated with cyanoacrylate.",4865
-MR images revealed extensive cortical and subcortical white matter brain edema.,4866
-A 58-yr-old male patient with essential thrombocythaemia (ET) developed chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) after continuous uneventful treatment with hydroxyurea for 18 yr.,4867
-"In summary, because infected grafts can lead to serious complications, besides careful donor screening, it is important to achieve early recognition of contaminated organs by culturing the perfusate to start specific antibiotic or antifungal therapy after transplantation if necessary and avoid the rare but, in this case, fatal consequences of these infections.",4868
-Lymphomatoid granulomatosis after immunosuppression for pemphigus.,4869
-"We report a rare case of colonic mucosal necrosis following Kalimate (calcium polystryrene sulfonate), an analogue of Kayexalate without sorbitol in a 34-yr-old man.",4870
-The patient recovered and the vagina mucosa healed within two weeks.,4871
-"Coronary thrombolysis is contraindicated in patients with transient cerebral ischemia and stroke, arterial hypertension, cerebral trauma, cerebral aneurysms, and arteriovenous malformations, because of the risk of cerebral hemorrhage.",4872
-"This patient has shown that immunosuppression due to splenectomy, NHL, and chemotherapy, especially when using steroids, could be risk factors for pyomyositis in nontropical or semitropical countries.",4873
-"Some much-quoted early studies noted abnormalities in liver function tests (LFTs) in very obese patients taking high doses, although there was no evidence of clinically significant liver dysfunction.",4874
-Hyponatraemia during low-dose carbamazepine therapy.,4875
-Prick tests and intradermal tests with a series of dilutions of carboplatin and cisplatin were performed on three patients who had exhibited medium and severe hypersensitivity reactions to carboplatin.,4876
-OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to introduce a useful diagnostic method to evaluate baclofen pump system-related complications without disturbing the continuous delivery of intrathecal baclofen.,4877
-A rare complication of trigeminal nerve stimulation during radiofrequency thermocoagulation: sudden ST segment elevation.,4878
-Accidental ingestion and aspiration of hydrocarbons in children are common.,4879
-"After discontinuing the drug, his edema resolved.",4880
-"However, marked pruritic infiltration developed within 24 h, progressing to coalescing eczematous lesions over the following 2 days.",4881
-"Risperidone is a frequently used member of a new class of atypical antipsychotics-the serotonin-dopamine antagonists (SDAs)-due to its comparatively high efficacy and low D2/5HT2 binding ratio, which results in a low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects including tardive dyskinesia (TD).",4882
-"We describe a 20-year-old woman who presented with polyarthralgia and sensory neuropathy, including mental nerve neuropathy.",4883
-The pulmonary toxicity is probably induced by piritrexim.,4884
-Other practolol related side effects are usually present in the patient.,4885
-Data have been published regarding the possibility that tamoxifen may be responsible for the subsequent development of carcinoma of the corpus uteri in these patients.,4886
-Relevant reports to the national Pharmacovigilance Centre were also examined.,4887
-"Therefore, the critical care nurse must have knowledge of the implications of administering standard antiarrhythmic agents if this patient reverts into a tachyarrhythmia.",4888
-"Joubert syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by hypotonia, ataxia, episodic hyperpnea, psychomotor retardation, abnormal ocular movements, cerebellar vermian hypoplasia, and molar tooth sign on magnetic resonance imaging.",4889
-"The patient developed classic signs of TLS within 24 h of chemotherapy, including acute renal failure.",4890
-Intrasellar and parasellar tumors made manifest by hormonal influences of pregnancy may become more common as treatment of infertility becomes more refined and successful.,4891
-"However, 8 hrs after extubation, she gradually developed severe respiratory distress, requiring reintubation and mechanical ventilation.",4892
-The patient had a history of alcohol abuse; alcohol intake as well as withdrawal can also cause seizures.,4893
-Serotyping revealed that the two episodes of bacteraemia were caused by different strains.,4894
-Clinicians should be aware of this risk and ask about it during routine clinic follow-up for spasticity.,4895
-"In more than 6,000 patient applications of rapid atrial pacing, there has been only one failure to convert the tachycardia.",4896
-"Though the voluntary recall was in effect, the family already had a bottle of the medication at home.",4897
-"Investigations revealed AT deficiency, thrombocytopenia and renal infarction.",4898
-"In four of the five patients, right-sided focal seizures were subsequently noted.",4899
-This finding was repeatedly documented both clinically as well as during electrophysiologic testing.,4900
-The eye developed a necrotizing scleritis secondary to O. sulphureo-ochraceum.,4901
-"Few reports have described dermatologic adverse effects such as rash and pruritus, and, to our knowledge, none have discussed the seriousness or extensiveness of the rash.",4902
-This report presents a patient with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) who developed KS following treatment with long-term medium dose glucocorticoid and short-term additional immunosuppressives.,4903
-DISCUSSION: Several different agents are currently available to provide effective anticoagulation in patients who have immune- mediated HIT.,4904
-The authors report 9 cases of dystonic reactions in patients with dementia following the initiation of antipsychotic medication.,4905
-Mr. C. was less tired and had more energy following his first and subsequent courses of therapy.,4906
-"Emergent operative re-exploration confirmed these findings; large, swollen paraspinal muscles, a functioning drain, and no hematoma were found.",4907
-We describe a patient who had a systemic allergic contact dermatitis to 8-MOP develop during her second course of PUVA treatment for psoriasis.,4908
-"INTERVENTION: Volume resuscitation, vasopressors, high PEEP mechanical ventilation, paralysis, nitric oxide, steroids, rapid albumin infusion.",4909
-"Initial laboratory studies showed severe hypophosphatemia and elevated alkaline phosphatase and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels.",4910
-CONCLUSIONS: The most rational approach to treating NMS entails a hierarchy of interventions determined by the severity and progression of symptoms.,4911
-"Careful consideration must be made of the choice of environment in which intravenous loading is done (e.g., emergency department, intensive care unit), as dictated by patient parameters, nursing staff levels, and planned disposition.",4912
-Non-fatal mirtazapine overdose.,4913
-"One year later, decreased fluency and mild ataxia persists.",4914
-His diagnosis was reconfirmed and then treated with Pentostatin.,4915
-"The results suggest that the development of severe hypocalcemia can be explained on the basis of hypoparathyroidism in relation to hyperphosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, and acute renal failure.",4916
-RESULTS: Coagulase-negative staphylococci were identified and isolated from the vitreous specimen of both patients.,4917
-"The primary outcome (behavioural disturbances) was measured prospectively by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), while other outcomes included cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)) and Clinical Global Impression.",4918
-"The authors report a case of a Hickman catheter perforating the wall of the superior vena cava into the pericardium, resulting in accidental intrapericardial infusion of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU).",4919
-Ischemic cholangitis caused by transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization 10 months after resection of the extrahepatic bile duct.,4920
-Bortezomib is the first anticancer proteasome inhibitor introduced into clinical practice.,4921
-"INTRODUCTION: The clinical pattern of corneal calcification has been considered to be a part of chronic eye diseases, such as uveitis, severe glaucoma, keratitis and eye burns.",4922
-Many combinations of methotrexate and folic or folinic acid have been used to limit the side effects of methotrexate therapy in psoriasis or psoriatic arthropathy.,4923
-Clonal cytogenetic evolution was evident in 2 of the 3 patients and included an extra Philadelphia chromosome in both.,4924
-This species is susceptible to many antibiotics in vitro and clinically.,4925
-The vancomycin concentration was decreased from 101 mg/l to 16.59 mg/l at the end of the procedure.,4926
-"Following IVIG infusion, lupus encephalitis in the first patient quickly resolved and the impressive improvement of the clinical status was associated with a transient increase in C1q-binding activity.",4927
-"Long-term studies will be needed to demonstrate reversal of endocrine, hepatic and cardiac dysfunction secondary to iron deposition in these patients.",4928
-"CYP2C19, which catalyses the metabolism of, for example, citalopram, clomipramine and moclobemide.",4929
-PURPOSE: To report a case of severe corticosteroid-induced glaucoma after intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetate in a 34-year-old man without a history of glaucoma.,4930
-There were no abnormal reactions to UVA.,4931
-We report a case of stutter priapism successfully treated with an oral antiandrogen.,4932
-"He subsequently had a resolution of all signs and symptoms, suggesting that these alarming events were a toxic but reversible side effect of the chemotherapy.",4933
-Patients had tended to become more neurotic (p = 0.08) and less extravert (p = 0.07).,4934
-Adding low-dose antidepressants to interferon alpha treatment for chronic hepatitis C improved psychiatric tolerability in a patient with schizoaffective psychosis.,4935
-"BACKGROUND: Vicks VapoRub (VVR) [Proctor and Gamble; Cincinnati, OH] is often used to relieve symptoms of chest congestion.",4936
-We present the first case of GVO-complicated pyogenic portosplenic vein thrombosis which led to persistent Klebsiella pneumoniae septicemia.,4937
-METHOD: Single case report.,4938
-"There were also larger cells (immunoblastic shape) that displayed CD20 positively, some scattered plasma cells, and eosinophils.",4939
-He underwent removal of the allograft and implantation of another liver.,4940
-"CONCLUSION: We review the literature of reported cases of primary osteogenic sarcomas of the skull to discuss the common clinical presentation, evaluation methods, and recommended treatment plans.",4941
-In three of the patients drug kinetic investigations were performed and revealed a slow metabolizer status.,4942
-Regression of invasive conjunctival squamous carcinoma in an HIV-positive patient on antiretroviral therapy.,4943
-We report a case of severe hypotension associated with intravenous valproate used to treat status epilepticus in an 11-year-old girl.,4944
-"Neurological problems are a frequent occurrence in patients given this therapy, particularly cerebellar ataxia, but the development of bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy has not been reported.",4945
-"A urinalysis was significant for protein 3061 mg/dl, ketones 15 mg/dl, blood 2+, leukocytes 26-50/high-power field, and a protein:creatinine ratio 24.9.",4946
-Many women are diagnosed with early stage breast cancer each year who are potential candidates for adjuvant therapy.,4947
-"We report the case of a patient with increased cerebral cortical excitability following intoxication with flupirtine, a centrally acting analgesic and antispastic drug.",4948
-Bland emollients and reduction in the dose of PLD resulted in resolution of the eruption.,4949
-The presence of thrombi in this early-stage lesion suggests that thrombosis plays a role in the initial pathogenesis of this condition.,4950
-Patients were diagnosed with AL amyloidosis by tissue biopsy and categorized by performance status and organ involvement.,4951
-"Skin rash involved regions of the face, lower abdomen, back, buttocks and both upper thighs.",4952
-"A variety of medications have been associated with hypoglycemia, but the list of these medications is expanding.",4953
-Serum antidiuretic hormone (ADH) remained elevated at 0.59 pg/ml in spite of a significant reduction in serum osmolality to 254 mosm/kg.,4954
-Lithium and ECT--concurrent use still demands attention: three case reports.,4955
-"CONCLUSION: Based on the easily managed toxicities and apparent efficacy of the regimen of weekly nab-paclitaxel and daily sunitinib, we conclude that further evaluation is warranted to assess the efficacy of this combination therapy in previously chemotherapy-treated patients with advanced thoracic cancer.",4956
-"He developed hypertension in April 1989, underwent a final chelation, and retired.",4957
-Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) in leukemic children undergoing intensive chemotherapy should be promptly recognized so that specific therapy can be started.,4958
-A combination of these two approaches may provide the best chance of improving outcome in severe acute ischemic stroke.,4959
-Magnetic resonance imaging was more useful than computed tomography in the early diagnosis and management of these acute lymphocytic leukemia patients with leukoencephalopathy.,4960
-Most cardiac surgical patients have had previous exposure to heparin for diagnostic or therapeutic interventions and hence have an increased susceptibility to developing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) postoperatively.,4961
-"More flexible diagnostic criteria than currently mandated by the the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Revision, may be warranted.",4962
-"She was receiving high dose corticosteroids, azathioprine 200mg daily and high dose intravenous immunoglobulin during relapses.",4963
-The importance of high-tone audiometry in monitoring for ototoxicity.,4964
-"Tests for hepatitis A, B, and C were negative.",4965
-The potential role of serotonin in the development of this serious complication is discussed.,4966
-Esophageal candidiasis following omeprazole therapy: a report of two cases.,4967
-We report a case of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in a patient receiving chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer.,4968
-"In conclusion, the diagnosis of leflunomide-pulmonary-renal syndrome was rendered.",4969
-Elevated serum triglycerides with clozapine resolved with risperidone in four patients.,4970
-Total white cell count and neutrophil count returned to normal and she made an uneventful recovery.,4971
-Clinical measures and outcomes were recorded prospectively.,4972
-CASE SUMMARY: A 22-year-old male was admitted after a motor vehicle crash.,4973
-Hypoxia is a predisposing factor for premature ductal closure and often occurs after maternal indomethacin therapy.,4974
-"Despite vigorous therapy, severe hypoventilation and hypoxemia persisted with mechanical ventilation.",4975
-"Because contact dermatitis due to a topical medication was suspected, patch testing was performed after disappearance of her eruption.",4976
-"He stopped this therapy in February 1996 because of asthenia, diplopia, headache, and anxiety.",4977
-"For treatment of a posttraumatic intramural jejunal haematoma with extension into the mesenterium the patient received continuous infusion (CI) of a high purity F VIII concentrate, starting with an initial bolus injection of 100 IU F VIII/kg bw and followed by 4-5 IU F VIII/kg bw/h i.v.",4978
-CONCLUSIONS: The procedure may be of value to counteract a recent trend of psychotropic polypharmacy in schizophrenia.,4979
-16 patients with cutaneous or subcutaneous melanoma recurrence on an extremity were treated with regional perfusion with Melphalan.,4980
-These malignancies may represent either a new clonal disorder or a complication of drug treatment.,4981
-Two patients who initially reacted to an oral solution formulation subsequently tolerated the corn oil-based soft gelatin capsule.,4982
-Two patients who developed decreased visual acuity after several months of ethambutol treatment for Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection had bitemporal visual field defects that suggested optic chiasm damage.,4983
-"The characteristics of insulin antibody in this patient were similar to the antibodies of IAS patients, therefore we administered oral glucocorticoid against insulin antibody.",4984
-Infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may affect joints in different ways.,4985
-"In this study, we outline the case of a patient with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia after living donor liver transplantation, which showed the clinical signs of severe sepsis and was resistant to almost all antibiotics.",4986
-It is too early to evaluate four patients at present.,4987
-"On admission, he presented with clinical features of chronic GVHD including transient exacerbation of cholestatic liver injury.",4988
-Intravenous valproate has been suggested for the treatment of status epilepticus in part because of its relatively good cardiovascular safety profile.,4989
-"However, since maternal death has occurred with postpartum vulvar edema, the patient with vulvar edema merits special attention.",4990
-"In this case, unlike those previously reported, hyponatremia recurred 5 months after switching from citalopram to mirtazapine, which is believed to be a safe antidepressant.",4991
-"Patient ages ranged from 19 to 36 years at the time of diagnosis of their Crohn's disease, and all were white.",4992
-Histologic examination of skin biopsy specimens from the patients' UV-B and UV-A test sites and lesional skin revealed an acute eczematous dermatitis.,4993
-A trial of thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator infusions was started at 0.1 mg/kg/hr for 6 hrs daily.,4994
-Accidental ingestion (five episodes) and suicidal attempts (three episodes) accounted for these visits.,4995
-Topical and local anesthetics are employed during minor invasive procedures to increase patient tolerance and to reduce the need for intravenous sedation.,4996
-A preclinical study in rats treated with TKI showed a statistically significant increase in benign and malignant renal tumours.,4997
-"Two months after the start of the therapy, parathyroid hormone (PTH) decreased significantly and the skin lesions nearly disappeared.",4998
-"In view of the potential hazards of tissue plasminogen activator, close pediatric ICU monitoring is indicated with the use of high-dose tissue plasminogen activator infusions.",4999
-The third patient had lower limb chronic venous insufficiency and developed extensive necrosis of both lower limbs.,5000
-After 1 month of follow-up the patient underwent TEE which showed a dramatic reduction of the left atrial thrombosis.,5001
-Pregnancy and complicated familial Mediterranean fever.,5002
-Clearance and adverse effects of efavirenz are associated with CYP2B6-G516T polymorphism.,5003
-Treatment with calcitriol.,5004
-Methemoglobinemia after axillary block with bupivacaine and additional injection of lidocaine in the operative field.,5005
-"Discontinuation of acetazolamide produced an immediate threefold drop in the level of urinary calcium excretion and a slight rise in tubular reabsorption of phosphate, with no dectectable change in serum calcium or phosphate concentrations.",5006
-The effective valve area was 0.41 cm2.,5007
-"CONCLUSIONS: JHR should be an anticipated reaction to early doses of antibiotic treatment for treponemal diseases, such as syphilis.",5008
-All patients had temporary relief of signs or symptoms of inflammation.,5009
-"The effectiveness of multidrug treatment by bleomycin, methotrexate, and cis-platinum in advanced vaginal carcinoma.",5010
-Combination antimalarial therapy is being explored to delay development of resistance to falciparum malaria.,5011
-Markedly increased pigmementation of skin immediately overlying veins used for multiple 5-fluorouracil infusions was noted.,5012
-General anesthesia was induced.,5013
-We have shown that CMV-polymerase chain reaction of AF is a useful diagnostic test for congenital CMV infection.,5014
-"Further treatment with intravenous ACV led to VZV DNA becoming undetectable in whole blood, a result not achieved with oral valacyclovir.",5015
-"A few recent individual case reports have suggested that a myasthenic syndrome may be associated with statin treatment, but this association is not well described.",5016
-Thiazide-induced lichenoid photosensitivity.,5017
-"After successful treatment, she was given demeclocycline prophylactically and rechallenged with vinorelbine without recurrence of the syndrome.",5018
-Here we report on a patient with severe aplastic anemia who developed PRCA after HLA-identical but major ABO-mismatched peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.,5019
-"The temporal course of CNV, the presence of a chorio-retinal shunt, and the autofluorescence pattern in the fellow eye let us to speculate that the CNV was related to the vascular occlusive process.",5020
-The criterion for severe infection was inpatient hospitalization.,5021
-"After withdrawal of ibopamine and under continuation of all other concomitant medications her body weight continued to decrease during the following few days, her symptoms were alleviated and she was discharge to a nursing home.",5022
-"Treatment of ELP in children is generally supportive, with the symptoms and roentgenographic abnormalities resolving within months after stopping the use of mineral oil.",5023
-Parenterally administered biperiden proved to be highly effective in the control of the symptoms.,5024
-RESULTS: All cases developed corneal endothelial deposits after previous use of rifabutin.,5025
-There was no evidence of renal hypoperfusion or interstitial nephritis.,5026
-Gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to duodenal erosion by a biliary wallstent.,5027
-These pauses were always preceded by the short P-P intervals and were usually followed by one or two P-P intervals of 0.92-0.95 s representing the basic sinus cycle.,5028
-Conversion of ischemic to hemorrhagic infarction has been shown to occur experimentally.,5029
-"After 1 month of treatment, he was diagnosed as having acute renal failure secondary to HUS.",5030
-The discontinuation of HAART led to the complete resolution of signs and symptoms.,5031
-We report a relapsed HIV-related high-grade NHL which was treated successfully with ESHAP chemotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT).,5032
-The occurrence of additional signs and symptoms should alert the clinician to the presence of intracranial pathology.,5033
-"The patient suffered no side effects, and use of G-CSF represents an important addition to the management of a life-threatening drug reaction.",5034
-Death occurred 4 to 16 weeks later.,5035
-"As expected, we identified few successful cases of switches from clozapine in our search of the literature.",5036
-CONCLUSION: The delayed treatment of lead poisoning may lead to irreversible motor neuron defect.,5037
-In this report we describe a patient with hyperthyroidism whose symptoms initially were thought to be adverse effects of the inhaled bronchodilator medications.,5038
-"Careful follow-up of so-called ""self-limited"" insulin edema is encouraged, and the early institution of diuretic therapy is advocated in elderly patients to prevent the development of overt cardiac failure.",5039
-"Over the next several months, she continued to require supplemental calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus.",5040
-We recommend the cautious use of ketorolac in patients with underlying illnesses where NSAID-induced ototoxicity could result in adverse otologic consequences.,5041
-Propranolol had to be given for eight months after surgery.,5042
-Eighty-four percent of patients reported an increase in their sense of well-being.,5043
-None of these patients had cystic or other significant macular changes.,5044
-"Three of these patients had convulsions attributed to imipenem/cilastatin; 3.6% of the patients had seizure, or 2% of imipenem/cilastatin administrations was followed by a seizure attack.",5045
-A right hemicolectomy was performed with relief of symptoms.,5046
-"This is the first case, to our knowledge, of onset of prolonged infliximab-induced lupus.",5047
-"If untreated, or misdiagnosed and treated incorrectly, there may be loss of visual acuity.",5048
-The incidence of seizures related to primary brain tumors is 20-80%.,5049
diff --git a/data/ade_corpus_v2/train.csv b/data/ade_corpus_v2/train.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index fa5bc97d9ef4357126b4b2c948ef678b800bf7f9..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/ade_corpus_v2/train.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-Sentence,Label,ID
-No regional side effects were noted.,not ADE-related,0
-"We describe the case of a 10-year-old girl with two epileptic seizures and subcontinuous spike-waves during sleep, who presented unusual side-effects related to clobazam (CLB) monotherapy.",not ADE-related,1
-"The INR should be monitored more frequently when bosentan is initiated, adjusted, or discontinued in patients taking warfarin.",not ADE-related,2
-"After the first oral dose of propranolol, syncope developed together with atrioventricular block.",ADE-related,3
-"As termination was not an option for the family, the patient was extensively counseled and treated with oral ganciclovir.",not ADE-related,4
-Pulses have been given for periods up to three years without evident toxicity.,not ADE-related,5
-"CONCLUSION: Pancreatic enzyme intolerance, although rare, would be a major problem in the management of patients with CF.",not ADE-related,6
-The treatment of Toxoplasma encephalitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.,not ADE-related,7
-A challenge with clozapine was feasible and showed no clinical symptoms of eosinophilia.,not ADE-related,8
-OBJECTIVE: To describe onset of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) associated with vinorelbine therapy for advanced breast cancer.,ADE-related,9
-These results indicate that the hyponatremia in this case was due to SIADH and that SIADH was caused by an increased release of vasopressin probably because of the antiviral drug (acyclovir) or infection of varicella zoster virus (VZV) in a single dermatome.,not ADE-related,10
-Macular infarction after endophthalmitis treated with vitrectomy and intravitreal gentamicin.,ADE-related,11
-These cases were considered unusual in light of the short delay of their onset after initiation of immunosuppressive therapy and their fulminant course: 3 of these patients died of PCP occurring during the first month of treatment with prednisone.,ADE-related,12
-In 1991 the patient were found to be seropositive for HCV antibodies as detected by the ELISA method and confirmed by the RIBA method.,not ADE-related,13
-MRI has a high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of osteonecrosis and should be used when this condition is suspected.,not ADE-related,14
-Treatment of silastic catheter-induced central vein septic thrombophlebitis.,not ADE-related,15
-These organisms have occasionally been reported as a cause of serious infections in man but have not been reported as a cause of shunt infection.,not ADE-related,16
-NEH must be considered in lupus patients receiving cytotoxic agents to avoid inappropriate use of corticosteroids or antibiotics in this self-limited condition.,not ADE-related,17
-"The patient had no skin reactions for the next 12 mo, with the exception of injection-site papules.",not ADE-related,18
-"Of the 16 patients, including the 1 reported here, only 3 displayed significant shortening of the agranulocytic period after treatment.",not ADE-related,19
-A closer look at septic shock.,not ADE-related,20
-A 24- to 48-h course of large-dose glucocorticoid therapy is often used in the acute management of spinal cord injury.,not ADE-related,21
-CT-scan disclosed right ethmoid sinusitis that spread to the orbit after surgery.,not ADE-related,22
-Sotalol-induced bradycardia reversed by glucagon.,ADE-related,23
-"The cases are important in documenting that drug-induced dystonias do occur in patients with dementia, that risperidone appears to have contributed to dystonia among elderly patients, and that the categorization of dystonic reactions needs further clarification.",ADE-related,24
-No abnormalities were identified on review of collection and processing records.,not ADE-related,25
-A case study is presented of a licensed practical nurse who developed persistent contact dermatitis.,not ADE-related,26
-An encephalopathy and cardiomyopathy developed in a seventeen-year-old girl with chemotherapy-induced renal failure while receiving an intravesical aluminum infusion for hemorrhagic cystitis.,ADE-related,27
-"The gold standard for diagnosis is renal biopsy, but it is only rarely performed during the acute phase of the reaction and is not without risk.",not ADE-related,28
-"METHODS: We identified three patients who developed skin necrosis and determined any factors, which put them at an increased risk of doing so.",not ADE-related,29
-We describe a patient who developed HUS after treatment with mitomycin C (total dose 144 mg/m2) due to a carcinoma of the ascending colon.,ADE-related,30
-The authors caution that treatment with alprazolam may be complicated by the induction of mania.,ADE-related,31
-We report a case of long lasting respiratory depression after intravenous administration of morphine to a 7 year old girl with haemolytic uraemic syndrome.,ADE-related,32
-Best-corrected visual acuity measurements were performed at every visit.,not ADE-related,33
-Considerable improvement of myasthenic symptoms was seen in all patients within 3-6 months after the initiation of this therapy.,not ADE-related,34
-"We present three patients with paradoxical seizures; their serum phenytoin levels were 43.5 mcg/mL, 46.5 mcg/mL and 38.3 mcg/mL.",ADE-related,35
-"A patient with psoriasis is described who had an abnormal response to the glucose tolerance test without other evidence of diabetes and then developed postprandial hyperglycemia and glycosuria during a period of topical administration of a corticosteroid cream, halcinonide cream 0.1%, under occlusion.",ADE-related,36
-"This report demonstrates the increased risk of complicated varicella associated with the use of corticosteroids, even for a short period of time.",not ADE-related,37
-This case report describes a 13-year-old male with diagnosis of autistic disorder and fetishistic behavior.,not ADE-related,38
-"Several hypersensitivity reactions to cloxacillin have been reported, although IgE-mediated allergic reactions to the drug are rare and there is little information about possible tolerance to other semisynthetic penicillins or cephalosporins in patients with cloxacillin allergy.",ADE-related,39
-"A 69-year-old male was diagnosed in February 2004 with stage IV extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma involving the mediastinal nodes, lung parenchyma and bone marrow with high LDH.",not ADE-related,40
-"With serious cases, however, conventional treatment may not allow sufficient time at depth for the complete resolution of manifestations because of the need to avoid pulmonary oxygen toxicity which is associated with a prolonged period of breathing compressed air.",not ADE-related,41
-Thrombolytic treatment is advocated for critical patients unless emergency institution of cardio pulmonary bypass is required and/or indicated.,not ADE-related,42
-"IMPLICATIONS: Dexmedetomidine, an alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, is indicated for sedating patients on mechanical ventilation.",not ADE-related,43
-"Remarkable findings on initial examination were facial grimacing, flexure posturing of both upper extremities, and 7-mm, reactive pupils.",not ADE-related,44
-Acute promyelocytic leukemia after living donor partial orthotopic liver transplantation in two Japanese girls.,not ADE-related,45
-The mechanism by which sunitinib induces gynaecomastia is thought to be associated with an unknown direct action on breast hormonal receptors.,ADE-related,46
-Early detection of these cases has practical importance since the identification and elimination of the causative drug is essential for therapy success.,not ADE-related,47
-"CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that clozapine may cause TD; however, the prevalence is low and the severity is relatively mild, with no or mild self-reported discomfort.",ADE-related,48
-METHODS: This study is a case report description.,not ADE-related,49
diff --git a/data/banking_77/task.json b/data/banking_77/task.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b08b7e570406d6c232446cafa332a36fdf52e88..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/banking_77/task.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"name": "banking_77", "description": "", "data_columns": ["Query", "ID"], "label_columns": {"Label": ["Refund_not_showing_up", "activate_my_card", "age_limit", "apple_pay_or_google_pay", "atm_support", "automatic_top_up", "balance_not_updated_after_bank_transfer", "balance_not_updated_after_cheque_or_cash_deposit", "beneficiary_not_allowed", "cancel_transfer", "card_about_to_expire", "card_acceptance", "card_arrival", "card_delivery_estimate", "card_linking", "card_not_working", "card_payment_fee_charged", "card_payment_not_recognised", "card_payment_wrong_exchange_rate", "card_swallowed", "cash_withdrawal_charge", "cash_withdrawal_not_recognised", "change_pin", "compromised_card", "contactless_not_working", "country_support", "declined_card_payment", "declined_cash_withdrawal", "declined_transfer", "direct_debit_payment_not_recognised", "disposable_card_limits", "edit_personal_details", "exchange_charge", "exchange_rate", "exchange_via_app", "extra_charge_on_statement", "failed_transfer", "fiat_currency_support", "get_disposable_virtual_card", "get_physical_card", "getting_spare_card", "getting_virtual_card", "lost_or_stolen_card", "lost_or_stolen_phone", "order_physical_card", "passcode_forgotten", "pending_card_payment", "pending_cash_withdrawal", "pending_top_up", "pending_transfer", "pin_blocked", "receiving_money", "request_refund", "reverted_card_payment?", "supported_cards_and_currencies", "terminate_account", "top_up_by_bank_transfer_charge", "top_up_by_card_charge", "top_up_by_cash_or_cheque", "top_up_failed", "top_up_limits", "top_up_reverted", "topping_up_by_card", "transaction_charged_twice", "transfer_fee_charged", "transfer_into_account", "transfer_not_received_by_recipient", "transfer_timing", "unable_to_verify_identity", "verify_my_identity", "verify_source_of_funds", "verify_top_up", "virtual_card_not_working", "visa_or_mastercard", "why_verify_identity", "wrong_amount_of_cash_received", "wrong_exchange_rate_for_cash_withdrawal"]}}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/banking_77/test_unlabeled.csv b/data/banking_77/test_unlabeled.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index 74a5b19cf2d865d5378ad60911bf4b90cc9b3826..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/banking_77/test_unlabeled.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5004 +0,0 @@
-Query,ID
-where did my funds come from?,50
-I checked my account and see that funds were deducted from a seller I didn't approve of. Can you help me understand?,51
-"Apparently, I went out today to use my new card and was informed my payment was decline. This is really embarrassing, what happen?",52
-My card is not working at stores.,53
-Do you accept all cards and currencies?,54
-"Looks like my card payment was duplicated after all. I went to pay at the store earlier, got declined once, second time it works. App still stays pending for one of the payments. Can you please remove one of them as it's wrong and clearly was declined?",55
-It's requiring me to verify my identity?,56
-I noticed a different charge while I was taking my money out.,57
-Where can I find my PIN? I haven't gotten it yet.,58
-Why isn't my cash deposit showing up in my account? I deposited it this morning.,59
-When I'm traveling is it possible to add money automatically at certain time points?,60
-"I've got a problem - I bought something with my card one or two weeks ago, but now exact same amount of the purchase is showing up in my account. I like more money in my account, but this is too good to be true. Can you tell me what's happening?",61
-What cash machines will let me change my PIN?,62
-I haven't received my card.,63
-Where is my virtual card?,64
-I did a transfer and I was charged a fee that shouldn't be there!,65
-What are the reasons why a card payment would be declined?,66
-When will I have access to my pin number?,67
-How long does it actually take for a card payment to go through? There's one stuck since a couple of days already that doesn't seem to move,68
-How do I get my card out of the ATM?,69
-I just sent money but the person I sent it to doesn't see it. What happened?,70
-How do I verify my identity online,71
-When can I expect my new card to get here?,72
-"I saw money was taken out of my account by a seller a while back. I do not recognize the seller, but I'm pretty certain I didn't make that payment. Can you track who the seller is?",73
-How do I get a card if I live in the US?,74
-"Hi, I am currently in the process of buying a flat and I am waiting for the mortgage to go through but it keeps showing up as an error. Do you know what could be causing this and can you help me get the money over.",75
-The top-up did not go through.,76
-Am I charged for receiving money?,77
-How do I go about getting hold of a virtual card?,78
-Why would my top up be reverted?,79
-"My account says there are pending funds right now from withdrawing from an ATM, but my card was declined and I never took out any money. When will that money be deposited back into my account?",80
-I tried pulling out money at the ATM and it gave me an incorrect amount back.,81
-I didn't receive my money earlier and it says the transaction is still in progress. Can you fix it?,82
-I am not able to purchase anything online! I have been using my card on multiple sites over a period of two weeks and none of the payments have gone through. Why is this happening?,83
-Can I use my card to withdraw from my account?,84
-"I see I was charged extra when I used the card. I am not sure why, please tell me why.",85
-I really need to top-up my card today urgently but my card keeps getting declined!! Can you please resolve this problem or let me know if you have any alternatives,86
-How come when I tried to pay contactless at the bus it didnt work?,87
-There is a record of payment I never submitted on the app.,88
-"My refund has not arrived, and I am unsure why. Who do I contact?",89
-What is the procedure for depositing a virtual card,90
-What kind of costs are involved for exchanging currency?,91
-Is there a reason why my virtual card won't work?,92
-I tried to do a transfer but I got a message that it was declined.,93
-How can I dispute a direct debit transaction?,94
-Why has transferring money resulted in a charge?,95
-Who do I make a check out to if I want to top off my account?,96
-"Hi there, I've tried to make a transfer 5 different times and its not working. Is your system down or something?",97
-"I don't want to buy this car anymore, can I cancel the transaction and get a quick refund back?",98
-I need to make several disposable cards per day.,99
-I made a cash withdrawal earlier and it's showing as pending. What does that mean?,100
-Can you tell me how to tell where my funds come from?,101
-I can't find the auto-top up option.,102
-What fee will be charged for exchanges?,103
-Can turn my money into another currency?,104
-How long does it take for something to be delivered to the U.S?,105
-is there a fee for swift transfer,106
-What is the process to get a new card when your old one expires?,107
-I need to urgently transfer something from China. How long will it approximately take?,108
-The money has not yet been placed in recipients account.,109
-Is top-up possible with Apple Pay?,110
-Why was my top up cancelled?,111
-why do I have to show my ID,112
-Why do I see a random withdrawal in my app?,113
-How long does it take for the transfer to go through?,114
-I cannot get my google pay to work.,115
-Why would my payment for my card show as pending?,116
-Can you tell me why my card isn't letting me make purchases online? It's been 2 weeks I've been trying.,117
-How can I prove I am me?,118
-Please cancel my last transaction.,119
-What do I do if my top-up has not gone through?,120
-Can my PIN be changed in any cash machine?,121
-Can I get paid for this in another currency?,122
-Can you please explain the topping up transfer process?,123
-Waiting for the cash I deposited this morning still,124
-I made a transfer a couple hours ago but my balance has not been updated. Why is this? Shouldnt this be instant?,125
-My payment shows that it is pending will I be charged more money?,126
-Why should I verify the top-up?,127
-Please tell me about disposable cards.,128
-I'm at the ATM right now and it only allowed me to withdraw 10 pounds instead of my requested 30. What's going on? How can I fix this?,129
-Why do you need to perform identity verification?,130
-What are the steps needed to top up with Apple Pay?,131
-I want to change the wrong exchange rate.,132
-A transfer has been made in my account that I need to cancel. This was a mistake on my part and I hope we can get this resolved quickly.,133
-Help! My account doesn't show any funds. Is transferring funds an option I can use?,134
-How long does it take to make an urgent transfer from China?,135
-Shouldn't my new card be here by now?,136
-Why hasn't a transaction I did to my friend arrived yet?,137
-I could not get my card to work at a shop.,138
-Where can the cards be delivered?,139
-How long does it take to recieve my new card?,140
-Would it be possible to open up an account for children?,141
-Why am I not allowed to add a certain beneficiary?,142
-My new card hasn't came in.,143
-How do I replace a stolen card?,144
-Someone may have made an error in figuring out the rate of exchange. I should have received more cash than I did on my most recent withdrawal.,145
-Can I get an actual card,146
-How do I get a new card as your machine swallowed mine!,147
-What are the restrictions on the virtual cards?,148
-After making a payment with my card it doesn't seem to have worked. It's just showing to be pending. When will this actually be going through?,149
-"I keep trying to make a payment, but it doesn't work.",150
-Is it possible to have a second card?,151
-How can I verify my top-up card?,152
-What do the disposable cards do?,153
-Is there something wrong with my ATM Card? Tried using it earlier and it did not work.,154
-If i want to change my pin number can I directly from an ATM?,155
-where can I get the info for my funds,156
-I would like to track the card you sent to me.,157
-What is going on? I have checked over and over and the details of my account are right. Why is my transfer still pending? It's 2018 not 1818. Transfering money to another country can't be that hard.,158
-Need help with a stolen card.,159
-What is the expected delivery date for my card?,160
-"Hi, I used an ATM today to take money out of my account, but the amount it gave me is not the amount I requested. What should I do?",161
-"After a transfer, I see an extra fee. Why?",162
-My wallet got stolen a couple hours ago and now I've seen there already is a withdrawal. Help this is absolutely urgent I don't want to loose more money,163
-Is ordering a new card from China available?,164
-My card hasn't came in the mail yet?,165
-I topped up my account but the app failed to process it.,166
-I made a check and cash deposit that wasn't credited to my account.,167
-My statement shows different transaction times.,168
-where to i get my funds from?,169
-Are there any ATM's near me that accept this card?,170
-How can I close my account?,171
-"I am not sure how this will work, but I have not received a product I ordered. I want a refund, but should I just cancel the payment?",172
-Where can I order a card when I am in China?,173
-What factors effect the exchange rate?,174
-Do you have the best exchange rate?,175
-I'm trying to purchase a flat but i need my first payment for my mortgage to go through first. I keep getting an error. I'm not sure what is going on but i need help making this transfer.,176
-How can my account have money transferred into it?,177
-"Hi, Last week I have contacted the seller for a refund as directed by you, but i have not received the money yet. Please look into this issue with seller and help me in getting the refund.",178
-My account seems a bit off and getting weird charges.,179
-My card stopped working after multiple transactions. Why?,180
-I asked for cash but I did not receive all the funds,181
-How can I check if I have received a refund if it is not yet on my statement?,182
-"the product is not working, can I get a refund?",183
-If I want to can I set up a new PIN?,184
-"I tried to add a topup to my account but the money isn't there, anymore. Did I do something wrong?",185
-"There must have been a mistake, why was I charged an extra pound?",186
-I ordered a virtual card but it hasn't come through yet,187
-How long will my transfer be pending?,188
-Why is there a fee added to my statement?,189
-how soon will my card arrive?,190
-Why was my card declined in a shop?,191
-What cards do you offer?,192
-I would like to get help from someone in your customer service department with assisting me with activating my card.,193
-"Hi, would you please activate my card?",194
-What do I do if I think someone has used my card?,195
-How do I input a new address?,196
-How to receive virtual card?,197
-Top up did not work on the app.,198
-The ATM keeps declining my Transaction . I tried two different ATMs already Would you please check if everything is okay with my account?,199
-How does identity check work?,200
-Is there something wrong with the ATM? It would not let me pull cash out of my account.,201
-I found my card again. Can I put it back into the app?,202
-How do I get this damn virtual card to work?,203
-My account balance has not updated since I deposited a cheque recently.,204
-My client was converting their Russian ruble into UK pound currency when they noticed their bill was much too high for the exchange. What happened?,205
-Tell me if there is a limit to top-up.,206
-I believe you charged me too much to exchange my money,207
-I'd like to have extra cards. Will I have to pay for that?,208
-What do you use to figure out the exchange rate for the card?,209
-Why is there a €1 charge on my statement?,210
-Do you have any options to top up with a cheque on my account?,211
-Somebody made a withdrawal from my account for 500. I have my card so how can this be? Does somebody have a duplicate card or something? Help please.,212
-Since when were there charges for taking out cash from my account? It's always been free for me to do this before. How much are the charges going to be?,213
-Why hasn't the app verified my identity?,214
-Where are the cards delivered to,215
-"Given a choice, I'd rather have Mastercard.",216
-Is there a way to lookup where funds came from?,217
-Why is the exchange rate so high? This should have been a much higher amount of cash for that to apply.,218
-please cancel the transaction,219
-I just realised I made the wrong payment yesterday. Can you please change it to the right account? It's my rent payment and really really needs to be in the right account by tomorrow,220
-Can you explain why I was charged extra when I used the card?,221
-I need help finding the verification code on the top up card.,222
-Why was I charged this extra fee while doing a transfer?,223
-I wish to remove my account.,224
-How do I transfer cash my into my account?,225
-What do I need in regards to identification?,226
-Can I receive money in a different countries money?,227
-How can I unblock my PIN?,228
-I am quite aggravated that I ordered online almost a month ago and I never got my package and I paid for it. I would really appreciate it if I could get a full refund back now.,229
-"I'm interested in holding and exchange for flat currencies, what do you support?",230
-An incorrect exchange rate was applied to an item I bought.,231
-Can anyone else top-up for me?,232
-How come the money from the merchant appeared back into my account?,233
-How can I switch on my new card?,234
-Why was I charged an extra fee when doing a transfer?,235
-Can I transfer using SWIFT?,236
-Why was there an extra charge when I transferred money?,237
-Why is there a payment showing twice?,238
-Why did the funds for one of my purchase come back to my account?,239
-I would really like a physical card.,240
-How come I have pending transfers?,241
-Is there a reason my new card hasn't arrived yet?,242
-I see non-received cash in my app.,243
-I just found out from the seller that my money didn't go through. I checked my account and it was deducted at first but now it's back in my account. Can you please fix this for me quickly?,244
-What is the youngest age for an account?,245
-I did a cash deposit to my account but it doesn't show up,246
-"I did a cash deposit to my account, but I am not seeing it on my statement.",247
-Do I have to use bank approved ATM's,248
-I'd like to apply for a Visa Card.,249
-How do I get my money back for a duplicated charge?,250
-What do I need to do to get my new card which I have requested 2 weeks ago?,251
-Is there a limit for top ups?,252
-"Hi, I am experiencing problems while trying to top-up with my card. I have never experienced any problems doing this before. Could you please help me?",253
-How can I exchange currencies with this app?,254
-I topped up my account but the money isn't there now.,255
-Why isn't my card working? I was pumped to use my new card but it keeps getting declined. Help please.,256
-Why hasn't my balance been updated from the check deposit I made?,257
-I tried to buy something online yesterday but it kept saying declined. Tried another time today but same thing happened. What's Broken?,258
-Is there a problem with the payment that I see is still pending?,259
-I can't get google pay to work right.,260
-My card payment's cancelled,261
-Do you have a children account available?,262
-"Can I change my pin at ATMs? If so, what ones?",263
-If I don't have much money in the account can I auto top-up?,264
-There is a direct debit transaction that I did not authorize,265
-"I just bought an item and would like to stop payment, is this possible? The item has not been received yet.",266
-Can I possibly change my currency to another?,267
-Please sort your top up! My top up has been pending for an hour already. Can you please make it go through as soon as possible. I really need the money.,268
-What do I do if I can't get my card out of the ATM?,269
-The ATM is messed up. It gave me less than I wanted.,270
-are there any exchange fees,271
-Why was my cash withdrawal cancelled at the ATM?,272
-My card is almost expired. How fast will I get a new one and what is the cost?,273
-How long before I can see that my cash withdrawal has taken place?,274
-Is my account able to be topped up by my friends?,275
-Is a physical card also available,276
-Where are the cards transported to?,277
-I was declined when I tried to take out cash!,278
-How do I replace a card that's going to expire?,279
-"Hey I am standing in front of an ATM here, it only gave me 10 pounds even though I wanted to withdraw 30! Seems like the app has 30 pounds, what do I do??",280
-Can you tell me why I haven't received my new card yet?,281
-Is the verification number on the top up card,282
-I wanted to withdraw $100 from the ATM but I only got $20,283
-i have yet to get my pin,284
-Your service is bad. Close my account.,285
-There is a cash withdrawl I don't remember.,286
-What ATMs can I use this card at?,287
-I didn't get a PIN yet. What gives?,288
-I cannot find my refund on my statement.,289
-I made the incorrect payment for my rent yesterday and this needs to be fixed by no later than tomorrow. How can you help?,290
-When will my transfer move from pending to confirmed?,291
-why do I have an unknown payment?,292
-"I know there's money in my account, why did my account decline me?",293
-I have kids and I'm curious at what age could they start to use your service.,294
-"Looks like my card payment was duplicated after all. I went to pay at the store earlier, got declined once,second time it works. App still stays pending for one of the payments. Can you please remove one of them as it's wrong and was declined?",295
-I punched in the wrong pin too many times and I'm locked out.,296
-Why was I charged a fee for withdrawing money?,297
-Can you send me a new card and block my current one. I'm in Spain and my wallet was stolen.,298
-"My phone got stolen, how can I use the app?",299
-What are the steps for the identity checks?,300
-"I was charged twice for a restaurant, can you take the second charge off?",301
-When can I expect the transfer to arrive in my account?,302
-Why hasn't the transaction I did to my friend arrived yet?,303
-Is it possible for me to track the card is was mailed to me?,304
-My passcode was denied.,305
-I attempted to get cash in the ATM but it was not authorized,306
-Can I have a card even if I am not living in the UK?,307
-My account is showing a double charge.,308
-I made a check deposit but the cash hasn't arrived in my account yet.,309
-I received a returned payment that I made.,310
-I was not able to receive the correct amount of cash.,311
-What is the fee for a foreign currency exchange?,312
-I don't know where a direct debit payment came from,313
-There is an extra small charge on my card! What do I do?,314
-What businesses can I use this card with?,315
-Why has my top up been returned?,316
-Are there any places that won't take my card?,317
-How do I use a cheque to top up?,318
-Is it simple to transfer money using my credit card?,319
-I need to cancel my recent transfer as soon as possible. I made an error there. Please help before it goes through.,320
-How much is a physical card?,321
-My salary is deposited in GBP. Do I need to choose the currency?,322
-The cast deposit from a week ago still is not in my account. Why?,323
-Will you be able to exchange to EUR?,324
-Are there fees for adding money with an International card?,325
-I think somebody made an unauthorized copy of my card. My account has a cash withdrawal for 500£ that I did not make. Please help.,326
-How do I add cash to my account?,327
-I'm interested in getting a virtual card. How do I get one?,328
-Can I set it up to add money every few days automatically while I am traveling?,329
-I have transfered to my account before but it is being declined now?,330
-Will the card be a Mastercard or a Visa?,331
-what is the fee for topping up by card?,332
-I received duplicate charges.,333
-This is the first time I've tried to get my money out of an ATM and it didn't work. Please give me my money,334
-"It seems like I have been waiting forever for this international transfer. Why is it taking so long? C'mon, it's 2018, things happen at a click of a button. All of the account information is correct, so how long will this take?",335
-In my account I noticed my ATM withdrawal is still pending,336
-There is unusual activity on my account and I believe someone took my card.,337
-would a visa or mastercard be more suited to me?,338
-How do I receive a disposable virtual card?,339
-The bank charged me fees for withdrawing cash!,340
-I don't think the exchange rate was right.,341
-Is it possible for a transaction to be cancelled?,342
-I am unsuccessfully trying to make a transfer can you help?,343
-How do I make my PIN work again?,344
-What are the age requirements for service?,345
-I didn't make this payment and it's on my app,346
-A transfer was not allowed to an account.,347
-Do I have to go to an actual bank to change my PIN?,348
-How much would I be charged for a transfer?,349
-How do I query a payment on my card? It looks like I have paid for the same thing twice.,350
-When do you charge fees on accounts? I just saw a charge on my statement.,351
-what are your exchange rates at?,352
-At what ATM can I change my PIN?,353
-What is the fee for topping up a US card?,354
-Why is my transfer pending?,355
-What's the limit on total number of cards I can have?,356
-I tried to use my disposable virtual card to pay a subscription to the gym and it got rejected. Any ideas why?,357
-Tell me why my card payment would be reverted.,358
-What do I do to verify my source of funds?,359
-My card arrived but I don't know how to get my PIN.,360
-The cheque I deposited isn't showing in my account,361
-Why won't you accept my payment? I keep trying with this card and it's not working.,362
-is there a frequent currency discount?,363
-"I need to delete my account, please.",364
-I want a backup second card. Is this possible?,365
-"Using Google Pay, can I top up?",366
-How many active transactions can I make with a disposable card?,367
-"If there isn't a lot of money left, will it automatically top-up money?",368
-What is the status of my top up?,369
-It looks like a payment I've made hasn't made it through yet.,370
-Is it possible to do auto top up?,371
-I have lost my card! What is my next step?,372
-Can you give me a virtual card?,373
-I didn't cancel my card payment.,374
-A fee came along with me paying with card,375
-i asked for 100 only got 80,376
-"Transfers can take up to one day to process before departing for the beneficiary accounts. Please confirm that you've entered your account details correctly. SEPA transfers can take up to two working days, while SWIFT transfers can take up to five working days.",377
-How do I close my account?,378
-How do I complete the ID check?,379
-How can I receive my salary in another currency?,380
-I got a new address and need to change my old one.,381
-I purchased something about one to two weeks ago but for some reason the payment was returned to my account today even though I've already received one of the items. Can you tell me what's going on?,382
-Can I use your app to exchange between USD and GBP,383
-Purchases I did not make are appearing in my bank statement?,384
-I do not recognize the card payment.,385
-Can I change my PIN at any ATM?,386
-Why is there a random payment in my statement?,387
-Is it possible someone has access to my card? I noticed that there are a couple of payments in the app I'm sure I did not make. Can you find out what's going on here?,388
-"Hey there, I just went through my most recent credit card payments and I notice the same charge for a restaurant was processed twice. There was only one meal at this place, so I would like one of the charges to be reversed and my money to be put back in the account.",389
-Where can I find the top up verification code?,390
-I just checked my account on the App and there is a payment on there that I did not make.,391
-"Do you hold money and if so, what currencies do you accept?",392
-Can I use this app to exchange currencies?,393
-"If I bought something I didn't like, can I get a refund?",394
-"I transferred money to another country several days ago, but my transaction is still pending. i have checked that the accounts are keyed in correctly. what sees to be the problem?",395
-What are ways to test why my card might not be working?,396
-What countries can I use the card in?,397
-Can cash be used in physical locations to top up?,398
-It's been a week since I ordered my card and it's not here. Please help?,399
-Can you tell me why my card payment did not work?,400
-how much for topping up by card?,401
-How can I exchange to EUR?,402
-You operate in which countries?,403
-"I tried to withdraw cash and got declined, why is that?",404
-I tried to transfer funds to a beneficiary and was denied. Can you tell me why?,405
-Where can I find a Mastercard ATM?,406
-Do I get Visa or Mastercard?,407
-"I attempted to complete a topup, and I thought all was well, but now the money is gone again. Has there been a glitch?",408
-How do you find the exchange rate?,409
-If I can't choose my card type will I be able to use it everywhere?,410
-there is a transfer pending.,411
-Can I get some help activating my new card?,412
-My PIN tries have run out. Now what?,413
-I haven't received the cash from the check I deposited.,414
-"I want to top up my account by a bank transfer, but will I be charged?",415
-How do I get my card into the app?,416
-What should I do once my card expires?,417
-I really need some help to understand why my transfer keeps failing. I'm trying to send money to a friend. Please help.,418
-My app says that I'm not verified.,419
-Why was the price higher when I paid with my card?,420
-During the last month I used this account to make payments for my place abroad. I noticed the fees have increased and I wonder why. Shouldn't frequent users have less fees as incentive to keep using instead of increasing them out of nowhere?,421
-Where can I see where my funds came from?,422
-Why didn't I receive the right amount of cash at the ATM?,423
-"I want to top up by using a credit card, which ones do you support?",424
-Can I add to my account using a cheque?,425
-I was checking my statement and I think one of my card payments has reverted,426
-Why is the exchange rate different from what I expected?,427
-beneficiary transfer problems?,428
-Whats the maximum disposable virtual cards?,429
-what is the exchange rate when i get cash,430
-What am i missing to verify my id?,431
-Is the exchange rate the same on weekends as the weekdays?,432
-I have been charged twice for the same thing!,433
-Can this app exchange American and English currency?,434
-is apple pay a top up service?,435
-Can I use it outside of Europe?,436
-Let me know when you charge extra for payments please. I just checked the app earlier when I saw that there was an additional fee on one of the payments that I wasn't warned about before.,437
-How can I reset the passcode if I need to do that?,438
-How do I go about cancelling a transaction?,439
-I see a strange payment in my account.,440
-There is the same transaction showing more than once.,441
-I'm still waiting on my identity verification.,442
-I am seeing inside the App a some cash withdrawal that is not mine,443
-There is a pending payment on my account that is very strange. I don't remember making this and it won't go away. Can you help me figure this out?,444
-I would like to top up my account automatically. How do I do that?,445
-i have been trying to top up my account with a check but it won't work,446
-I am having trouble activating my card.,447
-how do I speed up identity verification?,448
-How long do I need to wait to see an update after I make a bank transfer?,449
-"I have been charged more than I should for the presents I bought when abroad, the problem seems to be the exchange rate.",450
-Is the fee with my cash withdrawal a mistake?,451
-Can this app take my salary?,452
-Why isn't my id verifying?,453
-I placed a cash deposit in my account but I can't see it yet.,454
-"I have not received my card and it's been a week, what do I do?",455
-Please tell me how you can stop unauthorized payments from being made on my card since on this bill I see that this has happened. There are transactions that I never made from a place I've never been to.,456
-"I am not supposed to be charged a cash withdrawal fee, but I was.",457
-What are you exchange rates?,458
-My card hasn't shown up yet.,459
-Where is the transfer that I did?,460
-I don't recognize the direct debit payment from the app.,461
-I need to know what is going on. I'm attempting to purchase a flat and need the money to pay on my initial mortgage payment. I'm only getting an error. Can you find out what's going on and help in making the transfer?,462
-"How long do transfers take, mine just says pending?",463
-Why are my withdrawals suddenly being declined?,464
-"The past few times I've been to the ATM, I was charged a withdrawal fee. Have your policies changed regarding fees?",465
-why top up is not working even if I got my American Express in Apple Bay?,466
-The ATM didn't give me what I asked for but my balance says it did,467
-What's the reason for needing to verify my identity?,468
-It seems that the rate I got is incorrect.,469
-"After reviewing my charges, I see I was charged a fee for a transfer I did, why?",470
-How can I find your exchange rates?,471
-Can this card be used at all ATMs?,472
-how can i get it to add money automatically while travelling,473
-I left my phone somewhere and can't use the app.,474
-I have a disposable card but it does not work?,475
-I had a payment reverted and would like to figure out why.,476
-Can I use as many top-ups as I want?,477
-Why was my ATM withdrawal cancelled?,478
-I'm in China and need a new card. Please help.,479
-What should I do if my physical card isn't working?,480
-Can I track my card while it is in the process of delivery?,481
-"My card was used without my permission, what do I do?",482
-"I have made 5 attempts to make a very standard survey, yet I can't get it to work. What is the problem? Is there an issue related to your system?",483
-"I have received my statement but I do not see my refund, why is that?",484
-Why are my transfers getting declined?,485
-I have a transfer that is pending.,486
-"I looked at my statement, and there is a charge for 1£ that I don't recognize. Why is it on there?",487
-"My new card isn't in my app, how do I get it in there?",488
-What are the guidelines for the disposable cards?,489
-"There seems to be an additional charge of £1 on my statement, what is the reason for this?",490
-I didn't set up a direct debit payment on my account.,491
-I've been charged an extra £1 and I don't know why,492
-Are top-ups allowed using Apple Pay?,493
-Can I pay with my card anywhere?,494
-I just looked over my statement and I don't recognize the name of a card payment.,495
-How much do I have to pay if I want to transfer money?,496
-Where can I find an ATM?,497
-"After I got my cash, I found out my exchange rate was wrong.",498
-How can I change my old pin to a new one?,499
-May I get an account for my daughter?,500
-I sent a transfer to a friend that needs it urgently. It has already been 2 hours and still hasn't come through to her. How long does it normally take?,501
-Can you tell me more info about virtual disposable cards?,502
-Can you please advise if there is something wrong with my card? I have had multiple rejections and do not know the reason. Thanks!,503
-There is a direct debit fee in the App that I didn't do.,504
-I checked on google and the exchange rate you are using is really bad. Can you update it?,505
-I bought something that I need a refund for.,506
-I would like to alter my personal details.,507
-I was expecting my new card by now.,508
-I have duplicated transactions on my statement,509
-My card is about to expire. How do I order another?,510
-I just received my card and I'd like to activate it.,511
-How long will my payment be pending?,512
-I tried to do a transfer and it hasn't worked!,513
-Seems like my top-up has failed,514
-Where did my money come from?,515
-I made a cash withdrawal at an ATM but it still says pending in my account.,516
-Will my other US credit card be accepted?,517
-I am still waiting for a money transfer to process.,518
-How much is the charge for a foreign currency exchange?,519
-I have no idea why but my transfers keep getting declined. I have double checked all the recipient details several times already and they're definitely correct.,520
-The card PIN?,521
-I bought an item that I was charged a different exchange rate for.,522
-Can i get money in my home currency at my ATM ?I am on holiday and bit concerned because i do not have any cash with me .Is it possible to withdraw without any additional cost.,523
-Where can I find the verification code for a top-up?,524
-I would like to exchange currency What types are there?,525
-"I've just made a money transfer to the wrong account, I need to stop the money from being moved as it may be going to someone I don't know. Please can you help?",526
-I paid with my card and was charged extra,527
-Why is your exchange rate different on different days?,528
-How long do transfers take? I sent money to a friend who needs it urgently. It's been hours and has not gone through.,529
-How can I receive a virtual card?,530
-How many days does a regular transaction take to complete? I see a pending payment that hasn't changed in the last several days.,531
-I don't see any change in my balance.,532
-What is necessary for the identity verification?,533
-Can someone help with my passcode?,534
-Where do you mail physical cards?,535
-A refund for a recent return has not arrived on my card.,536
-There has been a charge pending on my account statement that I can't figue out it's for a dollar.,537
-I was overcharged a pound.,538
-I need my refund as soon as possible. What else do I have to do?,539
-I made a cash withdrawl and there is a charge. What is this?,540
-How can I sign up for a virtual card?,541
-Is there a list of where I can use my card?,542
-exchanging currencies costs what?,543
-I need more than one disposable card,544
-How can I transfer money into my account?,545
-What fees are there for adding money using an international card,546
-Will I be charged for adding money using an international card?,547
-Is there a number to call to get my pin unblocked?,548
-What currencies and methods can i use to top up my account?,549
-An extra fee has been added to my card payment is this correct?,550
-With what currencies can I add money?,551
-Why is my deposit still pending?,552
-Where can I find the auto-top option?,553
-There's a payment in the app I don't recognize.,554
-There was a charge made on my card from a couple weeks ago and I don't remember making the purchase. Nor do I remember the company itself. Can we trace this at all to confirm if I did it or not?,555
-Can I transfer money to my account with the app?,556
-I'd like to get another card,557
-Show me how to look at the source of my current funds?,558
-I'm wanting to get a Visa card today.,559
-Can I change my PIN in Austria?,560
-How can I locate the virtual card?,561
-"If I want to add funds to the account using American Express, how do I do that?",562
-I deposited cash into my account and I'm having trouble seeing it on my account.,563
-Is it possible to get both Visa and Mastercard from you?,564
-Won't let me top my card up!! Who can get it sorted out for me? It's urgent! How do I find out what the problem is with my card and how else to top it up?,565
-"I've got a weird problem: I purchased something a week or maybe it was two weeks ago, and the funds have come back into my account! Can you explain this?",566
-What are the restrictions on auto top-up?,567
-Can I use app to unblock my card?,568
-Is a tracking number available for the card that was just sent?,569
-"My PIN has been blocked, what should I do?",570
-My phone has been stolen. How can I make sure no one uses my account from it?,571
-"Can you send me a Mastercard, instead of a Visa?",572
-Is there a way to verify a card top-up?,573
-Transfer isn't working?,574
-I'd prefer a Mastercard.,575
-I entered a typo when I was transferring money and now I've sent it to an incorrect account. This is so bad! I need it cancelled now.,576
-Why did I get declined when trying to get cash?,577
-How can I receive money from my friend?,578
-I don't appreciate the extra fees being siphoned from my account. I was helping some friends move to Japan and we were buying home decorations at the local stores. The receipts differed greatly from what showed up in my bank account and my statement. When can I expect the extra fees to be back in my account?,579
-Why doesn't the person I sent money to see that transfer yet?,580
-There is a repeat charge for the same item,581
-The wrong exchange rate was used for my cash withdrawal,582
-Send me my card now! ASAP,583
-How long until transfers from Europe go through?,584
-I made a card payment but it didn't work. Why not?,585
-I have not received an item i ordered yet so i want to cancel it and get a refund. Can you please guide me on how to go about it?,586
-Why would a transfer to a beneficiary not go through?,587
-Is there extra fees for making a withdraw in a different country at a cash machine.,588
-I have a payment I didnt make on my account,589
-Why can't I see the top up I made?,590
-I was getting cash and the card got stuck inside,591
-"I want to deposit funds, what payments are accepted?",592
-"I have been waiting for my transfer, shouldn't it be here already?",593
-How do I go about transferring money using my credit card?,594
-How simple is it to transfer money into my account?,595
-My order needs to be canceled.,596
-I am still waiting on my card?,597
-Why would a merchant revert a card payment?,598
-I didn't receive the correct exchange rate for an item that I bought.,599
-How does the exchange rate work?,600
-Why am I being a charged for using my card?,601
-How can I change my name because I just got married?,602
-Where can i find the virtual card?,603
-"I tried to top-up, why didn't it work?",604
-My currency rate is inaccurate.,605
-Where's my virtual card,606
-How can receive a physical card,607
-I see a direct debit that isn't mine? How can I get my money back?,608
-Why has my top up been cancelled,609
-"left my phone at hotel, cant use app",610
-I have a payment which has not been approved.,611
-Can the card was sen to me be tracked?,612
-I placed my order a week ago. Is it ok that my card isn't here yet?,613
-How do I use a check to top up?,614
-The cash I asked for still hasn't been received,615
-Is auto top up available?,616
-How long do transfers take to go though,617
-Are there any reasons that my identity wouldn't be accepted even though everything I've provided is factual?,618
-I recently transferred money to my account when will it show up?,619
-My transfer was declined. Why did this happen?,620
-Why did I get charged one pound seemingly randomly?,621
-Why can't I transfer money to a beneficiery?,622
-Is there a way I can have a mastercard?,623
-Why is there an extra charge on my statement.,624
-Please explain the extra fee when I paid with the card.,625
-Help me cancel a transaction.,626
-I cannot remember my passcode.,627
-I am having a problem with verifying my identity.,628
-Please tell me which fiat currencies you support.,629
-When I exchanged currencies the value of my money changed.,630
-Why would a cash withdrawal be pending?,631
-There is a direct debit set up that I didn't create.,632
-"Help me please, I need to top up cash.",633
-"I'm having an issue with transaction. I topped up my account and saw it went through, but that was a few days ago and the money isn't in my account any more. What's up with that?",634
-I see a cash withdrawal in the app that I did not do.,635
-"If I am in China, can I still order a new card and if so, how?",636
-"There are a couple payments with my card shown in the app that i really make myself. What's going on with this, maybe someone has access to my card?!",637
-Why wouldn't a transfer go through?,638
-how do i get a pin for my card,639
-How do I reactivate my card?,640
-Could google pay and top up be together?,641
-why did my payment revert,642
-When will the transaction be done?,643
-My transfer still says pending,644
-"I took out cash from the ATM, but something must have went wrong, My account shows the correct amount of cash I took out, but the ATM didn't give me that amount. How do I get my money back?",645
-"i have been trying to add money with apple pay but it wont work, why?",646
-What do I do if I have exceeded all my PIN tries?,647
-I've got to have one of those virtual cards.,648
-Why has my card payment been reversed?,649
-What is the basis of your exchange rates?,650
-What are the disposable cards for?,651
-I was needing you to see if the exchange rate is correct from when i got cash,652
-The amount of cash i have received is not correct.,653
-Can you tell me what I need for identity validation?,654
-How much transactions do I get with a disposable card?,655
-Where can I use my card to pay?,656
-What exactly is the exchange fee?,657
-The exchange rate for the money I took out in a foreign country is wrong.,658
-How long will it take for a bank transfer to show up on my account? It's been a couple hours but I havnt seen anything yet. Also it's from a UK account if that makes any difference.,659
-When will my new card arrive?,660
-Why did the top-up fail?,661
-Cash has been deposited this morning but it hasn't came through.,662
-Is there a certain age I need to be?,663
-It won't let me prove my identity.,664
-I tried using my card at multiple vendors and now it's not working.,665
-If my card payment isn't working what do I do?,666
-I see some transactions that I don't recognize. I think someone stole my details.,667
-what is the word?,668
-Where can the pin be located?,669
-what documents do i need to verify who i am,670
-How do I activate my new card I just got?,671
-how to change name on account,672
-Account topping up bank transfers to my account assistance please?,673
-"I shouldn't have been charged but I see a fee, why?",674
-How can I reset my passcode?,675
-What do I do if I can't access the app?,676
-Why did my transfer get declined?,677
-"I want a disposable virtual card, how do I do that?",678
-The rate of exchange for my cash withdrawal is wrong.,679
-Is this card available to United States Residents?,680
-Does the package with my card have tracking?,681
-What is my source of funds?,682
-My card will not work,683
-Is there an additional charge to exchange currencies?,684
-I was making a purchase and it was declined and I wanted to know why.,685
-Can I apply for one of your cards if I live in the EU?,686
-Why am I being charged more on exchange with things I bought abroad?,687
-What do I do if I forgot my PIN?,688
-I have a contactless that's broken.,689
-Why has my top up failed?,690
-I'd like to open an account for my kids can I do that?,691
-How much am I allowed to top-up?,692
-What country's money can I hold currency in?,693
-When should I expect my card to arrive?,694
-My card won't physically work.,695
-I have withdrawn cash from the ATM but it is showing in my account as a pending transation. Why is this?,696
-Is there a reason my top-up has not gone through?,697
-Please help me get a refund?,698
-"I don't want this account anymore, how do I delete it?",699
-Is there a limit for the amount I can top up?,700
-Where can I find the verification code for the top up card?,701
-Please tell me why the same transaction is showing up on my account more than once.,702
-What is the source of funds for my money?,703
-What is minimum age for an account?,704
-I made a transfer to my friend earlier and she hasn't received it yet. What's the hold up?,705
-Will you charge for a physical card?,706
-Can I order a second card?,707
-I am concerned that I am being doubled charged for several items purchased in the past week. Please review my statement and correct.,708
-can i get a card if i live in the US?,709
-I need to transfer some money to a friend who is in urgent need of some fast cash. How long will it take before she can use that money?,710
-How long do you have to wait to see your virtual card your ordered?,711
-I need to stop a transaction that I made.,712
-How long does it take for a new card to ship?,713
-How can I put more money into my account?,714
-Why did I get charged for a transfer?,715
-Are there businesses that don't accept this card?,716
-My product was faulty.,717
-is my pin the same as my passcode,718
-Please assist me in activating the card.,719
-My cash deposit isn't in my account. What happened?,720
-Help me order my card.,721
-The cash deposit I made this morning has not been credited to my account,722
-What is this extra pound charge for?,723
-Can I make a contactless payments?,724
-Will I receive a new card when mine expires?,725
-Why isn't my cheque deposit showing on my account? I though it would be faster and would like to to look into it and help.,726
-Do i have to top-up with my credit card before I can transfer?,727
-How can I tell if my card payment is reverted?,728
-Can you send me the actual card?,729
-I have not been able to use this card.,730
-"I used my card to top up, but the money is not there!",731
-I am worried that too much time has gone by for a transfer to be completed.,732
-Will you send me a new card in China?,733
-There is a payment showing that I know I didn't make. I didn't use my card that day and I'm sure of it. Can you please cancel that transaction and return my money? Thankyou,734
-Can I reset my PIN?,735
-What is your maximum top up limit per day?,736
-Why is my balance the same after a transfer?,737
-How old must I be to open an account?,738
-I need to change my last name on my account because I just got married.,739
-"I need help to resolve mix up on my card payment. My account shows the money was taken out and then put back in the account. Then I received a message from the seller, It said that they did not get my payment.",740
-I am trying to transfer and it has been stopped why is that,741
-Why has my card been charged an extra pound?,742
-Should I keep waiting for my card to be delivered?,743
-Do you deliver the PIN separately?,744
-IS there anywhere that a card cannot be delivered?,745
-I got less cash than what I specified at the ATM.,746
-I have transactions that I don't recognize - I think someone is using my card.,747
-Can I transfer money using the SWIFT service?,748
-I added money but my top-up wasn't processed by the app.,749
-What types of cards and money do you accept?,750
-I think the top up failed,751
-My transfer has been declined.,752
-How can I get my card out of the ATM?,753
-to cash withdrawals charge me?,754
-I need some help now please! There are some transactions on my account that I do not remember purchasing. Can they be reversed? Can you please cancel or freeze my card so I don't keep getting charged?!,755
-Can I order a new card by phone?,756
-Is there a limit on how much I can top up?,757
-Is there a way to top up using my Apple Watch?,758
-I topped up and now my money is not there anymore! What happened to it?,759
-What do I need to do to cancel a transaction?,760
-There is something wrong with my card. Tried to use it a few times today in different places and it just didn't work. The transactions I tried to make were really small so not sure what's going on,761
-"I have my residency in the US, but I would love to get a card.",762
-why can't my beneficiary make transactions?,763
-Can i get money back in my home currency at ATM? As I am on holiday and bit concerned because i do not have any cash with me . Is it possible to withdraw without any additional cost.,764
-is there a reason that my payment didnt go through,765
-Why doesn't my passcode work?,766
-What does it mean if my cash withdrawal does not show up properly?,767
-The app rejected my top up,768
-I'm not seeing my cash deposit showing up in my account.,769
-What do I do if a transaction shows up twice?,770
-"How long do transfers from a UK bank account usually take for you? I just made a transfer and I'm not seeing anything, wondering if it worked",771
-i cant seem to activate card,772
-Please explain why my top-up hasn't been processed yet?,773
-Can I set the account to auto top-up?,774
-What are some of the restrictions that the disposable cards have?,775
-When will my transfer come through?,776
-I need more money in my account. Can I add more by transferring?,777
-I am unable to use my top-up on the app. Could you explain this to me?,778
-How much would an extra card cost?,779
-Someone has taken my phone from my hotel room!,780
-I am yet to receive the money in my account how long will this take?,781
-Where are the Mastercard ATMs?,782
-I got charged a service fee on my account. Can it be waived since I didn't know about it before?,783
-Why was I denied the option to transfer money to a selected beneficiary?,784
-Why haven't I received a refund yet?,785
-Can you explain why my payment is still pending?,786
-Which ATMs accept this bill of fare ?,787
-The first payment I attempted for my card at the store earlier did not process so I had to make a second attempt. The second time it worked. It now appears I was charged twice. After looking at the app I see a pending charge. Please remove the pending amount because it is clearly not accurate and was declined.,788
-who should i contact if my refund doesn't go through?,789
-The app won't let me transfer money to a beneficiary,790
-Is a bank transfer acceptable for topping up my account?,791
-And do you have virtual cards instead of physical ones?,792
-How to order my card?,793
-Who do I call to activate my new card?,794
-Where did this extra €1 fee on my statement come from?,795
-Using international ATMs messes up the exchange rate.,796
-How do I go about verifying my identity?,797
-Should my top-up be completed by now?,798
-Why was a fee changed for my transfer?,799
-What value can I get for my currency?,800
-What do I do to Top up my card?,801
-I would like to get additional physical cards at this time,802
-I didn't enjoy my tutor session and want a refund back. How do I go about doing this?,803
-Do I need a photo ID to activate a my new card?,804
-How will I know where my funds are coming from?,805
-I'm unable to verify my identity,806
-Explain why I can't do a transfer to an account.,807
-Do I have a card PIN?,808
-Please tell me where I can update my details since I moved.,809
-My card isn't here yet.,810
-Are there any charges for top ups?,811
-"I don't know my PIN, how can I find that out?",812
-What is the reason that my top-up is still pending?,813
-Do you offer account's for minors?,814
-I have a second credit card from the US. Will you take it?,815
-How do I know how much money I will have when I travel abroad?,816
-How do I turn on my new card?,817
-i cannot get virtual card to work,818
-I keep checking my statements but no progress.I requested a refund but seems it's not reaching my account for some reason. Can you please help me get the money back from the seller for me,819
-Please let me know how to place an order for a virtual card,820
-"I got cash from an ATM earlier but it shows up as pending in the app. How can this still be pending, I already received the cash?",821
-Can you tell me how long it takes for a new card to come?,822
-How can I change my address?,823
-The app is showing mt withdrawals that aren't mine.,824
-Are transfers not free? I didn't know I would be charged for transfers.,825
-My card is not able to be activated how do I get it to work?,826
-My card data has been exposed.,827
-How many disposable cards can you own?,828
-How many times can I use a virtual card?,829
-I live in the US and I would like to get a card. How do I go about getting one?,830
-Can I dispute a debit payment that I am seeing that I didn't make from a couple of months ago?,831
-There was an extra charge when I used my card,832
-Hi I am trying to transfer money to another country but it is showing pending and it has been a long time. I have checked numbers and they are correct. Could you please help?,833
-What has to be done to verify my identity?,834
-There is a card payment that I'm not recognizing.,835
-Help me delete my account. I am not satisfied with the service.,836
-What information do I need to gather in order to activate my card?,837
-My top-up didn't work.,838
-"Hi, I have been transferring money to my friends since morning, but all my transactions were getting failed. Can you please look into this issue.",839
-"i didnt make these transactions, i think my card details might be stolen",840
-Please explain why my payment was declined? I thought everything was good.,841
-Can you help me find the virtual card?,842
-need to know places i can withdraw money,843
-Can I get a full list of instructions for identity checks?,844
-I noticed my card was used in a small town that I have never been to. Can you stop the card from being used more?,845
-How long will it take for the money to reach my account?,846
-I need money put into this account from another one.,847
-How long will it take to receive my money from my transfer transaction?,848
-My card has been lost / stolen,849
-I did not ask for the amount of cash that I received.,850
-I accidentally exceeded my PIN tries. Please advise.,851
-What are the limits to where my card will be accepted?,852
-I need help making this transfer. I keep getting an error. I'm trying to purchase a flat but i need my mortgage payment to go through first. Can you help?,853
-Is there a money transfer fee?,854
-With one disposable card how many transactions can i do?,855
-Why hasn't my payment shown up yet?,856
-My cash withdrawal isnt showing on my account,857
-I want a physical card,858
-I need assistance addressing a direct debit that I did not do myself.,859
-Please list what fiat currencies are supported for both holding and exchanging.,860
-My purchases from this morning are showing up as payment pending. Can you tell me why?,861
-How much for an actual card?,862
-"When my card expires soon, how fast is the replacement card sent and what are the costs?",863
-Where do I get a disposable virtual card?,864
-I think I was charged double for something I bought - how long should I wait before reporting this?,865
-What is the average pending time for a transaction?,866
-Why am I still waiting for a transfer?,867
-"I need to activate my card, how is that done?",868
-Can I pay online with my card?,869
-Why have my top ups been canceled?,870
-Is there a transaction limit for a disposable card?,871
-How long does it take to receive my card?,872
-"I received my card, how do I get it to work in the app?",873
-How do I order a card?,874
-Can I increase my top-up maximum?,875
-can i order cards on the app,876
-Is there a way to reset the passcode?,877
-How does a US resident go about acquiring a new card?,878
-Why did I get charged when getting cash?,879
-I need help as fast as possible! I made a mistake on my most recent transfer; can you please stop it before it goes through?,880
-How do I go about verifying the top-up card?,881
-What do I do to activate my new card?,882
-can the delivery be specific to my needs?,883
-"I'm going on a trip soon and I needed to convert my Russian ruble to UK pounds, but when I did, your company charged me above the exchange rate. Did you mess up my transaction?",884
-Help me access the card I already got so I can information from it.,885
-Do you take SWIFT transfers?,886
-Why am I not seeing the check I deposited this morning in my account?,887
-Why did I get charged a fee for my card payment?,888
-If I have a physical card can I link it?,889
-"I thought I lost my card but I found it today, so I would like to reactivate it.",890
-Why is there a direct debit payment on my statement that I didn't do?,891
-Does the app allowing exchanges between USD and GBP,892
-Is there a reason why my card was declined when I attempted to withdraw money?,893
-Why couldn't I make a withdrawal from the ATM?,894
-What exchange rate will I receive?,895
-"I wanted to transfer money to another account, but now I don't have to so I'd like to cancel said transfer. How can I do that?",896
-I can't find the money I just added to my account.,897
-I want to activate my new card.,898
-If my card was lost or stolen can I re-link it?,899
-Is it possible to link a new card?,900
-Where is the nearest Mastercard ATM?,901
-"I need you to stop the transfer I just started as soon as possible, I just realized it's not correct!",902
-Why is there a fee for my transfer?,903
-"A card has been sent to me, how do I track it?",904
-Is it possible to access my phone from the hotel/,905
-My daughter needs an acount.,906
-I need to cancel a purchase that I made the other day.,907
-I noticed an extra fee when I paid with my card.,908
-Can friends I have top-up my account?,909
-how long until a cash withdrawal will show on my account,910
-"i needed money for a night out with the girls but i was declined, why?",911
-Hello. I checked my transactions and saw I was double charged for a restaurant visit. Can I get my money back?,912
-Why was I charged a fee for transferring money,913
-Is there a problem that makes my payments show pending?,914
-Can I order a card?,915
-Is it possible to exchange currencies?,916
-My app shows a money withdrawal that I did not do.,917
-I would like to reactivate my card that I previously reported lost. I located the card this morning.,918
-My card payment wasn't declined,919
-Do I have a choice for a Mastercard?,920
-Which ATMs take the card?,921
-Please explain to me how to know where my funds are from.,922
-I am just waiting for the transaction to be completed.,923
-I made a transfer and was charged extra. Why?,924
-Help me use American Express to add money to the account.,925
-"Would you please unblock my pin? I don't know why, but it's blocked.",926
-"Even though I added money ey to the card, I couldn't use it",927
-I need someone to find out where my money has gone to? It has disappeared. I completed a top up earlier and seen it had went through. Since it has now disappeared I need to know what's going on.,928
-Do I get to have one of those virtual cards I've heard about?,929
-Please tell me the types of currency I can hold.,930
-"How come my top-up didn't go through instantly, like it usually does?",931
-I can't get my virtual card to work.,932
-I need assistance with activating my new card.,933
-Can you tell me what i need for the identity check?,934
-I bought something and I take issue with the exchange rate applied.,935
-do you have a fee for receiving a SEPA transfer?,936
-Do i have to wait to get the pin or can i set up a pin,937
-"I locked myself out of my account, how do I unblock my PIN?",938
-I put some cash into my account but it's not displaying that on my balance.,939
-"If I'm getting my identity verified, what all do I need?",940
-"Recently, a few weeks ago there was a transaction made on my account by some seller that I don't recognize. I am very certain that didn't happen and will like for you to trace back to make sure.",941
-I'm not recognizing the card payment.,942
-I want to cancel the transaction I made earlier,943
-"Hi, I was just checking over my card transactions and notice I was charged twice for a restaurant visit this week. Can you please remove one of these false charges from my account?",944
-How can I find out about an extra fee on my statement?,945
-How do I verify my new card?,946
-Set a new PIN please.,947
-I was charged the wrong exchange rate on a purchase,948
-I think I am having an issue with withdraws on my card. It was declined on the way to work this morning. This hasn't happened in the past.,949
-Report stolen card,950
-"Hi, i was checking my old statements and found a discrepancy with a large amount transaction. I am sure it was not done by me. Please let me know if i could raise a dispute as its very late.",951
-I wasn't applied the correct exchange rate when getting cash,952
-How do you determine your exchange rates?,953
-It appears my transfer was declined.,954
-"Help! I'm missing money, I deposited a cheque but its not showing on my balance.",955
-Are there topping up fees if I have to transfer?,956
-I need a second card on this account for my daughter.,957
-I think that the card is stolen. What are my next steps?,958
-Why do you need verification for my identity?,959
-How much are the rates of exchange?,960
-My payment has an incorrect exchange rate.,961
-Am I able to open an account for my children?,962
-I want to get a Visa,963
-Why was there a fee for paying by card?,964
-Why are my transfers getting declined? I havent had a problem in the past.,965
-"I double checked that I have the correct account details already, they're right for sure. Transfer is still pending since forever. It should not have been done so.",966
-I am unaware of what my password is.,967
-I received less cash than the amount I specified in the ATM.,968
-What forms of payment do you accept?,969
-How do I receive more physical cards,970
-I cannot view the refunded amount in my account.,971
-My card is almost going to expire.,972
-$20 came out instead of $100,973
-Why has my payment been reversed?,974
-what do I need to do if the ATM kept my card?,975
-Top-up is not working,976
-Where in the app do I link a new card?,977
-I got less cash at the ATM than I asked for. Why?,978
-What should I do if I have used all of my PIN tries?,979
-"With this app, will I be able to exchange currency?",980
-I need to cancel a transfer I made.,981
-Why hasn't my payment gone through?,982
-"I thought you offer crypto top up but it doesn't seem to be right ? Money just disappeared from my account, How it would work ?",983
-I exchange currencies a lot. Can I get a discount?,984
-"I transferred some money recently and saw a fee on my account, what's that for?",985
-My identity can't be verified for some reason,986
-"I have checked my statements multiple times, but my refund that I requested a while back is not showing on my account. Is there a reason for this? Can I get some help getting my money back from this transaction?",987
-"My transfer is quite urgent, and finally worked out, but I've been waiting for it for quite some time. Can you tell me how long to expect to wait for it?",988
-I want to cancel my account.,989
-Am I able to use my account if the identity verification is not complete?,990
-"If I lost my phone at the hotel, can I still use the app?",991
-Do I get charged for a top up from a European bank?,992
-Where is this card accepted?,993
-Am I able to stop a transfer?,994
-I have been trying to exchange this for crypto but the app won't work could you please help me?,995
-I want to transfer money using my credit card.,996
-I can't remember what my password is,997
-My cheque is taking a while,998
-"I used my card to make a payment a while ago and its still pending, Why is it taking so long?",999
-I can't get into the app with the passcode.,1000
-I would like to retract my purchase.,1001
-After my card expires what should I do?,1002
-I was charged a fee for a transfer.,1003
-My bag got stolen with all my cards. Can you please cancel my card and send a new one?,1004
-How old do you have to be?,1005
-Will there be any fees for top ups?,1006
-Why did I only get $20 now the full amount I wanted?,1007
-I contacted the seller for a direct refund last week but he still hasn't give me my money. What should I do?,1008
-Is there such thing as top up by cheque?,1009
-Where do I have access to a virtual card?,1010
-Can I automatically top-up when traveling?,1011
-I did not receive the correct amount for the exchange rate.,1012
-I'm having problems with ID verification,1013
-I did not receive all of my cash back,1014
-What types of currencies do you accept?,1015
-I have a direct debit I didn't make,1016
-Do you know how I can verify that I did a top-up to my card?,1017
-What types of fiduciary currencies are supported for tenure and exchange?,1018
-Will you charge me for topping up with a European card?,1019
-I would like to transfer money into my account.,1020
-How long does it take for cards to be delivered after ordering them?,1021
-I requested a refund from a merchant but don't see the money in my account. Are you able to check with the merchant or process the refund manually?,1022
-I paid with my card and I was charged a fee,1023
-Where is the transfer to my account that I made?,1024
-"I bought something while traveling, and the exchange rate was wrong.",1025
-Are there limits on the virtual cards?,1026
-A fee shouldn't apply to me if my card was stolen.,1027
-"I am adding money, what currencies do you accept to do this?",1028
-There is a payment with my card which i definitely did not do.,1029
-Why won't my top up work,1030
-Can I return an item?,1031
-"What stopped my transfer, from being accepted?",1032
-I forgot the code I need to get into the app.,1033
-I lost my phone! Will my card still work?,1034
-"Hi, My money has not been credited to my account for which i have sent you cheque few days before. I am worried about the money please let me know the status.",1035
-The ATM won't let me take out cash,1036
-"This past holiday I made a withdraw at the ATM machine, and it seems I've been charged too much.",1037
-there is a charge i dont recognize,1038
-Which currencies do you work with?,1039
-Will I have to pay extra to exchange money?,1040
-When will I see an updated balance after a transfer?,1041
-A wrong amount of cash we sent to me.,1042
-How long will it take to transfer from europe?,1043
-My transfer failed to process correctly. Is there a reason this would happen?,1044
-Explain the activation method for this card,1045
-I noticed that i got charged extra for using the card.,1046
-I think I was double charged,1047
-How do I order another card?,1048
-Is there any way to get another card on the same account?,1049
-Contactless payments need to be enabled for my card.,1050
-The applied exchange rate is wrong for the cash I got abroad.,1051
-What are the time frames for the money to be available in my account?,1052
-I completed a payment with my card a while ago. It's still showing up as pending. What time frame does this normally take? It doesn't appear to have worked.,1053
-My transfer has not arrived.,1054
-Would I be able to open an account for my daughter?,1055
-When will my card be here?,1056
-Why was my account assessed a fee?,1057
-"I deposited a check yesterday and Im not seeing it in my account. i need the money, is there something wrong with my account? check it out please",1058
-Can you tell me why my transfer declined?,1059
-I can't get the virtual card to work,1060
-Can I withdraw money in my hometown currency while on holiday without any additional fees?,1061
-What other fiat currencies can I use?,1062
-How long does a transfer transaction take?,1063
-"If I exchange foreign currency, are there any other charges?",1064
-Do you charge for sending more cards?,1065
-I see a $1 charge in a transaction.,1066
-Where can I find top up by cash deposit?,1067
-Why is my exchange rate wrong?,1068
-"I should only have one charge, but it shows two.",1069
-can i create my own pin right away,1070
-Do you accept credit cards from the US,1071
-Why has my new card still not come?,1072
-"I no longer need AUD, I need GBP instead, how can I make this happen?",1073
-"Please, I need your help as to whether or not you have money for a large refunded purchase I made. I requested it some time ago from the seller, but nothing is showing up.",1074
-"It seems I've suddenly been charged for my recent ATM cash withdrawal. What's up with that? I though withdrawals are free, you never charged me so far!",1075
-Can I top up for free using a European card?,1076
-WHAT IS THE SOLUTION OF THIS PROBLEM,1077
-Will it be possible to change from USD to GBP with this App?,1078
-Do you charge a fee on currency exchange?,1079
-The exchange rate was messed up from the ATM,1080
-Where can I order a card?,1081
-I do not see the money I transferred into this account,1082
-what is the most money i can top up?,1083
-What is my money worth in other countries?,1084
-What are the countries you have offices in?,1085
-When I went to withdraw cash today the ATM gave me the wrong amount of cash. The app is showing a larger amount.,1086
-Why isn't my payment showing?,1087
-Why would you decline my card?,1088
-Why isn't my Google Pay top up working for me? Did I do something wrong?,1089
-How do I auto top-up?,1090
-What's taking so long for this payment to go through?,1091
-"I have the funds, why can I not use my top-up?",1092
-Why hasn't my transfer gone through,1093
-What do I have to do to prove my identity?,1094
-Which merchants accept my card?,1095
-Which ATM's can I use to make a withdrawal?,1096
-How do I request a refund?,1097
-I am travelling and I tried to withdraw cash but didn't get what I was supposed to get.,1098
-The check I deposited yesterday isn't listed yet. Isn't that pretty slow? I need to see the balance increased by that check.,1099
-"Hello, I was contacted by a seller who let me know my money didn't come through on their side. It most certainly came out of my account so I need this looked at immediately because now it has been returned to me!",1100
-"your company is awful, i would like to delete my account please",1101
-Every ATM I visit is rejecting my card and I don't know why. There should be money on it. Can you check it to see if something is wrong or if I'm doing something wrong?,1102
-"When I attempted to make a transfer, it failed.",1103
-"My top up keeps showing pending? How long will things be like this? Days, weeks, months? I need the money quite urgently for an important coffee purchase, can you please let me know when top up will work?",1104
-Is there a place to check for fee for payments? I feel like I'm getting charged too much at times.,1105
-My billing address changed and I need to update my information.,1106
-Is it possible to use an ATM when I am not in the country and make a withdraw with out extra fees?,1107
-Why are top-ups being verified?,1108
-Why do you have an identity check?,1109
-"I accidentally made a payment from the wrong account yesterday. It's my rent payment, and it's very large, so the account I paid from won't be able to cover the amount. It's really important that the payment be made from the right account?",1110
-How can I get my card out of the stupid ATM that ate it?,1111
-I can't seem to figure out why my transfers are getting declined.,1112
-I tried to buy something online yesterday but it kept saying declined. Tried again today but same thing happened. What's wrong?,1113
-What fees to you have for top ups?,1114
-At what age can a person open an account?,1115
-How can I find an ATM that accepts this card?,1116
-"I requested a refund from a seller a while ago, but when I check my statements it doesn't show up. Can you help me get my refund.",1117
-What are the countries that you operate in?,1118
-Why is my friend not getting a transaction arrival yet?,1119
-Why does it say my transfer failed?,1120
-I believe that my card has been stolen!,1121
-How can many disposable cards can I have per day?,1122
-"Help, I need to top up my account. Where do I send a check?",1123
-What currencies can I use to top up my account?,1124
-"I need to exchange my GBP to AUD, how would I do this?",1125
-Hi. I noticed I have a duplicate charge which I have not made twice. Who should I talk to take care of this?,1126
-A direct debit payment I didn't do shows in my app,1127
-"My card isn't working at all, I need assistance. It's really frustrating.",1128
-How come there is an extra fee on my statement?,1129
-Please explain why my top-up didn't go through.,1130
-Why does top-up need to be verified?,1131
-I paid with my card so so why was I charged a transaction fee?,1132
-My statement does not reflect that a refund has been issued,1133
-Where do I need to go to change my PIN?,1134
-Will I get Visa or MasterCard?,1135
-How do I edit my details?,1136
-I want to add funds to my account. What payment methods are accepted?,1137
-Where do I find our how to get a physical card?,1138
-What countries can I use your services?,1139
-Why was I charged a fee on a cash withdrawal?,1140
-I don't recognize this withdrawal on my statement,1141
-Do you offer disposable virtual cards too?,1142
-I have a friend who needs money as soon as possibly. If I were to transfer it how long will it take to get to her?,1143
-What is the verification process for a top up card?,1144
-I would like to use one of my cards for a family member. Is that allowed?,1145
-The atm wouldn't give out cash,1146
-How can I go about getting a disposable virtual card?,1147
-I tried the wrong PIN too many times.,1148
-There is a Direct Debit that looks suspicious.,1149
-"If I exchange currencies frequently, is there a discount?",1150
-Can I have a discount if I exchange currency often?,1151
-My transfer seems to be too expensive.,1152
-Hi I'm sending some money over to an investment bank I do business and the transaction is being rejected. I'm not sure why as I think I have the right details.,1153
-Why is there an extra pound charge that is pending?,1154
-is it possible to get a refund for something I purchased?,1155
-i need to trace a deposit,1156
-Tell me your opinion on the exchange rate.,1157
-Hi! What documents can I use to verify my identity?,1158
-I lost track of my card,1159
-What card or currency can I use to pay?,1160
-What do I do if I do not recognise a cash withdrawal?,1161
-Can you help me track my card?,1162
-How can I create another card linked to this account?,1163
-The ATM gave me less cash than requested,1164
-I require verification for my source of funds.,1165
-"Why did my transfer not work, it says it was declined?",1166
-"The expiration date for my card is coming up, how do I get a new card?",1167
-How can I edit my personal details in the app?,1168
-Can I open an account for my children?,1169
-How do I edit my personal details?,1170
-Hello I have a UK account. Can you please check if everything is alright with it? I made a transfer a couple hours ago but it doesn't show up yet.,1171
-How can I trade currencies with this app?,1172
-What do I do if my smart phone was stolen?,1173
-Does google play offer the service to Top up?,1174
-why is my top up failing,1175
-I have a payment that hasn't went through yet.,1176
-My accounts been charged a payment for something I didn't make.,1177
-I need to exchange some foreign currency. What's the charge for doing that?,1178
-When I topped up the app reverted it.,1179
-"Why do you keep declining my transfers? It's been working well so far, but when I just tried to buy something, the card got declined. I tried it a few times, but same thing happened every try.",1180
-Can you help me process a refund?,1181
-How would I use a bank transfer for topping my account?,1182
-Can I use my card no matter where I go?,1183
-How come my cash withdrawal came with an unnecessary fee?!,1184
-my virtual card has not came yet!,1185
-what is going on with my cash withdrawal? the exchange rate is wrong,1186
-I entered a wrong PIN too many times. How can I fix this?,1187
-It's been a week since you issued me a card and I still didn't get it. Should I keep waiting?,1188
-Where did the money transfer go?,1189
-My card payment still pending,1190
-My package is taking too long to arrive and I don't want it anymore. Can I get a refund?,1191
-Can you tell me what i steps i should take since my card was stolen?,1192
-I tried to make a transfer like five different times. Why won't your system let me? Is it broke?,1193
-What is the max top-up?,1194
-"Hi, I tried to withdraw some money from an ATM and the machine was broken. It says that the transaction is still in progress. Can you double check to see what's happening? I don't want to be charged since I was not able to withdraw the money.",1195
-Why is my beneficiary not allowed?,1196
-"I just moved overseas and I noticed that you are charging me more fees. I am a loyal customer, is this how you expect to keep customers?",1197
-"lost my phone, what is account security?",1198
-Does the app allow for exchanges between currencies?,1199
-How do I get a virtual card on my device?,1200
-Can I receive payment in another currency?,1201
-How do I know which payments I make will have additional fees? Where can I find this information online?,1202
-I am inquiring about your auto top up feature.,1203
-I wasn't able to do a transfer to an account,1204
-What's the amount that I can top-up?,1205
-How long do transfers from Europe take?,1206
-Are there limits with top-up?,1207
-I didn't set up the direct debit I have,1208
-How long will it be before the person I sent money to is able to see it?,1209
-How do I get my money back for something I bought?,1210
-What is this cash withdrawal on my statement?,1211
-My balance doesn't include my latest transfer,1212
-Currently I can't get my card to work.,1213
-The app reverted my recent payment,1214
-Why do I see an extra fee on my statement?,1215
-Why am I being charged to make cash withdrawals? I thought they were supposed to be free!,1216
-Do you receive SWIFT transfers?,1217
-When will my payment go through?,1218
-Why have I not yet received my virtual card?,1219
-When will my card come? I need it as soon as possible!,1220
-Is there a way to find an ATM around me?,1221
-Are there any restrictions on where I use this card?,1222
-what is source of my money,1223
-"Hello, I have a pending transaction in my account due to an ATM machine that wasn't working. In any case if the transaction goes through, after how long can I get my money back?",1224
-How do I get my card on the app?,1225
-The top-up verification code is not visible.,1226
-I got a €1 extra fee in my statement,1227
-What do I do if i accidentally broke my card?,1228
-I entered the pin incorrectly too many times and now it is blocked. Can you help?,1229
-Which ATMs accept Mastercard?,1230
-Please list the countries you support.,1231
-"I would like a disposable virtual card, could I get one?",1232
-Can you transfer money to your card by bank transfer?,1233
-My transfer didn't work how come?,1234
-I'm looking for a machine of yours that will provide me cash from my home country. I went on holiday and don't have any cash on me. Will your machine charge me extra to do this?,1235
-My balance is not right. It has not been updated for the cash or cheque deposit.,1236
-Please explain the exchange rates.,1237
-I want to get a refund.,1238
-What identification is required to activate my card?,1239
-"I need to get a card, how do I do that?",1240
-"I used to know my password, but not anymore.",1241
-How do I add my new card to the app?,1242
-Why was I charged an additional fee when paying with card?,1243
-where do i find out about exchange fees,1244
-I need to update my demographics.,1245
-Can you tell me why my transfer is failing and help resolve?,1246
-Can I change my card PIN?,1247
-I notice that I have a card payment that's been cancelled.,1248
-Can someone please explain to me where my source of funds came from?,1249
-Why do we need to verify top-up?,1250
-How long does it take for a refund to appear?,1251
-I need my card soon.,1252
-My card got charged twice for the same thing!,1253
-My app shows cash I didn't get.,1254
-How can I fund another account with my American Express?,1255
-I got my card a few days ago but am unable to top up. I'm thinking about closing my account because of this. What is going on?,1256
-how long does it take to get my card i am in a rush,1257
-I need to add my new address now that I've moved.,1258
-I've been using my account while abroad for a while but only recently I've been charged a fee. Why am I only being charged a fee now.,1259
-Google Pay isn't working. What is wrong?,1260
-I got charged two times for a transaction,1261
-I sees some suspicious spending on my credit card that I don't recall I had made. What should I do?,1262
-Why has my payment not transferred?,1263
-Why isn't my money from a check deposit showing?,1264
-"my balance has not changed, despite depositing a cheque",1265
-I don't have my passcode to access the app.,1266
-I moved and would like to change my address.,1267
-Why hasn't my account updated?,1268
-Explain how to verify my identity?,1269
-I was charged for getting cash.,1270
-I used an ATM and wanted to know why I was charged an extra fee.,1271
-"How long do transfers to international banks take? I made one to france a couple of days ago, but it's still not there.",1272
-Where can I link a new card?,1273
-What kind of ATMs would this card be accepted at?,1274
-Can I deposit a check?,1275
-I would like to know more about what a disposable virtual card is?,1276
-"Give me my card, I need it now!",1277
-"This is not right, I was told I could take out cash at the ATM for free?",1278
-I have not received my pin yet,1279
-Why am I being charged for ATM fees?,1280
-Is there a way to use this app with a disposable virtual card?,1281
-Why is my transfer taking so long to complete?,1282
-Can I change or hold different currency?,1283
-My credit card was just denied for top up! Can you tell me why this happened and what's going on?,1284
-"Hello, I didn't receive the right amount on my ATM transaction, the app shows the correct amount how can we fix this",1285
-The card payment is declined. Please inform me why.,1286
-Why were there additional charges when I transferred funds?,1287
-How can i get new card?,1288
-I can't find any option to top up with a cheque?,1289
-Where do I go to unblock my PIN?,1290
-Is it possible to get one of your cards in the European Union?,1291
-How much to exchange currencies?,1292
-Is going to a bank only way to change my PIN?,1293
-What is the charge for exchanging currencies?,1294
-Where can money withdrawals be made?,1295
-"My withdrawal is pending, why?",1296
-How long does a payment show as pending before i should worry about it?,1297
-I forgot my pin and am blocked now. Can I reset it somewhere?,1298
-What is the top up code for?,1299
-Can I get a new card even though I am in China?,1300
-WHAT IS THE ATMOSPHERE OF IT,1301
-"In reviewing my statement, I show I have two charges for the same purchase at the same time, which I have not made in duplicate? How do I get this solved?",1302
-What countries are you supporting?,1303
-I've forgotten my app passcode completely.,1304
-"My PIN number was incorrect, and I can't access it.",1305
-make my account go away,1306
-My account shows up as pending after I received cash from the ATM earlier. How can this be still pending? I've got the cash already.,1307
-Why is my last transfer pending?,1308
-Could you please tell me your exchange rates?,1309
-"I put cash in my account, but I don't see it.",1310
-I've got charges on my account I did not authorize. Can I get this money back from the last couple of days that it's been coming out? I also need to freeze my card.,1311
-I am trying to revert a transcation I did this morning,1312
-I want to change my PIN.,1313
-"My PIN got blocked, help.",1314
-Help! I forgot my password.,1315
-"Hi, I want to inquire about my balance. Some cash was deposited and it hasn't updated yet.",1316
-What do I do if my card gets broken?,1317
-When does a UK transfer show up?,1318
-I'm trying to use a cheque to top up,1319
-What are the disposable cards restrictions?,1320
-Why did I only get $20 when I asked for $100?,1321
-How long will a transfer be pending for?,1322
-I need you to delete my account right now.,1323
-Why hasn't my withdrawal shown on my statement?,1324
-My card is about to expired what will happen?,1325
-At what age can I open an account?,1326
-Where do I access the auto top-up function?,1327
-I would like to cancel my account.,1328
-Why check my identity?,1329
-If I want my son to have his own account is that possible?,1330
-I exchanged cash when traveling and the rate was incorrect.,1331
-how do i see what i transferred,1332
-Why are you asking so many questions about who I am,1333
-"I no longer want to transfer funds, can we cancel that transaction?",1334
-The $1.00 has still not been reverted as indicated in the previous email.,1335
-Why was my exchange rate a different amount than usual?,1336
-I just have one additional card from the USA. Do you support that?,1337
-A mortgage payment I'm making is giving me an error message. This is the first time I'm making this payment and want to know what's wrong.,1338
-I got charged twice for the same payment. Please removed the pending payment. Thank you.,1339
-I need a new login code,1340
-Has my account been frozen? I tried to use my card but the ATM would not dispense cash.,1341
-Would I be able to top up as much as I can?,1342
-Is there a way to reset my PIN?,1343
-Why would the app revert my payment?,1344
-Unsure how to provide my identity.,1345
-"I'm not sure what is going on here. I've received payment back into my account for an item I've already received, from about 2 weeks ago.",1346
-What is the reason for the fee charge on my transfer?,1347
-I prefer Mastecard.,1348
-Is the 1 pound charge going to be reimbursed on my card?,1349
-where exactly does money come from,1350
-Is there a top-up fee if you add money in USD?,1351
-A direct debit payment that I didn't authorise shows up in my app.,1352
-Please help my find out why there is an odd direct debit in my records.,1353
-I see an extra 1£ charge on my app. Why did It charge me extra?,1354
-Why did you charge me extra for withdrawing money?,1355
-I can't use my card because it is not working.,1356
-I use my card internationally to manage payments and I just noticed that you are adding additional fees. Why? I am a good customer and this has me thinking about leaving.,1357
-How do I go about getting an actual card?,1358
-"Hi, Could you please help me as someone has stolen my wallet few hours ago. And a withdrawal is made, please help immediately. As i don't want to suffer more.",1359
-There is a charge for 1£ on my statement. I do not think that I bought anything that costed 1£. What is going on?,1360
-I can't find my card! Can you help?,1361
-Is there a fee that comes with transfers?,1362
-Why have I all of a sudden been charged for my ATM withdrawal? I thought the withdrawals were free because this is the first time I've ever had this problem.,1363
-The app says I got cash from an ATM but I didn't,1364
-"I tried to get money out of an ATM in Notting Hill earlier, but it didn't work. Is my card actually working? It's the first time I tried using it",1365
-Do you guys have any age restrictions?,1366
-Can I add a card to back into the app?,1367
-Are there restrictions on disposable virtual cards?,1368
-"If I get another card, what kind of fees am I looking at?",1369
-Can I get my card fast tracked?,1370
-How do you decide what the exchange rates are?,1371
-"I know this very late, but I just went through my statements from the last couple months and there's one quite large-ish payment that I definitely haven't made. Is it still possible to dispute it?",1372
-What is with the need to have all my ID information?,1373
-How do i receive a physical card?,1374
-How are exchange rates determined?,1375
-I had to pay money for paying with my card.,1376
-where do I go to top up with cash?,1377
-Can I track history on funds?,1378
-What documents do I need to validate my identity?,1379
-Where do I scan my card?,1380
-I have a duplicate payment on my account,1381
-I'm being charged for using my card!,1382
-"I need to know this, where do my funds come from?",1383
-Can I get a disposable card? How many can I have? How often can I use them?,1384
-I got declined when attempting a transfer,1385
-I just bought an item and changed my mind. I have not received it yet how can I get refunded. Thank you.,1386
-What do I do if I have been charged twice?,1387
-I've been waiting for over an hour for a top up to go through. How long is this supposed to take? I really need this money.,1388
-I think that somebody is utilizing my card without my authorization!,1389
-How often can I top up?,1390
-I thought crypto top up with something you offered and it does not appear that it's working even though the money has disappeared out of my account. Can you tell me what's going on?,1391
-How many cards can I have?,1392
-I need several disposable cards made per day.,1393
-Do you know when the withdrawal will show?,1394
-You can use it anywhere that accepts Mastercard.,1395
-"Hello, I tried to take out some money out of the ATM, but it's still showing that it's pending? I really don't want to be charged for this.",1396
-How can I exchange USD and GBP in the app?,1397
-HOW LONG THE CARD VALIDITY,1398
-I seem to of forgotten my passcode.,1399
-Can I use my Apple watch to fill my gas tank?,1400
-Can you tell me my code to get into the app?,1401
-"So, I was just charged for my recent ATM withdrawal and any withdrawal prior to this has been free. What is the issue here?",1402
-"I deposited a cheque, but my account balance stayed the same.",1403
-Can I top-up automatically?,1404
-What's the problem? I thought you offered crypto top up. This doesn't appear to be working at all. My money has now vanished from my account.,1405
-What currences are available for exchange?,1406
-Can you please explain why the exchange rate for the item I bought is wrong?,1407
-My refund is still pending,1408
-"Would you please check my Card. As Withdrawal was working fine so far, but this morning suddenly got declined. Can you please check the problem?",1409
-How often am I able to top-up?,1410
-I asked for a refund but its not here yet,1411
-What is needed for my daughter to open an account?,1412
-My top up doesn't work,1413
-What steps do I have to take to change my PIN?,1414
-I used the wrong account.,1415
-I have a disposable virtual card. Is there a limit to how many times I can use it?,1416
-The refund isn't appearing in my account,1417
-are there any country restrictions?,1418
-I don't have a password.,1419
-"I'm not sure what to do about the PIN, because I don't have one yet.",1420
-"Hi, Today i have withdrawn cash from ATM but i got wrong amount and in the app it is showing much more amount than that.",1421
-Is there an issue with my card payment as it has not gone through.,1422
-I tried to transfer but it was declined,1423
-I need immediate assistance in canceling a transfer which was a mistake. Please help me quickly so this does not go through.,1424
-"How long is a top up supposed to be pending, because an hour is too long! Can you fix this to go through?",1425
-"Why is my transfer not working? I tried multiple times to transfer money, and all that happens is an error message pops up.",1426
-"I would like to delete my account now, please.",1427
-I was charged twice for a few things this week when I only bought one. What do I do?,1428
-Can I get a few more physical cards?,1429
-What is needed to activate my card?,1430
-What are age requirements for opening an account?,1431
-Where can I use this card?,1432
-"While doing a transfer, it says declined.",1433
-Am I charged a fee to transfer funds?,1434
-I have young kids. Can they use this service?,1435
-Where do I get a virtual card?,1436
-"The transfer keeps failing - I tried to transfer some money to friends this morning but it keeps getting rejected for some reason, I have no idea why",1437
-I want to top up my account. Can I do it with Google Pay?,1438
-How do you top up with a cheque?,1439
-Are there any fees when exchanging to foreign currencies?,1440
-I want a virtual card that is disposable,1441
-My last name has changed and I need to update my account details.,1442
-I have been charged twice for the same transaction.,1443
-Is the cash withdrawal going to show?,1444
-"There is an extra $1 charge on my statement, why is that?",1445
-Is there a specific source that the exchange rate for the transfer I'm planning on making is pulled from?,1446
-For some reason my card payment didn't work,1447
-why do I have a pending payment?,1448
-"According to the app, I got cash from an ATM but I haven't made any transactions.",1449
-I've been trying to make a transfer and it hasn't gone through. Now I am receiving an error message. What is the problem?,1450
-"I need an actual card that I can hold in my hand, how do I do that?",1451
-How can I get my Google pay top up to work?,1452
-I am afraid to give you all my identify details.,1453
-"I think that someone may be using my card, but I'm not sure,.",1454
-How long will my top-up stay pending?,1455
-Changing my PIN,1456
-When will my transfer from the US get here?,1457
-I believe a wrong exchange rate was applied towards a cash transaction I made abroad.,1458
-The card has suffered a security breach.,1459
-What can I do to make my physical card work?,1460
-let me know how many disposable cards I can have?,1461
-My card activation is failing.,1462
-can i get a virtual card online,1463
-My Google pay top up isn't working. Help.,1464
-I would like to receive a refund for something I bought.,1465
-Something's wrong my card won't work.,1466
-Am I limited on the amount of disposable cards I can possess?,1467
-Someone stole my card!,1468
-My card don't work.,1469
-My cheque is slow to cash,1470
-I made a transfer recently but it has not changed on my dashboard.,1471
-What is the first step I need to make for being able to access my account?,1472
-Why did my exchange rate change?,1473
-I was using a foreign currecy to make a payment and the applied the wrong rate.,1474
-why was i charged a small amount,1475
-Why did I get charged for withdrawing cash?,1476
-How can I choose between Visa and Mastercard?,1477
-What is the verification process used for?,1478
-"I was charged a fee for the transfer, but can you tell me why?",1479
-"I just went through a old statement and noticed that a very large payment went through and i did not make it. It was from a few months ago, can I still dispute the payment?",1480
-"I purchased something and the seller hasn't received the money yet, but it has been deducted from my account.",1481
-My card payment has not been withdrawn from my account,1482
-"I completed a transfer within the UK two days ago, but it is still not showing received. I have verified the account number is correct already. Is there anything else I need to do or is there a problem?",1483
-Why was I unable to finish this transfer?,1484
-Is the 1 pound charge I can see an error or an incorrect entry?,1485
-How old do you need to be to use the banks services?,1486
-"How long does the ""pending"" period of a transfer take?",1487
-i dont recognize a charge on my card,1488
-Why isn't my refund showing up?,1489
-Top up is not working even though I have my AMEX in apple pay.,1490
-Why is checking my identity important?,1491
-I recently bought something in foreign currency and I am unsure of the exchange rate. Is this rate applied correctly?,1492
-I want to use a payment card to top up my account. How can I do this?,1493
-I recently bought something abroad but the exchange rate is incorrect. Why?,1494
-Is there a charge for exchanging foreign currencies?,1495
-Please tell me why the purchase I made online returned payment. I really wanted this item and I've been trying for 2 weeks.,1496
-Are you able to make exchanges to EUR?,1497
-How do a reverse a duplicated charge?,1498
-Why didn't my payment process,1499
-I cancelled my card payment,1500
-"I have used all my PIN tries, what now?",1501
-"I just noticed that I supposedly made a payment to a seller a while back. The problem is, I don't recognize the seller. There must be a way to see who it is or track the payment. Can you do that, because I don't remember this transaction?",1502
-I believe my card payment has reverted,1503
-With my credit card i would like to transfer money.,1504
-My card did not work at store.,1505
-"With my new card, how may I activate it?",1506
-Why did I get declined during a transfer?,1507
-Will my pin number be sent with my card?,1508
-How can I investigate a missing refund?,1509
-How much do you charge for exchange rates?,1510
-"If someone sends me money, will I be charged?",1511
-Can it be delivered on a certain date?,1512
-I was supposed to get a refund but I do not see it on my statement. When is it going to be updated?,1513
-Why was my atm withdrawl declined,1514
-What is the delivery time to the US?,1515
-What's the limit for auto top-up?,1516
-I don't know what a pending payment is.,1517
-A payment on my statement is wrong.,1518
-What is not accepted in order for me to top up my account?,1519
-Why did it cost money to transfer funds?,1520
-I need to exchange foreign currency will i be charged?,1521
-"I'm not happy, I want to close my account.",1522
-What flat currencies do you support for holding and exchange?,1523
-How can disposable cards be used?,1524
-"Hi! A seller that I requested a refund from a long time ago has yet to send the money into my account, even though I keep checking it. Can the seller be contacted by you guys to see what's going on?",1525
-I'd like to know what you guys look at to decide an exchange rate,1526
-I really need to top-up my card today urgently but my card keeps getting declined!! Can you please help me with this problem or let me know if you have any alternatives,1527
-The attempted transfer failed.,1528
-Will you charge me more if I top up with an international card?,1529
-I didn't make a payment that shows in my app.,1530
-How do I find out what countries you service and what countries you do not?,1531
-Is there a fee for european bank cards?,1532
-What do I do now that I can't use this card?,1533
-I need to know when a payment will actually go through. I completed a payment using my card but it is just showing as pending at this point and it has been a while ago.,1534
-when i travel can it top up automatically,1535
-"If my card expires next month, will I need to order a new one?",1536
-The payment on my card shows as pending.,1537
-My card was stolen. What do I need to do?,1538
-Do the disposable cards have a transaction limit?,1539
-I don't know my password anymore.,1540
-Im not sure if a seller is giving me my money back! I asked them to refund my money for the item but It's been a week now and still nothing has been given back to me. Can you resolve this for me?,1541
-I know I'm getting a new card but would like know when I can expect to receive it.,1542
-I tried withdrawing but my cash is not showing up?,1543
-"I can't be sure, but I think that someone may be using my card.",1544
-Please delete this account.,1545
-How do I order a replacement for stolen card?,1546
-I tried to get gas but my money was gone!,1547
-I have a top up card. Where is the verification code?,1548
-The transfer was accepted but now it's stuck on pending. When will it go through?,1549
-Where are my funds? I topped off my car but it didn't seem to complete.,1550
-Please tell me how the exchange rate is determined. I was expecting more money for the transaction.,1551
-stop the transaction,1552
-What can I expect if I use bank transfer to top up my account?,1553
-Can you tell me why I was charged $1 for a transaction?,1554
-I was charged a fee for withdrawing cash.,1555
-Can I use a check to top up?,1556
-Please provide currency exchange rates,1557
-Why did you charge a fee when I withdrew from an ATM?,1558
-I don't have a virtual card - how do I get one?,1559
-I haven't been sent my new pin!,1560
-Why are there fees for using a card?,1561
-I don't need to transfer anymore and I want to cancel it.,1562
-How do I modify my account details?,1563
-Why was I charged twice for my item!,1564
-Can I be charged for exchanging foreign currency?,1565
-What do I do if my disposable virtual card doesn't work?,1566
-I made a cash withdraw and it shows up as pending why is that?,1567
-"I transferred money to a receiver within the EU and they received a lesser amount than expected. Now I will have to send additional money to the receiver in order to make up the difference. I'm not sure what went wrong, can you please advise?",1568
-Why wont the ATM give me cash?,1569
-Hello. Can you help figure out why the recent transfer from my UK bank account isn't showing up?,1570
-How do I change my last name?,1571
-Can my PIN changed remotely without visiting a bank?,1572
-My card is showing multiple charges for the same items on my recent statement. I was wondering what actions of needed to take to fix this issue,1573
-How can I replace an expired card?,1574
-I withdrew some cash and the exchange rate seems to be wrong.,1575
-How can we correct a mistake on an ATM transaction? The app shows what I should have gotten.,1576
-Why is my PIN blocked?,1577
-What is the refund process?,1578
-where do I top up my google pay?,1579
-Why is there an uknown charge showing on my account?,1580
-"My card info was stolen, what do I do?",1581
-How many times can I auto top-up?,1582
-Why is there a fee associated with card use?,1583
-How does a disposable virtual card work?,1584
-How do I fix a transaction to the wrong account?,1585
-Please give me both a visa and a mastercard.,1586
-Are there limits to businesses that will accept this card?,1587
-Someone used my card without my permission.,1588
-"Hello, I'm a brand new customer and tried topping up for the first time today. It has been pending for half an hour and doesn't seem to be working. Please resolve this.",1589
-Are there any specific cash machines that I have to go to in order to change my PIN?,1590
-What forms of ID do you need for identity verification?,1591
-"When I top-up, the app reverts it.",1592
-Why did you charge me extra?,1593
-A couple weeks ago there was a debit taken from my account from a transaction I don't recall. Is it possible to trace this transaction to make sure I'm not being scammed?,1594
-Why hasn't my payment gone through yet?,1595
-What is the charge to make a transfer,1596
-How do I return something for a full refund?,1597
-I tried to withdraw cash at an ATM in the city center but my card was declined. The transaction is still showing up as pending - please cancel it!,1598
-Where'd the rest of my cash go from the ATM,1599
-I don't have the device I used to log onto the platform so I can't access it.,1600
-I have a transaction showing multiple times.,1601
-Are there any limit on the auto top-up?,1602
-Did my transfer fail?,1603
-I am not satisfied with your service. Close my account.,1604
-Can you change the rate for the item I bought in a different currency as it is wrong?,1605
-do i need to wait for my card before i get pin,1606
-I have been waiting for my top-up to complete and it still hasn't gone through.,1607
-I did a transfer. What is the extra fee?,1608
-Mastercard is preferred to me.,1609
-It shows that the transfer on my account wasn't allowed.,1610
-My phone is at the hotel. How can I use the app?,1611
-I was supposed to get a refund but I do not see it.,1612
-My money disappeared! Please help??,1613
-Why do you have the identity check,1614
-Please cancel the transfer I just made. I put in the wrong account number and can't seem to stop it on the app.,1615
-I need to move money to another beneficiary. Why is it not working?,1616
-"I tried to get some with-drawls but the machine didn't work. The transaction still seems in progress.Seems like something is wrong,I don't want to be charged for Transaction i did not make.",1617
-who can put money in my account?,1618
-I selected to withdrawal 30 pounds but only received 10. I'm still standing in front of the ATM. The app shows i took out 30 pounds also. How do i fix this?,1619
-Can you tell me the countries you operate in?,1620
-What is taking so long with my refund?,1621
-How long will this transfer from europe take?,1622
-Is it possible for a person who lives in the US to get a card?,1623
-"How long do EU transfers take? I bought something online a couple of days ago , sent the money immediately online but the seller says it is still not there yet.",1624
-I would like to return my purchases,1625
-Please help. There is a payment in the app that isn't mine.,1626
-"On the card that is coming, what's the tracking info?",1627
-what is the status of my refund,1628
-"I would like to close my account, as I'm not happy.",1629
-Is there a fee for currency exchange?,1630
-How many payments can I make using a virtual card?,1631
-I want to know why my top-up was reverted,1632
-Is my card frozen?,1633
-I lost my passcode.,1634
-€1 was in my statement as an extra fee.,1635
-How to exchange my currency,1636
-I need to find the card I received in the app.,1637
-how come my transfer declined,1638
-How do i verify my card?,1639
-How many transactions can I do with a disposable card?,1640
-Why is my withdrawal from the ATM still showing as pending?,1641
-My contactless payments don't work.,1642
-"Some cash was withdrawn in the app, but I did not do it.",1643
-Can I get a new pin number at any ATM using my card?,1644
-How do I deactivate my account?,1645
-Why can't I get cash out?,1646
-Why is my card being declined when I try to do a top-up? How can this be immediately resolved?,1647
-Which establishments will accept my card?,1648
-Why was I charged a fee to transfer money?,1649
-Do you have support for flat currencies?,1650
-I believe my card has been compromised because of a strange withdrawal,1651
-How long will the $1 charge show as pending?,1652
-What do I do if I can't prove my identity?,1653
-The purchase I made is still pending.,1654
-There is unexpected money in my account.,1655
-The app says my transfer failed,1656
-"I requested a refund from a merchant several days ago, but don't see anything showing up in my account yet. Can you check on your end to see if the money has reached you guys?",1657
-The top-up is broken.,1658
-How will I receive my PIN?,1659
-I want to use cash to top up.,1660
-My foreign currency exchange has been applied incorrectly.,1661
-Can I choose my card scheme?,1662
-"My card has an issue, the payment has been deferred.",1663
-I wish to be able to top up with cash.,1664
-"lost card found, want to put it back in app",1665
-Can you help me transfer money into my friend's bank account? I tried to do it but it keeps rejecting me. I need to get the money in there asap. I have enough and all the account info is correct.,1666
-"How long does it take to transfer from china? Is there a way to transfer it quickly, I need it urgently?",1667
-"I've used my account frequently over the last month to manage my payments from abroad for my new place. I noticed that my fees have suddenly increased. As a frequent customer, shouldn't I be rewarded rather than suddenly being subject to a new fee?",1668
-"I received my card, how do I get it to show in the app?",1669
-Could you tell me the fiat currencies that you work with?,1670
-Your ATM pin can be changed at any VISA or MasterCard ATM with PIN services. Certain countries don't support ATM pin changes.,1671
-I can't verify identity through the app.,1672
-i need to know about exchange rates,1673
-My card is expiring so how fast can I get a new one and how much will it be?,1674
-"I seem to have a problem here, I bought something about a 2 weeks ago and just now received the payment back into my account and I've already received the item. Can you tell me what is going on here?",1675
-How long does a check take to show up in the account balance?,1676
-am i able to receive my salary this way?,1677
-What do you do with all the identity information you're collecting from me?,1678
-I did not make a direct debit payment as listed on my app,1679
-I need to cancel a transaction please!,1680
-I do not think the pop up went through yet.,1681
-My card was working but now it doesn't.,1682
-What is identity check?,1683
-what cards can i use to add money to my account,1684
-I want to find out what happened to my new card?,1685
-I did a transfer and was charged a fee that should not have been charged!,1686
-what is the leadtime for a new card to show up in the mail?,1687
-How do I go about getting a virtual card?,1688
-Hi. Please can you help me fix a double charge on my card? I'm looking at my transactions and this restaurant I went to earlier in the week has charged me twice! Please remove the additional charge for me.,1689
-When I was in a restaurant today my card was declined and payment wouldn't go through and I need help. Can you fix this?,1690
-My account shows I made a debit payment to someone that I can't recall and would like to find out who the payment was made to.,1691
-Help! I need to transfer something to China.,1692
-What is the reason I couldn't do a transfer to a beneficiary?,1693
-How can I top up with Apple Pay?,1694
-Can I make a withdraw in my home currency at an ATM? I'm on vacation and am a bit worried because I don't have cash with me. Is it possible to withdraw here without any additional costs or fees?,1695
-Why have I not received a virtual card yet?,1696
-How do I report a cash withdrawal that wasn't me?,1697
-How can you assist me on topping up on bank transfers to my account?,1698
-I transferred some money but it hasn't arrived.,1699
-I've lost my card. What can I do about that?,1700
-Help! When will the card arrive at my home?,1701
-can i use my mastercard to add money to my account,1702
-Do I need to order a new card before it expires?,1703
-When will my transfer finish pending?,1704
-How many transactions can I do with my disposable card?,1705
-Please verify my top-up card,1706
-I recently bought an item using my card and I was charged an extra fee why is this?,1707
-I transferred money but the recipient does not see the funds in their account?,1708
-"I need an accurate exchange rate, when I make my withdrawals.",1709
-You have declined my payment.,1710
-I transferred money but the balance hasn't changed.,1711
-How do I top-up automatically?,1712
-Is there an extra fee to exchange currencies?,1713
-why isnt my cash withdrawal showing,1714
-I can't get a contactless payment to work.,1715
-What do I do if someone used my card without my permission?,1716
-"There are a few transaction that I don't recognize, I think someone managed to get my card details and use it.
-",1717
-Why is my payment still pending?,1718
-Which credit card top-ups do you accept?,1719
-How can I prove the source of my funds?,1720
-How can I get my money that I didn't get from the ATM?,1721
-Reverted top up,1722
-Is the EUR accepted for exchanges?,1723
-What's the process to receive a second card?,1724
-I am not sure but someone else might be using my card,1725
-"Hearing about your verification results from us may take anywhere from 10 minutes to approximately one hour. If this verification has in fact, failed, double-check to make sure that your images are clear. Also make sure that your document photos have no blur or glare. They need to be readable. You must also be 18 years of age or older and be a resident of Switzerland or the European Economic Area to open an account.",1726
-What do I need to do to link my new card for my account?,1727
-What limits are the to top-ups?,1728
-Is there a top-up limit?,1729
-"I want to add money to my card, what payments do you accept?",1730
-Says that my top-up is incomplete?,1731
-What forms of ID work for verification?,1732
-How can I fix my contactless?,1733
-How do I switch to a different currency?,1734
-I noticed that the exchange rate applied to a recent purchase I made abroad was incorrect.,1735
-What do you charge to top up US cards?,1736
-"I tried to withdraw $100, all it gave me was $20.",1737
-"Can Google Pay be used for top up, please help?",1738
-"Hi, I tried to top up my card today and it did not work. I have tried it in the past and it worked just fine but it won't do it anymore. Can you help me out?",1739
-I was charged an extra pound.,1740
-How do i activate my card,1741
-Would I be charged any fees if I added money to my account using an international card?,1742
-I sent a cheque a few days ago and i noticed that no money has been put on my account. Can you please tell me the situation of my account?,1743
-What do I do if my payment was reverted?,1744
-Can you tell me why I can't make any transactions?,1745
-How can I know where my card will be accepted?,1746
-I got a message that my transfer was declined.,1747
-Is there any fees associated with receiving money with this account?,1748
-I just moved. How do I give you my new address?,1749
-What fiat currencies do you support?,1750
-Can you track my card for me?,1751
-How long does it take for money to transfer?,1752
-My top up has failed,1753
-What are the steps I need to do if I have a stolen card?,1754
-An extra fee of €1 was in my statement,1755
-I tried to get cash in the ATM but it was not approved,1756
-How long to UK transfers usually take? I made a transfer but it didn't pop up in my history yet. I just want to make sure it went through.,1757
-I bough an item and the exchange rate was incorrect.,1758
-How many disposable cards am I allowed to have?,1759
-How can I solve my issue with holding multiple currencies?,1760
-How long will my transaction take?,1761
-Are there any restrictions on the disposable cards?,1762
-What if I need my salary in another currency?,1763
-A duplicated payment was made for something.,1764
-What's the tracking on the card you sent?,1765
-My address details have changed and I want to update them,1766
-I'm supposed to have a refund but it isn't there,1767
-What are the steps for making a transfer for topping up?,1768
-Are cards available in the EU?,1769
-Will be Apple Watch be able to let me top up?,1770
-What fiduciary currencies are supported for tenure and exchange?,1771
-Will the transfer show up in my account soon?,1772
-Why was there an extra charge with the withdrawal of my money?,1773
-Where do I order a virtual card?,1774
-"I need a refund and cancel a transaction on an item I purchased and i need it as soon as possible, please!",1775
-I need to reset my passcode. Where do I go to do that?,1776
-When will I get a virtual card? I haven't gotten one yet,1777
-Will my employer be able to pay me with this service,1778
-Why is my cash withdrawal still showing as pending?,1779
-Are you ripping people off with the exchange rate? It can't be that atrocious between banks.,1780
-I am waiting for a payment to be processed,1781
-"If I order a new card, how much will it be and how long will it take me to get it?",1782
-Can I convert currency with the app?,1783
-What's my pin number?,1784
-Why hasn't my card payment cleared yet?,1785
-Is my new card activated?,1786
-can i use both visa and mastercard,1787
-"My details need to be changed, how can I do so?",1788
-Why am I being charged for getting cash?,1789
-Why am I not allowed to verify my id?,1790
-Tell me about verifying top-up,1791
-Which currencies do you accept for adding money?,1792
-I can't remember my passcode.,1793
-There is a payment that I was charged two times for.,1794
-I was charged twice for the same thing.,1795
-I do not want a VISA card.,1796
-Help my prove my identity.,1797
-Why haven't I seen the cash from the cheque I deposited yet?,1798
-I made a transaction to the wrong account!,1799
-"I have a transfer from the US, How long is the wait?",1800
-"For the identity check, do I need any kind of documentation?",1801
-An ATM machine didn't give me back my card.,1802
-I didnt get the correct exchange rate for getting cash,1803
-How much are you going to charge me if I top up my US card?,1804
-I have a transfer that was approved that I'm urgently waiting for. How long am I supposed to wait for it?,1805
-I see an unfamiliar Direct Debit payment.,1806
-Where is the top-up verification code?,1807
-Help my find the verification code on a top-up.,1808
-"In my app, a direct debit payment that I didn't do shows up.",1809
-I forgot what my pin number is and now am blocked can you help me get in?,1810
-Explain why a card payment would be cancelled?,1811
-I need to know where I can withdraw money.,1812
-Can I use my card wherever I want?,1813
-Can you help me get a disposable virtual card?,1814
-Help! The app says I took out cash but I didn't!,1815
-Why aren't my payment funds available to me?,1816
-Why can't I transfer to another account?,1817
-What is the extra fee that was added when I used the card?,1818
-What currencies do you accept for adding money to my account?,1819
-Is there a way to recover my password?,1820
-How do I get my card PIN?,1821
-I don't understand why my payment was declined. I thought everything was ok.,1822
-I think youre system may be broken because I have tried transfer money 5x and it isnt working! I'm not doing anything complicated it is what I usually do.,1823
-"I was charged twice, when I didn't purchase anything twice.",1824
-I tried to do a transfer and it's saying it declined.,1825
-There are two of the same charge on my statement.,1826
-"I'm waiting for a money transfer to show, still.",1827
-Why is my card being declined at the ATM? I have tried multiple ATMs and i keep running into the same problem. Could you verify that everything is okay with my account?,1828
-Someone has been using my card. There are unfamiliar transactions on there. Can you freeze the card to keep this from happening?,1829
-I am looking to transfer some money from my other bank account into this one.,1830
-"Hey a seller just contacted me that my money didn't come through. It was definitely deducted from my account, but now it appears it's back with me! Sort this out asap please.",1831
-What am I going to need in order to activate my card?,1832
-I need my virtual card,1833
-I'm noticing a payment/purchase at a company that I don't recognise.,1834
-Can I activate my card with the app?,1835
-Why did my credit card get declined for top up?,1836
-It is urgency. Please freeze my card now. As someone in some odd remote town has withdrawn some money by using my card. As i did not withdraw any money.,1837
-Tell me why my topup wouldn't go through?,1838
-I need clarity on why my card is not working.,1839
-My beneficiary is unable to transact,1840
-What is the current exchange fee?,1841
-Transfer could not be completed due to being declined.,1842
-Is there a fee to get an actual card?,1843
-The terminal I paid at wouldn't take my card. Is something wrong?,1844
-I got a cheque that I want to top up with?,1845
-Why am I being charged a hidden fee?,1846
-"I made a bank transfer earlier from my UK account. I don't see it yet, can you check the status?",1847
-"My transfer went through, but it seems to be caught up in a pending status. This was very important that it got done quickly, can you give me a status update on how long it will take?",1848
-Is it possible to transfer money to my credit card?,1849
-Why doesn't it work when I use American Express to try to add money to my account?,1850
-I am still awaiting the money I put into my account this morning.,1851
-When can I use money sent to my account?,1852
-Explain pending transactions.,1853
-Is there a way to view the history on where my funds came from?,1854
-Why do some of my payments have fees? I don't understand.,1855
-Why does a top- up need to be verify?,1856
-How do I authenticate my top-up?,1857
-Where should I look for my PIN number at?,1858
-"Why are all my transfers failing? I have the details right and they won't complete. I've been trying all day and they still won't go through, this is URGENT, please help.",1859
-Do you do business in the EU?,1860
-Is a SWIFT transfer acceptable?,1861
-Can you give me the restrictions of the disposable cards?,1862
-I'm in China and really need a new card.,1863
-"Transferred to account is not successful, help please?",1864
-"Would you be able to offer me a discount, since I need to exchange currencies frequently?",1865
-I would like my card activated.,1866
-Is there a maximum for top-ups?,1867
-Why is my transfer not showing,1868
-I found a transfer fee - is that correct?,1869
-"Money was taken out without my consent,",1870
-Where can I find the auto-top up feature?,1871
-My transaction is on the wrong account.,1872
-Problem verifying my account,1873
-Can you lookup my password?,1874
-I think my card payment has been reverted,1875
-Can I exchange currencies with the app?,1876
-Can I change my PIN if I want to?,1877
-I am here to change my adress.,1878
-I was recently charged for withdrawing money from my bank ATM. How can that be possible when I haven't been charged for using it before?,1879
-i didnt do this charge,1880
-How do I delete my account now,1881
-"Hi, I was looking over my card receipts for the past week and I realize I had a charge put through two times for the same single restaurant visit. Can one of the charges be removed so that I can get the money back that was mistakenly taken from my account?",1882
-Can I set up to my account to automatically top up?,1883
-The app doesn't think it's me.,1884
-"stolen phone, what should i do",1885
-I would like to know if you use Visa or Mastercard.,1886
-what is my monthly spending limit because i was refused my money at an atm,1887
-Why would my transfer result in a decline message?,1888
-What's the time frame on EU transfers? I purchased something a couple of days ago but the seller hasn't received my payment.,1889
-Why am I unable verify my id?,1890
-Why wasn't my bank balance updated?,1891
-How can I transfer money using my credit card?,1892
-Was my transaction reverted with my card?,1893
-I was refunded the money for something I bought already.,1894
-Why is there an extra fee charged?,1895
-"I can't make any transfers, they won't go through, the details are correct as I checked them. Can you look in to this please?",1896
-Is there a fee to add money to an international card?,1897
-How long do I have to wait for a US transfer?,1898
-"My new card just arrived, how can I activate it?",1899
-"Hi, I am on vacation in Spain and someone stole my bag with my phone and wallet with cards and everything. Can you block it ASAP and then I want to order a new one also ASAP.",1900
-Is it possible to cancel my transfer?,1901
-I have an incorrect charge and would like a refund.,1902
-There is a direct debit charge on my account that is not mine.,1903
-"I have been charged a fee, I didn't know about this fee before! When do you charge extra for card payments?",1904
-How can I dispute a direct debit charge on my account?,1905
-How do I exchange currencies with this,1906
-the exchange rate is wrong from something I got in another country,1907
-I did not do this payment,1908
-Is my PIN sent separably?,1909
-Why is my cash withdrawal still pending?,1910
-Can you let me know why my cash withdrawal is still pending?,1911
-I have a new card. How do i top it up?,1912
-"who do I talk to, to cancel a transfer?",1913
-When can I expect delivery?,1914
-I transferred some money a couple days ago but haven't received it yet. How long should I expect to wait?,1915
-My transfer was declined. What might the reason be?,1916
-It declined my transfer.,1917
-How long will it take my card to get here?,1918
-Will I be charged for a cash withdrawal?,1919
-How do I stop fraud to my account?,1920
-Are there any restrictions to where I can use my card?,1921
-i don't see the top-up verification code anywhere,1922
-Help! I need to cancel a transaction.,1923
-There's a cash withdrawal I am certain I did not make,1924
-"My transfer was wrong, are you able to stop it before it goes through please?",1925
-I do not feel comfortable verifying my identity.,1926
-"help, lost my card",1927
-Delete my account now please.,1928
-"My PIN is unlocked, what do I do?",1929
-Can I get some help to get me card activated?,1930
-Is there a limit to my top-up?,1931
-How do I delete an account?,1932
-My statement is showing an extra £1 charge and I am unsure why. Is there an explanation for this?,1933
-Why do you need me to verify who I am?,1934
-Am I gonna be charged for sending out more cards?,1935
-"If I want to send out more cards, do you charge extra for that?",1936
-Can I have my account add money automatically in certain intervals?,1937
-Please verify my source of funds.,1938
-My beneficiary is not allowed? Why?,1939
-Need a new passcode.,1940
-Do you accept US credit cards?,1941
-How long does it take to show a deposit I made to my balance?,1942
-"Hello, can you please inform me about international transfers? I am expecting a transfer I made from France two days ago and would like to know when it will arrive.",1943
-My cheque deposit didn't seem to work.,1944
-Please help! I was mugged and everything stolen. What do I do to stop them from accessing my account?,1945
-Can you assist me in acquiring a virtual card?,1946
-How do I access the virtual card?,1947
-want to know how to get virtual card,1948
-My card hasn't arrived yet. What do I do?,1949
-What are the currencies that are accepted to add money?,1950
-My attempted transfer keeps kicking back with an error message. Could you please help me to resolve this?,1951
-My exchange rate is wrong when I get cash.,1952
-Do you have charges now when you pay with a card?,1953
-How can get a Visa card?,1954
-Why is it taking so long for my pending transaction to post as cleared?,1955
-"I've been waiting for 3 days, why is my withdrawal still pending?",1956
-do i have to talk to someone to close an account or can i in the app,1957
-"that fee should not be there, you charged my cash for an unnecessary thing.",1958
-"I need to make a purchase online, where is my virtual card?",1959
-I need to terminate my account immediately.,1960
-Why did I get charged a fee for my transfer?,1961
-How do I perform identity checks?,1962
-I need to check status as my friend hasn't got money I sent.,1963
-When do I get my card PIN?,1964
-Why did I not get my refund yet?,1965
-What is the estimated time on an urgent transfer from China?,1966
-Why isn't my pending transfer finished?,1967
-How can I convert currencies?,1968
-Are there any fees associated with receiving money?,1969
-The recipient can not locate funds.,1970
-I am unable to access my app due to forgetting my passcode.,1971
-My password doesn't work.,1972
-Why was my payment declined? I keep trying my card but it's not working.,1973
-Can I transfer money using a different currency?,1974
-Why was I charged a higher exchange rate when I bought something abroad?,1975
-Where am I able to get my PIN unblocked?,1976
-What should I do after I've moved and need to update my personal details?,1977
-Is there a top up fee for transfer?,1978
-Does it cost anything and how long would it take to get a card if I need a new one? My card is about to expire.,1979
-I need to know what's going on. I was under the impression you offered cryto top up which doesn't seem to be working and money has just vanished from my account.,1980
-What is the limit on disposable cards?,1981
-How do I know when my new card is going to arrive?,1982
-My account is blocked because I entered the wrong pin too many times. Help me unblock.,1983
-Are you aware of any charges for receiving money?,1984
-I have a duplicate payment on my card.,1985
-How old can one use your service?,1986
-I need to find out why my pending payment hasn't gone through.,1987
-Tell me why there is an extra charge when I used an ATM?,1988
-What is the reason I got rejected for using my disposable virtual card to pay a subscription to the gym?,1989
-I happened to forget my password,1990
-I am not receiving the correct exchange rate on my card.,1991
-why have i not got my new card?,1992
-Can you help me reset my passcode? I forgot it.,1993
-I'm interested in learning more about disposable virtual cards.,1994
-"In the exchange and holding, what fiat is allowed?",1995
-"I can't see if the transfer I did a couple days ago is in my account yet. I double checked my info before sending, too. Can you check this?",1996
-I just had my card get declined at the ATM! I need to get money out but I am unable to. Why has this happened?,1997
-When I was abroad the exchange rate for me was wrong.,1998
-I wish to top up using a cheque.,1999
-Do I have a say when it's delivered?,2000
-Online banking is not showing my cheque or cash deposit so the balance is incorrect.,2001
-This stupid system is not letting me prove my identity.,2002
-How old do I need to be?,2003
-Help me unblock my account. I entered the PIN wrong too many times.,2004
-Why do you need to know so much about me for my account?,2005
-I use this card all the time so why did it get declined at the store today?,2006
-Tell me why there is a charge on my cash withdrawl.,2007
-Do you offer a discount for those who perform frequent currency exchanges?,2008
-Why is my payment declined? It looked like everything worked ok and my account was fine.,2009
-I am seeing in the App a payment that its not mine,2010
-Has my top up gone through?,2011
-My latest payment was declined! What happened! I was told everything had been resolved and was back to working order again.,2012
-How do I link one of your card that I already have?,2013
-Please help me with my card. It won't activate.,2014
-Why did my payment fail?,2015
-"In a month, my card will reach its expiration date, am I required to request the next card?",2016
-Help me cancel a transfer.,2017
-Yikes! I didn't get the amount of money that I requested. What do I do now?,2018
-There is a top up that has been pending for an hour and I don't know why. I was expecting it immediately and need it now!,2019
-Can I withdraw from any ATM?,2020
-I have a confusing payment appear on my statement and I don't recognise it!,2021
-I want to top up my account with a cheque,2022
-"I sent some money to somebody a couple of hours ago, and they still have yet to receive it. They really need the money, how much longer are they going to have to wait?",2023
-Where is the money that I transferred.,2024
-after going over my transactions for the last couple of months I noticed a pretty large charge that I know I did not make. I know it's been a while but can I still dispute this charge?,2025
-How do I check to see why my card payment was declined?,2026
-where can I see who sent me funds,2027
-"I want to reactivate my card, I thought I had lost it but I found it.",2028
-What would cause a transfer failure?,2029
-"If I top up by transfer, am I going to be charged?",2030
-Why is there an additional fee showing on the statement I received?,2031
-"Hello, I tried to top up with my card, but it didn't work. I just got it a couple days before and it works fine. What's the deal? Can you check into this?",2032
-"I lost my card and need a new one, will it cost me?",2033
-My card doesn't seem to work anymore,2034
-I couldn't pay with card in a shop,2035
-I bought something online and it says there was a fee to transfer money. Isn't that free?,2036
-Can I use my card while on vacation overseas?,2037
-Why cant I send money to a beneficiary?,2038
-Is verifying my identify important?,2039
-Are cards available to those outside of the UK?,2040
-I want to take some funds from my other bank account and add them to this one.,2041
-What do I do about my expired card?,2042
-"Suddenly, my card won't work.",2043
-What happens with the duplicate charge in my account?,2044
-I got charged twice with a duplicate card. How do I resolve this?,2045
-why and how soon do I have to have proof of identity to you?,2046
-I attemped a transfer and it didn't go through.,2047
-I see a direct debit charge that I did not approve,2048
-how long are my top ups pending,2049
-I am looking for my top-up verification code and cannot find it.,2050
-Can I get a card that works in other countries like Africa and Indonesia?,2051
-Help me change my PIN.,2052
-Do top-up limits exist?,2053
-Tell me how to top up my account using bank transfer.,2054
-A payment shows up on the app that I never made.,2055
-I'm trying to purchase crypto via the app. I haven't been able to get it to go through. Am I doing something wrong?,2056
-"While abroad, I got cash, and the exchange rate applied is wrong.",2057
-You did not give me the correct exchange rate for an item that I bought.,2058
-The ATM only gave me 10 pounds when I withdrew 30. What do I do?,2059
-Is there a problem with my account? When I tried to withdraw cash at an ATM I was denied.,2060
-My ATM withdrawal is taking forever,2061
-I can't see all the refunds in my statement,2062
-Can I have a supplementary card?,2063
-I am not able to see the card PIN anywhere?,2064
-The store card reader would not accept my card.,2065
-I was charged multiple times at the same location at the same time,2066
-Can you close my account please?,2067
-I'm panicking! I lost my card! Help!,2068
-What do I have to do to get the contactless to work?,2069
-Why is the top-up I made still pending.,2070
-"There is an unexplained $1 charge on my statement, can you please explain this to me?",2071
-Hi - I have made a transaction to my new landlord but unfortunately it shows on my end but not on the landlord's end. The numbers are correct. Can you confirm when that will go through?,2072
-I need a Visa card,2073
-"My card expires soon, will you send me one automatically?",2074
-"I am seeing unathorized transactions in the app, on my account.",2075
-I need several cards per day. And I need to be able to throw away all of the cards I make.,2076
-Do you have to be in the UK to get a card?,2077
-The wrong account was used during a transaction.,2078
-Someone else accessed my account and made a payment.,2079
-Is my card lost? I am still waiting for it to be delivered.,2080
-Is there a tracking number for the card you sent me?,2081
-I've just got married and want to change my name.,2082
-Why was there a transfer fee on my account?,2083
-What other currencies are available to change to?,2084
-Do you have an age requirement when opening an account with your service?,2085
-Can I exchange from USD to GBP?,2086
-There is a payment in the app that I did not approve,2087
-How do I contact customer support about my declined transfer?,2088
-"After I attempted a transfer, it failed.",2089
-My card was rejected,2090
-I have gone through my statements and noticed there is a large payment that I did not make. Can i still dispute the payment? its been a while,2091
-I purchased something overseas and the incorrect exchange rate was applied.,2092
-"My card has been pending for a while, what should I do?",2093
-How long does it typically take to make a transfer from a UK bank? I just made one and it hasn't shown up in my account yet.,2094
-Can you tell me your exchange rates?,2095
-I topped up but it isn't in my account,2096
-Will I get a visa or Mastercard?,2097
-The rate applied to my purchase in a foreign currency was wrong.,2098
-I need to know where my funds come from.,2099
-How can I receive verification for the source of my funds?,2100
-Are you only able to get a card if you're in the UK?,2101
-Can I have it by a certain date?,2102
-how can i add money to my account if you don't accept cash,2103
-Hello I changed my mind and really need a refund on one of things I bought recently. Can you please cancel the transaction and get me my money back. Pls it's urgent,2104
-My ATM withdrawal was cancelled,2105
-My refund is not here yet,2106
-What does it mean when a cash withdrawal is pending?,2107
-What cash stations take this card?,2108
-There's a payment with my card that I didn't perform. I don't know that name shown.,2109
-Machines make mistakes too! The ATM gave me the wrong amount of money. Too much!,2110
-my transfer isn't there,2111
-The exchange rate for case abroad is applied wrong.,2112
-Can you please tell me where my card is? I ordered it 2 weeks ago!,2113
-Help! I think someone has made a cash withdrawal with my card!,2114
-I entered my pin wrong too many times.,2115
-I wanna revert a transaction i did this morning.,2116
-What different currencies can I get?,2117
-How do the foreign exchange rates work?,2118
-"I've been waiting since Friday, where is my money?",2119
-There is a cash withdrawal from an ATM listed but I don't remember making this withdrawal.,2120
-How much does each transfer cost?,2121
-"My payment has been declined!! What's going on, I thought everything was alright and working well?",2122
-I'm trying to make a bank transfer but It's not going through. Could there not be enough funds to transfer or something? Have I done it too many times?,2123
-Can I tell if my top off didn't work? It doesn't seem to have.,2124
-The money disappeared when I tried to use my card to top up.,2125
-There is a cash withdrawal on my statement that I don't recognize,2126
-"It's declining my transfers. Normally this works, but my card is being declined now and I've tried more than once.",2127
-Why can I not make a transfer?,2128
-"How long do EU transfers actually take? I recently bought something online a few days ago, sent the money immediately online but the seller says it's still not there yet.",2129
-What is the length of time for one of these items to come to the U.S?,2130
-Can I deposit money using Apple Pay?,2131
-There was an extra fee when I was at the ATM. Why?,2132
-Is there a tracking number for the card?,2133
-Why have I been charged more than once for the same transaction?,2134
-Can this convert money?,2135
-Why do the top-ups need to be verified?,2136
-Will a cheque suffice?,2137
-I couldn't make a transfer,2138
-Can I change my pin at a cash machine?,2139
-What is the return policy?,2140
-"I cannot get to my app, what should I do?",2141
-There was an extra fee on my account when I got cash.,2142
-I am upset with your service. Please delete my account.,2143
-Where do my available funds come from?,2144
-Show me how to verify my identity?,2145
-How can I exchange currencies using your app?,2146
-Why am I being charged the wrong currency exchange when I purchased something abroad?,2147
-What do I do after the ATM takes my card.,2148
-"If someone in a different country sends me money, do I have to pay a fee?",2149
-My Identity verification hasn't passed yet is it possible to use my account?,2150
-Should my cash withdrawal still be pending?,2151
-need my details changed,2152
-when will my transfer clear,2153
-I think I am a victim of fraud. I noticed there was a charge on my account that I didn't do because I haven't touched my card today. Can you please reverse the charge and refund my money?,2154
-My card expires next week. How do I get a new one?,2155
-Can I use my new card?,2156
-I am on vacation in Spain and think someone saw my pin when… Can I change it at a local ATM?,2157
-How does it work when I transfer money into my account?,2158
-Can I have more disposable cards?,2159
-How can people transfer money to me?,2160
-Whats the max I can top up,2161
-"Hey, I attempted to top up my card today and for some reason it didn't work. When I did it the other way it worked just fine. Could you help me figure out why this is happening please?",2162
-How do I get a refund for something I bought?,2163
-My card shows a cash withdrawal I don't recognize.,2164
-Where can I find a list of descriptions the disposable cards have?,2165
-Which locations can I withdraw money from?,2166
-$1 charge in transaction.,2167
-My wallet was taken and I see that someone is using my card! Please help me!,2168
-What is the strange cash withdrawal on my statement?,2169
-When will my pending payment finish?,2170
-Could you please help me? I made my rent payment and have double checked that I sent it to the right account. The person receiving it says he has not received it but it shows complete on my side.,2171
-"Your system is broken. My transfers keep failing, 5 times now.",2172
-Do cash withdrawals cost anything?,2173
-I ordered my card and it isn't here yet. I need it ASAP. When can I expect to get it?,2174
-I would like to know how my friend would be able to send me money,2175
-I want to open an account for my children,2176
-Can I change my PIN remotely?,2177
-I need to freeze my card as soon as possible. I just checked my account and saw that there have been several payments that I don't recognize over the course of a few days. Can we investigate and get my money back?,2178
-"The card I thought was lost was just in my jacket, so can I reactivate it since I found it this morning?",2179
-I submitted a transaction but it was for the incorrect account.,2180
-I can't input my pin again.,2181
-"Using your app, would I be able to exchange between USD and GBP?",2182
-I was informed that transfers were free. I noticed I have a fee but why?,2183
-It seems like a transfer is pending.,2184
-An extra pound was charged!,2185
-Why do you keep declining my payment? I tried several times already with this card and it is just not working.,2186
-What documents do you need to verify my identity?,2187
-I am 16 and just started working at McDonalds can I deposit my checks at your bank?,2188
-How much is it to use my US debit or credit card to top up?,2189
-From which age can my kids use your service?,2190
-"I went for a meal in Seattle and paid the bill but I think they charged me twice, the first time they swiped the card I got a notification to say the money had gone out the account but then I added a tip and I think they swiped it all again. Can you refund one of the charges?",2191
-"top up google pay, is it possible?",2192
-"I bought a product a week ago, but may need to return it.",2193
-How do I revert a transaction?,2194
-I made a payment but it was returned.,2195
-What is preventing me from adding a specific beneficiary?,2196
-How long does it take to activate my card?,2197
-Why was the payment on my card declined?,2198
-Can someone please help assist me by explaining to me why my pass-code is not working?,2199
-Unknowingly to me the payment sent to seller has been redeposied back in my account. I do not know why it would take out the payment and then put it back in my account. Can you resolve this as soon as possible?,2200
-How does your app transfer the money,2201
-What are the reasons for my beneficiary not being allowed?,2202
-"I was using foreign currency at an ATM, but the rate was typed in wrong.",2203
-How much does it cost to do a transfer?,2204
-I think that there was an error in calculating the exchange rate. I recently withdrew cash and received much less than expected.,2205
-I am waiting on the refund,2206
-I see cash withdrawal activity in the app that is not mine.,2207
-Why did my transfer fail? What can I do?,2208
-How long should it take for my top-up to finish? I've been waiting a while.,2209
-I saw there is a cash withdrawal from my account via the app which I did not complete.,2210
-How do I get my card active?,2211
-What information do I need to see my source of money?,2212
-Is there an automatic top up feature?,2213
-I wanted to know why there is a transfer of mine pending.,2214
-"Someone stole my phone, what is my next step?",2215
-Can I change my address?,2216
-I made a payment that's pending. Will it go through?,2217
-Today I used my card at a restaurant and it was declined. Why?,2218
-what is the age limit for opening a new account,2219
-I want a refund for an item,2220
-Is there a reason that my transfer failed?,2221
-Do the disposable cards have any restrictions on them?,2222
-"I tried to make a withdrawal from the ATM, but it was cancelled.",2223
-"I can't freeze my account as I need the card as I am traveling, how do I change my pin?",2224
-I made a transfer and was charged an extra fee!,2225
-Why did they take more money out then I withdrawed?,2226
-Can I choose between Mastercard and Visa?,2227
-There is a missing transfer on my account,2228
-Whats the minimum age to have an account,2229
-"If I found an error in my account for a transaction I didn't make, how long to I have to dispute it?",2230
-I was wondering if international transfers take longer than normal because I made a transfer from France a couple of days ago and nothing has happened yet?,2231
-DO you know the reason for the identity check?,2232
-European bank card for top up will come with any extra fees?,2233
-I made a cash deposit to my account but i don't see it,2234
-Who can purchase a disposable virtual card?,2235
-What do I do if my card is not working?,2236
-I'm still waiting for my new card.,2237
-I need a disposable virtual card. Please tell me how to order one.,2238
-How long does it take to verify a cash withdraw?,2239
-I don't remember my login code,2240
-My ATM withdrawal was declined.,2241
-How can I go about getting a refund?,2242
-Can you tell me if a credit/refund is coming from a seller? I asked for refund directly from them and am still waiting. It's been a week now and i still havn't seen my refund yet.,2243
-"How do I see what fees I am supposed to be charged on my account? I've noticed fees on some transactions, but not on others. This is very confusing and I cannot find a pattern to what I am being charged?",2244
-how can the money machine keep my card what do i need to do?,2245
-Can I top up my balance with a cheque?,2246
-Please check and let me know why my transfers are getting declined.,2247
-What is the best way to get my virtual card?,2248
-Why didn't my transfer get to the recipient?,2249
-where can i see money source?,2250
-I've deposited a check but the cash isn't showing that it's there yet.,2251
-I want a refund,2252
-I'm interested in getting a card. How does one go about doing that?,2253
-What is your check-cashing policy?,2254
-How long will a transfer from the US take?,2255
-What is the purpose for verifying my identity?,2256
-"My card is expiring, how do I get a new one?",2257
-The ATM keeps declining my Transaction . I tried two different ATMs already can you please check if everything is okay with my account?,2258
-I need some help figuring out what this strange payment is on my account. It's stays pending and won't go away.,2259
-What transfer methods do you accept?,2260
-Money was transferred to me and I am unable to see it,2261
-Do I have to pay for a physical card?,2262
-"My bank card has expired, how can I get a new physical card?",2263
-"I put some money in my account the other day and it's not gone in yet, can you help with this?",2264
-why does my statement contain an extra fee?,2265
-Do you have any card fees if I want to add money using an international card?,2266
-"I don't know what my passcode is, can you help?",2267
-Do I need to speak to a representative to change my pin?,2268
-My top-up didn't go through; it still says pending. What's up with that?,2269
-Do you offer SWIFT transfers?,2270
-How do I know where the funds come from?,2271
-where is card accepted,2272
-There is an unauthorized payment in my statement.,2273
-It says the transfer wasn't accepted.,2274
-Why was I charged a fee when making this transfer when I shouldn't have been?,2275
-My money hasn't been transferred yet.,2276
-"I think someone might have a copy of my card because a 500 dollar withdrawal was made, and it wasn't me. Can you please help?",2277
-There is a weird payment in my statement.,2278
-"how to delete account, not happy",2279
-I made a transaction at an atm and was charged extra for it.,2280
-my exchange rate looks wrong for my last payment,2281
-Why was I charged $1 in a transaction?,2282
-"I tried to withdraw some funds from my card, but was declined. How can I get my money?",2283
-I purchases several items today. Why are they still showing pending?,2284
-Will you tell me how to exchange USD for GBP in the app?,2285
-Can I choose what card I can use,2286
-What's up with the fee for getting cash?,2287
-"I need to deposit my virtual card, how do i do that.",2288
-What is the longest a US transfer should take to appear in my account?,2289
-what steps do you take to check identity,2290
-Does your app allow currency exchange from USD to GBP?,2291
-What stipulations do disposable cards entail?,2292
-I was wrongfully charged one pound.,2293
-WHAT IS THE REASON FOR THAT,2294
-How many times can I use my disposable card?,2295
-I am having trouble transferring money to a beneficiery.,2296
-Help me activate my new card.,2297
-How do I link a new payment card?,2298
-How can I use my credit card to transfer money?,2299
-My top-up hasn't gone through,2300
-I can't get cash from the ATM!,2301
-Can I still access the app even though my phone was stolen?,2302
-"I want to reactivate my card, I found it after thinking it was lost.",2303
-Was I charged more than I should of been for a currency exchange?,2304
-There has been a transfer pending in my account and I wanted to know how long it is going to take to go through.,2305
-My balance doesn't show my deposit.,2306
-I question today's exchange rate for rubles into pounds. I was hoping for a better return.,2307
-What are all of the different steps for identity checks?,2308
-I see cash in my app but I did not get it.,2309
-My source of funds require verification.,2310
-"After putting in the wrong PIN too many times, I was blocked. Can you assist me in changing it?",2311
-I don't understand why my card payment is pending. It has been pending for too long. Why is this and when might it go through?,2312
-What's going on? I was just recently charged for an ATM withdrawal. I've never seen this charge before and before it's always been free.,2313
-Why won't my virtual card work?,2314
-I am noticing that a refund of a large purchase still has not been credited to my account. I contacted the merchant a few days ago and he assured me that he would submit it right away. Is there a status update?,2315
-My refund isn't showing up,2316
-Top up not available in my wallet.,2317
-Can you please tell me why my cash withdrawal is still pending?,2318
-I made a mistake and performed a transaction on the wrong account!,2319
-How do I go forth on holding money in multiple currencies?,2320
-My phone was left behind. Can I still use my card?,2321
-"I can't figure out how to change GBP to AUD, what do I do?",2322
-How do I fix my card if it is broken?,2323
-Help me with a PIN change.,2324
-Can I have a mastercard?,2325
-How do I verify the top-up?,2326
-The correct amount of cash was not received.,2327
-Which part of the app do I order virtual cards from?,2328
-Will you set a limit to my top-up?,2329
-I used my card to top up but it's saying it is still pending. What does this mean?,2330
-I am on vacation in Spain and need to change my pin.,2331
-"I just transferred some money into my account and do not see it updated yet, can you assist?",2332
-Can you tell me if I can hold money in several currencies?,2333
-Is there a way to see my money's source?,2334
-I am inquiring about why there was an extra fee charged when I used an ATM.,2335
-Why hasn't my friend received the money i sent them yet?,2336
-My card payment has had the status of pending forever. What is the issue? It should have gone through at some point.,2337
-I need to cancel a transaction.,2338
-I don't understanfd how to top up,2339
-How do I know if my top-up went through?,2340
-"I traded some of my money from my native country into an ATM to exchange for foreign currency, and the money I received was a different equating amount!",2341
-How can I link the new card?,2342
-"My phone was taken yesterday, is there something that I need to do?",2343
-"Will you accept my credit card, it my only one.",2344
-I want to top up by cheque,2345
-I don't know what this Direct Debit payment on my account is for.,2346
-"I dont know what happened, but my payment was cancelled",2347
-How can I create a disposable virtual card?,2348
-How do I add the card I just received to show up in the app?,2349
-Why didn't my friend's transaction arrive yet?,2350
-Why am I charged whenever I withdraw cash?,2351
-Where is an ATM?,2352
-Why is my beneficiary not being allowed to get payment services?,2353
-I can't access my money. Is it because somethings wrong with the top-up? I set it up correctly.,2354
-My PIN has been blocked.,2355
-Are there any restrictions for the disposable cards that I need to be aware of?,2356
-What are your exchange rates calculated from?,2357
-I'm on vacation in Europe but I desperately need to change my PIN. Can I do this from abroad?,2358
-there is money in my account that i didnt put there,2359
-Can you please explain why I was charged an extra fee for my transfer?,2360
-"I have made a payment by my card, and its still pending since a long time. Could you please tell me when it will process.",2361
-Can I setup top ups in advance?,2362
-"I put in a payment a while ago and it has still not cleared and is showing up as ""pending"", how long does it take to clear?",2363
-My new card needs activating.,2364
-I don't recognize this payment at all! Help!,2365
-Can you tell me why I was charged to withdraw cash?,2366
-I've made a horrible mistake! I transferred money to the wrong account by accident! I entered one of the digits wrong. I need this cancelled immediately please.,2367
-i am under 18 and i am trying to verify my id. why wont it work?,2368
-Where are you cards supported?,2369
-Where do i find my PIN?,2370
-"i am express delivering my card to the us, how long will that take",2371
-"how many virtual cards can i have, i want 8",2372
-I just made a transfer from a UK account. How long does that typically take to show up? I just want to make sure it worked alright.,2373
-Why is the ATM not allowing me to get cash?,2374
-How long does a top-up take to go through?,2375
-What is the present state of the exchange rate?,2376
-what to do about stolen phone,2377
-Is it possible to obtain both a Visa and a Mastercard from you?,2378
-Why is my top up not completing?,2379
-"My card will expire next month, will I need to order a new one?",2380
-I forgot my code,2381
-I was charged extra. Was the exchange rate for my payment last Saturday wrong?,2382
-What is the age limit for an account?,2383
-Where is my PIN located?,2384
-Can I stop a transaction?,2385
-I don't remember my passcode?,2386
-How will I know my pin number?,2387
-I need to cancel my recent transfer. I made a mistake. Please help quickly before the transfer goes through.,2388
-are you sending me my card?,2389
-What do I need to do in order to get a new card?,2390
-"I deposited a cheque with some money, but the balance hasn't changed.",2391
-I've made a transfer from France two days ago but I was wondering if international transfers take longer to arrive because it hasn't made it yet.,2392
-Why was my transaction not approved?,2393
-How long until I see a cash withdrawal?,2394
-What currency can I use to add money?,2395
-What is the most that I can top-up to a card?,2396
-Can you tell me how do I get a card?,2397
-"I've been waiting a while for my card, is there a way to know when it will arrive?",2398
-Did you deactivate my card it's not working anymore,2399
-when does my balance update for a transfer,2400
-Do you offer account services for children and teens?,2401
-Why does a cash withdrawal show as pending?,2402
-i need to proof my identity to you why and how?,2403
-There is a payment that has not processed.,2404
-I think someone else is using my card.,2405
-Can I get spare cards?,2406
-Why was my transaction charged an extra fee when paying with my card?,2407
-Can I open an account for my offspring?,2408
-I haven't received my PIN yet. Do I need to get it from you?,2409
-How do I see the source of my money?,2410
-"How long does it typically take a transfer to go through? I sent some money to a friend earlier today, and she really needs it. It still is a pending transfer, even though I sent it a few hours ago.",2411
-how to get virtual card,2412
-Do I have to pay more for exchanges?,2413
-can I top up an apple pay?,2414
-My card isn't letting me purchase something and I wanted to know why.,2415
-I have a duplicate charge,2416
-Why is there an identity check?,2417
-"The transaction for the cash I pulled out of the ATM earlier is pending in the app, but how if I already have the cash?",2418
-"I got mugged yesterday and they took everything. I can't use the app, so I need some help.",2419
-"I am calling because the ATM didn't give me the right amount of cash, but my app shows the actual amount I wanted to withdraw. What should I do to get my money back?",2420
-There's an unauthorized direct debit in my app.,2421
-"I am getting charged fees on some payments. Please help me understand, where are these fees disclosed?",2422
-How do I get a disposable virtual card as well?,2423
-I left my phone at the hotel I was staying at so I can't use the app!,2424
-I was so embarrassed. Why didn't my payment clear?,2425
-Where do your cards get delivered to?,2426
-My money transfer has not happened yet,2427
-Can I auto top if I'm low on funds?,2428
-I have zero dollars in my account. Can I submit additional funds via bank transfer?,2429
-What do I have to do to cancel a transfer?,2430
-"I made a rent payment from the wrong account yesterday. It absolutely has to go through tomorrow, so can you please reroute the payment to the right account?",2431
-What other credit cards can I use?,2432
-Why was I charged twice?,2433
-Are the funds I requested from a merchant a few days ago in my account? I do not see them.,2434
-Do you send more than one card?,2435
-What about my children?,2436
-How can I make my card show up in the app?,2437
-Why was money taken for a transfer?,2438
-Is there a way to undo a transaction?,2439
-I sent some money and the account hasn't recived the transfer I made.,2440
-"I cannot remember my passcode, is there a way to retrieve it?",2441
-I don't understand why you aren't accepting my transfer. After a couple times trying I'm still getting an error message.,2442
-I have been charged twice this week for a couple of things on my card. Can you please check this out for me and return the double charged items back?,2443
-My payment was stopped,2444
-"Hello. I tried doing a topup and I thought it worked, but now the money is no longer in my account. Can you explain?",2445
-Is there a charge for using transfers for top ups?,2446
-Why is my purchase showing as pending?,2447
-This card is accepted by what businesses?,2448
-Will I get charged for topping up with an international card?,2449
-looking back on my transactions from a couple of months ago I have noticed a charge that is fairly large that I'm certain was not completed by me. I know it has been a while but can I please dispute this charge?,2450
-I am required to make several disposable cards every day.,2451
-can i verify my identity i the app,2452
-Where would I find top up by cash deposit?,2453
-How is my ATM deposit not available yet?,2454
-I see a reverted payment on my account. Why has this happened?,2455
-There is a payment showing on my app that I didn't do. Will you please cancel this payment and refund my money ?,2456
-There's a payment that isn't mine on my app,2457
-My cards were stolen,2458
-Is it possible to top up by card?,2459
-How long should it take for my new card to arrive in them mail? What should I do if I never receive it?,2460
-Which countries can I change my PIN in?,2461
-How can correct Top up with the app to work correctly?,2462
-How do I go about getting a refund?,2463
-What is the foreign exchange rate you will apply?,2464
-I will not be able to verify my identity.,2465
-Where can I find my card PIN?,2466
-How can my friend pay me?,2467
-I would like to change my name after marriage.,2468
-I made a payment with my card that was cancelled?,2469
-Can you tell me why my top-up was canceled?,2470
-is it ok if i use both visa and mastercard,2471
-How much does it cost for a physical card?,2472
-Can you issue both a Visa and a Mastercard to me?,2473
-Does the fee for exchange change?,2474
-I don't understand why I'm being charged for using my card.,2475
-I was just needing to know why my card got declined,2476
-Show me where to order my card.,2477
-Why would the app show a withdrawal that I did not make?,2478
-What should I do if I see a withdrawal is pending?,2479
-Is getting my identity verified required before I can use my account?,2480
-Can you check if my money has reached my account since it is not showing up yet?,2481
-What is the maximum transactions I can use on a disposable card?,2482
-i withdraw cash from the ATM and was charged a fee,2483
-What ATM locations are near me?,2484
-"Transfers may show up as pending for up to one business day while they are processed, and then they'll depart for the beneficiary accounts. Please confirm that you have correctly entered your account details. SEPA transfers typically take up to two working days, while SWIFT transfers can take up to five working days.",2485
-What do I need to do in order to use my card I just got?,2486
-"I need assistance finding out why I am unable to top-up my card, it keeps getting refused. It is extremely imperative I get this resolved quickly.",2487
-"For my account, how do I transfer money in?",2488
-Why does my identity need to be verified?,2489
-When will it get delivered?,2490
-Was I charged extra for using my card?,2491
-The card payment didn't work,2492
-What's the process for topping up my card?,2493
-need to know where money comes from,2494
-How do I dispute a direct debit that I didn't do?,2495
-Why does my transfer say it is pending?,2496
-I need to get a disposable virtual card?,2497
-It looks like my top up didn't work. Why?,2498
-Do I have to verify the top-up?,2499
-"My card was supposed to arrive, but hasn't?",2500
-i cannot find my card PIN,2501
-Is there any limits I should know about if I'm going to use a disposable virtual card?,2502
-Why cant I transfer to my account?,2503
-My purchase from this morning still is pending.,2504
-Will my card be here soon?,2505
-When my card expires what is the cost of a replacement and how fast?,2506
-How do I deposit through bank transfer?,2507
-I am just waiting on the completion of the transaction.,2508
-No option to top up with a cheque ?,2509
-Could you send me and up date on the arrival of my card?,2510
-My top up hasn't gone through,2511
-Which countries do you operate in,2512
-Can I have more than one card?,2513
-why is top up pending,2514
-Will it cost me to get a second card?,2515
-What is the normal time to make an international transfer? I made one a few days ago that still hasn't arrived.,2516
-My app was on the phone and I was mugged. What do I do?,2517
-Can it automatically top up my account?,2518
-what is the cost for exchanging currencies?,2519
-Please help me get a Visa card.,2520
-Why was I blocked from withdrawing from the ATM?,2521
-Why is my 'top up' not showing up in my wallet?,2522
-The machine only paid me a hundred when I wanted 20,2523
-Why was my top-up declined?,2524
-Why is my top-up showing as cancelled?,2525
-What do I do when a charge has been made that I did not make?,2526
-Can I change my PIN?,2527
-I believe that a card payment I made was cancelled.,2528
-"I got my card now, how do I make it show up in the app?",2529
-Do you have to be 18 to make an account?,2530
-I just got a new card how do I get it to start working?,2531
-My account is devoid of funds. Am I permitted to submit additional money via bank transfer?,2532
-I would like to change to a different currency.,2533
-"My PIN can't access my card, can you help?.",2534
-my pin hasn't arrived in the post! How do I cancel it or get a new one?,2535
-Is it free to transfer money or is there a fee?,2536
-Can I top-up any amount I wish on any given day?,2537
-Where is my card?,2538
-Please help me as my online payment is getting declined since yesterday while i am trying to purchase something online.,2539
-when will the balance on my account change form a transfer,2540
-What foreign exchange rate will I get?,2541
-Is the card welcomed by everybody?,2542
-I tried to pay through my account but the payment is not going through. What's going on?,2543
-My card payment was reverted,2544
-"Um, my top up didn't work",2545
-I got less cash than what I specified for through the ATM.,2546
-Why is it taking so long for a transfer to complete!,2547
-Cancelling a transaction,2548
-how long does delivery take?,2549
-Unable to use my American Express with Apple Pay to top up my account,2550
-"If I need to make an exchange from USD to GBP, how can I do so in the app?",2551
-I did not get all the cash at ATM.,2552
-what I need to verify my account,2553
-Are there any charges for using a bank card to top up,2554
-Currently my card is broken.,2555
-Help! In the app there is a payment that I don't remember.,2556
-Why was I charged a fee when I withdrew money?,2557
-I was trying to purchase some crypto and the app won't allow me to do it. What's the deal with this? I really wanted to complete the exchange.,2558
-I withdrew money from the ATM and was overcharged. It said nothing about an extra fee.,2559
-Top-up is loaded into the card and no update.,2560
-How long will it take to deliver to the US?,2561
-It can take between 10 minutes to an hour before you hear back from us about the verification result. Please try again if your verification fails. Make sure you double check that images are clear and all document photos are readable without blur or glare. You have to be 18 or older and live in the European Economic area or live in Switzerland to be able to open an account.,2562
-"I might be paranoid, but someone may be using my card.",2563
-Tell me what ATMs allow me to change my PIN.,2564
-"There has been an unusual withdrawal from my account, can you help?",2565
-Are you able to guide me to my card's location?,2566
-Can you tell me what countries you offer support for?,2567
-I sent a payment but it isn't showing up in the app,2568
-Why has my money disappeared? I topped up earlier and seen it was there and had went through. What seems to be the problem?,2569
-How can I obtain a disposable virtual card?,2570
-I could not access my money at the ATM,2571
-"There is an extra charge on my account I didn't authorise, it's just £1, what is it?",2572
-I tried to make a transfer and it failed.,2573
-The money is still in my account even though I already paid -- I don't understand what happened.,2574
-Can I add money to my account via bank transfer?,2575
-Is there a way I can check on the card on route to me?,2576
-Do you provide currency exchange to Euros?,2577
-"i am not a premium customer but i want a virtual card, how do i get it",2578
-Should I complete my security verification before I can use my account?,2579
-I have not received a refund.,2580
-How many active cards can I have?,2581
-How do I obtain a second card?,2582
-I see a fee that I think was charged because I paid by card.,2583
-Why is the transfer showing pending?,2584
-I tried to do a transfer but it didn't go through.,2585
-I moved and need to change my personal information.,2586
-Why are you keeping my money from me by declining my card? What is going on?,2587
-I have to make several disposable cards per day.,2588
-I made a payment but the app cancelled it.,2589
-What card types can I choose from?,2590
-I need to know if you will accept my credit card.,2591
-"My top up has been pending for an hour already, and I really need this to go through as soon as possible. Can you help?",2592
-I believe my card has been compromised as there's a cash withdrawal I don't recognize.,2593
-Is the top-up amount unlimited?,2594
-"i dont recognise some of these transactions, i think someone has my card details",2595
-I really want a physical card. How do I get one?,2596
-how much is it to exchange currency,2597
-Are cards from the US accepted?,2598
-Please help me change my PIN.,2599
-Are extra cards free?,2600
-It looks like the exchange rates on my card payment are wrong,2601
-"When traveling, is it possible for it to add money at specific time intervals?",2602
-I took out some cash from the ATM but it is still showing the transaction is pending.,2603
-Can I use your services without access to the app?,2604
-"I have obtained the salary in GBP, will it need to be configured?",2605
-Can you tell me which cards and currencies are supported?,2606
-how much will I be charged for making a transfer?,2607
-Can you tell me what the disposable cards are used for?,2608
-Is there any way to get my salary in a different currency?,2609
-Is there always a charge when withdrawing money?,2610
-Why does it cost more to pay with my card?,2611
-Is there a problem with the top up system? My transaction hasn't gone through properly,2612
-"The other bank confirmed a transfer I made, but this account is not reflecting it yet.",2613
-I tried to transfer money to a receiver and they didn't get the right amount. What is going on and who do I contact to help me?,2614
-my phone has been stolen by someone,2615
-Does it cost extra to send out more than one card?,2616
-Can I order a new card? Mine is about to expire.,2617
-I wanted $100 but only got $20,2618
-I don't know what's going on but all of my transfers keep getting declined. I have checked over the recipient details twice. These details are all correct.,2619
-Why didn't my transfer to a beneficiary happen?,2620
-There is a direct debit set up that was not authorized by me.,2621
-How do I change to a different currency?,2622
-I do not see the card PIN anywhere?,2623
-"There's a weird payment showing in my app that I definitely haven't made myself, as I haven't used the card at all that day. Please cancel that and return my money.",2624
-Show me how to activate my card,2625
-How long is delivery to the US?,2626
-Why do you ask for top-up verification?,2627
-I thought that transfers are free. Why was I charged an extra fee?,2628
-"My card arrived but I need to make it work in the app, how do I do that?",2629
-Why do I see a fee when I do a transfer?,2630
-"About two days ago now, I made a transfer from France but it hasn't arrived yet. Is it possible that the international transfer just takes longer?",2631
-How many physical cards am I allowed to have?,2632
-Why won't the ATM let me withdraw money?,2633
-I would like help to revert a transaction I did this morning,2634
-How can I verify the top-up card?,2635
-Why was I charged extra on my last UK pound to Russian ruble exchange?,2636
-My card information seems to have been stolen! I don't know where these transactions came from and I've never even been to the city where they were made. I need my card blocked ASAP so this person can't keep using my card.,2637
-What is this cash withdrawal I don't recognize?,2638
-"I don't know what's wrong with my card, but it has not worked at multiple places today.",2639
-"I had a problem with my card payment, can you help?",2640
-ATM apparently not working? Couldn't access funds in my account?,2641
-What is the greatest number of times that I can top-up?,2642
-I tried using my ATM card at your Notting Hill location today. It did not work. Am I doing something wrong?,2643
-How are the exchange rates determined?,2644
-Can you tell me how to get a disposable virtual card?,2645
-Is there a way yo change my PIN?,2646
-How long does it take for a top up to go through,2647
-I am not comfortable verifying my indentity.,2648
-How do I know if i need a disposable card?,2649
-"A 500 pound cash withdrawal was just made from my account, but I didn't make it. I am pretty sure my card has been compromised - can you help me?",2650
-What kind of charges should I expect to exchange currencies?,2651
-Can I transfer my salary if its in GBP?,2652
-I did a transaction this morning and now I want to cancel it.,2653
-Are you okay with exchanges to EUR?,2654
-I can't use my virtual disposable card,2655
-I need to transfer money to my account from another bank,2656
-Can it add money automatically while travelling,2657
-Why didn't I receive the correct exchange rate for an item that I purchased?,2658
-Why is my ATM withdrawal still pending?,2659
-Why was one of my transfers declined?,2660
-"My transfer is pending, why?",2661
-"After I deposited my cash, I still don't see it in my account.",2662
-Why is identity verification required?,2663
-There are a couple of payments with my card shown in the app that I really didn't make myself. Why is it happened?,2664
-Can i have a virtual card?,2665
-why was my payment reverted on the app,2666
-Can I transfer money to my card via bank-transfer?,2667
-I am trying to transfer money and something is going wrong.,2668
-How does someone else top up my account,2669
-Where can I modify my information?,2670
-I just replaced my phone but how do I use my card information?,2671
-ATM withdrawal not working.,2672
-"For adding money, which currencies do you accept?",2673
-I wanted to know about a pending dollar that is on my statement.,2674
-"On a card payment, why is there a fee?",2675
-How do I report fraud on my card?,2676
-"I heard that you support more than one type of fiat currency, would you tell me which ones please?",2677
-I am not happy with your company. Please delete my account asap.,2678
-maximum how many days get the courier?,2679
-Explain the card PIN to me.,2680
-Can I top up with cash,2681
-Can I trace where my funds came from?,2682
-My friends would like to add to my account. What is the procedure?,2683
-Can my salary be received and transferred to my current currency in my country?,2684
-I didn't do a payment and I have it now.,2685
-what is the average wait for transfers,2686
-"I need a new card, my old card is expiring.",2687
-I accidentally made a payment to a wrong account. What should I do?,2688
-My top-up was declined,2689
-Can I set my own top-up limit?,2690
-The exchange rate looks wrong on a holiday purchase,2691
-Help! I think my phone may be stolen or lost!,2692
-I just had a look at my statement. Why have I been changed for using the ATM?,2693
-how long does a US transfer take,2694
-"Hi I've been trying to top up my card for the past day but it gets declined, I need it topped up urgently! Can somebody get back to me to resolve this or explain any different ways I can top up my card?",2695
-I am paid by my employer in GBP; do I need to do anything in the app to indicate this?,2696
-Will you help me unblock my pin after putting in the wrong pin too many times?,2697
-I paid with card and was charged a fee that shouldn't be there!,2698
-2 weeks ago I ordered my new card. It isn't here. What should I do?,2699
-I will be traveling and want money to be added automatically in certain intervals. Is this possible?,2700
-Can I track when my card will be delivered?,2701
-How long will it take to have my card mailed to me?,2702
-What can you tell me about the card PIN?,2703
-How many different currencies can I hold money in?,2704
-What are the fees imposed when I make a transaction?,2705
-For what reason did my top-up fail?,2706
-Why did I get less cash than what I asked in the ATM?,2707
-How do I get my card back quickly from a bank machine that it?,2708
-What steps do I need to take to exchange currencies?,2709
-Are there steps to see where my funds come from?,2710
-What is the way to go about getting a virtual card?,2711
-I was not distributed the correct amount of cash that I asked for,2712
-"Hi, I'm trying to purchase a flat and I'm needing the first payment for the mortgage to go through on the flat I'm trying to buy. For some reason I keep getting an error.can you assist in making this transfer? What is going on?",2713
-I got a new card and can't find where to link it.,2714
-The card is non-functional.,2715
-Where is my credit card that was to be mailed?,2716
-I have a withdrawal waiting to go through.,2717
-Does it cost extra to exchange foreign currencies?,2718
-The App shows a fraudulent payment made on my account.,2719
-"My card got blocked, how do I reset?",2720
-A payment I didn't do shows in my app,2721
-What is the reason for the extra fee on my statement?,2722
-"Although I transferred some money, it has not as of yet, arrived.",2723
-Why was my transaction declined?,2724
-How long should I have to wait before I see the transfer in my account?,2725
-I would like to order a virtual card.,2726
-My card has been stolen what do I do?,2727
-"I am in desperate need to transfer funds from another account that i have into this one, how do i do that?",2728
-I didn't see any reason why my transfer was declined. What gives?,2729
-I am still waiting for my card.,2730
-Please send a new card; the ATM ate mine.,2731
-Someone else charged my card!,2732
-"Do I need to select a preference to receive my salary payments in GBP and, if so, where?",2733
-How do you determine the exchange rate?,2734
-Where can I get your exchange rates from?,2735
-I just realized I made the wrong transaction yesterday. Would you please make it correct?I need it by tomorrow Please.,2736
-I was just contacted by a seller that let me know they didn't get my money even though I'm very sure it was removed from my account. Now it's back in my account. Get this resolved quickly.,2737
-I found my old card. Can I link it back into the app?,2738
-I received my salary in the wrong currency. How do I change this?,2739
-"A transaction I did to my friend hasn't arrived yet, why?",2740
-Some cash withdrawal that I didn't make showed up in the app.,2741
-How long does it actually take my card payment to make it to the account? I've made a payment a couple of days ago but it hasn't moved since.,2742
-I bought something online a week ago and i never got it in the mail.Can I just get my money back now I don't want to keep waiting on something that isn't going to show up.,2743
-"I am getting an error stating my transfer is not possible while transferring money. Let me know the issue as its the first time i am getting error, earlier it used to work.",2744
-I tried to purchase airline tickets online this morning and my card information isn't working. Is there something going on with my account?,2745
-Some cash I didn't get shows in my app,2746
-What is the age requirement?,2747
-Why doesn't my Google pay top up work?,2748
-"Hello. I looked at my account and see that a transaction I tried to do is pending, but I did not complete that transaction. When I was at the ATM, the machine declined my card. Can you make sure that transaction does not go through because I definitely did not receive the money.",2749
-I'd like to know where my funds come from.,2750
-There is an extra 1£ charge on my app. Why did you charge me extra?,2751
-Please explain to me the process of getting a virtual card.,2752
-"My top-up does not seem to have worked, what went wrong?",2753
-Are these cards available in europe?,2754
-What will happen after my card expires?,2755
-Please help me figure out the reason for the odd withdrawal amount from my account?,2756
-Can I order a new card to China?,2757
-How much does currency exchange cost?,2758
-Do you accept SWIFT transfers?,2759
-Why on earth do you need so much personal id info from me?,2760
-how much is the fee for topping by card,2761
-Why is verification for my identity needed?,2762
-I have an unauthorized charge.,2763
-"Hello I made a bank account transfer from the UK. The transfer was a couple hours ago, nothing has shown up yet. Can you check to see if everything okay. Please.",2764
-How can I set a new pin.,2765
-Why have I been charged a fee for transferring money?,2766
-Where is my virtual card located?,2767
-What is the refund policy?,2768
-"I tried topping up using my card, but the money is gone?",2769
-Are there any top-up limits?,2770
-"My cash withdrawal is showing as pending, why?",2771
-What are these disposable virtual cards all about?,2772
-There are some card payments that I haven't done myself. What is going on with my card and does somebody else have access to my card?,2773
-I'm on holiday and I noticed a different amount for exchange rate. Can you explain?,2774
-It does not appear that my message went through.,2775
-my statement contains an unknown payment,2776
-My passcode won't work.,2777
-I do I top up from my Apple Watch?,2778
-I need to know the process to transfer money into my account.,2779
-I'm trying to activate the auto-top up function. Where is it?,2780
-"I was charged extra when I made a cash withdraw, why?",2781
-Can i have the item refunded?,2782
-Where can I order my virtual card?,2783
-What happens when my card expires?,2784
-I made a payment that is not yet complete.,2785
-"How long does it take for transfers to process? I sent funds to a friend, and she says that she has not yet received anything.",2786
-"Is my card working? It's the first time I tried using it I tried to get money out of an ATM, but got nothing.",2787
-I bought something in another country but the exchange rate is wrong,2788
-The app reversed a top off I had. What should I do?,2789
-I think my top-up has failed.,2790
-If I top up using a European card is there a charge?,2791
-Why haven't I received my new card yet?,2792
-Last week I put a cash deposit into my account and it is still isn't there.,2793
-Is there a minimum age for having an account?,2794
-"I lost my card, what do I do now?",2795
-What do I do about a debit on my account that I didn't make?,2796
-Show me where I can see the PIN?,2797
-How do I top up?,2798
-Are there any charges for topping up a US-issued card?,2799
-How do I make a currency exchange?,2800
-What is the process to link the new card?,2801
-"My phone is lost I don't want someone to use my account, what can I do?",2802
-I have an emergency and lost my phone. I need help accessing my account.,2803
-How do I go about topping up with Google Pay?,2804
-Is there something that I can do since my phone was stolen yesterday?,2805
-Is this app capable of exchanging currencies?,2806
-A receiver made me aware that they did not receive the full transfer that I made. The amount was showing to be a bit less. I now have to make a second transfer just to make up the difference. Can you reach out and let me know what's going on?,2807
-"Hi, My card is getting declined continuously when i am trying to top-up. Request you to look into this issue or tell me any other alternatives.",2808
-I already have a card and want to link it,2809
-"So, my transfer is showing as pending, when will it actually go through?",2810
-The balance has not been updated.,2811
-You shorted me money when I tried to make a withdrawal.,2812
-Why do transfers get declined?,2813
-I can get my identification verified.,2814
-Why isn't my refund showing up in my statement?,2815
-Where is the refund on my statement?,2816
-How do I top up with a cheque?,2817
-How long does it take for money to reach my account?,2818
-Which documents do I need for this identity check?,2819
-"My card has not been delivered yet and its been a week since I ordered it, please help",2820
-Why is the exchange rate on my card wrong?,2821
-Can I auto top up multiple times?,2822
-Where would I order a virtual card?,2823
-Do I get charged if I top up with my European bank card?,2824
-Do you guys accept cash? Because i deposited some this morning and I can't see it in my account.,2825
-Does Google Pay offer a top up option?,2826
-How do I top up my account using transfer?,2827
-the exchange rate was different than expected,2828
-Why can't I see a transfer to my account?,2829
-"Hi, I'm trying to transfer money from one country to another, but it's taking a long time! All the account information is right, so why is it taking so long?",2830
-What do I do if my Google pay top up isn't working?,2831
-"I needed cash today, so I used another provider's ATM, and when I attempted to withdraw, it declined. I just checked it out and I'm still showing my account with that amount pending! I didn't take any money out, it was declined, so I don't want that to be processed as a withdrawal.",2832
-How do I get a real card?,2833
-Will I need a new card or can I put my old card back into the app?,2834
-Google pay top up not working.,2835
-"Hae, I already completed my 3D secure authentication when I tried the crypto top up but it's still not working for me. I also don't understand what happened to the money in my account",2836
-I would like to cancel my order.,2837
-"I am tired of getting charged fees, and I have no idea why, please let me know what/when you charge fees for.",2838
-Can I edit my personal details?,2839
-There is a fee from a transfer that is not supposed to be here!,2840
-I am wondering about a transfer from a different country that doesn't show up yet?,2841
-When I got cash I was charged an extra fee! Explain!,2842
-"I want to get rid of the account, and delete personal information .",2843
-What should I do about a direct debit that I did not set up?,2844
-I accidentally left my phone at the hotel so now I'm not able to use the app.,2845
-How can I go about ordering a virtual card?,2846
-I made a transfer the day before yesterday within this country. It is still not showing up at all. I have double-checked and the account number is certainly right. I've actually type this multiple times. can you look into what is going on here?,2847
-"For you, how long do transfers normally take from a UK account? I completed one just now but nothing appears. I just need to be sure everything is okay.",2848
-Need to report a change of address.,2849
-Has my top-up gone through?,2850
-Can you tell me what currencies I can use to add money?,2851
-What is your currency exchange fee?,2852
-Can you explain more about why should I verify my identity?,2853
-what is this extra charge with my purchase?,2854
-Would it be possible for me to get a second card?,2855
-Does it cost anything to buy something from another country? Like is there going to be hidden transfer fees or currency conversion fees?,2856
-The app is having trouble verifying my identity.,2857
-How many days do I have to wait for the transfer to reach my account?,2858
-How do I add a card on to the app?,2859
-Why is there a direct debit to my account? I didn't do that.,2860
-what do i need to have with me to activate card,2861
-Help! I've forgot my app passcode!,2862
-I bought something with my card and I was charged a fee,2863
-What's your refund policy if I bought an item from you?,2864
-Do you have an auto-top function and how do I use it if so?,2865
-This exchange rate you use is awful! Please tell me this is a mistake and not the official interbank exchange rate!,2866
-I need more physical cards.,2867
-Can you please sort out your top up? I need this to go through asap because I really need the money. It's already been pending for an hour.,2868
-Looks like my top up failed.,2869
-There is more than one charge on my account for a transaction.,2870
-How long should a cheque deposit take to show? My account hasn't updated and I want to make sure everything is okay.,2871
-I needed cash from the ATM but I couldn't get it.,2872
-Where can I located the auto-top up option?,2873
-"I found my card that I thought I had lost, I need to reactive it, please help.",2874
-Why is the exchange rate terrible? That can't be close to the actual interbank rate.,2875
-"I want to add money to my international card, so are there any fees charged to do this?",2876
-Can I have my card activated?,2877
-I think my card has been used by somebody else since I was never in the little town where some transactions on this bill have come from. Please stop this right away.,2878
-"If my cash withdrawal is still not showing, is something wrong?",2879
-How do I exchange currencies using the app?,2880
-Do you also have this extra fee on your statement?,2881
-Is there a function where I can top-up automatically?,2882
-I am so angry right now! I went to the ATM and did not get the correct amount of money I chose to withdraw. How could this happen? I need my money and want to know how I can get it ASAP!,2883
-Is there a way to order a virtual card on the website?,2884
-Is there a fee for a cash withdrawal?,2885
-I was charge a fee that I wasn't told about,2886
-How come I didn't get a virtual card yet?,2887
-"I have checked the account information several times to be sure that it is correct, but the in country transfer I did a few days ago still has not appeared! What is the hold up?",2888
-My things were stolen and I need to know if I can still use this app.,2889
-from where are coming your exchange rates?,2890
-My salary comes in GBP can I change my options somewhere?,2891
-Are there any express fees if i want my new card faster?,2892
-Show me the amount of transactions I can do with a disposable card.,2893
-When will my top up process?,2894
-I have been trying unsuccessfully to top-up my card. Is the system down or not working properly?,2895
-What are the disposable cards used for?,2896
-I just deposited cash to my account and can't find it!,2897
-When can I expect money to be transferred to my account?,2898
-I think someone is using my card without my permission!,2899
-Why doesn't my card work for any transactions?,2900
-Why hasn't my cash arrived from a deposited check?,2901
-How was I charged extra when I used my card to pay?,2902
-I should not have been charged a fee for cash withdrawal.,2903
-My transfer failed to a beneficiary,2904
-Someone must have found my card details as I don't recognize these transactions.,2905
-Where do I go to reset my passcode?,2906
-I was charged multiple times for one transaction.,2907
-Why did I get charged more for using my card?,2908
-Why is the exchange rate wrong for my cash withdrawal?,2909
-"I tried using my card, but it doesn't work.",2910
-"I deposited some money, but the balance has not changed.",2911
-I am from X but am traveling to Y - how do I get currency for Y?,2912
-What's the process of changing from GBP to AUD?,2913
-My card expires soon,2914
-How long do deposits take to appear? I've been waiting for more than a week and need the money!,2915
-How long does it take for me to get my new card?,2916
-How do I use disposable cards?,2917
-"Hello, there was an error while attempting top-up with my card this morning. I was able to use the card two days ago with no issues. Could you please assist?",2918
-How do I use bank transfer to top up my account?,2919
-Will there be a charge when money is added to my account?,2920
-Next time maybe let people know that buying things from another country costs extra. I used my card to purchase an item from another country and I was charged for the item and also an extra fee it looks like. I wasnt aware of this and I think I should get a refund.,2921
-Can you tell me why my credit card was declined while trying to top-up?,2922
-I have been charged two times for one transaction.,2923
-How can I top up my card with another card?,2924
-I am locked out from entering my pin.,2925
-Please send me a disposable virtual card.,2926
-How can I top up with a cheque?,2927
-Can I get both a Visa and a Mastercard from you?,2928
-I don't know if I made this payment on my card.,2929
-I tried to get cash out of the ATM but it is taking too long,2930
-I am out of money in my account and I was wondering if I could do a bank transfer is put more in it?,2931
-At what age can my children use your service?,2932
-I made a purchase and was charged at the wrong foreign exchange rate.,2933
-"Hello, I noticed the money for an item I purchased online and have already received has been returned to my checking account. Was there an issue with the merchant accepting my payment? Or, possibly, with the bank sending it?",2934
-I hope to get a Visa card,2935
-"Hi. A couple hours ago I make a transfer from my UK bank account, but it hasn't shown up. Please, would you see what the delay is?",2936
-how long does it take for a transfer from Europe to go through?,2937
-Why does my top-up get cancelled?,2938
-Exchange rate for my card payment is wrong,2939
-Can you help me figure out what is going on with a debit payment that is showing up on my account I am not sure is suppose to be there.,2940
-What's the process for exchanges?,2941
-Hold old do my kids have to be to use the service?,2942
-I was charged for using my card?,2943
-I want to top up with my Apple Watch.,2944
-Are there any places that I can't use the disposable cards at?,2945
-Where do you get those exchange rates?,2946
-How do I go about changing my PIN?,2947
-Do you allow currency exchanges?,2948
-"I have my card, when whill my PIN be available?",2949
-Why can't I transfer to an account?,2950
-How can I get a Visa and Mastercard?,2951
-disposable virtual card can be ordered where?,2952
-Where do I go to reset the passcode?,2953
-The refund on my account hasn't shown up,2954
-I think the payment from my card was revereted,2955
-if i found a lost card can i put it back in app,2956
-Why has my top-up not worked?,2957
-I thought I was going to receive more currency?,2958
-I have been charged an extra fee when buying from your store. Why is this?,2959
-"I made a card payment, but it has been declined?",2960
-Seems like the exchange rate for my payment last Saturday was wrong. I was charged extra.,2961
-Why am I being told this transfer will not go thru,2962
-What options do I have when topping up a US card?,2963
-What do I do if there is an electronic debit that is not correct?,2964
-Does transferring money have a fee?,2965
-I was unable to transfer money to a beneficiary.,2966
-I would like to know why a withdraw I made for some cash shows up as pending.,2967
-What does it mean if my payment is pending?,2968
-Why has my top-up failed?,2969
-Can you tell me where my funds come from?,2970
-Why do I have an unexpected fee on my bill?,2971
-"I was doing a transfer and received a ""decline"" message.",2972
-Lost password,2973
-I prefer to get a Mastercard.,2974
-I notice there's a pending payment on my card.,2975
-I would like to dispute a direct debit transaction,2976
-Please help me set up a new PIN.,2977
-How do I change the details in my account?,2978
-Is there a fee to top up by bank transfers?,2979
-Why hasn't my top up gone through?,2980
-I did not receive the right amount of cash I requested,2981
-"I need to add more funds to my card today because it keeps being declined, and I need to use it immediately. Can you fix this or tell me alternatives?",2982
-Explain the payment that was declined!,2983
-"I am looking to get a Visa credit card, what must I do to achieve this?",2984
-Do you take both Visa and Mastercard?,2985
-"Hello. I have a transaction in my account listed as pending. I tried to use an ATM at the city centre, but the machine declined my card, and I did not receive the money. Why is the transaction still pending if I did not receive the money.",2986
-Why do I need to verify the top-up?,2987
-I need my refund,2988
-Where can i exchange between GBP and USD,2989
-I am interested in cancelling a purchase,2990
-How can I check on the delivery status of my card?,2991
-"Hurry and refund me, I am waiting",2992
-I sent money for my rent to my landlord but she is claiming it hasn't arrived in her account Can you trace the transfer I made to make sure it arrived so I can provide proof I sent it and that it has been deposited?,2993
-Visa or Mastercard?,2994
-What are the requirements to open an account for a minor?,2995
-"When I tried to top up using my card, all of the money disappeared.",2996
-I got charged twice,2997
-can you express my card to me?,2998
-I want to get a virtual card!,2999
-"I did not get my virtual card yet, Why?",3000
-"What does it mean when a transfer is ""pending""?",3001
-How much are the fees for adding funds using an international card?,3002
-I was spending cash with my card and got a fee.,3003
-Can you tell me why my transfer is pending still?,3004
-Could I open an account for children?,3005
-Do you know which businesses will accept my card?,3006
-I want to know about your refund policy.,3007
-There is a payment that is not mine in the App.,3008
-I think something went wrong with my exchange between Russian Ruble and UK pounds. I was overcharged during the swap.,3009
-The app declined my top up. What did I do wrong?,3010
-Can I change my details because I moved?,3011
-What is this witdrawal,3012
-My credit card payment has been in pending status for a super long time. I don't get it. Why is it like this? When will it go through?,3013
-Is it possible for a friend to personally send me a payment?,3014
-I made a transfer and they haven't received the money I sent them.,3015
-It seems that something went wrong with my exchange. I changed Russian Ruble into UK pounds but have been charged entirely too much!,3016
-What to do if my physical card is not working?,3017
-How do I dispute a debit that I didn't make?,3018
-Can I use google pay to top up?,3019
-I need a new PIN number.,3020
-Can I verify my top-up card?,3021
-"When I used one of the ATMs in the city centre today, I tried to take out some money, but for whatever reason, the machine declined my card. Just checked it out in my account and that amount is still showing as pending! Is there any way that you can cancel this transaction, because I did not receive any money whatsoever from the ATM",3022
-Why isn't my refund on my statement?,3023
-"I need to refund my item, can you please help?",3024
-how come when i got cash the exchange rate was different than it should be,3025
-I have not seen any changes in my account balance(s) after making a transfer.,3026
-Where do you deliver cards to?,3027
-When will my transfer move out of pending stage?,3028
-what are you going to use my identification details for?,3029
-"Looks like my card payment was made twice by mistake. I paid at the store earlier which rejected once, second time it worked. App stays at pending for one of the payments. Can you please remove one of them as it's wrong and clearly was declined?",3030
-Why did my transfer to a beneficiary fail?,3031
-"I purchased something while traveling, and the exchange rate applied was wrong.",3032
-What do I do if my card was stolen.,3033
-"One of my charges was declined, but the second one went through. But I notice on my App that one of them has gone through, and the other one is still pending. Please ensure that only one charge is processed. Thanks",3034
-Hello! I randomly got charged an extra fee today as i was shopping online and i have no idea why! Are there extra fees for card payments? Or am i missing something here?,3035
-Why am I charged to get money from the ATM?,3036
-"I noticed my card payment was cancelled, can you tell me why?",3037
-When will my card be delivered?,3038
-what is the correct exchange rate for getting cash,3039
-"I deposited a cheque, why isn't my balance showing that I did?",3040
-"phone is at a hotel, can i still use app",3041
-The ATM didn't give me the full requested amount,3042
-Can you tell me about these disposable virtual cards?,3043
-It looks like I was charged twice for a single transaction,3044
-"So much time has gone by, the pending status shouldn't still be there shouldn't it?",3045
-Am I able to Top Up with Apply Pay?,3046
-I was checking my account when I saw a $500 cash withdraw that I know I didn't do. I have my card so I don't understand how this happened. Please help me.,3047
-I am seeing a direct debit I wasn't aware of.,3048
-I was charged an extra pound for no reason. Why is that?,3049
-How do I replace my card before it expires?,3050
-Why do you need my name and ID,3051
-"I'm having money transferred from Europe, how long will this take?",3052
-The app has rejected my top up.,3053
-How long are deliveries to the US?,3054
-"Hello, i just checked my statement and there seems to be a payment from my card that I have never seen before.",3055
-"If I see a payment in the app that I don't recognize, what should I do?",3056
-Is it possible to change from USD to GBP with your App?,3057
-I have a cash withdrawal that I don't recognize.,3058
-Do you need my birthdate?,3059
-HELP. My account has been deducted already and the Seller says they haven't received the money yet? When can they expect it?,3060
-What is the meaning of a pending payment?,3061
-Do i need to verify my top up?,3062
-I need to cancel a payment. Something i purchased a while ago still has not arrived and i'm not going to pay them if they won't send me what I purchased.,3063
-May I order another card?,3064
-"My pin needs unblocking, unblock it please?",3065
-How long does transfer from the US take?,3066
-I was overcharged one extra pound!,3067
-"I paid with my card and got charged an extra fee, what's up with that?",3068
-My account balance doesn't reflect an update I made by cheque yesterday. Is something wrong or is the system slow?,3069
-"I made a mistake when sending a payment, sending it to the wrong account number (with a typo) - can you please cancel the transaction?",3070
-My transfer is pending too long.,3071
-"I just checked and my payment was cancelled, why?",3072
-My new landlord is a lier and is trying to rip me off by saying I've not paid my rent when I have paid my rent. What is going on? They say the money hasn't got to them but I see it going out of my account. Can you check that the money went to the right place?,3073
-"I'm looking in the App and can't find my PIN, where should I look?",3074
-Can you tell me how to change my PIN?,3075
-I think my transfer failed. What do I do now?,3076
-I got charged fees for withdrawing cash!,3077
-"Hi, there is a suspicious payment from my card. I definitely do not know who this is or who could have made this payment.",3078
-Transaction refund missing from my statement.,3079
-I need to verify my funds.,3080
-My automatic top-up was unsuccessful,3081
-Can I auto-top up? How do I do it?,3082
-How do I request the PIN?,3083
-I would prefer a Mastercard.,3084
-need help with google pay top up,3085
-Can you explain why I am now getting charged a fee for using my card?,3086
-How long does it take for my top up to clear?,3087
-Tell me how to setup a new PIN.,3088
-Where do I find a virtual card?,3089
-Somebody used my card without my knowledge!,3090
-I need to transfer something to China. It is urgent. How many days will it take to get there?,3091
-I want a new PIN please.,3092
-Why did I get charged extra?,3093
-"I would like open a second card for my daughter, how can you assist me?",3094
-How do I exchange USD to GBP?,3095
-What should I do if I don't know my password?,3096
-Can we skip verifying?,3097
-This isn't fair! I thought transfers could be made for free. I just made a purchase online from abroad and now see some strange fee that I've never seen before.,3098
-Why would my card payment be cancelled?,3099
-How can I know where did my funds come from?,3100
-There is a pending transaction on my account for when I tried to get money from the ATM earlier and it did not work. Can you fix this?,3101
-I requested $100 but only got $20,3102
-Are refunds allowed for certain items.,3103
-Do you issue cards for someone living in the US?,3104
-If I make a mistake can I cancel the transaction?,3105
-My contactless stopped working today for no good reason. It's not working no matter where I try to use it. Can you please help me fix it?,3106
-why hasn't my virtual card come yet?,3107
-"Is there a fee when I get cash from an ATM? Is there a limit I can take out? If there is a fee, what is it?",3108
-how much do I have to pay for exchange of currency?,3109
-What caused my cash withdrawal to be declined?,3110
-How do I get my card?,3111
-i havent got my card,3112
-How do I link a new card in the app?,3113
-"You can activate your card in a few seconds by going to account, hitting activate, and just following the directions.",3114
-I would like my refund for this item I bought.,3115
-I have some transactions on my account I did not make. Can you cancel my card and prevent further use.,3116
-My phone has been stolen.,3117
-Why can't I withdraw cash from this ATM?,3118
-Does auto top-up have a limit?,3119
-Are physical card available?,3120
-Please help me. My card is missing.,3121
-What do I do if my phone was stolen?,3122
-A transaction shows duplicate times.,3123
-Are there top up charges for US cards?,3124
-I think someone stole my card because I can't find it.,3125
-What is the fee if I use a European bank for a top up?,3126
-What do i do to get a physical card?,3127
-Why have I been charged a fee for card payment?,3128
-Why is there a charge when I took out money?,3129
-Where are your cards delivered to?,3130
-I've already tried 5 times to complete a transfer that's just standard. What's the deal? Is your system down at this time?,3131
-I want to take back my transaction,3132
-What are the steps of verifying an identity?,3133
-The cash I wanted wasn't there.,3134
-I need to move money from another bank to this account.,3135
-The exchange rate for me was wrong when I was abroad.,3136
-How do I cancel a transfer?,3137
-Can you provide information for freezing my card immediately?,3138
-The recipient doesn't see the money transaction I made,3139
-Do I get charged for withdrawals?,3140
-How recent do my documents need to be for verification?,3141
-can I use it in any country?,3142
-How can I tell if an AMT will take this card?,3143
-What can I use to verify my identity?,3144
-Is it possible to get a card outside the UK?,3145
-What is going on with it saying my card payment was declined?,3146
-"This is frustrating, I'm at work and my transfers are not going through. I keep getting an error message, I do not have time for this.",3147
-For what reason must I authenticate the top up?,3148
-Are there a certain amount of transactions i can do with one disposable card?,3149
-I took out money and there is a fee. Why?,3150
-My top-up funds aren't available yet.,3151
-I purchased something abroad but the exchange rate is incorrect.,3152
-"Someone is using my card to purchase flights to New York it's not me because I'm not going to New York, please can you cancel the card and refund the money?",3153
-Is there an auto top up option?,3154
-What is the appropriate age for my child to be able to open an account?,3155
-I'm confused as to why my top-up did not go through.,3156
-"I deposited cash this morning, but it is not yet available.",3157
-I could not use my card in a store.,3158
-I can't find my phone and I'm worried someone is going to use it,3159
-what's my top-up verification code?,3160
-How do I go about ordering another card?,3161
-Will my friends be able to top up my account?,3162
-What would the age limit be?,3163
-Are there any discounts in exchanging currencies frequently?,3164
-"If I need to cash foreign transfers, how does that work?",3165
-"I got my American Express in Apple Pay, why is top up not working in my country?",3166
-why am I being charged a fee for transferring money ?,3167
-Seems like my top up has been cancelled,3168
-What ATMs can I use my card?,3169
-Can other people top up my account?,3170
-Why isn't the transfer I made to a friend showing?,3171
-After depositing a cheque my balance did not change.,3172
-What places accept my card?,3173
-How can I change to another currency?,3174
-I think my card has been compromised in some way.,3175
-Why is a transfer I did recently still processing?,3176
-Please tell me how to get a card if I reside in the US.,3177
-What do i do if the exchange rate was wrong for the item i bought overseas?,3178
-My daughter would like a card from my account? Can I do this?,3179
-Is the identity check part of bank policy?,3180
-I cant get money out of the ATM with my card. I just put my card in the ATM but it will not allow me to take any money out. What do I need to do to fix this?,3181
-My credit card for was not approved for a top-up transaction. What happened?,3182
-What are the steps for my friend to send me money?,3183
-I need to know the if there is a limit on the amount for auto top-up.,3184
-What is the reason why the transfer shows as pending?,3185
-top up for my american express card is not working,3186
-How to modify my details.,3187
-Where do I order additional cards?,3188
-My card payment says pending and it hasn't changed,3189
-Why did my top-up get reverted?,3190
-How to I close my account?,3191
-Why is top up not working if I use my American express with my apple pay?,3192
-When I got cash the exchange rate was wrong,3193
-What do I do if I lost my phone?,3194
-I tried activating my card and it doesn't work how do I solve this problem?,3195
-What is this $1 charge on my account?,3196
-"I Submitted a cheque couple of days ago, nothing happened to my account yet.What could be the possible issue?",3197
-Is it possible to get a refund?,3198
-Why am I being charged for transferring money?,3199
-It appears I have a fee in my statement.,3200
-How can I activate the new card i got?,3201
-I would like to reactivate a card and wondered if that could be done?,3202
-the transfer went through but now it has been pending for quite a while. i need this to go through already,3203
-Are your cards supported in the EU?,3204
-"I deposited a cheque, but the balance hasn't changed yet.",3205
-How long does it take for cash withdrawals to hit my account?,3206
-I was charged two times for the same thing.,3207
-I did not make a cash withdrawal that is on my statement,3208
-"I cannot seem to buy something online with my card? the payment comes back, what's going on?",3209
-"My money is gone :( I had topped up recently and saw it was there and went through, but now it's disappeared, what's going on?",3210
-can I use it all over the world?,3211
-Why didn't the money I transferred into my account get added to my balance?,3212
-How do I top up with cash?,3213
-I'm still waiting for my card.,3214
-I have a new card and need to activate it,3215
-My refund isn't going fast enough.,3216
-Why was I charged a fee for withdrawing money off my card?,3217
-Where is the money I put in the bank?,3218
-What happened to my Top-Up? It's not reflected.,3219
-I'd prefer to use my American Express when putting funds into my account.,3220
-I bought an item at the wrong exchange rate.,3221
-How do I top up using my card?,3222
-Can you change my currency to EUR?,3223
-I was the victim of someone stealing my wallet. My card is being used and it isn't me. What should I do?,3224
-Do you only use Visa or do you have Mastercard too?,3225
-on my statement there is a payment that I don't recognise,3226
-What amount can I top-up?,3227
-"Hi , I just came to know I made the wrong transaction yesterday. Would you please make it correct?I need it by tomorrow.",3228
-"I tried topping off my account with a card, but the money is not in my account despite the charge going through",3229
-I need Australian dollars instead of UK currency.,3230
-Am I limited to what ATM I can use my card?,3231
-"Someone has access to my card info. I still have the card, but someone just withdrew cash. How do I get this corrected/stopped?!",3232
-Can you tell me where to find top up by cash deposit?,3233
-It seems like my card payment didn't work.,3234
-I heard you have virtual cards. How do I get one?,3235
-"my card payment has been declined, do you know why?",3236
-"My top-up hasn't gone through, what happened?",3237
-Can I request a refund,3238
-My first choice would be Mastercard.,3239
-"Hello, I am a college student who I recently attended my high school reunion at a local restaurant. I paid with my credit card and now my transaction history reflects a second charge of the seemingly same payment. What could be the reason for this? Is there any way to have the fraudulent payment credited back onto my card?",3240
-"I bought something in another currency, but the exchange rate was incorrect.",3241
-why cant you just refund me instead of a merchant,3242
-is there a limit on top ups,3243
-Why can't I see my top up?,3244
-"Please help, the atm swallowed my card, what do I do?",3245
-My card appears to have never arrived?,3246
-"I tried again to top up my card after doing it a couple days ago when it had worked. Now, it doesn't seem to be working. Can you tell me what the deal is here please?",3247
-"I'm pretty frustrated about a pound charge that keeps showing up in my account statement. It's listed in the app as ""pending"", it never changes, and now I'm thinking someone's hacked my account!",3248
-Can you tell me more about limits to disposable virtual cards?,3249
-When will my returned transaction show up on my account?,3250
-My PIN isn't working.,3251
-I haven't received my virtual card yet!!,3252
-I finally got my card. Now I want to link it. Is that something you have to do or can I do that?,3253
-What steps are taken to transfer money into my account?,3254
-I happened to forget my passcode,3255
-the money i transferred didnt arrive,3256
-Fix my top up,3257
-can my husband open an account and transfer money,3258
-Do you accept any card and currency?,3259
-How can I obtain a virtual card?,3260
-"Hello. Please, would you tell me if you have or have not received funds for a refund that I recently requested for a big purchase? I've contacted the merchant, but I can't tell that they have taken any action on it.",3261
-My top up isnt working,3262
-how do i dispute a payment I didnt make,3263
-How long does it take for a purchase to go from pending to authorised?,3264
-I need my account checked because it appears there is a problem. I attempted to update my balance yesterday using cheque but it doesn't seem to have worked. Should this not be faster than this?,3265
-How long does it take for a transfer to finish pending?,3266
-What is the maximum top up?,3267
-Tell me how to verify a top up.,3268
-I can not find my refund.,3269
-What steps should I take before my card expires?,3270
-I transfered my balance a while back. Why doesn't my account reflect this?,3271
-"i tried using a virtual card for a hotel but it didn't work, why not",3272
-"My salary is in GBP, do I need to exchange it before putting it into my account?",3273
-The exchange rate was incorrect for this item I bought.,3274
-Why couldn't I transfer funds to my beneficiary?,3275
-Duplicate transactions appear on my account,3276
-How do I get selected for a visa card?,3277
-My exchange rate was wrong for an Item I bought!,3278
-Help please! My rent payment is coming out tomorrow and I made a payment mistake yesterday! Can you put in in the correct account?,3279
-can you share card tracking number?,3280
-"I can't get my card out of the ATM, what should I do now?",3281
-"I made a deposit a couple of days back it's, as of yet, not gone in! It would be ideal if you assist me with this",3282
-I transferred some money but it is not here yet,3283
-The payment for the card did not go through,3284
-My account shows a direct debit charge that I have never seen before,3285
-What should I do if my passcode won't work?,3286
-What do I do when I get close to the expiration date of my card?,3287
-It appears my top-ups have been canceled.,3288
-I moved and need to change my address.,3289
-How much does it cost to us US cards?,3290
-My transfer has been pending for a long time now. I already double checked my account info and it is correct. Why is it taking so long in 2018 to transfer money?,3291
-What do I do to activate?,3292
-Can I use my account even though the identity verification has not passed yet?,3293
-how can i exchange currencies,3294
-"I tried to get money out of the Notting Hill ATM earlier, but wasn't able to. Is my card working okay? It's the first time I tried using it.",3295
-What is the max amount of top-ups?,3296
-What do I do to unblock my PIN?,3297
-Why hasn't my refund been appiled to my account?,3298
-Why was I charged for withdrawing cash?,3299
-How long will it take to transfer something from China?,3300
-A seller is stating that they haven't received money yet when the money has already deducted from my account.,3301
-My app statement shows I took out cash from an ATM but I did not. What can I do?,3302
-Why am I not able to withdraw cash from this ATM?,3303
-How can I activate my new card?,3304
-Will you charge me for exchanging foreign currencies?,3305
-"Hi, I am facing issue with my card payment while shopping online as payment is getting reverted. I am struggling with this issue around two weeks. Please advise.",3306
-Can I activate my card?,3307
-"I received a fee for obtaining cash, is this correct?",3308
-Please help me cancel a transaction.,3309
-how much do you charge to top up US cards?,3310
-What is the fee for accepting money from a foreign country?,3311
-"I think my pin has been compromised, what do I do?",3312
-what is this extra charge for a withdrawal?,3313
-Can you do exchanges of EUR?,3314
-I believe my top up did not work.,3315
-Why was I charged a random fee for a transfer I made?,3316
-I am unable to get cash from the ATM,3317
-My identity verification isn't working,3318
-When will my deposit from this morning show up?,3319
-What do I do if I can't access my passcode?,3320
-I topped up my card but the app rejected it.,3321
-How can I get a refund for an item I purchased but has not yet arrived?,3322
-Help me verify the card used on a top-up.,3323
-Can topping up be automatic?,3324
-I need help- I got mugged yesterday and they took everything so I can't use the app.,3325
-Why is there a pending time on my transfer?,3326
-What type of card can I get?,3327
-Do you process SWIFT transfers?,3328
-Is my card accepted anywhere?,3329
-Let me know when you charge for payments. I just checked the app and saw a fee that I wasn't warned about.,3330
-How do I get a spare card?,3331
-How do I get money from friends?,3332
-This disposable virtual card is not working.,3333
-I would like to transfer money from my checking account to my savings account.,3334
-"I sent money to someone but they haven't gotten it, what's going on?",3335
-Would I have to pay anything if I need an additional card?,3336
-what is this fee for transfering,3337
-There are a couple payments with my card in the app I see that I didn't create. What is happening? Maybe someone gained access to my account.,3338
-How do I find the top-up verification code?,3339
-Why is top up not working for my apple pay app,3340
-Let me know when applying extra charges for payments. I just checked the app and saw a fee that I wasn't warned about.,3341
-I need to get hold of a physical card?,3342
-I think the bank made a mistake on the exchange rates,3343
-How many ATMs will take this card?,3344
-"Hello, I'm having trouble with my card, I don't understand what's happening, I tried using the ATM machine earlier but it wasn't working but seems like the transactions is still in progress, can you cancel it for me?",3345
-"I need to top up, can I use google pay?",3346
-i disagree with a charge,3347
-"Hello, In my most recent ATM transaction, I didn't receive nearly as much cash as I thought I would - what is your exchange rate policy?",3348
-My credit card got declined for top up! What's going on? Can you check on why it didn't go through?,3349
-I would like to cancel my previous purchase.,3350
-there were two of the same charge to my account,3351
-I think my account has been hacked there are charges on there I don't recognize.,3352
-Is it possible to top-up automatically?,3353
-Would you be so kind as to activate my card? Thanks,3354
-Hello. I just noticed I was charged two times for a restaurant I visited this week. Can you reverse the additional charge?,3355
-Why do you need so much id info from me?,3356
-The exchange rate is incorrect for something I bought,3357
-Why haven't I been given a virtual card yet?,3358
-Please tell me what the exchange fee is.,3359
-My credit card did not go through. Can you see if it has insufficient funds?,3360
-How do I track the card you sent me?,3361
-I went to the Notting Hill ATM to use my card the first time for a cash withdrawal but it didn't work. Does this mean that my card isn't working yet?,3362
-How long does a transfer take?,3363
-"I got less than what i asked for in the ATM, why?",3364
-How can I exchange GBP for AUD?,3365
-What was I charged a fee for card payment?,3366
-Why is my card not working anymore?,3367
-"I'm supposed to be getting a refund but it hasn't shown up, now what?",3368
-help me find where this money came from,3369
-I believe that my transfer hasn't gone through.,3370
-How limited is a virtual card?,3371
-"I heard you have an auto-top up option, where do I find that?",3372
-I tried to top-up but it got denied.,3373
-I have a fee showing from last time I used my card.,3374
-Why has my withdrawal not posted?,3375
-There was a problem with the exchange rate on a purchase.,3376
-Do the disposable cards have any restrictions?,3377
-Are bank transfers immediate?,3378
-I sent some money but the intended recipient says it hasn't arrived,3379
-How do I get refills to my card when I'm traveling?,3380
-I don't think my transfer wen through. Why?,3381
-What is the time frame that it usually takes for a transfer to come through? I have a friend needing it immediately but it has yet to come through.,3382
-Why do you need me to do an identity check?,3383
-Why was my new card declined?,3384
-What ATM accepts Mastercard?,3385
-I was only given $20 when I tried to get $100,3386
-My card is about to expire. How do I get a new card?,3387
-"I don't understand what a disposable virtual card is, can you help?",3388
-I do not know where the transaction is.,3389
-Why did my payment get declined?,3390
-What method do you use for the exchange rate?,3391
-How long does it take for deliver to the US?,3392
-When do i get charged a fee for using the card?,3393
-What is the most efficient way to activate my new card?,3394
-I got some cash but it wasn't the right amount.,3395
-Which flat currencies do you support for holding and exchange?,3396
-Why hasn't my in country transfer gone through yet? I confirmed the account info a couple days ago but the payment hasn't been posted yet.,3397
-top up cancellation,3398
-How much do I need to pay for a transfer?,3399
-What do I do to verify a top-up?,3400
-What is the timeframe for a transfer in Europe?,3401
-What is the function of the disposable cards?,3402
-When I purchased a product in another country the currency exchange was incorrect.,3403
-Why is my transfer pending when I already made it?,3404
-Do EU transfers happen quickly? I purchased something a few days ago and the seller hasn't received my money yet.,3405
-Please show me how my friend can send me money.,3406
-Why is there a $1 charge on my statement?,3407
-Which countries do you work with?,3408
-When will my virtual card arrive?,3409
-I didn't withdraw the amount of cash that is showing up in the app.,3410
-How do I get started when I get my card?,3411
-What is the process for unlocking the pin?,3412
-What countries are you issuing cards for?,3413
-It appears as though my card payment was duplicated. I paid at the store earlier today. The first time it was declined and the second time it worked. The app is still showing one of the payments to be pending. Please take one of these off because clearly the first was declined and is not correct.,3414
-The exchange rate was not correct for the item I bought.,3415
-I was charged for the same thing twice,3416
-"I need multiple cards per day, and they all have to be disposable.",3417
-I'm still awaiting for the completion of the transaction.,3418
-What is the highest amount of top ups I'm allowed?,3419
-how do i cancel my account,3420
-Can you tell me how I go about activating a new card?,3421
-My source of funds need verification.,3422
-who charged my card,3423
-Why was I not able to complete my transfer?,3424
-What currencies are approved to add money?,3425
-i would like to top up with check,3426
-I have an American Express that I'd like to add money to my account with.,3427
-Is there a top up fee?,3428
-Is there a reason my top-up has been cancelled?,3429
-"I have an unknown debit charge in my statement, why?",3430
-Is there a reason my refund isn't showing on my statement?,3431
-I used this account a lot during the last month to manage my payments for my new place abroad. Seems that suddenly fees have increased? Shouldn't you instead reward your frequent customers instead of putting an additional fee suddenly?!,3432
-My wallet doesn't show my recent top up.,3433
-Do you ship your cards anywhere?,3434
-Can friends send me money?,3435
-The top up failed,3436
-"i made a payment with my card and was charged a fee, why would you do that",3437
-I want to know your exchange rates.,3438
-How do I check security settings using the app?,3439
-I was attempting to top up with my card but the money has vanished!,3440
-What's the card you sent me's tracking number?,3441
-Cash withdrawal was incorrect at ATM.,3442
-Can you tell me where I can withdraw money?,3443
-Where can I get a physical card?,3444
-Can I start an account for my kids?,3445
-My top up is pending still,3446
-"I need to transfer some money, can I use my credit card?",3447
-"I would like to give another card to my daughter, how can I proceed?",3448
-What is your refund policy for products I have purchased?,3449
-is a transfer to a beneficiary allowed?,3450
-"I made a mistake of transferring, can I cancel my previous transfer?",3451
-"So, I was under the impression that you have an offer for crypto top up. This doesn't seem to be working. Now, the money has just disappeared from my account. What is the deal?",3452
-The top-up I ordered didn't process.,3453
-What was the issue with my topping up?,3454
-why did i only get 20.00,3455
-Why is there a 1 euro fee on my statement?,3456
-where can I change my address?,3457
-"I need to top up, but I have to use an international card. Is there a cost for that?",3458
-Do you deal with EUR?,3459
-I've been waiting for a refund where is it?,3460
-How do I use the app to exchange currencies?,3461
-The exchange rate used on your app is really bad. I'm considering closing my account because of it.,3462
-"The ATM will not let me get cash, WHY?",3463
-Can someone explain why I'm getting a message on my screen saying my transfer isn't possible? I've done several in the past and haven't had a single problem until now. What's going on?,3464
-I have left my card at my parents house. Can you send me a spare one please to use in the meantime?,3465
-I was unable to transfer to another account.,3466
-Can I exchange currency for different types?,3467
-Can I change my PIN on holiday?,3468
-I got a fee when paying with my card,3469
-How is my money transferred to the account,3470
-Why did my top-up not go through?,3471
-Can I wait for you to send me a new card when mine's about to expire?,3472
-Who gets support?,3473
-Do you charge anything for topping up?,3474
-how to exchange currencies,3475
-how many days processing new card?,3476
-In which countries does your app work,3477
-I am interested in a Visa or Mastercard. Do you offer them?,3478
-Why is there a fee when I thought there would be no fees?,3479
-How many disposable cards can I make in a day?,3480
-Is there a charge for SEPA transfers?,3481
-What do I do if my phone is stolen?,3482
-Please let me know what currency I can use to top up my account?,3483
-Is there a way I can get my card expedited?,3484
-Who do I contact if there is a direct debit that I did not create.,3485
-I cannot see a refund in my account,3486
-you got the exchange rate wrong for my cash withdrawal,3487
-Why is the exchange rate different on my recent purchase?,3488
-I paid with card and I was charged a fee,3489
-want a new card what are the fees,3490
-"Hello. I ran into a problem with a transfer this morning. I was trying to send money to some friends but when I tried to send it, the transfer failed. I don't know what is causing the transfer to be rejected. Please let me know what is causing the problem. Thanks.",3491
-I have an outgoing transfer,3492
-When can I expect the transfer to be complete?,3493
-Can i top up by card?,3494
-Would I be able to use SWIFT transfers?,3495
-Will I be sent a new card before mine expires?,3496
-"Hello, I tried to take some cash out of the ATM but I looked at my statement and it still shows that it's pending. Is the machine broken? Will I receive my money back or will I be charged for this?",3497
-Why am I not able to get cash from the ATM?,3498
-Why am I being charged for transfers? Are they not free?,3499
-I tried to get funds in hard cash but it was rejected!,3500
-The app is not able to realize that it is me.,3501
-I need a refund for something I bought.,3502
-Why is my payment in pending status?,3503
-My card is stuck in the ATM?,3504
-Do you take checks?,3505
-Why was the exchange rate so wrong when I bought something!,3506
-"I want to reactivate my card, I thought I had lost it but found it again this morning.",3507
-"I wanted to buy something online yesterday, but I could not because the card got declined on the day of and the following day. What is wrong with the card?",3508
-Is there a fee for physical cards?,3509
-"I thought I lost my card so I cancelled it, but recently I found it in my jacket and I would like to re-establish the card.",3510
-what are the exchange rates for foreign currency ATMs,3511
-Why are my purchases from this morning still pending?,3512
-How long does it take for money to transfer? I sent some to a friend and it hasn't gone through yet.,3513
-When can I expect my card?,3514
-can i go into my app to find my pin,3515
-Can I get information on topping up?,3516
-I did a payment but the app cancelled it.,3517
-Is there a way I can get a Visa card?,3518
-I wasn't charged the correct exchange rate for an item I purchased.,3519
-What US cards do you accept? I only have 1 other.,3520
-Do I get charged if I am receiving money?,3521
-"I am using the app, and I see cash withdrawals that I did not authorize.",3522
-How long does it typically take for a pending ATM withdrawal to clear?,3523
-My card was stolen,3524
-Tell me more about getting a virtual disposable card.,3525
-I would like to link my card to my account.,3526
-Can you deliver the PIN separately?,3527
-Is there a daily auto top-up limit?,3528
-Are there restrictions on new cards in China?,3529
-I have made several unsuccessful attempts to make a transfer. I'm getting frustrated at getting error messages and it not going through.,3530
-How can I cancel a transaction to a wrong account?,3531
-"I got double charged from something, what can I do?",3532
-Someone else used my card to withdraw cash from an ATM,3533
-Why did I get a different card then requested?,3534
-I lost the code and can not get into the app. Help!,3535
-Can i use this card at any store?,3536
-My disposable virtual card isn't working.,3537
-Can you give me info about what to do when my card expires?,3538
-I swear that there are 2 payments on the app that I didn't make. Could my card me stolen? Please advise what I should do.,3539
-I already got my item but just got my money back,3540
-Does it cost anything to get a new card? Mine's about to expire and I'd also like to know how long it takes to get the new one.,3541
-I just realized I made the wrong transaction yesterday. Would you please make it correct?I need it by tomorrow.,3542
-Can I use a transfer to receive my transfer?,3543
-My account says I have a pending transfer.,3544
-Why didn't I receive the right amount of cash?,3545
-"There are multiple instances where you added a fee to the payment, as well as some where you didn't. Do you have an outline of when a fee will be added?",3546
-Can my teenager have an account?,3547
-Can you please explain how to transfer money using the bank transfer process?,3548
-Do you limit my top-offs?,3549
-"I need to transfer money into my account, HOW?",3550
-I just got my card. It's not linked yet--how do I do that?,3551
-The app can't verify my information for identity proofing purposes.,3552
-"I got my American Express in Apple Pay, why is top up not working on my device?",3553
-"I am worried about the amount of my cheque, which should be credited to my account few days before. As i have already sent you the cheque.",3554
-what cards and currencies are accepted?,3555
-After trying to update my account balance yesterday by cheque it doesn't seem to working. Shouldn't the process be quicker? I need my account looked at because there appears to be a problem.,3556
-I keep getting an error message when I'm trying to transfer funds! Why aren't you accepting that?,3557
-Do you accept Visa or Mastercard?,3558
-What does it mean if it says that my payment is pending?,3559
-Could I get a mastercard if that's reasonable?,3560
-Is there a limit on how many times I can use a disposable card?,3561
-Someone that I had to send money to told me that they didn't receive the full amount I sent them - can you look into this?,3562
-I want to close my account due to poor customer service.,3563
-What is the estimated wait time for transfers from the US?,3564
-Is it possible to get a second card for my daughter?,3565
-I do not recognize a direct debit payment that I see on my app,3566
-I got a declining message during a transfer? please tell me why,3567
-"I am at the ATM and tried to withdraw 30 pounds and it only gave me 10 pounds, what do I do?",3568
-What is the length of time for money to reach the account?,3569
-"HELP! I tried to get cash and it gave me some, but not the right amount!",3570
-How does a bank transfer for topping my account work?,3571
-Yesterday my phone was stolen from me :( What do i need to do about it?,3572
-where is my money from this morning,3573
-Can I get a Visa card?,3574
-My money didnt go through after I transferred.,3575
-"A transfer I sent was received in less than the full amount I originally sent, and now I have to send additional funds to cover the full amount. What happened?",3576
-When are you going to activate my card?,3577
-Why is it failing to top-up?,3578
-think someone is using my card with permission,3579
-"Why wasn't it obvious that you charge for payments? If you put the fees in an easy to read format, this could have been avoided.",3580
-i didnt put that money in my account,3581
-"I tried to take out some money from an ATM earlier today and it was declined. Looking on my screen now, I still see that it's pending for that amount. I didn't actually get that money, so I don't want it processed on my account.",3582
-I've already sent the money out and still have not received money in my account.,3583
-Are EUR exchanges acceptable?,3584
-The passcode isn't working for me.,3585
-How long does it take transfers from Europe to complete?,3586
-There is a cash withdrawal on my statement that I did not make,3587
-help my money isnt showing up,3588
-I'm not sure where my phone is. Can someone else use the app?,3589
-I need to make multiple disposable cards in a day.,3590
-Can you explain why my Google Pay Top isn't working?,3591
-There should be a cash withdrawal that I haven't seen yet.,3592
-Where do I go for a refund?,3593
-Why is there a fee on a card payment?,3594
-"Hello, my transfers are getting failed continuously, in spite of the fact that all the recipient details are correct. Please advise.",3595
-How do I top up by card?,3596
-"My money is gone. I had topped up recently and saw it was there and went through, but now it's disappeared, what's going on?",3597
-How can I tell where the money came from?,3598
-I can't figure out why a transfer is still pending?,3599
-From what countries can I use an account?,3600
-What should I do if I lost my phone?,3601
-wheres my pin,3602
-What is going on? My balance still hasn't updated and it has been two weeks since I deposited my money!,3603
-Are you located in other countries?,3604
-What's taking my top-up so long?,3605
-The exchange rate for my electronic payment is incorrect.,3606
-There has been a red flag on my top up.,3607
-"Hi, I sent my landlord my rent money a few days ago and while everything seems good on my end he says that he never got the money. I double checked the account number and it's correct. Can you help me figure this out?",3608
-When will my transfer process?,3609
-"I've been to several different countries, can I exchange the cash with a discount for a large transaction?",3610
-Why is this fee being charged to me after using my card?,3611
-How long would does it take for a seller to receive an EU transfer if I bought something from them and sent them the money immediately?,3612
-What happened to my top-up? It was all done and now it's gone! Are you having problems with your system?,3613
-Where can I check to see where the money in my account came from?,3614
-What documentation is needed for the identity check?,3615
-"I tried to top off using the card, but the money just disappeared?",3616
-What should I do if my card doesn't work?,3617
-Do you charge extra for duplicate cards?,3618
-Why do we need to verify a top-up card?,3619
-Can I have a spare card for this account please?,3620
-I'm worried my card might be lost in the mail? How long does it usually take to arrive?,3621
-"On a card top-up, where can I verify?",3622
-Why is the cash withdraw I made shown as pending?,3623
-There is no way for me to prove my identity.,3624
-"When I got cash, my exchange rate was off.",3625
-I made a purchase recently but I have decided that I'm not buying it and I need to receive my money back. Can you please give me a refund ASAP. It's extremely urgent.,3626
-My top up is incomplete.,3627
-I tried to withdraw cash from the ATM machine and it did not work. Can you tell me why?,3628
-How are foreign exchange rates determined?,3629
-My card is stolen. Help!,3630
-I forgot my password to get into the app!,3631
-Someone might be using my card that is not me.,3632
-"I see in the app some cash was withdrawn, but it's not mine.",3633
-How do I find the refund on my statement?,3634
-Why is there an extra charge of 1 dollar on my statement?,3635
-What was the extra charge for withdrawing money?,3636
-Why do you need so much information about my identity?,3637
-Will any ATM's decline my card?,3638
-I purchased an item and the exchange rate was wrong,3639
-How often can I top up my account?,3640
-How do I know where I can use my card?,3641
-Why does it matter that I prove my identity?,3642
-Do all businesses take this card?,3643
-I used the ATM to get money out and did not realize I would be charged as much as I was or I would not have done that!,3644
-what happened to the money after i put in the wrong info and it got declined,3645
-Can you please tell me why I cant get money from the ATM?,3646
-"So, the card PIN?",3647
-Could you tell me about the restrictions that are on the disposable cards?,3648
-How do I get a PIN?,3649
-"Please help me in this, as i was unable to make any payment by my new card, it was getting declined repeatedly. I am not very happy with this incident.",3650
-How long should I wait for the card to arrive?,3651
-I have one other credit card from the US. Do you take it?,3652
-My contactless stopped working today no matter where I try to use it. How do I get it to start working again?,3653
-"Hello, I have tried using crypto top up but it is not working. I had some money in my account but I'm not sure what happened",3654
-the exchange rate on my payment was wrong,3655
-I am having problems with my physical card.,3656
-Could you explain your rules for ATM fees?,3657
-"I made a transfer and according to the receiver ""they haven't received the right amount"" Its lesser than it should be.Now I have to transfer more money to make up for the missing amount . Can you please help me about this,what should be done",3658
-I transferred money from one account to another account and I charged a fee for it. Why is that?,3659
-I am seeing in the App a diret debit that its not mine,3660
-I need to order a new card as my old one will expire soon. Can you tell me how to order a new one?,3661
-Since when do you charge to make a withdrawal? I've always done it for free. So how much is it now?,3662
-what currencies can i exchange between on your app?,3663
-"
-I put the wrong pin too many times and now it is blocked. Can you help me unblock it?",3664
-Why can't I use a disposable card?,3665
-Why is it taking so long to update my balance transfer?,3666
-What is the highest amount I can top-up?,3667
-What age do you have to be?,3668
-How do I exchange AUD for GBP?,3669
-Do I get a mastercard and visa?,3670
-"I want to top up by transfering accounts, What do I do?",3671
-When will my money be in my account?,3672
-"
-How do I unblock my PIN?",3673
-When will my top-up be completed?,3674
-"I didn't mean to do the transfer, is there any way to cancel it?",3675
-"i need help, i lost my card",3676
-I didn't know I was going to get charged to use my card.,3677
-Have you started charging for cash withdrawals? I always thought it was free until I noticed this fee. How much is the fee?,3678
-Are there any charges for topping up my card?,3679
-I haven't been able to complete any transactions on my card today. Do you know what's wrong?,3680
-"I removed cash from an ATM earlier but it shows up as pending in the app. How can this still be pending, I already received the cash?",3681
-is there a way to do automatic top up,3682
-Why is there a payment I didn't do?,3683
-I have multiple of the same transaction,3684
-How can I fix this? There is a double charge on my account.,3685
-Why have I been charged for pulling cash out of my own account?,3686
-Do I need to convert my currency from GBP before transferring?,3687
-The currency exchange for my purchase in foreign currency is incorrect.,3688
-I have exceeded all my PIN tries,3689
-Hi i received an error message informing me about the transaction failure. I have done the money transfer before and it never failed. Please let me know what is the issue this time.,3690
-Can I get money out of any machine?,3691
-Can you tell me why I was charged extra when I withdrew money?,3692
-Is there a limit to a disposable virtual card?,3693
-i do not know what this charge is for,3694
-What happens when I am charged twice?,3695
-Your exchange rates are coming from where?,3696
-Will this card work all over the world?,3697
-"Hello, in these holidays i have been overcharged on the amount i have withdrawn on one of your ATMs. I did not had any clue about the horrible charges otherwise i would not have withdrawn.",3698
-My card no longer works.,3699
-What about a auto top-up?,3700
-May I transfer a cheque into my account?,3701
-Where is my last money transaction,3702
-I tried withdrawing money in another country and the exchange rate was wrong.,3703
-What cards and currencies can I use to top up my account?,3704
-My card won't work right now.,3705
-My card is needed soon,3706
-My payment was cancelled,3707
-"I was trying to use contactless earlier, but it didn't work.",3708
-Can I get the Mastercard?,3709
-How can it be that my Card is not functioning anymore?,3710
-Why can I not take out cash?,3711
-"I want to transfer money to a beneficiary, but I couldn't.",3712
-Does it cost me anything to top up my account via bank transfer?,3713
-What is the wait time until money reaches my account?,3714
-The exchange rate that was applied for an international purchase was wrong.,3715
-"You will hear back from us about your verification results in 10 minutes to a one hour timeframe. If these verification results do fail, please double-check to make sure your images are clear and have no glare or blur; your photos need to be fully readable. You need to be 18 years of age or older and a resident of Switzerland or the European Economic Area to create an account.",3716
-I want to use a cheque to pay.,3717
-How can I change my name in my profile?,3718
-What is the number of transactions I get with a disposable card?,3719
-I added funds to my account but the app didn't process it.,3720
-"What, if any, is the limit for auto top-up?",3721
-I want to auto top-up.,3722
-How do i request more physical cards?,3723
-"What currencies can I not hold many in, if so what are they?",3724
-Is there any way i get a disposable virtual card as well?,3725
-The app does not recognize who I am.,3726
-Tell me what ATMs take this card.,3727
-A withdrawal is showing that I don't recognize,3728
-When will I receive the cash payment from the check I deposited?,3729
-where is my unknown payment from?,3730
-Where are you present globally?,3731
-The funds I transferred are not in my account,3732
-How can I set up Google Pay on my device?,3733
-How do I transfer funds directly from my credit card?,3734
-What reasons would a topup fail?,3735
-I can't find the PIN.,3736
-Why am I unable to verify my id?,3737
-my atm transaction was wrong,3738
-How long does it take to verify a person's identity?,3739
-Whats the limit on my top up,3740
-How long does a transfer from the United Kingdom take? I haven't seen it show up yet in my bank account and want to make sure I get the transfer.,3741
-How can I prove who I am?,3742
-I was charged and shouldn't have been charged when using my card!,3743
-"Why did the person I transferred money to not receive the correct amount? What should I do to get them the right amount, do I have to transfer more money to them?",3744
-I have a card payment that I don't recognize. What should I do?,3745
-Which US cards have top up charges?,3746
-can I choose delivery times to suite me?,3747
-Is there a way for you to find out why my account was deducted from a seller when I didn't approve of it?,3748
-I wasn't allowed to transfer to my account,3749
-unhappy with service need to delete account,3750
-I make payments for my place abroad using this account and since i use it so frequently I was wondering why did the fees increase suddenly rather than decreasing? I would think customers like me should receive incentives for using your service,3751
-My account isn't showing the refund,3752
-What's the procedure for canceling a purchase?,3753
-"Why is my transfer appearing as ""pending""?",3754
-How to unblock my PIN?,3755
-I have a fee listed for a transfer.,3756
-When can I expect a transfer from Europe to go through?,3757
-"Hey, I have my card, how do I get it to show in the app?",3758
-Where do I go to order my card?,3759
-I was issued a card about a week ago. why hasn't it come in yet?,3760
-What countries are you available in?,3761
-How long does it take for a transfer to reach my account?,3762
-Tell me why there is a fee for a card payment.,3763
-"I received my new card and tried using it today, just to have it show declined over and over again. Why is this happening?",3764
-i need to top up by card.,3765
-I see a direct debit transaction in my app that I didn't make.,3766
-why wont my american express work to add money,3767
-which identity details are required,3768
-What kind of cards an currency do you support?,3769
-What is the max I can top up?,3770
-I can't find my code,3771
-can other people use the app to add money to my account,3772
-Which atms allow me to change my pin?,3773
-"My card was lost on vacation, I don't know where it is. Can you help me take care of this immediately?",3774
-"I have found my lost or stolen card, would I still have to activate the new card that was sent to me through the mail in order to access my account?",3775
-Can you activate my card pls,3776
-I topped off my card is that something you will charge me for?,3777
-I need a disposable virtual card.,3778
-Are there any top-up limits that I must follow?,3779
-I'm expecting a refund but it's no where to be seen,3780
-What to do if my card has been used without my permission?,3781
-"I did a bank transfer to top up, but the money is not available.",3782
-How long is a transfer in the pending status?,3783
-Can exchanged be made to EUR?,3784
-Can you tell me the status of my new card?,3785
-I want to get my hands on one of those virtual cards!,3786
-Is there a fee to make a transfer?,3787
-I was wondering how long does it take for a payment to go thru? It seems my last payment is stuck and hasn't moved.,3788
-There was some money taken from my account that I don't remember paying for. Am I able to look up this transaction which was a few weeks ago to see who took out the money? Im not sure I need a refund just want to check to make sure it's legit.,3789
-What is the current exchange rate?,3790
-Can I get an auto Top-up?,3791
-I only have one other credit card from the US. Do you accept that?,3792
-"If I top up by card, what options do I have re: currency and card type?",3793
-"I need to change my name, since i just got married",3794
-In what way can I change my PIN and where do I need to be?,3795
-My transfer to an account failed.,3796
-"My card is stuck in an ATM machine, how do I get it back quickly?",3797
-Why would the app deny my top-up?,3798
-What should I do if I want to get another card for someone in my family?,3799
-Am I able to do top-ups with Google Pay?,3800
-How do I access the option to top up?,3801
-Why is there a direct debit fee in the App when I didn't do it?,3802
-Which currencies can I use to add money?,3803
-I don't know what this Direct Debit payment is.,3804
-I can't find how to top up my account with a check. Where is that?,3805
-What are the top up charges for all US cards?,3806
-Will my transfer be done soon?,3807
-How much extra will I be charged for exchanging foreign currency?,3808
-"Now that I have my card, how do I connect it to the app?",3809
-What reasons could cause my top up to be reverted,3810
-How long should it take for a transfer to go through? I have been waiting a while.,3811
-Someone might be using my card. What should I do?,3812
-I made a purchase earlier today but it is still listed as pending- when will it go through?,3813
-How do I get my cash withdrawal to show?,3814
-Is there a fee to top up a US card using a debit or credit card?,3815
-My statement is showing I was Charged a dollar and I am not sure why.,3816
-What is the maximum I can top up?,3817
-How do I link an existing card?,3818
-I've been checking my statement to see if I've received a refund I requested from a seller a while ago has arrived. But it has not. This should have come back to me already. Can you help me figure out why it's not here and get my money back?,3819
-What is the reason for my beneficiary to be disallowed?,3820
-What is the limit on Auto top?,3821
-Could you help my figure out the exchange fee?,3822
-What is the reason my payment was not accepted?,3823
-How much is it to receive money?,3824
-Is it possible to top up using a cheque?,3825
-"Can I add other people to my account, so they can top up?",3826
-I have a new card. How do I activate it?,3827
-Which countries are represented?,3828
-I tried to deposit a cheque into my account and it is not letting me.,3829
-How do I add a new card?,3830
-Is it possible to give a second card from my account to my daughter?,3831
-Can I check to see where the funds came from?,3832
-My card activation attempt failed.,3833
-I would like to make sure it is delivered on a certain date.,3834
-My payment had a wrong exchange rate.,3835
-Do I need to go to an office to change my pin?,3836
-Why did you charge me extra when I withdrew cash?,3837
-What should I do if my smart phone is lost or stolen?,3838
-Where is the closest ATM to me?,3839
-Why isn't my balance updating after depositing cheques and cash.,3840
-Please help me regarding a direct debit in the app that I don't recognize.,3841
-"Where can I find out the fee structure for my account? I have been charged fees for some transactions, but not for other ones. I can't find a pattern in these fees.",3842
-I used my card top-up but all of the money is missing.,3843
-I need someone to assist me with explaining how much I can top-up.,3844
-WHY IS THERE AN EXTRA FEE FOR USING THE ATM??!!!,3845
-Do I have to go to the bank to change my PIN?,3846
-For some reason my card payment hasn't worked. what can I do to look into that?,3847
-I did a money transaction and dont have a receipt,3848
-I deposited money but my balance hasn't been updated yet.,3849
-I don't know what pending transaction means.,3850
-"Am I able to look back at a transaction to see who with drawled some money from my account? I don't remember authorizing this a few weeks ago, but wanted to double check who took the money.",3851
-Will I have to wait much longer for my new card to arrive?,3852
-"Help! I think someone has a copy of my card - I still have my card, but a five hundred pound cash withdrawal that I didn't authorize is shown on my account.",3853
-I am seeing and extra 1$ charged to my account and wanted to know about it.,3854
-Can I add money automatically to my account while traveling?,3855
-My top-up was just cancelled.,3856
-I still do not see the cash deposit in my account from last week. Why?,3857
-should i contact customer support if i can't edit details,3858
-Is EUR one of the currencies you deal with?,3859
-How long does a European transfer take?,3860
-Why am I getting a fee on a card payment?,3861
-Where is my recent refund in the my statement?,3862
-Who is giving me my money?,3863
-"When I look at my statement there is an extra fee, that is for what?",3864
-What do I have to do to get my PIN unblocked?,3865
-I need to cancel a transfer,3866
-Can you explain to me why a cash withdrawal shows up as pending?,3867
-What happens if I deposit a cheque accidentally?,3868
-Why was I not able to get cash from the ATM?,3869
-I need my card right away.,3870
-I requested a refund for a large order the other day and don't think I received the funds. Can you tell me if you see them or not?,3871
-I'm not able to withdraw money from the ATM but I'm not sure why.,3872
-Why was my withdrawal requested cancelled by the ATM?,3873
-What do I need to do to correct this failed transfer?,3874
-"What did you do with my money??? I just topped up, I saw the money was there, but now it's gone!! What did you do with it?",3875
-"Hello, I made a payment with my card and it's not working. It's been a while and still says its pending. Can you tell when this will go through?",3876
-I made a transfer into my account and now I need to cancel it,3877
-Is there such thing as an auto top-up option?,3878
-My recent transfer didn't go through - why not?,3879
-I do not recognise this card payment.,3880
-Where is my card PIN?,3881
-My google top-up pay is not going through,3882
-My card got stuck in an ATM.,3883
-What is the limits on the number of disposable cards I can have?,3884
-I bought an item then noticed the exchange rate was wrong.,3885
-What's going on with my card? I've tried multiple times and it never goes through.,3886
-I am still waiting for a transfer I did,3887
-"I've made a transfer, how long until the money reaches my account?",3888
-A fee that shouldn't be there is there after using my card!,3889
-I need a single use card for shopping online,3890
-The app shows a withdrawal that I did not make or authorize.,3891
-The bank machine didn't give my card back how do I get a new one fast?,3892
-Why has my beneficiary been denied?,3893
-Why was there an extra charge because I used my card to pay?,3894
-When shipped to the US how long is delivery time?,3895
-Which countries are you available in?,3896
-Why was I not able to take cash from the ATM?,3897
-tell me why I was charged more with my card?,3898
-Please give me a Mastercard instead.,3899
-I need help from someone in your department with finding my nearest ATM.,3900
-what are the steps to activate my card?,3901
-Who can request disposable cards?,3902
-I've been trying to do a transfer multiple times and have failed? Is the system down?,3903
-The activation process for my card isn't working.,3904
-Why is there some cash that I did not deposit in my account?,3905
-I need to modify my details.,3906
-When will I be able to see my refund?,3907
-Why was I charged for getting cash?,3908
-I don't recognize a charge on my statement.,3909
-"I may need to exchange my USD for GBP, can your app do that?",3910
-How long does transfers take?,3911
-Can I use any card and currency?,3912
-Can I go ahead and use my account even though my identify hasn't been verified yet?,3913
-Is there a charge for getting my money?,3914
-"I was trying to use my card and it was declined, when I tried to find out what happened I found cash withdraw for $500 that I didn't do. Can you please help figure this out?",3915
-My card payment had the wrong exchange rate,3916
-Could you tell me why my cash withdrawal was declined?,3917
-how to get a new card in china,3918
-How can I top up my account and which currency can I use?,3919
-"I must quickly transfer something from China, and I need to know how long it will take.",3920
-Are there fees for using an international card to top up?,3921
-Your foreign exchange rate is wrong.,3922
-What does the bank charge for lost or stolen card replacements?,3923
-What is this random charge of one pound doing on my account?,3924
-Why is my card payment still pending?,3925
-How can I transfer money between accounts?,3926
-"I've obtained the card, how do I enable it on the app?",3927
-"I just got my new card, how do I activate it?",3928
-What if my top up doesn't go through?,3929
-"When exchanging, how much are the rates?",3930
-I'm upset because I got charged a ridiculous fee when making an ATM withdrawal over a holiday weekend. It didn't notify me beforehand either or I wouldn't have ever done it.,3931
-Where can I locate my card PIN?,3932
-"i need a refund from you because the merchant is refusing, can you do that?",3933
-What kind of security protects my money?,3934
-Is it possible to get a Visa and Mastercard from you?,3935
-What form of payments can I use for topping up?,3936
-I did not get the cash that is showing up in my app.,3937
-I am worried about fees for top up cards?,3938
-The card payment I made didn't work.,3939
-Please tell me why I am having problems transferring to a beneficiary.,3940
-I did a transfer but its still pending,3941
-I was given less cash then I wanted.,3942
-I got charged a fee for transferring money.,3943
-"I just tried to top-up and now I'm getting an additional verification message, why?",3944
-There are duplicate transactions on my account,3945
-Is my top up not working?,3946
-Can i get money in my home currency at some ATM ? As I am on holiday and bit concerned because i do not have any cash with me . Is it possible to withdraw without any additional cost.,3947
-What should I do? My card has been stolen!,3948
-I can't see my top up in my wallet!,3949
-Do you charge extra for topping up with a debit or credit card?,3950
-"I'm locked out of my account as I can't remember my code, what do I do now?",3951
-Why am I having trouble withdrawing cash?,3952
-I sent a payment but now it's not showing up.,3953
-How do I locate my PIN now that I have my card?,3954
-use my credit to add money,3955
-I attempted to enter my pin to many times.,3956
-I tried to used my card in a shop and the transaction was declined.,3957
-What does it mean if my top-up has not gone through?,3958
-What currencies do you offer?,3959
-I could not transfer to a beneficiary,3960
-Where do i go to receive a virtual card,3961
-How many top-ups can be approved?,3962
-"I am dissatisfied, I would like to close my account.",3963
-I need mastercard as well as visa,3964
-What is the exchange looking like?,3965
-"Is something wrong with my account, my balance didn't change after I transferred some money",3966
-I don't have my card after 1 week. What are my next steps?,3967
-"Since I need to exchange currencies frequently, would you be able to offer me a discount?",3968
-How many purchases can I make with one disposable card?,3969
-do you accept from usa credit card?,3970
-When will I recieve my new card?,3971
-"My card has an expiration date, will you send a new one automatically?",3972
-How many days until my US transfer arrives?,3973
-Why am I being charged a fee on a card payment?,3974
-What is the time period for money to be transferred?,3975
-"I made a transfer and according to the receiver ""they haven't received the right amount"" Its lesser than it should be.Now I have to transfer more money to make up for the missing amount . Can you please help me about this, what should be done ?",3976
-Why do I need to verify a top-up?,3977
-Estimated time arrival for transfers?,3978
-Why has my top-up been returned to my account?,3979
-They said I would get a refund but I don't see it on my statement.,3980
-Why is it important to verify my identity?,3981
-"The expiration date on my card is very soon, and I need to get a new one. What are the price and delivery options for my replacement card?",3982
-What foreign exchange rate will I get on weekdays and on the weekends?,3983
-I went to top up my card and it was cancelled.,3984
-why is there a fee for a payment on my card?,3985
-What if I don't want to disclose all of my identity details?,3986
-Is there an extra fee for using an ATM?,3987
-Do I get an actual card?,3988
-I am missing my refund.,3989
-Why do i have an extra fee on my statement?,3990
-I would like to exchange currencies on the app. How do I do this?,3991
-How can you assist on verifying my identity?,3992
-Could you please tell me how to activate my new card?,3993
-My product hasn't arrived even though I ordered it a while ago. I want a refund!,3994
-Why was I charged for cash withdrawal?,3995
-The app is showing a direct debit payment that I never made,3996
-My disposable virtual card won't work.,3997
-Can you please explain to me why there is an extra €1 fee in my statement?,3998
-I bought an item and the exchange rate was wrong.,3999
-Tell me why my transfer was declined.,4000
-Help me. The passcode doesn't work.,4001
-How long will the transfer take?,4002
-I think my top up has been reverted,4003
-"My card has been stolen. I reported it with the police, but I need to report it with you as well.",4004
-What are the various currencies and cards that you offer support for?,4005
-how long will my cash withdrawal be pending for?,4006
-How much will it cost me for a SEPA transfer?,4007
-Please help me with my card payments which keeps getting reverted whenever i do online shopping. I am having this problem since last two weeks.,4008
-Do exchanges cost more?,4009
-What do I need to do to transfer money with my credit card?,4010
-Seems like my top-up has not gone through,4011
-"Hello, I have recharged topup but account is not credited. Please help me in this, i guess there is some defect in system.",4012
-I have a payment in my statement that is off,4013
-What can I do about a direct debit transaction on my card that I didn't make?,4014
-Talk me through modifying my details.,4015
-I'm dissatisfied with the service and would like to terminate the account.,4016
-Can I get an account for my daughter?,4017
-What is the maximum for auto top-up?,4018
-How can I change currency type?,4019
-I need my card activated.,4020
-How long does it take for my id to verify?,4021
-Where do I find my card PIN?,4022
-There is a payment showing as pending and hasn't posted for a few days. When will it post?,4023
-Can I track the card you sent to me?,4024
-What is the extra fee on my statement?,4025
-Can you tell me if there are limits to disposable virtual cards?,4026
-Please help me unblock my pin which I put the wrong one too many times.,4027
-What are the steps I need to take to cancel a transaction?,4028
-"I'm looking at my statement, and my refund is not on there.",4029
-My wallet is empty even though I topped it up an hour ago.,4030
-I don't know where my phone is.,4031
-I want to do a cash deposit to top up. How do I do this?,4032
-Please delete my account now.,4033
-"If I ordered my new card last week, how much longer should I wait to receive it?",4034
-What ATMs will allow me to change my PIN?,4035
-How do I change to AUD from GBP?,4036
-It seems I need to get information on limits for top-ups.,4037
-What currencies do you accept to add money?,4038
-Hey I thought transfers were free. Why are you charging me?,4039
-"Hello, I see that I have been charged an extra $1 on my app. Could you please provide me with a reason for this charge?",4040
-The card can be used at which ATMs?,4041
-The exchange rate on my payment doesn't look right,4042
-Is there a reason my payment is still pending?,4043
-Why is the fee for taking money out so high? I feel I was overcharged and I would have never used this ATM if I would have known ahead of time.,4044
-The app isn't showing my transactions,4045
-I was only given $20 after trying to withdraw $100,4046
-Why can't my transfer complete?,4047
-What currencies can be exchanged in the app?,4048
-How much does it cost to top up a US-issued card?,4049
-The app failed to verify my id.,4050
-Will my money be of equal value when I travel abroad?,4051
-Why was I charged a fee for my card payment?,4052
-Why am I being charged certain fees? I noticed a fee after I withdrew some money for groceries earlier today.,4053
-Could you please freeze my card immediately?,4054
-Does it cost anything to do currency exchanges?,4055
-I got less cash because of the exchange rate.,4056
-How old do my kids need to be to open an account?,4057
-What happened! I asked for 30 pounds at your ATM and only go 10. The machine lied about it too. It said I received the full 30 pounds. Someone better help me asap on this.,4058
-Can I pay for my gas using my Apple watch?,4059
-Transfer declined.,4060
-I returned something to a store but can't see my refund.,4061
-How many top-ups can I use?,4062
-There are fraudulent charges that I didn't make on my card. Can you please put in the safeguards necessary to stop this from happening anymore?,4063
-Can I top up my card with other cards?,4064
-Is there any age limit?,4065
-Why does my transfer keep failing? I've tried 5 times and they all failed.,4066
-How long does it take for a bank transfer to show on my balance?,4067
-I tried to get cash but it was declined!,4068
-My top-up seems to be pending for a long time?,4069
-How much would it cost me if I transfer?,4070
-Why do you guys need to verify my identity?,4071
-"I recently purchased something, and the exchange rate was wrong.",4072
-At which locations can I order a card?,4073
-What can I use to receive my salary?,4074
-What do I do if I cannot access the app?,4075
-My app shows a payment I didn't make,4076
-When will the money from my bank transfer be available?,4077
-What ATM machines allow this card?,4078
-my card was frozen due to putting in the wrong pin too much. how many tries do i have,4079
-I found a direct debit I would like to dispute,4080
-Do you have a list of the cards and currencies supported?,4081
-Do I receive the physical card for free,4082
-Why was I charged extra on my app?,4083
-is there a limit to top up,4084
-What does it mean when it says I have a payment pending?,4085
-Can both Visa and Mastercard be chosen?,4086
-I think there's been an unauthorized cash withdrawal from my account.,4087
-I would like to know what your exchange rates are.,4088
-"My card got trapped inside an ATM, what should I do?",4089
-"How do I activate my card, so that I can start using it?",4090
-I want to see what this fee is on my card payment.,4091
-"I think my card is broken or something. I tried using it and it wouldn't go through, please help.",4092
-What forms of ID should I use for verification?,4093
-"I'd like to get a Visa card, please.",4094
-My card was stolen and used to make several purchases. Please freeze my card so no one can use it.,4095
-i transfered and yet it is still pending,4096
-What do you require to verify someone's identity?,4097
-Why is my contactless not working?,4098
-"I tried to make a top-up and it was canceled, why is that?",4099
-The correct exchange rate wasn't given to me for an item I purchased.,4100
-Can I receive payments in another currency?,4101
-How long will a transaction to a friend take?,4102
-Why is my transfer still pending after all this time?,4103
-How is the PIN delivered?,4104
-Why am I being charged to transfer funds?,4105
-Can you tell me what cards and currencies you support?,4106
-How do I know what the exchange rate will be when I make an exchange.,4107
-Why is my cash still pending that I put in ATM?,4108
-I am very dissatisfied with the services that you are providing. I want to cancel my account.,4109
-How do I use my card if I lost my phone?,4110
-show me how to top up,4111
-Why was a fee added to my bill when I used my card?,4112
-I don't recognize what this payment on my statement would be for.,4113
-"I want to block my card or deactivate it or something, it's been stolen and I don't want it misused. I want this handled right away.",4114
-"Hello, I trying to top up with my card today but it didn't work. When I tried last time it worked but today it isn't. Could you take a look at it for me?",4115
-"In the app, I see a withdrawal I didn't make.",4116
-I'm interested in what your exchange rates are based on.,4117
-Can you tell me what is wrong ? I top-up with you all the time but this time it just shows my top-up as pending. What is happening?,4118
-Why is my withdrawl to cash still pending?,4119
-I want to op up my account by using bank transfer. How do I go about it?,4120
-"I just pulled money out of the ATM and was charged a fee, WHy?",4121
-"If I need delivery on a certain day, is that something that could be accommodated?",4122
-I want to cancel a transaction from this morning.,4123
-Is there a fee for topping up a card?,4124
-"It seems you keep declining my transfers. Before, it's always worked very well.Just now when I tried to buy something the card was declined. I tried more than once and it was the same thing each time.",4125
-I sent money to a person and they haven't received the payment yet.,4126
-How come I can't find my payment?,4127
-There are transactions that I don't recognize. What do I do if I think someone is using my card?,4128
-Where do I find the auto top- up?,4129
-Can you explain to me why a top up would be reverted?,4130
-When will I receive a transfer from europe?,4131
-What do I need to do to exchange my money?,4132
-Do you need to know my first and last name?,4133
-Can I use Apple Pay to top-up?,4134
-What caused my transfer to fail?,4135
-"Someone has a copy of my card !! I definitely still have it here but someone just made a 500£ cash withdrawal, HELP!",4136
-"Disaster, I've totally forgotten my passcode, can you help me?",4137
-How do I receive a card?,4138
-Please help me delete this account.,4139
-Please inform me how to get a new card as mine is about to expire.,4140
-Do I have to change my PIN at a bank?,4141
-How do I find the PIN?,4142
-Why is there a fee for getting cash?,4143
-"I need to order a new virtual card, how do I do that?",4144
-How high is the exchange fee?,4145
-Can it add money every so often automatically while I travel?,4146
-Help! My card is stolen.,4147
-Can you tell me the limit for top ups?,4148
-"I would like to exchange currencies, how do I go upon it?",4149
-What are my limits on disposable cards?,4150
-"Hello. I bought an item a while ago, and have since requested a refund. However, upon checking my online statements, it seems that I haven't been issued a refund yet. How can this be remedied?",4151
-Why was my top-up rejected?,4152
-What does the decline message mean,4153
-I made a cash withdrawal and it is still listed as a pending transaction.,4154
-I would like to know the countries you are offer services in?,4155
-Tell me what ATMs use this card.,4156
-I noticed that my card was charged more than once for one thing.,4157
-I need to top-up my card today urgently but my card keeps getting declined!! Can you please resolve this problem or let me know if you have any alternatives,4158
-There is a payment made with my card that I don't recognize at all.,4159
-My new card came in. How do I activate?,4160
-explain the virtual card,4161
-"There are incorrect charges on my account, there was a WD that was made by someone else. I still have my card though.",4162
-"I logged in wrong and am blocked, how do I log in?",4163
-What is your opinion on the exchange rate?,4164
-Is it on purpose that my payment has been returned to my account?,4165
-"Everything seems fine with my account, so why did it decline my payment?",4166
-Why am I being charged again?,4167
-Can I get a physical card,4168
-Can I reset the passcode?,4169
-Can you tell me what this fee is on my statement?,4170
-Why has my account balance not changed after depositing a cheque?,4171
-Why was an extra charge added when I used my card?,4172
-There was a purchase on my card recently to a name that I don't recognize at all. What can be done about this? I need my money back.,4173
-Where is the card I ordered 2 weeks ago?,4174
-When will I get my new card?,4175
-Is there something wrong with the transferring functions? I keep trying to transfer funds and only get an error message.,4176
-What ATMs can I use this card?,4177
-I inadvertently completed a transaction on a wrong account.,4178
-Are there going to be fees from adding money with an international card?,4179
-How can I get my money back for a payment i didnt make,4180
-Are EUR exchanges allowed?,4181
-What source do my fund come from?,4182
-"I deposited money in the form of a cheque, but my balance has not increased.",4183
-Why is it I am charged an extra fee when I use the ATM?,4184
-"I don't recognize this payment on my app, I am sure I didn't spend any money there.",4185
-How do I get my card back after the ATM swallowed it.,4186
-When I got cash I believe that the exchange rate was wrong,4187
-Do I need to do anything? My phone was stolen yesterday.,4188
-Can I update my details?,4189
-Why was I charged when taking out money?,4190
-"I was abroad and needed some cash, but I think the wrong exchange rate was applied to the transaction.",4191
-"My son has just turned 13, is he old enough for an account?",4192
-Why do I get declined when I try to withdraw cash?,4193
-"In the app, how can I make it show the new card that arrived?",4194
-Money that I have transferred hasn't arrived yet,4195
-What are the disposable card limits?,4196
-What is the minimum age required to open an account with your service?,4197
-Google play top up help?,4198
-What if my top up is reverted?,4199
-Where is a Mastercard ATM?,4200
-A debit came through that I need to dispute.,4201
-Help! I made a transfer in error and need to cancel it before it's complete!,4202
-Do I need to do something to get a new card once it expires?,4203
-There's a $200 withdrawal on my statement that seems fishy to me.,4204
-Why was a payment I made reverted?,4205
-There is a payment I don't recognise!,4206
-What is the maximum times I can auto top-up?,4207
-After purchasing an item I noticed the exchange rate was incorrect.,4208
-"When is my balance going to update, I just transferred some money",4209
-"My PIN is locked, how do I unlock it?",4210
-If I am running low on credit can I auto top up?,4211
-What is the maximum for top-ups?,4212
-How do I link the new card?,4213
-Can I add a card that I just found (again) to the app?,4214
-I am having trouble with the app recognizing me.,4215
-Where can I get a new passcode?,4216
-"For some reason, the money I added was returned.",4217
-Is there a fee to order a physical card?,4218
-Where do I activate my card?,4219
-"My card payment reverted back, I think.",4220
-We want to start a college fund for my daughter.,4221
-Should i uninstall the app before i try it again?,4222
-How long will my ATM withdrawal be pending?,4223
-Why did using an ATM cause me to be charged an additional fee?,4224
-I just got an email in confirming my purchase with my card. I login to the mobile app on the card and found out there are several purchase were made without me aware of it. Evidently someone had stole my card information and made these fraudulent purchase. I need the transaction to be reverse and have my card suspended.,4225
-Are all fiat currencies supported?,4226
-My card was refused,4227
-"My American express works with my apple pay, why is top up not working?",4228
-"Card payment is still pending, why is that the case?",4229
-My card is missing.,4230
-I made a mistake this morning when I did a transfer. How do I reverse it?,4231
-"My phone was stolen, what can I do?",4232
-I am having trouble to verify my identity,4233
-"My account shows I have been charged twice for the same meal. How do I get the second payment voided and returned to me? I do not eat out much and my family is living paycheck to paycheck, mostly. I cannot afford to spend more money than necessary, as is, so I must see to it that the cost be promptly credited back onto my card.",4234
-"It says that my payment is pending, what does that mean?",4235
-I need to terminate my account.,4236
-I found the exchange rate for my cash withdrawal is wrong,4237
-"I have received my American express in apple play, looks like top up has an issue, please help?",4238
-Do you think you're asking for too much information about me?,4239
-I don't think I should have been charged a fee to use my card.,4240
-When can I expect my refund?,4241
-I didn't know there was a charge for tranferring. What is the charge?,4242
-Can I get a new card with new expiration date in China?,4243
-My funds must be verified,4244
-What are the reasons a beneficiary would be denied?,4245
-How long does it take for pending transfer transactions to post?,4246
-I sent a payment to the wrong account number - can that transaction be reversed? I am worried about accidentally giving my money away.,4247
-Why hasn't my transfer from Europe gone through?,4248
-"Since I got married, I need to change my name.",4249
-Will the PIN come separately?,4250
-Do you know the reason why my card payment was declined?,4251
-Do you have a list of businesses that accept this card?,4252
-There's an error in regards to the exchange rate for an item I bought.,4253
-"I have a question about ATM transactions. Can I take money out of an ATM when I'm traveling abroad? And, can I get the money in my home currancy?",4254
-"I travel a lot, can I get a bulk currency exchange discount?",4255
-Is it possible to exchange currencies on the app?,4256
-An item I bought had the wrong exchange rate applied.,4257
-"If I were to do a transfer, what is the rate for that?",4258
-"Hey, I tried to withdraw some cash earlier and it's saying it's pending? Will I be charged for this?",4259
-Please help! I need a refund on a transaction on something I bought and I need the refund right away!,4260
-When do I set up my card PIN?,4261
-"Someone has stolen my phone, what should I do?",4262
-Why is there a verification to identity,4263
-"I don't think the transaction has gone through, so can I cancel a transfer?",4264
-I would like a card please.,4265
-Are their certain cash machines where I can change my pin?,4266
-The exchange rate you are using is really bad.This can't be the official interbank exchange rate.,4267
-Why would I need a disposable card?,4268
-Can I top-up by cheque?,4269
-What should I do if my card is stolen?,4270
-I must verify the source of my funds,4271
-What are the auto top-up policies?,4272
-Is USD free to top up with a US card?,4273
-There is some odd 1£ charge that appears as pending on my statement. What's that about? Pretty sure I haven't purchased anything for a pound there.,4274
-I made a deposit but it is not showing up in my balance.,4275
-"I saw on the app that a cash withdrawal was completed on my account; however, I did not complete it.",4276
-Whats types of currency can I exchange?,4277
-Is there a limit on auto top-up?,4278
-What do I need to know about topping up?,4279
-Does this program take SWIFT transfers?,4280
-"One of my card payments, I don't recognise the name of the merchant.",4281
-Can you tell me why the card payment came back?,4282
-Why was the wrong rate applied when I bought something in a different currency?,4283
-What is the process for getting an actual physical card?,4284
-I bought something abroad and the exchange rate applied is wrong,4285
-Why can't I make multiple payments with my virtual card?,4286
-I think when I withdrew money when out of country the exchange rate was wrong.,4287
-I need a transaction reversed from my account.,4288
-totally unacceptable. I'm stranded with no cash because the ATM wouldn't give me any money!,4289
-"My PIN is not working, can you help?",4290
-"i have tried everything to complete a transfer but can't, what should i do next",4291
-I tried to use the ATM with foreign currency. The conversion rate applied was wrong.,4292
-My account says I have money but I withdrew it in cash.,4293
-How are top-ups verified?,4294
-Am I allowed to transfer money to a beneficiary?,4295
-"The day before yesterday, I performed a transfer within the country. It still has not completed. Can you check on that? The account number is definitely correct, as I've checked.",4296
-"Just received my replacement card, what steps do i need to take to activate it?",4297
-I've made a bank transfer but the money doesn't seem to be in my account.,4298
-What's the foreign exchange rate I will receive?,4299
-"Cash withdrawal has been pending, why is it so?",4300
-There's a payment with my card that I definitely didn't create. I don't know anyone by that name.,4301
-I made a deposit in the ATM and it has not cleared,4302
-My cash withdrawal was not entirely complete,4303
-Where do I go to activate my card?,4304
-I used my card and there was a fee,4305
-"I'm currently not in possession of my phone, is it still possible to go about things normally without access to the app?",4306
-How do I top-up my card with a cheque?,4307
-I want to cancel a transaction.,4308
-Can I see where my funds come from?,4309
-Who do I talk to for transactions debited twice?,4310
-How are the exchange rates for transfers calculated?,4311
-You charged me more than once for the same transaction!,4312
-Help. My card is broken.,4313
-Can third party fees affect a transfer?,4314
-What is the extra €1 on my statement for?,4315
-Can you help me with proving my identity?,4316
-Can I choose whether I receive a Visa or a Mastercard card?,4317
-How old do you need to be to have an account?,4318
-My payment is in the app but hasn't gone through yet,4319
-What are the additional charges for a SWIFT transfer?,4320
-why isn't my top-up going through?,4321
-"I had a cheque deposited, but I don't see my money yet?",4322
-"I think someone saw my PIN and I am on vacation in Spain, can I change it locally at an ATM?",4323
-I need to verify my identity. How do I do that?,4324
-What are the exchange rates?,4325
-I've been waiting for a top up to come through for over an hour and I need the funds now.,4326
-How long will it take to verify my account?,4327
-"Hi, Is there any problem with app? As i am facing some issues with the exchange of crypto currency. I am extremely interested in buying.",4328
-is the a reason why my transfer has failed?,4329
-Can you refund my purchase?,4330
-I have a card payment that has been pending for some time and would like to know when it is going to go through.,4331
-What do I have to do to get the virtual card to work?,4332
-My plans may change so I may need to change from GBP to AUD.,4333
-I placed a cheque but the funds aren't there,4334
-Is there a reason I was charged an extra fee for using the ATM?,4335
-My recipient hasn't received the money,4336
-Will I get charged on a foreign currencies exchange?,4337
-How do I prove I am who I am?,4338
-"I have been double charged for a couple of things this week, and would appreciate a refund for the duplicate charges.",4339
-How long do I wait for my PIN,4340
-I need to transfer funds from China and quick expedition is crucial. Approximately how long does it take for a transfer from China to go through?,4341
-Something is wrong with my top up and I can't see it. How do I find it?,4342
-"I need to reset my passcode, this one isn't working",4343
-Can I get a new card in China?,4344
-I have been charged for one thing two times.,4345
-Why can't my ID be verified?,4346
-Can you tell me when my card will arrive?,4347
-I want to close my account now.,4348
-"I no longer have my phone with the app, what should I do?",4349
-"If I need an additional card, is there a fee for that?",4350
-"I topped-up my account, but I don't think it went through.",4351
-I haven't received the PIN yet.,4352
-Why hasn't payment gone through yet?,4353
-Why was there a fee on my cash withdrawal?,4354
-"I'm waiting on a top-up, its still pending",4355
-I would like to activate my card what do I need to do?,4356
-I want to revert a transaction I did,4357
-I think my card is stolen!,4358
-I need to close my account. Your company is terrible!,4359
-What am I being charged an extra pound when I haven't bought something worth that much?,4360
-I found my lost card in my jacket pocket this morning so I'd like to reactivate it please.,4361
-How is my PIN sent?,4362
-"I recently reported my card as missing/lost, and I just found it. Can I still use it?",4363
-I have a question about fee for cash withdraw.,4364
-I want a real card,4365
-How long do I have to wait for my transaction to be completed?,4366
-Can I change my PIN abroad?,4367
-Would it be possible to activate my card?,4368
-Where to check top ups pending?,4369
-"I prefer using Mastercard, can I substitute?",4370
-My card is about to expire. Are there any costs with a replacement card? How quick do you mail it to me?,4371
-The ATM took my card.,4372
-Why am I being charge a fee when using an ATM?,4373
-I went to do a transfer and it was declined.,4374
-Close down my account. I don't like your service.,4375
-I NEED HELP WITH MY CARD!!!!! please. It keeps getting declined when I try to use it. I have tried a few times to use it and it keeps getting rejected. I have no idea why.,4376
-I can't recall my password.,4377
-How much can I withdrawal in one month without incurring fees?,4378
-I want a refund on the things i bought,4379
-Do I need my phone to use the app?,4380
-"Hi, One of payment is still coming as pending for which i have already paid by card. I guess it did not processed, could you please check and update me.",4381
-What is wrong with the exchange rate? This should have been a much higher amount of cash for that to apply.,4382
-Is the PIN separately delivered?,4383
-I was made to pay an additional pound!,4384
-"My Netflix subscription says that there is an issue with my card information, but I thought everything was fine. Why would it be declined?",4385
-I'm getting concerned here. I sent a friend some money and she isn't seeing it. What's going on?,4386
-do i need to add money before i order a card,4387
-Why is verifaction required for my Identity?,4388
-I deposited a cheque and its been days and I still haven't received the cash!!,4389
-I need to order a new card as my other one was stolen.,4390
-What is the formula for your exchange rate?,4391
-I didn't get the all the cash i wanted from the atm,4392
-The app doesn't believe that I am myself,4393
-Please check to see if the band transfer I made a while ago from my UK account has safely arrived.,4394
-Where is my PIN?,4395
-Can I top-up any amount?,4396
-Why can't I add any beneficiary I choose?,4397
-"I want to top up from my Apple Watch, can I?",4398
-There was a strange transaction made on my account a couple weeks ago by a seller I don't recognize. May you please check on this transaction for me.,4399
-"I Withdrew cash from an ATM earlier but it shows up as pending in the app. How can this still be pending, I received the cash already?",4400
-I can't see a refund for a return I completed recently.,4401
-The app says that I got cash in an ATM and I didn't,4402
-Why would my payment still show as pending?,4403
-What factors determine your exchange rate?,4404
-"I thought I can make transfers for free, this is not fair. I bought something online from abroad and there was some weird additional fee that I've never seen before?",4405
-I see my transfer was declined.,4406
-What is the procedure for an expired card?,4407
-Why did my card payment get declined?,4408
-Card activation steps,4409
-"Can you explain your refund policy, please?",4410
-How can I request cash back? The ATM gave me the wrong amount that I've been charged though...,4411
-"My money is gone. I had topped up recently and saw it was there, but now it's disappeared, what's going on?",4412
-Can you tell me how many currencies I can hold?,4413
-I wanted to know what discounts were offered for current exchanges as it is something that occurs frequently.,4414
-I think that the exchange rate for the withdrawal of my cash is not right.,4415
-I would like to verify my source of funds.,4416
-Can you tell me what are disposable cards for?,4417
-need to verify source of funds,4418
-Do I need to re-apply to order a new card when my old one's about to expire?,4419
-Will this app allow me to exchange currencies?,4420
-I'm not sure what I need to verify my identity.,4421
-The exchange rate applied is wrong for my international purchase.,4422
-"Hello, there seems to be a billing mistake associated with my account. My app was charged $1 more than it should have. Could you please explain why this may have happened?",4423
-"Hello, is there any way to double check my card? I have never had issues with withdraws in the past, but this morning on the way to work it was unexpectedly declined.",4424
-What's the cost for exchanges?,4425
-What do I owe for a new card?,4426
-What currencies can be used for top up?,4427
-i need help finding the auto top up option.,4428
-Why can't the person I sent the money transfer to see it?,4429
-Why did you decline my transfer?,4430
-"I tried to get money out of the Notting Hill ATM earlier, but I wasn't able to get it to work. Is my card with issue? It's the first time I tried using it.",4431
-What is the estimated wait time on a US transfer into my account?,4432
-"I initiated a payment a while ago and it is still showing as ""pending"", how long will it take to clear?",4433
-How many transactions can be made with a disposable card?,4434
-Can you tell me why I wasn't able to complete my transfer?,4435
-"The app isn't letting me log in, but my info is correct.",4436
-"I transferred 7,000 to a receiver outside the EU and they received a lesser amount than what I sent, Unfortunately, now I must send an additional transfer to the receiver so that they can receive the full amount I initially sent. I'm not sure why they received a lesser amount than what I initially sen, but can you please look into this and let me know what happened?",4437
-What are the currencies and cards that are supported with my account?,4438
-Why was I charged a fee for debit or credit card payment?,4439
-"My identity isn't being accepted, what should I do?",4440
-my phone was lost,4441
-I received my new card. Where is it in the app?,4442
-I made a payment and it was reverted and wanted to know why?,4443
-My transfer's stuck on pending.,4444
-I cannot make a transfer to another account.,4445
-Can I unblock my PIN in the app?,4446
-can I be charged for topping up by card,4447
-I made a cash deposit to my account but it is not there,4448
-Where can I use a disposable card?,4449
-How can I add money to my account from another account I have?,4450
-What do I do to close my account?,4451
-I have lost my phone.,4452
-The transfer I made isn't reflected in my balance,4453
-Verifying top-up cards necessary?,4454
-Show me how can my friends top up my account.,4455
-I should have a refund in my statement but I can't see it,4456
-passcode retrieval,4457
-There's been a transaction to the wrong account.,4458
-I'd like to know how transferring my money into my account works.,4459
-Can you please help me in canceling my order.,4460
-I want my card I just received to show up in the app. How do I do that?,4461
-The app shows Direct Debit payments that I didn't make,4462
-My passcode is not being accepted,4463
-"Hi, Please help me to request cash back. As i have been withdrawn money from ATM, but i got wrong amount. in Application its showing the amount i have been charged through.",4464
-My rate of exchange was wrong.,4465
-Is exchanging currencies a feature of the app?,4466
-How do I change my currency to another?,4467
-I thought transfers were free of charge. I bought something abroad and got charged a ridiculous fee. How do I get this problem fixed.,4468
-Why am I unable to withdrawal cash?,4469
-How is the exchange rate doing?,4470
-This exchange rate on my purchase is wrong.,4471
-Can I receive my salary with this in another currency?,4472
-Cancel a transaction,4473
-Can I have more physical cards?,4474
-I'm really upset because I made a typo during a transfer and now I've sent money to the wrong account. I can't fix this with the app. Please help me immediately!,4475
-I transferred some money to a friend of mine who urgently needs some money right now. How long will it take to get to her?,4476
-Why was I charged a fee for using my card,4477
-The ATM won't give me my card back. I need it back now!,4478
-I need to renew a card that's about to expire,4479
-Top up keeps failing,4480
-Why is my balance still the same after a cheque deposit?,4481
-Can I get a card even though I live in the US,4482
-I have been charged a fee that I didn't know about. Why have you charged me extra for card payments?,4483
-How low does the balance have to be before the system updates?,4484
-"As advised by you, i requested seller to refund my money. A week has passed but i haven't got any update from seller. Please track the refund with the seller.",4485
-Where are you getting your exchange rates from?,4486
-What do I do to exchange currency?,4487
-"Help, I don't know what the PIN is to my card?",4488
-I got charged a fee that shouldn't be there from my cash,4489
-Why is my card payment still listed as pending?,4490
-Which flat currencies are supported for holding and exchange?,4491
-My card payment won't work.,4492
-What should I do if I can't prove my identity.,4493
-"I was checking the app for my account and I noticed there is an authorized charge on it. I haven't used my card today, so I know I didn't do it. I would like the transaction reversed and the money replaced.",4494
-There has a recent suspicious withdrawal on my bank account. Is it possible to freeze my card?,4495
-What is the time frame for european transfers?,4496
-I have a strange transaction on my account which appears to pertain to a cash withdrawal I made outside Nandos in Leeds. What is that for? Is it fraud?,4497
-Why does my transfer still say it is pending?,4498
-In what way can I use the disposable cards?,4499
-I need to know which fiat currencies I can use with you.,4500
-Help me terminate and close my account.,4501
-Will I be able to track the card that was sent to me?,4502
-"I was supposed to receive my new card by now, but it hasn't came in.",4503
-I got $20 when I should've gotten $100,4504
-How long will it be to get this new card?,4505
-How can I Use thereto-top option?,4506
-My card didn't go through. It doesn't make sense. You told me that everything was ok.,4507
-Can I change my PIN without going to a bank?,4508
-A direct debit appears in the app but I didn't authorize it.,4509
-"I tried to get money out of the Notting Hill ATM earlier, but I wasn't able to get anything out. Is there a problem with my card? It's the first time I tried using it.",4510
-My card's expiration date is close.,4511
-Am I charged if I make a top-up?,4512
-I didn't get all the money I asked for,4513
-What are the steps to reset my passcode?,4514
-"If my salary is in GBP, do I need to do something?",4515
-Is there a way to top-up when it reaches a certain balance?,4516
-Remove my account immediately.,4517
-"my phone was taken yesterday, what should I do about my account?",4518
-How will I know when I can use the auto top-up feature?,4519
-I made a terrible mistake when typing in my account number. I accidently sent money to the wrong account. I noticed the app won't allow me to void the transaction. Can someone help me with this immediately?,4520
-I updated by balance with a cheque yesterday but it isn't showing on my account. Did something go wrong?,4521
-"Someone has copied my card. I have my card with me, but someone just made a 500£ cash withdrawal. Please help now.",4522
-Are there any charges for receiving money?,4523
-I think my passcode was changed,4524
-"I received the wrong color and size, can I return it?",4525
-can i top up with check?,4526
-Is there a charge for topping up by card?,4527
-The app passcode has completely slipped my mind.,4528
-May I get my salary paid out in a different currency?,4529
-I tried to buy something online but my funds were transferred back to my account. What is happening?,4530
-Is my card valid everywhere?,4531
-Does this app have the same exchange rate as third parties?,4532
-What can I do to verify my card?,4533
-How long will this take to get to me?,4534
-I would like more physical cards,4535
-Can I get an item refunded?,4536
-What kind of money can I hold?,4537
-do i have to wait for a physical card before i get my pin,4538
-I checked my statement and am being charged one pound. Where did this charge come from?,4539
-What went wrong when I tried to do my transfer?,4540
-When will the money from a transfer be made available on my account?,4541
-How long will a cash withdrawal be pending?,4542
-I do not recognise the card payment.,4543
-Can I cancel a transaction?,4544
-Why did I get a fee for getting cash?,4545
-Can you tell me why I haven't received my new card?,4546
-I am not recognized by the app.,4547
-Are there ways for other people to send me money?,4548
-Is there a Mastercard ATM nearby?,4549
-my top up isnt there yet where do i find it,4550
-how can i add money from my amex card,4551
-I'm having trouble with proving my identity.,4552
-"When I travel, can it automatically add money in certain intervals?",4553
-"The card I thought I lost was in my jacket pocket this morning, so can I reactivate that?",4554
-Can you tell me what the cash withdrawal is in my statement?,4555
-I would like to get both a Visa and MasterCard?,4556
-Is there an alternative to a physical card?,4557
-How do I withdraw money?,4558
-"Help, my phone was stolen, please advise!",4559
-I'd like to transfer funds using my credit card.,4560
-"Hello, I have recently made a purchase and have decided to cancel my purchase. Is there any way that you can cancel that transaction for me so I can get the money back? It's very important.",4561
-What should I do if my phone is lost or stolen?,4562
-How long does it take for a cheque to post to your account?,4563
-How do I activate my card so I can start using it?,4564
-Why won't my top up go through?,4565
-Can I quickly send a transfer from China? How long will it take?,4566
-Which fiat currencies can I use through this app?,4567
-I need to update my address.,4568
-Can I have multiple currencies in my account?,4569
-I used an ATM and there was an extra charge.,4570
-Is there a reason to why I was charged twice for a transaction?,4571
-I wanted to know why my transaction didn't go through.,4572
-"I just transferred my friend money, but she hasn't received it yet, and it's been a few hours. Can you tell me when to expect it to go through?",4573
-My card payment has been on pending forever. What is the problem? It should have gone through at some time by now.,4574
-There is a withdrawal on my account I didn't make.,4575
-"My bank app said that I got cash from an ATM, but that's a mistake.",4576
-How much does it cost to get more cards?,4577
-There are charges on my card that I haven't purchased.,4578
-"My card payment is showing up as pending for a very long time, what's going on with that, it should be going through at some point?",4579
-What are the restrictions of the disposable cards?,4580
-How much is it to send out additional cards?,4581
-I have an odd payment in my statement,4582
-I've tried using my contactless in several locations today and it's not working anywhere. It seemed fine before. How do I get it to work again?,4583
-Can I get money in my home currency at an ATM? I'm on vacation and don't have cash with me. This is cause for a bit of concern. Is it possible to withdraw here without additional cost?,4584
-Can you tell me why my pop-up is still pending?,4585
-How do I find my PIN?,4586
-Am I going to be charged for topping up by transfer?,4587
-"I have been doing some online shopping, but when checking out, it keeps getting declined. I tried a few times and it wouldn't work. What could be wrong?",4588
-Can I change my in at all ATM's?,4589
-How long will it take for me to get my card?,4590
-I tried to withdraw $100 but only got $20. What happened?,4591
-Do you have a return policy?,4592
-The exchange rate is incorrect for my payment.,4593
-What ATMs use this card?,4594
-The ATM wouldn't allow me to withdraw money,4595
-There is a direct debit charge on my account that I don't recognize.,4596
-Will there be a fee to receive a physical card?,4597
-Why is my transfer more expensive than I thought?,4598
-I lost my card. Can you help me?,4599
-Can I add a card back to the app?,4600
-What does pending mean on a cash withdrawal?,4601
-How to access my virtual card,4602
-Can you make exchanges using the EUR?,4603
-What are the cards and currencies that you support?,4604
-My daughter need a card from this account. Is that possible?,4605
-I need to transfer funds from my other bank account into this bank account.,4606
-Can I open up an account for my child?,4607
-"I made a transaction, but I made it to an account I didn't mean to make it to.",4608
-how to get new card?,4609
-I want to revert a transaction I did this morning,4610
-Why does it show that my transfer is still pending?,4611
-Yesterday I had my phone stolen. Please advise what I should do.,4612
-Can I change from AUD to GBP?,4613
-I would like a physical card,4614
-Is my transfer pending?,4615
-I think the exchange rate is wrong for my ATM withdrawal,4616
-I withdraw money abroad but I didn't get the right amount.,4617
-Is it possible to get a card when i'm not in the UK?,4618
-Can you tell me why the transfer isn't showing up on my account?,4619
-Is it possible to have an item refunded?,4620
-What is the age limit?,4621
-Is there anywhere I can't use my card?,4622
-I want to have an item refunded can I do that?,4623
-The atm didn't give me all my cash,4624
-top up is still pending,4625
-How long is the wait for a money transfer to show up?,4626
-Are visa and mastercard accepted,4627
-What works for identity verification?,4628
-Why wasn't my top-up accepted and where did that money go? At first it said it was confirmed but now I can't find it.,4629
-I thought I would have received my new card at this point.,4630
-I have a transaction showing up multiple times.,4631
-Is it possible to get one the your cards in the EU?,4632
-Why won't my transfer go through?,4633
-"If I add money with an international card, are there any fees?",4634
-Why isn't my cash deposit showing up in my account?,4635
-I checked my account today and saw that I was charged an extra pound that I did not spend.,4636
-How fast can you fix an error in payment? I made a payment in the wrong account yesterday and it needs to be adjusted by tomorrow for my rent.,4637
-I AM MISSING CASH FROM MY BANK ACCOUNT ACCORDING TO MY APP,4638
-I was removing a dollar amount from my account and now don't have access to my card.,4639
-why is a transfer to beneficiary not possible?,4640
-Can I add funds directly from my Apple Watch?,4641
-Please can you block the transaction I just sent from my account? It was a payment but I accidently typed in the wrong details and think it might have gone to the wrong place.,4642
-Can you tell me how to locate my PIN?,4643
-Could you please help me figure out why the seller has not received their money after I sent it.,4644
-Dude I put money in the ATM last week but it ain't there! I need the money now figure this out!,4645
-What happens if my card payment is cancelled?,4646
-Do I have a $1 extra fee on the statement?,4647
-Why isn't a refund showing on my statement?,4648
-Is it possible to hold money in different currencies?,4649
-When will a cash withdrawal show up?,4650
-"I am having a slight problem with my American express in apple play, can you help me fix the problem with top up?",4651
-Has there been any activity on my card today?,4652
-"I've tried many times to make a payment, but it's not going through. What's wrong?",4653
-Will there be any extra fees if I exchange currencies?,4654
-I can't use top up on Google Pay.,4655
-Why hasn't my ID been verified?,4656
-To many charges on my card how do I go about fixing that?,4657
-Are there directions to get a new passcode if I forgot mine?,4658
-auto-top up option can be found where?,4659
-"What about an auto top-up, is that a option?",4660
-How can my new card be activated?,4661
-Where is the top-up verification code located?,4662
-My phone is missing or stolen.,4663
-What does it mean when a payment is pending?,4664
-"If my card is going to expire this month, do I need to order a new one?",4665
-I thought crypto top up with something you offer. This is not working. The money has been deducted from my account. Can you find out what's going on?,4666
-What do I do if I already had a card with you guys?,4667
-"I think there may be something wrong with my card. I have never had issues with withdraws before, but this morning on the way to work it was suddenly declined.",4668
-I only have a card from the US is that okay?,4669
-I believe my top up was reverted.,4670
-What am I supposed to do if the funds haven't show up from a transfer completed this morning?,4671
-There's a cash withdrawal that didn't make that is showing up.,4672
-How old does one need to be?,4673
-Yesterday I topped up my card. Why didn't it complete as it still pending?,4674
-"I think something went wrong, I didn't get the right amount.",4675
-"In regards to my card payment, the exchange rate is incorrect.",4676
-How do you top-up using cash?,4677
-There is a debit transaction on my statement that I did not make,4678
-I would like to change my address.,4679
-The amount of exchange was not correct for the item i bought.,4680
-My transfer didn't complete. Why can't I access funds?,4681
-I am being charged a pound out of nowhere. What is this?,4682
-Why is my last cheque deposit taking so long?,4683
-"My payment was put back, I think.",4684
-"I need to verify a payment to my new landlord. I transferred the first rent payment a few days ago. While it shows on my side, the landlord is saying he hasn't received it yet. Can you verify that it has processed?",4685
-What services can I use to top up?,4686
-"I needed to send my friends some money urgently. I tried multiple times to transfer the money this morning, but the transfer keeps failing. Can you tell me why the transfer is getting rejected?",4687
-I need assistance with understanding which fiat currencies that you support.,4688
-This transaction needs both a Visa and a Mastercard.,4689
-Got only $20 when I tried to withdraw $100.,4690
-"Hi. About two hours ago I made a transfer from my bank which is in the UK, but I don't see it yet! Would you check what's going on with it, please?",4691
-"phone is gone, what should i do",4692
-can I use my card before identity verification?,4693
-Do you have a problem with EUR exchanges?,4694
-What does my daughter need to open an account?,4695
-Do you offer free ATM withdrawals of ones hometown currency while on holiday?,4696
-Can I cancel a transfer I made,4697
-What do I do if I've been charged twice for the same transaction?,4698
-Tell me how to replace my expired card.,4699
-Is it acceptable to use either Visa or Mastercard?,4700
-Why is the app showing a still pending message on a withdraw that has already been done?,4701
-Are there any top-up limits involved?,4702
-How long will it take the money to appear in my account?,4703
-"I'm trying to verify my top up card, how do I do that?",4704
-I an not sure but it looks as if a card payment I made was cancelled.,4705
-What is a pending cash withdrawal?,4706
-Is there a reason behind why my transfer did not work?,4707
-What happens after my card expires?,4708
-"I tried to top up, but it didn't finish.",4709
-i did not get any money but still was charged,4710
-If my card is about to expire how long would it take to receive a new one and how much would that cost me?,4711
-Why isn't my disposable virtual card working?,4712
-please delete account,4713
-I asked for more cash than what was received,4714
-How long is US delivery?,4715
-where is this money from,4716
-How can my friends top up my account?,4717
-Will you charge me more if I use a European bank card for a top up?,4718
-Is there any way to cancel my transfer,4719
-Someone hacked into my cards account.,4720
-I want to be sure that everything is okay here. I just made a transfer from a UK account and it is still not showing up. How long does this typically take?,4721
-Card payment has be declined.,4722
-My transfer is failing when I try to do it.,4723
-I can't make purchases with my virtual card.,4724
-"I notice a transaction a couple of weeks ago in my account, from a seller that I don't recognize. Is there a way we can trace back the information to make sure it was truly something I did?",4725
-I just got refunded for my purchase over two weeks ago,4726
-Which fiat currencies are supported?,4727
-Is there a top charge for US cards?,4728
-Does it cost anything to top up?,4729
-Could you explain why my card payment did not work?,4730
-what is this charge on my card?,4731
-I don't have my mobile device and am unable to make the payment because I forgot my details.,4732
-My card is missing. Please help.,4733
-How do I top up my account with a bank transfer?,4734
-Is there a way to make my money usable in another country?,4735
-I want to return an item for a refund can I do that?,4736
-My statement shows and extra 1$ that was charged to it and I would like to know why.,4737
-Where did my money go? I'm not able to withdraw it from my ATM.,4738
-Do you accept cheques for top ups?,4739
-May I get one of your cards? I live in the EU.,4740
-"I have lost my card, but need to place an online order! How do I get a virtual card instantly?",4741
-My card would not work at a shop.,4742
-is it just visa or can i also use mastercard?,4743
-Why is my card payment still a pending transaction?,4744
-How long will it take for my transfer to arrive?,4745
-Why did using an ATM cause me to have an extra fee charged?,4746
-I think my card is broke?,4747
-I withdrew $100 but only received $20,4748
-"I want a refund, but I haven't received the item yet. Can I cancel it and get my funds back? How do I do that.",4749
-How do I link the new card that I just got from you guys?,4750
-I did not make this payment that I see in the App.,4751
-Help! In the app there is a direct debit that I don't remember.,4752
-I made a transfer from France two days ago now but there hasn't made it there yet. Do international transfers take longer?,4753
-"When I use my card, it says decline?",4754
-I think a card payment I made was cancelled.,4755
-Will I see the transfer in my account within the week?,4756
-My transfer didn't arrive to the recipient,4757
-Am I able to get a refund for a purchase?,4758
-Why has another fee been placed on my statement?,4759
-What could the reason be that my payment card was declined?,4760
-Can I use the app without my phone?,4761
-"I just did a transfer, but don't see the money in my account. What's up?",4762
-My account is depleted. Can I transfer funds from another bank?,4763
-I'd like to order another card,4764
-I did not get the item I ordered. How should I go about this? Should I just cancel my order or my payment? Please help me.,4765
-How much more do you charge for currency exchange?,4766
-I tried topping up for the first time today since I am a new customer. It doesn't appear that it's working. It has been pending for at least half an hour. Please take care of this.,4767
-has my card payment been reverted?,4768
-Why is there an extra €1 fee in my statement?,4769
-I am still waiting for a refund,4770
-Will the system automatically update once there is no more money left?,4771
-How do I go about ordering a card?,4772
-I tried transferring to an account but it didn't go through. What happened?,4773
-Can I see where my money is being transferred from?,4774
-I need a refund. This is not what i wanted.,4775
-Why didn't I get the amount I requested at the ATM?,4776
-I have a transaction that shows multiple times.,4777
-"I'm not in the UK, but can I still get a card?",4778
-"i received my American Express in Apple pay, is there a reason why top up is not working?",4779
-What are the countries you support.,4780
-Can you convert to EUR?,4781
-Is there any way I could open an account for my daughter?,4782
-What are these disposable cards meant for?,4783
-"Hello-Can you please help me get a refund from this merchant? I ordered a product and would like to return it. I have been unsuccessful in getting the merchant to return my request for the past several days. I understand it can take up to 45 days to process the dispute and issue a refund, however, if this can be expedited faster it would be very helpful to me.",4784
-My transfer didn't work! Help!,4785
-Is it really necessary to verify my Identity?,4786
-I don't see a code anywhere on my top-up card? Where can I find it? I need to verify!,4787
-I tried to buy something online yesterday and got a message saying declined. I tried again today and got the same message. What's the problem?,4788
-What do I do if I find a debit charge that I know I didn't do in my billing statement?,4789
-I don't have a way to prove my identity.,4790
-Trouble with my top up,4791
-I want to have multiple currencies in my account if possible.,4792
-I'm travelling abroad but I've run into a situation where I need to change my PIN immediately. Can I do this from here?,4793
-How is this transfer supposed to work? It's not working for me.,4794
-Do you offer cards for those in other countries?,4795
-Why does my payment appear as pending?,4796
-The amount of cash I requested to withdrawal did not match what I received when exchanged,4797
-I made a payment but the app gave the money back.,4798
-I tried doing an in country transfer earlier this week. I thought it would be there by now but I still don't see the money. Can you check the status on my transfer?,4799
-I have been charged a pound for something that appears on my statement,4800
-Do you support top ups?,4801
-"If you are waiting for verification, it can take 10 minutes to 60 minutes to get results.You will hear from us once we have it. Please make sure your images are clear and photos of documents are readable. you have to be at least 18 years old and live withing the Economic Area of Europe or in Switzerland in order to open an account.",4802
-Why won't my card work.,4803
-"my payment was rejected, do you know why?",4804
-How are exchange rates calculated at this bank?,4805
-What is the verification process for my card?,4806
-Am I able to get this shipped to China?,4807
-Where do I go to terminate my account?,4808
-Explain why my card payment wouldn't go through.,4809
-I'm seeing a direct debit payment that is not me.,4810
-I don't see me 'top up' in my wallet,4811
-Why is my identification required?,4812
-When can I expect my card? I live in the US.,4813
-"Please help me, its urgent. Someone has withdrawn money from my account as few hours before my wallet has been. Now i want to stop withdrawal of more money.",4814
-I goofed up and used the wrong account. Please help.,4815
-There is a payment done with my card which i definitely did not do.Never seen that name before.,4816
-Do I have to go somewhere to activate my card?,4817
-How do I get extra physical cards?,4818
-Can I top up using my apple watch?,4819
-"I am having trouble doing a transfer. A ""Decline "" message appears after making the transfer.",4820
-I don't know why my credit card was declined while I was trying to top-up. Was it something on my end or was there something wrong with the top-up function?,4821
-"On my app I can see that a direct debit payment that I didn't do, appears.",4822
-I was under the impression that transfers were going to be free and here I was charged for something I bought overseas! I don't think this fee is right,4823
-Is there a way to track the new card you sent me?,4824
-Are there ATM fees?,4825
-Why do I have a transaction showing multiple times?,4826
-I want to transfer money. How do I do that for my account?,4827
-Is there a fee for sending additional cards?,4828
-Can you help me to quickly cancel a transaction I accidentally did to the wrong account?,4829
-Can I electronically transfer funds into my account from my American Express?,4830
-Why was I charged twice for the same thing?,4831
-Which fiat currencies are supported for holding and exchanging?,4832
-I would like to change the the PIN on my card.,4833
-I just replaced my phone so do I have to make a new account?,4834
-Can I top off with a debit card?,4835
-One of my card payments has reverted,4836
-My top up was rejected. Why?,4837
-"I made a transfer and the receiver did not get the right amount its lesser than what it should be,Now I have to transfer more money to make up for the missing amount . Can you please help me about this, what should be done",4838
-I bought an item and now I want a refund.,4839
-I just got an error message saying my transfer is not possible? Why is that? I've transferred money before and it worked without problem,4840
-Instruct me how to reset the passcode.,4841
-Why have I been charged an extra £1?,4842
-How do I use cash to top up my account?,4843
-A card payment on my account is shown as pending.,4844
-I have an unknown charge.,4845
-Is payment required to get a card of my own?,4846
-How do I order a new card if my current one is about to expire?,4847
-What do I do? My card is broken.,4848
-Is it possible to track the card you sent me?,4849
-My account transfer was not cleared.,4850
-Where can I go to get my PIN unblocked?,4851
-Can another family member hold a card for this account in addition to mine?,4852
-My money I had was gone and I could not get gas!,4853
-What do I do if my card expires soon?,4854
-What do I do if I got the wrong amount at the ATM?,4855
-"Card payment was declined, do you know why?",4856
-"I didn't think my country-to-country money transfer would take so long. It still says that it's pending so I re-checked all of the account information--everything seems right, so what's the deal?",4857
-Can you provide me a disposable virtual card?,4858
-"What are my options for topping up, automatic and/or manual?",4859
-How much will I be charged for a cross-currency exchange?,4860
-What documents do I need to get together to verify my identity?,4861
-How can I get money in my home currency while I'm traveling internationally? I wanted to take it out of a local ATM but am worried that I will get charged extra fees.,4862
-How long should I wait for top up go go through ?,4863
-Can the card be mailed to Europe?,4864
-I tried to top up and suddenly my money disappeared,4865
-where do i go to transfer money from one account to this one,4866
-"I need to hold money, what currencies can I use?",4867
-What should I do if I can't use my card?,4868
-I think I deserve a refunded on a certain item.,4869
-I would love one of the virtual cards!,4870
-Is it possible to get a new card in China?,4871
-My card is not working when I try to use it.,4872
-I need to order a new card.,4873
-"i accidentally entered in my retailers information, what should i do next",4874
-Where can I get my currencies exchanged?,4875
-When will the check I deposited post to my account?,4876
-Where do I go to add a new card?,4877
-How long am I to wait before the transfer gets to my account?,4878
-I have a missing refund,4879
-The seller of the items I bought online the other day hasn't received the EU transfer yet. How long do these usually take?,4880
-I made an online purchase and the order has not shown up. Give me my money back.,4881
-I want to stop my account,4882
-"Your card pin can be changed at any Visa or MasterCard ATM with Pin services, excluding countries such as Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria, Germany, Spain, and France.",4883
-What ATMs can I use my card at?,4884
-I can't find out how to top-up my account using cash.,4885
-I was charged a fee when buying stuff with my card.,4886
-Can I keep using my card after it expires?,4887
-Why was my card payment reversed?,4888
-When will my top up be approved?,4889
-Why did my card get charged twice for a transaction?,4890
-Do you accept cheques for top-up?,4891
-Can an American resident apply to get a card?,4892
-I cannot seem to use my card.,4893
-My top-up was cancelled and I am writing to ask if I need to complete the 3D Secure authentication section before I submit it.,4894
-How do i secure a top-up card?,4895
-I want to get few more physical cards,4896
-How do you Top Up on the apple watch?,4897
-I did not have the right exchange rate applied to my situation of pulling out cash,4898
-"My money has gone missing. I had recently added money in, and saw it was there and went through. Now it's missing. What is happening?",4899
-I noticed a duplicate charge on my statement.,4900
-My account balance has not updated to reflect my recent transfer.,4901
-I want to transfer money into my account,4902
-Why would you cancel my transfer?,4903
-I want to use my card. How do I activate it?,4904
-Can I have it delivered on the date I need it delivered?,4905
-Does the PIN come under separate cover?,4906
-My money transfer has not yet occurred,4907
-"I don't see my refund money yet in my account. I asked the merchant a while ago for a refund, so I don't know what's taking so long. Can you look into it and see if the money is there, just not in my account yet?",4908
-How do I make my card appear on the app?,4909
-How long do I need to wait til my top up isn't pending?,4910
-Weird Direct Debit payment,4911
-Is my card actually working? It's the first time I tried using it,4912
-"I withdrew money and got a fee, please explain",4913
-Can someone else use my account if they have my phone? I lost mine.,4914
-How will I get my card?,4915
-I returned an item but don't see it on my account?,4916
-I have duplicate charges for the same transaction,4917
-How can i get a refund for something i just bought?,4918
-I must make a transfer from China and it is urgent. How long before the transfer is complete?,4919
-Can somebody else top up my account?,4920
-"While on vacation in Spain I think someone saw my PIN and I now need to change it, can I do this at an ATM in Spain?",4921
-Why does top-up require verification?,4922
-What would be a reason my transfer got declined?,4923
-Is it possible to get a refund for the item?,4924
-How come my card payment is still pending?,4925
-I want to delete my account. How do I do this?,4926
-How do I dispute a direct debit on my account?,4927
-how do i setup my apple pay,4928
-I contacted a seller about a refund last week but he still hasn't returned my money. I am frustrated and need these funds. Please help me get my money back.,4929
-I noticed the exchange rate for cash withdrawal isn't right.,4930
-When will my balance reflect a deposit?,4931
-What are the steps to verify identity?,4932
-I am unable to prove my identity,4933
-What if I type in the wrong PIN too many times?,4934
-I was overcharged an additional pound.,4935
-Is it normal to be charged an extra fee when paying with my card?,4936
-"Hello, I recently ordered an item and I need help with cancelling and processing a refund as soon as possible. It's very important that I get my refund quickly.",4937
-Why wouldn't the ATM give me my money?,4938
-Why am I charged an extra fee on my card?,4939
-"I need your help to get a refund for an item I just bought, can you cancel the payment since what I bought hasn't arrived yet.",4940
-Do you know why my card payment has been declined?,4941
-You accepts my card?,4942
-"I tried using a check to update my balance, but it isn't work? Is something wrong?",4943
-My card stopped working. How do I check if there is a freeze on it?,4944
-My PIN was entered wrong and now I am blocked. Please unblock.,4945
-Why can I not get cash from the ATM?,4946
-Can I see the source of my available money?,4947
-I deposited a check yesterday and im not seeing it posted yet in my account. why is that? can you look into it?,4948
-My card is missing! Help!,4949
-My contactless is non-functional.,4950
-"The company is no good, please terminate my account.",4951
-how do i get top up with cash deposit,4952
-Can I still use my account without verifying my identity?,4953
-What is the cost and time frame of getting a new card?,4954
-Can my salary be received here?,4955
-My card payment has been declined,4956
-I'm having problems making a transfer to another account. I keep getting a declined message. I know that the information I'm putting in is accurate because I have checked it more than once.,4957
-I have used this account overseas recently. Has there been an increase in fees that I am unaware of?,4958
-Is there a fee for a SEPA transfer,4959
-"my card details could be stolen, as i didnt make these transactions",4960
-"I asked for $40 and I only received $20, what happened?",4961
-I was just going over my transactions for the past couple of months and noticed a large type charge that I know I did not make. Even though it's been a while can I please still dispute this?,4962
-I withdrew cash abroad and the exchange rate applied is wrong.,4963
-Why do I have a transaction showing up more than once?,4964
-My new card isn't here and it was issued a week ago.,4965
-What happened to the transfer I did?,4966
-Can I get support?,4967
-I can't use the app because I got mugged yesterday and they took everything. Please help.,4968
-"My mother deposited a cheque into my account last week, why is it still not showing up?",4969
-When will it be delivered to the US?,4970
-How many incorrect attempts cause card to be blocked?,4971
-"The exchange rate given to me after a purchase, was incorrect",4972
-"If I exchange currencies on a regular basis, is there a discount?",4973
-"I tempted to get some money out of the machine earlier and it did not work.Looking now, the transaction actually shows to still be in progress. I would certainly appreciate someone look into this and let me know what's going on. I definitely do not want to be charged for money I never received.",4974
-Why is the cash not showing in my account for the check I deposited?,4975
-What types of foreign money can be used with this service.?,4976
-Where did the €1 fee in my statement come from,4977
-I sent money to my family last Friday but they don't have it.,4978
-what countries can i use my card in,4979
-What currencies can I have?,4980
-How can I get a card sent to China?,4981
-How can I verify my source of funds?,4982
-Can you please tell me why I was charged an extra fee on my transfer?,4983
-Someone stole my wallet with my card in it while vacationing in Spain. I really need my card blocked and a new one ordered.,4984
-I have transferred some money but the balance hasn't changed,4985
-What is the length of a transaction completion?,4986
-Please help me. I am still waiting on a refund.,4987
-What is happening? I have tried to transfer money 5x already. Is the system down? This shouldnt be happening as this is a basic transfer.,4988
-What are the current exchange rates?,4989
-I need help fixing my contactless. It's not working anywhere I go today.,4990
-What are Interbanks current exchange rates?,4991
-"I got this stupid fee after taking cash out, why?",4992
-I would like to get a Visa card,4993
-Are there any limits to were my card is accepted?,4994
-Why wasn't my payment accepted by the app,4995
-My payment has been cancelled,4996
-My identity verification is not working.,4997
-Please update me on whether you have received the funds for the refund of the large purchase I made recently. I have requested this from the merchant days ago but still haven't got anything.,4998
-I need to have an item refunded.,4999
-I'm a new customer and tried topping up today for the first time. It's still pending and doesn't seem to be working. I need to get this fixed.,5000
-Please explain your exchange rate policy.,5001
-"I have done a transfer within the country a couple days ago, but it's still not there yet. Can you please check what's going on with that, the account number definitely is the right one, I've checked that several times already.",5002
-I want to transfer money from another account into this one.,5003
-How do I add my card to the app once I get it?,5004
-What currency can I use to pay for a top up?,5005
-What are the reasons for a declined transfer?,5006
-"May monthly payment to Apple has been declined but I don't know why, they are going to re-try the payment and it must go through, can you tell me what is going on please?",5007
-"After my checque or cash deposit, my balance didn't update.",5008
-How do I activate a card?,5009
-There are a couple of payments with my card shown in the app that I really didn't make myself. What's going on with this?,5010
-"I transferred a payment a couple days ago and it shows done, but it has not been received. Could you please help me?",5011
-Do you charge a fee for adding money in USD?,5012
-What are the steps for changing my passcode?,5013
-is there a way i can see source of money?,5014
-I put money in my account a week ago but its still not there?? What happened to my money?,5015
-I need to know what your exchange rates are.,5016
-Help me verify my identification.,5017
-Is there an exchange rate?,5018
-I am not seeing recent cash withdrawal on my account.,5019
-Why am I being charged to withdrawal money?,5020
-I believe that someone is using my card without my knowledge!,5021
-I don't know where the top-up verification code is.,5022
-I just had a wedding and I want to take my spouses name.,5023
-How can my friend give me money?,5024
-Are there any charges for European bank card for top up?,5025
-"I topped up last night but don't have any funds, why not?",5026
-What's the expected wait time to recieve my new card?,5027
-"I want to give a second card for this account to my daughter, would this be possible?",5028
-For some reason I am unable to preform a transfer to a beneficiary.,5029
-Why did the ATM swallow my card?,5030
-What am I going to need in order to verify my identity?,5031
-Is it possible for me to set up separate accounts for my kids?,5032
-Your company is lame. Shut down all my account services right now.,5033
-Looking at my statement I see that I was double charged for a payment I made.,5034
-When will you be taking orders for disposable virtual cards?,5035
-"I accidentally chose to exchange GBP, but I need to pick AUD. How can I change it?",5036
-"for god sake, just delete my account i am sick of this",5037
-Can someone assist me with activating my card?,5038
-How can I get my PIN unblocked?,5039
-Which cards and currencies are supported?,5040
-Can I make an account for my kids?,5041
-"I think my top up may have been reverted, what do I do?",5042
-How many transactions can I make on my disposable card?,5043
-I would like to get an account for my child.,5044
-"My transfer failed, why did that happen?",5045
-Will I be charged for adding money by transfer?,5046
-The app says I made a cash withdrawal even though I didn't.,5047
-Where do you export the cards to?,5048
-"My cash withdrawal says pending, why?",5049
diff --git a/data/banking_77/train.csv b/data/banking_77/train.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index 6cf7dde818056979f20fb2d06da30bf9b3a6fd7d..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/banking_77/train.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-Query,Label,ID
-Is it possible for me to change my PIN number?,change_pin,0
-I'm not sure why my card didn't work,declined_card_payment,1
-I don't think my top up worked,top_up_failed,2
-Can you explain why my payment was charged a fee?,card_payment_fee_charged,3
-"How long does a transfer from a UK account take? I just made one and it doesn't seem to be working, wondering if everything is okay",balance_not_updated_after_bank_transfer,4
-Why am I getting declines when trying to make a purchase online?,declined_transfer,5
-What is the $1 transaction on my account?,extra_charge_on_statement,6
-It looks like my card payment was sent back.,reverted_card_payment?,7
-Why am I unable to transfer money when I was able to before?,beneficiary_not_allowed,8
-What if there is an error on the exchange rate?,card_payment_wrong_exchange_rate,9
-After I transferred money the balance remained the same.,balance_not_updated_after_bank_transfer,10
-How much does top up fees cost?,top_up_by_card_charge,11
-limits on top ups,top_up_limits,12
-My card payment was not successful.,declined_card_payment,13
-I live in the EU - can I get a card?,country_support,14
-Why did my top-up not work?,top_up_failed,15
-"I have a strange transaction for £1 on my statement, what is that?",extra_charge_on_statement,16
-Why is my money not in my account. I have already sent it out.,balance_not_updated_after_cheque_or_cash_deposit,17
-Let me know what the steps for the identity checks are,verify_my_identity,18
-I need my card as quick as possible,card_delivery_estimate,19
-In what increments can I top-up my card?,automatic_top_up,20
-When do i activate auto top-up?,automatic_top_up,21
-Do you charge for sending out more cards?,getting_spare_card,22
-Why am I being asked to verify my identity?,why_verify_identity,23
-What currencies can I use?,supported_cards_and_currencies,24
-I withdrew cash and I think the exchange rate is wrong.,wrong_exchange_rate_for_cash_withdrawal,25
-"My top up hasn't gone through yet, why?",pending_top_up,26
-"Hello, I have a question concerning an unfamiliar fee that I notice on my account. I see that you guys charge for ATM withdrawal. Never notice this fee until now. Can you please explain?",cash_withdrawal_charge,27
-The exchange rate was wrong in the foreign country I got cash in.,wrong_exchange_rate_for_cash_withdrawal,28
-I am still waiting for a transfer to show,pending_transfer,29
-How is the exchange rate calculated?,exchange_rate,30
-"There was an extra fee when I paid with my card, why was i charged this extra fee?",card_payment_fee_charged,31
-My credit card seems to have been declined for top up. Why is it not going through? Can you tell me what's going on?,top_up_failed,32
-"My transfers keep on getting declined. My card was working fine up until now, however it has suddenly stopped working. Why is this?",declined_transfer,33
-How long does it take for my physical card to be delivered.,card_delivery_estimate,34
-I need to know why a money transfer is available.,pending_transfer,35
-I must make several disposable cards every day.,disposable_card_limits,36
-What do I do to link my new card?,card_linking,37
-Why is their a charge pending on my card still?,pending_card_payment,38
-Why is there extra cash in my account?,cash_withdrawal_not_recognised,39
-Can I get a refund on an item?,request_refund,40
-Can I get an update on my replacement card?,card_arrival,41
-How do I know what my PIN is?,get_physical_card,42
-In which countries can I get a card?,country_support,43
-Can I choose from either Visa or Mastercard?,visa_or_mastercard,44
-My card still hasn't been delivered,card_arrival,45
-I didn't make the direct debit payment on my account.,direct_debit_payment_not_recognised,46
-after i got married i need to change my name,edit_personal_details,47
-How can I tell the source for my available funds?,verify_source_of_funds,48
-I didn't get all the cash I asked for,wrong_amount_of_cash_received,49
diff --git a/data/neurips_impact_statement_risks/task.json b/data/neurips_impact_statement_risks/task.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 6e4809387cd39f6ebe2527cca91e80d43d4a543c..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/neurips_impact_statement_risks/task.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"name": "neurips_impact_statement_risks", "description": "", "data_columns": ["Paper title", "Paper link", "Impact statement", "ID"], "label_columns": {"Label": ["doesn't mention a harmful application", "mentions a harmful application"]}}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/neurips_impact_statement_risks/test_unlabeled.csv b/data/neurips_impact_statement_risks/test_unlabeled.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index 4f3508da0ff74db8effdc1791c9a0fa703ed7c77..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/neurips_impact_statement_risks/test_unlabeled.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-Paper title,Paper link,Impact statement,ID
-Model Agnostic Multilevel Explanations,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/426f990b332ef8193a61cc90516c1245-Paper.pdf,"With the proliferation of deep learning, explaining or understanding the reasons behind the models decisions has become extremely important in many critical applications [ 30]. Many explainability methods have been proposed in literature [7, 12, 11], however, they either provide instance specific local explanations or fit to the entire dataset and create global explanations. Our proposed method is able to create both such explanations, but in addition, it also creates explanations for subgroups in the data and all of this jointly. We thus are creating explanations for granularities (between local and global). This multilevel aspect has not been sufficiently researched before. In fact recently [4] has stressed the importance of having such multilevel explanations for successfully meeting the requirements of Europe’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) [5]. They clearly state that simply having local or global explanations may not be sufficient for providing satisfactory explanations in many cases. There are also potential risks with this approach. The first is that if the base local explainer is non-robust or inaccurate [34, 35] then the explanations generated by our tree also may have to be considered cautiously. However this is not specific to our method, and applies to several post-hoc explainability methods that try to explain a black-box model. The way to mitigate this is to ensure that the local explanation methods are adapted (such as by choosing appropriate neighborhoods in LIME) to provide robust and accurate explanations. Another risk could be that such detailed multilevel explanations may reveal too much about the internals of the model (similar scenario for gradient-based models is discussed in [36]) and hence may raise privacy concerns. Mitigation could happen by selectively revealing the levels / pruning the tree or having a budget of explanations for each user to balance the level of explanations vs. the exposure of the black-box model.",50
-Pipeline PSRO: A Scalable Approach for Finding Approximate Nash Equilibria in Large Games,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/e9bcd1b063077573285ae1a41025f5dc-Paper.pdf,"Stratego and Barrage Stratego are very large imperfect information board games played by many around the world. Although variants of self-play reinforcement learning have achieved grandmaster level performance on video games, it is unclear if these algorithms could work on Barrage Stratego or Stratego because they are not principled and fail on smaller games. We believe that P2SRO will be able to achieve increasingly good performance on Barrage Stratego and Stratego as more time and compute are added to the algorithm. We are currently training P2SRO on Barrage Stratego and we hope that the research community will also take interest in beating top humans at these games as a challenge and inspiration for artificial intelligence research. This research focuses on how to scale up algorithms for computing approximate Nash equilibria in large games. These methods are very compute-intensive when applied to large games. Naturally, this favors large tech companies or governments with enough resources to apply this method for large, complex domains, including in real-life scenarios such as stock trading and e-commerce. It is hard to predict who might be put at an advantage or disadvantage as a result of this research, and it could be argued that powerful entities would gain by reducing their exploitability. However, the same players already do and will continue to benefit from information and computation gaps by exploiting suboptimal behavior of disadvantaged parties. It is our belief that, in the long run, preventing exploitability and striving as much as practical towards a provably efficient equilibrium can serve to level the field, protect the disadvantaged, and promote equity and fairness.",51
-POLY-HOOT : Monte-Carlo Planning in Continuous Space MDPs with Non-Asymptotic Analysis,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/30de24287a6d8f07b37c716ad51623a7-Paper.pdf,"We believe that researchers of planning, reinforcement learning, and multi-armed bandits, especially those who are interested in the theoretical foundations, would benefit from this work. In particular, prior to this work, though intuitive, easy-to-implement, and empirically widely-used, a theoretical analysis of Monte-Carlo tree search (MCTS) in continuous domains had not been established through the lens of non-stationary bandits. In this work, inspired by the recent advances in finite-space Monte-Carlo tree search, we have provided such a result, and thus theoretically justified the efficiency of MCTS in continuous domains. Although Monte-Carlo tree search has demonstrated great performance in a wide range of applications, theoretical explanation of its empirical successes is relatively lacking. Our theoretical results have advocated the use of non-stationary bandit algorithms, which might guide the design of new planning algorithms that enjoy better empirical performance in practice. Our results might also be helpful for researchers interested in robotics and control applications, as our algorithm can be readily applied to such planning problems with continuous domains. As a theory-oriented work, we do not believe that our research will cause any ethical issue, or put anyone at any disadvantage.",52
-Sliding Window Algorithms for k-Clustering Problems,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/631e9c01c190fc1515b9fe3865abbb15-Paper.pdf,"Clustering is a fundamental unsupervised machine learning problem that lies at the core of multiple real-world applications. In this paper, we address the problem of clustering in a sliding window setting. As we argued in the introduction, the sliding window model allows us to discard old data which is a core principle in data retention policies. Whenever a clustering algorithm is used on user data it is important to consider the impact it may have on the users. In this work we focus on the algorithmic aspects of the problem and we do not address other considerations of using clustering that may be needed in practical settings. For instance, there is a burgeoning literature on fairness considerations in unsupervised methods, including clustering, which further delves into these issues. We refer to this literature [22, 40, 11] for addressing such issues.",53
-Optimal Approximation - Smoothness Tradeoffs for Soft-Max Functions,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/1bd413de70f32142f4a33a94134c5690-Paper.pdf,"In this paper, we study some basic mathematical properties of soft-max functions and we propose new ones that are optimal with respect to some mathematical criteria. Soft-max functions are fundamental building blocks with many applications, from Machine Learning to Differential Privacy to Resource Allocation. All of these fields have societal impact: Differential Privacy has already been a fundamental mathematical tool to ensure privacy in the digital world and in many cases it has been the only available method to get privacy from services that take place in the digital world. Resource allocation and in particular auction theory has also societal impact, from the way that items are sold in online platforms to the way that ride-sharing applications decide prices, to the nation wide auctions that allocate bandwidth of the frequency spectrum to broadcast companies. Since our paper contributes to one of the fundamental tools in all these areas we believe that it can potentially have a positive impact by improving the outcomes of many algorithms in these topics in terms of e.g. privacy in Differential Privacy applications and revenue in Resource Allocation applications. Although our paper is mostly mathematical in nature, we present also some experimental results applied to data collect from the DBLP dataset. Although we used a public data set, we acknowledge that the data we used may be biased.",54
-Learning with Operator-valued Kernels in Reproducing Kernel Krein Spaces,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/9f319422ca17b1082ea49820353f14ab-Paper.pdf,"The theoretical tools introduced in the paper for generalized operator valued kernels and function- valued Reproducing Kernel Krein Spaces (RKKS) are new and will promote research in investigating more sophisticated techniques for handling function data and other data with complicated structures. The proposed methods and algorithms have been applied on a speech inversion problem and accurate predictions of function-valued outputs in such applications might be useful for improving the current understanding of the speech generation process in humans. To the best of our knowledge, our work does not have any negative impact.",55
-Task-Agnostic Amortized Inference of Gaussian Process Hyperparameters,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/f52db9f7c0ae7017ee41f63c2a7353bc-Paper.pdf,"Iterative hyperparameter optimization procedures often place a heavy computation burden on people who apply Gaussian processes to real-world applications. The optimization procedure itself usually has hyperparameters to be tuned (learning rate, number of iterations, etc.), which further increases the computational cost. Our proposed method amortizes this cost by training a single meta-model that is then useful across a wide range of tasks. Once the meta-model is trained, it can be repeatedly applied to future kernel hyperparameter selection tasks, reducing resource usage and carbon footprint. The minimal computation required by our method also makes it more accessible to the general public instead of only to those with abundant computing resources. Like most deep learning models, our neural model has the potential risk of overfitting and low robustness. In an effort to avoid this, we use only synthetic data generated from a family of kernel function space that is expressive enough to cover a variety of Gaussian process use cases. Our goal is to avoid biasing the model towards any particular task. Additionally, we impose regularizations such as permutation invariance and weight sharing to encourage generalizable representations. Even with all these efforts, our model might still produce misspecified hyperparameters which can lead to poor prediction performance versus conventional MLL optimization procedures.",56
-A Self-Tuning Actor-Critic Algorithm,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/f02208a057804ee16ac72ff4d3cec53b-Paper.pdf,"The last decade has seen significant improvements in Deep Reinforcement Learning algorithms. To make these algorithms more general, it became a common practice in the DRL community to measure the performance of a single DRL algorithm by evaluating it in a diverse set of environments, where at the same time, it must use a single set of hyperparameters. That way, it is less likely to overfit the agent’s hyperparameters to specific domains, and more general properties can be discovered. These principles are reflected in popular DRL benchmarks like the ALE and the DM control suite. In this paper, we focus on exactly that goal and design a self-tuning RL agent that performs well across a diverse set of environments. Our agent starts with a global loss function that is shared across the environments in each benchmark. But then, it has the flexibility to self-tune this loss function, separately in each domain. Moreover, it can adapt its loss function within a single lifetime to account for inherent non-stationarities in RL algorithms - exploration vs. exploitation, changing data distribution, and degree of off-policy. While using meta-learning to tune hyperparameters is not new, we believe that we have made significant progress that will convince many people in the DRL community to use metagradients. We demonstrated that our agent performs significantly better than the baseline algorithm in four benchmarks. The relative improvement is much more significant than in previous metagradient papers and is demonstrated across a wider range of environments. While each of these benchmarks is diverse on its own, together, they give even more significant evidence to our approach’s generality. Furthermore, we show that it’s possible to self-tune tenfold more metaparameters from different types. We also showed that we gain improvement from self-tuning various subsets of the meta parameters, and that performance kept improving as we self-tuned more metaparameters. Finally, we have demonstrated how embracing self-tuning can help to introduce new concepts (leaky V-trace and parameterized auxiliary tasks) to RL algorithms without needing tuning.",57
-Inverse Reinforcement Learning from a Gradient-based Learner,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/19aa6c6fb4ba9fcf39e893ff1fd5b5bd-Paper.pdf,"In this paper, we focus on the Inverse Reinforcement Learning [2, 15, 3, 21] task from a Learning Agent [17]. The first motivation to study Inverse Reinforcement Learning algorithms is to overcome the difficulties that can arise in specifying the reward function from human and animal behaviour. Sometimes, in fact, it is easier to infer human intentions by observing their behaviours than to design a reward function by hand. An example is helicopter flight control [1], in which we can observe a helicopter operator and through IRL a reward function is inferred to teach a physical remote-controlled helicopter. Another example is to predict the behavior of a real agent as route prediction tasks of taxis [41, 42] or anticipation of pedestrian interactions [12] or energy-efficient driving [38]. However, in many cases, the agents are not really experts and on the other hand, only expert demonstrations can not show their intention to avoid dangerous situations. We want to point out that learning what the agent wants to avoid because harmful is as important as learning his intentions. The possible outcomes of this research are the same as those of Inverse Reinforcement Learning mentioned above, avoiding the constraint that the agent has to be an expert. In future work, we will study how to apply the proposed algorithm in order to infer the pilot’s intentions when they learn a new circuit. A relevant possible complication of using IRL is the error on the reward feature engineering which can lead to errors in understanding the agent’s intentions. In an application such as autonomous driving, errors in the reward function can cause dangerous situations. For this reason, verification through the simulated environment of the effectiveness of the retrieve rewards is quite important.",58
-Fourier Features Let Networks Learn High Frequency Functions in Low Dimensional Domains,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/55053683268957697aa39fba6f231c68-Paper.pdf,"This paper demonstrates how Fourier features can be used to enable coordinate-based MLPs to accurately model high-frequency functions in low-dimensional domains. Because we improve the performance of coordinate-based MLPs, we consider the impact of using those MLPs (such as those shown in Figure 1). The 2D image regression case (Figure 1b) has historically been limited in its practical use to artistic image synthesis [15, 39] and synthesizing images designed to mislead classifiers [31]. It is difficult to quantify the potential societal impact of artistic image synthesis, but the ability to generate improved adversarial attacks on classifiers poses a risk in domains such as robotics or self-driving cars, and necessitates the continued study of how classifiers can be made robust to such attacks [26]. Given that coordinate-based MLPs have been shown to exhibit notable compression capabilities [30], advances in coordinate-based MLPs for image or video regression may also serve as a basis for an effective compression algorithm. Improved image compression may have positive value in terms of consumer photography and electronics experiences (expanded on-device or cloud storage), but may have potentially negative value by enabling easier private or governmental surveillance by making recordings easier to store for longer periods of time. Improved performance of coordinate-based MLPs for CT and MRI imaging tasks (Figure 1d) may lead to improved medical imaging technologies, which generally have positive societal impacts: more accurate diagnoses and less expensive or more accessible diagnostic information for communities with limited access to medical services. However, given the serious impact an inaccurate medical diagnosis can have on a patient’s well-being, the consequences of failure for this use case are significant. Coordinate-based MLPs have also been used for 3D tasks such as predicting volume occupancy (Figure 1c) and view synthesis (Figure 1e) [27, 30]. Assessing the long-term impact of algorithms that reason about 3D occupancy is difficult, as this task is fundamental to much of perception and robotics and thus carries with it the broad potential upsides and downsides of increased automation [10]. But in the immediate future, improved view synthesis has salient positive effects: it may let filmmakers produce photorealistic effects and may allow for immersive 3D mapping applications or VR experiences. However, this progress may also inadvertently reduce employment opportunities for the human artists who currently produce these effects manually.",59
-Regret in Online Recommendation Systems,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/f1daf122cde863010844459363cd31db-Paper.pdf,"This work, although mostly theoretical, may provide guidelines and insights towards an improved design of recommendation systems. The benefits of such improved design could be to increase user experience with these systems, and to help companies to improve their sales strategies through differentiated recommendations. The massive use of recommendation systems and its potential side effects have recently triggered a lot of interest. We must remain aware of and investigate such effects. These include: opinion polarization, a potential negative impact on users’ behavior and their willingness to pay, privacy issues.",60
-Robust Correction of Sampling Bias using Cumulative Distribution Functions,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/24368c745de15b3d2d6279667debcba3-Paper.pdf,"Machine learning is limited by the availability and quality of data. In many circumstances we may not have access to labeled data from our target distribution. Improving methods for covariate shift will help us extend the impact of the data we do have. Stably predicting a conditional probability distribution has an application that has recently gained notorious prominence. In the presence of a pandemic, one may wish to predict the death-rate to calculate the expected toll on society. This translates exactly to predicting the conditional probability of dying given demographic information. Data that has been gathered often has a large sampling bias, since a persons risk profile may affect their willingness to leave home and participate in a study, and their age may affect their availability for an online survey. A stable method for covariate shift in this situation can be a critical part of ensuring officials have accurate statistics when making decisions. One potential negative impact of the work would be if it were to be misunderstood and misused, yielding incorrect results. This is a concern in all areas of data science, so it is important that the conditions for appropriate use be well understood.",61
-End-to-End Learning and Intervention in Games,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/c21f4ce780c5c9d774f79841b81fdc6d-Paper.pdf,"Our work helps understand and resolve social dilemmas resulting from pervasive conflict between self- and collective interest in human societies. The potential applications of the proposed modeling framework range from addressing externality in economic systems to guiding large-scale infrastructure investment. Planners, regulators, policy makers of various human systems could benefit from the decision making tools derived from this work.",62
-Stage-wise Conservative Linear Bandits,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/804741413d7fe0e515b19a7ffc7b3027-Paper.pdf,"The main goal of this paper is to design and study novel “safe” learning algorithms for safety-critical systems with provable performance guarantees. An example arises in clinical trials where the effect of different therapies on patient’s health is not known in advance. We select the baseline actions to be the therapies that have been historically chosen by medical practitioners, and the reward captures the effectiveness of the chosen therapy. The stage-wise conservative constraint modeled in this paper ensures that at each round the learner should choose a therapy which results in an expected reward if not better, must be close to the baseline policy. Another example arises in societal-scale infrastructure networks such as communication/power/transportation/data network infrastructure. We focus on the case where the reliability requirements of network operation at each round depends on the reward of the selected action and certain baseline actions are known to not violate system constraints and achieve certain levels of operational efficiency as they have been used widely in the past. In this case, the stage-wise conservative constraint modeled in this paper ensures that at each round, the reward of action employed by learning algorithm if not better, should be close to that of baseline policy in terms of network efficiency, and the reliability requirement for network operation must not be violated by the learner. Another example is in recommender systems that at each round, we wish to avoid recommendations that are extremely disliked by the users. Our proposed stage-wise conservative constrains ensures that at no round would the recommendation system cause severe dissatisfaction for the users (consider perhaps how a really bad personal movie recommendation from a streaming platform would severely affect your view of the said platform).",63
-Optimal Learning from Verified Training Data,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/6c1e55ec7c43dc51a37472ddcbd756fb-Paper.pdf,"The manipulation and fairness of algorithms form a significant barrier to practical application of theoretically effective machine learning algorithms in many real world use cases. With this work, we have attempted to address the important problem of data manipulation, which has many societal consequences. Data manipulation is one of many ways in which an individual can “game the system"" in order to secure beneficial outcomes for themselves to the detriment of others. Thus, reducing the potential benefits of data manipulation is of worthwhile consideration and focus. Whilst this paper is primarily of theoretical focus, we hope that our work will form a contributing step towards safe, fair, and effective application of machine learning algorithms in more practical settings.",64
-Semi-Supervised Partial Label Learning via Confidence-Rated Margin Maximization,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/4dea382d82666332fb564f2e711cbc71-Paper.pdf,"In this paper, we study the problem of semi-supervised partial label learning which has been less investigated in weakly supervised learning. The developed techniques can be applied to scenarios where the supervision information collected from the environment is accurate. For ethical use of the proposed approach, one should expect proper acquisition of the candidate labeling information (e.g. crowdsourcing) as well as the unlabeled data. We believe that developing such techniques is important to meet the increasing needs of learning from weak supervision in many real-world applications.",65
-Linearly Converging Error Compensated SGD,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/ef9280fbc5317f17d480e4d4f61b3751-Paper.pdf,"Our contribution is primarily theoretical. Therefore, a broader impact discussion is not applicable.",66
-ICAM: Interpretable Classification via Disentangled Representations and Feature Attribution Mapping,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/56f9f88906aebf4ad985aaec7fa01313-Paper.pdf,"There is growing evidence that deep learning tools have the potential to improve the speed of review of medical images and that their sensitivity to complex high-dimensional textures can (in some cases) improve their efficacy relative to radiographers [19]. A recent study by Google DeepMind [31] suggested that deep learning systems could perform the role of a second-reader of breast cancer screenings to improve the precision of diagnosis relative to a single-expert (which is standard clinical practice within the US). For brain disorders the opportunities and challenges for AI are more significant since the features of the disease are commonly subtle, presentations highly variable (creating greater challenges for physicians), and the datasets are much smaller in size in comparison to natural image tasks. The additional pitfalls that are common in deep learning algorithms [46], including the so called ‘black box’ problem where it is unknown why a certain prediction is made, lead to further uncertainly and mistrust for clinicians when making decisions based on the results of these models. We developed a novel framework to address this problem by deriving a disease map, directly from a class prediction space, which highlights all class relevant features in an image. Our objective is to demonstrate on a theoretical level, that the development of more medically interpretable models is feasible, rather than developing a diagnostic tool to be used in the clinic. However, in principle, these types of maps may be used by physicians as an additional source of data in addition to mental exams, physiological tests and their own judgement to support diagnosis of complex conditions such as Alzheimer’s, autism, and schizophrenia. This may have significant societal impact as early diagnosis can improve the effectiveness of interventional treatment. Further, our model, ICAM, presents a specific advantage as it provides a ‘probability’ of belonging to a class along with a visualisation, supporting better understanding of the phenotypic variation of these diseases, which may improve mechanistic or prognostic modelling of these diseases. There remain ethical challenges as errors in prediction could influence clinicians towards wrong diagnoses and incorrect treatment which could have very serious consequences. Further studies have shown clear racial differences in brain structure [41, 44] which if not sampled correctly could lead to bias in the model and greater uncertainty for ethnic minorities [39]. These challenges would need to be addressed before any consideration of clinical translation. Clearly, the uncertainties in the model should be transparently conveyed to any end user, and in this respect the advantages of ICAM relative to its predecessors are plain to see.",67
-Learning Representations from Audio-Visual Spatial Alignment,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/328e5d4c166bb340b314d457a208dc83-Paper.pdf,"Self-supervision reduces the need for human labeling, which is in some sense less affected by human biases. However, deep learning systems are trained from data. Thus, even self-supervised models reflect the biases in the collection process. To mitigate collection biases, we searched for 360 ◦ videos using queries translated into multiple languages. Despite these efforts, the adoption of 360 ◦ video cameras is likely not equal across different sectors of society, and thus learned representations may still reflect such discrepancies.",68
-Sample complexity and effective dimension for regression on manifolds,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/977f8b33d303564416bf9f4ab1c39720-Paper.pdf,"The results in this paper further illuminate the role of low-dimensional structure in machine learning algorithms. An improved theoretical understanding of the performance of these algorithms is increasingly important as tools from machine learning become ever-more-widely adopted in a range of applications with significant societal implications. Although, in general, there are well-known ethical issues that can arise from inherent biases in the way data are sampled and presented to regression and classification algorithms, we do not have reason to believe that the methods presented in this paper would either enhance or diminish these issues. Our analysis is abstract and, for better or for worse, assumes a completely neutral sampling model (uniform over a manifold).",69
-Curriculum by Smoothing,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/f6a673f09493afcd8b129a0bcf1cd5bc-Paper.pdf,"In this paper we describe a technique to fundamentally improve training for CNNs. This paper has impact wherever CNNs are used, since they can also be trained using the same regime, which would results in improved task-performance. Applications of CNNs, such as object recognition, can be used for good or malicious purposes. Any user or practitioner has the ultimate impact and authority on how to deploy such a network in practice. The user can use our proposed strategy to improve their underlying machine learning algorithm, and deploy it in whichever way they choose.",70
-No-regret Learning in Price Competitions under Consumer Reference Effects,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/f51238cd02c93b89d8fbee5667d077fc-Paper.pdf,"This work sheds light on market stability concerning competition among multiple firms under consumers’ reference effects. As discussed at the very beginning of the introduction, market stability is an important feature for business organizations and entities who are interacting in complex and highly dynamic environments. In a stable market, firms can better understand market behavior to guide their long-term decision making. This work shows that firms can obtain the desired market stability condition by running simple off-the-shelf online algorithms such as OMD. These algorithms do not require a large amount of information about market characteristics and perform very well in a dynamic competitive environments. In many e-commerce and online retail platforms, automated learning and pricing algorithms are prevalent. Thus, we believe that our paper provides firms with a simple automated solution for complex dynamic pricing decisions, which may potentially lead to stable markets.",71
-Optimal Epoch Stochastic Gradient Descent Ascent Methods for Min-Max Optimization,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/3f8b2a81da929223ae025fcec26dde0d-Paper.pdf,A discussion about broader impact is not applicable since our work is very theoretical and currently has no particular application.,72
-Influence-Augmented Online Planning for Complex Environments,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/2e6d9c6052e99fcdfa61d9b9da273ca2-Paper.pdf,"The potential impact of this work is precisely its motivation: making online planning more useful in real-world decision making scenarios, enabling more daily decisions to be made autonomously and intelligently, with promising applications including autonomous warehouse and traffic light control. Unlike simulators constructed by domain experts, which are in general easier to test and debug, influence-augmented local simulator contains an approximate influence predictor learned from data, which may fail with rare inputs and result in catastrophic consequences especially when controlling critical systems.",73
-Deep Wiener Deconvolution: Wiener Meets Deep Learning for Image Deblurring,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/0b8aff0438617c055eb55f0ba5d226fa-Paper.pdf,"Since blur is a common artifact in imaging systems, such as from the point spread function of the optical system, image deblurring has a broad potential impact through a wide range of applications. These include satellite imaging, medical imaging, telescope imaging in astronomy, and portable device imaging . Our image deblurring technique based on the proposed deep Wiener deconvolution network can provide high-quality clear images to facilitate intelligent data analysis tasks in these fields and it is apparent that applications, e.g., in medical imaging or portable device imaging have significant societal impact. To illustrate its applicability, we provide some examples for potential applications of our approach in the supplemental material. Despite the many benefits of high-quality image deblurring, negative consequences can still arise, largely because image deblurring can present certain risks to privacy . For example, in order to protect the privacy of certain individuals depicted in visual media, such as on TV or in the press, their depiction will sometimes be blurred artificially to hide the individual’s identity. In this case, deblurring can pose the risk of unhiding the person’s identity, thus damaging his/her privacy. Furthermore, it is important to be cautious of the results of any deblurring system as failures could cause misjudgment. For example, the inaccurate restoration of numbers and letters can produce misleading information. Our proposed approach is robust to various noise levels and inaccurate kernels, which intuitively improves its adaptability to more complex scenes and thus minimizes the chance of such failures. Nevertheless, misjudgment based on incorrect restoration cannot be ruled out completely.",74
-Regularizing Black-box Models for Improved Interpretability,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/770f8e448d07586afbf77bb59f698587-Paper.pdf,"Our user study plan has been approved by the IRB to minimize any potential risk to the participants, and the datasets used in this work are unlikely to contain sensitive information because they are public and well-studied. Within the Machine Learning community, we hope that E XP O will help encourage Interpretable Machine Learning research to adopt a more quantitative approach, both in the form of proxy evaluations and user studies. For broader societal impact, the increased interpretability of models trained with E XP O should be a significant benefit. However, E XP O does not address some issues with local explanations such as their susceptibility to adversarial attack or their potential to artificially inflate people’s trust in the model.",75
-Agnostic Learning of a Single Neuron with Gradient Descent,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/3a37abdeefe1dab1b30f7c5c7e581b93-Paper.pdf,"This paper provides a theoretical analysis of gradient descent when used for learning a single neuron. As a theoretical work, its potential risk for negative societal impacts is extremely limited. On the other hand, our general lack of understanding of why gradient descent on large neural networks can find weights that have both small empirical risk and also small population risk is worrisome given the widespread adoption of large neural networks in sensitive technology applications. (A reasonable expectation for using a piece of technology is that we understand how and why it works.) Our work helps explain how, in a simple neural network model, gradient descent can learn solutions that generalize well even though the optimization problem is highly nonconvex and nonsmooth. As such, it provides a building block for understanding how more complex neural network models can be learned by gradient descent.",76
-MetaPerturb: Transferable Regularizer for Heterogeneous Tasks and Architectures,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/84ddfb34126fc3a48ee38d7044e87276-Paper.pdf,"Our MetaPerturb regularizer effectively eliminates the need for retraining of the source task because it can generalize to any convolutional neural architectures and to any image datasets. This versatility is extremely helpful for lowering the energy consumption and training time required in transfer learning, because in real world there exists extremely diverse learning scenarios that we have to deal with. Previous transfer learning or meta-learning methods have not been flexible and versatile enough to solve those diverse large-scale problems simultaneously, but our model can efficiently improve the performance with a single meta-learned regularizer. Also, MetaPerturb efficiently extends the previous meta-learning to standard learning frameworks by avoiding the expensive bilevel optimization, which reduces the computational cost of meta-training, which will result in further reduction in the energy consumption and training time.",77
-A Catalyst Framework for Minimax Optimization,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/3db54f5573cd617a0112d35dd1e6b1ef-Paper.pdf,"Our work provides a family of simple and efficient algorithms for some classes of minimax optimization. We believe our theoretical results advance many applications in ML which requires minimax optimization. Of particular interests are deep learning and fair machine learning. Deep learning is used in many safety-critical environments, including self-driving car, biometric authentication, and so on. There is growing evidence that shows deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Since adversarial attacks and defenses are often considered as two-player games, progress in minimax optimization will definitely empower both. Furthermore, minimax optimization problems provide insights and understanding into the balance and equilibrium between attacks and defenses. As a consequence, making good use of those techniques will boost the robustness of deep learning models and strengthen the security of its applications. Fairness in machine learning has attracted much attention, because it is directly relevant to policy design and social welfare. For example, courts use COMPAS for recidivism prediction. Researchers have shown that bias is introduced into many machine learning systems through skewed data, limited features, etc. One approach to mitigate this is adding constraints into the system, which naturally gives rise to minimax problems.",78
-Contextual Reserve Price Optimization in Auctions via Mixed-Integer Programming,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/0e1bacf07b14673fcdb553da51b999a5-Paper.pdf,"This work presents new methods, and as such does not have direct societal impact. However, if the context provided allows the model to reason about protected classes or sensitive information, either directly or indirectly, the model–and, therefore, the application of this work–has the potential for adverse effects.",79
-DynaBERT: Dynamic BERT with Adaptive Width and Depth,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/6f5216f8d89b086c18298e043bfe48ed-Paper.pdf,"Traditional machine learning computing relies on mobile perception and cloud computing. However, considering the speed, reliability, and cost of the data transmission process, cloud-based machine learning may cause delays in inference, user privacy leakage, and high data transmission costs. In such cases, in addition to end-cloud collaborative computing, it becomes increasingly important to run deep neural network models directly on edge. Recently, pre-trained language models like BERT have achieved impressive results in various natural language processing tasks. However, the BERT model contains tons of parameters, hindering its deployment to devices with limited resources. The difficulty of deploying BERT to these devices lies in two aspects. Firstly, the performances of various devices are different, and it is unclear how to deploy a BERT model suitable for each edge device based on its resource constraint. Secondly, the resource condition of the same device under different circumstances can be quite different. Once the BERT model is deployed to a specific device, dynamically selecting a part of the model for inference based on the device’s current resource condition is also desirable. Motivated by this, we propose DynaBERT. Instead of compressing the BERT model to a fixed size like existing BERT compression methods, the proposed DynaBERT can adjust its size and latency by selecting a sub-network with adaptive width and depth. By allowing both adaptive width and depth, the proposed DynaBERT also enables a large number of architectural configurations of the BERT model. Moreover, once the DynaBERT is trained, no further fine-tuning is required for each sub-network, and the benefits are threefold. Firstly, we only need to train one DynaBERT model, but can deploy different sub-networks to different hardware platforms based on their performances. Secondly, once one sub-network is deployed to a specific device, this device can select the same or smaller sub-networks for inference based on its dynamic efficiency constraints. Thirdly, different sub-networks sharing weights in one single model dramatically reduces the training and inference cost, compared to using different-sized models separately for different hardware platforms. This can reduce carbon emissions, and is thus more environmentally friendly. Though not originally developed for compression, sub-networks of the proposed DynaBERT outperform other BERT compression methods under the same efficiency constraints like #parameters, FLOPs, GPU and CPU latency. Besides, the proposed DynaBERT at its largest size often achieves better performances as BERT BASE with the same size. A possible reason is that allowing adaptive width and depth increases the training difficulty and acts as regularization, and so contributes posi- tively to the performance. In this way, the proposed training method of DynaBERT also acts as a regularization method that can boost the generalization performance. Meanwhile, we also find that the compressed sub-networks of the learned DynaBERT have good interpretability. In order to maintain the representation power, the attention patterns of sub-networks with smaller width or depth of the trained DynaBERT exhibit function fusion, compared to the full-sized model. Interestingly, these attention patterns even explain the enhanced performance of DynaBERT on some tasks, e.g., enhanced ability of distinguishing linguistic acceptable and non-acceptable sentences for CoLA . Besides the positive broader impacts above, since DynaBERT enables easier deployment of BERT, it also makes the negative impacts of BERT more severe. For instance, application in dialogue systems replaces help-desks and can cause job loss. Extending our method to generative models like GPT also faces the risk of generating offensive, biased or unethical outputs.",80
-CoinDICE: Off-Policy Confidence Interval Estimation,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/6aaba9a124857622930ca4e50f5afed2-Paper.pdf,"This research is fundamental and targets a broad question in reinforcement learning. The ability to reliably assess uncertainty in off-policy evaluation would have significant positive benefits for safety- critical applications of reinforcement learning. Inaccurate uncertainty estimates create the danger of misleading decision makers and could lead to detrimental consequences. However, our primary goal is to improve these estimators and reduce the ultimate risk of deploying reinforcement-learned systems. The techniques are general and do not otherwise target any specific application area.",81
-A mean-field analysis of two-player zero-sum games,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/e97c864e8ac67f7aed5ce53ec28638f5-Paper.pdf,"We study algorithms designed to find equilibria in games, provide theoretical guarantees of convergence and test their performance empirically. Among other applications, our results give insight into training algorithms for generative adversarial networks (GANs), which are useful for many relevant tasks such as image generation, image-to-image or text-to-image translation and video prediction. As always, we note that machine learning improvements like ours come in the form of “building machines to do X better”. For a sufficiently malicious or ill-informed choice of X, such as surveillance or recidivism prediction, almost any progress in machine learning might indirectly lead to a negative outcome, and our work is not excluded from that.",82
-Woodbury Transformations for Deep Generative Flows,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/3fb04953d95a94367bb133f862402bce-Paper.pdf,"This paper presents fundamental research on increasing the expressiveness of deep probabilistic models. Its impact is therefore linked to the various applications of such models. By enriching the class of complex deep models for which we can train with exact likelihood, we may enable a wide variety of applications that can benefit from modeling of uncertainty. However, a potential danger of this research is that deep generative models have been recently applied to synthesize realistic images and text, which can be used for misinformation campaigns.",83
-Walking in the Shadow: A New Perspective on Descent Directions for Constrained Minimization,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/96f2d6069db8ad895c34e2285d25c0ed-Paper.pdf,We believe that this work does not have any foreseeable negative ethical or societal impact.,84
-Estimating weighted areas under the ROC curve,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/5781a2637b476d781eb3134581b32044-Paper.pdf,A solid mathematical basis is beneficial to the development of practical statistical methods. We believe that the present work improves the understanding of ROC-curves and the optimization of score functions used in machine learning and medical diagnostics.,85
-Weakly-Supervised Reinforcement Learning for Controllable Behavior,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/1bd69c7df3112fb9a584fbd9edfc6c90-Paper.pdf,"We highlight two potential impacts for this work. Most immediately, weak supervision from humans may be an inexpensive yet effective step towards human-AI alignment [34, 55]. While prior work [3, 11, 42] has already shown how weak supervision in the form of preferences can be used to train agents, our work explores how a different type of supervision – invariance to certain factors – can be elicited from humans and injected as an inductive bias in an RL agent. One important yet delicate form of invariance is fairness. In many scenarios, we may want our agent to treat humans of different ages or races equally. While this fairness might be encoded in the reward function, our method presents an alternative, where fairness is encoded as observations’ invariance to certain protected attributes (e.g., race, gender). One risk with this work is misspecification of the factors of variation. If some factors are ignored, then the agent may require longer to solve certain tasks. More problematic is if spurious factors of variation are added to the dataset. In this case, the agent may be “blinded” to parts of the world, and performance may suffer. A question for future work is the automatic discovery of these spurious weak labels.",86
-Robustness Analysis of Non-Convex Stochastic Gradient Descent using Biased Expectations,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/bd4d08cd70f4be1982372107b3b448ef-Paper.pdf,"Based of the theoretical nature of the work, the authors do not believe this section is applicable to the present contribution, as its first goal is to provide some insights on a classical algorithm of the machine learning community and does not provide novel applications per se.",87
-Fighting Copycat Agents in Behavioral Cloning from Observation Histories,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/1b113258af3968aaf3969ca67e744ff8-Paper.pdf,"In this paper, we introduce a systematic approach to combat the “copycat” problem in behavioral cloning with observation histories. Behavioral cloning can be applied to a wide range of applications, such as robotics, natural language, decision making, as well as economics. Our method is particularly useful for offline behavioral cloning with partially observed states. Offline imitation is currently one of the most promising ways to achieve learned control in the world. Our method can improve the real world performance of behavior cloning agents, which could enable wider use of behavior cloning agents in practice. This could help to automate repetitive processes previously requiring human workers. While on the one hand, this has the ability to free up human time and creativity for more rewarding tasks, it also raises the concerning possibility of the loss of blue collar jobs. To mitigate the risks, it is important to promote policy and legislation to protect the interests of the workers who might be affected during the adoption of such technology.",88
-Adversarial Training is a Form of Data-dependent Operator Norm Regularization,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/ab7314887865c4265e896c6e209d1cd6-Paper.pdf,"The existence of adversarial examples, i.e. small perturbations of the input signal, often imperceptible to humans, that are sufficient to induce large changes in the model output, poses a real danger when deep neural networks are deployed in the real world, as potentially safety-critical machine learning systems become vulnerable to attacks that can alter the system’s behaviour in malicious ways. Understanding the origin of this vulnerability and / or acquiring an understanding of how to robustify deep neural networks against such attacks thus becomes crucial for a safe and responsible deployment of machine learning systems. Who may benefit from this research Our work contributes to understanding the origin of this vulnerability in that it sheds new light onto the attack algorithms used to find adversarial examples. It also contributes to building robust machine learning systems in that it allows practitioners to make more informed and well-founded decisions when training robust models. Who may be put at a disadvantage from this research Our work, like any theoretical work on adversarial examples, may increase the level of understanding of a malevolent person intending to mount adversarial attacks against deployed machine learning systems which may ultimately put the end-users of these systems at risk. We would like to note, however, that the attack algorithms we analyze in our work already exist and that we believe that the knowledge gained from our work is more beneficial to making models more robust than it could possibly be used to designing stronger adversarial attacks. Consequences of failure of the system Our work does not by itself constitute a system of any kind, other than providing a rigorous mathe- matical framework within which to better understand adversarial robustness.",89
-Off-Policy Interval Estimation with Lipschitz Value Iteration,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/59accb9fe696ce55e28b7d23a009e2d1-Paper.pdf,"Off-policy interval evaluation not only can advise end-user to deploy new policy, but can also serve as an intermediate step for latter policy optimization. Our proposed methods also fill in the gap of theoretical understanding of Markov structure in Lipschitz regression. We current work stands as a contribution to the fundamental ML methodology, and we do not foresee potential negative impacts.",90
-Myersonian Regression,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/67e235e7f2fa8800d8375409b566e6b6-Paper.pdf,"While our work is largely theoretical, we feel it can have downstream impact in the design of better marketplaces such as those for internet advertisement. Better pricing can increase both the efficiency of the market and the revenue of the platform. The latter is important since the revenue of platforms keeps such services (e.g. online newspapers) free for most users.",91
-Locally Differentially Private (Contextual) Bandits Learning,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/908c9a564a86426585b29f5335b619bc-Paper.pdf,"This work is mostly theoretical, with no negative outcomes. (Contextual) bandits learning has been widely used in real applications, which heavily relies on user’s data that may contain personal private information. To protect user’s privacy, we adopt the appealing solid notion of privacy – Local Differential Privacy (LDP) that can protect each user’s data before collection, and design (contextual) bandit algorithms under the guarantee of LDP. Our algorithms can be easily used in real applications, such as recommendation, advertising, to protect data privacy and ensure the utility of private algorithms simultaneously, which will befit everyone in the world.",92
-ImpatientCapsAndRuns: Approximately Optimal Algorithm Configuration from an Infinite Pool,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/ca5520b5672ea120b23bde75c46e76c6-Paper.pdf,"We expect that our theorems will guide the design of future algorithm configuration procedures. We note that speeding up computationally expensive algorithms saves time, money, and electricity, arguably reducing carbon emissions and yielding social benefit. The algorithms we study can be be applied to a limitless range of problems and so could yield both positive and negative impacts; however, we do not foresee our work particularly amplifying such impacts beyond the computational speedups already discussed.",93
-Faithful Embeddings for Knowledge Base Queries,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/fe74074593f21197b7b7be3c08678616-Paper.pdf,"Overview. This work addresses a general scientific question, query embedding (QE) for knowledge bases, and evaluates a new method, especially on a KB question-answering (KBQA) task. A key notion in the work the faithfulness of QE methods, that is, their agreement with deductive inference when the relevant premises are explicitly available. The main technical contribution of the paper is to show that massive improvements in faithfulness are possible, and that faithful QE systems can lead to substantial improvements in KBQA. In the following, we discuss how these advances may affect risks and benefits of knowledge representation and question answering technology. Query embedding. QE, and more generally KBE, is a way of generalizing the contents of a KB by building a probabilistic model of the statements in, or entailed by, a KB. This probabilistic model finds statements that could plausibly true, but are not explicitly stored: in essence it is a noisy classifier for possible facts. Two risks need to be considered in any deployment of such technology: first, the underlying KB may contain (mis)information that would improperly affect decisions; second, learned generalizations may be wrong or biased in a variety of ways that would lead to improperly justified decisions. In particular, training data might reflect societal biases that will be therebly incorporated into model predictions. Uses of these technologies should provide audit trails and recourse so that their predictions can be explained to and critiqued by affected parties. KB question-answering. General improvements to KBQA do not have a specific ethical burden, but like any other such technologies, their uses need to be subject to specific scrutiny. The general technology does require particular attention to accuracy-related risks. In particular, we propose a substantial “softening” of the typical KBQA architecture (which generally parses a question to produce a single hard KB query, rather than a soft mixture of embedded queries). In doing this we have replaced traditional KB, a mature and well-understood technology, with QE, a new and less well-understood technology. Although our approach makes learning end-to-end from denotations more convenient, and helps us reach a new state-of-the-art on some benchmarks, it is possible that replacing a hard queries to a KB with soft queries could lead to confusion as to whether answers arise from highly reliable KB facts, reliable reasoning over these facts, or are noise introduced by the soft QE system. As in KBE/QE, this has consequences for downstream tasks is uncertain predictions are misinterpreted by users. Faithful QE. By introducting the notion of faithfullness in studies of approximate knowledge representation in QE, we provided a conceptual yardstick for examining the accuracy and predictability of such systems. In particular, the centroid-sketch formalism we advocate often allows one to approximately distinguish entailed answers vs generalization-based answers by checking sketch membership. In addition to quantitatively improving faithfulness, EmQL ’s set representation thus may qualitatively improve the interpretability of answers. We leave further validation of this conjecture to future work.",94
-Multi-Task Temporal Shift Attention Networks for On-Device Contactless Vitals Measurement,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/e1228be46de6a0234ac22ded31417bc7-Paper.pdf,"Non-contact camera-based vital sign monitoring has great potential as a tool for telehealth. Our proposed system can promote global health equity and make healthcare more accessible for those in rural areas or those who find it difficult to travel to clinics and hospitals in-person (perhaps because of age, mobility issues or care responsibilities). These needs are likely to be particularly acute in low-resource settings. Non-contact sensing has other potential benefits for measuring the vitals of infants who ideally would not have contact sensors attached to their delicate skin. Furthermore, due to the exceptionally fast inference speed, the computational budget required for our proposed system is minimal. Therefore, people who cannot afford high-end computing devices still will be able to access the technology. While low-cost, ubiquitous sensing democratizes physiological measurement, it presents other challenges. If measurement can be performed from only a video, what happens if we detect a health condition in an individual when analyzing a video for other purposes. When and how should that information be disclosed? If the system fails in a context where a person is in a remote location, it may lead them to panic. It is also important to consider how such technology could be used by “bad actors” or applied with negligence and without sufficient forethought for the implications. Non-contact sensing could be used to measure personal physiological information without the knowledge of the subject. Law enforcement might be tempted to apply this in an attempt to detect individuals who appear “nervous” via signals such as an elevated heart rate or irregular breathing, or an employer may surreptitiously screen prospective employees for health conditions without their knowledge during an interview. These applications would set a very dangerous precedent and would be illegal in many cases. Just as is the case with traditional contact sensors, it must be made transparent when these methods are being used and subjects should be required to consent before physiological data is measured or recorded. There should be no penalty for individuals who decline to be measured. Ubiquitous sensing offers the ability to measure signals in more contexts, but that does not mean that this should necessarily be acceptable. Just because cameras may be able to measure these signals in a new context, or with less effort, it does not mean they should be subject to any less regulation than existing sensors, in fact quite the contrary. In the United States, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the HIPAA Privacy Rule sets a standard for protecting sensitive patient data and there should be no exception with regard to camera-based sensing. In the case of videos there should be particular care in how videos are transferred, given that significant health data can be contained with the channel. That was one of the motivations for designing our methods to run on-device, as it can minimize the risks involved in data transfer.",95
-On Power Laws in Deep Ensembles,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/191595dc11b4d6e54f01504e3aa92f96-Paper.pdf,"In this work, we provide an empirical and theoretical study of existing models (namely, deep ensembles); we propose neither new technologies nor architectures, thus we are not aware of its specific ethical or future societal impact. We, however, would like to point out a few benefits gained from our findings, such as optimization of resource consumption when training neural networks and contribution to the overall understanding of neural models. As far as we are concerned, no negative consequences may follow from our research.",96
-Self-training Avoids Using Spurious Features Under Domain Shift,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/f1298750ed09618717f9c10ea8d1d3b0-Paper.pdf,"Our work promotes robustness and fairness in machine learning. First, we study algorithms that make machine learning models robust when deployed in the real world. Second, our work addresses the scenario where the target domain is under-resourced and hence collecting labels is difficult. Third, our theoretical work guides efforts to mitigate dataset bias. We demonstrate that curating a diverse pool of unlabeled data from the true population can help combating existing bias in labeled datasets. We give conditions for when bias will be mitigated and when it will be reinforced or amplified by popular algorithms used in practice. We take a first step towards understanding and preventing the adverse effects of self-training.",97
-Estimation of Skill Distribution from a Tournament,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/60495b4e033e9f60b32a6607b587aadd-Paper.pdf,"The analysis of our algorithm, which forms the main contribution of this work, is theoretical in nature, and therefore, does not have any foreseeable societal consequences. On the other hand, applications of our algorithm to real-world settings could have potential societal impacts. As outlined at the outset of this paper, our algorithm provides a data-driven approach to address questions about perceived qualities of sporting events or other competitive enterprises, e.g., financial markets. Hence, a potential positive impact of our work is that subjective beliefs of stakeholders regarding the distributions of relative skills in competitive events can be moderated by a rigorous statistical method. In particular, our method could assist sports teams, sports tournament organizers, or financial firms to corroborate existing trends in the skill levels of players, debunk erroneous myths, or even unveil entirely new trends based on available data. However, our work may also have negative consequences if utilized without paying heed to its limitations. Recall that Step 1 of Algorithm 1 estimates BTL skill parameters of agents that participate in a tournament. Since the BTL model is a well-known approach for ranking agents [6, 7], it should be used with caution, as with any method that discriminates among agents. Indeed, the BTL model only takes into account wins or losses of pairwise games between agents, but does not consider the broader circumstances surrounding these outcomes. For example, in the context of soccer, the BTL model does not consider the goal difference in a game to gauge how significant a win really is, or take into account the injuries sustained by players. Yet, rankings of teams or players may be used by team managements to make important decisions such as assigning remunerations. Thus, users of algorithms such as ours must refrain from solely using rankings or skill distributions to make decisions that may adversely affect individuals. Furthermore, on the modeling front, it is worth mentioning that the BTL model for pairwise comparisons may be too simplistic in certain real-world scenarios. In such cases, there are several other models of pairwise comparisons within the literature that may be more suitable, e.g., the Thurstonian model, cf. [21], or more general stochastically transitive models, cf. [31]. We leave the analysis of estimating skill distributions or related notions for such models as future work in the area.",98
-Gaussian Gated Linear Networks,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/c0356641f421b381e475776b602a5da8-Paper.pdf,"Regression models have long been ubiquitous in both industry and academia, and we are optimistic that our work can provide improvement to existing practice and results. Like any supervised learning technique, the output of this model is a function of its input data, so appropriate due diligence is required during all stages of data collection, training and deployment, e.g. with respect to issues of algorithmic fairness and bias, as well as safety and robustness.",99
-Compressing Images by Encoding Their Latent Representations with Relative Entropy Coding,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/ba053350fe56ed93e64b3e769062b680-Paper.pdf,"Our work presents a novel data compression framework and hence inherits both its up and downsides. In terms of positive societal impacts, data compression reduces the bandwidth requirements for many applications and websites, making them more inexpensive to access. This increases accessibility to online content in rural areas with limited connectivity or underdeveloped infrastructure. Moreover, it reduces the energy requirement and hence the environmental impact of information processing systems. However, care must be taken when storing information in a compressed form for long time periods, and backwards-compatibility of decoders must be maintained, as data may otherwise be irrevocably lost, leading to what has been termed the Digital Dark Ages (Kuny, 1997).",100
-Throughput-Optimal Topology Design for Cross-Silo Federated Learning,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/e29b722e35040b88678e25a1ec032a21-Paper.pdf,"We have proposed topology design algorithms that can significantly speed-up federated learning in a cross-silo setting. Improving the efficiency of federated learning can foster its adoption, allowing different entities to share datasets that otherwise would not be available for training. Federated learning is intended to protect data privacy, as the data is not collected at a single point. At the same time a federated learning system, as any Internet-scale distributed system, may be more vulnerable to different attacks aiming to jeopardize training or to infer some characteristics of the local dataset by looking at the different messages [26, 92]. Encryption [10, 80, 8] and differential privacy [1] techniques may help preventing such attacks. Federated learning is less efficient than training in a highly-optimized computing cluster. It may in particular increase energy training costs, due to a more discontinuous usage of local computing resources and the additional cost of transmitting messages over long distance links. To the best of our knowledge, energetic considerations for federated learning have not been adequately explored, but for a few papers considering FL for mobile devices [42, 97].",101
-The Potts-Ising model for discrete multivariate data,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/9e5f64cde99af96fdca0e02a3d24faec-Paper.pdf,"In cancer clinical trials, patients are assigned to different treatment groups, and for each patient, toxicities are collected. These toxicities are graded, high-dimensional and correlated. Patient reported outcome questionnaires also collect patients’ responses to quality of life questions on a Likert-type scale after treatments. It is crucial to correctly model these kind of data and estimate the main effects as well as the association between the toxicities, in order to determine the tolerability of treatments and their impact on patients quality of life. Our Potts-Ising model is a suitable such model designed for the toxicity data, but applicable far beyond it to any survey and rating data with limited range, as well as, sparse count data.",102
-On the equivalence of molecular graph convolution and molecular wave function with poor basis set,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/1534b76d325a8f591b52d302e7181331-Paper.pdf,This study will provide benefit for ML researchers who are interested in quantum physics/chemistry and applications for materials science/informatics.,103
-Dual-Free Stochastic Decentralized Optimization with Variance Reduction,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/e22312179bf43e61576081a2f250f845-Paper.pdf,This work does not present any foreseeable societal consequence.,104
-Improved Analysis of Clipping Algorithms for Non-convex Optimization,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/b282d1735283e8eea45bce393cefe265-Paper.pdf,"Deep neural networks have achieved great success in recent years. In this paper, we provide a strong justification for the clipping technique in training deep neural networks and provides a satisfactory answer on how to efficiently optimize a general possibly non-convex ( L 0 , L 1 ) -smooth objective function. It closely aligns with the community’s pursuit of explainability, controllability, and practicability of machine learning. Besides its efficiency in training deep neural networks, a series of recent work ( Thakkar et al. [2019], Chen et al. [2020], Lee and Kifer [2020] ) also studies the relation between clipping and privacy preservation, which appears to be a major concern in machine learning applications. Therefore, we hope that a thorough understanding of clipping methods will be beneficial to the modern society.",105
-Learning Robust Decision Policies from Observational Data,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/d3696cfb815ab692407d9362e6f06c28-Paper.pdf,"We believe the work presented herein can provide a useful tool for decision support, especially in safety-critical applications where it is of interest to reduce the risk of incurring high costs. The methodology can leverage large and heterogeneous data on past decisions, contexts and outcomes, to improve human decision making, while providing an interpretable statistical guarantee for its recommendations. It is important, however, to consider the population from which the training data is obtained and used. If the method is deployed in a setting with a different population it may indeed fail to provide cost-reducing decisions. Moreover, if there are categories of features that are sensitive and subject to unwarranted biases, the population may need to be split into appropriate subpopulations or else the biases can be reproduced in the learned policies.",106
-A Benchmark for Systematic Generalization in Grounded Language Understanding,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/e5a90182cc81e12ab5e72d66e0b46fe3-Paper.pdf,"Systematic generalization characterizes human language and thought, but it remains a challenge for modern AI systems. The gSCAN benchmark is designed to stimulate further research on this topic. Advances in machine systematic generalization could facilitate improvements in learning efficiency, robustness, and human-computer interaction. We do not anticipate that the broader impacts would selectively benefit some groups at the expense of others.",107
-A Class of Algorithms for General Instrumental Variable Models,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/e8b1cbd05f6e6a358a81dee52493dd06-Paper.pdf,"Cause effect estimation is crucial in many areas where data-driven decisions may be desirable such as healthcare, governance or economics. These settings commonly share the characteristic that experimentation with randomized actions is unethical, infeasible or simply impossible. One of the promises of causal inference is to provide useful insights into the consequences of hypothetical actions based on observational data. However, causal inference is inherently based on assumptions, which are often untestable. Even a slight violation of the assumptions may lead to drastically different conclusions, potentially changing the desired course of action. Especially in high-stakes scenarios, it is thus indispensable to thoroughly challenge these assumptions. This work offers a technique to formalize such a challenge of standard assumptions in continuous IV models. It can thus help inform highly-influential decisions. One important characteristic of our method is that while it can provide informative bounds under certain assumptions on the functional form of effects, the bounds will widen as less prior information supporting such assumptions is available. We can view this as a way of deferring judgment until stricter assumptions have been assessed and verified. Since our algorithms are causal inference methods, they requires assumptions too. Therefore, our method also requires a careful assessment of these assumptions by domain-experts and practitioners. In addition, as we are optimizing a non-convex problem with local methods, we have no theoretical guarantee of correctness of our bounds. Hence, if wrong assumptions for our model are accepted prematurely, or our optimization strategy fails to find global optima, our method may wrongly inform decisions. If these are high-stakes decisions, then wrong decisions can have significant negative consequences (e.g., a decision not to treat a patient that should be treated). If the data that this model is trained on is biased against certain groups (e.g., different sexes, races, genders) this model will replicate those biases. We believe a fruitful approach towards making our model more sensitive to uncertainties due to structurally-biased, unrepresentative data, is to learn how to derive, then inflate (to account for bias) uncertainty estimates for our bounds.",108
-A Generalized Neural Tangent Kernel Analysis for Two-layer Neural Networks,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/9afe487de556e59e6db6c862adfe25a4-Paper.pdf,"Deep learning has achieved tremendous success in various real-world applications such as image recognition, natural language processing, self-driving cars and disease diagnosis. However, many deep learning models are not interpretable, which greatly limits their application and can even cause danger in safety-critical applications. This work aims to theoretically explain the success of learning neural networks, and can help add transparency to deep learning methods that have been implemented and deployed in real applications. Our result makes deep learning more interpretable, which is crucial in applications such as self-driving cars and disease diagnosis. Moreover, our results can potentially guide the design of new deep learning models with better performance guarantees. As a paper focusing on theoretical results, no risk can be directly caused. However, if the theoretical results are over-interpreted and blindly used to design deep learning models for specific applications, bad performance may be expected as there is still some gap between theory and practice.",109
-Big Self-Supervised Models are Strong Semi-Supervised Learners,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/fcbc95ccdd551da181207c0c1400c655-Paper.pdf,"The findings described in this paper can potentially be harnessed to improve accuracy in any ap- plication of computer vision where it is more expensive or difficult to label additional data than to train larger models. Some such applications are clearly beneficial to society. For example, in medical applications where acquiring high-quality labels requires careful annotation by clinicians, better semi-supervised learning approaches can potentially help save lives. Applications of computer vision to agriculture can increase crop yields, which may help to improve the availability of food. However, we also recognize that our approach could become a component of harmful surveillance systems. Moreover, there is an entire industry built around human labeling services, and technology that reduces the need for these services could lead to a short-term loss of income for some of those currently employed or contracted to provide labels.",110
-Learning Deep Attribution Priors Based On Prior Knowledge,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/a19883fca95d0e5ec7ee6c94c6c32028-Paper.pdf,"DAPr can be applied to a wide variety of problems for which prior knowledge is available about a dataset’s individual features. In our work we focus on applying our method to a synthetic dataset and two real-world medical datasets, though it should be easily extendable to other problem domains. As discussed in the introduction, a major barrier to the adoption of modern machine learning tech- niques in real-world settings is that of trust . In high-stakes domains, such as medicine, practitioners are wary of replacing human judgement with that of black box algorithms, even if the black box consistently outperforms the human in controlled experiments. This concern is well-founded, as many high-performing systems developed in research environments have been found to overfit to quirks in a particular dataset, rather than learn more generalizable patterns. In our work we demonstrate that the DAPr framework does help deep networks generalize to our test sets when sample sizes are limited. While these results are encouraging, debugging model behavior in the real world, where data cannot simply be divided into training and test sets, is a more challenging problem. Feature attribution methods are one potential avenue for debugging models; however, while it may be easy to tell from a set of attributions if e.g. an image model is overfitting to noise, it would be much more difficult for a human to determine that a model trained on gene expression data was learning erroneous patterns simply by looking at attributions for individual genes. By learning to explain a given feature’s global importance using meta-features, we believe that DAPr can provide meaningful insights into model behavior that can help practitioners debug their models and potentially deploy them in real-world settings. Nevertheless, we recognize the potential downsides with the adoption of complex machine learning interpretability tools. Previous results have demonstrated that interpretability systems can in fact lead users to have too much trust in models when a healthy dose of skepticism would be more appropriate. More research is needed to understand how higher-order explanation tools like DAPr influence user behavior to determine directions for future work.",111
-Model Inversion Networks for Model-Based Optimization,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/373e4c5d8edfa8b74fd4b6791d0cf6dc-Paper.pdf,"In this work we introduced model-inversion networks (MIN), a novel approach to model-based optimization, which can be utilized for solving both passive “data-driven” optimization problems and active model-based optimization problems. Model-based optimization is a generic black-box optimization framework that captures a wide range of practically interesting and highly relevant optimization problems, such as drug discovery, controller design, and optimization in computer systems. In this work, we demonstrate the efficacy of MINs in high dimensional optimization problems, from complex input types (raw pixels, raw neural network weights, protein sequences). We are particularly excited about application of MINs in the domain of drug design and discovery, and other computational biology domains. The importance of the problem of drug design needs no motivation or justification, especially in these times of this pandemic that mankind is facing now. Existing methods in place for these problems typically follow an “active” experimental pipeline – the designs proposed by an ML or computational model are evaluated in real life, and then the results of these evaluations are incorporated into further model training or model improvement. Often the evaluation phase is the bottleneck: this phase is highly expensive both in terms of computational resources and time, often requiring human intervention, and in some cases, taking months of time. We can avoid these bottlenecks by instead solving such optimization problems to the best possible extent in the static data-driven setting, by effectively reusing both good and bad data from past experiments, and MINs are designed to be efficient at exactly this. Beyond the field of biology, there are several other applications for which our proposed method is relevant. Design problems in engineering, such as design of aircraft, are potential applications of our method. There are also likely to be applications in computer systems and architectures. While effective model-based optimization algorithms can have considerable positive economic and technological growth effects, it can also enable applications with complex implications with regards to safety and privacy (for example, safety issues in drug design or aircraft design, or privacy issues in computer systems optimization), as well as in terms of complex economic effects for example, changing job requirements and descriptions, due to automation of certain tasks. Both of these implications are not unique to our method, but more generally apply to situations where black box autonomous neural network models are deployed in practice.",112
-Security Analysis of Safe and Seldonian Reinforcement Learning Algorithms,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/65ae450c5536606c266f49f1c08321f2-Paper.pdf,"In our paper, we discussed the application of Seldonian algorithms to the treatment of diabetes patients. We emphasize that the mathematical safety guarantees provided by Seldonian RL are not a replacement for domain-specific safety requirements (e.g., the diabetes treatment would still need oversight for medical safety), but still improve the potential for RL to be applied to problems with real-world consequences. Seldonian RL has also been proposed for creating fair algorithms, i.e., those that aim to reduce discriminative behavior in intelligent tutoring systems and loan approvals [31]. In the last decade, data breaches on the Democratic National Committee’s emails, and on companies such as Equifax and Yahoo! have made cyber attacks on systems and databases a very legitimate and ubiquitous concern [45; 33; 14]. Therefore, when creating safe AI algorithms that can directly impact people’s lives, we should ensure not only performance guarantees with high probability, but also the development of metrics that evaluate the “quality” of training data, which often reflect systemic biases and human error.",113
-Deep Transformation-Invariant Clustering,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/5a5eab21ca2a8fef4af5e35709ecca15-Paper.pdf,"The impact of clustering mainly depends on the data it is applied on. For instance, adding structure in user data can raise ethical concerns when users are assimilated to their cluster, and receive targeted advertisement and newsfeed. However, this is not specific to our method and can be said of any clustering algorithm. Also note that while our clustering can be applied for example to data from social media, the visual interpretation of the clusters it returns via the cluster centers respects privacy much better than showing specific examples from each cluster. Because our method provides highly interpretable results, it might bring increased understanding of clustering algorithm results for the broader public, which we think may be a significant positive impact.",114
-Improved guarantees and a multiple-descent curve for Column Subset Selection and the Nyström method,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/342c472b95d00421be10e9512b532866-Paper.pdf,"Our study offers a deeper theoretical understanding of the Column Subset Selection Problem. The nature of our work is primarily theoretical, with direct applications to feature selection and kernel approximation, as we noted in Section 1. The primary reason for feature selection as a method for ap- proximating a given matrix, as opposed to a low rank approximation using an SVD, is interpretability, which is crucial in many scientific disciplines. Our analysis shows that in many practical settings, feature selection performs almost as well as SVD at approximating a matrix. As such, our work makes a stronger case for feature selection, wherever applicable, for the sake of interpretability. We also hope our work motivates further research into a fine grained analysis to quantify if machine learning problems are really as hard as worst-case bounds suggest them to be.",115
-Deep Archimedean Copulas,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/10eb6500bd1e4a3704818012a1593cc3-Paper.pdf,"Copulas have held the dubious honor of being partially responsible for the financial crisis of 2008 [23]. Back then, it was commonplace for analysts and traders to model prices of collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) by means of the Gaussian copula [22]. Gaussian copulas were extremely simple and gained popularity rapidly. Yet today, this method is widely criticised as being overly simplistic as it effectively summarizes associations between securities into a single number. Of course, copulas now have found a much wider range of applications, many of which are more grounded than credit and risk modeling. Nonetheless, the criticism that Gaussian—or for that matter, any simple parametric measure of dependency is too simple, still stands. ACNet is one attempt to tackle this problem, possibly beyond financial applications. While still retaining the theoretical properties of Archimedean copula, ACNet can model dependencies which have no simple parametric form, and can alleviate some difficulties researchers have when facing the problem of model selection. We hope that with a more complex model, the use of ACNet will be able to overcome some of the deficiencies exhibited by Gaussian copula. Nonetheless, we continue to stress caution in the careless or flagrant application of copulas—or the overreliance on probabilistic modeling—in domains where such assumptions are not grounded. At a level closer to machine learning, ACNet essentially models (a restricted set of) cumulative distributions. As described in the paper, this has various applications (see for example, Scenario 2 in Section 3 of our paper), since it is computationally easy to obtain (conditional) densities from the distribution function, but not the other way round. We hope that ACNet will motivate researchers to explore alternatives to learning density functions and apply them where appropriate.",116
-On the Expressiveness of Approximate Inference in Bayesian Neural Networks,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/b6dfd41875bc090bd31d0b1740eb5b1b-Paper.pdf,"Bayesian approaches to deep learning problems are often proposed in situations where uncertainty estimation is critical. Often the justification given for this approach is the probabilistic framework of Bayesian inference. However, in cases where approximations are made, the quality of these approximations should also be taken into account. Our work illustrates that the uncertainty estimates given by approximate inference with commonly used algorithms may not qualitatively resemble the uncertainty estimates implied by Bayesian modelling assumptions. This may possibly have adverse consequences if Bayesian neural networks are used in safety-critical applications. Our work motivates a careful consideration of these situations.",117
-Efficient Learning of Discrete Graphical Models,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/9d702ffd99ad9c70ac37e506facc8c38-Paper.pdf,"We believe that this work, as presented here, does not present any foreseeable societal consequence.",118
-Enabling certification of verification-agnostic networks via memory-efficient semidefinite programming,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/397d6b4c83c91021fe928a8c4220386b-Paper.pdf,"Our work enables verifying properties of verification-agnostic neural networks trained using procedures agnostic to any specification verification algorithm. While the present scalability of the algorithm does not allow it to be applied to SOTA deep learning models, in many applications it is vital to verify properties of smaller models running safety-critical systems (learned controllers running on embedded systems, for example). The work we have presented here does not address data related issues directly, and would be susceptible to any biases inherent in the data that the model was trained on. However, as a verification technique, it does not enhance biases present in any pre-trained model, and is only used as a post-hoc check. We do not envisage any significant harmful applications of our work, although it may be possible for adversarial actors to use this approach to verify properties of models designed to induce harm (for example, learning based bots designed to break spam filters or induce harmful behavior in a conversational AI system).",119
-A Robust Functional EM Algorithm for Incomplete Panel Count Data,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/e56eea9a45b153de634b23780365f976-Paper.pdf,"Understanding the dynamics for individuals who attempt to change and maintain behaviors to improve health has important societal value, for example, a comprehensive understanding of how smokers attempt to quit smoking may guide behavioral scientists to design better intervention strategies that tailor to the highest risk windows of relapse. Our theory and method provide an approach to understanding a particular aspect of the smoking behavior (mean function). The resulting algoithm is robust to Poisson process violations, readily adaptable and simple to implement, highlighting the potential for its wider adoption. The negative use case could be lack of sensitivity analysis around the assumptions such as missing data mechanism which may lead to misleading conclusions. Our current recommendation is to consult scientists about the plausibility of the assumption about missing data.",120
-Finding Second-Order Stationary Points Efficiently in Smooth Nonconvex Linearly Constrained Optimization Problems,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/1da546f25222c1ee710cf7e2f7a3ff0c-Paper.pdf,"Our main contributions in this work include both new theoretical and numerical results for solving nonconvex optimization problems under linear constraints. The theoretical part is regarding the new insight of a mathematical problem and the proposed algorithm is very general in the sense it can be applied not only to machine learning problems, but also to other general linear constrained problems in any other fields. Therefore, this works would be beneficial for both scientists/professors who are performing research in the area of machine learning and students who are studying operation research, engineering, data science, finance, etc. The theories and ideas in this work can potentially lead to significant improvements on the “off-the-shelf” optimization solvers and packages by equip- ping them with efficient modules for escaping saddle points in the presence of linear constraints. In addition to the methodological developments, the viewpoint of looking at the generic optimization problem instances could have potential broader impact on analyzing and resolving other issues in the continuous optimization field as well. While this work handles one specific hard task (i.e. finding SOSPs) by analyzing generic problem instances, this viewpoint could result in new tools and theories for dealing with other hard tasks for generic optimization instances. We haven’t found any negative impact of this work on both ethical aspects and future societal con- sequences.",121
-Rescuing neural spike train models from bad MLE,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/186b690e29892f137b4c34cfa40a3a4d-Paper.pdf,"Bridging the gap between statistical neuroscientific models such as autoregressive point processes and dynamical systems is a substantial challenge not only from the perspective of generative modelling but also in terms of allowing a dynamical interpretation, that carries with it all the niceties that are a ff orded by stochastic dynamical systems. As such, while the motivation we drew up on comes from neuroscience, modelling, simulating and analyzing point process dynamics has a broad applicability to biological sciences and other fields.Our method has potential use in modelling within social sciences, geophysics (e.g. earthquakes), astrophysics and finance. In many of those areas stable inference and simulation of future events would directly enable the ability to discern and shape social and economic trends, or e ff ect policy safeguarding against baleful events.",122
-A Bayesian Nonparametrics View into Deep Representations,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/0ffaca95e3e5242ba1097ad8a9a6e95d-Paper.pdf,"This work have direct applications in deep generative models. Probabilistic models of latent spaces may inform development of architectures and training methods that improve sample fidelity and control over sample semantics. While generative modelling have many positive applications – e.g. in computer aided art and conversational systems – any work on generative models may potentially be used to produce deceptive and fraudulent content. This work also adds to the evidence that convolutional networks excel at exploiting patterns in data. However, it is important to recognize that our results do not speak to the issue of biases that may be inherited from training examples. In particular, undue trust in data-driven systems – including neural networks – runs the risk of reinforcing biases and prejudice existing in training data.",123
-Efficient Variational Inference for Sparse Deep Learning with Theoretical Guarantee,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/05a624166c8eb8273b8464e8d9cb5bd9-Paper.pdf,"We believe the ethical aspects are not applicable to this work. For future societal consequences, deep learning has a wide range of applications such as computer version and natural language processing. Our work provides a solution to overcome the drawbacks of modern deep neural network, and also improves the understanding of deep learning. The proposed method could improve the existing applications. Specifically, sparse learning helps apply deep neural networks to hardware limited devices, like cell phones or pads, which will broaden the horizon of deep learning application. In addition, as a Bayesian method, not only a result, but also the knowledge of confidence or certainty in that result are provided, which could benefit people in various aspects. For example, in the application of cancer diagnostic, by providing the certainty associated with each possible outcome, Bayesian learning would assist the medical professionals to make a better judgement about whether the tumor is a cancer or a benign one. Such kind of ability to quantify uncertainty would contribute to the modern deep learning.",124
-Neural Architecture Generator Optimization,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/8c53d30ad023ce50140181f713059ddf-Paper.pdf,"As highlighted in [7], NAS literature has focused for a long time on achieving higher accuracies, no matter the source of improvement. This has lead to the widespread use of narrowly engineered search spaces, in which all considered architectures share the same human defined macro-structure. While this does lead to higher accuracies, it prevents those methods from ever finding truly novel architecture. This is detrimental both for the community, which has focused many works on marginally improving performance in a shallow pond, but also for the environment [61]. As NAS is undoubtedly computationally intensive, researchers have the moral obligation to make sure these resources are invested in meaningful pursuits: our flexible search space, based on hierarchical graphs, has the potential to find truly novel network paradigms, leading to significant changes in the way we design networks. It is worth mentioning that, as our search space if fundamentally different from previous ones, it is not trivial to use the well-optimised training techniques (e.g. DropPath, Auxiliary Towers, etc.) which are commonly used in the field. While transferring those techniques is viable, we do believe that our new search space will open up the development of novel training techniques. We do however acknowledge that the computational costs of using our NAS approach are still relatively high - this may not be attractive to the industrial or academic user with limited resources. On the other hand, by converting NAS to a low-dimensional hyperparameter optimisation problem, we have significantly reduced the optimisation difficulty and opened up the chance of applying more optimisation techniques to NAS. Although only demonstrated with BOHB and MOBO in this work, we believe more query-efficient methods, such as BO works based on transfer learning [62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67] can be deployed directly on our search space to further reduce the computation costs.",125
-f -GAIL: Learning f -Divergence for Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/967990de5b3eac7b87d49a13c6834978-Paper.pdf,"This paper aims to advance the imitation learning techniques, by learning an optimal discrepancy measure from f -divergence family, which has a wide range of applications in robotic engineering, system automation and control, etc. The authors do not expect the work will address or introduce any societal or ethical issues.",126
-Learning to Select the Best Forecasting Tasks for Clinical Outcome Prediction,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/abc99d6b9938aa86d1f30f8ee0fd169f-Paper.pdf,"This work presents a method for efficiently learning patient representations using EMR data. Although this is demonstrated with a subset of the full raw EMR, and for only a handful of clinical outcomes in intensive care patients, it is a proof-of-concept that may be useful for a range of other predictive modeling using various types of longitudinal health data. The impact may be greatest in low-data scenarios - e.g. clinical use-cases where labeling is very challenging or where there are few eligible patients in the EMR. The code for this method will be made available to the research community on GitHub. There are numerous ethical considerations associated with any EMR modeling, which have been discussed in the literature [38, 39]. Issues include numerous biases in the observational EMR data, e.g. on the basis of gender, ethnicity or socioeconomic status, which can propagate into predictive models. These fairness considerations also apply to representation learning architectures as presented here. Finally, if this method were to be brought forward to real world deployment in conjunction with a decision support tool, it would have to be subject to appropriate clinical safety review and trials across different populations, with consideration given to issues such as drift and robustness.",127
-Towards Understanding Hierarchical Learning: Benefits of Neural Representations,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/fb647ca6672b0930e9d00dc384d8b16f-Paper.pdf,"This paper extensively contributes to the theoretical frontier of deep learning. We do not foresee direct ethical or societal consequences. Instead, our theoretical finding reduces the gap between the theory and practice, and is in sharp contrast to existing theories, which cannot show any advantage of deep networks over the shallow ones. In viewing of a notably increasing trend towards establishing a quantitative framework using deep neural networks in diverse areas, e.g., computational social science, this paper will provide an important theoretical guideline for practitioners.",128
-IDEAL: Inexact DEcentralized Accelerated Augmented Lagrangian Method,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/ed77eab0b8ff85d0a6a8365df1846978-Paper.pdf,"Centralization of data is not always possible because of security and legacy concerns [14]. Our work proposes a new optimization algorithm in the decentralized setting, which can learn a model without revealing the privacy sensitive data. Potential applications include data coming from healthcare, environment, safety, etc, such as personal medical information [19, 20], keyboard input history [22, 32] and beyond.",129
-Adversarial Weight Perturbation Helps Robust Generalization,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/1ef91c212e30e14bf125e9374262401f-Paper.pdf,"Adversarial training is the currently most effective and promising defense against adversarial examples. In this work, we propose AWP to improve the robustness of adversarial training, which may help to build a more secure and robust deep learning system in real world. At the same time, AWP introduces extra computation, which probably has negative impacts on the environmental protection ( e.g. , low-carbon). Further, the authors do not want this paper to bring overoptimism about AI safety to the society. The majority of adversarial examples are based on known threat models ( e.g. L p in this paper), and the robustness is also achieved on them. Meanwhile, the deployed machine learning system faces attacks from all sides, and we are still far from complete model robustness.",130
-Residual Force Control for Agile Human Behavior Imitation and Extended Motion Synthesis,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/f76a89f0cb91bc419542ce9fa43902dc-Paper.pdf,"The proposed techniques, RFC and dual policy control, enable us to create virtual humans that can imitate a variety of agile human motions and autonomously exhibit long-term human behaviors. This is useful in many applications. In the context of digital entertainment, animators could use our approach to automatically animate numerous background characters to perform various motions. In game production, designers could make high-fidelity physics-based characters that interact with the environment robustly. In virtual reality (VR), using techniques like ours to improve motion fidelity of digital content could be important for applications such as rehabilitation, sports training, dance instruction and physical therapy. The learned motion policies could also be used for the preservation of cultural heritage such as traditional dances, ceremonies and martial arts. Our research on physics-based human motion synthesis combined with advances of human digitaliza- tion in computer graphics could be used to generate highly realistic human action videos which are visually and physically indistinguishable from real videos. Similar to the creation of ‘deepfakes’ using image synthesis technology, the technology developed in this work could enable more advanced forms of fake video generation, which could lead to the propagation of false information. To mitigate this issue, it is important that future research should continue to investigate the detection of synthesized videos of human motions.",131
-Every View Counts: Cross-View Consistency in 3D Object Detection with Hybrid-Cylindrical-Spherical Voxelization,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/f2fc990265c712c49d51a18a32b39f0c-Paper.pdf,"3D detection is the first stage in the computational pipeline for a self-driving car. Just as perception enables humans to make instant associations and act on them, the ability to identify what and where the visual targets are from immediate surroundings is a fundamental pillar for the safe operation of an autonomous vehicle. The pandemic of COVID-19 manifests greater needs for autonomous driving and delivery robots, when contact-less delivery is encouraged. Though there is controversy about the ethics for autonomous vehicles especially for their decision making, robust 3D detection with higher accuracy is always desired to improve safety. In addition, LiDAR point clouds do not capture person identity and thus 3D detection on LiDAR point clouds does not involves privacy issue.",132
-Profile Entropy: A Fundamental Measure for the Learnability and Compressibility of Distributions,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/4dbf29d90d5780cab50897fb955e4373-Paper.pdf,"Classical information theory states that an i.i.d. sample contains H ( X n ∼ p ) = nH ( p ) information, which provides little insight for statistical applications. We present a different view by decomposing the sample information into three parts: the labeling of the profile elements, ordering of them, and profile entropy. With no bias towards any symbols, the profile entropy rises as a fundamental measure unifying the concepts of estimation, inference, and compression. We believe this view could help researchers in information theory, statistical learning theory, and computer science communities better understand the information composition of i.i.d. samples over discrete domains. The results established in this work are general and fundamental, and have numerous applications in privacy, economics, data storage, supervised learning, etc. A potential downside is that the theoretical guarantees of the associated algorithms rely on the assumption correctness, e.g., the domain should be discrete and the sampling process should be i.i.d. . In other words, it will be better if users can confirm these assumptions by prior knowledge, experiences, or statistical testing procedures. Taking a different perspective, we think a potential research direction following this work is to extend these results to Markovian models, making them more robust to model misspecification.",133
-Distributed Newton Can Communicate Less and Resist Byzantine Workers,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/d17e6bcbcef8de3f7a00195cfa5706f1-Paper.pdf,"The advent of computationally-intensive machine learning (ML) models has changed the technology landscape in the past decade. The most powerful learning models are also the most expensive to train. For example, OpenAI’s GPT-3 language model has 175 billion parameters and takes USD 12 million to train 1 ! On top of that machine learning training has a costly environmental footprint: recent study shows that training a transformer with neural architecture search can have as much as five times CO 2 emission of a standard car in its lifetime 2 . While the really expensive models are relatively rare, training of moderately large ML models is now ubiquitous over the data science industry and elsewhere. Most of the training of machine learning model today is performed in distributed platforms (such as Amazon’s EC2). Any savings in energy - in forms of computation or communication - in distributed optimization will have a large positive impact. This paper seeks to speed up distributed optimization algorithms by minimizing inter-server communication and at the same time makes the optimization algorithms robust to adversarial failures. The protocols resulting from this paper are immediately implementable and can be adapted to any large scale distributed training of a machine learning model. Further, since our algorithms are robust to Byzantine failure, the training process becomes more reliable and fail-safe. In addition to that, we think the theoretical content of this paper is instructive and some elements can be included in the coursework of a graduate class of distributed optimization, to exemplify the trade-off between some fundamental quantities in distributed optimization.",134
-TSPNet: Hierarchical Feature Learning via Temporal Semantic Pyramid for Sign Language Translation,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/8c00dee24c9878fea090ed070b44f1ab-Paper.pdf,"As of the year 2020, 466 million people worldwide, one in every ten people, has disabling hearing loss. And by the year of 2050, it is estimated that this number will grow to over 900 million [ 42]. Assisting deaf and hard-of-hearing people to participate fully and feel entirely included in our society is critical and can be facilitated by maximizing their ability to communicate with others in sign languages, thereby minimizing the impact of disability and disadvantage on performance. Communication difficulties experienced by deaf and hard-of-hearing people may lead to unwelcome feelings of isolation, frustration and other mental health issues. Their global cost, including the loss of productivity and deaf service support packages, is US$ 750 billion per annum in the healthcare expenditure alone [42]. The technique developed in this work contributes to the design of automated sign language interpretation systems. Successful applications of such communication technologies would facilitate access and inclusion of all community members. Our work also promotes the public awareness of people living with hearing or other disabilities, who are commonly under-representative in social activities. With more research works on automated sign language interpretation, our ultimate goal is to encourage equitable distribution of health, education, and economic resources in the society. Failure in translation leads to potential miscommunication. However, achieving highly-accurate automated translation systems that are trustworthy even in life-critical emergency and health care situations requires further studies and regulation. In scenarios of this kind, automated sign language translators are recommended to serve as auxiliary communication tools, rather an alternative to human interpreters. Moreover, RPWT dataset was sourced from TV weather forecasting, consequently, is biased towards this genre. Hence, its applicability to real-life use may be limited. Despite this linguistic limitation, RPWT remains the only existing large-scale dataset for sign language translation; this under-resourced area deserves more attention. Both datasets and models ought to be developed.",135
-Certifiably Adversarially Robust Detection of Out-of-Distribution Data,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/b90c46963248e6d7aab1e0f429743ca0-Paper.pdf,"In order to use machine learning in safety-critical systems it is required that the machine learning system correctly flags its uncertainty. As neural networks have been shown to be overconfident far away from the training data, this work aims at overcoming this issue by not only enforcing low confidence on out-distribution images but even guaranteeing low confidence in a neighborhood around it. As a neural network should not flag that it knows when it does not know, this paper contributes to a safer use of deep learning classifiers.",136
-Interpretable Sequence Learning for COVID-19 Forecasting,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/d9dbc51dc534921589adf460c85cd824-Paper.pdf,"COVID-19 is an epidemic that is affecting almost all countries in the world at the moment. As of the first week of June, more than 6.5 million people have been infected, resulting in more than 380k fatalities unfortunately. The economical and sociological impacts of COVID-19 are significant, and will be felt for many years to come. Forecasting of the severity of COVID-19 is crucial, for healthcare providers to deliver the healthcare support for those who will be in the most need, for governments to take the most optimal policy actions while minimizing the negative impact of the outbreak, and for business owners to make crucial decisions on when and how to restart their businesses. With the motivation of helping all these actors, we propose a machine learning-based forecasting model that significantly outperforms any alternative methods, including the ones used by the healthcare providers and public sector. Not only are our forecasts far more accurate, our model is explainable by design. It is aligned with how epidemiology experts approach the problem, and the machine learnable components shed light on what data features have the most impact on the outcomes. These would be crucial for data-driven understanding of COVID-19, that can help domain experts for effective medical and public health decision-making. Besides COVID-19 forecasting, our approach is in the direction of ingesting data-driven learning while using the inductive bias of differential equations, while representing the input-output relationships at a system-level. Not only infectious disease modeling, but numerous scientific fields that use such equations, such as Physics, Environmental Sciences, Chemistry etc. are expected to benefit from our contributions.",137
-Domain Generalization for Medical Imaging Classification with Linear-Dependency Regularization,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/201d7288b4c18a679e48b31c72c30ded-Paper.pdf,"Our proposed method shows reasonable potential in the application of clinically realistic environments especially under the scenarios where only limited training samples are available and the capturing vendors and environments are diverse. In the short-term, the potential beneficiary of the proposed research lies in that it could significantly alleviate the domain shift problem in medical image analysis, as evidenced in this paper. In the long term, it is expected that the principled methodology could offer new insights in intelligent medical diagnostic systems. One concrete example is that the medical imaging classification functionality can be incorporated into different types of smartphones (with different capturing sensors, resolutions, etc.) to assess risk of skin disease (e.g. skin cancer in suspicious skin lesions) such that the terminal stage of skin cancer can be avoided. However, the medical data can be protected by privacy regulation such that the protected attributes (e.g. gender, ethnicity) may not be released publicly for training purpose. In this sense, the trained model may lack of fairness, or worse, may actively discriminate against a specific group of people (e.g. ethnicity with relatively small proportion of people). In the future, the proposed methodology can be feasibly extended to improve the algorithm fairness for numerous medical image analysis tasks and meanwhile guarantee the privacy of the protected attributes.",138
-Learning Multi-Agent Coordination for Enhancing Target Coverage in Directional Sensor Networks,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/7250eb93b3c18cc9daa29cf58af7a004-Paper.pdf,"The target coverage problem is common in Directional Sensor Networks. This problem widely exists in a lot of real-world applications. For example, those who control the cameras to capture the sports match videos may benefit from our work, because our framework provides an automatic control solution to free them from heavy and redundancy labor. Surveillance camera networks may also benefit from this research. But there is also the risk of being misused in the military field, e.g., using directional radar to monitor missiles or aircraft. The framework may also inspire the RL community, for solving the target-oriented tasks, e.g. collaborative navigation, Predator-prey. If our method fails, the targets would be all out of views of sensors. So, maybe a rule-based alternate plan is needed for unexpected conditions. We reset the training environment randomly to leverage biases in the data for better generalization.",139
-Simultaneously Learning Stochastic and Adversarial Episodic MDPs with Known Transition,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/c0f971d8cd24364f2029fcb9ac7b71f5-Paper.pdf,"This work is mostly theoretical, with no negative outcomes. Researchers working on theoretical aspects of online learning, bandit problems, and reinforcement learning (RL) may benefit from our results. Although our algorithm deals with the tabular setting and is not directly applicable to common RL applications with a large state and action space, it sheds light on how to increase robustness of a learning algorithm while adapting to specific instances, and serves as an important step towards developing more practical, adaptive, and robust RL algorithms, which in the long run might find its applications in the real world.",140
-Unsupervised Representation Learning by Invariance Propagation,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/23af4b45f1e166141a790d1a3126e77a-Paper.pdf,"This work presents a novel unsupervised learning method, which effectively utilizes large numbers of unlabeled images to learn representation useful for a wide range of downstream tasks, such as image recognition, semi-supervised learning, object detection, etc. Without the labels annotated by humans, our method reduces the prejudice caused by human priors, which may guide the models to learn more intrinsic information. The learned representations may benefit robustness in many scenarios such as adversarial robustness, out-of-distribution detection, label corruptions, etc. What’s more, the unsupervised learning can be applied to autonomous learning in robotics. The robot can autonomously collect the data without specifically labelling it and achieve lifelong learning. There also exist some potential risks for our method. Unsupervised learning solely depends on the distribution of the data itself to discover the information. Therefore, the learned model may be vulnerable to data distributions. With biased dataset, the model is likely to learn incorrect causality information. For example, in the autonomous system, it is inevitable that the bias will be brought during the process of data collection due to the inherent constraints of the system. The model can also be easily attacked when the data used for training is contaminated intentionally. Additionally, since the learned representation can be used for a wide range of downstream tasks, it should be guaranteed that they are used for beneficial purposes. We see the effectiveness and convenience of the proposed method, as well as the potential risks. To mitigate the risks associated with using unsupervised learning, we encourage the research to keep an eye on the distribution of the collected datasets and stop the use of the learned representations for harmful purposes.",141
-Deep Diffusion-Invariant Wasserstein Distributional Classification,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/ede7e2b6d13a41ddf9f4bdef84fdc737-Paper.pdf,"The proposed framework can considerably enhance conventional classification methods, of which performance is very sensitive to various types of perturbations ( e . g ., rotations, impulse noise, and down-scaling). The proposed Wasserstein distributional classifier represents both input data and target labels as probability measures and its diffusion invariant property prevents the classifier from being affected by severe perturbations. Hence, various research fields under real-world environments can benefit from exploiting our framework to obtain accurate classification results.",142
-Finding All ✏ -Good Arms in Stochastic Bandits,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/edf0320adc8658b25ca26be5351b6c4a-Paper.pdf,"The application of machine learning (ML) in domains such as advertising, biology, or medicine brings the possibility of utilizing large computational power and large datasets to solve new problems. It is tempting to use powerful, if not fully understood, ML tools to maximize scientific discovery. However, at times the gap between a tool’s theoretical guarantees and its practical performance can lead to sub-optimal behavior. This is especially true in adaptive data collection where misspecifying the model or desired output (e.g., “return the top k performing compounds” vs. “return all compounds with a potency about a given threshold”) may bias data collection and hinder post-hoc consideration of different objectives. In this paper we highlight several such instances in real-life data collection using multi-armed bandits where such a phenomenon occurs. We believe that the objective studied in this work, that of returning all arms whose mean is quantifiably near-best, more naturally aligns with practical objectives as diverse as finding funny captions to performing medical tests. We point out that methods from adaptive data collection and multi-armed bandits can also be used on content- recommendation platforms such as social media or news aggregator sites. In these scenarios, time and again, we have seen that recommendation systems can be greedy, attempting purely to maximize clickthrough with a long term effect of a less informed public. Adjacent to one of the main themes of this paper, we recommend that practitioners not just focus on the objective of recommendation for immediate profit maximization but rather keep track of a more holistic set of metrics. We are excited to see our work used in practical applications and believe it can have a major impact on driving the process of scientific discovery.",143
-The Generalization-Stability Tradeoff In Neural Network Pruning,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/ef2ee09ea9551de88bc11fd7eeea93b0-Paper.pdf,"This work focuses on resolving an apparent contradiction in the scientific understanding of the relationship between pruning and generalization performance. As such, we believe its primary impact will be on other researchers and it is unlikely to have substantial broader impacts. That said, understanding the mechanisms underlying our models is important for the safe deployment of such models in application domains. Our work takes a step in that direction, and we hope may help pave the way for further understanding.",144
-An Efficient Adversarial Attack for Tree Ensembles,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/ba3e9b6a519cfddc560b5d53210df1bd-Paper.pdf,"To the best of our knowledge, this is the first practical attack algorithm (in terms of both computational time and solution quality) that can be used to evaluate the robustness of tree ensembles. The study of robustness training algorithms for tree ensemble models have been difficult due to the lack of attack tools to evaluate their robustness, and our method can serve as the benchmark tool for robustness evaluation (similar to FGSM, PGD and C&W attacks for neural networks) (Goodfellow et al., 2015; Madry et al., 2018; Carlini, Wagner, 2017) to stimulate the research in the robustness of tree ensembles.",145
-Learning to Execute Programs with Instruction Pointer Attention Graph Neural Networks,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/62326dc7c4f7b849d6f013ba46489d6c-Paper.pdf,"Our work introduces a novel neural network architecture better suited for program understanding tasks related to program executions. Lessons learned from this architecture will contribute to improved machine learning for program understanding and generation. We hope the broader impact of these improvements will be improved tools for software developers for the analysis and authoring of new source code. Machine learning for static analysis produces results with uncertainty, however. There is risk that these techniques will be incorporated into tools in a way that conveys greater certainty than is appropriate, and could lead to either developer errors or mistrust of the tools.",146
-Analytic Characterization of the Hessian in Shallow ReLU Models: A Tale of Symmetry,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/3a61ed715ee66c48bacf237fa7bb5289-Paper.pdf,"To the best of our knowledge, there are no ethical aspects or future societal consequences directly involved in our work.",147
-Removing Bias in Multi-modal Classifiers: Regularization by Maximizing Functional Entropies,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/20d749bc05f47d2bd3026ce457dcfd8e-Paper.pdf,"We study functional entropy based regularizers which enable classifiers to more uniformly benefit from available dataset modalities in multi-modal tasks. We think the proposed method will help to reduce biases that present-day classifiers exploit when being trained on data which contains modalities, some of which are easier to leverage than others. We think this research will have positive societal implications. With machine learning being used more widely, bias from various modalities has become ubiquitous. Minority groups are disadvantaged by present-day AI algorithms, which work very well for the average person but are not suitable for other groups. We provide two examples next: 1. It is widely believed that criminal risk scores are biased against minorities1 , and mathematical methods that reduce the bias in machine learning are desperately needed. In our work we show how our regularization allows to reduce the color modality effect in colored MNIST, which hopefully facilitates to reduce bias in deep nets. 2. Consider virtual assistants as another example: if pronunciation is not mainstream, replies of AI systems are less helpful. Consequently, current AI ignores parts of society. To conclude, we think the proposed research is a first step towards machine learning becoming more inclusive. 1 https://www.propublica.org/article/bias-in-criminal-risk-scores-ismathematically-inevitable-researchers-say",148
-Generalization error in high-dimensional perceptrons: Approaching Bayes error with convex optimization,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/8f4576ad85410442a74ee3a7683757b3-Paper.pdf,"Our work is theoretical in nature, and as such the potential societal consequence are difficult to foresee. We anticipate that deeper theoretical understanding of the functioning of machine learning systems will lead to their improvement in the long term.",149
-Global Convergence of Deep Networks with One Wide Layer Followed by Pyramidal Topology,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/8abfe8ac9ec214d68541fcb888c0b4c3-Paper.pdf,This work does not present any foreseeable societal consequence.,150
-Tackling the Objective Inconsistency Problem in Heterogeneous Federated Optimization,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/564127c03caab942e503ee6f810f54fd-Paper.pdf,"The future of machine learning lies in moving both data collection as well as model training to the edge. This nascent research field called federated learning considers a large number of resource- constrained devices such as cellphones or IoT sensors that collect training data from their environment. Due to limited communication capabilities as well as privacy concerns, these data cannot be directly sent over to the cloud. Instead, the nodes locally perform a few iterations of training and only send the resulting model to the cloud. In this paper, we develop a federated training algorithm that is system-aware (robust and adaptable to communication and computation variabilities by allowing heterogeneous local progress) and data-aware (can handle skews in the size and distribution of local training data by correcting model aggregation scheme). This research has the potential to democratize machine learning by transcending the current centralized machine learning framework. It will enable lightweight mobile devices to cooperatively train a common machine learning model while maintaining control of their training data.",151
-Deep Structural Causal Models for Tractable Counterfactual Inference,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/0987b8b338d6c90bbedd8631bc499221-Paper.pdf,"Causal inference can be applied to a wide range of applications, promising to provide a deeper understanding of the observed data and prevent the fitting of spurious correlations. Our research presents a methodological contribution to the causal literature proposing a framework that combines causal models and deep learning to facilitate modelling high-dimensional data. Because of the general applicability of deep learning and causal inference, our framework could have a broad impact of enabling fairer machine learning models explicitly modelling causal mechanisms, reducing spurious correlations and tackling statistical and societal biases. The resulting models offer better interpretability due to counterfactual explanations and could yield novel understanding through causal discovery. However, causal modelling relies on strong assumptions and cannot always unambiguously determine the true causal structure of observational data. It therefore is necessary to carefully consider and communicate the assumptions being made by the analyst. In this light, our methodology is susceptible to being used to wrongly claim the discovery of causal structures due to careless application or intentional misuse. Particularly, the use of ‘black-box’ components as causal mechanisms may exacerbate concerns about identifiability, already present even for simple linear models. Whereas deep causal models can be useful for deriving insights from data, we must be cautious about their use in consequential decision-making, such as in informing policies or in the context of healthcare.",152
-Towards Better Generalization of Adaptive Gradient Methods,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/08fb104b0f2f838f3ce2d2b3741a12c2-Paper.pdf,"We believe that our work stands in the line of several papers towards improving generalization and avoiding over-fitting. Indeed, the basic principle of our method is to fit any given model, in particular deep model, using an intermediate differentially-private mechanisms allowing the model to fit fresh samples while passing over the same batch of n observations. The impact of such work is straightforward and could avoid learning, and thus reproducing at testing phase, the bias existent in the training dataset.",153
-An Analysis of SVD for Deep Rotation Estimation,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/fec3392b0dc073244d38eba1feb8e6b7-Paper.pdf,"This work considers the a fundamental question of how to best represent 3D rotation matrices in neural networks. This is a core component of many 3D vision and robotics deep learning pipelines, so any broader impact will be determined by applications or research that integrate our proposal into their systems.",154
-Natural Policy Gradient Primal-Dual Method for Constrained Markov Decision Processes,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/5f7695debd8cde8db5abcb9f161b49ea-Paper.pdf,"Our development could be added to a growing literature of constrained Markov decision processes (CMDPs) in a broad area of safe reinforcement learning (safe RL). Not only aiming to maximize the total reward, but almost all real-world sequential decision-making applications must also take control of safety regarding cost, utility, error rate, or efficiency, e.g., autonomous driving, medical test, financial management, and space exploration. Handling these additional safety objectives leads to constrained decision-making problems. Our research could be used to provide an algorithmic solution for practitioners to solve such constrained problems with non-asymptotic convergence and optimality guarantees. Our methodology could be new knowledge for RL researchers on the direct policy search methods for solving infinite-horizon discounted CMDPs. The decision-making processes that build on our research could enjoy the flexibility of adding practical constraints and this would improve a large range of uses, e.g., autonomous systems, healthcare services, and financial and legal services. We may expect a broad range of societal implications and we list some of them as follows. The autonomous robotics could be deployed to hazard environments, e.g., forest fires or earthquakes, with added safety guarantees. This could accelerate rescuing while saving robotics. The discovery of medical treatments could be less risky by restraining the side effect. Thus the bias of treatments could be minimized effectively. The policymaker in government or enterprises could encourage economic productivity as much as they can but under law/environment/public health constraints. Overall, one could expect a lot of social welfare improvements supported by the uses of our research. However, applying any theory to practice has to care about assumption/model mismatches. For example, our theory is in favor of well-defined feasible problems. This usually requires domain knowledge to justify. We would suggest domain experts develop guidelines for assumption/model validation. We would also encourage further work to establish the generalizability to other settings. Another issue could be the bias on gender or race. Policy parametrization selected by biased policymakers may inherit those biases. We would also encourage research to understand and mitigate the biases.",155
-Optimal Algorithms for Stochastic Multi-Armed Bandits with Heavy Tailed Rewards,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/607bc9ebe4abfcd65181bfbef6252830-Paper.pdf,"Multi-armed bandits with heavy-tailed rewards cover a wide range of online learning problems such as online classification, adaptive control, adaptive recommendation system, and reinforcement learning. Thus, the proposed algorithm has the potential to solve such practical applications. Since the proposed method learns a given task in a short time, it may reduce economical costs or time consumption. On the contrary, if the proposed method will be applied to personalized service, fast adaptation can make a person easily addicted to the service. For example, if the recommendation system adapts to a person’s preference well, it can continuously recommend items that arouse personal interest and that can lead to addiction. Acknowledgements This work was supported by Institute of Information & communica- tions Technology Planning & Evaluation(IITP) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT) (No.20200013360011001, Artificial Intelligence graduate school support(UNIST)) and (No. 2019-0- 01190, [SW Star Lab] Robot Learning: Efficient, Safe, and Socially-Acceptable Machine Learning).",156
-Robust Quantization: One Model to Rule Them All,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/3948ead63a9f2944218de038d8934305-Paper.pdf,"Deep neural networks take up tremendous amounts of energy, leaving a large carbon footprint. Quantization can improve energy efficiency of neural networks on both commodity GPUs and specialized accelerators. Robust quantization takes another step and create one model that can be deployed across many different inference chips avoiding the need to re-train it before deployment (i.e., reducing CO2 emissions associated with re-training).",157
-Learning Individually Inferred Communication for Multi-Agent Cooperation,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/fb2fcd534b0ff3bbed73cc51df620323-Paper.pdf,"The experimental results are encouraging in the sense that we demonstrate I2C is a promising method for dealing with targeted communication in multi-agent communication based on causal influence. It is not yet at the application stage, and does not have broader impact. However, this work learns one-to-one communication instead of one/all-to-all communication, making I2C more practical in real-world applications.",158
-Deep Automodulators,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/9df81829c4ebc9c427b9afe0438dce5a-Paper.pdf,"The presented line of work intends to shift the focus of generative models from random sample generation towards controlled semantic editing of existing inputs. In essence, the ultimate goal is to offer ‘knobs’ that allow content editing based on high-level features, and retrieving and combining desired characteristics based on examples. While we only consider images, the techniques can be extended to other data domains such as graphs and 3D structures. Ultimately, such research could reduce very complex design tasks into approachable ones and thus reduce dependency on experts. For instance, contrast an expert user of a photo editor or design software, carefully tuning details, with a layperson who simply finds images or designs with the desired characteristics and guiding the smart editor to selectively combine them. Leveling the playing field in such tasks will empower larger numbers of people to contribute to design, engineering and science, while also multiplying the effectiveness of the experts. The downside of such empowerment will, of course, include the threats of deepfakes and spread of misinformation. Fortunately, public awareness of these abuses has been increasing rapidly. We attempt to convey the productive prospects of these technologies by also including image data sets with cars and bedrooms, while comparison with prior work motivates the focus on face images.",159
-Recurrent Quantum Neural Networks,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/0ec96be397dd6d3cf2fecb4a2d627c1c-Paper.pdf,"Without doubt, existing recurrent models—even simple RNNs—outclass the proposed QRNN archi- tecture in this paper in real-world learning tasks. In part, this is because we cannot easily simulate a large number of qubits on classical hardware: the memory requirements necessarily grow expo- nentially in the size of the workspace, for instance, which limits the number of parameters we can introduce in our model—on a quantum computer this overhead would vanish, resulting in a linear execution time in the circuit depth. What should nevertheless come as a surprise is that the model does perform relatively well on non- trivial tasks such as the ones presented here, in particular given the small number of qubits (usually between 8 and 12) that we utilised. As qubit counts in real-world devices are severely limited—and likely will be for the foreseeable future—learning algorithms with tame system requirements will certainly hold an advantage. Moreover, while we motivate the topology of the presented QRNN cell given in fig. 3 by the action of its different stages (writing the input; work; writing the output), and while the resulting circuits are far more structured than existing VQE setups, our architecture is still simplistic as compared to the various components of an RNN, let alone an LSTM. In all likelihood, a more specialized circuit structure (such as going from an RNN to an LSTM) will outperform the “simple” quantum recurrent network presented herein. Beyond the exploratory aspect of our work, our main insights are twofold. On the classical side—as discussed in the introduction—we present an architecture which can run on current hardware and ML implementations such as pytorch; and which is a candidate parametrization for unitary recurrent models that hold promise in circumventing gradient degradation for very long sequence lengths. On the quantum side, we significantly advance the field of variational circuits for quantum machine learning tasks; allowing ingestion of data of more than a few bits of size; demonstrate that models with large parameter counts can indeed be evaluated and trained; and that classical baselines such as MNIST classification are, indeed, within reach when using a more sophisticated model. Finally, our work is the first recurrent and entirely quantum neural network presented to date. Vari- ants of it might find application in conjunction with other quantum machine learning algorithms, such as quantum beam search [BSP19] in the context of language modelling. With a more near-term focus in mind, modelling the evolution of quantum systems with noisy dynamics is a task currently addressed using classical recurrent models [Flu+20]. Due to the intrinsic capability of a QRNN to keep track of a quantum state it holds promise to better capture the exponentially-growing phase space dimension of the system to be modelled.",160
-Robustness of Bayesian Neural Networks to Gradient-Based Attacks,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/b3f61131b6eceeb2b14835fa648a48ff-Paper.pdf,"This work is a theoretical investigation in the large data limit of vulnerability of Bayesian Neural Networks to gradient-based attacks. The main result is that, in this limit, BNNs are not vulnerable to such attacks, as the input gradient vanishes in expectation. This advancement provides a theoretically- provable rational for selecting BNNs in applications where there is concern about attackers performing fast, gradient-based attacks. However, it does not provide any guarantee on the actual safety of BNNs trained on a fi nite amount of data. Our work may positively bene fi t the study of adversarial robustness for BNNs and the investigation of properties that make these networks less vulnerable than deterministic ones. These features could then potentially be transferred to other network paradigms and lead to greater robustness of machine learning algorithms in general. However, there may still exist different attacks leading BNNs to misclassi fi cations and our contribution does not provide any defence technique against them. In the last few years adversarial examples have presented a major hurdle to the adoption of AI systems in any security related fi eld, whose applications go from self-driving vehicles to medical diagnoses. Machine learning algorithms show remarkable performance and generalization capabilities, but they also manifest weaknesses that are not consistent with human understanding of the world. Ultimately, the lack of knowledge about the difference between human and machine interpretation of reality leads to an issue of public trust. The development of procedures that are robust to changes in the output and that represent calibrated uncertainty, would inherently be more trust-worthy and allow for wide-spread adoption of deep learning in safety and security critical tasks.",161
-Flexible mean field variational inference using mixtures of non-overlapping exponential families,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/e3a54649aeec04cf1c13907bc6c5c8aa-Paper.pdf,"The primary contribution of this paper is theoretical and so the broader societal impact depends on how the theorems are used. The polygenic score application has the possibility to improve the overall quality of healthcare, but because the majority of GWAS are performed on individuals of European ancestries, PGSs are more accurate for individuals from those ancestry groups, potentially exacerbating health disparities between individuals of different ancestries as PGSs see clinical use [39]. The methods presented here are equally applicable to GWAS data collected from any ancestry group, however, and so efforts to diversify genetic data will ameliorate performance differences across ancestry groups. PGSs used for some traits such as sexual orientation [18], educational attainment [22], or stigmatized psychiatric disorders [14] raise thorny ethical considerations, especially when the application of such PGSs could enable genetic discrimination or fuel dangerous public misconceptions about the genetic basis of such traits [44]. On the other hand, PGSs applied to diseases have the potential to improve health outcomes and so if used responsibly could provide tremendous benefit to society.",162
-Position-based Scaled Gradient for Model Quantization and Pruning,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/eb1e78328c46506b46a4ac4a1e378b91-Paper.pdf,"PSG is a fundamental method of scaling each gradient component differently depending on the position of a weight vector. This technique can replace conventional gradient in any applications that require different treatment of specific locations in the parameter space. As shown in the paper, the easiest conceivable applications would be quantization and pruning where a definite preference for specific weight forms exists. These model compression techinques are at the heart of the fast and lightweight deployment of any deep learning algorithms and thus, PSG can make a huge impact in the related industry. As another potentially related research topic, PSG has a chance to be utilized in the optimization area such as the integer programming and the combinatorial optimization acting as a tool in optimizing a continuous surrogate of an objective function in a discrete space.",163
-Efficient Generation of Structured Objects with Constrained Adversarial Networks,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/a87c11b9100c608b7f8e98cfa316ff7b-Paper.pdf,"Broadly speaking, this work aims at improving the reliability of structures / configurations generated via machine learning approaches. This can have a strong impact on a wide range of research fields and application domains, from drug design and protein engineering to layout synthesis and urban planning. Indeed, the lack of reliability of machine-generated outcomes is one of main obstacles to a wider adoption of machine learning technology in our societies. On the other hand, there is a risk of overestimating the reliability of the outputs of CANs, which are only guaranteed to satisfy constraints in expectation. For applications in which invalid structures should be avoided, like safety-critical applications, the objects output by CANs should always be validated before use. From an artificial intelligence perspective, this work supports the line of thought that in order to overcome the current limitations of AI there is a need for combining machine learning and especially deep learning technology with approaches from knowledge representation and automated reasoning, and that principled ways to achieve this integration should be pursued.",164
-Time-Reversal Symmetric ODE Network,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/db8419f41d890df802dca330e6284952-Paper.pdf,"In this paper, we introduce a neural network model that regularized by a physics-originated inductive bias, the symmetry. Our proposed model can be used to identify and predict unknown dynamics of physical systems. In what follows, we summarize the expected broader impacts of our research from two perspectives. Use for current real world applications. Predicting dynamics plays a important role in various practical applications, e.g., robotic manipulation [16], autonomous driving [25], and other trajectory planning tasks. For these tasks, the predictive models should be highly reliable to prevent human and material losses due to accidents. Our propose model have a potential to satisfy this high standard on reliability, considering its robustness and efficiency (see Figure 4 as an example). First step for fundamental inductive bias. According to the CPT theorem in quantum field theory, the CPT symmetry, which means the invariance under the combined transformation of charge conjugate (C), parity transformation (P), and time reversal (T), exactly holds for all phenomena of physics [21]. Thus, the CPT symmetry is a fundamental rule of nature: that means, it is a fundamental inductive bias of deep learning models for natural science. However, this symmetry-based bias has been unnoticed previously. We study one of the fundamental symmetry, the time-reversal symmetry in classical mechanics, as a proof-of-concept in this paper. We expect our finding can encourage researchers to focus on the fundamental bias of nature and extend the research from classical to quantum, and from time-reversal symmetry to CPT symmetry. Our work would also contribute to bring together experts in physics and deep learning in order to stimulate interaction and to begin exploring how deep learning can shed light on physics.",165
-Online Planning with Lookahead Policies,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/a18aa23ee676d7f5ffb34cf16df3e08c-Paper.pdf,"Online planning algorithms, such as A ∗ and RTDP, have been extensively studied and applied in AI for well over two decades. Our work quantifies the benefits of using lookahead-policies in this class of algorithms. Although lookahead-policies have also been widely used in online planning algorithms, their theoretical justification was lacking. Our study sheds light on the benefits of lookahead-policies. Moreover, the results we provide in this paper suggest improved ways for applying lookahead-policies in online planning with benefits when dealing with various types of approximations. This work opens up the room for practitioners to improve their algorithms and base lookahead policies on solid theoretical ground. Acknowledgements. We thank the reviewers for their helpful comments and feedback. Y.E. and S.M. were partially supported by the ISF under contract 2199/20.",166
-Co-exposure maximization in online social networks,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/212ab20dbdf4191cbcdcf015511783f4-Paper.pdf,"Our work addresses the problem of maximizing co-exposure of information in online social networks via viral-marketing strategies. We are interested in situations where opposing campaigns are prop- agated in different parts of a social network, with users in one side not being aware of the content and arguments seen on the other side. Although, the focus of our work is mainly theoretical, and a number of modeling considerations has been stripped out for the sake of mathematical rigor, applying this kind of ideas in practice may have significant impact towards reducing polarization on societal issues, and offering users a more balanced news diet and the possibility to participate in constructive deliberation. On the other hand, one needs to be careful how our framework will be applied in practice. One potential source of misuse is when misinformation or disinformation is offered to counter true facts. Here we assume that this aspect is orthogonal to our approach, and that the social-network platform needs to mitigate this danger by providing mechanisms of information validation, fact checking, and ethical compliance of the content before allowing it to circulate in the network. Another issue is that, users often do not understand why they see a particular item in their feed; the system content-filtering and prioritization algorithm is opaque to them. In the context of our proposal, since we are suggesting to make content recommendations to selected users, it is important that transparent mechanisms are in place for the users to opt in participating in such features, to understand why they receive these recommendations, and in general, to be able to control their content.",167
-Variational Bayesian Monte Carlo with Noisy Likelihoods,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/5d40954183d62a82257835477ccad3d2-Paper.pdf,"We believe this work has the potential to lead to net-positive improvements in the research community and more broadly in society at large. First, this paper makes Bayesian inference accessible to non- cheap models with noisy log-likelihoods, allowing more researchers to express uncertainty about their models and model parameters of interest in a principled way; with all the advantages of proper uncertainty quantification [2]. Second, with the energy consumption of computing facilities growing incessantly every hour, it is our duty towards the environment to look for ways to reduce the carbon footprint of our algorithms [52]. In particular, traditional methods for approximate Bayesian inference can be extremely sample-inefficient. The ‘smart’ sample-efficiency of VBMC can save a considerable amount of resources when model evaluations are computationally expensive. Failures of VBMC can return largely incorrect posteriors and values of the model evidence, which if taken at face value could lead to wrong conclusions. This failure mode is not unique to VBMC , but a common problem of all approximate inference techniques (e.g., MCMC or variational inference [2, 53]). VBMC returns uncertainty on its estimate and comes with a set of diagnostic functions which can help identify issues. Still, we recommend the user to follow standard good practices for validation of results, such as posterior predictive checks, or comparing results from different runs. Finally, in terms of ethical aspects, our method – like any general, black-box inference technique – will reflect (or amplify) the explicit and implicit biases present in the models and in the data, especially with insufficient data [54]. Thus, we encourage researchers in potentially sensitive domains to explicitly think about ethical issues and consequences of the models and data they are using.",168
-CircleGAN: Generative Adversarial Learning across Spherical Circles,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/f14bc21be7eaeed046fed206a492e652-Paper.pdf,"This work addresses the problem of generative modeling and adversarial learning, which is a crucial topic in machine learning and artificial intelligence; b) the proposed technique is generic and does not have any direct negative impact on society; c) the proposed model improves sample diversity, thus contributing to reducing biases in generated data samples.",169
-MetaSDF: Meta-learning Signed Distance Functions,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/731c83db8d2ff01bdc000083fd3c3740-Paper.pdf,"Emerging neural implicit representations are a powerful tool for representing signals, such as 3D shape and appearance. Generalizing across these neural implicit representations requires efficient approaches to learning distributions over functions. We have shown that gradient-based meta-learning approaches are one promising avenue to tackling this problem. As a result, the proposed approach may be part of the backbone of this emerging neural signal representation strategy. As a powerful representation of natural signals, such neural implicits may in the future be used for the generation and manipulation of signals, which may pose challenges similar to those posed by generative adversarial models today.",170
-Focus of Attention Improves Information Transfer in Visual Features,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/fc2dc7d20994a777cfd5e6de734fe254-Paper.pdf,"Our work is a foundational study. We believe that there are neither ethical aspects nor future societal consequences that should be discussed at the current state of our work. Unsupervised criteria paired with a spatio-temporal filtering can potentially lead to the development of more robust features to describe visual information. In particular, the outcomes of this work could help in designing improved neural models, capable of extracting relevant information from a continuous video stream, from the same areas that attract the human gaze.",171
-Differentiable Neural Architecture Search in Equivalent Space with Exploration Enhancement,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/9a96a2c73c0d477ff2a6da3bf538f4f4-Paper.pdf,"Automatic Machine Learning (AutoML) aims to build a better machine learning model in a data- driven and automated manner, compensating for the lack of machine learning experts and lowering the threshold of various areas of machine learning to help all the amateurs to use machine learning without any hassle. These days, many companies, like Google and Facebook, are using AutoML to build machine learning models for handling different businesses automatically. They especially leverage the AutoML to automatically build Deep Neural Networks for solving various tasks, including computer vision, natural language processing, autonomous driving, and so on. AutoML is an up-and-coming tool to take advantage of the extracted data to find the solutions automatically. This paper focuses on the Neural Architecture Search (NAS) of AutoML, and it is the first attempt to enhance the intelligent exploration of differentiable One-Shot NAS in the latent space. The experimental results demonstrate the importance of introducing uncertainty into neural architecture search, and point out a promising research direction in the NAS community. It is worth notice that NAS is in its infancy, and it is still very challenging to use it to complete automation of a specific business function like marketing analytics, customer behavior, or other customer analytics.",172
-Latent Bandits Revisited,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/9b7c8d13e4b2f08895fb7bcead930b46-Paper.pdf,"Our work develops improved algorithms for bandit-style exploration in a very general and abstract sense. We have demonstrated its ability to increase the rate at which interactive systems identify user latent state to improve long-term impact on user reward (e.g., engagement in a recommender system). Our work is agnostic to the form of the reward. We are strongly motivated by improving user positive engagement with interactive systems (e.g., by identifying user interests or preferences in a recommender system). However, other forms of reward that are unaligned with a user’s best interests could be used—our methods do not propose specific reward models. That said, our work has no social implications (welfare, fairness, privacy, etc.) beyond those already at play in the interactive system to which our methods might be applied.",173
-Memory Based Trajectory-conditioned Policies for Learning from Sparse Rewards,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/2df45244f09369e16ea3f9117ca45157-Paper.pdf,"DTSIL is likely to be useful in real-world RL applications, such as robotics-related tasks. Compared with previous exploration methods, DTSIL shows obvious advantages when the task requires rea- soning over long-horizon and the feedback from environment is sparse. We believe RL researchers and practitioners can benefit from DTSIL to solve RL application problems requiring efficient explo- ration. Especially, DTSIL helps avoid the cost of collecting human demonstration and the manual engineering burden of designing complicated reward functions. Also, as we discussed in Sec. 5, when deployed for more problems in the future, DTSIL has a good potential to perform robustly and avoid local optima in various stochastic environments when combined with other state representation learning approaches. DTSIL in its current form is applied to robotics tasks in the simulated environments. And it likely contributes to real robots in solving hard-exploration tasks in the future. Advanced techniques in robotics make it possible to eliminate repetitive, time-consuming, or dangerous tasks for human workers and might bring positive societal impacts. For example, the advancement in household robots will help reduce the cost for home care and benefit people with disability or older adults who needs personalized care for a long time. However, it might cause negative consequences such as large-scale job disruptions at the same time. Thus, proper public policy is required to reduce the social friction. On the other hand, RL method without much reward shaping runs the risk of taking a step that is harmful for the environments. This generic issue faced by most RL methods is also applicable to DTSIL. To mitigate this issue, given any specific domain, one simple solution is to apply a constraint on the state space that we are interested to reach during exploration. DTSIL is complementary to the mechanisms to restrict the state space or action space. More principled way to ensure safety during exploration is a future work. In addition to AI safety, another common concern for most RL algorithms is the memory and computational cost. In the supplementary material we discuss how to control the size of the memory for DTSIL and report the cost. Empirically DTSIL provides ideas for solving various hard-exploration tasks with a reasonable computation cost.",174
-Automatically Learning Compact Quality-aware Surrogates for Optimization Problems,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/6d0c932802f6953f70eb20931645fa40-Paper.pdf,"End-to-end approaches can perform better in data-poor settings, improving access to the benefits of machine learning systems for communities that are resource constrained. Standard two-stage approaches typically requires enough data to learn well across the data distribution. In many domains focused on social impact such as wildlife conservation, limited data can be collected and the resources are also very limited. End-to-end learning is usually more favorable than two-stage approach under these circumstances; it can achieve higher quality results despite data limitations compared to two- stage approaches. This paper reduces the computational costs of end-to-end learning and increases the performance benefits. But such performance improvements may come with a cost in transferability because the end-to-end learning task is specialized towards particular decisions, whereas a prediction-only model from the two-stage predict-then-optimize framework might be used for different decision making tasks in the same domain. Thus, the predictive model trained for a particular decision-making task in the end-to- end framework is not necessarily as interpretable or transferable as a model trained for prediction only. For real-world tasks, there would need to be careful analysis of cost-benefit of applying an end-to-end approach vis-a-vis a two-stage approach particularly if issues of interpretability and transferrability are critical; in some domains these may be crucial. Further research is required to improve upon these issues in the end-to-end learning approach.",175
-VIME: Extending the Success of Self- and Semi-supervised Learning to Tabular Domain,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/7d97667a3e056acab9aaf653807b4a03-Paper.pdf,"Tabular data is the most common data type in the real-world. Most databases include tabular data such as demographic information in medical and finance datasets and SNPs in genomic datasets. However, the tremendous successes in deep learning (especially in image and language domains) has not yet been fully extended to the tabular domain. Still, in the tabular domain, ensembles of decision trees achieve the state-of-the-art performance. If we can efficiently extend the successful deep learning methodologies from images and language to tabular data, the application of machine learning in the real-world can be greatly extended. This paper takes a step in this direction for self- and semi-supervised learning frameworks which recently have achieved significant successes in images and language. In addition, the proposed tabular data augmentation and representation learning methodologies can be utilized in various fields such as tabular data encoding, balancing the labels of tabular data, and missing data imputation.",176
-When and How to Lift the Lockdown? Global COVID-19 Scenario Analysis and Policy Assessment using Compartmental Gaussian Processes,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/79a3308b13cd31f096d8a4a34f96b66b-Paper.pdf,"This paper addresses a timely decision-making problem that faces governments and authorities around the world during these exceptional times. Decisions informed by our model may affect the daily lives of millions of people around the world during the upcoming months. We believe that now is the time for research on machine learning for clinical and public health applications to contribute to the efforts humanity exerts to handle the current crisis — we hope that our model plays a role in informing the public and governments on the consequences of policies and social behavior on public health. We are currently in the phase of communicating the projections of our model with official public health services in multiple countries, including developing countries.",177
-Unbalanced Sobolev Descent,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/c5f5c23be1b71adb51ea9dc8e9d444a8-Paper.pdf,"Our work provides a practical particle descent algorithm that comes with a formal convergence proof and theoretically guaranteed acceleration over previous competing algorithms. Moreover, our algorithm can naturally handle situations where the objects of the descent are particles sampled from a source distribution descending towards a target distribution with different mass. The type of applications that this enables range from theoretically principled modeling of biological growths processes (like tumor growth) and developmental processes (like the differentiation of cells in their gene expression space), to faster numerical simulation of advection-reaction systems. Since our advance is mainly theoretical and algorithmic (besides the empirical demonstrations), its implications are necessarily tied to the utilization for which it is being deployed. Beside the applications that we mentioned, particle descent algorithms like ours have been proposed as a paradigm to characterize and study the dynamics of Generative Adversarial Network (GANs) training. As such, they could indirectly contribute to the risks associated with the nefarious uses of GANs such as deepfakes. On the other hand, by providing a tools to possibly analyze and better understand GANs, our theoretical results might serve as the basis for mitigating their abuse.",178
-Neural Topographic Factor Analysis for fMRI Data,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/8c3c27ac7d298331a1bdfd0a5e8703d3-Paper.pdf,"While this paper reports on NTFA in terms of its characteristics as a general-purpose machine learning method for the analysis of neuroimaging data, we envision downstream impacts in the context of specific neuroscientific research questions. There is a need in neuroscience research to develop formal computational approaches that capture individual differences in neural function. The embedding space yields a simple, visualizable model to inspect individual differences that has the potential to, at least in a qualitative manner, provide insights into fundamental questions in cognitive neuroscience. One such question is whether neural responses to stimuli are shared across individuals, vary by pre-defined participants groups (e.g. depressed vs. non-depressed participants), or are unique to participants or subgroups (e.g. as suggested by calls for “precision medicine” approaches). Going forward, we will use our pilot data to address whether the neural basis of fear, for example, is shared across individuals and situations (i.e. there is a single “biomarker” or “neural signature” for fear), or as we expect, whether it varies by person or situation (suggesting that biomarkers for fear are idiographic) [Satpute and Lindquist, 2019]. With further developments, we plan to perform more extensive neuroimaging experiments that probe individual variation in additional fMRI datasets including in house datasets and publicly available datasets. Our hope is that the work presented in this paper will form a basis for developing probabilistic factor-analysis models with structured priors that will allow testing and development of specific neuroscientific hypotheses regarding individual variation in the functional neural organization of psychological processes.",179
-On the Almost Sure Convergence of Stochastic Gradient Descent in Non-Convex Problems,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/0cb5ebb1b34ec343dfe135db691e4a85-Paper.pdf,This work does not present any foreseeable societal consequence.,180
-Adversarial robustness via robust low rank representations,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/837a7924b8c0aa866e41b2721f66135c-Paper.pdf,"Our work provides efficient algorithms for training neural networks with certified robustness guarantees. This can have significant positive societal impact considering the importance of protecting AI systems against malicious adversaries. A classifier with certified robustness guarantees can give a sense of security to the end user. On the other hand, our methods achieve robustness at the expense of a small loss in natural test accuracy as compared to non- adversarial training. It is unclear how this loss in accuracy is distributed across the population. This could have a negative societal impact if the loss in accuracy is disproportionately on data points/individuals belonging to a specific demographic group based on say race or gender. That said, robustness to perturbations also corresponds to a natural notion of individual fairness since data points with similar features need to be treated similarly by a robust classifier. Hence, a careful study must be done to understand these effects before a large scale practical deployment of systems based on our work.",181
-FixMatch: Simplifying Semi-Supervised Learning with Consistency and Confidence,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/06964dce9addb1c5cb5d6e3d9838f733-Paper.pdf,"FixMatch helps democratize machine learning in two ways: first, its simplicity makes it available to a wider audience, and second, its accuracy with only a few labels means that it can be applied to domains where previously machine learning was not feasible. The flip side of democratization of machine learning research is that it becomes easy for both good and bad actors to apply. We hope that this ability will be used for good—for example, obtaining medical scans is often far cheaper than paying an expert doctor to label every image. However, it is possible that more advanced techniques for semi-supervised learning will allow for more advanced surveillance: for example, the efficacy of our one-shot classification might allow for more accurate person identification from a few images. Broadly speaking, any progress on semi-supervised learning will have these same consequences.",182
-Improving Policy-Constrained Kidney Exchange via Pre-Screening,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/1bda4c789c38754f639a376716c5859f-Paper.pdf,"This work lives within the broader context of kidney exchange research. For clarity, we separate our broader impacts into two sections: first we discuss the impact of kidney exchange in general; then we discuss our work in particular, within the context of kidney exchange research and practice. Impacts of Kidney Exchange Patients with end-stage renal disease have only two options: receive a transplant, or undergo dialysis once every few days, for the rest of their lives. In many countries (including the US), these patients register for a deceased donor waiting list–and it can be months or years before they receive a transplant. Many of these patients have a friend or relative willing to donate a kidney, however many patients are incompatible with their corresponding donor. Kidney exchange allows patients to “swap” their incompatible donor, in order to find a higher-quality match, more quickly than a waiting list. Transplants allow patients a higher quality of life, and cost far less, than lifelong dialysis. About 10% of kidney transplants in the US are facilitated by an exchange. Finding the “most efficient” matching of kidney donors to patients is a (computationally) hard problem, which cannot be solved by hand in most cases. For this reason many fielded exchanges use algorithms to quickly find an efficient matching of patients and donors. Many researchers study kidney exchange from an algorithmic perspective, often with the goal of improving the number or quality of transplants facilitated by exchanges. Indeed, this is the purpose of our paper. Impacts of Our Work In this paper we investigate the impact of pre-screening certain potential transplants (edge) in an exchange, prior to constructing the final patient-donor matching. To our knowledge, some modern fielded exchanges pre-screen potential transplants in an ad-hoc manner; meaning they do not consider the impacts of pre-screening on the final matching. We propose methods to estimate the importance of pre-screening each edge, as measured by the change in the overall number and quality of matched transplants.7 Importantly, our methods do not require a change in matching policy; instead, they indicate to policymakers which potential transplants are important to pre-screen, and which are not. The impacts of our contributions are summarized below: Some potential transplants cannot be matched, because they cannot participate in a “legal” cyclical or chain-like swap (according to the exchange matching policy). Accordingly, there is no “value” gained by pre-screening these transplants; our methods will identify these potential transplants, and will recommend that they not be pre-screened. Pre-screening requires doctors to spend valuable time reviewing potential donors; removing these unmatchable transplants from pre-screening will allow doctors to focus only on transplants that are relevant to the current exchange pool. Some transplants are more important to pre-screen than others, and our methods help identify which are most important for the final matching. We estimate the value pre-screening of each transplant by simulating the exchange matching policy in the case that the pre-screened edge is pre-accepted, and in the case that it is pre-refused. To estimate the value of pre-screening each transplant, we need to know (a) the likelihood that each transplant is pre-accepted and pre-refused, and (b) the likelihood that each planned transplant fails for any reason, after being matched. These likelihoods are used as input to our methods, and they can influence the estimated value of pre-screening different transplants. Importantly, it may not be desirable to calculate these likelihoods for each potential transplant (e.g., using data from the past). For example if a patient is especially sick, we may estimate that any potential transplant involving this patient is very likely to fail prior to transplantation (e.g., because the patient is to ill to undergo an operation). In this case, our methods may estimate that all potential transplants involving this patient have very low “value”, and therefore recommend that these transplants should not be pre-screened. One way to avoid this issue is to use the same likelihood estimates for all transplants. To estimate the impact of our methods (and how they depend on the assumed likelihoods, see above), we recommend using extensive modeling of different pre-screening scenarios before deploying our methods in a fielded exchange. This is important for several reasons: first, exchange programs cannot always require that doctors pre-screen potential transplants prior to matching. Since we cannot be sure which transplants will be pre-screened and which will not, simulations should be run to evaluate each possible scenario. Second, theoretical analysis shows that pre-screening transplants can—in the worst case—negatively impact the final outcome. While this worst-case outcome is possible, our computational experiments show that it is very unlikely; this can be addressed further with mode experiments tailored to a particular exchange program. 7 Quality and quantity of transplants is measured by transplant weight, a numerical representation of transplant quality (e.g., see UNOS/OPTN Policy 13 regarding KPD prioritization points https://optn.transplant. hrsa.gov/media/1200/optn_policies.pdf).",183
-Fairness in Streaming Submodular Maximization: Algorithms and Hardness,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/9d752cb08ef466fc480fba981cfa44a1-Paper.pdf,"Several recent studies have shown that automated data-driven methods can unintentionally lead to bias and discrimination [35, 56, 5, 10, 52]. Our proposed algorithms will help guard against these issues in data summarization tasks arising in various settings – from electing a parliament, over selecting individuals to influence for an outreach program, to selecting content in search engines and news feeds. As expected, fairness does come at the cost of a small loss in utility value, as observed in Section 6. It is worth noting that this “price of fairness” (i.e., the decrease in optimal objective value when fairness constraints are added) should not be interpreted as fairness leading to a less desirable outcome, but rather as a trade-off between two valuable metrics: the original application-dependent utility, and the fairness utility. Our algorithms ensure solutions achieving a close to optimal trade-off. Finally, despite the generality of the fairness notion we consider, it does not capture certain other notions of fairness considered in the literature (see e.g., [18, 58]). No universal metric of fairness exists. The question of which fairness notion to employ is an active area of research, and will be application dependent.",184
-Faster Wasserstein Distance Estimation with the Sinkhorn Divergence,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/17f98ddf040204eda0af36a108cbdea4-Paper.pdf,"Broader impact statement does not apply for this paper, which is of theoretical nature.",185
-ContraGAN: Contrastive Learning for Conditional Image Generation,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/f490c742cd8318b8ee6dca10af2a163f-Paper.pdf,"We proposed a new conditional image generation model that can synthesize more realistic and diverse images. Our work can contribute to image-to-image translations [50, 51], generating realistic human faces [52, 53, 54], or any task that utilizes adversarial training. Since conditional GANs can expand to various image processing applications and can learn the representations of high-dimensional datasets, scientists can enhance the quality of astronomical images [55, 56], design complex architectured materials [57], and efficiently search chemical space for developing materials [58]. We can do so many beneficial tasks with conditional GANs, but we should be concerned that conditional GANs can be used for deepfake techniques [59]. Modern generative models can synthesize realistic images, making it more difficult to distinguish between real and fake. This can trigger sexual harassment [60], fake news [61], and even security issues of face recognition systems [62]. To avoid improper use of conditional GANs, we need to be aware of generative models’ strengths and weaknesses. Besides, it would be good to study the general characteristics of generated samples [63] and how we can distinguish fake images from unknown generative models [64, 65, 66].",186
-Adaptive Gradient Quantization for Data-Parallel SGD,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/20b5e1cf8694af7a3c1ba4a87f073021-Paper.pdf,"This work provides additional understanding of statistical behaviour of deep machine learning models. We aim to train deep models using popular SGD algorithm as fast as possible without compromising learning outcome. As the amount of data gathered through web and a plethora of sensors deployed everywhere (e.g., IoT applications) is drastically increasing, the design of efficient machine learning algorithms that are capable of processing large-scale data in a reasonable time can improve everyone’s quality of life. Our compression schemes can be used in Federated Learning settings, where a deep model is trained on data distributed among multiple owners without exposing that data. Developing privacy-preserving learning algorithms is an integral part of responsible and ethical AI. However, the long-term impacts of our schemes may depend on how machine learning is used in society.",187
-Adversarial Attacks on Deep Graph Matching,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/ef126722e64e98d1c33933783e52eafc-Paper.pdf,"Graph data are ubiquitous in the real world, ranging from biological, communication, and transporta- tion graphs, to knowledge, social, and collaborative networks. Many real-world graphs are essentially crowdsourced projects, such as social and knowledge networks, where information and knowledge are produced by internet users who came to the sites. Thus, the quality of crowdsourced graph data is not stable, depending on human knowledge and expertise. In addition, it is well known that the openness of crowdsourced websites makes them vulnerable to malicious behaviors of interested parties to gain some level of control of the websites and steal users’ sensitive information, or deliberately influence public opinion by injecting misleading information and knowledge into crowdsourced graphs. Graph matching is one of the most important research topics in the graph domain, which aims to match the same entities (i.e., nodes) across two or more graphs [91, 98, 43, 46, 48, 72, 54, 105, 13, 75]. It has been widely applied to many real-world applications ranging from protein network matching in bioinformatics [33, 63], user account linking in different social networks [62, 51, 100, 37, 101, 21, 38], and knowledge translation in multilingual knowledge bases [87, 124], to geometric keypoint matching in computer vision [22]. Owing to the openness of crowdsourced graphs, more work is needed to analyze the vulnerability of graph matching under adversarial attacks and to future develop robust solutions that are readily applicable in production systems. A potential downside of this research is about the application of user account linking in different social networks due to the user privacy issues. Recent advances in differential privacy and privacy preserving graph analytics have shown the superior performance of protecting sensitive information about individuals in the datasets. Therefore, these techniques offer a great opportunity to integrate them into the vulnerability analysis of graph matching, for alleviating the user privacy threats.",188
-Stochastic Latent Actor-Critic: Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Latent Variable Model,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/08058bf500242562c0d031ff830ad094-Paper.pdf,"Despite the existence of automated robotic systems in controlled environments such as factories or labs, standard approaches to controlling systems still require precise and expensive sensor setups to monitor the relevant details of interest in the environment, such as the joint positions of a robot or pose information of all objects in the area. To instead be able to learn directly from the more ubiquitous and rich modality of vision would greatly advance the current state of our learning systems. Not only would this ability to learn directly from images preclude expensive real-world setups, but it would also remove the expensive need for human-engineering efforts in state estimation. While it would indeed be very beneficial for our learning systems to be able to learn directly from raw image observations, this introduces algorithm challenges of dealing with high-dimensional as well as partially observable inputs. In this paper, we study the use of explicitly learning latent representations to assist model-free reinforcement learning directly from raw, high-dimensional images. Standard end-to-end RL methods try to solve both representation learning and task learning together, and in practice, this leads to brittle solutions which are sensitive to hyperparameters but are also slow and inefficient. These challenges illustrate the predominant use of simulation in the deep RL community; we hope that with more efficient, stable, easy-to-use, and easy-to-train deep RL algorithms such as the one we propose in this work, we can help the field of deep RL to transition to more widespread use in real-world setups such as robotics. From a broader perspective, there are numerous use cases and areas of application where autonomous decision making agents can have positive effects in our society, from automating dangerous and undesirable tasks, to accelerating automation and economic efficiency of society. That being said, however, automated decision making systems do introduce safety concerns, further exacerbated by the lack of explainability when they do make mistakes. Although this work does not explicitly address safety concerns, we feel that it can be used in conjunction with levels of safety controllers to minimize negative impacts, while drawing on its powerful deep reinforcement learning roots to enable automated and robust tasks in the real world.",189
-How does Weight Correlation Affect the Generalisation Ability of Deep Neural Networks?,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/f48c04ffab49ff0e5d1176244fdfb65c-Paper.pdf,"Our findings sharpen the theoretical and practical aspects of generalisation, one of the most important topics in machine learning: considering whether a trained model can be used on unseen data. Our findings can increase our understanding of the generalisation ability of deep learning and engender a broad discussion and in-depth research on how to improve the performance of deep learning. This can unfold impact, first within the machine learning community and subsequently—through the impact of machine leaning—to other academic disciplines and the industrial sectors. Beyond the improvements that always come with better models, we also provide a better estimation of the generalisation error, which in turn leads to improved quality guarantees. This will enlarge the envelope of applications where deep neural networks can be used; not by much, maybe, but moving the goalposts of a vast field a little has a large effect. A different kind of impact is that (neuronal) correlation is a concept, which is well studied in neuroscience. Our results could therefore lead to follow-up research that re-visits the connection between deep neural networks and neuroscience concepts. Acknowledgement GJ is supported by a University of Liverpool PhD scholarship. SS is supported by the UK EPSRC project [EP/P020909/1], and XH is supported by the UK EPSRC projects [EP/R026173/1,EP/T026995/1]. Both XH and SS are supported by the UK Dstl project [TCMv2]. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 956123. LijunZ is supported by the Guang- dong Science and Technology Department [Grant no. 2018B010107004], and NSFC [Grant Nos. 61761136011,61532019].",190
-Fully Dynamic Algorithm for Constrained Submodular Optimization,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/9715d04413f296eaf3c30c47cec3daa6-Paper.pdf,This work does not present any foreseeable societal consequence.,191
-Fine-Grained Dynamic Head for Object Detection,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/7f6caf1f0ba788cd7953d817724c2b6e-Paper.pdf,"Object detection is a fundamental task in the computer vision domain, which has already been applied to a wide range of practical applications. For instance, face recognition, robotics and autonomous driving heavily rely on object detection. Our method provides a new dimension for object detection by utilizing the fine-grained dynamic routing mechanism to improve performance and maintain low computational cost. Compared with hand-crafted or searched methods, ours does not need much time for manual design or machine search. Besides, the design philosophy of our fine-grained dynamic head could be further extended to many other computer vision tasks, e.g. , segmentation and video analysis.",192
-ConvBERT: Improving BERT with Span-based Dynamic Convolution,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/96da2f590cd7246bbde0051047b0d6f7-Paper.pdf,"Positive impact The pre-training scheme has been widely deployed in the natural language processing field. It proposes to train a large model by self-supervised learning on large corpus at first and then fine-tune the model on downstream tasks quickly. Such a pre-training scheme has produced a series of powerful language models and BERT is one of the most popular one. In this work, we developed a new pre-training based language understanding model, ConvBERT. It offers smaller model size, lower training cost and better performance, compared with the BERT model. ConvBERT has multiple positive impacts. In contrary to the trend of further increasing model complexity for better performance, ConvBERT turns to making the model more efficient and saving the training cost. It will benefit the applications where the computation resource is limited. In terms of the methodology, it looks into the model backbone designs, instead of using distillation-alike algorithms that still require training a large teacher model beforehand, to make the model more efficient. We encourage researchers to build NLP models based on ConvBERT for tasks we can expect to be particularly beneficial, such as text-based counselling. Negative impact Compared with BERT, ConvBERT is more efficient and saves the training cost, which can be used to detect and understand personal text posts on social platforms and brings privacy threat.",193
-Stochastic Gradient Descent in Correlated Settings: A Study on Gaussian Processes,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/1cb524b5a3f3f82be4a7d954063c07e2-Paper.pdf,"Practitioners in various areas including, but not limited to, machine learning, statistics and optimization can benefit from applying our proposed framework. Our framework does not use any bias in the data or sensitive information. We do not foresee any negative outcomes on ethical aspects or future societal consequences.",194
-BRP-NAS: Prediction-based NAS using GCNs,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/768e78024aa8fdb9b8fe87be86f64745-Paper.pdf,"This research can democratize on-device deployment with cost-efficient NAS methodology for model optimization within device latency constraints. Additionally, carbon footprint of traditionally expensive NAS methods is vastly reduced. On the other hand, measurement and benchmarking data can be used both to create new NAS methodologies, and to gain further insights about the device performance. This can bridge the machine learning and device research communities together.",195
-Glow-TTS: A Generative Flow for Text-to-Speech via Monotonic Alignment Search,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/5c3b99e8f92532e5ad1556e53ceea00c-Paper.pdf,"In this paper, researchers introduce Glow-TTS, a diverse, robust and fast text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis model. Neural TTS models including Glow-TTS, could be applied in many applications which require naturally synthesized speech. Some of the applications are AI voice assistant services, audiobook services, advertisements, automotive navigation systems and automated answering services. Therefore, by utilizing the models for synthesizing natural sounding speech, the providers of such applications could improve user satisfaction. In addition, the fast synthesis speed of the proposed model could be beneficial for some service providers who provide real time speech synthesis services. However, because of the ability to synthesize natural speech, the TTS models could also be abused through cyber crimes such as fake news or phishing. It means that TTS models could be used to impersonate voices of celebrities for manipulating behaviours of people, or to imitate voices of someone’s friends or family for fraudulent purposes. With the development of speech synthesis technology, the growth of studies to detect real human voice from synthesized voices seems to be needed. Neural TTS models could sometimes synthesize undesirable speech with slurry or wrong pronunciations. Therefore, it should be used carefully in some domain where even a single pronunciation mistake is critical such as news broadcast. Additional concern is about the training data. Many corpus for speech synthesis contain speech data uttered by a handful of speakers. Without the detailed consideration and restriction about the range of uses the TTS models have, the voices of the speakers could be overused than they might expect.",196
-Structured Prediction for Conditional Meta-Learning,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/1b69ebedb522700034547abc5652ffac-Paper.pdf,"Meta-learning aims to construct learning models capable of learning from experiences, Its intended users are thus primarily non-experts who require automated machine learning services, which may occur in a wide range of potential applications such as recommender systems and autoML. The authors do not expect the work to address or introduce any societal or ethical issues.",197
-Constant-Expansion Suffices for Compressed Sensing with Generative Priors,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/9fa83fec3cf3810e5680ed45f7124dce-Paper.pdf,"Our main contributions are mathematical in nature. We establish the notion of pseudo-Lipschitzness , along with a concentration inequality for random pseudo-Lipschitz functions, and random matrices, and we use our results to further the theoretical understanding of the non-convex optimization landscape arising in compressed sensing with deep generative priors. We foresee applications of our theorems in probability theory, learning theory, as well as inverse optimization problems involving deep neural networks. That said, compressed sensing with deep generative priors is of practical relevance as well. As shown in recent work, in the low number of measurements regime, compressed sensing with a deep generative prior may significantly outperform compressed sensing with a sparsity assumption. We emphasize, however, that users of a deep generative prior in compressed sensing (or other inverse problems) should be cognizant of the risk that the prior may introduce bias in the reconstruction. Indeed, the deep generative model was trained on data which might be biased, and even if it is not biased the training of the deep generative model might have failed for statistical or optimization reasons, resulting in a biased trained model. So the reconstruction will only be as good as the deep generative model is, as the reconstructed signal is in the range of the deep generative model. To conclude, our contributions are methodological but a prime application of our techniques is to improve the understanding of optimization problems arising in inverse problems involving a deep generative model. The users of deep generative priors in practical scenarios must be careful about the potential biases that their priors introduce. Their provenance and quality must be understood.",198
-"Lamina-specific neuronal properties promote robust, stable signal propagation in feedforward networks",https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/1fc214004c9481e4c8073e85323bfd4b-Paper.pdf,"Many efforts have been paid to understand the critical components of highly cognitive systems like the human brain. Studies have argued for simulations of large brain-scale neural networks as an indispensable tool ( De Garis et al., 2010). Still, they almost always fail to consider cellular diversity in the brain, whereas more and more experimental data are revealing its importance. Our computational study suggests that heterogeneity in neuronal properties is critical in information transfer within a neural circuit and it should not be ignored, especially when the neural pathway has many feedforward layers. For deep-learning research, our work also provides a new insight for neural architecture search (NAS) (Elsken et al., 2019). The search space of existing NAS methods are mainly (1) the combination of heterogeneous layers to form an entire network; (2) the combination of heterogeneous activation functions to form a cell. However, our work suggests a novel, computationally efficient strategy, that is searching for a block structure consisted of several layers (In our case, the block is composed of a integrator layer followed by a differentiator layer). On the one hand, the block should boost stable propagation of input signals into deep layers. Hence, divergence of inputs will remain detectable in the output layer at the initial phase of learning, which is suggested to accelerates the training of very deep networks (Samuel S Schoenholz and Sohl-Dickstein, 2017; Srivastava et al., 2015). On the other hand, there is also extra freedom of searching the block structure that does not suffer from vanishing/exploding backpropagation gradients (like a residual block (He et al., 2016)) Our deep FFN models are proof-of-concept and lack many other neural circuit mechanisms that can affect signal propagation in spiking neural networks, as we discuss in Section 2, although we did find that an additional component, feedforward inhibition, did not significantly change the results (Appendix Fig. A2,A3). Our study suggests that the cooperation between different types of neurons is vital for promoting signal processing in large-scale networks. It also suggests investigating the roles of heterogeneous neuronal properties in other problems such as sensory coding, short-term memory, and others, in the future studies.",199
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-Paper title,Paper link,Impact statement,Label,ID
-Auto-Panoptic: Cooperative Multi-Component Architecture Search for Panoptic Segmentation,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/ec1f764517b7ffb52057af6df18142b7-Paper.pdf,"This work makes the first attempt to search for all key components of panoptic pipeline and manages to accomplish this via the proposed Cooperative Multi-Component Architecture Search and efficient Path-Priority Search Policy. Most related work in the literature of NAS for fine-grained vision tasks concentrates on searching a specific part of the network and the balance of the overall network is largely ignored. Nevertheless, this type of technology is essential to improve the upper bound of popular detectors and segmentation networks. This may inspire new work towards the efficient search of the overall architecture for fine-grained vision tasks, e.g., object detection, semantic segmentation, panoptic segmentation and so on. We are not aware of any imminent risks of placing anyone at a disadvantage. In the future, more constraints and optimization algorithms can be applied to strike the optimal trade-off between accuracy and latency to deliver customized architecture for different platforms and devices.",doesn't mention a harmful application,0
-Design Space for Graph Neural Networks,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/c5c3d4fe6b2cc463c7d7ecba17cc9de7-Paper.pdf,"Impact on GNN research . Our work brings in many valuable mindsets to the field of GNN research. For example, we fully adopt the principle of controlling model complexity when comparing different models, which is not yet adopted in most GNN papers. We focus on finding guidelines / principles when designing GNNs, rather than particular GNN instantiations. We emphasize that the best GNN designs can drastically differ across tasks (the state-of-the-art GNN model on one task may have poor performance on other tasks). We thus propose to evaluate models on diverse tasks measured by quantitative similarity metric. Rather than criticizing the weakness of existing GNN architectures, our goal is to build a framework that can help researchers understand GNN design choices when developing new models suitable for different applications. Our approach serves as a tool to demonstrate the innovation of a novel GNN model ( e.g. , in what kind of design spaces / task spaces, a proposed algorithmic advancement is helpful), or a novel GNN task ( e.g. , showing that the task is not similar to any existing tasks thus calls for new challenges of algorithmic development). Impact on machine learning research . Our approach is in fact applicable to general machine learning model design. Specifically, we hope the proposed controlled random search technique can assist fair evaluation of novel algorithmic advancements. To show whether a certain algorithmic advancement is useful, it is important to sample random model-task combinations, then investigate in what scenarios the algorithmic advancement indeed improves the performance. Additionally, the proposed task similarity metric can be used to understand similarities between general machine learning tasks, e.g. , classification of MNIST and CIFAR-10. Our ranking-based similarity metric is fully general, as long as different designs can be ranked by their performance. Impact on other research domains . Our framework provides an easier than ever support for experts in other disciplines to solve their problems via GNNs. Domain experts only need to provide properly formatted domain-specific datasets, then recommended GNN designs will be automatically picked and applied to the dataset. In the fastest mode, anchor GNN models will be applied to the novel task in order to measure its similarity with known GNN tasks, where the corresponding best GNN designs have been saved. Top GNN designs in the tasks with high similarity to the novel task will be applied. If computational resources permitted, a full grid search / random search over the design space can also be easily carried out to the new task. We believe this pipeline can significantly lower the barrier for applying GNN models, thus greatly promote the application of GNNs in other research domains. Impact on the society . As is discussed above, given its clarity and accessibility, we are confident that our general approach can inspire novel applications that are of high impact to the society. Additionally, its simplicity can also provide great opportunities for AI education, where students can learn from SOTA deep learning models and inspiring applications at ease.",doesn't mention a harmful application,1
-Learning the Geometry of Wave-Based Imaging,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/5e98d23afe19a774d1b2dcbefd5103eb-Paper.pdf,"We do not see any major ethical consequences of this work. Our work has implications in the fields of exploratory imaging — earthquake detection, medical imaging etc. Our work improves the quality and reliability of imaging in these fields. Improving these fields has direct societal impact in finding new natural preserves, improved diagnosis in healthcare etc. A failure of our system leaves machine learning unreliable in exploratory imaging. Our method provides strong out-of-distribution generalization and hence is not biased according to the data.",doesn't mention a harmful application,2
-Noise2Same: Optimizing A Self-Supervised Bound for Image Denoising,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/ea6b2efbdd4255a9f1b3bbc6399b58f4-Paper.pdf,"In this paper, we introduce Noise2Same, a self-supervised framework for deep image denoising. As Noise2Same does not need paired clean data, paired noisy data, nor the noise model, its application scenarios could be much broader than both traditional supervised and existing self-supervised denoising frameworks. The most direct application of Noise2Same is to perform denoising on digital images captured under poor conditions. Individuals and corporations related to photography may benefit from our work. Besides, Noise2Same could be applied as a pre-processing step for computer vision tasks such as object detection and segmentation [ 18], making the downstream algorithms more robust to noisy images. Also, specific research communities could benefit from the development of Noise2Same as well. For example, the capture of high-quality microscopy data of live cells, tissue, or nanomaterials is expensive in terms of budget and time [27]. Proper denoising algorithms allow researchers to obtain high-quality data from low-quality data and hence remove the need to capture high-quality data directly. In addition to image denoising applications, the self-supervised denoising framework could be extended to other domains such as audio noise reduction and single-cell [1]. On the negative aspect, as many imaging-based research tasks and computer vision applications may be built upon the denoising algorithms, the failure of Noise2Same could potentially lead to biases or failures in these tasks and applications.",mentions a harmful application,3
-When Counterpoint Meets Chinese Folk Melodies,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/bae876e53dab654a3d9d9768b1b7b91a-Paper.pdf,"The idea of integrating Western counterpoint into Chinese folk music generation is innovative. It would make positive broader impacts on three aspects: 1) It would facilitate more opportunities and challenges of music cultural exchanges at a much larger scale through automatic generation. For example, the inter-cultural style fused music could be used in Children’s enlightenment education to stimulate their interest in both cultures. 2) It would further the idea of collaborative counterpoint improvisation between two parts ( e . g ., a human and a machine) to music traditions where such interaction was less common. 3) The computer-generated music may “reshape the musical idiom”[23], which may bring more opportunities and possibilities to produce creative music. The proposed work may also have some potential negative societal impacts: 1) Similar to other computational creativity research, the generated music has the possibility of plagiarism by copying short snippets from the training corpus, even though copyright infringement is not a concern as neither folk melodies nor Bach’s music has copyright. That being said, our online music generation approach conditions music generation on past human and machine generation, and is less likely to directly copy snippets than offline approaches do. 2) The proposed innovative music generation approach may cause disruptions to current music professions, even deprive them of their means of existence[23]. However, it also opens new areas and creates new needs in this we-media era . Overall, we believe that the positive impacts significantly outweigh the negative impacts.",mentions a harmful application,4
-Learning from Label Proportions: A Mutual Contamination Framework,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/fcde14913c766cf307c75059e0e89af5-Paper.pdf,"LLP has been discussed as a model for summarizing a fully labeled dataset for public dissemination. The idea is that individual labels are not disclosed, so some degree of privacy is retained. As we show, consistent classification is still possible in this setting. If the two class-conditional distributions are nonoverlapping, labels of training instances can be recovered with no uncertainty by an optimal classifier. If the class-conditional distributions have some overlap, training instances in the nonoverlapping region can still be labeled with no uncertainty, while training instances in the overlapping regions can have their labels guessed with some uncertainty, depending on the degree of overlap.",doesn't mention a harmful application,5
-Limits to Depth Efficiencies of Self-Attention,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/ff4dfdf5904e920ce52b48c1cef97829-Paper.pdf,"Our work aims at providing fundamental guidelines which can assist all fields that employ Transformer-based architectures to use more efficient models. This way, these fields can achieve their goals while consuming less resources. Additionally, this work made an effort to provide a theoretical interpretation by examining the (many) empirical signals already published by others, while providing only a required minimum of further experimentation. This was done under the belief that while experiments are crucial for the advancement of the field, it is important not to conduct them superfluously as they incur an environmental price [Schwartz et al., 2019].",doesn't mention a harmful application,6
-Meta-Consolidation for Continual Learning,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/a5585a4d4b12277fee5cad0880611bc6-Paper.pdf,"(as required by NeurIPS 2020 CFP) Continual learning is a key desiderata for Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). Hence, this line of research has the benefits as well as the pitfalls of any other research effort geared in this direction. In particular, our work can help deliver impact on making smarter AI products and services, which can learn and update themselves on-the-fly when newer tasks and domains are encountered, without forgetting previously acquired knowledge. This is a necessity in any large-scale deployments of machine learning and computer vision, including in social media, e-commerce, surveillance, e- governance, etc - each of which have newer settings, tasks or domains added continually over time. Any negative effect of our work, such as legal and ethical concerns, are not unique to this work - to the best of our knowledge, but are shared with any other new development in machine learning, in general.",mentions a harmful application,7
-Learning to Incentivize Other Learning Agents,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/ad7ed5d47b9baceb12045a929e7e2f66-Paper.pdf,"Our work is a step toward the goal of ensuring the common good in a potential future where independent reinforcement learning agents interact with one another and/or with humans in the real world. We have shown that cooperation can emerge by introducing an additional learned incentive function that enables one agent to affect another agent’s reward directly. However, as agents still independently maximize their own individual rewards, it is open as to how to prevent an agent from misusing the incentive function to exploit others. One approach for future research to address this concern is to establish new connections between our work and the emerging literature on reward tampering [11]. By sparking a discussion on this important aspect of multi-agent interaction, we believe our work has a positive impact on the long-term research endeavor that is necessary for RL agents to be deployed safely in real-world applications.",doesn't mention a harmful application,8
-An Improved Analysis of (Variance-Reduced) Policy Gradient and Natural Policy Gradient Methods,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/56577889b3c1cd083b6d7b32d32f99d5-Paper.pdf,"The results of this paper improves the performance of policy-gradient methods for reinforcement learning, as well as our understanding to the existing methods. Through reinforcement learning, our study will also benefit several research communities such as machine learning and robotics. We do not believe that the results in this work will cause any ethical issue, or put anyone at a disadvantage in our society.",doesn't mention a harmful application,9
-Sample-Efficient Reinforcement Learning of Undercomplete POMDPs,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/d783823cc6284b929c2cd8df2167d212-Paper.pdf,"As this is a theoretical contribution, we do not envision that our direct results will have a tangible societal impact. Our broader line of inquiry could impact a line of thinking in a way that provides additional means to provide confidence intervals relevant for planning and learning. There is an increasing needs for applications to understand planning under uncertainty in the broader context of safety and reliability, and POMDPs provide one potential framework.",doesn't mention a harmful application,10
-Reward-rational (implicit) choice: A unifying formalism for reward learning,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/2f10c1578a0706e06b6d7db6f0b4a6af-Paper.pdf,"As AI capability advances, it is becoming increasingly important to align the objectives of AI agents to what people want. From how assistive robots can best help their users, to how autonomous cars should trade off between safety risk and efficiency, to how recommender systems should balance revenue considerations with longer-term user happiness and with avoiding influencing user views, agents cannot rely on a reward function specified once and set in stone. By putting different sources of information about the reward explicitly under the same framework, we hope our paper contributes towards a future in which agents maintain uncertainty over what their reward should be, and use different types of feedback from humans to refine their estimate and become better aligned with what people want over time – be them designers or end-users. On the flip side, changing reward functions also raises its own set of risks and challenges. First, the relationship between designer objectives and end-user objectives is not clear. Our framework can be used to adapt agents to end-users preferences, but this takes away control from the system designers. This might be desirable for, say, home robots, but not for safety-critical systems like autonomous cars, where designers might need to enforce certain constraints a-priori on the reward adaptation process. More broadly, most systems have multiple stake-holders, and what it means to do ethical preference aggregation remains an open problem. Further, if the robot’s model of the human is misspecified, adaptation might lead to more harm than good, with the robot inferring a worse reward function than what a designer could specify by hand.",mentions a harmful application,11
-Flows for simultaneous manifold learning and density estimation,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/051928341be67dcba03f0e04104d9047-Paper.pdf,"Manifold-learning flows have the potential to improve the efficiency with which scientists extract knowledge from large-scale experiments. Many phenomena have their most accurate description in terms of complex computer simulations which do not admit a tractable likelihood. In this common case, normalizing flows can be trained on synthetic data and used as a surrogate for the likelihood function, enabling high-quality inference on model parameters [21]. When the data have a manifold structure, manifold-learning flows may improve the quality and efficiency of this process further and ultimately contribute to scientific progress. We have demonstrated this with a real-world particle physics dataset, though the same technique is applicable to fields as diverse as neuroscience, systems biology, and epidemiology. All generative models carry a risk of being abused for the generation of fake data that are then masqueraded as real documents. This danger also applies to manifold-learning flows. While manifold-learning flows are currently far away from being able to generate realistic high-resolution images, videos, or audio, this concern should be kept in mind in the long term. Finally, the models we trained on image datasets of human faces clearly lack diversity. They reproduce and reinforce the biases inherent in the training data. Before using such (or other) models in any real-life application, it is crucial to understand, measure, and mitigate such biases.",mentions a harmful application,12
-Implicit Neural Representations with Periodic Activation Functions,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/53c04118df112c13a8c34b38343b9c10-Paper.pdf,"The proposed SIREN representation enables accurate representations of natural signals, such as images, audio, and video in a deep learning framework. This may be an enabler for downstream tasks involving such signals, such as classification for images or speech-to-text systems for audio. Such applications may be leveraged for both positive and negative ends. SIREN may in the future further enable novel approaches to the generation of such signals. This has potential for misuse in impersonating actors without their consent. For an in-depth discussion of such so-called DeepFakes, we refer the reader to a recent review article on neural rendering [16].",mentions a harmful application,13
-Neural Message Passing for Multi-Relational Ordered and Recursive Hypergraphs,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/217eedd1ba8c592db97d0dbe54c7adfc-Paper.pdf,"Message Passing Neural Networks (MPNNs) are a framework for deep learning on graph structured data. Graph structures are universal and very generic structures commonly seen in various forms in computer vision, natural language processing, recommender systems, traffic prediction, generative models, and many more. Graphs can have many variations such as multi-relational, heterogeneous, hypergraphs, etc. Our research in this paper unifies several existing MPNN methods on these variations. While we show how our research could be used for academic networks, and factual knowledge, it opens up many more possibilities in natural language processing (NLP). We see opportunities for research applying our work for beneficial puroposes, such as investigating whether we could improve performance of NLP tasks such as machine reading comprehension, relation extraction, machine translation, and many more. Potentially hazardous applications include trying to predict criminality or credit from social networks. Such applications may reproduce and exacerbate bias and readers of the paper should be aware that the presented model should not applied naively to such tasks.",mentions a harmful application,14
-COT-GAN: Generating Sequential Data via Causal Optimal Transport,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/641d77dd5271fca28764612a028d9c8e-Paper.pdf,"The COT-GAN algorithm introduced in this paper is suitable to generate sequential data, when the real dataset consists of i.i.d. sequences or of stationary time series. It opens up doors to many applications that can benefit from time series synthesis. For example, researchers often do not have access to abundant training data due to privacy concerns, high cost, and data scarcity. This hinders the capability of building accurate predictive models. Ongoing research is aimed at developing a modified COT-GAN algorithm to generate financial time series. The high non-stationarity of financial data requires different features and architectures, whilst causality when measuring distances between sequences remains the crucial tool. The application to market generation is of main interest for the financial and insurance industry, for example in model- independent pricing and hedging, portfolio selection, risk management, and stress testing. In broader scientific research, our approach can be used to estimate from data the parameters of simulation-based models that describe physical processes. These models can be, for instance, differential equations describing neural activities, compartmental models in epidemiology, and chemical reactions involving multiple reagents.",doesn't mention a harmful application,15
-Cream of the Crop: Distilling Prioritized Paths For One-Shot Neural Architecture Search,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/d072677d210ac4c03ba046120f0802ec-Paper.pdf,"Similar to previous NAS works, this work does not have immediate societal impact, since the algorithm is only designed for image classification, but it can indirectly impact society. As an example, our work may inspire the creation of new algorithms and applications with direct societal implications. Moreover, compared with other NAS methods that require additional teacher model to guide the training process, our method does not need any external teacher models. So our method can be used in a closed data system, ensuring the privacy of user data.",doesn't mention a harmful application,16
-Deep Evidential Regression,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/aab085461de182608ee9f607f3f7d18f-Paper.pdf,"Uncertainty estimation for neural networks has very significant societal impact. Neural networks are increasingly being trained as black-box predictors and being placed in larger decision systems where errors in their predictions can pose immediate threat to downstream tasks. Systematic methods for calibrated uncertainty estimation under these conditions are needed, especially as these systems are deployed in safety critical domains, such for autonomous vehicle control [29], medical diagnosis [43], or in settings with large dataset imbalances and bias such as crime forecasting [24] and facial recognition [3]. This work is complementary to a large portion of machine learning research which is continually pushing the boundaries on neural network precision and accuracy. Instead of solely optimizing larger models for increased performance, our method focuses on how these models can be equipped with the ability to estimate their own confidence. Our results demonstrating superior calibration of our method over baselines are also critical in ensuring that we can place a certain level of trust in these algorithms and in understanding when they say “I don’t know”. While there are clear and broad benefits of uncertainty estimation in machine learning, we believe it is also important to recognize potential societal challenges that may arise. With increased performance and uncertainty estimation capabilities, humans will inevitably become increasingly trusting in a model’s predictions, as well as its ability to catch dangerous or uncertain decisions before they are executed. Thus, it is important to continue to pursue redundancy in such learning systems to increase the likelihood that mistakes can be caught and corrected independently.",mentions a harmful application,17
-The Value Equivalence Principle for Model-Based Reinforcement Learning,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/3bb585ea00014b0e3ebe4c6dd165a358-Paper.pdf,"The bulk of the research presented in this paper consists of foundational theoretical results about the learning of models for model-based reinforcement learning agents. While applications of these agents can have social impacts depending upon their use, our results merely serve to illuminate desirable properties of models and facilitate the subsequent training of agents using them. In short, this work is largely theoretical and does not present any foreseeable societal impact, except in the general concerns over progress in artificial intelligence.",doesn't mention a harmful application,18
-Graph Policy Network for Transferable Active Learning on Graphs,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/73740ea85c4ec25f00f9acbd859f861d-Paper.pdf,"Graph-structured data are ubiquitous in real world, covering a variety of domains and applications such as social science, biology, medicine, and political science. In many domains such as biology and medicine, annotating a large number of labeled data could be extremely expensive and time consuming. Therefore, the algorithm proposed in this paper could help significantly reduce the labeling efforts in these domains — we can train systems on domains where labeled data are available, then transfer to those lower-resource domains. We believe such systems can help accelerating some research and develop processes that usually take a long time, in domains such as drug development. It can potentially also lower the cost for such research by reducing the need of expert-annotations. However, we also acknowledge potential social and ethical issues related to our work. 1. Our proposed system can effectively reduce the need of human annotations. However, in a broader point of view, this can potentially lead to a reduction of employment opportunities which may cause layoff to data annotators. 2. GNNs are widely used in domains related to critical needs such as healthcare and drug development. The community needs to be extra cautious and rigorous since any mistake may cause harm to patients. 3. Training the policy network for active learning on multiple graphs is relatively time - and computational resource - consuming. This line of research may produce more carbon footprint compared to some other work. Therefore, how to accelerate the training process by developing more efficient algorithms requires further investigation. Nonetheless, we believe that the directions of active learning and transfer learning provide a hopeful path towards our ultimate goal of data efficiency and interpretable machine learning.",mentions a harmful application,19
-User-Dependent Neural Sequence Models for Continuous-Time Event Data,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/f56de5ef149cf0aedcc8f4797031e229-Paper.pdf,"While many of the successful and highly-visible applications of machine learning are in classification and regression, there are a broad range of applications that don’t naturally fit into these categories and that can potentially benefit significantly from machine learning approaches. In particular, in this paper we focus on continuous-time event data, which is very common in real-world applications but has not yet seen significant attention from the ML research community. There are multiple important problems in society where such data is common and that could benefit from the development of better predictive and simulation, including: • Education: Understanding of individual learning habits of students, especially in online educa- tional programs, could improve and allow for more personalized curricula. • Medicine: Customized tracking and predictions of medical events could save lives and improve patients’ quality of living. • Behavioral Models: Person-specific simulations of their behavior can lead to better systematic understandings of people’s social activities and actions in day-to-day lives. • Cybersecurity: Through the user identification capabilities, our work could aid in cyber-security applications for the purposes of identifying fraud detection and identify theft. Another potential positive broad impact of the work, is that by utilizing amortized VI, our methods do not require further costly training or fine-tuning to accommodate new users, which can potentially produce energy savings and lessen environmental impact in a production setting. On the other hand, as with many machine learning technologies, there is also always the potential for negative impact from a societal perspective. For example, more accurate individualized models for user-generated data could be used in a negative fashion for applications such as surveillance (e.g., to monitor and negatively impact individuals in protected groups). In addition, better predictions and recommendations for products and services, through explicitly conditioning on prior behavior from a user, could potentially further worsen existing privacy concerns.",mentions a harmful application,20
-Self-paced Contrastive Learning with Hybrid Memory for Domain Adaptive Object Re-ID,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/821fa74b50ba3f7cba1e6c53e8fa6845-Paper.pdf,"Our method can help to identify and track different types of objects ( e . g ., vehicles, cyclists, pedestrians, etc . ) across different cameras (domains), thus boosting the development of smart retail, smart transportation, and smart security systems in the future metropolises. In addition, our proposed self-paced contrastive learning is quite general and not limited to the specific research field of object re-ID. It can be well extended to broader research areas, including unsupervised and semi-supervised representation learning. However, object re-ID systems, when applied to identify pedestrians and vehicles in surveillance systems, might give rise to the infringement of people’s privacy, since such re-ID systems often rely on non-consensual surveillance data for training, i . e ., it is unlikely that all human subjects even knew they were being recorded. Therefore, governments and officials need to carefully establish strict regulations and laws to control the usage of re-ID technologies. Otherwise, re-ID technologies can potentially equip malicious actors with the ability to surveil pedestrians or vehicles through multiple CCTV cameras without their consent. The research committee should also avoid using the datasets with ethics issues, e . g ., DukeMTMC [37], which has been taken down due to the violation of data collection terms, should no longer be used. We would not evaluate our method on DukeMTMC related benchmarks as well. Furthermore, we should be cautious of the misidentification of the re-ID systems to avoid possible disturbance. Also, note that the demographic makeup of the datasets used is not representative of the broader population.",mentions a harmful application,21
-Real World Games Look Like Spinning Tops,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/ca172e964907a97d5ebd876bfdd4adbd-Paper.pdf,"This work focuses on better understanding of mathematical properties of real world games and how they could be used to understand successful AI techniques that were developed in the past. Since we focus on retrospective analysis of a mathematical phenomenon, on exposing an existing structure, and deepening our understanding of the world, we do not see any direct risks it entails. Introduced notions and insights could be used to build better, more engaging AI agents for people to play with in real world games (e.g. AIs that grow with the player, matching their strengths and weaknesses). In a broader spectrum, some of the insights could be used for designing and implementing new games, that humans would fine enjoyable though challenges they pose. In particular it could be a viewed as a model for measuring how much notion of progress the game consists of. However, we acknowledge that methods enabling improved analysis of games may be used for designing products with potentially negative consequences (e.g., games that are highly addictive) rather than positive (e.g., games that are enjoyable and mentally developing).",mentions a harmful application,22
-Adapting Neural Architectures Between Domains,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/08f38e0434442128fab5ead6217ca759-Paper.pdf,This paper provides a novel perspective of cross-domain generalization in neural architecture search towards the efficient design of neural architectures with strong generalizability. This will lead to a better understanding of the generalizability of neural architectures. The proposed method will be used to design neural architectures for computer vision tasks with affordable computation cost.,doesn't mention a harmful application,23
-Modeling Noisy Annotations for Crowd Counting,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/22bb543b251c39ccdad8063d486987bb-Paper.pdf,"In this paper, we introduce a novel loss function for counting crowd numbers by explicitly considering annotation noise. It can be applied to any density map based network architecture and improve the counting accuracy generally. The research is also helpful for monitoring the crowd number in public and prevent the accidents caused by overcrowding. It could also be used in retail businesses to estimate the occupancy of a store or area, which helps with personal and resource management. Our method could also be applied to other objects, such as cell counting, plant/animal counting, etc, and other research areas that use point-wise annotations, e.g., eye gaze estimation. Since the research is based on images captured by cameras, users may be concerned about the privacy problem. However, our method does not directly detect or track individuals, and thus this concern may be eased.",doesn't mention a harmful application,24
-Byzantine Resilient Distributed Multi-Task Learning,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/d37eb50d868361ea729bb4147eb3c1d8-Paper.pdf,"The problem of Byzantine resilient aggregation of distributed machine learning models has been actively studied in recent years; however, the issue of Byzantine resilient distributed learning in multi-task networks has received much less attention. It is a general intuition that MTL is robust and resilient to cyber-attacks since it can identify attackers by measuring similarities between neighbors. In this paper, we have shown that some commonly used similarity measures are not resilient against certain attacks. With an increase in data heterogeneity, we hope this work could highlight the security and privacy concerns in designing distributed MTL frameworks.",doesn't mention a harmful application,25
-From Predictions to Decisions: Using L kahead Regularization,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/2adcfc3929e7c03fac3100d3ad51da26-Paper.pdf,"In our work, the learning objective was designed to align with and support the possible use of a predictive model to drive decisions by users. It is our belief that a responsible and transparent deployment of models with “lookahead-like"" regularization components should avoid the kinds of mistakes that can be made when predictive methods are conflated with causally valid methods. At the same time, we have made a strong simplifying assumption, that of covariate shift, which requires that the relationship between covariates and outcome variables is invariant as decisions are made and the feature distribution changes. This strong assumption is made to ensure validity for the lookahead regularization, since we need to be able to perform inference about counterfactual observations. As discussed by Mueller et al. [ 31] and Peters et al. [34], there exist real-world tasks that reasonably satisfy this assumption, and yet at the same time, other tasks— notably those with unobserved confounders —where this assumption would be violated. Moreover, this assumption is not testable on the observational data. This, along with the need to make an assumption about the user decision model, means that an application of the method proposed here should be done with care and will require some domain knowledge to understand whether or not the assumptions are plausible. Furthermore, the validity of the interval estimates requires that any assumptions for the interval model used are satisfied and that weights w provide a reasonable estimation of p /p . In particular, fitting to p which has little to no overlap with p (see Figure 2) may result in underestimating the possibility of bad outcomes. If used carefully and successfully, then the system provides safety and protects against the misuse of a model. If used in a domain for which the assumptions fail to hold then the framework could make things worse, by trading accuracy for an incorrect view of user decisions and the effect of these decisions on outcomes. We would also caution against any specific interpretation of the application of the model to the wine and diabetes data sets. We note that model misspecification of f ∗ could result in arbitrarily bad outcomes, and estimating f ∗ in any high-stakes setting requires substantial domain knowledge and should err on the side of caution. We use the data sets for purely illustrative purposes because we believe the results are representative of the kinds of results that are available when the method is correctly applied to a domain of interest.",mentions a harmful application,26
-Finite-Time Analysis of Round-Robin Kullback-Leibler Upper Confidence Bounds for Optimal Adaptive Allocation with Multiple Plays and Markovian Rewards,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/597c7b407a02cc0a92167e7a371eca25-Paper.pdf,"This work touches upon a very old problem dating back to 1933 and the work of [39]. Therefore, we don’t anticipate any new societal impacts or ethical aspects, that are not well understood by now.",doesn't mention a harmful application,27
-Towards Interaction Detection Using Topological Analysis on Neural Networks,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/473803f0f2ebd77d83ee60daaa61f381-Paper.pdf,"The proposed PID algorithm can be applied in various fields because it provides knowledge about a domain. Any researcher who needs to design experiments might benefit from our proposed algorithm in the sense that it can help researchers formulate hypotheses that could lead to new data collection and experiments. For example, PID can help us discover the combined effects of drugs on human body: By utilizing PID on patients’ records, we might find using Phenelzine togther with Fluoxetine has a strong interaction effect towards serotonin syndrome. Thus, PID has great potential in helping the development of new therapies for saving lives. Also, this project will lead to effective and efficient algorithms for finding useful any-order crossing features in an automated way. Finding useful crossing features is one of the most crucial task in the Recommender Systems. Engineers and Scientists in E-commerce companies may benefit from our results that our algorithm can alleviate the human effect on finding these useful patterns in the data.",doesn't mention a harmful application,28
-Why Normalizing Flows Fail to Detect Out-of-Distribution Data,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/ecb9fe2fbb99c31f567e9823e884dbec-Paper.pdf,"Out-of-distribution detection is crucial for robust, reliable and fair machine learning systems. Mitchell et al. [27] and Gebru et al. [13] argue that applying machine learning models outside of the context where they were trained and tested can lead to dangerous and discriminatory outcomes in high-stake domains. We hope that our work will generally contribute to the understanding of out-of-distribution detection and facilitate methodological progress in this area.",doesn't mention a harmful application,29
-AdaShare: Learning What To Share For Efficient Deep Multi-Task Learning,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/634841a6831464b64c072c8510c7f35c-Paper.pdf,"Our research improves the capacity of deep neural networks to solve many tasks at once in a more efficient manner. It enables the use of smaller networks to support more tasks, while performing knowledge transfer between related tasks to improve their accuracy. For example, we showed that our proposed approach can solve five computer vision tasks (semantic segmentation, surface normal prediction, depth prediction, keypoint detection and edge estimation) with 80% fewer parameters while achieving the same performance as the standard approach. Our approach can thus have a positive impact on applications that require multiple tasks such as computer vision for robotics. Potential applications could be in assistive robots, autonomous navigation, robotic picking and packaging, rescue and emergency robotics and AR/VR systems. Our research can reduce the memory and power consumption of such systems and enable them to be deployed for longer periods of time and become smaller and more agile. The lessened power consumption could have a high impact on the environment as AI systems become more prevalent. Negative impacts of our research are difficult to predict, however, it shares many of the pitfalls associated with deep learning models. These include susceptibility to adversarial attacks and data poisoning, dataset bias, and lack of interpretablity. Other risks associated with deployment of computer vision systems include privacy violations when images are captured without consent, or used to track individuals for profit, or increased automation resulting in job losses. While we believe that these issues should be mitigated, they are beyond the scope of this paper. Furthermore, we should be cautious of the result of failure of the system which could impact the performance/user experience of the high-level AI systems relied on our research.",mentions a harmful application,30
-AOT: Appearance Optimal Transport Based Identity Swapping for Forgery Detection,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/f718499c1c8cef6730f9fd03c8125cab-Paper.pdf,"Deepfake refers to synthesized media in which a portrait of a person in real media is replaced by that of someone else. Deepfakes have been widely applied in the digital entertainment industry, but they also present potential threats to the public. Identity swapping is an approach to produce Deepfakes and is also the research direction of this paper. Given the sensitivity of Deepfakes and their potential negative impacts, we further discuss the potential threats and the corresponding mitigation solutions with respect to our work.",mentions a harmful application,31
-Permute-and-Flip: A new mechanism for differentially private selection,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/01e00f2f4bfcbb7505cb641066f2859b-Paper.pdf,"Our work fi ts in the established research area of differential privacy, which enables the positive societal bene fi ts of gleaning insight and utility from data sets about people while offering formal guarantees of privacy to individuals who contribute data. While these bene fi ts are largely positive, unintended harms could arise due to misapplication of differential privacy or misconceptions about its guarantees. Additionally, dif fi cult social choices are faced when deciding how to balance privacy and utility. Our work addresses a foundational differential privacy task and enables better utility-privacy tradeoffs within this broader context.",mentions a harmful application,32
-Classification with Valid and Adaptive Coverage,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/244edd7e85dc81602b7615cd705545f5-Paper.pdf,"Machine learning algorithms are increasingly relied upon by decision makers. It is therefore crucial to combine the predictive performance of such complex machinery with practical guarantees on the reliability and uncertainty of their output. We view the calibration methods presented in this paper as an important step towards this goal. In fact, uncertainty estimation is an effective way to quantify and communicate the benefits and limitations of machine learning. Moreover, the proposed methodologies provide an attractive way to move beyond the standard prediction accuracy measure used to compare algorithms. For instance, one can compare the performance of two candidate predictors, e.g., random forest and neural network (see Figure 3), by looking at the size of the corresponding prediction sets and/or their their conditional coverage. Finally, the approximate conditional coverage that we seek in this work is highly relevant within the broader framework of fairness, as discussed by [17] within a regression setting. While our approximate conditional coverage already implicitly reduces the risk of unwanted bias, an equalized coverage requirement [17] can also be easily incorporated into our methods to explicitly avoid discrimination based on protected categories. We conclude by emphasizing that the validity of our methods relies on the exchangeability of the data points. If this assumption is violated (e.g., with time-series data), our prediction sets may not have the right coverage. A general suggestion here is to always try to leverage specific knowledge of the data and of the application domain to judge whether the exchangeability assumption is reasonable. Finally, our data-splitting techniques in Section 4 offer a practical way to verify empirically the validity of the predictions on any given data set.",doesn't mention a harmful application,33
-Learning Kernel Tests Without Data Splitting,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/44f683a84163b3523afe57c2e008bc8c-Paper.pdf,"Hypothesis testing and valid inference after model selection are fundamental problems in statistics, which have recently attracted increasing attention also in machine learning. Kernel tests such as MMD are not only used for statistical testing, but also to design algorithms for deep learning and GANs [41, 42]. The question of how to select the test statistic naturally arises in kernel-based tests because of the kernel choice problem. Our work shows that it is possible to overcome the need of (wasteful and often heuristic) data splitting when designing hypothesis tests with feasible null distribution. Since this comes without relevant increase in computational resources we expect the proposed method to replace the data splitting approach in applications that fit the framework considered in this work. Theorem 1 is also applicable beyond hypothesis testing and extends the previously known PSI framework proposed by Lee et al. [24].",doesn't mention a harmful application,34
-Passport-aware Normalization for Deep Model Protection,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/ff1418e8cc993fe8abcfe3ce2003e5c5-Paper.pdf,"Though deep learning evolves very fast in these years, IP protection for deep models is seriously under-researched. In this work, we mainly aim to propose a general technique for deep model IP protection. It will help both academia and industry to protect their interests from illegal distribution or usage. We hope it can inspire more works along this important direction.",doesn't mention a harmful application,35
-Group Knowledge Transfer: Federated Learning of Large CNNs at the Edge,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/a1d4c20b182ad7137ab3606f0e3fc8a4-Paper.pdf,"FedGKT can efficiently train large deep neural networks (CNNs) in resource-constrained edge devices (such as smartphones, IoT devices, and edge servers). Unlike past FL approaches, FedGKT demonstrates the feasibility of training a large server-side model by using many small client models. FedGKT preserves the data privacy requirements of the FL approach but also works within the constraints of an edge computing environment. Smartphone users may benefit from this technique because their private data is protected, and they may also simultaneously obtain a high-quality model service. Organizations such as hospitals, and other non-profit entities with limited training resources, can collaboratively train a large CNN model without revealing their datasets while achieving significant training cost savings. They can also meet requirements regarding the protection of intellectual property, confidentiality, regulatory restrictions, and legal constraints. As for the potential risks of our method, a client can maliciously send incorrect hidden feature maps and soft labels to the server, which may potentially impact the overall model accuracy. These effects must be detected and addressed to maintain overall system stability. Second, the relative benefits for each client may vary. For instance, in terms of fairness, edge nodes which have smaller datasets may obtain more model accuracy improvement from collaborative training than those which have a larger amount of training data. Our training framework does not consider how to balance this interest of different parties.",mentions a harmful application,36
-Improving Local Identifiability in Probabilistic Box Embeddings,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/01c9d2c5b3ff5cbba349ec39a570b5e3-Paper.pdf,This work does not present any foreseeable societal consequence.,doesn't mention a harmful application,37
-A Finite-Time Analysis of Two Time-Scale Actor-Critic Methods,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/cc9b3c69b56df284846bf2432f1cba90-Paper.pdf,"This work could positively impact the industrial application of actor-critic algorithms and other reinforcement learning algorithms. The theorem exhibits the sample complexity of actor-critic algorithms, which could be used to estimate required training time of reinforcement learning models. Another direct application of our result is to set the learning rate according to the finite-time bound, by optimizing the constant factors of the dominant terms. In this sense, the result could potentially reduce the overhead of hyper-parameter tuning, thus saving both human and computational resources. Moreover, the new analysis in this paper can potentially help people in different fields to understand the broader class of two-time scale algorithms, in addition to actor-critic methods. To our knowledge, this algorithm and theory studied in our paper do not have any ethical issues.",doesn't mention a harmful application,38
-Active Invariant Causal Prediction: Experiment Selection through Stability,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/b197ffdef2ddc3308584dce7afa3661b-Paper.pdf,"Any method that learns from finite data is subject to statistical estimation errors and model assumptions that necessarily limit the full applicability of its findings. Unfortunately, study outcomes are not always communicated with the required qualifications. As an example, statistical hypothesis testing is often employed carelessly, e.g. by using p-values to claim “statistical significance” without paying attention to the underlying assumptions [5]. There is a danger that this problem gets exacerbated when one aims to estimate causal structures. Estimates from causal inference algorithms could be claimed to “prove” a given causal relationship, ruling out various alternative explanations that one would consider when explaining a statistical association. For example, ethnicity could be claimed to have a causal effect on criminality and thereby used as a justification for oppressive political measures. While this would represent a clear abuse of the technology, we as researchers have to ensure that similar mistakes in interpretation are not made unintentionally. This implies being conscientious about understanding as well as stating the limitations of our research. While there is a risk that causal inference methods are misused as described above, there is of course also an array of settings where causal learning—and in particular active causal learning—can be extremely useful. As our main motivation we envision the empirical sciences where interventions correspond to physical experiments which can be extremely costly in terms of time and/or money. For complex systems, as for example gene regulatory networks in biology, it might be difficult for human scientists to choose informative experiments, particularly if they are forced to rely on data alone. Our goal is to develop methods to aid scientists to better understand their data and perform more effective experiments, resulting in significant resource savings. The specific impact of our proposed methodology will depend on the application. For the method we propose in this work, one requirement for application would be that the experiments yield more than one data point (and ideally many), so that our invariance-based approach can be employed. In future work, we aim to develop methodology that is geared towards the setting where only very few data points per experiment are available.",doesn't mention a harmful application,39
-Continuous Meta-Learning without Tasks,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/cc3f5463bc4d26bc38eadc8bcffbc654-Paper.pdf,"Our work provides a method to extend meta-learning algorithms beyond the task-segmented case, to the time series series domain. Equivalently, our work extends core methods in changepoint detection, enabling the use of highly expressive predictive models via empirical Bayes. This work has the potential to extend the domain of applicability of both of these methods. Standard meta-learning relies on a collection of datasets, each corresponding to discrete tasks. A natural question is how such datasets are constructed; in many cases, these datasets rely on segmentation of time series data by experts. Thus, our work has the potential to make meta-learning algorithms applicable to problems that, previously, would have been too expensive or impossible to segment. Moreover, our work has the potential to improve the applicability of changepoint detection methods to difficult time series forecasting problems. While MOCA has the potential to expand the domain of problems addressable via meta-learning, this has the effect of amplifying the risks associated with these methods. Meta-learning enables efficient learning for individual members of a population via leveraging empirical priors. There are clear risks in few-shot learning generally: for example, efficient facial recognition from a handful of images has clear negative implications for privacy. Moreover, while there is promising initial work on fairness for meta-learning [39], we believe considerable future research is required to understand the degree to which meta-learning algorithms increase undesirable bias or decrease fairness. While it is plausible that fine-tuning to the individual results in reduced bias, there are potential unforeseen risks associated with the adaptation process, and future research should address how bias is potentially introduced in this process. Relative to decision making rules that are fixed across a population, algorithms which fine-tune decision making to the individual present unique challenges in analyzing fairness. Further research is required to ensure that the adaptive learning enabled by algorithms such as MOCA do not lead to unfair outcomes.",mentions a harmful application,40
-Learning Rich Rankings,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/6affee954d76859baa2800e1c49e2c5d-Paper.pdf,"Flexible ranking distributions that can be learned with provable guarantees can facilitate more powerful and reliable ranking algorithms inside recommender systems, search engines, and other ranking-based technological products. As a potential adverse consequence, more powerful and reliable learning algorithms can lead to an increased inappropriate reliance on technological solutions to complex problems, where practitioners may be not fully grasp the limitations of our work, e.g. independence assumptions, or that our risk bounds, as established here, do not hold for all data generating processes.",mentions a harmful application,41
-Reinforcement Learning for Control with Multiple Frequencies,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/216f44e2d28d4e175a194492bde9148f-Paper.pdf,"In recent years, reinforcement learning (RL) has shown remarkable successes in various areas, where most of their results are based on the assumption that all decision variables are simultaneously determined at every discrete time step. However, many real-world sequential decision-making problems involve multiple decision variables whose control frequencies are different by the domain requirement. In this situation, standard RL algorithms without considering the control frequency requirement may suffer from severe performance degradation as discussed in Section 3. This paper provides a theoretical and algorithmic foundation of how to address multiple control frequencies in RL, which enables RL to be applied to more complex and diverse real-world problems that involve decision variables with different frequencies. Therefore, this work would be beneficial for those who want to apply RL to various tasks that inherently have multiple control frequencies. As we provide a general-purpose methodology, we believe this work has little to do with a particular system failure or a particular data bias. On the other hand, this work could contribute to accelerating industrial adoption of RL, which has the potential to adversely affect employment due to automation.",mentions a harmful application,42
-Latent Dynamic Factor Analysis of High-Dimensional Neural Recordings,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/beb04c41b45927cf7e9f8fd4bb519e86-Paper.pdf,"While progress in understanding the brain is improving life through research, especially in mental health and addiction, in no case is any brain disorder well understood mechanistically. Faced with the reality that each promising discovery inevitably reveals new subtleties, one reasonable goal is to be able to change behavior in desirable ways by modifying specific brain circuits and, in animals, technologies exist for circuit disruptions that are precise in both space and time. However, to determine the best location and time for such disruptions to occur, with minimal off-target effects, will require far greater knowledge of circuits than currently exists: we need good characterizations of interactions among brain regions, including their timing relative to behavior. The over-arching aim of our research is to provide methods for describing the flow of information, based on evolving neural activity, among multiple regions of the brain during behavioral tasks. Such methods can lead to major advances in experimental design and, ultimately, to far better treatments than currently exist.",doesn't mention a harmful application,43
-Reducing Adversarially Robust Learning to Non-Robust PAC Learning,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/a822554e5403b1d370db84cfbc530503-Paper.pdf,"Learning predictors that are robust to adversarial perturbations is an important challenge in contem- porary machine learning. Current machine learning systems have been shown to be brittle against different notions of robustness such as adversarial perturbations [Szegedy et al., 2013, Biggio et al., 2013, Goodfellow et al., 2014], and there is an ongoing effort to devise methods for learning predictors that are adversarially robust. As machine learning systems become increasingly integrated into our everyday lives, it becomes crucial to provide guarantees about their performance, even when they are used outside their intended conditions. We already have many tools developed for standard learning, and having a universal wrapper that can take any standard learning method and turn it into a robust learning method could greatly simplify the development and deployment of learning that is robust to test-time adversarial perturbations. The results that we present in this paper are still mostly theoretical, and limited to the realizable setting, but we expect and hope they will lead to further theoretical study as well as practical methodological development with direct impact on applications. In this work we do not deal with training-time adversarial attacks, which is a major, though very different, concern in many cases. As with any technology, having a more robust technology can have positive and negative societal consequences, and this depends mainly on how such technology is utilized. Our intent from this research is to help with the design of robust machine learning systems for application domains such as healthcare and transportation where its critical to ensure performance guarantees even outside intended conditions. In situations where there is a tradeoff between robustness and accuracy, this work might be harmful in that it would prioritize robustness over accuracy and this may not be ideal in some application domains.",mentions a harmful application,44
-Online Non-Convex Optimization with Imperfect Feedback,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/c7c46d4baf816bfb07c7f3bf96d88544-Paper.pdf,This is a theoretical work which does not present any foreseeable societal consequence.,doesn't mention a harmful application,45
-Digraph Inception Convolutional Networks,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/cffb6e2288a630c2a787a64ccc67097c-Paper.pdf,"GCNs could be applied to a wide range of applications, including image segmentation [27], speech recognition [14], recommender system [17], point cloud [50, 24], traffic prediction [25] and many more [45]. Our method can help to expand the graph types from undirected to directed in the above application scenarios and obtain multi-scale features from the high-order hidden directed structure. For traffic prediction, our method can be used in map applications to obtain more fine-grained and accurate predictions. This requires users to provide location information, which has a risk of privacy leakage. The same concerns also arise in social network analysis [38], person re-ID [35] and NLP [49], which use graph convolutional networks as their feature extraction methods. Another potential risk is that our model may be adversarial attacked by adding new nodes or deleting existing edges. For example, in a graph-based recommender system, our model may produce completely different recommendation results due to being attacked. We see opportunities for research applying DiGCN to beneficial purposes, such as investigating the ability of DiGCN to discover hidden complex directed structure, the limitation of approximate method based on personalized PageRank and the feature oversmoothing problem in digraphs. We also encourage follow-up research to design derivative methods for different tasks based on our method.",mentions a harmful application,46
-Learning Physical Constraints with Neural Projections,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/37bc5e7fb6931a50b3464ec66179085f-Paper.pdf,This research constitutes a technical advance by employing constraint projection operations to enhance the prediction capability of physical systems with unknown dynamics. It opens up new possibilities to effectively and intuitively represent complicated physical systems from direct and limited observation. This research blend the borders among the communities of machine learning and fast physics simulations in computer graphics and gaming industry. Our model does not necessarily bring about any significant ethical considerations.,doesn't mention a harmful application,47
-Sub-sampling for Efficient Non-Parametric Bandit Exploration,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/3ab6be46e1d6b21d59a3c3a0b9d0f6ef-Paper.pdf,"This work is advertising a new way to do non-parametric exploration in bandit models, that enjoy good empirical performance and strong theoretical guarantees. First, bandit problems are at the heart of numerous applications to online content recommendation, hence the good performance of SDA algorithms may inspire new algorithms for more realistic models used for these applications, such as contextual bandits. Then, exploration is a central question in the broader field of reinforcement learning, hence new ideas for bandits may lead to new ideas for reinforcement learning.",doesn't mention a harmful application,48
-The Discrete Gaussian for Differential Privacy,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/b53b3a3d6ab90ce0268229151c9bde11-Paper.pdf,"We have provided a thorough analysis of the privacy and utility properties of the discrete Gaussian and the practicality of sampling it. The impact of this work is that it makes the real-world deployment of differential privacy more practical and secure. In particular, we bridge the gap between the theory (which considers continuous distributions) and the practice (where precision is finite and numerical errors can cause a dramatic privacy failures). We hope that the discrete Gaussian will be used in practice and, further, that our work is critical to enabling these real-world deployments. The positive impact of this work is clear: Differential privacy provides a principled and quantitative way to balance rigorous privacy guarantees and statistical utility in data analysis. If this technology is adopted, it can provide untrusted third parties controlled access to data (e.g., to enable scientific research), while affording the data subjects (i.e., the general public) an adequate level of privacy protection. In any case, our methods are better than using flawed methods (i.e., naïve floating-point implementations of continuous distributions) that inject noise without actually protecting privacy or using methods (such as rounding or discrete Laplace) that offer a worse privacy-utility tradeoff. The negative impact of this work is less clear. All technologies can be misused. For example, an organization may be able to deceptively claim that their system protects privacy on the basis that it is differentially private, when, in reality, it is not private at all, because their privacy parameter is enormous (e.g., ε = 10 6 ). One needs to be careful and critical about promises made by such companies, and educate the general audience about what differential privacy does provide, what it does not, and when guarantees end up being meaningless. However, we must acknowledge that there is a small – but vocal – group of people who do not want differential privacy to be deployed in practice. In particular, the US Census Bureau’s planned adoption of differential privacy for the 2020 US Census has met staunch opposition from some social scientists. We cannot speak for the opponents of differential privacy; many of their objections do not make sense to us and thus it would be inappropriate for us to try summarizing them. However, there is a salient point that needs to be discussed: Differential privacy provides a principled and quantitative way to balance rigorous privacy guarantees and statistical utility in data analysis. This is good, in theory, but, in practice, privacy versus utility is a heated and muddy debate. On one hand, data users (such as social scientists) want unfettered access to the raw data. On the other hand, privacy advocates want the data locked up or never collected in the first place. The technology of differential privacy offers a vehicle for compromise. Yet, some parties are not interested in compromise. In particular, users of census data users are accustomed to largely unrestricted data access. From a privacy perspective, this is unsustainable – the development of reconstruction attacks and the availability of large auxiliary datasets for linking/re-identification has shown that census data needs more robust protections. Understandably, those who rely on census data are deeply concerned about anything that may compromise their ability to conduct research. The adoption of differential privacy has prompted uncomfortable (but necessary) discussions about the value of providing data access relative to the privacy cost. In particular, it is necessary to decide how to allocate the privacy budget – which statistics are most important to release accurately? Another dimension of the privacy-versus-utility debate is how it affects small communities, such as racial/ethnic minorities or rural populations. Smaller populations inherently suffer a harsher privacy- utility tradeoff. Differential privacy is almost always defined so that it provides every person with an equal level of privacy. Consequently, differentially private statistics for smaller populations (e.g., Native Americans in a small settlement) will be less accurate than for larger populations (e.g., Whites in a large US city). More precisely, noise addition methods like ours offer the same absolute accuracy on all populations, but the relative accuracy will be worse when the denominator (i.e., population size) is smaller. The only alternative is to offer small communities weaker privacy protections. We stress that this issue is not specific to differential privacy. For example, if we rely on anonymity or de-identification, then we must grapple with the fact that minorities are more easily re-identified, since, by definition, minorities are more unique. This is a fundamental tradeoff that needs to be carefully considered with input from the minorities and communities concerned. Ultimately, computer scientists can only provide tools and it is up to policymakers in government and other organizations to decide how to use them. This work, along with the broader literature on differential privacy, provides such tools. However, the research community also has a responsibility to provide instructions for how these tools should and should not be used.",mentions a harmful application,49
diff --git a/data/one_stop_english/task.json b/data/one_stop_english/task.json
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-{"name": "one_stop_english", "description": "", "data_columns": ["Article", "ID"], "label_columns": {"Label": ["advanced", "elementary", "intermediate"]}}
\ No newline at end of file
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-Article,ID
-"Many of us know we don’t get enough sleep but imagine if there was a simple solution: getting up later. In a speech at the British Science Festival, Dr Paul Kelley from Oxford University said schools should stagger their starting times to work with the natural rhythms of their students. This would improve exam results and students’ health (lack of sleep can cause diabetes, depression, obesity and other health problems).
-Dr Kelley said that, when children are around ten, their natural wake-up time is about 6.30am; at 16, this rises to 8am; and, at 18, a person’s natural waking hour is 9am, although you may think they are just a lazy teenager. The normal school starting time works for 10-year-olds but not for 16- to 18-year-olds. For the older teenagers, it might be better to start the school day at 11am or even later. “A 7am wake-up time for older teenagers,” says Kelley, “is the same as a 4.30am start for a teacher in their 50s.”
-He says the solution is not to tell teenagers to go to bed earlier. “The body’s natural rhythm is controlled by a particular kind of light,” says Kelley. “The eye has cells that report to a part of the brain that controls our sleep rhythms over a 24-hour cycle. It’s the light that controls it.”
-But it isn’t just students who would benefit from a later start. Kelley says the working day should be more linked to our natural rhythms. Describing the average sleep loss per night for different age groups, he says: “Between 14 and 24, people lose more than two hours. For people aged between 24 and about 30 or 35, they lose about an hour and a half. That can continue up until you’re about 55 when it’s in balance again. The 10-year-old and 55-year-old wake and sleep naturally at the same time.”
-So, should workplaces have staggered starting times, too? Should people in their 50s and above come in at 8am, people in their 30s start at 10am and the teenage apprentice at 11am? Kelley says that synchronized hours could have “many positive effects. The positive side is that people’s performance, mood and health will improve. It’s very positive because it’s a solution that will make people less ill, and happier and better at what they do.”
-There would probably be fewer accidents because drivers would be more awake, he says. It could mean the end of rush hour because people would stagger their work times and the times of their school run. A later start to the day for many, says Kelley, “is something that would benefit all people, particularly families. Parents go and try to wake up teenagers who are waking up three hours too early. It creates problems for everybody.”
-So, what time does Kelley start work? “I am 67 so that means I’m like a 10-year-old and I get up just after six. I wake naturally.” And, yes, he says he finds the start of his working day much easier now than when he was younger.",50
-"An international agreement to improve safety in Bangladesh’s clothes factories could face legal action. This is because factory owners are asking for compensation for the cost of closures and repair work. Some repairs may take months and factory owners say they cannot pay workers while factories are closed. Also, they cannot pay for big works to make buildings safe. The building repairs are happening after the Rana Plaza building in the capital of Bangladesh, Dhaka, collapsed in 2013 and 1,138 people died.
-The problems come as hundreds of Bangladeshi clothes factories are inspected every month for fire-safety and structural problems under the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh. The Accord is supported by over 170 international companies, including Primark and Marks & Spencer, and international trade unions, including IndustriALL.
-The owner of one Dhaka factory, Softex Cotton, said he will take legal action against the Accord because his factory was closed down as a result of structural problems. He wants around $100 million in compensation.
-Another factory owner said that, when a factory closed, even for a few months, it would lose orders and close permanently: “There is no such thing as temporary closure,” he said. The factory owner said it was not clear in the Accord agreement who would pay for factory closures.
-Jenny Holdcroft, policy director for IndustriALL, which has been closely involved in the Accord, said that the agreement made sure that factories would not lose orders during closure because companies agreed to continue orders with suppliers for two years.
-The Accord has found12 factories that need a lot of work, but Holdcroft said many of those only needed partial closure and production could continue on other floors. The Accord also asks companies to make sure that workers receive pay during factory closures. She said that factory owners who could afford to pay for repairs and compensation for workers should make the payments.
-“Companies don’t want to pay so that rich factory owners can continue to just take the profits and not spend on their factories for years. It is not surprising that there is disruption. If there was no disruption, there would be no change,” she said. A spokesman for the Accord said negotiations over payments and even legal action would not delay its work to improve safety in factories.
-But there is now more pressure on the Accord to help pay workers when their factories close. A rival factory-safety group, supported by US retailers including Walmart and Gap, the Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety, has given $5 million to help pay factory workers for up to two months while buildings are improved.
-“The Alliance is sharing the workers’ salary with factory owners so now there is a big confusion. We had a big meeting with the Accord to make them understand they have to help or how will we help our workers?” said Shaidullah Azim, a director of the Bangladeshi Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association.",51
-"An international agreement to improve safety in Bangladesh’s clothing factories could face legal action because factory owners are demanding compensation for the cost of closures and repair work. Some repair programmes are expected to take months and factory owners say they cannot pay staff while factories are closed, as well as paying for major works needed to ensure that buildings are safe. The building repairs are happening in the wake of the collapse of the Rana Plaza complex in the capital of Bangladesh, Dhaka, in 2013, in which 1,138 people were killed.
-The problems come as hundreds of Bangladeshi clothing factories per month are inspected for firesafety and structural problems under the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh, which is supported by over 170 international brands, including Primark and Marks & Spencer, and international trade unions, including IndustriALL.
-The owner of one Dhaka-based factory, Softex Cotton, has said he will take legal action against the Accord because his factory was closed down due to structural problems. He is demanding $100m in compensation.
-Another factory owner said that, once a factory closed its doors, even for a few months, it would lose orders and close permanently: “There is no such thing as temporary closure,” he said. The factory owner said that the Accord agreement had “pussyfooted” around the issue of who paid for factory closures because they just wanted to get as many brands as possible to sign up to a deal in the wake of the Rana Plaza disaster. He said there was no clear process in place to pay the costs involved.
-Jenny Holdcroft, policy director for IndustriALL, which has been closely involved in the Accord, said that the agreement ensured that factories would not lose orders during closure because brands had committed to maintain orders with suppliers for two years.
-Twelve factories have been identified by the Accord as needing significant work so far, but Holdcroft said many of those only needed partial closure and production could continue on other floors. The Accord also legally requires brands to ensure that workers are paid during factory closures. She said the detail on who would make payments had been left open in order to ensure that all those factory owners who could afford to pay for repairs and compensation for workers made the necessary payments.
-“This was always going to be a topic of negotiation. Brands don’t want to commit to paying so that rich factory owners who have just pocketed the profits and not been spending on their factories for years continue to do so. There was obviously going to be disruption. If there was no disruption, there would be no change,” she said. A spokesman for the Accord said negotiations over payments and even legal action would not hold up its work to improve safety in factories.
-However, pressure on the Accord to contribute to the payment of displaced workers has increased after a rival factory-safety group, backed by US retailers including Walmart and Gap, the Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety, set aside $5m to help pay factory workers for up to two months while buildings are improved. It has, so far, identified five factories in four buildings where production needed to be suspended.
-“The Alliance is sharing the workers’ salary along with entrepreneurs so now there is a big confusion. We had a big meeting with the Accord to make them understand they have to come forward or how will we help our workers?” said Shaidullah Azim, a director of the Bangladeshi Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association.",52
-"Maria is sitting on a black plastic chair in a community centre on a cold Tuesday afternoon waiting for her number to be called. She is number 34.
-When it’s her turn, Maria is called forward to pick up a brown paper bag filled with essentials including pasta, eggs and cornflakes, and is invited to choose between butternut squash or carrots as this week’s vegetables.
-Maria is the 34th “client” so far today at East Hampton Food Pantry, a community initiative set up just streets away from some of the most expensive and exclusive properties in the world. By the end of the day, the food pantry’s organizers expect more than 400 families to have followed Maria through the doors to collect their weekly food parcel to help them get through the cold, dark Long Island winter.
-In the summertime, the Hamptons, a collection of historic oceanfront towns and villages 100 miles from Manhattan, is a billionaires’ playground. But, come Labor Day in early September, when the rich and famous shut up their mansions and head back to Manhattan or Beverly Hills, the glitz gives way to the gritty reality of life for the mostly immigrant community who live here all year. “The people who come here are rich and famous but we who live here are not,” says Maria, who works 14-hour days in the summer cleaning mansions but goes months without any work at all in the winter.
-Maria laughs when asked if she has enough money. “There is no work in the winter, only in the summertime,” says Maria, who, like many of the workers in the Hamptons, is from Latin America. “Here, lots of people live in a single room because they can’t pay the rent.”
-She says some families with up to five children are crammed into basements and still pay more than $1,000 a month in rent. “People come here looking for work but, in the winter, there is nothing.”
-Lots of her friends can’t pay for heating or medication and many would go hungry if it were not for the East Hampton Food Pantry, she says, which is just one of several food pantries in the town.
-Vicki Littman, chairperson of the East Hampton Food Pantry, which provided more than 31,000 food parcels in 2015, says the number of people seeking out the food pantry is ever increasing. “Once Labor Day comes and the season is over and people’s hours start to be cut back, our numbers go up to about 400 families a week,” she says. “When they come to us on Tuesday, they get two to three days’ worth of food. Without us, they would struggle that much more.” Littman says it can be hard for outsiders to realize that there are people struggling to get by in a place known the world over for its excess.
-“When I discuss with the summer community that comes out here about the food pantries, they’re always shocked because there is that glamorous side of the Hamptons where there are galas and the beaches and the mansions that are here. “But, what people don’t realize is that there is that service industry. It’s the landscapers, the nannies, the waitresses – they are all relying on that summer income to get them through the winter but people don’t see that when they’re coming out on holiday.
-“There are seniors who have to sometimes pick between whether they are going to pay for their medications or pay their bills or buy food, and that shouldn’t be the case.”
-Littman says the town has lost too many people working key jobs – such as teachers, police officers and even doctors and dentists – because they can’t afford to live in the community and the food pantry board is determined to do more to ensure people have a better shot at staying put. Housing is, by far, the biggest cost in the Hamptons. At $147m, the nation’s most expensive property is hedge fund manager Barry Rosenstein’s 18-acre beachfront estate at 67 Further Lane, a stone’s throw from Maidstone Golf Club, which is considered “the most elite, prestigious and difficult to get into” of all the Hamptons clubs.
-Larry Cantwell, East Hampton’s town supervisor and lifelong resident, says homes regularly change hands at more than $25m and the rapid price inflation at the top end has trickled down to even the town’s most modest flats.
-“Finding your first home is a challenge in an area like this,” Cantwell says. “Not just people who you would characterize as poor – working- and middle-class families are also having a hard time. If you can find a home to buy anywhere in East Hampton for $500,000, you’re very lucky.” Cantwell says more than half the town’s homes are empty for most of the year, which causes the population to dwindle to as little as 10,000 in the winter months compared with 80,000 in August. “It’s kind of the tale of two cities. There’s certainly a lot of wealth here but almost all of that wealth is in second homes only used in the summer,” says Cantwell, the son of a fisherman father and a house-cleaner mother. “But, the rest of us live here year round.
-“There are famous and very wealthy people but then you have hard-working and poor people struggling to get by. You’ve got to remember that this community was founded as a farming and fishing community of people who lived off the land and the water – a real working-class community.”
-Cantwell says saving up enough money to buy your first house while working as a farmer or fisherman is near-impossible in East Hampton today “and it’s not just the poor – police officers, teachers, young professionals and others all struggle to find a place to live here and many of them cannot afford to own their own home.”
-Being homeless in the Hamptons means spending a lot of time on a bus. Various houses of worship have joined together to ensure there is somewhere for the homeless to spend the night over the winter. Churches up and down the north and south fork of Long Island take on the burden one night at a time and roughly 50 homeless people are bussed between them every day. Eddie Vallone, 22, is one of those on the bus every night. “People look at the Hamptons as some sort of rich town and there’s no problems going on. But there are a lot of problems here, especially drugs.
-“It’s hard to really grasp –'OK, the summer is coming to an end. What am I going to do for the winter?'” Vallone says at Maureen’s Haven, a charity that coordinates the homeless shelter programme. “I want to work but there’s no work to be done.”
-Vallone, who works cleaning pools and doing odd jobs on luxury estates, says that, if he saves well and doesn’t impulse-buy, he can make his summer earnings stretch out until November. “But, work doesn’t start again until May or the beginning of June.”",53
-"Until the last, David Bowie, who has died of cancer, was still capable of springing surprises. His latest album, Blackstar, appeared on his 69th birthday on 8 January 2016 and proved that his gift for making dramatic statements as well as challenging, disturbing music hadn’t deserted him.
-Throughout the 1970s, Bowie was a trailblazer of musical trends and pop fashion. Having been a late-60s mime and cabaret entertainer, he evolved into a singer-songwriter, a pioneer of glam-rock, then veered into what he called “plastic soul”, before moving to Berlin to create innovative electronic music. His capacity for mixing brilliant changes of sound and image underpinned by a genuine intellectual curiosity is rivalled by few in pop history.
-Bowie was born David Robert Jones in south London. In 1953, the family moved to Kent, where David showed aptitude in singing and playing the recorder. Later, he studied art, music and design. In 1961, David’s mother bought him a plastic saxophone, introducing him to an instrument which would become a recurring ingredient in his music.
-At 15, David formed his first band, the Kon-rads. It was clear that David’s talents and ambition dictated that he should go solo. David adopted the name Bowie to avoid confusion with Davy Jones of the Monkees.
-Bowie’s first album, released in June 1967, was titled simply David Bowie . In July 1969, Bowie released Space Oddity, the song that would give him his initial commercial breakthrough. Timed to coincide with the Apollo 11 moon landing, it was a top five UK hit.
-In March 1970, Bowie married art student, Angela Barnett. Artistically, Bowie was powering ahead. The Man Who Sold the World was released in the US in late 1970 and in the UK the following year, and with its daring songwriting and broody, hard-rock sound, it was the first album to do full justice to his writing and performing gifts. The album’s themes included immortality, insanity, murder and mysticism, evidence that Bowie was a songwriter who was thinking way beyond pop’s usual boundaries.
-He followed it with 1972’s Hunky Dory, a mix of wordy, elaborate songwriting. It was an excellent collection that met with only moderate success but that all changed with The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars later that year.
-This time, Bowie emerged as a fully fledged science-fiction character – an intergalactic glam-rock star visiting a doomed planet Earth – and the album effectively wrote the script for his own stardom. The hit single Starman brought instant success for the album, while Bowie’s ravishing stage costumes and provocative performances triggered fan enthusiasm unseen since Beatlemania.
-Everything Bowie touched turned to gold. He had his first UK number 1 album with Aladdin Sane (1973), which generated the hit singles The Jean Genie and Drive-in Saturday . But Bowie was already planning fresh career moves.
-His increasing interest in funk and soul music came to the fore on the deliciously listenable Young Americans (1975), which gave him a US chart-topper with Fame (featuring John Lennon as a guest vocalist).
-Station to Station (1976) introduced a new persona, the Thin White Duke, which Bowie had carried over from his headlining performance as a melancholy space traveller in Nicolas Roeg’s film The Man Who Fell to Earth.
-Bowie’s relationship with his wife had been disintegrating under the pressures of success and the couple divorced in 1980. This was a year of further creative triumph, bringing a fine album, Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps), and its spin- off chart-topping single, Ashes to Ashes, followed by Bowie’s well-received stint as John Merrick in The Elephant Man on the Broadway stage. He achieved a number 1 single with his 1981 partnership with Queen, Under Pressure while becoming increasingly involved in crossovers between different media. He appeared in the German movie Christiane F (1981) and wrote music for the soundtrack. He had another chart hit with Cat People (Putting Out Fire) from Paul Schrader’s movie Cat People (1982). Bowie continued to make progress as a screen actor with appearances in The Hunger and the second world war drama Merry Christmas, Mr Lawrence, both released in 1983.
-Musically, this was the year in which he put his energy into an all-out commercial onslaught with the album Let’s Dance and follow-up concerts. Let’s Dance moulded Bowie into a crowd-friendly global rock star, with the album and its singles Let’s Dance, China Girl and Modern Love all becoming huge international hits.
-This was the heyday of MTV and Bowie’s knack for eye-catching videos fuelled this commercial splurge, while the six-month Serious Moonlight tour drew massive crowds. It was to be the most commercially successful period of his career. His profile gained another boost from his appearance at the 1985 Live Aid famine relief concert at Wembley Stadium, where he was one of the standout performers. In addition, he teamed up with Mick Jagger to record the fundraising single Dancing in the Street, which sped to number 1. A few days after his appearance at the Freddie Mercury tribute concert at Wembley Stadium in April 1992, Bowie married the Somalian model Iman and the couple bought a home in New York. This new start in his private life coincided with a search for fresh musical inspiration.
-For the album Black Tie White Noise (1993), he sprinkled elements of soul, electronica and hip hop into the mix. It topped the UK album chart and yielded a top 10 single, Jump They Say . New media and technology influenced his recordings, too. His 1999 album Hours … was based around music he had written for a computer game called Omikron, in which Bowie and Iman appeared as characters. The birth of Bowie and Iman’s daughter, Alexandria, followed in August 2000.
-As an adopted New Yorker, Bowie was the opening act at the Concert for New York City in October 2001, where he joined Paul McCartney, Jon Bon Jovi, Billy Joel, the Who and Elton John in a benefit show six weeks after the 9/11 attacks. Bowie was back in the studio the following year for Reality . However, in the midst of his Reality tour in 2004, Bowie was stricken with chest pains while performing in Germany and underwent emergency surgery in Hamburg to clear a blocked artery.
-He took the medical emergency as a warning and reduced the pace of his activities. In 2006, he announced he would be taking a year off from touring and recording. In February that year, he was given a Grammy lifetime achievement award, having been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996.
-The Next Day (2013) was his first album of new material in a decade. It contained the single Where Are We Now?, which gave him his first UK top 10 hit since 1993. The album topped charts in Britain and around the world. In 2014, Bowie was given the Brit Award for Best British Male, making him the oldest British recipient in the awards’ history. He is survived by Iman, their daughter, Alexandria, his stepdaughter, Zulekha, and his son, Duncan, from his first marriage.",54
-"An octopus has escaped from the National Aquarium in New Zealand. It escaped from its tank, slid down a 50-metre drainpipe and disappeared into the sea. Inky – a common New Zealand octopus – escaped after someone left the lid of his tank open. Staff at the aquarium believe that, in the middle of the night, when there was no-one in the building, Inky climbed down the side of the tank and travelled across the floor.
-Rob Yarrell, national manager of the National Aquarium of New Zealand in Napier, said: “Octopuses are famous for their ability to escape. I don’t think he was unhappy with us, or lonely, because octopuses like to live alone. But, he is such a curious boy. He would want to know what’s happening on the outside. That’s his personality.”
-One idea is that Inky crossed the aquarium floor – a journey of three or four metres – and then, he realized that freedom was very near so he entered a drainpipe that led directly to the sea. The drainpipe was 50 metres long and opened into Hawke’s Bay, on the east coast of New Zealand’s North Island.
-It is also possible that Inky escaped through an open pipe at the top of his tank, which led under the floor to the drain. “When we came in the next morning and his tank was empty, I was really surprised,” said Yarrell, who has not started looking for Inky. “The staff and I have been sad. But then, this is Inky and he’s always been a bit of a surprise octopus.”
-Reiss Jenkinson, a keeper at the National Aquarium, said he was absolutely certain Inky was not stolen. “I understand octopus behaviour very well,” he said. “I have seen octopuses on boats escape through waste pumps. And, the security here is too good for anyone to take Inky and why would they?”
-Because octopuses have no bones, they can fit into very small spaces and can squeeze through gaps the size of coins. They are also very intelligent and able to use tools. At the Island Bay Marine Education Centre in Wellington, an octopus visited another tank every night to steal crabs, then return to its own tank. Another octopus at the centre, Ozymandias, broke a world record for opening a jar.
-Inky was brought to the National Aquarium several years ago by a local fisherman who found him in a fishing pot. Yarrell said, “He lived on the reef and fought with fish so he was quite ill.” According to Yarrell, Inky – who is about the size of a rugby ball – was an “unusually intelligent” octopus. “He was very friendly and a popular attraction here. We have another octopus, Blotchy, but he is smaller than Inky and Inky had the personality.”
-The aquarium has no plans to increase security as a result of the escape but the staff now know “what octopuses can do” so they will be more careful. The aquarium is not looking for another octopus but, if a fisherman brought in another octopus, the aquarium might take it. “You never know,” said Yarrell. “There’s always a chance Inky will come home to us.”",55
-"36-year-old Junior Smart knows a lot about gangs. When he was a teenager, after his mother died, he joined a south London gang. At the time, it helped fill a big gap in his life. “They became my new support group,” he says. “At first it was just a bit of fun but then it became more serious and we got involved in crime.” After he left college, he got a full-time job but he was also making money illegally as part of the gang.
-Eventually he was arrested for serious drug crimes and was sent to prison for 12 years. “The first night after I was arrested was the biggest shock of my life,” he says. “I had been living a double life. I had been living as one person to my peers and another person to my peers’ enemies.”
-Today, Junior Smart runs a team of 12 full-time workers and six volunteers, working to help young criminals and gang members to stop committing crimes. Most of the team are ex-criminals like Smart. A few are still in prison but are allowed out during the day to help. They work with the police, the probation service and other, voluntary organizations to help members of the violent criminal gangs of London.
-Smart’s extraordinary journey from gang member to mentor began when he was in prison. “I couldn’t believe that people kept coming back in and nobody did anything about it. I was talking to the prisoners and they knew what was wrong in their lives, but the problem is that the prison system only deals with the crime.”
-“One guy spent £300 a week on cocaine and burgled houses to get the money. He told me how he walked into houses, even when he knew people were there. So he had a drug addiction, but that problem was never solved.”
-Smart started working as a prison “listener” – a prisoner who helps new arrivals during their first days inside. Then he had an idea to run his own scheme when he left prison – using the experience of ex-offenders to help others reject crime. He left prison after five years and started his scheme.
-So what does he think now? Does he believe that things are getting better? He says the police have done some good work in arresting gang members. But he criticizes the government because they believe that, when the leader of a gang is arrested, the problem is solved. He believes the arrest of gang leaders can even make things worse.
-“When you arrest the leader, people in the gang start fighting. Who was the most loyal? Who had the most respect? It is a bit like a violent family. It means that the arrest of the gang leaders has no long-term effect.”
-Can it make the streets more dangerous? “Yes, it can. If one gang knows that an elder [leader] has been arrested, then they suddenly think that gang’s weak ... And so we have fights between different gangs. And what happens when that elder is in prison? He makes friends with other gang members, or when he comes out of prison he tries to take control back. That is when violence happens.”
-Smart says gangs are now recruiting members in primary schools. The youngest members are called “tinies”. “Over the last years we have seen more and more of this. The tinies can be just eight to eleven years old.” The youngest members protect their seniors from risk. They often sell drugs or even stab people, he says.
-Smart says that the challenges are very big, particularly because the economy is so bad. “I try to help a young person who has been earning £300 a week illegally. It was difficult before but, with lots of unemployment, it’s even more difficult now.” But his project, which has more than 1,000 clients, is bringing results. Fewer than 20% of the people he helps reoffend. Smart believes that everyone should get a second chance.",56
-"lonely old man living in a crater on the moon is the unlikely focus of John Lewis’s Christmas 2015 advert, as the department store puts a charitable spin on its latest multi-million pound campaign.
-Amid increasing hype around John Lewis’s seasonal ad, which has come to mark the beginning of the Christmas shopping season for many, the department store will aim to use its profile to raise hundreds of thousands of pounds for Age UK. It will also encourage staff and customers to join up with their local branch of the charity to care for elderly people who might otherwise be alone over the holiday.
-The retailer has spent £7m on a campaign that ranges from the slick TV ad to a smartphone game and merchandise, including glow-in-the- dark pyjamas, as well as areas decked out like the surface of the moon in 11 stores.
-After two years of successful ads featuring cuddly animals – a bear and hare, then a penguin – this time, the retailer is tugging at the heartstrings with a story of a young girl, Lily, who spots an old man living in a shack on the moon through her telescope. The determined child tries sending him a letter and firing a note via bow and arrow, before floating him a present of a telescope tied to balloons, which finally enables them to make contact.
-The ad’s strapline is: “Show someone they’re loved this Christmas”, which echoes Age UK’s own campaign: “No one should have no one at Christmas”. Profits from three products – a mug, gift tag and card – will go to the charity.
-“The charity really resonates with people at this time of year and the ad lends itself to thinking about someone who lives on your street that might not see anybody,” said Rachel Swift, head of marketing at John Lewis.
-The campaign features the Oasis track Half the World Away reinterpreted by little-known Norwegian artist Aurora.
-The ad cost £1m to make. The moon scenes were shot at the Warner Bros Studios, where the Harry Potter films were made, and the specially built set was created by one of the team behind the latest Star Wars film, The Force Awakens.
-As in the last few years, John Lewis has drummed up interest in their most recent ad with a teaser campaign on TV and social media using the hashtag #OnTheMoon. There will be a full moon on Christmas Day 2015 – a complete coincidence, according to Swift.
-In 2014, the retailer also spent £7m on a campaign featuring a realistic animated penguin and a young boy playing together to the tune of John Lennon’s Real Love, sung by British singer-songwriter Tom Odell. It had drummed up 22m views on YouTube by the first week of January, ahead of the 16.6m clocked by Sainsbury’s ad featuring First World War soldiers sharing a bar of chocolate, the UK’s next most popular ad of 2014.
-Swift said that, despite the hype, John Lewis had stuck to the same strategy for the last five years. “It’s all about thoughtful gifting and going the extra mile for someone you love at Christmas,” she said. “We don’t go into it thinking, 'This is going to be huge,' just getting something right for the brand at this time of year and something we hope customers really love.”
-Sarah Vizard, news editor of trade journal Marketing Week, said John Lewis appeared to have reined in its efforts this time, with a lower- key presence in stores despite a growing army of competitors. “There are definitely a lot more brands doing Christmas ads this year but I think a lot of those brands who tried to compete with John Lewis by doing something emotional and creative have gone back to what you can buy in store,” she said. “John Lewis still does the emotional piece the best. This campaign is another great way of putting that across in a way that will resonate with customers. I think people will think it is really cute.”
-Among those fighting for attention in the flurry of Christmas ads was sister chain, Waitrose, which launched its Christmas ad online on social media ahead of a TV debut during The X Factor . It used the agency which has created John Lewis’s Christmas ads for years.
-Burberry has launched what is only its second festive film, featuring Romeo Beckham and Elton John, while electrical chain Currys drafted in Jeff Goldblum for its first ever dedicated Christmas ad. Asda, Lidl and Morrisons also launched their campaigns at the beginning of November.
-Marc Bolland, chief executive of Marks & Spencer, which also launched its Christmas ad at the beginning of November, said that, in the first week of September, the most searched term on its website was Christmas.
-Boots, another retailer launching its festive campaign in early November, is going back to a more traditional approach after a critically acclaimed ad in 2014, which featured a family going to great lengths to get together at Christmas.",57
-"One day, drones could deliver packages to your home. When will this happen? If you believe Amazon, it will be soon. Other people are not so sure. They have to invent the right technology but, also, they have to consider public safety.
-Amazon say that they will be ready as soon as the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) introduce rules for using drones. The FAA will finally introduce rules for using unmanned aircraft by June 2016. But the technology has a long way to go before then and larger machines aren’t legal yet – only drones up to 25kg will be legal. And the FAA says in the rules they want to introduce that drones will all have to use different radio frequencies that nobody can block or hijack.
-Professor Sajiv Singh, who works for delivery company NearEarth, said that flying drones is quite simple – you just give it some basic instructions: go to this height, do this short task, go back home. But even short flights from a mobile landing place could cause serious problems, he said.
-“They’re not planning to deliver in areas where nobody lives; they’re planning to deliver from a warehouse to the consumer, which will probably be in a town or city,” he said. “The drone will have to see hazards. Maybe there will be things that the map doesn’t know about. Maybe there will be construction equipment that wasn’t there but is there now. Maybe GPS signals will be blocked so it’s going to have an incorrect idea about where it is.” All this can be solved, he said – but it’s difficult.
-One big problem is keeping radio contact with a drone and planning for what happens if that contact breaks. “If a drone loses radio contact, it will keep going and crash into the ground,” said robot expert Daniel Huber.
-“We already have most of the technology we need,” said Huber. He is working on a program that will use drones to check telephone lines, bridges and so on. “We can make drones fly around a certain area and look at every surface.”
-Huber said about Amazon: “They say that many packages are light – a drone can carry a kilogram for 15 minutes. If you have a vehicle that can go into a neighbourhood, it can deliver from that vehicle. You need a 15-minute distance, and typical drones have about that distance.” It’s one way, he said, to make sure people are safe. “The larger the distance, the more dangerous it becomes.”
-Of course, safety is still a big worry – Singh points out that for a passenger aeroplane to be allowed to fly, it can only have one serious failure every one million hours. Drones, he said, are much less safe. “The Reaper drone, for example, has one failure in 10,000 hours,” Singh said.
-Part of the reason for this is simply that air travel is dangerous so standards are much higher. “If you fly a passenger aeroplane, often they will say, ‘Oh, a small part isn’t working; we have to go back,’” Singh said. “And people have been flying passanger aeroplanes for 60 years! I hate to think that a drone might come down on a busy road.” Part of the solution, Singh said, is planning for every situation: “If things fail, the drone has to do something sensible.”",58
-"Governments in Europe dream of finding a magic solution to rising unemployment. But, in the poorest parts of the EU, unemployment continues to rise.
-Now, in Sardinia, Italy, a mayor thinks he has found an answer to his town’s unemployment problem. Valter Piscedda, the mayor of Elmas, a small town near Sardinia’s capital, Cagliari, wants to pay residents to leave. The town will pay for ten unemployed local people to take English lessons, get on a cheap flight and look for jobs in other parts of Europe.
-“This idea comes from common sense and experience, ” he told the Guardian. “In the past year and a half – especially in the past few months – I have seen young people, almost every day, who have lost hope that they will find work. Some ask for help in finding work here. Others have tried everything and, now, they want to go and gain work experience abroad; life experience, too.”
-So he decided to help people who want to gain experience abroad.
-Sardinia, and also much of southern and central Italy, is struggling with high unemployment. Unemployment was at 17.7% in the second quarter of 2014, according to Italy’s National Institute of Statistics. More than 54% of people under 25 are out of work.
-For the Adesso Parto (Now I’m leaving) programme, Elmas will give €12,000 to the first ten applicants aged between 18 and 50. The applicants must be out of work and have lived in the town for three years. They do not have to be university educated and they must not earn more than €15,000.
-The idea of helping people to leave is sensitive at a time when many Italians – many of them clever young graduates – are leaving their country every year. But Piscedda believes that the people he is sending away might return “and give me back 100 times what we gave them”. More importantly, he wants the scheme to help the people most in need.
-In Elmas, the scheme has got mixed reactions. “There is little work here,” said Alessandro Macis. “The opportunity to go abroad to learn about the workplace and experience other cultures can be very worthwhile. The son of a friend of mine who didn’t study much is in London and he’s doing very well. He started as a waiter. Now, he’s a cook and he’s learning English.”
-Others were not sure. “I heard about it but I thought it was strange. If you have that money to pay for people to go away, why don’t you use that money to keep them here?” said Consuelo Melis, who works in a local café.
-But Piscedda says, “The work I can create, as mayor, is temporary. I can ask someone to clean a piazza. I can ask them to clean it again. I can ask someone to clean the streets. But these are all temporary things that give nothing more than a little bit of money for a few months.”",59
-"Like a typical bad boyfriend, Dan Sullivan arrived late to breakfast with the Guardian because the police stopped him on his motorcycle.
-Sullivan works too much, he says. He misses dinner dates. He forgets to give presents.
-And so, like many others in Silicon Valley, the 27-year-old has started a business: BetterBoyfriend.me, a service that sends girlfriends and wives a present every month for about $70.
-Sullivan is testing the service and has about 350 boyfriends as his clients. Most clients, he says, are his friends from university and other friends who are founders of start-ups or work for companies like Apple, Google and Facebook. The girlfriends of these men get presents from Sullivan.
-Each month, Sullivan’s clients choose from a list of seven possible gifts (chocolate, tea sets, etc). Then, Sullivan sends the gift to the boyfriend.
-For Sullivan, the surprise was the real relationships that he has formed with his clients. Sullivan says he has begun to see himself as a sort of relationship consultant for the boyfriends.
-Sullivan says he’s made mistakes. In the beginning, the gifts he sent included receipts with his name on, Dan Sullivan. “One of the boyfriends wrote to me and said, 'She’s not mad but Cynthia found out'.”
-Of all the women BetterBoyfriend.me deliver packages to, about 50% know that Sullivan chooses the presents they receive: “It’s connected with age. I think, after you’ve been married for a longer time, you don’t keep many secrets.”
-And over the year, the young founder says he’s got to know the boyfriends really well. They’ve even sent a package to a hospital delivery room. The key, he said, is to remember that his relationship is with the boyfriend.
-When he first started his company, he attached tags that said BetterBoyfriend.me to flower bouquets and went to the Mission District in San Francisco.
-“I looked for couples and gave the flowers to the girl but the boyfriends didn’t like that. Not at all,” he said. “So I changed my idea and gave the flowers to the boyfriends.”",60
-"Music subscription services, like Spotify and Deezer, have made more than $1bn worldwide, as fans choose to pay for music online.
-Income from music streaming and subscription rose by more than 50% in 2013 to reach $1.1bn. And, sales of recorded music in Europe grew for the first time in 12 years.
-Many people still listen for free, but many others are willing to pay money to get a better choice of music. In three years, the number of paying subscribers rose from 8 million to 28 million, according to the 2014 digital music report from the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI).
-Subscription services are easily accessible from smartphones and tablets, so they are popular with people who want to try out new music without buying a download or a CD. People like this cheap, user-friendly and legal alternative to pirated downloads.
-In Britain and America, streaming may soon make more money for the music industry than downloads from online stores such as Apple’s iTunes. A third of all digital sales globally now come from subscription services and the other two thirds come from downloads.
-In the US, the percentage of people using subscription services and streaming rose from 19% in 2012 to 23%. At the same time, the percentage of people downloading fell from 28% to 27%.
-In Britain, the number of people downloading music stayed the same at exactly one third, but subscribers grew from 19% to 22%. In Sweden, France and Italy, streaming is already more popular than downloading.
-Thirty-nine per cent of all music sales are now digital. Sales of CDs and vinyl reduced a lot in 2013, but they still make just over half the music industry’s income.
-Vinyl continued to make a comeback in some places. Sales increased by 32% in America and by 101% in the UK in 2013.",61
-"Why do people want to be a football referee? The top referees of the future smile when you ask them this question. This season, more people are criticizing referees. For this reason, some former referees have started to complain about standards. That is quite significant because, when you talk to referees, it is obvious that they always support each other.
-So why do they do want to be referees? Why do referees spend hundreds of hours driving around the country? Why do they work so hard to get the chance to make decisions on television in front of millions of people who criticize them and their ability with the help of many cameras and slow-motion replays?
-You might get an answer from Lee Swabey’s face. He looks really happy after he blows the final whistle of a 2–1 win for Grimsby against Woking, a match at level 5 of the English league system. He gets what all referees want every time they referee a match. “Twenty-two handshakes, ” he explains afterwards, proudly. “The buzz,” as he calls it, of a game that goes well, is something he loves. “I wouldn’t spend so much time away from my family if this wasn’t so important to me.”
-Swabey is one of a group of new referees that the Professional Game Match Officials Limited (PGMOL) thinks is really good. So Swabey knew they were watching him at that match. PGMOL’s chief, Mike Riley, was there, and also his colleague Steve Dunn, watching every move the officials made.
-A few weeks earlier, Riley, Dunn and another former referee, Peter Jones, went to another level-5 match to check another young referee – John Brooks. “I hope to have the opportunity to work in the Premier League and referee at some of the top games in this country,” Brooks says.
-Unfortunately, the PGMOL only saw Brooks cancelling the match because of a frozen pitch. It is all part of the experience Brooks needs to have before he can referee at more important games. Brooks phoned his coach for advice and made the difficult but correct decision. A little later, the football club secretary arrived to pay the officials for their time – the match fee at level 5 is £95 so it is clear that these men do not do it for the money.
-Brooks, like Swabey, has clear ambitions to progress. He knows lots of people will criticize him. How does he feel when he watches football on TV and a referee is attacked? “Erm … I don’t feel great,” he admits. “I do sometimes wish people understood the time and effort we put in. It is very easy to criticize a decision but we do everything to try to get these decisions right. In certain situations, you are going to be unpopular but, if you are uncomfortable with that, you are probably in the wrong job.”
-The former referees agree that the backup, education and tools that today’s referees have is very different from what they experienced in the past. Riley, as a young referee, bought himself books on psychology and nutrition because there was no information on offer to him at all.
-Things are very different for Brooks – he has his own coach. They talk every week, discuss how his games have gone, study film of key decisions and discuss how to improve. He also has the support of a sports psychologist and an exercise regime to help him run 11km during a game.
-The three former referees all agree that new technology in the sport is great. “It makes the referee’s job better and makes them more effective on the field of play,” says Riley. A bad decision can stay with you for a while. “The rest of your life,” says Jones with a laugh.",62
-"The continual relegation of women to the sidelines of football was given a good kicking when France appointed its first female professional team manager. It did not matter that it was a second-division club. It did not matter if it was, as some bad sports – male, of course – suggested, just a cynical stunt to drum up publicity for a minor team, Clermont Foot 63, currently ranking a lowly 14th out of 20 in its league.
-What mattered was that Helena Costa had been given the top job, a move that saw her make football history by becoming the first female manager to be appointed in the highest two divisions of any professional European league. “As a woman, it’s made me happy,” Véronique Soulier, president of the club’s supporters’ association, told journalists. “When I first heard the news, I was rather surprised, but, once that passed, we were pretty unanimous that it’s good news. We all agree that a woman at the head of a group of men is no bad thing.”
-The new manager of Clermont Foot 63, whose average home crowd at the stadium at Clermont- Ferrand in the Auvergne region of south-central France is around 3,800, is a former talent spotter for the Scottish Premiership side Celtic. Costa, 36, was born in Alhandra on the River Tagus in southeast Portugal and graduated with a master’s degree in sports science. She is also a UEFA-licensed coach. She previously coached Benfica’s male youth teams, the Qatar women’s team, which she led to its first international victory in 2012, and, more recently, the Iranian women’s national side, which she left in September 2013.
-Costa was appointed on a two-year contract by the president of Clermont Foot 63, Claude Michy, who is a champion at grabbing the headlines for his club. In 2013, he announced the team had signed Messi. They had. Not the Argentinian and FC Barcelona record-breaking striker Lionel Messi, but Junior Messi Enguene, a 20-year-old midfielder from Cameroon.
-France’s women’s minister, Najat Vallaud- Belkacem, tweeted: “Bravo to Clermont Foot for understanding that giving women a place is the future of professional football.”
-Carolina Morace, an Italian who was the only previous woman coach of a men’s professional team, said: “I don’t know Helena, but, if she has been hired by a team, then it means that she knows how to do her job. I hope that, one day, this can become normal.” Morace was an outstanding player in the women’s game. She was the top scorer for 12 seasons in Italy’s Serie A and played for Italy in 153 internationals. In 1999, she was named as the coach of Viterbese in the men’s Serie C1. But, after only two games, she resigned from the job following a clash with the club’s mercurial proprietor, Luciano Gaucci, who at the time was also the owner of a Serie A side, Perugia.
-Morace was quoted as saying that she had refused Gaucci’s demand that she fire her deputy and the side’s trainer. “He let me know that I could carry on working with whomever I wanted. But, by then, mutual trust was lacking and I didn’t fancy carrying on in that climate of uncertainty,” she said. Morace works today as a lawyer in Rome and as expert soccer commentator on television and in the pages of the daily Gazzetta dello Sport.
-She said: “For the time being, I see too many men, even in the women’s game, who are working, despite not having the same expertise as women, who, by contrast, are not working.” Raymond Domenech, former manager of the French national team, said: “Women know how to play football and how to manage and are good at doing it. Why shouldn’t they manage men’s teams? The opposite happens and doesn’t cause any problems. It’s a natural choice and reflects our society in which women are equal to men. I say well done to President Michy. I told myself that, if I took charge of a club again, I’d hire a woman as my number two. He beat me to it.”
-A statement on Clermont Foot 63’s website said Costa’s appointment would allow the club to enter “a new era”. On the club supporters’ website, reaction to Costa’s appointment was a mix of surprise and a certain cynicism. “In my opinion, it’s just a publicity stunt to get people talking about the club and she won’t last the season. I find it hard to believe she’ll be able to get the players’ respect, above all when she’s the same age as the oldest,” wrote one fan. “Her CV isn’t bad, but now the question is: will she be good enough?” added another. A third wrote: “I wish her welcome and success but I think it’ll be hard for her to make her mark as a woman in such a macho business. Has our president pulled off a media coup?”
-But Soulier was hopeful: “Hopefully, with the new manager, the club can find the motivation they’re lacking at the moment,” she said. “The boys in the team can be difficult to manage. With a woman in charge, maybe they’ll be less demanding.”
-If Costa’s reputation is anything to go by, she will be the one making the demands. After doing work experience at Chelsea during her compatriot José Mourinho’s first stint as manager of the club between 2004 and 2007, she was reportedly described as “Mourinho in a skirt”. Costa quickly kicked the sexist remark into touch. “Like Mourinho, I always want to win. As far as that’s concerned, yes, I’m happy to be compared with him,” she said.",63
-"Fit in four minutes. It sounds like a headline from a health magazine; an unattainable promise on late-night satellite TV. Then you attempt Dr Izumi Tabata’s training protocol – 20 seconds of all-out effort, 10 seconds of rest, repeat eight times – and between sounding like Darth Vader as you desperately suck in oxygen and collapsing in a messy bundle of sweat and defeat, you realize just how wrong you were.
-Tabata has seen it all before. “They were dead!” he chuckles as he recalls the first time he inflicted the system that bears his name on his university students in the early 1990s. “After four minutes’ hard exercise they were wiped out. But after six weeks they saw the results and were surprised. We all were.”
-His research followed extensive monitoring of Japan’s speed skating team in the early 1990s when he – along with the team’s coach Irisawa Koichi – noticed that short bursts of brutally hard exercise seemed to be at least as effective as hours of moderate training. Tabata set out to show this with a simple experiment. One group of moderately trained students performed an hour of steady cardiovascular exercise on a stationary bike five times a week. The other group did a ten-minute warm-up on the bike, followed by four minutes of Tabata intervals, four times a week – plus one 30-minute session of steady exercise with two minutes of intervals.
-The results were startling. After six weeks of testing, the group following Tabata’s plan – exercising for just 88 minutes a week – had increased their anaerobic capacity by 28% and their VO 2 max, a key indicator of cardiovascular health and maximal aerobic power, by 15%. The control group, who trained for five hours every week, also improved their VO 2 max, but by 10% – and their training had no effect on anaerobic capacity. “We have also measured increases in heart size after three weeks of doing the protocol,” says Tabata. “And there is also forthcoming research that shows that it lowers the risk of diabetes in humans, something we have already shown in rats.”
-But there are no half-measures here. You can’t go steady on a cross trainer, chewing gum and reading the latest issue of HELLO! The regimen demands head-down bursts on a stationary bike or rowing machine; explosive bodyweight exercises, sprints or suchlike. Remember how you felt after doing a 100m sprint at school? Imagine doing eight of them with only a ten- second break to recover.
-“All-out effort at 170% of your VO 2 max is the criterion of the protocol,” says Tabata. “If you feel OK afterwards you’ve not done it properly. The first three repetitions will feel easy but the last two will feel impossibly hard. In the original plan the aim was to get to eight, but some only lasted six or seven.”
-As one commenter on the popular exercise forum T-Nation puts it: “When done correctly you should meet God. Most people are incapable of doing it correctly and shouldn’t even try.”
-Tabata doesn’t completely agree. “Everyone can do it but beginners should start with educated trainers so that they can work at the correct intensity for them,” he explains. He says that he will soon publish research showing that doing the programme just twice a week, less than half the volume in the original research, still provides significant health benefits.
-Another soon-to-be-published finding, which Tabata describes as “rather significant ”, shows that the Tabata protocol burns an extra 150 calories in the 12 hours after exercise, even at rest, due to the effect of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. So while it is used by most people to get fit – or by fit people to get even fitter – it also burns fat.
-It’s slightly surprising, therefore, that the plan is still the preserve of the serious athlete and musclehead crowd – although that may change now that Tabata has agreed a deal with Universal Studios that will lead to a network of instructors and a DVD range released towards the end of the year. “I decided to do this because I often go on YouTube and, while I am honoured that people are doing it, some are doing it wrong because they don’t realize the intensity you need to work at,” says Tabata.
-So should we all start incorporating this plan into our fitness regimens? Richard Scrivener, a former Assistant Strength and Conditioning Coach at Northampton Saints Rugby Club, says that while the benefits are clear, Tabatas are an addition, not a replacement, to a favoured sport or training method. “Runners, for instance, need a high level of running economy, which comes from skill acquisition and putting in the miles,” says Scrivener, “But they could effectively ease off the long runs and reduce the overall mileage by introducing Tabata training. This will unload the skeleton and give joints the chance to rest and recover, especially if one is prone to niggles or has a history of injuries – and you would probably therefore get more out of the long runs when you do undertake them.”
-Gym rats can benefit by doing three strength sessions and three Tabatas a week. And the rest of us can build up session by session, week by week, all the time knowing that it will never get easier because every session calls for maximum effort. That’s the cruel genius of the protocol: it is unrelenting – and effective.",64
-"We do not yet live in an age of flying cars, as predicted in the 1985 film Back to the Future II, but smartphones and other new technologies are creating exciting possibilities. Experts agree that economic and population changes, new technology, and environmental concerns are having a big effect on transportation.
-With an ageing transport infrastructure, cities in the US have to change and improve their transportation. Experts and scientists now realize that old ways of reducing traffic congestion aren’t enough to solve the problems of population growth and carbon emissions, and transportation is now an environmental problem.
-Big US cities like Los Angeles and Chicago are adding more bus lanes and pedestrian walkways, and expanding rail networks. At the same time, they are creating advanced technologies that will allow a vehicle to drive itself and communicate with other vehicles and its environment.
-Here are three of the key ideas that experts predict will change transportation in the future.
-Taxi-sharing services like Uber and apps like Waze, which finds the quickest routes for drivers, are completely changing how people move around and affecting the way traffic moves through a city. Communication between riders and drivers, between different vehicles and between cars and infrastructure is bringing transportation into a new era.
-According to a recent study, people born in the 1990s are using cars less than older generations. According to the study, people born in the 1990s are making 4% fewer car trips and travelling 18% fewer miles per year, on average, than older generations did at the same time in their lives. And, people who still drive cars are experiencing less traffic thanks to Waze.
-Traffic congestion is improving in other ways, too. At the moment, a traffic light knows when a car is getting close but that’s all. Companies are developing technology that allows a vehicle to tell traffic control systems not only that it is present but also where it is going and how fast it is travelling.
-We have known about driverless cars ever since Google began testing the vehicles in 2012 but no-one really knows when driverless cars will become commonplace. But, there is already some automation of cars. Automation will probably happen in stages: first, there might be automated buses with their own lanes, then perhaps lorries in ports or mining towns: vehicles that are connected electronically and travel one behind another.
-The idea of a fully automated transportation system is interesting because it could improve safety – people’s mistakes won’t cause accidents any more. It could also help reduce carbon emissions and traffic congestion. But, it will take a long time to get fully automated because the average age of cars on the road is 11.5 years old.
-To see what driverless cars might look like on the road, go to the video at: vimeo.com/37751380 .
-The world is trying to slow down climate change and countries and cities are trying to reduce emissions. These things could have a big effect on the future of transportation and lead to zero- and low-emission vehicles and apps that encourage more walking, cycling and carpooling.
-When thinking about the future of transportation, it’s also important to think about why people travel: they may be going to work, to meet friends or family, or to do the shopping. Technologies that reduce the need for those trips – for example, online meetings or online work – could also have a big effect on transportation.",65
-"James Bond films are one of the world’s oldest and most successful film series. Twenty-three Bond films have been made so far. They have earned more than $6 billion at cinemas around the world. James Bond is not slowing down. In fact, the films are more popular than ever – Skyfall, which broke all records and became the biggest ever film at UK cinemas in 2012, earned a total of $1.1 billion.
-So, there was a lot of interest when they announced more details about the 24th Bond film – especially its title, Spectre. The number one question is: can Spectre be as successful as Skyfall?
-Charles Gant, film editor for Heat magazine, thinks it can. “They were very clever when they made Skyfall,” he says. “It was both modern and retro. Daniel Craig fans liked it and, also, older, more nostalgic Bond fans, who lost interest over the previous few films. With the new title,” he adds, “it is certain to be a success.”
-Eon Productions is the company, started in 1961, that made Dr No and all the “official” Bond films. The company really wants the next film to be successful so it is using the same people that worked on Skyfall in the new film. Daniel Craig will play Bond and the same people have written the script. Most importantly, Sam Mendes will again be the director. According to Gant, Mendes is the best Bond director. Gant says: “Mendes attracted top actors like Ralph Fiennes. Actors like Fiennes will only be in a film if they like the director.”
-The Bond series was not in trouble before the arrival of Mendes – and Craig – but the films were becoming a bit boring towards the end of Pierce Brosnan’s time as Bond. There were no longer any more original Bond stories to adapt and the films no longer had enough energy.
-This was nothing new: the history of the Bond series has been one of constant change, especially of the lead actor: first, Sean Connery; then, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Brosnan and, now, Craig. Each new actor has been different and some have been better than others.
-Lazenby only did one Bond film. Dalton’s two films, The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill, were during a period in the late 80s when more aggressive Hollywood action movies were more popular. According to Gant, “the period of Roger Moore’s last films and Dalton’s films didn’t excite audiences. Brosnan was more successful but Craig is the best. On the other hand, the early Bond films were sexy and exciting.”
-Skyfall made more money than all the other Bond films. But some of the 1960s Bond films were almost as successful. With figures adjusted for inflation, the 1965 film Thunderball is only a little bit below Skyfall. And Goldfinger and You Only Live Twice both did better than the other Craig films. Licence to Kill made the least money of all Bond films and Moore’s final film, A View to a Kill, the second least.
-Martin Campbell is an experienced British director and he planned one of the most elaborate stunts in Bond history. In the famous first scene of Goldeneye (released in 1995), Bond falls into a light aeroplane without a pilot. This scene helped to make the Bond series more modern and popular. Also, a very successful Goldeneye video game created new, younger fans of Bond and made people think that the Bond film was no longer boring and old-fashioned.",66
-"Back in 2005, when BlackBerry brought instant messaging to the mobile phone, the company was just entering its boom times. While the iPhone was still a gleam in Steve Jobs’s eye, BlackBerry’s innovations ensured its smartphone was one of Canada’s biggest exports.
-Six years later, in the summer of 2011, as violence engulfed London and spread to Birmingham, Nottingham, Liverpool and Manchester, so effective was BlackBerry Messenger (BBM) at mobilizing the rioters that politicians called for the service to be temporarily shut down. But two years later, it is the users themselves who are pulling the plug. As demand for BlackBerry handsets fades, the once noisy BBM grapevine is falling silent. Dozens of alternatives have sprung up to take its place, from Facebook’s and Apple’s own-brand instant messaging applications to independent start-ups such as WhatsApp and Kik (which is also Canadian). Free to download and use, they use the internet to swap text messages, pictures, voice clips,’stickers’, and even videos in WhatsApp’s case, between most types of phones.
-In an attempt to retain its following, BBM has been released on Android and Apple phones. Despite the competition, the response has been overwhelming, with an announcement that there have been more than 20 million downloads. But, despite the initial interest, many believe BBM’s wider release will do little to save the service.
-“The move to bring BlackBerry to the iPhone is four or five years too late,” says James Gooderson, an 18-year-old student who blogs on technology. “WhatsApp has removed the reason why young people would use a BlackBerry.” BBM claims 80 million monthly users after its upgrade, but WhatsApp has 300 million. Other services expose BBM’s limitations: unlike Skype and Viber, it does not yet offer video or voice calls; unlike Path, it does not do location sharing; there is no video sharing, as on iMessage; and the stickers (a more sophisticated version of the smiley face), adored by kids the world over, are also unforgivably absent. Even the contacts and calendar sharing that BBM made possible on BlackBerry handsets have not migrated to the Apple and Android versions.
-Messaging is moving from verbal to visual. Photos uploaded to Instagram trigger a wave of comments and Snapchat’s pictures, which self-delete after ten seconds, have opened a world of other possibilities. Like BBM, all of these services are free for any phone with an internet connection. Yet as recently as 2011, BBM was so powerful it was credited with starting a revolution in Egypt; and, at the time of the London riots, it was a more urgent source of news than the television screen.
-“We could see on our BlackBerry messages where the rioters were going next; TV news would catch up four hours later,” said Jean- Pierre Moore, 28. He manages a youth club in Stockwell, south London, an area with some of the highest levels of crime and economic deprivation in Britain. Moore mainly communicates on an iPad now. He dismisses the notion that the BBM curfew urged by some MPs would have stopped the looting. “The social networking wasn’t the reason,” he says. “I know a lot of people who were out rioting. People had been angry for a long time. Mention the words 'stop and search' around here and you immediately have a room full of angry young men.”
-Nearly 80% of young smartphone owners regularly use a social networking application, says the research firm Enders Analysis, but two-thirds use more than one. Among 16- to 24-year-olds, 60% use Facebook every day but 46% use alternatives. “It’s a much more complex, multifaceted environment,” says Benedict Evans, a digital media specialist at Enders. “The smartphone itself has become the platform. All of these apps plug into your phone book and your photo library. Apps rise and fall like fireworks. Some, like Instagram, last; others disappear into thin air.”
-Thirteen-year-old Bennett has three devices, all hand-me-downs from family members. He keeps his BlackBerry for messaging, uses an iPhone over wi-fi to play games and makes phone calls on an HTC-branded Android phone. His friends are still on BBM – the four phone thefts at his school so far this term were all BlackBerrys. At the touch of a few buttons, a single BlackBerry message can be sent to the phone owner’s entire contacts book – several hundred people in some cases; on WhatsApp, the limit for a broadcast message is 50. But, for Bennett, Instagram is now a major social network. “Instagram is Facebook without parents,” he says. “Facebook has been taken over by the older generation. Once I saw my mum on Facebook, I deleted my account.”
-For families that may struggle to pay their heating bills this winter, the low price tag attached to buying and communicating on a BlackBerry retains its appeal. Unlimited BBM messages are available to anyone with a second-hand device and a £7-a-month deal from T-Mobile. But trust in the privacy of BBM’s system has been eroded. Part of the attraction to business people, revolutionaries, demonstrators and rioters was a belief that encrypted words sent over the company’s secure servers could not be traced back to their writers. Prosecutions after the riots put an end to that belief.
-Across town from Stockwell, outside the gates of a private school in well-heeled South Kensington, the older pupils all have Apple logos on their handsets. They all use WhatsApp. For many, BBM is a distant memory. “I still have a Blackberry, but I’m the only one,” says a teenager standing with a circle of friends. And how does that make him feel? “Isolated,” he replies.",67
-"Two scientists at Stanford University, in the USA, used metadata on people’s telephone calls and texts to find out people’s names, where they lived and the names of their partners. The metadata told them what number people called, when and for how long but it didn’t tell them what people said.
-But, that was not all. With the same metadata, they could find out private information about some people. They discovered that one man had a gun and that another man had a heart problem. Other data told them that someone was having a baby and someone had a serious illness.
-The results show the extraordinary power of telephone metadata. It is particularly powerful when you use it together with information from Google, Yelp and Facebook.
-Then, the scientists used a simple computer program to analyse people’s calls and this helped them to see who was in a relationship. Once they knew the owner of a particular phone number had a partner, it was easy to find out who the partner was, they said.
-For the final part of the study, the researchers looked even deeper to see what private information they could get from telephone metadata. They collected details on calls made to and from places such as hospitals, pharmacies, religious groups, legal services and gun shops. From these, they produced interesting pictures of people’s lives.
-Mutchler said the study showed how easy it is to find out private information about people. He says that the results should make governments think twice before they record this information. “Metadata programmes, like the NSA’s, will show very private information about ordinary people,” the scientists said.
-Stewart Baker, who worked at the US National Security Agency (NSA), said “Metadata tells you everything about somebody’s life.”
-Patrick Mutchler, a researcher at Stanford, said that people who collect the information understand the power of metadata but that the public was in the dark.
-For the study, 823 people agreed for researchers to collect metadata from their phones using an app. The app also received information from their Facebook pages, which the scientists used to check their results. The scientists collected metadata on more than 250,000 calls and over 1.2 million texts.
-With very little money, Mutchler and Jonathan Mayer found out a lot of personal information about the people in the study. Some of the information was private. They found out 82% of people’s names. The same method gave them the names of businesses the people called. When they marked these on a map, they showed groups of local businesses, which the scientists guessed were near the person’s home address. In this way, they named the city people lived in 57% of the time and were nearly 90% correct in guessing, within 50 miles, where people lived.",68
-"The forests – and suburbs – of Europe are echoing with the growls and howls of large predators according to a new study. The study shows that brown bears, wolves and lynx are thriving on the crowded continent. Rising human populations and overconsumption make many people believe that such animals will soon become extinct. But the study has found that large-predator populations are stable or rising in Europe.
-Brown bears, wolves and the Eurasian lynx are found in nearly one-third of mainland Europe (excluding Belarus, Ukraine and Russia), with most living outside nature reserves. This indicates that changing attitudes and conservation measures are successfully protecting species that have suffered massive persecution throughout human history.
-Bears are the most abundant large carnivore in Europe – there are around 17,000 of them. There are 12,000 wolves and 9,000 Eurasian lynx. Only Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Luxembourg in mainland Europe – like Britain – have no breeding populations of at least one large carnivore species. But the study’s main author and other conservationists said that these animals now live in well-populated regions of Europe, so even the British countryside could support big predators.
-Guillaume Chapron from Sweden’s University of Agricultural Sciences and researchers across Europe found wolves, in some cases, living in suburban areas alongside up to 3,050 people per square kilometre. On average in Europe, wolves live on land with a population density of 37 people per sq km, lynx in areas with a population density of 21 people per sq km and bears among 19 people per sq km. The population density of the Scottish Highlands is just nine people per sq km.
-“In order to have wolves, we don’t need to remove people from the landscape,” said Chapron. He adds that the big-carnivore revival shows the success of a “land-sharing” model of conservation – unlike the policy of keeping predators and people apart by fencing off “wilderness” areas, as occurs in North America and Africa.
-“I’m not saying it’s a peace-and-love story – coexistence often means conflict – but it’s important to manage that conflict and resolve the problems it causes. Wolves can be difficult neighbours,” said Chapron. “We shouldn’t be talking about people-predator conflict; we have conflict between people about predators. These animals are symbolic of difficult questions about how we should use the land.”
-According to the researchers, this “land-sharing” approach could be applied elsewhere in the world. The reasons for its success in Europe include political stability, growing populations of prey species such as wild deer, and financial support for nonlethal livestock protection such as electric fences, which mean that farmers do not have to shoot wild predators. Most crucial, said Chapron, has been the EU Habitats Directive, which has forced member states to protect and revive rare species.
-“Without the Habitats Directive, I don’t think we would have had this recovery,” he said. “It shows that, if people are willing to protect nature and if politicians introduce strong legislation, it’s possible to achieve results in wildlife protection.” The revival was welcomed by author George Monbiot, who is launching Rewilding Britain, a new charity to encourage the return of wild landscape and extinct species.
-“It is great to see this trend continuing but Britain is completely anomalous – we’ve lost more of our large mammals than any country except for Ireland,” he said. “Apart from the accidental reintroduction of wild boar, we’ve done almost nothing, whereas in much of the rest of Europe we’ve got bears, lynx and wolves coming back.”
-The survey found that the Eurasian lynx lives permanently in 11 population groups in 23 European countries and only five of these were native populations. This indicates the success of reintroduction efforts. According to Monbiot, support for the reintroduction of the lynx into the Scottish mountains is growing.
-“If it works in the rest of Europe, there’s absolutely no reason why it can’t work in the UK,” he said. He points out that bears and wolves live within an hour of Rome. “There’s no reason why we can’t have a similar return of wildlife in the UK.”",69
-"The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has asked the USA to sort out its finances after the US avoided a debt default and hundreds of thousands of federal employees returned to work after a 16-day government shutdown.
-As the US President, Barack Obama, warned, “We’ve got to get out of the habit of governing by crisis,” the IMF’s managing director, Christine Lagarde, asked for more stability.
-The Senate wrote a peace deal that included almost no concessions to the conservatives who had driven the country to the precipice of a new financial crisis. The deal was passed by the Republican-dominated House of Representatives at the last minute.
-The World Bank, too, expressed its relief that the global economy had “avoided a catastrophe”. Its president, Jim Yong Kim, told politicians in all countries that they should continue to focus on making policies that encourage economic growth and give jobs and opportunity for everyone.
-Stock markets in Japan, China, Hong Kong and South Korea first showed relief after the Republicans finally capitulated in their failed attempt to undermine Obama’s healthcare reforms. But, in Asia and Europe, stock markets generally did not show much reaction, because traders apparently expect another fight in Washington early in 2014.
-The shutdown cost the US $24bn. China’s official Xinhua News Agency accused the US of jeopardizing other countries’ dollar assets. China is the US government’s largest creditor.
-Obama signed the legislation just after midnight on Thursday. The bill had passed easily with support from all parties in the Senate. It offers a temporary solution, funding the government until 15 January and raising the debt limit until 7 February.
-But the president made clear that he did not expect another serious budget fight and shutdown in 2014.
-At the White House, Obama said he hoped the deal would “lift the cloud of uncertainty” that had hung over the country in recent weeks.
-“When this agreement arrives on my desk, I will sign it immediately,” he said. “Hopefully, next time, it won’t be in the eleventh hour. We’ve got to get out of the habit of governing by crisis.”
-The president was asked by a journalist whether the crisis would happen again in a few months. Obama replied: “No.”
-Earlier, the Republican senator Mike Lee said there may be more trouble ahead: “The media keeps asking: ‘Was it worth it?’ My answer is, it is always worth it to do the right thing.” He added: “This is not over.”
-However, the political deal was one of the worst of all possible results for Republicans. None of their goals was achieved and polls showed that voters blamed them for the crisis.",70
-"Scientists have created an “atlas of the brain” that shows how the meanings of words are arranged across different regions of the brain. The atlas shows in rainbow colours how individual words and their meanings can be grouped together in areas of the brain.
-“Our goal was to build a giant atlas that shows how one specific aspect of language is represented in the brain, in this case semantics (the meanings of words),” said Jack Gallant, a neuroscientist at the University of California, Berkeley.
-No single brain region holds one word or concept. A single brain spot is associated with a number of related words. And, each single word lights up many different brain spots. Together, they make up networks that represent the meanings of each word we use: life and love, death and taxes. All light up their own networks.
-The atlas was described as a great achievement by one researcher who was not involved in the study. The atlas shows how modern imaging can transform our knowledge of how the brain does some of its most important tasks. If scientists make further advances, the technology could have an enormous impact on medicine and other areas of study.
-“It is possible that this approach could be used to decode information about what words a person is hearing, reading or possibly even thinking,” said Alexander Huth, the main author of the study. One possible use would be a language decoder that could allow people who can’t talk, because they have a serious illness, to speak through a computer.
-To create the atlas, the scientists recorded people’s brain activity while they listened to stories. Then, they matched the transcripts of the stories with the brain activity data to show how groups of related words produced brain responses in 50,000 to 80,000 pea-sized spots all over the cerebral cortex.
-Huth used short, compelling stories. The stories had to be interesting so that the people in the experiment would focus on the words and not drift off. Seven people listened to two hours of stories each. Per person, that was a total of about 25,000 words – and more than 3,000 different words – as they lay in the scanner.
-The atlas shows how words and related terms light up the same regions of the brain. For example, on the left-hand side of the brain, above the ear, is one of the tiny regions that represents the word “victim”. The same region responds to “killed”, “convicted”, “murdered” and “confessed”. On the brain’s right-hand side, near the top of the head, is one of the brain spots activated by family terms: “wife”, “husband”, “children”, “parents”.
-Each word is represented by more than one spot because words often have several meanings. One part of the brain, for example, responds to the word “top”, as well as other words that describe clothing. But, the word “top” lights up many other regions. One of them responds to numbers and measurements, another to buildings and places. The scientists have created an interactive website where the public can explore the brain atlas.
-Interestingly, the brain atlases were similar for all the people in the experiment. This suggests that their brains organized the meanings of words in the same way. The scientists only scanned five men and two women, however. All are native English speakers. It is highly possible that people from different backgrounds and cultures will have different semantic brain atlases.
-Using the atlas, researchers can now piece together the brain networks that represent very different concepts, from numbers to murder and religion. “The idea of murder is represented a lot in the brain,” Gallant said.
-Uri Hasson, a neuroscientist at Princeton University, said the work was great. He said that many studies just looked at brain activity when a single word or sentence was spoken but Gallant’s team had shed light on how the brain worked in a real-world scenario. The next step, he said, was to create a more complete and precise semantic brain atlas. In the future, Hasson believes it will be possible to reconstruct the words a person is thinking from their brain activity. The ethical implications are enormous.
-Lorraine Tyler, a neuroscientist and head of the Centre for Speech, Language and the Brain at Cambridge University, said the research was a great achievement. But, the brain atlas in its current form does not show small differences in word meanings. “This research is ground-breaking but there is still a lot to learn about how semantics is represented in the brain.”",71
-"Dame Sally Davies, the Chief Medical Officer for England, has likened the problem of antibiotic resistance to the risks presented by international terrorism. While this might sound like an exaggeration, the threat was actually, if anything, understated. Each year, the global number of deaths to which bacterial resistance contributes far outstrips those caused by terrorist attacks.
-While it is difficult to track the global impact of antibiotic resistance across all bacterial species, the World Health Organization estimates that for tuberculosis alone multi-drug resistance accounts for more than 150,000 deaths each year. Antibiotic resistance is no longer an abstract risk: this is now a war.
-In the past hundred years, our expectations of life and survival have changed beyond all recognition. At the beginning of the twentieth century, life expectancy in the UK stood at around 47 years of age for a man and 50 for a woman, a number heavily affected by the very high rate of infant mortality in those days. Around a third of all deaths occurred in children under the age of five, largely because of infectious disease.
-In contrast, a child born in Britain today has a better than one in four chance of reaching their 100th birthday. For this we have public health systems, vaccination and antibiotics to thank. It is by these means – the prevention and treatment of illnesses caused by microorganisms – that the real war against disease is principally won.
-Elsewhere, we have pushed the limits of survival, notably in intensive care. This, the specialism in which I chose to train, is where antibiotic resistant organisms are most prevalent. Here, powerful antibiotics, essential in the treatment of life-threatening illness, are used routinely. These drugs decimate ordinary bacteria. But what they leave behind are hardy species that have begun to learn tricks that allow them to evade antibiotic drugs.
-As a newly qualified doctor in the late 1990s, I learnt about Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus – the infamous MRSA – a bacterial species resistant to methicillin and all other penicillins. In the fight against it, there were a handful of exotic-sounding drugs – vancomycin and teicoplanin among them. These were supposed to be our last lines of defence, but antibiotic resistant bacteria became more and more common; as did species with new patterns of resistance. Drugs we had previously barely heard of became commonplace. New last-line drugs emerged to replace the old. We got used to this state of affairs; a steady escalation in the arms race between us and the bacteria.
-But the balance has been shifting steadily. In our hospitals and our GP surgeries we have abused the drugs that gave us such a huge advantage over infectious disease, using them too often and too indiscriminately. And some of the worst abuses have occurred outside of healthcare, with antibiotics introduced into the food chain, through agriculture and the lacing of livestock feed with anti-bacterial drugs. We assumed that antibiotic therapy was an advantage we could enjoy forever. We became complacent that the pharmaceutical industry would continue to stay ahead of the game.
-But this is no longer the case. New, more resistant species have been identified. The vancomycin that we used to rely on to treat MRSA infection was defeated. Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (VRSA) emerged in our hospitals. And other bacterial species were learning the same trick. Enterobacteria, organisms usually found in the gut, had also acquired vancomycin resistance. Today, infections with formidable, highly resistant organisms are commonplace and the pharmaceutical industry is not keeping pace. Fewer and fewer new anti-microbial drugs are emerging from their production lines. It is becoming increasingly difficult to develop new drugs active against resistant strains. For every method of attack the pharmaceutical companies invent, bacteria rapidly evolve a defence. All of the simple approaches to the problem have been exhausted.
-Antibiotics have become drugs that are expensive to develop, that are only used in short courses and that quickly become ineffective due to the evolution of bacterial resistance. Consequently, the pharmaceutical industry’s incentive to manufacture new drugs that can fight them is low.
-Almost as soon as antibiotic use became widespread in the 1940s, the first evidence of bacteria resistance to antimicrobial therapy emerged. Initially, these were little more than curiosities. When they did infect patients, the numbers were so small that at first they were not enough to warrant much attention. But today, they have become a fact of medical life. Less than a century after the discovery of penicillin, we are beginning to lose the fight.
-Since the first MRSA deaths in otherwise healthy children in the US in 1998, the number of deaths from MRSA infection in the US each year has risen to tens of thousands – outstripping the number of deaths caused by AIDS. Bacterial resistance in hospitals is everywhere you look. This is a war like no other. There needs to be cultural change in our prescribing behaviours and more restraint in the use of antibiotics in farming and agriculture. And somehow, the pharmaceutical companies have to be convinced to chase the development of these less profitable drugs.
-Within my working lifetime, the pattern of antibiotic resistance in healthcare has transformed from a rare but notable event to a problem of epidemic proportion. If we are to avoid a return to the pre-antibiotic time with all its excess mortality, we must be bold. To squander the advantage we have so recently gained against microorganisms in the fight for life would be unthinkable.",72
-"“I got a Dyson vacuum cleaner but I don’t even know if I want it. I just picked it up,” Louise Haggerty, a 56-year-old hairdresser and waitress, said at the end of her trip to the Black Friday sales at one o’clock in the morning. “It was mental in there. It was crazy. It was absolutely disgusting, disgusting.”
-Haggerty went to a 24-hour Sainsbury’s supermarket in north-east London with a friend. She hoped to buy a bargain flat-screen TV. “But so many people pushed in the queue that we didn’t have a chance,” she said. “The poor woman who was second in the queue was pushed out by a crowd of youths. She didn’t get anything. People were behaving like animals – it was horrible,” she said. “I only saw two security guards.”
-Frustrated when she was unable to buy a 40” TV reduced from £299.99 to £149.99, Haggerty rushed to pick up a vacuum cleaner, reduced from £319.99 to £159.99. “I don’t even know how much it costs; I don’t know even know if I’m going to buy it. I just wanted something,” she said. “There are lads in there with three, four, five tellies. It’s not fair.”
-One of those lads was Andy Blackett, 30, who had two trolleys full of bargains. “I got two coffee makers, two tablets, two TVs and a stereo,” he said. “I couldn’t tell you the prices but I know they’re bargains.” But his friend Henry Fischer wasn’t as successful. “Someone snatched my telly from me – it’s because I’m the smaller one.”
-Blackett, Fischer and some friends had driven to Sainsbury’s at 12.45am after leaving the “bedlam” of a Tesco 24-hour supermarket, where the Black Friday sale started at midnight. “Tesco was scary so we came here instead,” Blackett said.
-More than a dozen police officers went to another Tesco store because scuffles began between eager and frustrated shoppers. Customers removed cardboard hoardings that were holding back sale items until midnight. Tesco delayed the sale of its most popular sale items – TVs – for almost an hour until police brought the situation under control. One officer criticized the manager for not providing enough security and suggested the sale should be stopped altogether.
-Police intervened at several other stores just before the doors opened at midnight. Meanwhile, Manchester Police said that at least two people had been arrested at Black Friday sales events. South Wales Police also received a number of calls from staff at Tesco stores after they became “concerned due to the number of people who had turned up to sale events”.
-TV sales at the Tesco store began just before 1am. One of the first purchasers of a flat-screen TV was James Alled. He bought two and was already trying to sell one of them to someone further down the queue. “I bought them for £250. I’ll sell it to you for £350, £300 cash,” he said. Further back in the queue, Christine Ball, 62, wasn’t impressed. “I got here at 10.15pm and I’m further back now than when I got here,” she said. “These people don’t know what a queue is.”
-Ball had not heard of the US-inspired Black Friday sales until now, like most of the shoppers. She said she had come out especially to buy her grandson a TV for Christmas. “Not one of those massive ones; just a normal one at £100 or so,” she said. In her basket was a pint of milk and a loaf of bread. “Telly, milk and bread – the necessities,” she said.
-Mel Mehmet, 23, had been to Black Friday sales in 2013 and had expected queues but she said the atmosphere in Tesco scared her this time. “It’s crazy having the sale at midnight – the police must have more important things to do at night than come to sales. We’re going to PC World first thing – their sale starts at 8am.”",73
-"Police and intelligence agencies around the world have, for almost 100 years, relied on lie detectors to help convict criminals or unearth spies and traitors.
-The polygraph is beloved of the movies, with countless dramatic moments showing the guilty sweating profusely as they are hooked up.
-But the invention could soon be defunct. Researchers in Britain and the Netherlands have made a breakthrough, developing a method with a success rate in tests of over 70% that could be in use in police stations around the world within a decade. Rather than relying on facial tics, talking too much or waving of arms – all seen as tell-tale signs of lying – the new method involves monitoring full-body motions to provide an indicator of signs of guilty feelings.
-The polygraph is widely used in the US in criminal and other cases and for security clearance for the FBI and CIA but is much less popular in Europe. There has been a lot of scepticism in the scientific and legal communities about its reliability. By contrast, the new method developed by the researchers has performed well in experiments.
-The basic premise is that liars fidget more and so the use of an all-body motion suit – the kind used in films to create computer-generated characters – will pick this up. The suit contains 17 sensors that register movement up to 120 times per second in three dimensions for 23 joints.
-One of the research team, Ross Anderson, professor of security engineering at Cambridge University, said: “Decades of deception research show that the interviewer will tell truth from lies only slightly better than random, about 55 out of 100.
-“The polygraph has been around since the 1920s and, by measuring physiological stress induced by anxiety, you can get to 60. However, it can easily be abused as an interrogation prop and many people are anxious anyway facing a polygraph on which their job or liberty depends.”
-He said the new method, by contrast, achieved a reliability rating of over 70% and he was confident they would be able to do better. In some tests, the team has already achieved more than 80%. Anderson said: “The takeaway message is that guilty people fidget more and we can measure this robustly.”
-Anderson added that the research had a special significance at this time, against the background of the US Senate report on torture by the CIA. Apart from the moral case against torture, Anderson pointed out that it was a very unreliable way of gathering accurate information. “We have known for a long time that torture does not work,” he said. The new method offers a pragmatic, scientifically backed alternative to conducting interviews. The research paper was written by Dr Sophie van der Zee of Cambridge University, Professor Ronald Poppe of Utrecht University, Professor Paul Taylor of Lancaster University and Anderson.
-The polygraph was created in 1921 by policeman John Larson, based on research by the psychologist William Marston. It records changes in pulse, blood pressure, sweating and breathing to ascertain whether a subject is lying.
-While cinema depictions suggest the device is near-infallible, the US Supreme Court ruled, in 1998, that there was no consensus that the polygraph was reliable, a finding supported by the US National Academy of Scientists in 2003. The experiment carried out by Anderson and his colleagues involved 180 students and employees at Lancaster University, of which half were told to tell the truth and half to lie. They were each paid £7.50 for their participation in the 70-minute experiment, involving two tests.
-Some were interviewed about a computer game Never End , which they played for seven minutes, while others lied about playing it, having only been shown notes about it.
-The second test involved a lost wallet containing £5. Some were asked to bring the wallet to a lost-and-found box while others hid it and lied about it.
-“Overall, we correctly classified 82.2% (truths: 88.9%; lies: 75.6%) of the interviewees as either being truthful or deceptive based on the combined movement in their individual limbs,” the report says. Anderson said: “Our first attempt looked at the extent to which different body parts and body signals indicated deception. It turned out that liars wave their arms more but, again, this is only at the 60% level that you can get from a conventional polygraph.
-“The pay dirt was when we considered total body motion. That turns out to tell truth from lies over 70% of the time and we believe it can be improved still further by combining it with optimal questioning techniques.”
-Another advantage is that total body motion is relatively unaffected by cultural background, anxiety and cognitive load (how much you are thinking), which confound other lie-detection technologies, Anderson said.
-The use of all-body suits is expensive – they cost about £30,000 – and can be uncomfortable, and Anderson and his colleagues are now looking at low-cost alternatives. These include using motion-sensing technology from computer games, such as the Kinect devices developed by Microsoft for the Xbox console.
-Anderson acknowledges that agencies such as the CIA could teach agents how to counter the full-body motion method by freezing their bodies but he said that in itself would be a giveaway.",74
-"Do you want your child to be good at sport, play for the school team and, maybe one day, even compete in international competitions? Well, try to make sure that your future Olympian or World Cup winner is born in November or October. A study by one of the UK’s leading experts on children’s physical activity has found that school pupils born in those months are fitter than everyone else in their class.
-November- and October-born children were fitter, stronger and more powerful than those born in the other ten months of the year, especially those whose birthdays were in April or June. Dr Gavin Sandercock of Essex University and colleagues found that autumn-born children had “a clear physical advantage” over their classmates.
-The research involved 8,550 boys and girls aged between ten and 16 from 26 state schools in Essex. All were tested between 2007 and 2010 on three different measures of fitness: stamina, handgrip strength and lower-body power. The results revealed that a child’s month of birth could make “significant” differences to their levels of cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength and ability to accelerate, all of which predict how good someone is at sport.
-November-born children were the fittest overall as they had the most stamina and power and were the second strongest. Those born in October were almost as fit, scoring highest for strength and coming third for power, with December children close behind.
-The gap in physical ability between children in the same class but born in different months was sometimes very wide. “For example, we found that a boy born in November can run at least 10% faster, jump 12% higher and is 15% more powerful than a child of the same age born in April. This is, potentially, a huge physical advantage,” said Sandercock. Such gaps could decide who became a top-level athlete because, as the paper says, “selection into elite sports may often depend on very small margins or differences in an individual’s physical performance”.
-The study, which has been published in the International Journal of Sports Medicine, found that, when scores for the three kinds of fitness were combined, those born in April were the least fit, then those in June. That could see those children excluded from school teams and becoming sporting underachievers, Sandercock said.
-The findings seem to show that children born in the early months of the school year enjoy a double “autumn advantage” – they are already known to have an academic advantage and, now, they also appear to be better equipped for sport, too. The results show that something other than “the relative-age effect” – the greater maturity of those born early in the school year – is the cause, especially as the fittest children were not the tallest or heaviest, he added.
-The authors believe that autumn-born children’s greater exposure over the summer months, towards the end of pregnancy, to vitamin D is the most likely explanation. “Seasonal differences in vitamin D concentrations in the womb seem most plausible,” they say. John Steele, chief executive of the Youth Sport Trust, said the quality of a young person’s introduction to sport at school can be “a major factor” in their sporting development. “Children that get a high-quality first experience are those that will have greater agility, balance and coordination, and are more likely to develop an enjoyment of physical activity and excel in sport as they grow up”, he said.
-UK Sport could not say if a disproportionate majority of the 1,300 athletes across 47 sports it funds were born in November and October. Natalie Dunman, its head of performance, said that while the differences highlighted in the new findings were borne out by teenagers competing in junior-level competitions, they had disappeared by the time sportspeople were taking part in adult competitions. She said: “With elite, senior athletes, there are many factors that make a champion and our work hasn’t uncovered anything to suggest that month of birth is one of the key ingredients.”",75
-"The world shares him and London claims him but Stratford-upon-Avon is going to spend 2016 celebrating William Shakespeare as their man. He was born in the Warwickshire market town in 1564 and died there 400 years ago.
-Stratford was important to Shakespeare all his life, says Paul Edmondson, the head of learning and research at the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. “People often think Shakespeare left Stratford and his family, went to London to earn his fortune and only came back to die,” he said. “But Stratford is where he bought land and houses, where he kept his library, where he lived and read and thought. We are going to spend the year re-emphasizing the importance of Shakespeare, the man of Stratford.” The anniversary of the death of the man from Stratford, the most famous and the most performed playwright in the world, will be celebrated across Britain and the world. There will be performances of Macbeth in Singapore and Romeo and Juliet in Brussels. Shakespeare’s Globe is completing the first world tour in the history of theatre. During the tour, it has taken Hamlet to every country except North Korea. In London, they are also creating a 37-screen pop-up cinema, one screen to show each of Shakespeare’s plays.
-The National Theatre, the Royal Shakespeare Company and almost every other theatre production company in the country will celebrate the anniversary. There will be traditional and experimental performances of the plays. There will also be hundreds of lectures, international conferences, films, concerts, operas and major exhibitions.
-Shakespeare was famous in his own lifetime but there is little documentary evidence about Shakespeare’s life and times. His plays survived because his friends and actors collected together every bit of every play they could find and made the First Folio, published in 1623, seven years after Shakespeare’s death.
-The actor Mark Rylance has called the First Folio his favourite book in the world and most of the surviving First Folios will be on display – including those that belong to the British and Bodleian libraries, and a copy recently discovered in France. Some of the most precious documents will be shown in an exhibition in London.
-The exhibition, By Me, William Shakespeare, will include his will, documents from the time when Shakespeare and other actors dismantled a theatre on the north side of the Thames and rebuilt it as the Globe on the South Bank, and details of payments for performances for James I and Queen Anne. The director of the Globe Theatre recently said as a joke that Shakespeare was a true London man. But people in Stratford believe that the town made and educated Shakespeare. They are rebuilding his old school room and will open it as a visitor attraction. Shakespeare bought New Place, the second best house in the town, where he died in 1616 on 23 April, the same day as his birth. “You don’t buy a house like New Place and not live there,” Paul Edmondson said. “The general public and many academics have underestimated the importance of Stratford to Shakespeare. ”
-Edmondson believes that, after Shakespeare bought the house in 1597, all his thinking time was spent there. He says the late plays were planned in his library and probably written there.
-Shakespeare’s house was demolished 300 years ago. Another house was built in the same place. That house was destroyed in 1759 by a bad- tempered priest, Francis Gastrell, in an argument about taxes. He also cut down Shakespeare’s mulberry tree, under which the writer sat and worked, because he didn’t like all the tourists looking into his garden.
-The house has never been rebuilt but they have found Shakespeare’s kitchen in the cellars. The area where the house was will be on display for the anniversary, with the foundations marked and the garden restored. “Without Stratford,” Edmondson said, “there would have been no Shakespeare. ”",76
-"Felix Baumgartner stood at the edge of space above New Mexico and paused for a moment. It was a small step away from the capsule, but a 24-mile drop back down to Earth. “Our guardian angel will take care of you,” said mission control, and Baumgartner jumped.
-Ten frightening minutes later, the Austrian landed back on Earth. He fell at speeds of up to 725 miles per hour, and he broke three world records. He became the world’s first supersonic skydiver when he broke the sound barrier. “We love you Felix,” shouted his team in the control room.
-He was wearing a special suit to protect him against the very big pressure changes during the jump. Without the suit, a man’s blood would boil and his lungs would explode. Baumgartner later said that all he could think about was getting back alive, but he also said: “Sometimes you have to go up really high to see how small you are.”
-His other two records were for the highest altitude manned balloon flight and the highest altitude skydive. The jump was on a sunny morning in good weather. Baumgartner went up into clear skies in an enormous balloon – it was 30 million square cubic feet and its skin was one-tenth the thickness of a sandwich bag. At the bottom of the balloon was a capsule, where Baumgartner sat in his suit.
-At the correct height, Baumgartner went through a checklist of 40 things with his helper Joe Kittinger. Kittinger held the record for the highest altitude manned balloon flight before Baumgartner. Baumgartner had a problem with his visor. “This is very serious, Joe,” he told Kitttinger. “I can’t see when I breathe out.” But they decided to continue, and a record 8 million people watched live on YouTube.
-The ascent, during which the skies slowly turned black, took two and a half hours. But the descent was much quicker.
-Three cameras, which were attached to Baumgartner’s suit, recorded his free-fall of just over four minutes and then the parachute opening.
-Baumgartner has done lots of dangerous things before. He has parachuted off buildings and mountains and once into a 600 foot deep cave. He did two practice free-falls to prepare for this jump – one from 71,000 feet and a second from 97,000 feet. But nothing can compare with his jump above the town of Roswell, a place famous for its UFO sightings.
-He was trying to break five different records: the first human to ever break the sound barrier in free-fall; the highest free-fall altitude jump; the highest manned balloon flight; the longest free-fall; and his jump platform is probably the largest manned balloon in history. The jump beat two of Kittinger’s records: before, the retired US air force colonel held the high altitude and speed records for parachuting. Kittinger jumped from a balloon 19 miles above the Earth in 1960 and gave advice to Baumgartner during the ascent.
-Someone asked him, “What do you want to do next?” Baumgartner said: “I want to inspire young people. I’d like to sit in the same place in the next four years as Joe Kittinger. If there is a young guy who wants to break my record, I want to give him advice.” He said the most exciting moment for him was when he was standing outside the capsule “on top of the world”. He added: “The most beautiful moment was when I was standing on the landing area and Mike Todd [the man who dressed Baumgartner in his suit] came and he had a smile on his face like a little kid.”
-Baumgartner said that he felt like Todd’s son. He said: “Todd was so happy that I was alive.” Earlier, Todd said: “The world needs a hero right now, and they have got one in Felix Baumgartner.” This will be the last jump, Baumgartner said. He has promised to settle down with his girlfriend, and fly helicopters on rescue missions in the US and Austria.",77
-"Thousands of people protested on Australia’s beaches against a shark cull in Western Australia. They asked the state’s prime minister to stop the cull, and RSPCA Australia and Virgin Atlantic owner Richard Branson criticized it. Catching and killing sharks longer than three metres began after a number of shark attacks on Western Australia’s coast. A 35-year-old surfer, who was killed in November 2013, was the sixth person to die from a shark attack in two years.
-But the whole of Australia has had, on average, just one shark-related death a year for the last 50 years. Kate Faehrmann, of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, said, from a protest in Perth, the state capital of Western Australia: “We’ve always said that this idea won’t work. Drumlines, which they use to catch the sharks, kill sharks if they’re one, two, three metres or more, and also dolphins, turtles and other things. That’s why we don’t want the cull.”
-Thousands of people protested on beaches in the cities of Perth, Sydney and Adelaide, and at beaches in Victoria and Queensland. Faehrmann said the protests showed that Australians wanted sharks to be protected: “What’s amazing is that so many people in Australia love sharks. This has shown that people are scared but thousands of people are coming out across the country to say, ‘That’s the sharks’ ocean. We respect them, we love them and we don’t want you to kill them.’ Anthony Joyce, a surfer who once had his foot caught in a shark’s mouth, said: “The number of sharks they are going to kill is going to make no difference.”
-The state government will not say how many sharks they have killed, but some people say that sharks smaller than three metres were released after they were caught on drumlines, floating drums fixed to the sea bed with bait on hooks underneath them. Conservationists say there is no evidence the cull will reduce the number of shark attacks on humans, because no other cull has only used drumlines. Researchers at the University of Western Australia say the increased number of shark attacks in the state may be because Western Australia has the fastest-growing population in Australia, not because of a rising number of sharks.
-Richard Peirce, of the UK-based conservation charity, the Shark Trust, said that the cull would not work and could bring more predators towards the coast. “The activity in Western Australia is adding to the human tragedy of shark attacks. It is very sad that a government has ignored the best advice and chosen a method that is ineffective and counterproductive,” he said, “and, even if they monitor drumlines through the day, leaving the lines in at night could attract other predators to the area, attracted by those sharks and other species hooked and injured.”
-Worldwide, in 2012, there were 80 attacks by sharks. Seven of the attacks were fatal. This is compared to nearly 100 million sharks killed by humans each year. RSPCA Australia says it believes the cull is wrong. “There is no evidence that the increase in attacks is a result of increasing shark numbers. We think it is the result of a changing population and changing human behaviour; that is, there are more people in the water,” it said.
-Richard Branson said the idea was not working. “I’m sure one of the reasons Western Australia Premier, Colin Barnett, did it was because he was thinking it would encourage tourism. It’s going to do the opposite, I think. You’re advertising a problem that doesn’t exist in a big way and you’re going to stop people from wanting to come to Perth and your beautiful countryside around it. All you’re going to achieve, I think, is to worry people.”",78
-"To a master traditional navigator like Tua Pittman from Raratonga in the Cook Islands, a canoe is much more than just a means of transport. “The canoe is our island, the crew members are the community and the navigator is the leader,” Pittman says. He continues, explaining that the converse is also true. “An island is our canoe, the community are the crew members and the politicians and leaders are the navigators. On a canoe, you are not just going from one destination to another using the stars, the moon, the sun and the birds. Navigation is using the philosophies of being a leader to show your crew members the light of life.”
-It has been a whirlwind week for the crews of the flotilla of four sailing canoes since arriving in Sydney for the start of the World Parks Congress. Tua’s journey began at the Cook Islands on 25 September. The first leg took the islanders to Samoa, then Fiji, Vanuatu and onto the Gold Coast, before heading south to Sydney. Around 100 crew members were involved in the various stages of the voyage and they aimed to travel using only traditional navigation techniques. Unfortunately, said Tua, the crews were forced to rely on modern navigation equipment on some occasions to reach Australia in time for the Congress.
-The official title of the expedition is the Mua Voyage and it is a partnership between the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Oceania Regional Office and five Pacific Island countries: Samoa, Tonga, New Zealand, the Cook Islands and Fiji. The main goal of the 6,000-nautical-mile (11,000km) trip was to deliver a special message to the World Parks Congress.
-In part, the message said: “We see the signs of overexploitation. We no longer see the fish and other marine creatures in the size, diversity or abundance of the past. We witness the change as foreign fishing fleets ply our waters in a race to strip our resources. Our coral reefs, the greatest in the world, and our mangrove and wetland spawning grounds are disappearing. Our ocean is vast but not limitless. Growing global populations and the relentless pursuit of unsustainable development are reducing the ability of our ocean to sustain life.”
-In spite of the effort and urgency behind the Pacific Islanders’ message to the delegates of the Congress, much of the final days of the marine part of the Congress were taken up with trying to set a revised target for the amount of the ocean that needs to be protected in marine sanctuaries. According to the IUCN, as of 2013, the amount of the world’s oceans in marine protected areas was not even three per cent and less than one per cent of that is ’no take’. This was despite a target of 20-30% no-take areas set by the last World Parks Congress held in South Africa in 2003.
-World-leading marine scientist Professor Callum Roberts from the University of York was one of the scientists who helped set the 20-30% target in 2003. But he said it was not enough. “The IUCN should now lift its target from 30 to 33%. New research strengthens the case for the 30% target set previously to now be raised. Any reduction in efforts at this stage and moment in history would be disastrous for our oceans.”
-After difficult negotiations, the World Parks Congress delegates passed a motion that will dramatically shift the goals for global marine management. Instead of the 20-30% aspirational target, the IUCN’s new official position is to “urgently increase the ocean area that is effectively and equitably managed in ecologically representative and well-connected systems of MPAs [marine protected areas] or other effective conservation measures by 2030; these should include strictly protected areas that amount to at least 30% of each marine habitat and address both biodiversity and ecosystem services.”
-Tua Pittman was delighted with the news that a strong resolution on the planet’s oceans had passed the Congress. “It’s just like a huge reward for all the effort that we made to be here and to be heard. To hear they made that resolution is fantastic. It’s a step in the right direction.” He says that, while much of the traditional navigational aids were things such as the sun, moon and stars that never changed and would, at least on a human scale, always be there, other impacts of environmental degradation were becoming clearer when voyaging across the Pacific.
-He said he was 55 and, in his lifetime, he was already beginning to see that it was much harder to catch fish on the open ocean. He also said that pollution was worsening, particularly as the canoes approached big cities such as Sydney. And the effects of climate change were already beginning to impact seriously on Pacific Islanders. “The decisions of the big countries have twice, thrice, four times the impact on the small countries than on developed, large nations. Many times, people don’t even know where our islands are and, from the eyes of a traditional navigator, our people have a very, very deep concern because we are talking about decisions made far away that impact on our homes.”
-The Mua Voyage had been a massive logistical undertaking, said Tua. Years of preparation and navigational planning went into such a trip and it was critical to the voyagers that the world listened to their message and acted. The leaders of wealthy countries, he went on, need to start to think more like traditional navigators who recognize their vessels are mere specks in an enormous sea. Most importantly, and spoken like a true navigator, Tua says politicians must seek a different route to avoid the pending ecological crises that are beginning to befall the small island nations. “The world needs to find a different path.”",79
-"They call him the Robin Hood of the banks, a man who took out dozens of loans, worth almost half a million euros, with no intention of ever paying them back. Instead, Enric Duran handed the money out to projects that created and promoted alternatives to capitalism.
-After 14 months in hiding, Duran is unapologetic, even though his activities could land him in jail. “I’m proud of what I did,” he said in an interview by Skype from an undisclosed location. The money, he said, had created opportunities. “It generated a movement that allowed us to push forward with the construction of alternatives. And it allowed us to build a powerful network that groups together these initiatives.”
-From 2006 to 2008, Duran took out 68 commercial and personal loans from 39 banks in Spain. He farmed the money out to social activists, funding speaking tours against capitalism and TV cameras for a media network. “I saw that, on one side, these social movements were building alternatives but that they lacked resources and communication capacities,” he said. “Meanwhile, our reliance on perpetual growth was creating a system that created money out of nothing.”
-The loans he swindled from banks were his way of regulating and denouncing this situation, he said. He started slowly. “I filled out a few credit applications with my real details. They denied me, but I just wanted to get a feel for what they were asking for.”
-From there, the former table-tennis coach began to weave an intricate web of accounts, payments and transfers. “I was learning constantly.” By the summer of 2007, he had discovered how to make the system work, applying for loans under the name of a false television production company. “Then, I managed to get a lot.” €492,000, to be exact.
-Duran was arrested in Spain in 2009, on charges brought against him by six of the 39 banks that had lent him money. He spent two months in prison before being bailed for €50,000. In February 2013, facing up to eight years in prison, he decided to flee rather than stand trial. “I don’t see legitimacy in a judicial system based on authority, because I don’t recognize its authority,” he said.
-His actions, he said, were in the vanguard of a worldwide debate on the economic crisis. The timing pushed the anti-capitalist movement into the light, just as many Spaniards were seeking alternatives to a system that had wreaked havoc on their lives.
-While the same actions would probably be better understood in today’s Spain, he said that they would not be needed. The anti-capitalist movement has grown from a fringe movement to one supported by thousands of Spaniards, he said, evidenced by the widely supported movements such as the Indignados.
-Success has helped the movement become self- sufficient. “We now have the capacity to generate resources,” said Duran, adding somewhat ironically that this was exactly what banks issue credit for – “to advance and generate a situation that allows you to be independent”. Duran is widening his focus to include Spain’s justice system, by promoting restorative justice. “The people in Spain who believe that banks don’t work, they think that I don’t owe anything. I’ve already done my work,” he said. “But there is a part of a population that is not in agreement with us and I think I should respond to that.”
-In his case, he said, the element of reciprocity he could offer to banks might lie in the insight he gleaned from years of obtaining bank loans fraudulently. He could share his thoughts on “which best practices work and the bad ones that don’t,” he suggested, “for the general population and for bank workers”.",80
-"The small space is set up to look like a classroom. Its corrugated iron walls are hung with educational charts – illustrated letters of the alphabet and a map of Bangladesh.
-But, the constant sound of hammering and the chemicals in the air that catch in the back of the throat and irritate the eyes make it hard to concentrate. The children who learn in this three-square-metre room are the lucky ones, however. They have escaped working in the factories opposite.
-For 14 years, SOHAY, a grassroots non- governmental organization (NGO) funded by the Global Fund for Children and Comic Relief, has been working in slum areas of Dhaka to get child labourers into school. It focuses on children working in hazardous conditions – in aluminium and plastic factories, and tanneries.
-The classroom is one of 23 urban development centres that SOHAY has set up across the capital. The centres prepare children for primary school with classes that help them catch up on their education. Once they are in primary school, the children can do homework at the centres, with help from their peers.
-Alamin, ten, who used to work in a plastic factory, attends one of the centres. His father is a street seller and his mother a part-time domestic worker. They are all happy that he’s now in school and away from hazardous work. His friend Rabi says he wants to forget his past in the factory. “I like school,” he says.
-“The urban development centres aim to create an education-friendly environment in the communities and change their cultural mindset towards the children,” says SOHAY’s programme manager, Mohammed Abdullah al-Mamun. SOHAY also runs sessions for parents and employers to discourage child labour and offers skills training to increase family income.
-“Getting working children into formal education is really very challenging,” says Mamun. “Their psychological and physical condition is not like other children in society. After they leave work, they sometimes find it difficult to make friends and adapt to school. It is also very challenging to ensure they stay in school – the dropout rate is very high for these children. In this context, it’s important to work with schools so they have more sensitivity and care about them.”
-Seven-year-old Zhorna Akter Sumayya has two older brothers, both of whom are in work (one at a restaurant, one at a local club). But, after being introduced to education at one of SOHAY’s centres, she now goes to a state primary school. Her family live in the slum and her parents can’t survive without the income their sons bring home. Her father works in a rickshaw garage and her mother is a domestic worker, but they were keen for their daughter to go to school.
-In 2015, SOHAY helped 1,540 children to leave hazardous work and 2,125 vulnerable children – those in danger of entering work – into school. About 780 more children are preparing to enter school in 2017. The organization is also helping 635 children who are working in hazardous conditions to know their rights under Bangladesh’s 2010 child labour elimination code of conduct. The policy aimed to eradicate all forms of child labour by 2015 but that target was missed.
-The Labour Law of Bangladesh 2006 bans children under the age of 14 from working but, according to the UN children’s agency, UNICEF, 4.7 million children under that age are employed in the informal sector and 1.3 million aged five to 17 work in hazardous industries.
-“It was difficult to get them into school without any compensation for their time,” says Sadia Nasrin, who runs Sonjag, another Dhaka grassroots NGO. “To overcome this challenge, Sonjag started working closely with the community in the slums where the children live.”
-The organization talked to community members about why it was important to get children into school. They selected community volunteers who were motivated to change children’s lives and formed groups with social workers, community leaders, mothers, young volunteers and the local government.
-“The groups play a vital role in motivating employers to let children leave for two to three hours a day to attend school and to ensure a safe workplace for the children. The ultimate change-makers are the community people,” says Nasrin.
-She adds that people living in slums face threats of eviction, police raids and displacement. “The national plan of action for children does not recognize the needs of street children,” says Nasrin. “Legislative measures are limited.”
-When the children have missed starting school at five years old, it is a race against time to prevent them from growing up without an education. “After they cross their school age, it is really very difficult to admit them into school,” says Mamun. “Children are just passing their time without education and waiting to become involved in hazardous work. We are working to block the child labour flow.”",81
-"Serial dater Emmanuel Limal was tired of meeting women who weren’t ready to start a family, or at least wouldn’t admit that they were. The 43-year-old actor, originally from France, had spent 20 years living in Copenhagen and looking for love in the hope of raising children. He recently took his quest online but was dismayed by the results.
-“I got frustrated with everyone trying to sell themselves as really active, always travelling or with a long list of hobbies, but no mention of children,” Limal said. “On some sites, there was an option to click, saying: 'I’d like kids someday,' but you would read the person’s profile and think: 'You will never have time!' If someone’s going to the gym eight times a week and travelling every month, they are not putting a family first.”
-Limal has a six-year-old daughter from a previous relationship, but coming from a big family – his father is one of 11 – he has always wanted more children. “I couldn’t seem to meet anyone willing to prioritize starting a family and struggled with when to mention wanting kids any time I met someone new. It’s the ultimate dating taboo,” he said. “Then one day I read a profile from a 38-year-old who said she knew it was 'really bad to admit' but she wanted children. And I just thought: 'You shouldn’t be ashamed of this.'”
-Limal remortgaged his apartment to fund the setting up of Babyklar.nu – or 'baby-ready now' in English. It functions like a normal dating site but every potential dater is asked to be honest about their wish to start a family soon. “We ask people if they are OK with someone who already has children as well as wanting another baby,” Limal said. “But we don’t make them specify how many children they’d like. That would be a bit too much like grocery shopping online.”
-The response to the site has been overwhelming, he said. “We had 50 sign-ups an hour when we launched in June and we are already hearing from couples who have met through the site and are now together. I’m fully expecting the first Babyklar.nu baby by next summer.” More men have signed up than women (53% to 47%), with testimonials such as “It’s so lovely to be able to say this out loud” and “I finally dare to be honest about what I want.”
-The site has come at an opportune time for the country of five million people. Danes are not having enough babies, according to a report from the Copenhagen hospital Rigshospitalet, and the current rate of 1.7 children per family is not enough to maintain Denmark’s population. The usual suspects are being blamed for the new low – women leaving it “too late” and couples cohabiting and waiting to start families.
-“Now, I hope, men and women who want to start a family but haven’t met the right person yet will have another option,” says Limal. He’s keen to point out that this isn’t just about baby farming: “I want this to be about children and love. My goal is to pair up people who really want a family and a partner – and who’ll stay together. I’m a romantic at heart.”
-There are plans to roll out the site in France and the UK later in 2013, but for now it is the Danes who are reaping the benefits. “Danes have no problem having children before marriage so things can move fast and, because the country’s so small, a Jutlander can date a Copenhagener without too much travel,” Limal said. What’s more, Limal has finally found love. “I’ve met a nice woman and she wants a baby too – so we shall see.”",82
-"The brand and logo of Apple are the most valuable in the world. They are worth nearly $119 billion – that is more than the economies of Morocco, Ecuador or Oman.
-The brand value of Apple, the world’s biggest company, has increased by 21% in 12 months, the Interbrand Best Global Brands report said.
-People all around the world recognize Apple by its simple “Apple with a bite missing” logo. Other technology companies have also done very well in the 2014 report. The technology companies pushed more traditional brands – such as Coca-Cola, McDonald’s and Gillette – down the table.
-Google’s brand value rose by 15% to $107 billion to take second place. Coca-Cola, in third place, is up 3% to $81.5 billion. IBM’s value is $72.2 billion and Microsoft’s $45.5 billion. They are in fourth and fifth places.
-Facebook’s value has increased the most in the table. Its brand value increased by 86% to $14.3 billion. It is at 29th place in the table, ahead of older global companies such as Volkswagen, Kellogg’s and Ford.
-Apple was started by Steve Jobs in his Los Altos garage in 1976. It only appeared in the top ten of the Interbrand annual study in 2011.
-Its logo was created by advertising executive Rob Janoff in 1977. It was designed with a bite taken out of it so that it would not look like a cherry.
-Graham Hayles, Interbrand’s chief marketing officer, said, “Apple makes a lot of money because it has a very strong brand. If you have a strong brand, you make more money.”
-Many technology companies rose up the chart but some fell, too. Finnish mobile-phone company Nokia dropped 41 places to 98th at $4.1 billion, just ahead of Nintendo in 100th place (down 33).
-A Chinese company has appeared in the top 100 for the first time, with mobile-phone and broadband company Huawei at 94th place. It has a brand value of $4.3 billion.
-Most of the brands in the top 100 are American. The most valuable non-American brands are South Korea’s Samsung (6th), Japan’s Toyota (8th) and Germany’s Mercedes-Benz (10th). The most valuable British brands are HSBC (33rd), Shell (65th) and Burberry (73rd).
-Other fashion brands in the top 100 include Boss, Prada and Ralph Lauren. Designer label Louis Vuitton is the top fashion name, in 19th position with a value of $23 billion, just ahead of clothing chain H&M, with a brand value of $21 billion in place 21.
-Sports brand Nike is at place 22 with a brand value of nearly $20 billion, ahead of its rival Adidas at place 59 with a value of $7 billion.
-Jez Frampton, chief executive of Interbrand, said that customers now have more control than ever over a brand’s reputation. This is because they can make comments about a brand on social media, such as Twitter.
-“Customers expect interaction, 24/7 accessibility, customization options and high levels of personalization,” he said.",83
-"Health warnings that cover nearly two-thirds of cigarette packs and a ban on menthol cigarettes in the EU have come a step nearer after a vote in the European Parliament.
-Menthol and other flavours will be banned from 2022, and MEPs also decided that most electronic cigarettes, which are increasingly popular as alternatives to tobacco products, do not need to be regulated in the same way as medicines.
-Health officials and the e-cigarette industry in Britain want to clarify what this means – for instance, whether e-cigarette companies will have the same bans on sponsorship and promotion at sports events as tobacco firms.
-The Department of Health would not comment on the advertising issue until officials had studied the MEPs’ decisions. But, in a statement, the DH said: “We are very pleased to see tougher action on tobacco, with European controls banning flavoured cigarettes and the introduction of stricter rules on front-of-pack health warnings.
-“However, we are disappointed with the decision not to regulate nicotine-containing products (NCPs), including e-cigarettes, as medicines. We believe these products need to be regulated as medicines and will continue to make this point during further negotiations.
-“Smoking levels in England are at their lowest since records began – 19.5 per cent – but we are determined to further reduce rates of smoking and believe this important step will help.”
-The UK e-cigarette industry, which welcomed the parliament’s vote, said it was already in talks with the Advertising Standards Authority but added that it would not be “sensible, reasonable or useful” to ban all advertising.
-MEPs decided e-cigarettes should only be regulated as medical products if manufacturers claimed they could prevent the smoking of tobacco – a decision criticized by the government’s main medicines regulator.
-They want to put the e-cigarettes, used by an estimated 1.3 million people in Britain, on the same legal basis as gums, patches and mouth sprays, which help smokers to quit, but the industry says that licensing is expensive and this would force alternatives to tobacco off the shelves.
-The MEPs voted to put health warnings on 65% of each cigarette pack. At present, the warnings cover at least 30% on the front and 40% on the back. The UK government has delayed a decision on whether to follow Australia by introducing standardized packaging until there is evidence that this will reduce tobacco use.
-The MEPs’ decision, which could become law in 2014, will be followed by negotiations with the EU Council of Ministers.
-“The UK continues to believe that medicinal regulation of NCPs is the best way to improve public health,” said a spokesman for the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Authority.
-Linda McAvan, Labour MEP for Yorkshire and the Humber and spokesperson on tobacco issues for the parliament’s Socialists & Democrats group, said: “We know that it is children, not adults, who start smoking. And, although there are fewer and fewer adult smokers in most member states, the World Health Organization figures show an increase in a number of our member states of young smokers.
-“We need to stop tobacco companies targeting young people with gimmicky products and we need to make sure that cigarette packs have effective warnings.”
-Martin Callanan, the Conservative MEP for North East England, said: “Forcing e-cigarettes off the shelves would have been totally crazy. These are products that have helped many people stop smoking more harmful cigarettes and yet some MEPs wanted to make them harder to manufacture than ordinary tobacco.”
-British American Tobacco said the larger health warnings demanded by MEPs were not necessary and that a ban on mentholated cigarettes would increase demand for black-market products.",84
-"Coal will probably rival oil as the world’s biggest source of energy in the next five years. This might be a disaster for the climate.
-One of the biggest reasons behind the rise in coal use is the big increase in the use of shale gas in the US.
-New research from the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that all over the world people are using more coal, except in the US, where shale gas is now more popular than coal. Because the US is using less coal, coal prices across the world have reduced. This has made coal more attractive, even in Europe.
-Maria van der Hoeven, Executive Director of the IEA, said that the amount of coal we use “continues to grow each year and, if no changes are made, coal will catch oil within ten years.”
-Coal is available in large amounts and it can be found in most regions of the world, unlike oil and gas, and it is cheap to extract. The IEA says that China and India will drive world coal use in the next five years, and India will probably overtake the US as the world’s second biggest consumer. China is the biggest coal importer, and Indonesia is the biggest coal exporter.
-According to the IEA’s Medium-Term Coal Market Report, the world will burn 1.2bn more tonnes of coal per year by 2017 compared with today.
-With the highest carbon emissions, coal makes climate change a lot worse, especially when it is burned in old-fashioned, inefficient power stations. Coal can also produce sulphur emissions – these lead to acid rain – and mercury and soot-particle pollution.
-Van der Hoeven says that we should make coal more expensive so that people prefer to use cleaner technologies such as renewable power. Providing cheaper gas is the only way to reduce demand for coal. This has happened in the US because of the big increase in the production of shale gas there in the past five years.
-She said: “The US experience suggests that a more efficient gas market can reduce coal use, carbon dioxide emissions and electricity bills. Europe, China and other regions should take note.”
-If something isn’t done soon there will be more climate change.",85
-"The problem with Google Glasses, says Takahito Iguchi, is that they’re not cool. He has a point. There’s already a website dedicated to people wearing them looking either ridiculous or smug or, more often, both. It possibly wasn’t Google’s smartest move to release the first 10,000 pairs to software developers rather than, say, supermodels or Scarlett Johansson. Search Google Images and one of the first hits is a picture of a large, naked man wearing them in the shower. And it’s this that Iguchi, a Japanese entrepreneur, hopes may be Google’s Achilles’ heel. He is launching a competitor that is a bit more stylized. A bit more Blade Runner. A bit more Japanese.
-Iguchi’s augmented reality glasses, which aren’t really glasses so much as a single piece of metal with a camera and a micro-projector, are called Telepathy One, and, after unveiling them at the South by Southwest festival in Austin, Texas, they have attracted $5m of venture capital. Like Glass, Telepathy One is due to launch in 2014.
-It’s a stripped-down, simplified version of Google Glass. Whereas Glass is, he says, “an egotistical device” with a range of uses – you can surf the net, read emails, take photographs, do unspecified things with as yet unspecified apps – Telepathy will be “more of a communication device”. Connected via Bluetooth to your phone, it will focus on real- time visual and audio sharing. You’ll be able to post photos and videos from your line of vision on Facebook or send them as an email. Or see and speak to a floating video image of a friend.
-“It will help bring you close to your friends and family. We are very focused on the communication and sharing possibilities,” says Iguchi, who has worked in the Japanese tech industry for 20 years, most recently developing a location-based phone app called Sekai Camera.
-Of course, not everyone wants to get closer to the man in the futuristic headset, I point out. Iguchi shakes his head. “I’m a visionary. I have a dream that people will understand other people. When I go to London, I am a stranger. Sometimes I feel fear. But I believe that everyone wants to be understood and to understand each other. And, with this device, you can know more information about people before you even speak to them.”
-Compared to the likes of Google, of course, Telepathy is a minnow. Not that this seems to daunt Takahito Iguchi. In his shared office space in San Francisco – a cool, converted warehouse in the heart of startup land, filled with twentysomethings – he quotes Sun Tzu’s The Art of War and points out that even tiny armies can sometimes beat mighty forces. When he was growing up, Japanese technology ruled the world: the Sony Walkman was the iPhone of its day. Now, to compete, he’s had to quit Tokyo for Silicon Valley.
-“Tokyo is very rich in fashion and culture but it’s still an island. It’s isolated. There is not any way to expand. Whereas, in Silicon Valley, everyone is from everywhere. It’s where you come to connect globally.” The hardware will be made in Japan, while he is putting together a team of software engineers in the US to develop its applications. On the day I meet him, he’s being shadowed by a news crew from Japan who are interested in the new wave of Japanese entrepreneurs being forced to leave their homeland.
-“We are losing our confidence,” the correspondent, Takashi Yanagisawa, tells me. “And we need to find a way to regain our power. Iguchi is kind of like the new frontier. We hope he might be a new solution.” Building the prototype of Telepathy One was easy, Iguchi says. “We have every sort of technology in Tokyo. It is presenting it to the world that is the challenge.” The leading manufacturers are lining up to work with him, he says, because they have the technology, they just struggle to sell it. “There needs to be a story to the product. Like Apple did with the iPod – 1,000 songs in your pocket. And the way they positioned themselves against Microsoft and IBM, it was like the story of David and Goliath. And Steve Jobs was inspired by Akio Morita, the co-founder of Sony, and he inspired me, so maybe it will come in a circle.”
-Maybe. He certainly has the confidence of Jobs, although, with a thick Japanese accent, he sometimes struggles to make himself understood, a fact that may have contributed to Telepathy One’s conception. When he went to London to present the headset at the prestigious Founders Forum, he stayed in an Airbnb. “The house owner was not my friend but I talked with him for three hours, and now he is my friend. That is how long it takes to understand each other, to share our feelings, and background, and career. Maybe Telepathy makes that shorter. If you are getting info from the cloud and social networks, that will happen more easily. And this man is involved in getting investment from UK to Africa, and he was very excited about Telepathy, that it would be a way of educating people about Africa, of showing them other people’s point of view.”
-This is Iguchi’s fondest hope – that seeing somebody else’s literal point of view will help you to see their metaphorical point of view. As a student, he explains, he studied philosophy by day and taught himself how to code by night. “And, one day, I opened the door of my apartment and I suddenly realized that everything is code. That was my enlightenment. Everything is coded and is shareable between humans. And everything can be encoded and decoded. And, if code is exchangeable between humans, that will end all war against each other.”",86
-"Although much of his work, and arguably nearly all the best of it, was firmly within the discipline of the blues, BB King was always open-minded and interested when he found himself in other settings, bridging musical and cultural differences with affability and skill. Perhaps it is premature to speak of “the last of the bluesmen” but it is hard to imagine any future blues artist matching King’s influence over musicians by the thousand and audiences by the million in a career spanning 65 years.
-Riley B King (the B did not seem to stand for a name) was born near Itta Bena, Mississippi and grew up with the limited prospects of an African-American agricultural worker, a barrier he gradually worked to overcome as he learnt the basics of guitar from a family friend and honed his singing with a quartet of gospel singers. In his early 20s, he moved to Memphis.
-Within a couple of years, he was playing regularly at a bar in West Memphis, Arkansas. He also became a disc jockey, presenting a show on a Memphis radio station. His billing, “The Beale Street Blues Boy”, was shortened to “Blues Boy King” and thence to “BB”. After a single session in 1949 for a Nashville label, King began recording for the West Coast-based Modern Records in 1950.
-He had his first hit in 1952, with a dramatic rearrangement of Three O’Clock Blues, which topped the R&B chart for 15 weeks; it was the first of a list of successes such as Please Love Me, You Upset Me Baby and Sweet Sixteen . On these and his dozens of other recordings, most of them his own compositions, King developed a style that was both innovative and rooted in blues history. He was always ready to praise the musicians who had influenced him and would usually mention T-Bone Walker first.
-“I’ve tried my best to get that sound,” he told the Guitar Player magazine. “I came pretty close but never quite got it.” In an interview in 2001, he said: “If T-Bone Walker had been a woman I would have asked him to marry me.” But he would also cite the earlier blues guitarists Blind Lemon Jefferson and Lonnie Johnson and the jazz players Charlie Christian and Django Reinhardt.
-He once explained that his guitar technique was partly based on his lack of skill: “I started to bend notes because I could never play in the bottleneck style, like Elmore James and Booker White. I loved that sound but just couldn’t do it.” He was similarly self-deprecating about his singing, a sumptuous blend of honey and lemon, mixed half-and-half from crooners such as Nat King Cole and blues shouters such as Joe Turner and Dr Clayton. Probably his favourite composer and singer was Louis Jordan, whose music he commemorated in the 1999 album Let the Good Times Roll.
-Throughout the 1950s, King was the leading blues artist on the circuit of black-patronized theatres and clubs on an interminable series of one-nighters. In 1956, he is supposed to have filled 342 engagements. In 1962, he tried to change that working pattern by signing with a major label, ABC, but the first records under that contract, which tried to reshape him as a mainstream pop singer, were as unsatisfactory to his admirers as they were to ABC’s accountants.
-The 1965 album Live at the Regal, however, proved the durability of King’s blues repertoire and has become iconic, a turning point in the early listening of many younger musicians. He had further R&B hits with blues numbers including How Blue Can You Get and Paying the Cost to Be the Boss , and, in 1969, he hit the upper reaches of the pop charts – where no blues artist had been for many years – with The Thrill Is Gone .
-It took him a while to establish himself with a rock audience, for whom the blues was largely defined by the Chicago school of Muddy Waters and Howlin’ Wolf but he was brought to their attention by musicians who admired him. “About a year and a half ago,” he said in 1969, “all of a sudden, kids started coming up to me saying, 'You’re the greatest blues guitarist in the world.' And I’d say, 'Who told you that?' And they’d say, 'Mike Bloomfield' or 'Eric Clapton'. It’s to these youngsters that I owe my new popularity.” He acquired further rock credibility with the 1970 album Indianola Mississippi Seeds, on which he collaborated with Carole King and Joe Walsh.
-From then on, King was firmly established as “the chairman of the board of blues singers”. Guided by his manager, Sidney Seidenberg, he embarked on international concert tours that took him to Japan, Australia, China and Russia. He also gave concerts to prisoners at the Cook County jail in Chicago and at San Quentin, experiences that led to his long involvement in rehabilitation programmes.
-In 1990, King was diagnosed with diabetes and cut back his touring but not so much that his followers outside the US could not catch up with him every year or two. Though he would now deliver most of his act seated, the strength of his singing and the fluency of his playing were only very gradually diminished. The celebrations for his 80th birthday, in 2005, included an award-winning album of collaborations with Clapton, Mark Knopfler, Roger Daltrey, Gloria Estefan and others, tributes from musicians as diverse as Bono, Amadou Bagayoko and Elton John, and a “farewell tour” that proved not to be a farewell at all.
-In 2009, King received a Grammy award, for best traditional blues album, for One Kind Favor. In 2012, he performed at a concert at the White House, where the US President, Barack Obama, joined him to sing Sweet Home Chicago. King was twice married and twice divorced. He is survived by 11 children by various partners; four others predeceased him.",87
-"At Addis Ababa airport, visitors are greeted by pictures of golden grains, tiny red seeds and a group of men around a giant pancake. The words say: “Teff: the ultimate gluten-free crop!”
-Ethiopia is one of the world’s poorest countries, well known for its difficult food situation. But it is also the home of teff, a highly nutritious ancient grain that is now being sold in health-food shops and supermarkets in Europe and America.
-Teff’s tiny seeds – the size of poppy seeds – are high in calcium, iron and protein, and also amino acids. Naturally gluten free, the grain can be used instead of wheat flour in anything from bread and pasta to waffles and pizza bases. Like quinoa, the Andean grain, teff’s superb nutritional profile offers the promise of new and lucrative markets in the west.
-In Ethiopia, teff is a national obsession. Grown by around 6.3 million farmers, fields of the crop cover more than 20% of all farmland. It is ground into flour and used to make injera, the flatbread that is basic to Ethiopian cooking. The grain is also central to many religious and cultural ceremonies. Across the country, and in neighbouring Eritrea, people gather around large pieces of injera, which is also used as cutlery, scooping up stews and feeding one another as a sign of loyalty or friendship – a tradition known as gursha.
-The growing appetite for traditional crops and the booming health-food and gluten-free markets are breathing new life into the grain, which is increasingly being called Ethiopia’s “second gift to the world”, after coffee.
-Sophie Kebede, a London-based businesswoman who owns a UK company specializing in the grain, says she was “flabbergasted” when she discovered its nutritional value. “I didn’t know it was so sought after. I am of Ethiopian origin; I’ve been eating injera all my life.”
-Growing demand for so-called ancient grains has not always been a simple positive for poor communities. In Bolivia and Peru, there are reports of rising incomes from the now-global quinoa trade, but also malnutrition and conflicts over land, as farmers sell their entire crop to meet western demand.
-Ethiopia’s growing middle class is also increasing demand for teff and rising prices have made the grain too expensive for the poorest people. Today, most small farmers sell most of what they grow to people in the city.
-This may have helped boost incomes in some rural areas but it has had nutritional consequences, says the government, as teff is the most nutritionally valuable grain in the country. In urban areas, people eat up to 61kg of teff a year. In rural areas, the figure is 20kg. The type of teff people eat is different, too: the rich eat the more expensive magna and white teff varieties; poorer people usually eat less-valuable red and mixed teff and more than half combine it with cheaper cereals such as sorghum and maize.
-The Ethiopian government wants to double teff production by 2015. It says that the grain could play an important role in school meals and emergency aid programmes, and help reduce malnutrition – particularly among children and adolescents.
-Though Ethiopia has a fast-growing economy, it remains on the UN’s list of least-developed countries. An estimated 20% of under-fives are malnourished.
-The government’s Agricultural Transformation Agency aims to boost crops by developing improved varieties of the grain and introducing new planting techniques and tools.
-The government does not allow the export of raw teff grain, only of injera and other processed products. But this could change: the goal is to produce enough teff for Ethiopia and for export.
-Mama Fresh is a family company that has been selling injera to top restaurants and hotels in the Ethiopian capital for years. It also exports the flatbread to Finland, Germany, Sweden and the US, mostly for Ethiopians who live there. But, the company wants to double exports to America in 2014 and will soon start producing teff-based pizzas, bread and cookies.
-Regassa Feyissa, an Ethiopian agricultural scientist and former head of the National Institute for Biodiversity, warns that, without careful planning, increased teff production for export may mean that farmers do not grow other important crops.
-With not much Ethiopian teff on the international market, farmers in the US have started planting the crop. Farmers in Europe, Israel and Australia have also experimented with it.",88
-"Up to a billion people will remain in extreme poverty by 2030 unless countries focus on inequalities and confront social, economic and cultural forces that block their escape or pull them back into impoverishment, a major report warns. The report by the Chronic Poverty Advisory Network (CPAN) asserts that many people may rise above the poverty line of $1.25 a day, only to tumble back when they are hit by a combination or sequence of shocks such as drought, illness and insecurity or conflict.
-Drawing on household panel surveys, the report found that, in parts of rural Kenya and in South Africa, 30 to 40% of those who escaped from poverty fell back, rising to 60% in some areas of Ethiopia between 1999 and 2009. Even in successful countries such as Indonesia and Vietnam, the proportion has been 20%. Individual cases highlight the ease with which people can slip back into poverty.
-Amin, 61, from rural Bangladesh, has seen his livelihood gradually decline, due to his own and his wife’s illnesses, the cost of his son’s marriage, the death of his father and loss of goods such as fishing nets. Lovemore, 74, from Zimbabwe, has become one of the poorest people in his village. He recently lost his job as a car-park attendant due to ill health and had to take in his five grandchildren after the death of his daughters.
-“We need to ensure that people lifted out of poverty remain above the poverty line permanently. Too many families are experiencing 'two steps forward, one step back', where they struggle to recover from personal or bigger setbacks. Governments shouldn’t assume that, just because somebody’s income hits $1.25, that means job done,” said Andrew Shepherd, research fellow at the Overseas Development Institute, a partner of CPAN, and lead author of the report.
-A UN high-level panel considering a new development framework to succeed the Millennium Development Goals after 2015 said the goal of eliminating extreme poverty by 2030 was within reach. The report, however, argues that “more of the same” will not get to zero.
-Despite a drop in extreme poverty from 1.9bn in 1990 to 1.2bn in 2010, the report says that progress in the next 15 years will be much harder. The big gains in China are unlikely to be matched by similar progress elsewhere, while climate-related shocks and deep poverty in parts of sub-Saharan Africa will slow momentum. The report calls for a shift in thinking about poverty to focus on the chronically poor – those who are poor for many years or their entire lives – and for more emphasis on stopping impoverishment, the descent into poverty. “Governments have been quite good at moving people over the poverty line because that is relatively easy – there is a tendency to pick the low-hanging fruit, but they have shied away from the more difficult job of tackling chronic poverty,” said Shepherd.
-The report says progress on poverty reduction, while impressive to date, has had less of an impact on the chronically poor than on those who were already closer to the poverty line. It will not be possible to get to zero unless development policies prioritize those living in chronic poverty, it adds. Policymakers must aim for a “zero tripod” of separate but interdependent objectives: tackle chronic poverty; stop impoverishment; sustain poverty escapes. They put forward a trio of policies, all of which require massive global investment.
-The first is social assistance – a safety net – to bring the poorest people closer to a decent standard of living. An example of such a scheme is Ethiopia’s productive safety net programme that allowed thousands of vulnerable households to withstand drought without having to curtail education spending. The second is education, from early childhood to the start of work, to enable people to escape and stay out of poverty. Education also has the advantage of being a “portable” asset. The third is pro-poorest economic growth policies to ensure that the benefits of increasing national prosperity reach the very poorest people.
-“Economic growth really is critical, but not just any old growth,” Shepherd said. “It has to generate not just employment but decent jobs, not just insecure low-paying jobs. There are ways of doing this, like India’s rural employment guarantees scheme, which has boosted urban not just rural wages.” Another example cited by the report is South Africa’s extension of the minimum wage to groups such as domestic workers.
-All this will take money and the report says one obvious implication is that stronger domestic tax systems and greater tax revenues will be required. Aid will also be needed for the start-up costs for social assistance, universal health coverage and to finance education, including scholarships for the poorest children. “There remains a huge role for aid in the next 20 years, as many developing countries spend less than $500 on each of their citizens a year. Even Nigeria, with its oil wealth, spends only $650 per capita,” Shepherd said.
-Against a backdrop of crises in Syria, South Sudan and the Central African Republic, conflict and environmental disasters have to be addressed, and the report says it is essential that governments work to reduce the risk of conflict and to establish inclusive peace settlements.
-Choose the best answer according to the text. 1. Who are the 'chronically poor'?
-Incorporating “reducing (income) inequality” as a post-2015 goal would steer the international agenda in the right direction, given that lessening or containing inequality speeds up the impact of economic growth on poverty reduction. The report argues that if the inequalities that affect the poorest people – such as access to land, labour markets and the power relationships between men and women – are addressed, this would tackle two goals at the same time: reducing chronic poverty and inequality.
-The authors urge governments to develop an inclusive national development plan and to work with civil society to ensure the poorest people are represented politically as well as tackling difficult social norms such as dowries and witchcraft that contribute to extreme poverty: “This often means challenging and, perhaps, sweeping away aspects of the status quo and represents the most marked departure from 'business as usual'.”",89
-"Organic food has more of the antioxidant compounds linked to better health than regular food, and lower levels of toxic metals and pesticides, according to the most comprehensive scientific analysis to date. The international team behind the work suggests that switching to organic fruit and vegetables could give the same benefits as adding one or two portions of the recommended 'five a day'.
-The team, led by Professor Carlo Leifert at Newcastle University, concludes that there are “statistically significant, meaningful” differences, with a range of antioxidants being “substantially higher” – between 19% and 69% – in organic food. It is the first study to demonstrate clear and wide-ranging differences between organic and conventional fruits, vegetables and cereals.
-The researchers say the increased levels of antioxidants are equivalent to “one to two of the five portions of fruits and vegetables recommended to be consumed daily and would therefore be significant and meaningful in terms of human nutrition, if information linking these compounds to the health benefits associated with increased fruit, vegetable and wholegrain consumption is confirmed”.
-The findings will add to the controversy over organic food and whether it is better for people, with one expert saying that the findings were exaggerated. Tom Sanders, a professor of nutrition at King’s College London, said the research did show some differences. “But the question is are they within natural variation? And are they nutritionally relevant? I am not convinced.” He said Leifert’s work had caused controversy in the past. “Leifert has had a lot of disagreements with a lot of people.” Sanders added the research showed organic cereals have less protein than conventional crops.
-The results of the research are based on an analysis of 343 peer-reviewed studies from around the world – more than ever before – which examine differences between organic and conventional fruit, vegetables and cereals. “The crucially important thing about this research is that it shatters the myth that how we farm does not affect the quality of the food we eat,” said Helen Browning, chief executive of the Soil Association, which campaigns for organic farming.
-Plants produce many of their antioxidant compounds to fight back against pest attacks, so the higher levels in organic crops may result from their lack of protection by chemical sprays. But, the scientists say other reasons may be important, such as organic varieties being bred for toughness and not being overfed with artificial fertilizers.
-Leifert and his colleagues conclude that many antioxidants “have previously been linked to a reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and certain cancers”. But, they also note that no long-term studies showing health benefits from a broad organic diet have yet been conducted. The researchers found much higher levels of cadmium, a toxic metal, in conventional crops. Pesticide residues were found on conventional crops four times more often than on organic food. The research was funded by the EU and an organic farming charity.
-The research is certain to be criticized: the inclusion of so many studies in the analysis could mean poor-quality work skews the results, although the team did “sensitivity analyses” and found that excluding weaker work did not significantly change the outcome. Also, the higher levels of cadmium and pesticides in conventional produce were still well below regulatory limits. But, the researchers say cadmium accumulates over time in the body and that some people may wish to avoid this, and that pesticide limits are set individually, not for the cocktail of chemicals used on crops.
-A further criticism is that the differences seen may result from different climates, soil types and crop varieties, and not from organic farming, though the researchers argue that combining many studies should average out these other differences. The greatest criticism, however, will be over the suggestions of potential health benefits. The most recent major analysis, which took in 223 studies in 2012, found little evidence. “The published literature lacks strong evidence that organic foods are significantly more nutritious than conventional foods,” it found.
-This was also the conclusion of earlier, smaller studies published in 2009 in a scientific journal and by the UK Food Standards Agency, though the latter considered just 11 studies. The 2012 study did note that eating organic food might help people avoid pesticide residues. Sanders said he was not persuaded by the new work. “You are not going to be better nourished if you eat organic food,” he said. “What is most important is what you eat, not whether it’s organic or conventional. It’s whether you eat fruit and vegetables at all. People are buying into a lifestyle system. They get an assurance it is not being grown with chemicals and is not grown by big business.”
-Opinion polls show healthy eating (55%) and avoiding chemical residues (53%) are key reasons cited by shoppers for buying organic produce. But, many also say care for the environment (44%) and animal welfare (31%) are important, as is taste (35%). Browning said: “This research backs up what people think about organic food. In other countries, there have long been much higher levels of support and acceptance of the benefits of organic food and farming. We hope these findings will bring the UK into line with the rest of Europe.”",90
-"Lego’s profits rose strongly in the first half of 2014, helped by the success of its Lego Movie in the US and UK.
-The Danish toy company sold a lot more products in Europe, North and South America, and Asiaas children bought products linked to the film.
-The film took more than $250 million in the US and £31 million in the UK between February and April 2014.
-The movie cost about $60 million to make. It is entertaining and aimed at people who are likely to buy the company’s products.
-Lego’s finance director, John Goodwin, said that the Lego Movie products had a positive effect on profits during the first half of 2014. They are now waiting to see what will happen after the movie comes out on DVD in the second half of 2014.
-Jørgen Vig Knudstorp, Lego’s chief executive, said that Lego were very happy that they have sold more products in the first half of 2014. He said this was a result of Lego’s ability to develop, launch and distribute Lego products, which children all over the world put at the top of their wishlists.
-Lego, based in the small town of Billund in Denmark, started producing its plastic bricks in 1949 and became a popular and well-known children’s toy around the world by the 1970s.
-In 2003, the company nearly collapsed. Then, Knudstrop became Lego’s new chief executive. He got rid of hundreds of products and, then, refocused the business on its bricks.
-The company opened its first factory in China in April 2014.",91
-"Cathal Redmond was swimming off the Greek coast and he was sure he had taken some great photos of colourful fish with his first underwater camera. But, when he looked at the results later, the photos were brown and murky. He took the pictures while holding his breath underwater and blamed the limited time he had to set up the shots. All he needed, he thought, was a little more time to photograph the fish in their natural environment.
-He decided to invent something to make that little extra time a reality and the result is his invention of the Express Dive – a refillable air storage device, which is held in the mouth and lets people swim underwater for two minutes. It bridges the gap between snorkelling, with its limitations, and scuba diving, which gives divers the freedom to breathe underwater but requires heavy and expensive gear. The prototype of the invention looks like a combination of a scuba mouthpiece and a water bottle.
-“I wanted to enable people to do more. So, rather than just go underwater and spend 30 seconds holding their breath, I wanted people to do a little bit more,” says Redmond, 27. In 2006, the Irish designer completed a scuba-diving course and loved the feeling of being able to breathe underwater and observe fish in their natural environment. Less enjoyable, however, was all the equipment he needed.
-“I was very aware of the fact that I had about 50kg of equipment on me and going under the water felt strange when you are used to trying to keep yourself at the surface. It was a very surreal experience,” he says. “The real problem is that scuba diving is very limiting. Although it allows you to stay underwater for longer, you have to plan your whole day around it. You have 20kg to 50kg of gear with you – you can’t be walking on the beach and decide you want to go in. Planning is a very big part of it.”
-It was during a final-year project for his product design degree that Redmond produced the Express Dive. The device has two main parts. When above the surface, the unit sucks in air through a vent in the mouthpiece. The air is compressed through valves and stored in the tank. The tank has a light that flashes green when it is full. When air is no longer being taken in, the vent shuts off and, as the person dives, air is fed back via the mouthpiece.
-The light turns from green to red when the air start to run out. The device can take in enough air for two minutes of diving and takes approximately the same amount of time to refill. “When you put the compressor into the unit with all of the rest of the stuff, the batteries and the electronics, the difficult thing was to make it small enough so that people could hold it in their mouths,” Redmond says.
-Redmond says the mouthpiece feels similar to using a snorkel. He compares it to an extension of the lungs in that the user is taking a deep breath and then using it underwater. “It is an extension of the body’s ability to store air,” he says. The prototype has been tested in parts. Redmond says he has shown that the motor can compress two minutes’ worth of air into the unit and that the design can be held in the diver’s mouth.
-What he has not yet done is test the device on a diver, fully submerged for two minutes. But, with enough testing, Redmond is confident he can get a fully working device that will not endanger swimmers underwater. The device will probably cost £280, he says, and it is likely to weigh from 1kg to 3kg depending on the safety features needed.
-To anyone who thinks two minutes of air is no more than a very small improvement on snorkelling, Redmond says it could make a big difference underwater. The typical swimmer can hold their breath for about 40 seconds while underwater, he says. “Two minutes is not a lot of time but it is a lot longer than that,” he says.",92
-"Barack Obama has told young people to reject pessimism and meet people who have different political beliefs if they want to change the world.
-On the last day of his last visit to Britain as US president, Obama told 500 youth leaders at a meeting in London: “Reject the idea that there are things we can’t control. As JFK said, our problems are manmade and can be solved by man.”
-“You’ve never had better tools to make a difference,” he told the students at the question-and-answer session. “Reject pessimism and know that progress is possible.”
-But Obama said he knew that young people had many challenges. He said it was a time of great change, with 9/11, 7/7, and with so much information and bad news, for example on Twitter.
-The president told the audience to meet and talk with people who have different political beliefs: “Look for people who don’t agree with you and it will also help you to compromise.”
-Obama said he was proud of his healthcare reforms and talked about the 2008 financial crisis: “I saved the world from depression – that was quite good.”
-He also said that his talks with Iran and the response to the Ebola crisis were some of the best things about his presidency.
-Tanya Williams, a community officer, said: “I like Barack Obama and it’s exciting to hear someone who has changed so much.”
-Oliver Sidorczuk, 26, said: “Everyone is extremely excited to listen to what he has to say.”
-Furqan Naeem, from Manchester, said: “I recently visited the United States and I saw some really important work the president did – the work brought different people together.”
-Later, Obama met Labour Party Leader, Jeremy Corbyn, who said they had an “excellent” 90-minute discussion. They also talked about Britain’s membership of the EU.
-After the meeting, Obama played golf with British Prime Minister, David Cameron. Obama had dinner with Cameron and the US ambassador, Matthew Barzun, and, then, travelled to Germany.",93
-"A few months before he died, Carl Sagan recorded a message of hope to would-be Mars explorers, telling them: “Whatever the reason you’re on Mars is, I’m glad you’re there. And I wish I was with you.”
-Seventeen years after the pioneering astronomer set out his hopeful vision of the future in 1996, a company from the Netherlands is proposing to turn Sagan’s dreams of reaching Mars into reality. The company, Mars One, plans to send four astronauts on a trip to the Red Planet to set up a human colony in 2023. But there are a couple of serious snags.
-Firstly, when on Mars their bodies will have to adapt to surface gravity that is 38% of that on Earth. It is thought that this would cause such a total physiological change in their bone density, muscle strength and circulation that voyagers would no longer be able to survive in Earth’s conditions. Secondly, and directly related to the first, they will have to say goodbye to all their family and friends, as the deal doesn’t include a return ticket.
-The Mars One website states that a return “cannot be anticipated nor expected”. To return, they would need a fully assembled and fuelled rocket capable of escaping the gravitational field of Mars, on-board life support systems capable of up to a seven-month voyage and the capacity either to dock with a space station orbiting Earth or perform a safe re-entry and landing. “Not one of these is a small endeavour,” the site notes, requiring “substantial technical capacity, weight and cost”.
-Nevertheless, the project has already had 10,000 applicants, according to the company’s Medical Director, Norbert Kraft. He told The Guardian that the applicants so far ranged in age from 18 to at least 62 and, though they include women, they tended to be men.
-The reasons they gave for wanting to go were varied, he said. An American woman called Cynthia, who gave her age as 32, told the company that it was a “childhood imagining” of hers to go to Mars. She described a trip her mother had taken her on in the early 1990s to a lecture at the University of Wisconsin.
-She said the lecturer had been Sagan and she had asked him if he thought humans would land on Mars in her lifetime. Cynthia said: “He in turn asked me if I wanted to be trapped in a ’tin can spacecraft’ for the two years it would take to get there. I told him 'yes', he smiled, and told me in all seriousness, that yes, he absolutely believed that humans would reach Mars in my lifetime.”
-She told the project: “When I first heard about the Mars One project I thought, this is my chance – that childhood dream could become a reality. I could be one of the pioneers, building the first settlement on Mars and teaching people back home that there are still uncharted territories that humans can reach for.”
-The prime attributes Mars One is looking for in astronaut-settlers are resilience, adaptability, curiosity, ability to trust and resourcefulness, according to Kraft. They must also be over 18.
-Founded in 2010 by Bas Lansdorp, an engineer, Mars One says it has developed a realistic road map and financing plan for the project based on existing technologies and that the mission is perfectly feasible. The website states that the basic elements required for life are already present on the planet. For instance, water can be extracted from ice in the soil and Mars has sources of nitrogen, the primary element in the air we breathe. The colony will be powered by specially adapted solar panels, it says.
-Mars One said it had signed a contract with the American firm Paragon Space Development Corporation to take the first steps in developing the life support system and spacesuits fit for the mission.
-The project will cost a reported $6bn, a sum Lansdorp has said he hopes will be met partly by selling broadcasting rights. “The broadcasting revenue from the London Olympics was almost enough to finance a mission to Mars,” Lansdorp said, in an interview with ABC News.
-Another ambassador to the project is Paul Römer, the co-creator of Big Brother, one of the first, and most successful, reality TV shows.
-On the website, Römer gave an indication of how the broadcasting of the project might proceed: “This mission to Mars could be the biggest media event in the world,” said Römer. “Reality meets talent show with no ending and the whole world watching.”
-The aim is to establish a permanent human colony, according to the company’s website. The first team would land on the surface of Mars in 2023 to begin constructing the colony, with a team of four astronauts every two years after that.
-The project is not without its sceptics, however, and concerns have been raised about how astronauts might get to the planet and establish a colony with all the life support and other requirements needed.
-Professor Gerard’t Hooft, winner of the Nobel Prize for theoretical physics in 1999, is an ambassador for the project.’ T Hooft admits there are unknown health risks. The radiation is “of quite a different nature” from anything that has been tested on Earth, he said.
-The mission hopes to inspire generations to “believe that all things are possible, that anything can be achieved,” much like the Apollo Moon landings.
-“Mars One believes it is not only possible, but imperative that we establish a permanent settlement on Mars in order to accelerate our understanding of the formation of the solar system, the origins of life and, of equal importance, our place in the universe,” it says.",94
-"The government is bracing itself for thousands of legal claims from people who were imprisoned and allegedly mistreated during the final days of the British Empire after the High Court in London ruled that three elderly Kenyans detained and tortured during the Mau Mau rebellion have the right to sue for damages.
-The court on Friday rejected claims from the government’s lawyers that too much time had elapsed since the seven-year insurgency in the 1950s, and it was no longer possible to hold a fair trial. In 2011 the same High Court judge, Mr Justice McCombe, rejected the government’s claim that the three claimants should be suing the Kenyan government as it had inherited Britain’s legal responsibilities on independence in 1963.
-Human rights activists in Kenya estimate more than 5,000 of the 70,000-plus people detained by the British colonial authorities are still alive. Many may bring claims against the British government. The ruling may also make it possible for victims of colonial atrocities in other parts of the world to sue.
-But many more men and women around the world who were imprisoned and allegedly mistreated during the conflicts that often accompanied the British retreat from empire may also be considering claims: cases that could bring to light evidence of brutal mistreatment of colonial subjects and result in a new and uncomfortable understanding of recent British history.
-The Foreign Office acknowledged that the ruling had “potentially significant and far-reaching legal implications ”, and said it was planning to appeal. “The normal time limit for bringing a civil action is three to six years,” a spokesman said. “In this case, that period has been extended to over 50 years despite the fact that the key decision makers are dead and unable to give their account of what happened.”
-Friday’s historic victory for Paulo Muoka Nzili, 85, Wambugu Wa Nyingi, 84, and Jane Muthoni Mara, 73, was the result of a three-year battle through the courts. They had suffered what their lawyers describe as “unspeakable acts of brutality” including castration, beatings and severe sexual assaults. A fourth claimant dropped out while a fifth, Susan Ciong’ombe Ngondi, died two years ago, aged 71.
-In the Kenyan capital Nairobi, the news from London was relayed to two of the complainants, Nyingi and Mara, by mobile phone. They had been sitting silently with their supporters in a sun-scorched garden and reacted with joy when the word came, hugging, dancing and eventually raising their hands to the sky to pray.
-Nyingi, who was detained for about nine years, beaten unconscious and bears the marks from leg manacles, whipping and caning, said: “For me … I just wanted the truth to be out. Even the children of my children should know what happened. What should happen is that people should be compensated so they can begin to forgive the British government.” Mara said: “I’m very happy and my heart is clean.” Asked what she would tell her four children, she said simply: “I will tell them I won.”
-McCombe said in 2011 that there was “ample evidence … that there may have been systematic torture of detainees ”. On Friday he ruled that a fair trial was possible, and highlighted the fact that thousands of documents came to light in 2011 after the Foreign Office admitted to a secret archive of colonial-era files.
-During the course of their attempts to have the claims struck out – efforts that the claimants’ lawyer, Martyn Day, described as “morally repugnant” – the British government’s lawyers accepted that all three of the elderly Kenyans were tortured by the colonial authorities.
-Day said: “The British government has admitted that these three Kenyans were brutally tortured by the British colony and yet they have been hiding behind technical legal defences for three years in order to avoid any legal responsibility. There will undoubtedly be victims of colonial torture from Malaya to the Yemen, from Cyprus to Palestine, who will be reading this judgment with great care.”
-Among those who are known to have been watching the case closely are a number of veterans of the Eoka insurgency in Cyprus in the 1950s. One has already met the Mau Mau claimants’ lawyers. Any Cypriot claimants would be able to rely not only on British documentation, but upon the archives of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva. Those files are kept secret for 40 years, and then opened to public scrutiny. The Red Cross documented hundreds of torture cases in Cyprus, where reporters covering the conflict referred to British interrogators as HMTs – Her Majesty’s Torturers.
-There may also be claims from Malaysia, where large numbers of people were detained during the 12-year war with communist insurgents and their supporters that began in 1948. Relatives of 24 unarmed rubber plantation workers massacred by British troops are currently fighting through the British courts for a public inquiry. Many former prisoners of the British in Aden may also have claims against the British government, although, as Aden is now part of Yemen, British lawyers may have difficulty making contact with potential clients there.",95
-"Scarlett Johansson is suing a French novelist for €50,000. She says that he wrote things about her personal life that are not true.
-La premiere chose qu’on regarde (The First Thing We Look At) by Grégoire Delacourt is the story of a French model who looks so similar to the American actor that the book’s main male character thinks she is Johansson. In the novel, the model’s beauty means that men see her only as a sex object and women are jealous of her. She has many adventures as Johansson and, in the end, dies in a car crash.
-Johansson does not feel flattered by the best- seller. Her lawyer, Vincent Toledano, told Le Figaro that Delacourt ’s novel illegally used Ms Johansson’s name. He has now gone to court because Johansson does not want the book to be translated or to become a film.
-Delacourt said that he chose to mention Johansson because she is famous for her beauty. He said: “I wrote a work of fiction. My character is not Scarlett Johansson. ”
-On French radio, the author recently said the legal action was “sad.”
-Delacourt is one of France’s best-loved authors; his last novel, My List of Desires, was translated into 47 languages and they are making a film of it. But he said he was “speechless” when he found out Johansson was suing him.
-“I thought she would ask me to go for a coffee with her. I didn’t write a novel about a celebrity,” he said. “I wrote a real love story about women’s beauty, especially interior beauty.
-“If an author can no longer write about the things that surround us – a brand of beer, a monument, an actor – it’s going to be difficult to write fiction.
-“I’m not sure she’s read the novel because it hasn’t been translated yet.”
-Emmanuelle Allibert, spokeswoman for publisher JC Lattès, said taking legal action was “crazy”. “We have never known anything like it. It is very surprising because the novel is not even about Scarlett Johansson. It is about a woman who is Scarlett Johansson’s double.”
-The author ’s legal situation would be easier if he had published the book in the USA and not in France. Lloyd Jassin, a New York lawyer, said that the case would probably not go to court in the United States.
-“I thought she might send me flowers because the book was a declaration of love for her, but she didn’t understand,” Delacourt said.",96
-"He is not the first person to express scepticism about Mars One, a vastly ambitious private mission aiming to settle humans on Mars from 2025. But Joseph Roche is different from most critics: he’s on the shortlist of astronauts.
-Roche, an astrophysicist at Trinity College Dublin who was announced in February as among the 100 people in line for the mission, has written for the Guardian expressing his grave doubts about the viability of Mars One.
-The selection process, Roche writes, “was not rigorous enough to reach the requisite standard of more traditional astronaut selection programmes”. He also says the Dutch Mars One team have displayed “a certain naivety” in believing they can succeed alone in the supposed $6bn mission and should now accept it is very unlikely to happen.
-He writes: “More openness and transparency would benefit Mars One greatly but I think that the shortcomings of the selection process, coupled with their unwillingness to engage and collaborate with the scientific community mean that the time might have come for Mars One to acknowledge the implausibility of this particular venture and turn their efforts towards supporting other exciting and more viable upcoming space missions.”
-Roche also expressed worries about the way the mission organizers publicized a so-called top-ten candidates. The ranking, he said, didn’t mean these were the most likely potential astronauts but was, instead, based on how many “supporter points” each had earned through acts such as buying official merchandise.
-He writes: “These points are Mars One’s supporter points which 'represent the degree of your support to Mars One’s mission'.” These points play no role in the selection process and serve only to show how much each supporter has donated to Mars One.”
-The official timeline for the mission says the group plans to dispatch a stationary lander and satellite to Mars in 2018, followed by a rover in 2020 and cargo missions starting in 2022. Humans would start arriving in 2025 and crews of four would be sent every two years to add to the settlement. They would not return to Earth.
-In February, a prominent supporter of the project, Gerard’t Hooft, a Dutch Nobel laureate in physics, said he did not believe this timetable was realistic. He said: “It will take quite a bit longer and be quite a bit more expensive. When they first asked me to be involved, I told them: 'You have to put a zero after everything'.”
-Roche also spoke to Medium, a US blogging platform that has previously expressed grave sceptism about Mars One, reporting among other things that the supposed 200,000 applications to be astronauts in fact totalled 2,761.
-He told Medium about the selection process in more detail: “I have not met anyone from Mars One in person. Initially, they’d said there were going to be regional interviews; we would travel there, we’d be interviewed, we’d be tested over several days and, in my mind, that sounded at least like something that approached a legitimate astronaut selection process.
-“But then they made us sign a non-disclosure agreement if we wanted to be interviewed and then, all of a sudden, it changed from being a proper regional interview over several days to being a ten-minute Skype call.”
-Roche told the Guardian he did not want to give more interviews as he was wary about being negative about the idea of space travel.
-In his comment piece he writes: “I am passionate about pushing the boundaries of scientific endeavour and that is why the ambitiousness of the Mars One plan appealed to me. Although Mars One were never likely to overcome the financial and technical barriers during their proposed timeline, it was refreshing to hear a new idea that challenges us to think about our own role in the future of space exploration.
-“Being part of the subsequent public debate over the ethics and morality of future missions has been one of the most interesting and enjoyable aspects of my candidacy with Mars One. If a one-way mission to Mars ever became possible, then I would always volunteer. For an astrophysicist, that is not a difficult decision to make but it is also a moot point because I do not think we will see a one-way mission in my lifetime.”",97
-"The US Senate Intelligence Committee has approved a bill that would make the National Security Agency’s bulk collection of US phone records more transparent but allow it to continue. Introduced by Chairwoman Dianne Feinstein, the bill lets the NSA continue to collect phone metadata of millions of Americans and allows the government to keep the data. The bill passed the committee by an 11-4 vote and will now be voted on by the full Senate.
-The bill allows analysts to search through the data if they think there is a ‘reasonable suspicion’ that someone is associated with international terrorism. The bill also allows the NSA to continue surveillance that is begun on foreigners outside the US if they enter the country, for a period of up to 72 hours.
-The bill is a direct challenge to another bill introduced by Senator Patrick Leahy that would end domestic phone-records collection. It was also opposed by leading Intelligence Committee member Mark Udall, who said it did not go far enough. “The NSA’s surveillance of Americans’ private information does not respect our constitutional values and needs fundamental reform,” Udall said.
-Feinstein defended the NSA bulk collection programme, but said there was a need to rebuild public trust. “The NSA call-records programme is legal, and I believe it contributes to our national security,” she said in a statement. “But more can, and should, be done to increase transparency and build public support for privacy protections in place.”
-Feinstein said the bill would also make a number of improvements to transparency and checks on the NSA – for example, someone who accesses data acquired under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) by the United States without permission could spend up to ten years in prison. There would also be a limit on the number of contacts an analyst can receive in response to a request for bulk communication records.
-After the committee’s hearing had ended, Feinstein strongly supported the NSA’s main domestic programme. “I think there’s huge misunderstanding about this NSA database programme, and how vital it is to protecting this country,” she said.
-Concern over the Intelligence Committee’s bill was expressed by independent legal experts. Elizabeth Goitein of the Brennan Center for Justice said: “The Intelligence Committee bill and the USA Freedom Act present two opposing visions of the relationship between law-abiding Americans and the national security state. The fundamental question is: should the government have some reason to suspect wrongdoing before collecting Americans’ most personal information to feed into its databases? Leahy says yes; Feinstein says no.”
-Democratic committee member Ron Wyden suggested that recent concern about NSA spying on foreign leaders had taken attention away from the real focus on mass surveillance in the US. “The statements that American intelligence officials have made about collecting data from foreign leaders is consistent with the understanding I’ve had for years, as a member of the Intelligence Committee,” he said. “That has implications for foreign policy. My top priority is ending the mass surveillance, digital surveillance, on millions and millions of lawabiding Americans.”
-To everyone’s surprise, Feinstein announced that she was “totally opposed” to the foreign leader spying of the sort the NSA conducts on German Chancellor Angela Merkel. Feinstein has been a strong supporter of the NSA’s bulk collection of Americans’ phone records.
-“Americans are making it clear, that they never – repeat, never – agreed to give up their constitutional liberties for the appearance of security,” Wyden said. “We’re just going to keep fighting this battle. It’s going to be a long one.”
-Feinstein’s strong support for domestic phone records collection shows that she is not yet ready to expand the criticism of the NSA that she gave when she “totally opposed” its surveillance of foreign allied leaders – a more traditional intelligence activity than bulk phone metadata surveillance.
-“Decades ago, countries had their own kinds of communication systems. Now that you’ve had the merger of global communications, I think you’re going to have a lot more challenges spying on foreigners with implications for US citizens,” Wyden said.",98
-"From all across Rwanda, and even from Burundi, people are coming to the southern town of Butare to a little shop called Inzozi Nziza (Sweet Dreams). They come for a taste of something new, something most of them have never tasted before – sweet, cold ice cream.
-Here, at the central African country’s first ice-cream shop, customers can buy ice cream in sweet cream, passion fruit, strawberry and pineapple flavours. Toppings include fresh fruit, honey, chocolate chips and granola. They can also buy black tea and coffee.
-The shop, which has “ice cream, coffee, dreams” written on its signs, is taking advantage of local people’s curiosity about ice cream – and the shop is also “changing lives”, says Inzozi Nziza’s manager, Louise Ingabire.
-“Ice cream is important,” she says between mouthfuls of honey-flavoured ice cream. “Some Rwandans like ice cream, but it’s a new thing. We still have some work to do, to tell others that they’ll enjoy it.”
-The shop can certainly make dreams come true. “I didn’t have a job before: I just stayed at home. Now, I have a vision for the future. I am making money and I can give some of it to my family,” says the 27-year-old.
-Butare has 89,600 residents and is 135km south of the capital, Kigali. It is the home of the National University of Rwanda. Inzozi Nziza has become a meeting place for students who want to treat themselves to something cool and different.
-“The shop is uniting people here,” Kalisa Migendo, a 24-year-old student, says. “If you need to go out and talk to a friend, a girl or a boy, you come to Inzozi Nziza for an ice cream.”
-Inzozi Nziza was opened by Odile Gakire Katese. She met Alexis Miesen and Jennie Dundas, co- founders of Blue Marble Ice Cream in Brooklyn, New York. The three women formed a partnership to open the shop in 2010.
-At the start, Miesen and Dundas owned the shop in partnership with its employees and had shares in the business, which is a cooperative. After 18 months, they gave their shares to the women employees, who by then could control the business by themselves.
-Ice cream is new to Rwanda. Selling and eating ice cream is not part of the Rwandan culture.
-The Butare shop employs nine women. They spend their free time practising with Ingoma Nshya, Rwanda’s first and only female drumming group.
-The musicians are Hutu and Tutsi women. Some are survivors of the 1994 genocide, when almost a million Tutsis and Hutus were killed. Some members of Ingoma Nshya are widows, some orphans.
-Ingabire’s father, two siblings and many cousins were killed in the genocide. “When I’m drumming, it gives me power because we’re still alive and survivors,” she says.
-The ice-cream shop is in a documentary by film-makers Rob and Lisa Fruchtman. Sweet Dreams, which tells the story of how the women have made a positive future after the genocide, also includes the female drummers.
-The film has been shown in many countries, including the US, UK and several African states. “We feel the film is about hope, bravery and the ability to change your life,” says Lisa Fruchtman.",99
-"In an attempt to reduce air pollution, Europe will become the first part of the world to force car makers to use ‘real-world’ emissions tests. New regulations will introduce the tests to reveal what cars’ emissions are like when driving on roads and in traffic, not in ideal, laboratory-like conditions, which is what happens at the moment.
-The tests, which have been approved by the European Commission, are designed to enforce a limit of 80mg of nitrogen oxide per kilometre, a level that only one car in 16 meets. Other countries, such as China and Korea, which are also considering real-world emissions tests, will be watching what happens closely.
-Pollutants from diesel engines such as nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and particulates are believed to be responsible for at least one quarter of the 29,000 annual pollution-related deaths in the UK alone.
-The current ‘New European Drive Cycle’ laboratory test for measuring emissions is a quarter of a century old. Technological developments in the car industry mean that the test is no longer good enough. Studies have shown that the results of lab techniques to measure car emissions can easily be fixed – car makers fix the results by using techniques such as taping up doors and windows to minimize air resistance, driving on unrealistically smooth roads and testing at very high temperatures.
-“The Commission wants to introduce a new emissions testing procedure that will allow proper assessment of the vehicles in real driving,” said Lucia Caudet, a Commission spokesperson.
-“One key reason why air pollution kills 400,000 citizens each year is that car makers cheat the tests for diesel cars, causing much more pollution on the road,” said Greg Archer, the clean vehicles manager for Transport and Environment. “The development of a new, real-world driving emission test is an important step forward in tackling urban air pollution. European Union (EU) states should now support the Commission’s proposals and ignore the whingeing from car makers that the rules are too strict.”
-According to research by the International Council on Clean Transportation in 2014, actual nitrogen oxide emissions from cars are seven times higher than the 80mg per kilometre standard, with some types of cars 22 times above the recommended limit. Only one car out of 16 met the 80mg target. Around one third of all nitrogen oxide pollution comes from road transport – mostly diesel – and in cities concentrations can be as high as 64%, according to European Environment Agency data.
-Campaigners say that the car industry has tried to delay reforms to car test cycles. But industry groups deny this – they argue that a five-year delay is necessary for technical and economic reasons. “Real Driving Emissions (RDE) is a totally new regulation that will force significant changes to cars,” said Cara McLaughlin, a spokesperson for the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA). “However, ACEA fully accepts that RDE will apply to new types of cars from September 2017.”
-ACEA sent the European Commission their own draft regulation for consideration, after EU representatives finally agreed a regulation to implement the nitrogen oxide limits with strengthened road trials and strict monitoring of exhaust fumes. ACEA’s draft regulation would have covered fewer pollutants and delayed the regulation’s introduction until 2020. Test distances would have been shortened from 1,300m to below 700m, minimum temperatures would have been raised from -7C to -3C and more rural roads would have been used.
-The ACEA draft was rejected by the Commission. The new regulation will now pass to commissioners for approval before an expected introduction in September. By 2017, the first realworld CO2 emissions tests are expected to begin in earnest. The introduction of the EU’s new emission tests will be watched closely around the world.",100
-"The Taliban sent a gunman to shoot Malala Yousafzai in October 2012 as she went home on a bus after school. They wanted to silence the teenager and end her campaign for girls’ education.
-Nine months and many operations later, she stood up at the United Nations on her 16th birthday. “They thought that the bullet would silence us. But they failed,” she said.
-It was an unusual 16th birthday. Malala didn’t blow out candles on a cake; she sat at the United Nation in the central seat where world leaders usually sit.
-She listened quietly as Ban Ki-moon, the UN secretary-general, described her as “our hero, our champion”; and as the ex-British prime minister and now UN education envoy, Gordon Brown, said “the words the Taliban never wanted her to hear: happy 16th birthday, Malala ”.
-The event was named Malala Day after the girl from Mingora in Pakistan. She became famous after she wrote a blog for the BBC Urdu service – in the blog, she described her difficult experiences of trying to get an education under the power of the Taliban.
-When she was 11, she asked the US special representative to Pakistan, Richard Holbrooke, to help in her campaign against the Taliban, who wanted to stop education for girls. By 14, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, suggested her for the International Children’s Peace Prize, and, by 15, she became the youngest Nobel Peace Prize nominee in history.
-Then she got death threats, and, on 9 October 2012, after a meeting of Pakistani Taliban leaders, the gunman came to kill her.
-She has had many operations in Pakistan and the UK after the shooting on the bus. She now lives with her family in Birmingham, England, and does what the Taliban tried to stop her doing: she goes to school every day. “I am not against anyone,” she said.
-And she doesn’t want “personal revenge against the Taliban or any other terrorist group.”
-Malala replied to the violence of the Taliban with words against bullets. “I do not even hate the Talib who shot me. Even if there was a gun in my hand and he stood in front of me, I would not shoot him.”
-“The extremists are afraid of books and pens,” the teenager continued. “The power of education frightens them. They are afraid of women. The power of the voice of women frightens them.”
-She talked about the attack in June on a hospital in Quetta, capital of Baluchistan, and killings of female teachers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. “That is why they are blasting schools every day – because they were and they are afraid of change, afraid of the equality that we will bring to our society.” The “Stand with Malala” petition, that is asking for education for the 57 million children around the world who do not go to school, has got more than four million signatures – more than a million were added after Malala’s speech.
-At the start of her speech, Malala said: “I don’t know where to begin my speech. I don’t know what people are expecting me to say.” She did not have to worry.",101
-"When it comes to climate change, we have the bad habit of focusing on the first part of the story, the part about the problem, and forgetting the second part about the many available solutions. These solutions are speeding up recycling, slowing down emissions and providing sustainable alternatives to plastic, air conditioning, smartphones and fast fashion.
-The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recently gathered in Copenhagen to present its latest report on the impacts and pace of climate change. Climate change is now measured on all continents and our efforts to lower emissions must be intensified to avoid it escalating out of control. Along with outlining the risks and challenges, Copenhagen also embraced and focused on the solutions.
-In the spirit of focusing on what can be done, Sustainia Award, chaired by Arnold Schwarzenegger, celebrated ten leading sustainability solutions deployed in 84 countries. From food to fashion, energy to transportation, education to health, the awards showcased an alternative to the grim-future scenarios we are so often presented with and made sustainability tangible to the innovators, investors, consumers and policy makers across sectors and regions.
-From California, we saw how we can now produce plastics from greenhouse gases that are competitive with normal oil-based plastics in price and quality. From Switzerland, we learned how we can recycle and reuse old clothes and shoes more effectively in a recycle system currently deployed in over 60 countries. And from Canada, we learned how smartphones can make bike- sharing more convenient.
-The ten projects presented each offered unique solutions to sustainability challenges but it was the Nigerian initiative, Wecyclers, that won Arnold Schwarzenegger’s, and the rest of jury’s, vote and took the Sustainia Award 2014.
-Wecyclers enables low-income communities to make money on waste piling up in their streets. By deploying a fleet of cargo bicycles to collect and recycle unmanaged waste in Lagos, Wecyclers lets families exchange garbage for consumer goods via an SMS-based point system.
-Recycling companies purchase Wecyclers’ sorted waste for reprocessing into products – they turn it into mattresses, pillows and trash bags. Wecyclers is a response to local waste issues, where it’s estimated that only 40% of the city’s rubbish is collected. According to the World Bank, only 46% of municipal solid waste in Africa is collected. More than 5,000 households have signed up so far and there are plans to extend the initiative to other cities throughout Nigeria.
-Solutions to combat climate change are often perceived as hi-tech innovations focused on cutting emissions, creating infrastructure or efficiency. However, to successfully solve the variety of challenges, we need variety in our solutions as well. Sustainability is not solely a matter of bringing down emissions; it is also a question of using our natural resources more intelligently and creating healthier lives for ourselves. Initiatives might be low-tech in innovation but high-impact when it comes to creating sustainable change for entire communities.
-With a wide range of solutions addressing the equally wide range of challenges, we must focus more on the important part of the story that creates enthusiasm and momentum, and spurs action for much-needed change.",102
-"When the Taliban sent a gunman to shoot Malala Yousafzai in October 2012 as she rode home on a bus after school, they knew what they wanted: to silence the teenager and kill off her campaign for girls’ education.
-Nine months and countless surgical operations later, she stood up at the United Nations on her 16th birthday on Friday to give a defiant reply. “They thought that the bullet would silence us. But they failed,” she said.
-It was an unusual 16th birthday. Instead of blowing out candles on a cake, Malala sat in one of the main council chambers at the United Nations in the central seat usually reserved for world leaders.
-She listened quietly as Ban Ki-moon, the UN secretary-general, described her as “our hero, our champion”; and as the former British prime minister and now UN education envoy, Gordon Brown, said what he called “the words the Taliban never wanted her to hear: happy 16th birthday, Malala”.
-The event, named Malala Day, was the culmination of an extraordinary four years for the girl from Mingora in Pakistan. She was thrust into the public glare after she wrote a blog for the BBC Urdu service describing her experiences of struggling to get an education under the rising power of Taliban militants.
-By 11, she was showing exceptional determination, calling personally on the US special representative to Pakistan, Richard Holbrooke, to use his influence against the Taliban’s efforts to stop education for girls. By 14, she was on the radar of Archbishop Desmond Tutu, who suggested her for the International Children’s Peace Prize, and, by 15, she became the youngest Nobel Peace Prize nominee in history.
-But all this global attention came at a price. Death threats followed, and, on 9 October 2012, following a meeting of Pakistani Taliban leaders, the gunman was sent to silence her.
-Multiple operations in Pakistan and the UK followed the attack on the bus, including the fitting of a titanium plate on her left forehead and a cochlear implant to restore her hearing. She now lives with her family in Birmingham and does what the Taliban tried to stop her doing: she goes to school every day. “I am not against anyone,” she said in the UN chamber, having taken this day out from the classroom. “Neither am I here to speak in terms of personal revenge against the Taliban or any other terrorist group.”
-Malala responded to the violence of the Taliban with words against bullets. “I do not even hate the Talib who shot me. Even if there was a gun in my hand and he stood in front of me, I would not shoot him.”
-She spoke confidently, with only an injured eye and a slightly drooping left side of her face to hint at such fresh traumas. There was one other allusion to the horror of her past: she wore a white shawl belonging to a woman who was also targeted by extremists but who, unlike Malala, did not survive: Benazir Bhutto, the former prime minister of Pakistan.
-“The extremists are afraid of books and pens,” the teenager continued. “The power of education frightens them. They are afraid of women. The power of the voice of women frightens them.”
-She talked about the attack in June on a hospital in Quetta, capital of Baluchistan, and killings of female teachers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. “That is why they are blasting schools every day – because they were and they are afraid of change, afraid of the equality that we will bring to our society.”
-And she gave her own opposing interpretation of Islam to the Taliban’s. “They think that God is a tiny, little conservative being who would send girls to hell just because they go to school. The terrorists are misusing the name of Islam and Pashtun society for their own personal benefits. Islam is a religion of peace, humanity and brotherhood. Islam says that it is not only each child’s right to get education but their duty and responsibility.”
-Such ability to say what normally remains unsaid – to give voice to young people who are normally silenced – has created its own response. The “Stand with Malala” petition, demanding education for the 57 million children around the world who do not go to school, has attracted more than four million signatures – more than a million were added after Malala’s speech.",103
-"The business idea is to produce a cheap light that gets free power from gravity and could end the use of dangerous kerosene lamps in Africa and India.
-But when British designer, Patrick Hunt, tried to get money from banks or venture capitalists to launch his invention, he hit a problem. “We tried to get funding to make it happen, but it’s slow and complex and it’s unproven and nobody wants to take a risk,” he said.
-So he tried crowdfunding on a US website, Indiegogo, which has recently opened in the UK. Within five days, he hit his target and raised £36,200. His campaign to get donations from the public was so popular that within 40 days he had raised £400,000.
-The LED light is powered by a dynamo driven by a 10kg bag of rocks. The weight is attached to the light, lifted to a height of about 2m, and while it slowly falls to the ground it will generate enough power for half an hour of light.
-Hunt is preparing for production in China and will test the market again by sending 1,000 of the lights to Africa before the full mass production of millions of units.
-He is one of a new wave of entrepreneurs who are turning to the fast-growing crowdfunding industry for money. Another new site is InvestingZone, which matches wealthy people with start-up entrepreneurs.
-Indiegogo does not offer shares but allows users to offer “perks” for different levels of investment – people who helped to fund Hunt’s light felt good about helping the less rich, but also got their own light.
-For Danae Ringelmann, co-founder of Indiegogo, the “gravity light” is a perfect example of how meritocratic crowdfunding can be and how it can test an entrepreneur’s idea.
-“It is the first time that getting money has been fast, efficient and meritocratic, because it is not about ‘How do I get access to the decision makers in that bank?’ or ‘Who do I know in that venture capital company?’ This is all about proving your worth to your customers and fans, getting them to agree your idea will work and fund it.
-“Even ideas that don’t get funding are worth testing, because you will have saved yourself a lot of time finding out it wasn’t a good idea and getting smarter faster,” she says.
-Ringelmann, who is based in the US, started her career as a Wall Street analyst. In 2008, she decided to quit and use her skills to try and help friends who worked in the arts to raise money.
-Five years on and the site is raising about $2m a week for new businesses in start-up and growth stages. In December 2012, it launched a euro and a sterling service to get a foothold on this side of the Atlantic and says Britain is its third biggest market. International activity is up 41% since December.
-There is no shortage of competitors, be it Kickstarter, Seedrs or Funding Circle, but Indiegogo is the only crowdfunder where anyone can launch a campaign. No project is thought too wacky.
-The site charges a 4% fee for successful campaigns. For those that fail to raise their target amount, users can either refund all money to their contributors at no charge or keep all money raised but pay a 9% fee.
-A British woman raised £100,000 to open a “cat café” in London through the site. Called Lady Dinah’s Cat Emporium, it is not open yet but is advertised as somewhere people can “come in from the cold to a comfortable chair, a hot cup of tea, a book and a cat”.
-“We’ve seen campaigns that go to venture capitalists get rejected because the venture capitalists say ‘great idea but no idea if the market actually wants it; it could be something that no one cares about,’” said Ringelmann.
-“The entrepreneurs do an Indiegogo campaign and this can be enough market proof for venture capitalists to say there is a market for this. 17 “It allows you to test your market, test your pricing, test your features, discover new ways of getting money, get vital feedback,” says Ringelmann. 18 With her Wall Street background and the experience of helping 100,000 businesses and services raise money, Ringelmann has useful advice for budding entrepreneurs. 19 “Ideas are a dime a dozen. It’s all about the execution and, if you are afraid that your idea will be stolen by someone who could execute it better and faster than you, then you are not the right person to execute that idea. It’s all about confidence to move fast and to learn,” she says. 20 While crowdfunding as an alternative to banks has grown, it is not very attractive to big-bucks investors who want a stake in a promising business. That could start to change in the UK with the launch of InvestingZone.",104
-"The Virunga National Park is home to rare mountain gorillas but is targeted for oil exploration by a British company. The park could earn DR Congo $400m a year from tourism, hydropower and carbon credits, said a WWF report.
-But if the UNESCO World Heritage Site that crosses the equator is exploited for oil, as the Congolese government and exploration firm SOCO International are hoping, it could lead to devastating pollution and permanent conflict in the region, says the WWF.
-SOCO International is the only company that wants to explore inside the boundaries of the Virunga park. SOCO insist that their operations in Congo would be kept to an area in the park known as Block V, and would not affect the gorillas.
-SOCO Chairman Rui de Sousa said: “Despite the views of WWF, SOCO is extremely sensitive to the environmental significance of the Virunga National Park. Oil companies still have a central role in today’s global energy supply and a successful oil project has the potential to transform the economic and social well-being of a whole country.’’
-However, Raymond Lumbuenamo, country director for WWF Democratic Republic of the Congo, based in Kinshassa, said that security in and around the park would get worse if SOCO went ahead with its exploration plans.
-“The security situation is already bad. The UN is involved with fighting units and the M23 rebel force is inside the park. Oil would be a curse. It always increases conflict. The park might become like the Niger Delta. Developing Virunga for oil will not make anything better.
-“The population there is already very dense, with over 350 people per square kilometre. When you take part of the land (for oil), you put more pressure on the rest. Oil would not provide many jobs; people would flood in looking for work,” he said.
-One fear is that the area is seismically active and another eruption of one of the volcanoes in the park could damage oil company infrastructure and lead to oil spills in the lakes. “Virunga’s rich natural resources are for the benefit of the Congolese people, not for foreign oil prospectors. Our country’s future depends on sustainable economic development,” said Lumbuenamo.
-“For me, choosing the conservation option is the best option. Once you have started drilling for oil, there’s no turning back,” he said.
-But Lumbuenamo accepted that, while the gorillas were safe now, the chances of the park making $400m a year were small. “It would be difficult to make the kind of money that the report talks of. Virunga used to be a very peaceful place and can be again. The security situation right now is bad. The UN is involved with fighting units. It’s not as quiet as it used to be.”
-According to the WWF report, ecosystems in the park could support hydropower generation, fishing and ecotourism, and play an important role in providing secure water supplies, regulating climate and preventing soil erosion.
-The park, Africa’s oldest and most diverse, is home to over 3,000 different kinds of animals, but is now heavily populated with desperately poor people, many of whom went there after the Rwanda massacre in 1994.
-“In all, the park could support around 45,000 permanent jobs. In addition, people around the world could know that the park is well managed and is safe for future generations,” says the report.
-“Virunga represents a valuable asset to DR Congo and contributes to Africa’s heritage as the oldest and most biodiverse park on the continent,” the report continues. “Plans to explore for oil and exploit oil reserves put Virunga’s potential value at risk,” it says.",105
-"Our new international survey across 33 countries shows just how wrong the world is about a range of key social realities.
-British people think the top 1% wealthiest households own 59% of their country’s wealth, when they actually “only” own 23%. Americans think that 33% of their population are immigrants, when in fact it is only 14%.
-Brazilians think the average age in their country is 56, when it is only 31. Russians think that 31% of their politicians are women, when it is only 14%.
-In Britain, people think that an extraordinary 43% of young adults aged 25-34 still live at home with their parents, rather than the actual 14%. In India, the online population think 60% of the whole country also has internet access, when in fact only 19% do.
-Why are people across the world so often so clueless about these realities?
-It is partly that we just struggle with basic maths and some of us clearly misunderstand the questions or interpret them differently. For example, most countries hugely overestimate how many people do not affiliate themselves with a religion: across the 33 countries, 37% do not, according to respondents, but the average is actually just 18%. This will be partly because we will be thinking of how many people practise their religion, rather than what they put on census forms.
-People also take mental shortcuts, where they grab for easily available information even if it doesn’t quite fit the question. Our huge overestimates of the rural populations in most countries will be affected by how much of the physical landmass rural areas make up, rather than a careful calculation of how unoccupied it generally is. In Daniel Kahneman’s terms, answers to these sorts of questions are classic examples of “fast” thinking, rather than “slow”.
-We are tied to our own perspective and struggle to imagine the variety in our countries, as highlighted by our Indian sample’s massively overestimating their population’s access to the internet. Our study was mostly carried out through an online survey – and, in developing countries, this will be representative of a more affluent, connected group rather than the population as a whole. In some ways, we may have expected this more educated sample to get closer to reality – those with higher education levels tend to be more accurate on these types of questions. But what we find, throughout the study, is that people grossly generalize from their own situations, forgetting how unrepresentative they are.
-We suffer from what social psychologists call “emotional innumeracy” when estimating realities: this means we are sending a message about what is worrying us as much as trying to get the right answers. Cause and effect run both ways, with our concern leading to our misperceptions as much as our misperceptions creating our concern.
-For Britain, this is likely to be part of the explanation for people’s huge overestimates of how much the wealthiest own, how many young people are still living at home and what proportion of the population are immigrants (the guess is 25%, when it is really only 13%, according to official estimates). People are worried about the concentration of wealth, the housing pressures facing young people and immigration levels, and this is reflected in them overstating the scale of the issues.
-But, the survey suggests there are also some issues where people are not as worried as they should be. For example, most countries hugely underestimate how much of their population is overweight or obese. The worst case is Saudi Arabia, where people think only 28% are, when 71% are. Britons think it is 44%, when it is actually nearly half as much again – 62% are either overweight or obese.
-And, in many ways, it is not our misperceptions but these realities across different countries that are the most interesting and important aspects of the study. The top 1% in Russia own 70% of the nation’s wealth, while the top 1% in New Zealand only own 18%. Half of Italians aged 25-34 still live with their parents, when it is only 4% in Norway.
-The average age in India is 27; it is 47 in Japan. Only 10% of politicians are women in Brazil, Hungary and Japan, when 44% are in Sweden.
-When the reality is so strange and varied, it is no wonder we’re so wrong.",106
-"That millennials rely heavily on technology is no secret. More than eight in ten say they sleep with a mobile phone by their bed, almost two thirds admit to texting while driving, one in five has posted a video of themselves online and three quarters have created a profile on a social networking site.
-Compared to other generations, millennials are the most active on social media, according to a 2010 report, with 75% of them having created at least one social media account. In contrast, only 50% of Generation X, 30% of baby boomers and 6% of those aged 65 and older use social media. But there is a small percentage of millennials who don’t use social media at all. Meet the millennials bucking the trend.
-Celan Beausoleil, 31, Oakland, California Beausoleil is a social worker and has had an “on and off, more off than on” relationship with Facebook.
-She last deactivated her account in December 2015 after finding the amount of personal information shared by others “too heavy” to deal with on top of her work demands.
-“A lot of my job is listening to people’s lives all day, every day and it started to feel so overwhelming to go on social media and see every single detail of everybody’s life, including people that I don’t really have a relationship with,” she said. “It feels almost like intimacy overload.” She added: “I’m holding a lot in my work life for people and sometimes it felt like it was too heavy to do in my personal life also.”
-But Beausoleil does love the way social media connects the world in a truly unique way, citing it as one of her only reasons for staying on Facebook for as long as she did. “One thing I really liked about Facebook was that I could sit for hours and click on a friend and then click on one of their friends and one of their friends and one of their friends and literally end up on someone’s Facebook page from the other side of the world,” she said. “I used to do that all the time.”
-“One day, I realized I’m spending so much time doing this. These little seconds add up. I wonder what it would be like if I didn’t spend these seconds here and spent them doing something else. What if I was doing other things with these seconds? What would they become? Would I enjoy it?”
-Mathias, who works for the Baltimore City government, had Facebook and Twitter accounts for years before deleting them both in November 2012. But he “quickly forgot that Facebook existed” after his impromptu decision to end his social media presence. He can still appreciate the benefits that come with having social media accounts, like when he met his girlfriend’s friends for the first time and realized “humanizing 20 people you’re meeting at a party” is much easier if you can connect their faces, hometowns and jobs to a photo later on. Or how easy it is to organize large events online. Mathias relies on friends for party invites and is sure there are times he “slips through the cracks”.
-But, now, he relishes the time that’s freed up. He spends his lift rides and spare moments at work reading news articles and books rather than scrolling through a newsfeed. And with no friends’ accounts to follow online, he has to “pick up the phone and call them”, something he’s come to “definitely enjoy”.
-Lauren Raskauskas, 22, Naples, Florida Raskauskas describes herself as a “pretty private” person. So social media, which can open you up to the scrutiny and analysis of others, is not that appealing to her. “I’m more privacy-minded and have concerns about giving out my data,” said Raskauskas, who is currently looking for a job.
-She recently deleted her Twitter account and deactivated her Facebook account two years ago after realizing she “didn’t like everyone knowing what I was doing”. But Raskauskas, who was late to the Facebook game because her “parents were really strict with technology”, can see the positive sides of social media. When a friend of hers that she’d lost track of moved to Naples for a month, Raskauskas didn’t even realize she was there until after she’d left, which the 22-year-old said “was a bummer”.
-But in the end, her privacy concerns outweighed any benefits social media could provide and she saw a definite upside when she went through a recent break-up. The last time a relationship of hers ended and she was online, it was not pleasant.
-“One time, I did break up with somebody while I was on Facebook and I was like ’Oh my gosh, should I change my profile photo? Should I change my status?’ And, this time, I don’t have to worry about any of that because that kind of stuff is pretty hard,” she said.
-Rajagopalan, a student at Boston College, doesn’t see any drawbacks to abstaining from social media.
-He claims that he “hasn’t seen any effect at this point”. Even though classmates post about parties and events on Facebook, they make sure to send him a text message, too, he said. “Since I was young, I was always a step behind on that kind of thing so it never really mattered to me,” he said.
-In fact, the only time Rajagopalan made use of social media was when it was unavoidable: it was the only way to reach his new roommate at college. Before starting his first year at college, he signed up for his first, and only, social media account. He joined Facebook in order to contact his future roommate and talk about their plans for that year.
-Months later, he still has the account but he admits: “I don’t use it. I don’t check it or anything like that.” The most activity it sees is when his two sisters tag him in family photos. He has avoided social media accounts in all other situations, though he has felt the draw of Twitter. As a sports fan, he acknowledged that “it’s where most of the news breaks out”. But he refused to get an account, stating: “I don’t really need one to read tweets”.",107
-"They call it the Richie Rich Club and it is about to get even richer. India’s wealthiest will quadruple their net worth between now and 2018, a report says, with hundreds of thousands of new entrepreneurs and inheritors becoming multimillionaires. The survey, based on interviews with 150 ultra-high-net-worth individuals, comes amid signs of returning business confidence in the world’s biggest democracy.
-Recent years have seen lacklustre growth, rising prices of basic foodstuffs and a weakening currency. But the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won a landslide victory in May 2014 on a pledge to reinvigorate the ailing economy. Despite the slowdown, there are nearly a sixth more Indians worth in excess of $3.75m than in 2013, the report for the Kotak Mahindra Bank notes. “Cities are mushrooming, the middle class population growing, opportunities have increased manyfold and the political environment has improved greatly in recent months,” according to Murali Balaraman, a co-author.
-Between them, India’s rich hold assets worth a trillion dollars, which is around a fifth of the total wealth in the country. By 2018, that total is likely to reach $4tn, the report says, making three times as many people multimillionaires.
-Serving the new rich – and the old money – is a booming luxury market. “They really want to show or talk about their wealth in a really subtle way and consumption of luxury goods is a nice way to do it,” Balaraman said. Abhay Gupta, the CEO of brand consultancy Luxury Connect, said the market for top-end goods and experiences would “only get bigger”. “There is a huge aspirational class who look up to what the very wealthy are doing and then copy it,” he said.
-Cars are among the most popular items bought, the report says. Whereas, in 2009, locally made SUVs were shown off by the wealthy, now only foreign cars will turn heads. Mercedes saw a 47% surge in sales in India in 2013. BMW has launched a new $200,000 model in Delhi. India’s appalling infrastructure restricts demand, however. Lamborghini’s Chief Executive, Stephan Winkelmann, admitted, in 2013, that the traffic and roads in India “are not so suitable” for the $450,000 sports cars. In India, Lamborghini sells two models: the Gallardo and the Aventador, which has a top speed of 217mph. Winkelmann said Lamborghini’s Indian customers were much younger than those in Europe, with a typical buyer being in his 30s. However, the most popular investments remain real estate – mainly within India – and jewellery.
-India’s super-rich have long raised eyebrows around the world with their spectacular spending. Mukesh Ambani, the country’s wealthiest man, has built the world’s most valuable home in Mumbai, the commercial capital. The 27-storey tower, complete with helicopter pads, indoor cinemas and a staff of more than 600, is worth an estimated $1bn.
-The three-day wedding of the niece of Lakshmi Mittal, the UK-based steel tycoon who is worth an estimated $16bn, was reported to have cost $80m. Hundreds of guests were flown to Barcelona for the ceremony and party, which took place in a museum in the city.
-But buyers of luxury goods searching for the psychological satisfaction of exclusivity are becoming increasingly demanding, the Kotak Mahindra report says. One ordered nine cases of Japanese whisky costing over $750 a bottle for a wedding reception. The attraction of the imported whisky was that no one who attended the wedding would find out how to source the same drink in India, the report adds. Another big spender systematically bought identical pairs of Louis Vuitton bags, then cut up half of them to make clothes that would match her accessories. Even the traditional wedding is evolving fast. Presents such as silver plates, dried fruit or sweets once sent with wedding invitations are being replaced by gifts by top western designer brands. “These days, it’s Rolex watches and Louis Vuitton bags,” says Gupta.
-Almost half new ultra-high-net-worth individuals live in smaller provincial cities. A high proportion give substantial amounts to charity, though the report notes that the “growth of philanthropic spends in India has not been proportional to overall growth in ultra-high-net-worth individual wealth”.
-Co-author Balaraman says that growth in the number of rich people would not result in social tensions as a wide gap in incomes and wealth is an “accepted norm” in India. “People know that someone is rich and someone is poor and they carry on with their lives,” he explains.",108
-"On one day in August, one in seven people on Earth, 1 billion people, used Facebook, according to founder Mark Zuckerberg. In a decade, the social network has transformed people’s relationships, privacy, their businesses, news media, helped topple regimes and even changed the meanings of everyday words.
-“A more open and connected world is a better world.
-It brings stronger relationships with those you love, a stronger economy with more opportunities and a stronger society that reflects all of our values,” wrote Zuckerberg in the post announcing the numbers. These are just some of the ways his company changed everything – for better or worse.
-1 Facebook has changed the definition of “friend”
-“To friend” is now a verb. And, unlike in real life, when the ending of a friendship can be deeply traumatic, it is easy to “unfriend”, a word invented to describe ditching a casual acquaintance when they are no longer enhancing your Facebook newsfeed. Although the meanings of the words “share” and “like” are essentially the same, Facebook has brought an entirely new weight to the terms. School and university reunions have become redundant – you already know whose career is going well, whether the perfect pair have split and you’ve seen endless pictures of your schoolmates’ babies. You won’t be surprised by an ex in the street with a new girlfriend or boyfriend: you already know they’re dating someone else from the romantic selfies.
-But, unlike in real life, Facebook has no hierarchy of friendships. A classmate from one project at university who you haven’t seen in 15 years, a friend-of-a-friend from a stag do or a colleague you’ve never actually spoken to in person – they are all Facebook friends in the same way as your closest mate or your spouse or your mum.
-It doesn’t necessarily mean we see them the same way. Professor Robin Dunbar is famous for his research that suggests a person can only have roughly 150 people as a social group. Facebook hasn’t changed that yet, he believes, but, in an interview with the New Yorker, Dunbar said he feared it was so easy simply to end friendships on Facebook that, eventually, there may no longer be any need to learn to get along.
-2 We care less about privacy
-There’s a wise saying: if you’re not paying for it, you’re the product. Facebook embodies that philosophy and created an entire industry from it. The astonishing thing is that users know that and they willingly hand over that information.
-Pew Research Center found that most young people are more than willing to hand over their details.
-An overwhelming majority of 91% post a photo of themselves, 71% post the city or town where they live, up from 61%, more than half give email addresses and a fifth give their phone number. But, as so much of a person’s life is shared online, Facebook gives a platform for everyone to cultivate an image and a fanbase. In an article for the journal Frontiers in Psychology, academics described a new phenomenon, the emergence of the “Facebook self ”. More than 80% list their interests, allowing brands to target them most effectively. But most younger users do restrict their profiles, with 60% allowing friends only.
-3 Facebook has created millions of jobs – but not in its own offices
-Facebook has essentially created an entire sector, including indirect employment for people whose job it is to make the platform work for their brand.
-“It is a tool like no other,” said Michael Tinmouth, a social media strategist who has worked with brands such as Vodafone and Microsoft. “Marketers have an understanding of a brand’s consumers like they have never had before. The data and analytics available to you are extraordinary. You know who your customers are, who they are friends with and how they engage with your brand.”
-And advertisers pay a lot for that. Facebook reported ad revenue was up 46%, reaching $3.32bn. Facebook is also a minefield for brands. Suddenly, rather than complaint conversations taking place over the phone with a customer service representative or on a small specialist internet forum, angry customers can post their complaints for hundreds of their friends to see or even on the page where all loyal fans of the brand have been carefully cultivated. And an injustice can go viral.
-4 Facebook has been the tool to organize revolutions
-Though the Arab Spring was dubbed the Twitter revolution, organizing demonstrations and direct action has been revolutionized by Facebook. Manchester University’s Olga Onuch found Facebook had been the key medium for reaching half of all the Euromaidan protesters in Ukraine. Facebook posts signalled the start of the Maidan protests during the hours after it was announced that Ukraine would not sign a free trade and association agreement with the EU, Onuch found. The posts organized live action, not just online anger. Mustafa Nayyem, the Ukraine activist, posted: “If you really want to do something, don’t just 'like' this post. Let’s meet near the monument to independence in the middle of the Maidan.”
-Many of those interviewed in Onuch’s research said they relied on Facebook for the truth about what was happening – unable to trust traditional media.
-5 Facebook makes news, breaks news and decides what is news
-Roughly 71% of 18- to 24-year-olds say the internet is their main news source and 63% of users overall, according to the Pew Research Center. About a third of Facebook users post about politics and government.
-Most people will first encounter a piece of journalism or an item of breaking news via Facebook or other social media, and most of those encounters will be on mobiles.
-Users might never have to leave the site to get their news: Instant Articles will see stories run within Facebook. It allows news companies to sell ads around their articles, gaining them 100% of that revenue, while Facebook can also sell ads around that article, with 70% of the revenue from the social network’s advertising also going to the news companies.
-Facebook has also changed the ways journalists write stories. It is a resource many reporters cannot now live without. For better or (often) worse, it is a directory to find, contact and glean information for almost any ordinary person, who might suddenly find themselves at the centre of the day’s biggest news story. Facebook has its own newswire, sharing the most useful user reaction to breaking stories, including pictures and videos.
-6 Users are changing Facebook
-It used to be a site to get students connected, with only elite US universities allowed access.
-In 2014, a decade after its launch, 56% of internet users aged 65 and older have a Facebook account. And 39% are connected to people they have never met in person.
-Groups have given way to pages, writing on each other’s walls is passé and carefully curated albums have given way to instant mobile uploads. More than ever, the site is a gateway not just to your friends but to the rest of the internet.
-We may as well get used to it, said David Kirkpatrick, author of The Facebook Effect . “It might very well go away further down the road but something this big takes a long time to disappear,” he told BBC Radio 4’s Today programme. “Facebook has proven its ability to change and it will continue to be a very, very major player.”",109
-"Every morning, before the temperatures in India’s capital start to rise, a handful of old friends gather. On the dry grass not far from the India Gate monument at the centre of Delhi, they stretch, breathe and meditate.
-“It is the only healthy way to start the day. Much better than an egg or a sandwich or a cup of tea,” said Arvind Singh at 6.15am as he did his breathing exercises on a bench.
-Singh, a 42-year-old salesman, and his friends are not alone. All across India, in the overcrowded cities, on whatever green space is left, you can see similar scenes.
-On 21 June – the new International Day of Yoga – Narendra Modi, India’s prime minister, hopes the world will join in. On the grass near India Gate, up to 45,000 people will take part in a 35-minute class – they hope it will be the biggest yoga session ever.
-The participants will include 64-year-old Modi, most of his government and, they hope, a range of celebrities.
-Encouraging Indians, and others, to stretch has become a focus for Modi, who led his Bharatiya Janata Party to a landslide election victory in 2014. In May 2015, schools were told to make sure students attended yoga events at the same time as the big demonstration in Delhi, even though it is on a Sunday.
-India’s police officers are well known for being out of shape. So, the government has said they want to introduce compulsory yoga for them. They have said, too, that daily yoga lessons will be offered free to three million civil servants and their families. Air India, the national airline, has also said it will introduce yoga for trainee pilots.
-Modi, an ascetic who is a vegetarian and an enthusiastic yoga practitioner, suggested an international yoga day when he was speaking to the United Nations on a visit to New York in 2014.
-Modi said that yoga is an invaluable gift of India’s ancient tradition. He said that it encourages unity of mind and body, thought and action, harmony between man and nature, and a holistic approach to health and wellbeing. He added, “It is not about exercise but discovering the sense of oneness with yourself, the world and nature.”
-Yoga is between 3,000 and 6,000 years old. It came from somewhere on the Indian subcontinent, possibly from among religious ascetics. Its meditative practices, as well as its physical exercises, have long been associated with local religious traditions including Buddhism and Jainism, as well as Hinduism, which is practised by 80% of Indians.
-Modi has been criticized before for creating a view of Indian culture that has little place for other traditions. One person called the event on 21 June “a mix of cultural nationalism and commercialization”.
-Others, however, talk about a recent US court ruling that said yoga was not always linked to religion. A court in California ruled that: “The practice of yoga may be religious in some contexts but yoga classes as taught in the [San Diego] district are not religious, mystical or spiritual.” This ruling came after two Christian parents said they believed that yoga in schools was a Hindu exercise.
-Amish Tripathi, the author of best-selling novels set 4,000 years ago in India that retell stories from Hindu mythology, said characters in his books practise yoga.
-“In ancient India, yoga was part of daily life, both the physical and the mental aspects. Every culture has gifted something to the world and this is our gift,” Tripathi said.
-Suneel Singh, a guru in south Delhi, agreed that yoga did not belong to any one religion: “Is t’ai chi just Chinese? Is football just English? It is the same with yoga – yoga is for everybody. It is a cheap way to stay healthy.”",110
-"The last time she took to the stage, the prototype of the mobile phone was undergoing its first trials. Thirty-five years later, as she performs once again, singer Kate Bush is faced with a different world.
-While most concerts are now aglow with phones and tablets, Bush is taking a stand against fans watching her shows through the digital veil of a screen.
-Prior to her highly anticipated series of concerts at the Hammersmith Apollo in London, Bush released a statement appealing to her fans to put down their mobile phones at her gigs.
-Bush wrote on her website: “I have a request for all of you who are coming to the shows. We have purposefully chosen an intimate theatre setting rather than a large venue or stadium. It would mean a great deal to me if you would please refrain from taking photos or filming during the shows.
-“I very much want to have contact with you as an audience, not with iPhones, iPads or cameras. I know it’s a lot to ask but it would allow us to all share in the experience together.”
-With her love of theatrics and opulent costumes, Bush’s keenness to stop fans uploading grainy footage to YouTube could also be an attempt to keep the show a surprise for the thousands of fans who have purchased tickets for the 22 dates she is playing.
-Bush is not the first to speak out against the detrimental effect of the presence of phones at concerts, with numerous artists berating their fans for experiencing live music through the filter of a screen.
-The Who front man, Roger Daltrey, recently said it was “weird” that people did not have their mind on the show when they had gone to a performance and were concentrating on staring at the screen rather than the artist on stage.
-He said: “I feel sorry for them, I really feel sorry for them. Looking at life through a screen and not being in the moment totally – if you’re doing that, you’re 50% there, right? It’s weird. I find it weird.”
-In 2013, Beyoncé berated one of her fans at a gig for filming. “You can’t even sing because you’re too busy taping,” Beyoncé told him. “I’m right in your face, baby. You gotta seize this moment. Put that damn camera down!”
-The debate around the presence of phones at live events is not restricted to music, with sport fans equally vocal on the subject. Recently, Dutch fans at PSV Eindhoven launched a vehement protest against the introduction of wi-fi in their stadium, holding up banners with messages like “No wi-fi. Support the team,” “You can sit at home,” and “Stand united ”, while Manchester United have also told fans to leave their “large electronic devices” at home, prohibiting filming on tablets this season.
-Jarvis Cocker has previously criticized phone- wielders in the audience for driving him “insane at concerts”, adding: “It seems stupid to have something happening in front of you and look at it on a screen that’s smaller than the size of a cigarette packet.”
-Johnny Marr said in 2013 that it meant that fans missed out on the sensory experience of live music in their desperation to document the event for later.
-“To stand and just be looking at it through your phone is a completely wasted opportunity. You know, I don’t mean to be unkind but I think you should put your phone down because you’re just being an idiot, really. Just enjoy the gig,” he said.
-“That’s one of the things about gigs – it’s taking in what’s going on with the people around you and, watching it on a little screen, it’s a waste of time.”
-The Yeah Yeah Yeahs resorted to putting up a sign at one of their venues, pleading with fans to pocket their technology. It read: “Please do not watch the show through a screen on your smart device/camera. Put it away as a courtesy to the person behind you, and to the band.”
-It has even filtered into the world of classical music, with one of the world’s leading pianists surprising concert-goers in June 2013 when he stormed off stage because a fan was filming his performance on a smartphone. Krystian Zimerman returned moments later and declared: “The destruction of music because of YouTube is enormous.”
-But Sam Watt of Vyclone, a phone app that encourages audiences to film at concerts and then brings together the footage to create a crowd-sourced video of the event, said that such artists were fighting a losing battle and that filming at concerts enhanced rather than detracted from the experience.
-“Fans filming is now part of the concert experience – that is a just a fact – so we take that footage that people are filming at concerts through the app, they upload it onto the app, and then it comes back to them mixed together with everybody else who was filming. You end up with really fantastic content,” he said.
-“Our overall thinking is that filming at concerts adds to the experience, rather than taking away from it and I think, if Kate Bush came round for a cup of tea, we could have a really interesting discussion about this and we might be able to win her round,” he added. “Knowing that people are going to film and want those memories is really important because it is probably going to hit them on the head in the future if they say to everyone they can’t film. You’ve got to embrace it.”",111
-"A British court has decided that three old Kenyans, who were put in prison and tortured during the fighting in Kenya in the 1950s, can sue the British government. There are thousands of other people who were put in prison and say they were treated badly during the final days of the British Empire, and now they may also try to sue.
-British government lawyers said that too much time had passed since the seven- year fight in the 1950s, and it was no longer possible to have a fair trial. The court did not accept this. In 2011 the government said that the three claimants should sue the Kenyan government because it became legally responsible after independence in 1963. But the judge did not accept this either.
-70,000 people were put in prison by the British in Kenya, and more than 5,000 of them are still alive. Many of them may sue the British government. The court decision may also make it possible for victims in other parts of the world to sue.
-The Foreign Office said it will appeal against the decision. “The normal time limit for a civil action is three to six years,” they said. “In this case, that period has been extended to over 50 years, but the people who made the decisions are dead and they can’t give their view of what happened.”
-The victory for Paulo Muoka Nzili, 85, Wambugu Wa Nyingi, 84, and Jane Muthoni Mara, 73, was the result of a three-year battle in the courts. Their lawyers said they had suffered terrible brutality. In the Kenyan capital Nairobi, Nyingi and Mara heard the news by mobile phone. They reacted with joy when they heard, hugging, dancing and praying.
-Nyingi, who was put in prison and beaten, said: “For me … I just wanted everyone to know the truth. Even the children of my children should know what happened. What should happen is that people should be compensated so they can begin to forgive the British government.” Mara said: “I’m very happy and my heart is clean.”
-The judge said in 2011 that there was a lot of evidence to show that prisoners were perhaps tortured. He decided that a fair trial was possible, especially because thousands of secret documents from the colonial era were found in 2011.
-The British government’s lawyers accepted that all three of the old Kenyans were tortured. The claimants’ lawyer said: “The British government has admitted that these three Kenyans were brutally tortured but they have tried not to take any legal responsibility. There will be victims of colonial torture from Malaya to the Yemen, from Cyprus to Palestine, who will be very interested in this case.”
-People who fought in Cyprus in the 1950s are interested in the Mau Mau case. One has already met the Kenyan claimants’ lawyers. Cypriot claimants could use British documents, and also the documents of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva. Those documents are kept secret for 40 years, and then opened to the public. The Red Cross recorded hundreds of torture cases in Cyprus.
-There may also be claims from Malaysia, where large numbers of people were put in prison during the 12-year war with communist fighters and their supporters that began in 1948. 24 farm workers, who were without weapons, were killed by British troops – their families are now fighting for a public inquiry. Many ex-prisoners of the British in Aden may also have claims against the British government. But Aden is now part of Yemen, and British lawyers may have problems making contact with possible claimants there.",112
-"We asked five people who do some unusual jobs how much they are paid, what the worst parts are and why they enjoy their work.
-1. Dog-food taster
-The job: Tasting dog food to make sure it meets a top brand’s quality standards
-What it involves: Opening sample tins of each batch of dog (or cat) food, smelling it and eating it. “Although dogs’ sense of taste is different from ours, tasting is an important quality check to ensure each different ingredient is perfectly balanced in just the right way,” says Philip Wells, the chief taster for Lily’s Kitchen pet food.
-Typical salary: £20,000 for an entry-level job in the quality department. However, Wells says an experienced technical director can easily earn £50,000 or more.
-Worst part of the job: The deadlines, for Wells, who admits he quite likes the food. The meat used in pet food has to come from animals that are fit for human consumption, under the Animal Feed Regulations 2010. He adds: “There are some pretty terrible pet foods out there and, although I don’t taste them, the smell is enough to turn the stomach.”
-Job satisfaction: “No two days are ever the same.” Wells finds it rewarding that a project he has worked on will “help pets to become happier and healthier”. However, he acknowledges that some of the credit must go to another “key member” of the tasting team: Lily, the border terrier.
-2. Hygiene technician
-The job: Disinfecting areas that might have been exposed to bio-hazardous situations
-What it involves: Cleaning up crime scenes, road accidents and suicides. Clearing houses full of rubbish, rats and excrement … among other things. “The job is about keeping people safe,” says Richard Lewis, a hygiene technician for Rentokil. “We deal with some extremely dirty sites.”
-Typical salary: The entry-level salary is usually around £14,500 and a top salary can be up to £22,000.
-Worst part of the job: Cleaning up after suicides. “You get used to the job being disgusting but the emotional side of it is still hard,” he says. “You also need to have a sense of humour because some days can be difficult.”
-Job satisfaction: Lewis finds the variety of tasks exciting. “One day, I’m cleaning up after a dead body; another day, I’m in a prison cell or high in the air being lowered down into a silo to clean it.” He also takes pride in the changes he makes: “It’s satisfying to make a hazardous site safe again. And it benefits society.”
-3. Biogas engineer
-The job: Setting up biogas plants in developing countries
-What it involves: Linking a system – which can be filled with human excrement, animal dung and other waste products – to toilets to produce a biogas that can be used for cooking and lighting. “You have to know what size and shape the mixing pit needs to be, how to create the best temperature for the process and where to build the biogas plant,” says Baburam Paudel, chief technical officer in Nepal for the charity Renewable World.
-Typical salary: An entry-level salary is around £10,000, while a typical salary for a chief technical officer is £30,000.
-Worst part of the job: For Paudel, it’s seeing people struggling to survive on very little income. “You have to be willing to get your hands dirty during the build process and inspections. Unsurprisingly, the anaerobic digestion (the process that takes place when bacteria eat the waste and produce methane) smells like rotten eggs. It can be disgusting and there is no room for mistakes.”
-Job satisfaction: “I find it very satisfying to know that I am helping people to increase their incomes and allowing girls to go to school by replacing the need to collect firewood,” says Paudel. “My work improves the health and hygiene of whole communities.”
-4. Eel ecologist
-The job: Conserving the critically endangered European eel
-What it involves: To monitor the size of the endangered eels, ecologists walk into the Thames and other London rivers full of eels, sometimes up to their armpits, and reach into a net filled with up to 20 adult eels to take one out with their bare hands. “Adult eels can be a metre long, or even larger, and weigh up to 2kg. They’re not at all dangerous but they are almost pure muscle and they can be a little bit slimy,” says Stephen Mowat, an eel conservationist and ecologist for the Zoological Society of London. “We have to weigh and measure them, and they wriggle … a lot. It’s difficult to look professional while crawling on the ground chasing an eel across the grass.”
-Worst part of the job: “Eels are really tricky creatures to work with” says Mowat. “You also have to be ready to jump from one project to the next. I once had to cut up some dead eels to examine parasites living in them, moments before putting on a suit for a meeting.” But, for Mowat, the worst part of the job is definitely not handling the eels – he believes baby eels (known as elvers) are “as cute as pandas”: “The worst thing about the job is regularly learning how much damage we are doing to the environment.”
-Job satisfaction: “Working outdoors and seeing British wildlife up close is the best part of the job,” says Mowat. “Eels are beautiful creatures and working with eels doesn’t just benefit the eel – it helps rivers and coastal areas. That is something worth doing.”
-5. Shopping channel presenter
-The job: Selling and demonstrating a wide range of products on live TV
-What it involves: Presenting hours and hours of monotonous TV, while, at the same time, demonstrating the products and appearing to be enthusiastic and knowledgeable about everything that you’re selling. “I prepare and research as much technical and practical information as possible on every single product beforehand,” says Shaun Ryan, presenter for Ideal World TV.
-Typical salary: A trainee presenter would start on a minimum of £30,000, while an experienced presenter can expect over £55,000.
-Worst part of the job: “The unsociable hours,” says Ryan. “An experienced presenter like me generally has to work weekends, bank holidays and very late evenings, plus, occasionally, a 5am shift.”
-Job satisfaction: “I love the rush of live presenting and having to think on my feet every second,” says Ryan. “I also get an adrenaline rush from knowing that, at times, I have thousands of viewers ordering the product that I have just been presenting.”",113
-"The Manchester United manager, Sir Alex Ferguson, will retire at the end of the season after 27 years as the most successful manager in British football. He will become a director of the club and someone will have to replace a man who has won 13 English Premier League titles, two Champions Leagues, the Cup Winners’ Cup, five FA Cups and four League Cups.
-Talking about his decision, Ferguson said: “The decision to retire is one that I have thought a great deal about. It is the right time. It was important to me to leave an organization in the strongest possible condition and I believe I have done so. The quality of this squad, and the balance of ages within it, bodes well for continued success at the highest level. The structure of the youth set-up will ensure that the long-term future of the club remains a bright one.
-“Our training facilities are amongst the best in world sport and our home, Old Trafford, is regarded as one of the leading venues in the world. I am delighted to take on the roles of both director and ambassador for the club. With these activities, along with my many other interests, I am looking forward to the future. I must pay tribute to my family; their love and support has been essential.
-“As for my players and staff, past and present, I would like to thank them all for a staggering level of professional conduct and dedication that has helped to deliver so many memorable triumphs. Without their contribution, the history of this great club would not be as rich. In my early years, the support of the board of directors gave me the confidence and time to build a football club, not just a football team.
-“Over the past ten years, the Glazer family have made it possible for me to manage Manchester United to the best of my ability and I have been extremely fortunate to have worked with a talented and trustworthy chief executive, David Gill. I am truly grateful to all of them. To the fans, thank you. It has been an honour and an enormous privilege to have had the opportunity to lead your club and I have treasured my time as manager of Manchester United.”
-The suddenness of Ferguson’s departure is exactly how he said he would leave the job. He first mentioned the possibility of retiring during the 2001/2 season but then performed a U-turn. It is understood that he gathered the players in the first-team changing room shortly after they arrived for training. In an emotional speech, he announced he was retiring.
-Joel Glazer, joint owner of Manchester United, said: “Alex has proven time and time again what a fantastic manager he is but he’s also a wonderful person. His determination to succeed and dedication to the club have been truly remarkable. I will never forget the wonderful memories he has given us, like that magical night in Moscow.”
-Avie Glazer, his brother, said: “I am delighted to announce that Alex has agreed to stay with the club as a director. His contributions to Manchester United over the last 27 years have been extraordinary and, like all United fans, I want him to be a part of its future.”
-David Gill added: “I’ve had the tremendous pleasure of working very closely with Alex for 16 unforgettable years – we have had countless wins and numerous signings. We knew that his retirement would come one day and we both have been planning for it by ensuring the quality of the team and club structures are in first-class condition. Alex’s vision, energy and ability have built teams that are among the best and most loyal in world sport.
-“The way he cares for this club, his staff and for the football family in general is something that I admire. What he has done for this club and for the game in general will never be forgotten. It has been the greatest experience of my working life being with Alex and a great honour to be able to call him a friend.”
-First-team coach René Meulensteen revealed how Ferguson broke the news to his backroom staff. “I found out this morning when I came to the club,” he said. “He called us into his office and told us his decision. He’s obviously a man who thinks very, very hard so I’m sure he’s put a lot of thought into making this decision. I wish him well. He’s been fantastic for this club and I hope all the fans give the new manager the same support that he gets.”",114
-"When the Taliban sent a gunman to shoot Malala Yousafzai in October 2012 as she rode home on a bus after school, they made clear their intention: to silence the teenager and kill off her campaign for girls’ education.
-Nine months and countless surgical operations later, she stood up at the United Nations on her 16th birthday on Friday to deliver a defiant riposte. “They thought that the bullet would silence us. But they failed,” she said.
-As 16th birthdays go, it was among the more unusual. Instead of blowing out candles on a cake, Malala sat in one of the main council chambers at the United Nations in the central seat usually reserved for world leaders.
-She listened quietly as Ban Ki-moon, the UN secretary-general, described her as “our hero, our champion”; and as the former British prime minister and now UN education envoy, Gordon Brown, uttered what he called “the words the Taliban never wanted her to hear: happy 16th birthday, Malala ”.
-The event, dubbed Malala Day, was the culmination of an extraordinary four years for the girl from Mingora, in the troubled Swat valley of Pakistan. She was thrust into the public glare after she wrote a blog for the BBC Urdu service describing her experiences struggling to get an education under the rising power of Taliban militants.
-By 11, she was showing exceptional determination, calling personally on the US special representative to Pakistan, Richard Holbrooke, to use his influence to combat the Taliban’s drive against education for girls. By 14, she was on the radar of Archbishop Desmond Tutu, who put her forward for the International Children’s Peace Prize, and, by 15, she became the youngest Nobel Peace Prize nominee in history.
-But such dizzying global attention came at a price. Death threats followed her growing recognition, and, on 9 October 2012, following a meeting of Pakistani Taliban leaders, the gunman was dispatched to remove what they called the “symbol of infidels and obscenity ”.
-Multiple operations in Pakistan and the UK followed the attack on the bus, including the fitting of a titanium plate on her left forehead and a cochlear implant to restore her hearing. She now lives with her family in Birmingham and does what the Taliban tried to stop her doing: goes to school every day. “I am not against anyone,” she said in the UN chamber, having taken this day out from the classroom. “Neither am I here to speak in terms of personal revenge against the Taliban or any other terrorist group.”
-Malala responded to the violence of the Taliban with her own countervailing force: words against bullets. “I do not even hate the Talib who shot me. Even if there is a gun in my hand and he stands in front of me, I would not shoot him.”
-She spoke confidently, with only an injured eye and a slightly drooping left side of her face to hint at such fresh traumas. There was one other unstated allusion to the horror of her past: she wore a white shawl belonging to a woman who was also targeted by extremists but who, unlike Malala, did not survive to tell the tale: Benazir Bhutto, the former prime minister of Pakistan.
-“The extremists are afraid of books and pens,” the teenager continued. “The power of education frightens them. They are afraid of women. The power of the voice of women frightens them.”
-She cited the attack in June on a hospital in Quetta, capital of Baluchistan, and killings of female teachers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. “That is why they are blasting schools every day – because they were and they are afraid of change, afraid of the equality that we will bring to our society.”
-And she gave her own opposing interpretation of Islam to the Taliban’s. “They think that God is a tiny, little conservative being who would send girls to hell just because of going to school. The terrorists are misusing the name of Islam and Pashtun society for their own personal benefits. Islam is a religion of peace, humanity and brotherhood. Islam says that it is not only each child’s right to get education, rather it is their duty and responsibility.”
-Such ability to articulate what normally remains unarticulated – to give voice to young people normally silenced – has generated its own response. The “Stand with Malala” petition, calling for education for the 57 million children around the world who do not go to school, has attracted more than four million signatures – more than a million having been added shortly after Malala’s speech.
-At the start of her speech, Malala said: “I don’t know where to begin my speech. I don’t know what people would be expecting me to say.” She need not have worried.",115
-"Kenton Cool can hardly speak. All the physical effort at high altitude has affected his voice. He is now in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal – he flew down from Everest base camp that morning. Cool is talking about a startling sequence of climbs completed the previous weekend. Early on Saturday morning, he reached the summit of Nuptse, the first and lowest of the three main summits in the Everest “horseshoe” that surrounds the glaciated valley called the Western Cwm.
-That same day, he climbed up to the summit of Everest itself, reaching the top in complete darkness early on Sunday. He and his climbing partner then continued on to the summit of Lhotse, the third of this spectacular three-peaks challenge, on Monday morning.
-He says he took advantage of a rare opportunity. “For the first time since the late 1990s, there were fixed ropes on all three mountains,” he says. “That doesn’t take away the physical achievement of what I did. I’ve set the bar at a certain level. But whoever comes along next will move the bar further and do it without ropes or bottled oxygen.”
-Sixty years after Everest was first climbed, many of the media reports are looking back to Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay and their age of innocence from the modern era of commercialism and environmental damage. I’ve asked Cool to look forward and imagine what top climbers might be doing 60 years from now.
-“I hate to think,” he says, but mentions the Swiss climber, Ueli Steck, who fled the mountain in April after an argument with a crowd of Sherpas at Camp 2. Steck, he says, was planning to climb Everest’s west ridge, first done in 1963, descend to the South Col and then immediately climb Lhotse via a new route, all without fixed ropes. “Ueli had been training like a machine,” Cool says. “He’s a fantastic climber. He’s technically brilliant but he had also taken his physical condition to the highest possible level. It would have been amazing to see what he could have done.”
-What will tourism look like in the Everest region in the future? One clue is in the stunning helicopter rescue by Simone Moro, Steck’s climbing partner, whose rude language caused the argument at Camp 2. Moro flew back to Everest on Tuesday at the controls of a high-powered helicopter to rescue a climber at an altitude of 7,800 metres.
-It was the highest rescue ever performed on Everest and highlights the huge rise in helicopter flights in recent years. By 2073, the infrastructure on the mountain might include a helipad on the South Col that would bring tourists. In the meantime, helicopters are making it easier to rescue both climbers and the far more numerous trekkers who go as far as base camp.
-It is not certain that the Everest region can continue to cope with a booming tourism sector, according to mountain geographer and environmentalist, Alton Byers. The combination of climate change and tourism, he says, is creating new stresses on the Sherpa homeland. The retreat, and in some cases disappearance, of glaciers in the Everest region is having a major impact already. “Everywhere you go, people are talking about how there’s less water. There’s less water for agriculture and less water for all the new lodges that are getting built.”
-In the Sherpa town of Namche Bazaar, he says, a new five-mile pipeline is being laid to bring water to service the growing tourist demand for showers and flush toilets. The local stream has become contaminated with human waste and does not provide enough water for a place that, in high season, is bursting at the seams. “Every village is digging a pit just beyond the houses for garbage. Khumbu has the highest landfill sites in the world,” he says. Human waste at base camp is now managed well and removed in plastic barrels. But, according to Byers, these barrels are emptied into a huge pit a few hours down the valley that could leak into the region’s watercourses.
-“These problems can be solved, but we need to get serious about it,” he says. “One climber can spend $85,000 climbing Everest. And that’s fine. But at some point we’re going to have to look at these other priorities. For half a million dollars a year, you could solve most of them.”
-Climate change is another issue. Byers works with local conservation committees to identify and plan for the impacts of climate change, most usually finding new water sources or introducing rainwater harvesting. The rapid build-up of glacial lakes is a constant threat – they threaten to burst and flood the Sherpa homeland. “At some point in the future, people are going to have to get out of their way.”
-Changing weather patterns are also having an impact on tourism. Increased cloud cover in periods of normally clear weather is closing Lukla Airport, the gateway to the Everest region, more often. A new road for 4x4s is being built to Lukla to guarantee the flow of tourists and their money, but Byers is worried that the rapid spread of the road network in Nepal is being done too cheaply, with disastrous consequences in terms of soil erosion and landslides.
-“Everest is the icon everyone knows,” he says. “It’s the perfect laboratory for figuring out how to solve some of these problems, like the impacts of climate change and tourism.”",116
-"Why do it? The elite football referees of the future smile when you ask them this question. This season, criticism of referees has increased so much that some former referees have started to complain about standards. That is quite significant because, when you talk to referees, it is obvious that supporting each other through thick and thin is fundamental.
-So why do they do it? Why spend hundreds of hours driving up and down the country? Why enforce rules, some of which inevitably upset people? Why try to climb the ladder until you get the chance to make decisions on television in front of millions of people who scrutinize you and your ability helped by many different camera angles and slow-motion replays?
-You might get an answer from the face of Lee Swabey moments after he blows the final whistle of a 2–1 win for Grimsby over Woking, a match at level 5 of the English league system. He gets what all referees hope for every time they referee a match. “Twenty-two handshakes,” he explains afterwards, proudly. Symbolically, a full set of handshakes, plus a “well done” from both managers, represents maximum satisfaction. “The buzz,” as he calls it, of a game that passes smoothly, is something he loves. “I wouldn’t spend so much time away from my family if this didn’t mean the world to me.”
-Swabey is one of a group of referees that is highly regarded by the Professional Game Match Officials Limited (PGMOL). So he knew he was being watched at that match. PGMOL’s chief, Mike Riley, was in attendance, along with his colleague Steve Dunn, watching every significant move the officials make.
-A few weeks earlier, Riley, Dunn and another former referee, Peter Jones, made their way to another level-5 match to watch another young referee – John Brooks. “I hope to have the opportunity to get promoted to the Premier League and officiate some of the top games in this country,” Brooks says.
-Unfortunately, all the PGMOL delegation saw was the way Brooks handled the difficult situation of cancelling the match because of a frozen pitch. It is all part of the experience Brooks needs to acquire before he is trusted with more important games, the different problems that need dealing with – often, clubs are very reluctant to have a late postponement, particularly when they have to pay all the staff who have come but will not receive any gate money.
-Brooks phoned his coach for advice and made the difficult but correct decision. A little later, the football club secretary arrived with envelopes to pay the officials for their time – the match fee at level 5 is £95 so it is clear that these men do not do it for the money.
-Brooks, like Swabey, has clear ambitions to progress. He knows that dealing with disappointments is a big part of that. How does he feel watching football on TV when a referee gets vilified? “Erm … not great,” he admits. “I do sometimes wish people understood the time and effort we put in. It is very easy to criticize a decision but we do everything to try to get these decisions right. In certain situations, you are going to be unpopular but, if you are uncomfortable with that, you are probably in the wrong job.”
-The former referees agree that the backup, education and tools that today’s referees have is very different from what they experienced in their own days. Riley, as a young referee, bought himself books on psychology and nutrition as there was no information on offer to him at all.
-Contrast this with Brooks, who has a coach he can call. They consult weekly, discuss how his games have gone, study footage of key decisions and work out how to improve. He also has the support of a sports psychologist, Liam Slack, for regular guidance and an exercise regime to help him handle the 11km he runs during a game.
-Brooks says psychology is vital in his development. “One of the things we have talked about is forgetting decisions and moving on,” he explains. “There may be a big decision to make in the first 30 seconds of the game. Once you have made that, you need to stay focused for the next 89 minutes and not be wondering whether that was correct or worrying about that decision. Liam has taught us some techniques for forgetting that decision. Working with the sports psychologist is really important for mental toughness.”
-On the subject of technology, the three former referees are unanimous in their support of it. “We are all in favour of anything that makes the referee’s job better and makes them more effective on the pitch,” says Riley. Minimizing mistakes is the aim. After all, a bad decision can stick with you for a while. “The rest of your life,” adds Jones with a chuckle.",117
-"1 Race engineer
-A race engineer liaises between the driver and the mechanics.
-Typical salary: New graduates start at £25,000 to £30,000 and quickly progress to junior engineer roles, earning more than £40,000 with just a few years’ experience. Senior race engineers earn £50,000 to £90,000 and promotion often leads to six-figure salaries.
-What the job involves: “A race engineer acts as the interpreter between the race-car mechanics and the driver,” says race engineer Jamie Muir. “The engineer takes feedback from the driver, analyses the data available and makes decisions about the set-up needed for maximum performance, then relays this to the mechanics to instigate.”
-Qualifications: A university degree, typically in automotive/mechanical engineering or motorsport technology. Hands-on experience is essential.
-To succeed as a race engineer, you need … to be able to deal with pressure.
-Worst thing about the job: The long hours. “Race engineers work 24/7,” says Chris Aylett, CEO of the Motorsport Industry Association.
-2 Ethical hacker
-Typical salary: £60,000 to £90,000 at team- leader level, while a newly qualified hacker can expect a minimum salary of £35,000 to £50,000.
-What the job involves: A company will pay an ethical hacker to hack into its computer system to see how well it might stand up to a real attack.
-Qualifications: You don’t necessarily need a degree in computer science. The industry accepts individuals with a very wide range of academic qualifications and skills.
-To succeed as an ethical hacker, you need … a passion for technology and detail. You should also have a very good analytical mind and enjoy solving difficult problems.
-Worst thing about the job: When you are called in to test the security of a new customer’s network only to discover that they have already been the victim of a data breach.
-3 Bomb-disposal diver
-Typical salary: In the private sector, you can earn up to £100,000 working just two months out of every three.
-What the job involves: Descending to the sea bed and searching for unexploded ordnance (bombs, shells, grenades and landmines), then either safely recovering and collecting the weapons or securely disposing of them.
-Qualifications: To dive offshore, you must have diving-inspection and medical-technician qualifications. To be able to dispose of the bombs safely, you’ll also need an explosive ordnance disposal qualification and years of experience.
-To succeed as a bomb-disposal diver, you need … to stay calm in stressful situations. You work on your own at depth, with nil visibility and, if you don’t like living in small confined spaces with lots of other people, forget it.
-Worst thing about the job: Expect to be away from home at least six months of the year.
-4 Social engineer
-Typical salary: Between £50,000 and £80,000, on average. Graduates start on £25,000 but salaries increase rapidly with qualifications and experience.
-The job: A social engineer is paid by a company to try to trick its employees into divulging confidential information that allows the engineer to access sensitive company data or the company’s computer network.
-Qualifications: Typically, social engineers have a degree in IT, although an understanding of psychology is useful, as is a background in marketing, teaching and customer service.
-To succeed as a social engineer, you need … the confidence to lie convincingly and the ability to fit in almost anywhere without looking too out of place. You also need a strong sense of personal ethics and an understanding of the law.
-Worst thing about the job: Other people may misunderstand your job: social engineers are not spies but most people think they are.
-5 Power-line helicopter pilot
-Typical salary: £65,000
-The job: To fly close to high-voltage power lines in a helicopter so that the lines can be inspected with a camera and any potential faults and issues can be identified by the power company.
-Qualifications: A private-helicopter-pilot licence, a commercial pilot’s licence and around 2,000 hours of experience flying at low levels in the type of helicopter the company usually uses.
-To succeed as a power-line helicopter pilot, you need … a steady hand and a cool head. Typically, pilots must fly beside the power line, sometimes as little as 20 feet away and just 30 feet off the ground.
-Worst thing about the job: “There are no negatives,” says Robin Tutcher, chief helicopter pilot for Western Power Distribution overhead- power network.
-6 Private butler
-Typical salary: £60,000 to £90,000
-The job: A private butler can be called on by his or her employer to do anything from wardrobe management to chauffeuring and pet care. Typical duties include managing other staff, serving at every meal, running errands, looking after guests, booking restaurants, house security, housekeeping, cooking and anything else the household needs.
-Qualifications: You don’t need any specific qualifications but can do a course at the British Butler Academy or the British Butler Institute.
-To succeed as a butler, you need … the mindset of someone who genuinely thrives on looking after others.
-Worst thing about the job: Long hours and an unpredictable work schedule mean it’s difficult to have a family life. Butlers also suffer from isolation, cultural differences with their employer and “having to work for people who aren’t always nice”, says Sara Vestin, director of the British Butler Academy.",118
-"Himalayan lakes, spacewalks and the US presidential campaign helped Scott Kelly stay sane during his 340 days in space, the astronaut told journalists after he landed back on Earth from a record-breaking mission. “It seemed like I lived there forever,” Kelly said. He had been on several previous missions but said that his biggest surprise was simply how long this one felt. “Maybe, occasionally, you do go bananas,” he said.
-Kelly and a Russian colleague, Mikhail Kornienko, spent nearly a year on the International Space Station (ISS) in order to study the effects of weightlessness, radiation and the cramped conditions of spaceflight on humans. NASA considers this research essential for a future mission to Mars.
-Kelly said the length of the mission was its biggest challenge and that he felt much more sore when he returned to gravity than after shorter trips. Kelly and his twin brother, Mark, a retired astronaut, have spent the last year taking physical and mental tests. The tests will continue, to help NASA learn about how the body copes with the severe strains of spaceflight.
-He said the discomfort of returning to gravity took nothing from the sense of wonder he felt after he landed back on Earth. When the Russian capsule opened on to the cool air of Kazakhstan, Kelly said, he smelled “a fragrance like a plant was blooming in that area”. It was the fresh air mixed with the charred, “kind of sweet” smell of a spacecraft that had survived re-entry through the atmosphere.
-As he left the spacecraft, he said, the importance of the mission began to sink in: 340 days on a 15-yearold space station which is “a million pounds, the size of a football field, the internal volume, some say, of a six-bedroom house”. The ISS, he said, is a place that uses the power of the sun and was built with the help of an international team.
-“There are things we’re going to discover about our experience in space in the space station that we don’t even know now,” Kelly said, comparing the research of more than 450 missions there to the work done by computer scientists at NASA in the 1960s and 1970s. He added: “The view is great, too.”
-Kelly made the most of that view – he posted spectacular photos on social media of the Earth’s cities, landscapes, oceans and atmosphere. “The Earth is a beautiful planet,” he said, describing the beautiful waters around the Bahamas and the rainbow colours of the lakes of the northern Himalayas. He said he would like to visit that region, though he would first need to learn “what country actually owns them”. But, “mainly, you just notice how thin the atmosphere is,” Kelly added. “That, together with these large areas of pollution, is kind of alarming.”
-The astronaut said he could see entire systems of pollution: smoke clouds from wildfires that covered parts of the US, sections of Asia with continuous, visible pollution nearly all year round. He said the message “we need to save the planet” wasn’t completely correct: “The planet will get better; it’s us that won’t be here because we’ll destroy the environment.” The world’s thin shield of atmosphere “makes you more of an environmentalist after spending so much time looking down”, he said.
-“It’s for us to take care of the air we breathe and the water we drink. And I do believe we have an impact on that and we do have the ability to change it, if we make the decision to.” Kelly was very active on social media, which made many people follow him online. But he said he was unaware of it. Instead, he watched the drama of the 2016 US presidential election.
-Besides the news, he said, steady work helped keep him sane: “I tried to have milestones that were close, like when is the next crew arriving, the next spacewalk, the next science experiment. That made a difference to me – it kept my sanity.” Being back on Earth with the rest of humanity had not quite sunk in, he added. He recalled how shocked he had been to see a crowd of people after a previous mission. “I’ll soon start feeling that kind of culture shock,” he said.
-Kelly predicted that he would not fly again with NASA. “But I don’t think I would ever say I’m absolutely, 100% finished,” he added, because of the sudden successes of private spaceflight companies such as SpaceX. “They might need a guy like me someday,” he said. “Maybe, in the next 20 years, you’ll be able to buy a cheap ticket, just go for a little visit.”",119
-"Japanese entrepreneur Takahito Iguchi thinks Google Glasses are not cool. He may be right. There’s already a website with pictures of people wearing them – the people look ridiculous or smug or, more often, both. If you search Google Images for Google Glasses, one of the first pictures is of a large, naked man wearing them in the shower. Iguchi hopes that this is Google’s weak point. He has designed some glasses that are a bit more stylish and a bit more Japanese.
-Iguchi’s glasses aren’t really glasses – they are a piece of metal with a camera and a very small projector. The glasses are called Telepathy One. Since he first presented them to the public in Texas, they have attracted $5 million from investors. Like Glass, you will be able to buy Telepathy One in 2014.
-It’s a more simple version of Google Glass. Glass has many uses – you can surf the internet, read emails, take photographs – but Telepathy will be “more of a communication machine”. Connected to your phone, it will allow real-time visual and audio sharing. You’ll be able to post photos and videos of what you see on Facebook or send them as an email. Or see and speak to a video image of a friend.
-“It will help bring you close to your friends and family. We are very focused on the communication and sharing possibilities,” says Iguchi, who has worked in the Japanese technology industry for 20 years. “I’m a visionary,” he says. “I have a dream that people will understand other people. When I go to London, I am a stranger. But I believe that everyone wants people to understand them and to understand other people. And, with the glasses, you can know more information about people before you even speak to them.”
-When Iguchi was growing up, Japanese technology ruled the world: they had the Sony Walkman, which was as popular as the iPhone. Now, to compete, he has had to leave Tokyo and go to Silicon Valley. “Tokyo is very rich in fashion and culture, but it’s still an island. It’s isolated. There is no way to expand. But, in Silicon Valley, everyone is from everywhere. It’s where you come to connect with the world.” They will make the glasses in Japan and the software in the US.
-It was easy to build the prototype of Telepathy One, Iguchi says. “We have every sort of technology in Tokyo. The problem is presenting it to the world.” The top manufacturers all want to work with him, he says, because they have the technology, they just find it difficult to sell it. “There needs to be a story to the product. Apple had a story with the iPod – 1,000 songs in your pocket. And Steve Jobs was inspired by Akio Morita, the co-founder of Sony, and he inspired me, so maybe it will come in a circle.”
-Like Steve Jobs, Iguchi is a confident man, but his strong Japanese accent makes it difficult to understand him. It is possible that this fact helped him to find the idea for Telepathy One. When he visited London, he stayed with someone he didn’t know. “He was not my friend, but I talked with him for three hours, and now he is my friend. That is how long it takes to understand each other, to share our feelings, and background, and career. Maybe Telepathy makes that quicker. If you are getting information from the cloud and social networks, that will happen more easily.”
-Iguchi hopes that Telepathy One will help people see other people’s point of view.
-As a student, he explains, he studied philosophy during the day and taught himself how to code at night. “And, one day, I opened the door of my apartment and I suddenly realized that everything is code. Everything is coded and can be shared between humans. And everything can be encoded and decoded. And, if code can be exchanged between humans, that will end all war.”",120
-"The Virunga National Park, home to rare mountain gorillas but targeted for oil exploration by a British company, could earn trouble-torn DR Congo $400m a year from tourism, hydropower and carbon credits, said a WWF report.
-But, if the UNESCO World Heritage Site that straddles the equator is exploited for oil, as the Congolese government and exploration firm SOCO International are hoping, it could lead to devastating pollution and permanent conflict in an already unstable region, says the conservation body.
-SOCO International is the only company seeking to explore inside the boundaries of the Virunga park. SOCO insist that their operations in Congo would be confined to an area in the park known as Block V, and would not affect the gorillas.
-SOCO Chairman Rui de Sousa said: “Despite the views of WWF, SOCO is extremely sensitive to the environmental significance of the Virunga National Park. It is irrefutable that oil companies still have a central role in today’s global energy supply and a successful oil project has the potential to transform the economic and social well-being of a whole country.”
-He added: “The park has sadly been in decline for many years, officially falling below the standards required for a World Heritage Site. The potential for development just might be the catalyst that reverses this trend.”
-However, Raymond Lumbuenamo, country director for WWF Democratic Republic of the Congo, based in Kinshassa, said that security in and around the park would deteriorate further if SOCO went ahead with its exploration plans.
-“The security situation is already bad. The UN is involved with fighting units and the M23 rebel force is inside the park. Oil would be a curse. It always increases conflict. It would attract human sabotage. The park might become like the Niger Delta. Developing Virunga for oil will not make anything better.
-“The population there is already very dense, with over 350 people per square kilometre. When you take part of the land (for oil), you put more pressure on the rest. Oil would not provide many jobs; people would flood in looking for work,” he said.
-One fear is that the area is seismically active and another eruption of one of the volcanoes in the park could damage oil company infrastructure and lead to oil spills in the lakes. “Virunga’s rich natural resources are for the benefit of the Congolese people, not for foreign oil prospectors to drain away. Our country’s future depends on sustainable economic development,” said Lumbuenamo.
-“For me, choosing the conservation option is the best option. Once you have started drilling for oil, there’s no turning back,” he said.
-But Lumbuenamo accepted that, while the gorillas were safe at present, the chances of the park generating its potential of $400m a year were remote. “It would be difficult to make the kind of money that the report talks of. Virunga used to be a very peaceful place and can be again. The security situation right now is bad. The UN is involved with fighting units. It’s not as quiet as it used to be.”
-According to the WWF report, ecosystems in the park could support hydropower generation, fishing and ecotourism, and play an important role in providing secure water supplies, regulating climate and preventing soil erosion.
-The park, Africa’s oldest and most diverse, is home to over 3,000 different kinds of animals, but is now heavily populated with desperately poor people, many of whom fled there after the Rwanda massacre in 1994.
-“In all, the park could support in the region of 45,000 permanent jobs. In addition, people around the world could get an immense value from simply knowing that the park is well managed and is safe for future generations,” says the report.
-“Virunga represents a valuable asset to DR Congo and contributes to Africa’s heritage as the oldest and most biodiverse park on the continent,” the report continues. “Plans to explore for oil and exploit oil reserves put Virunga’s potential value at risk,” it says.
-“This is where we draw the line. Oil companies are standing on the doorstep of one of the world’s most precious and fragile places, but we will not rest until Virunga is safe from this potential environmental disaster,” said Lasse Gustavsson, executive director of WWF International. “Virunga has snow fields and lava fields, but it should not have oil fields.”
-The UNESCO World Heritage Committee called for the cancellation of all Virunga oil permits and appealed to concession holders Total SA and SOCO International plc not to undertake exploration in World Heritage Sites. Total has committed to respecting Virunga’s current boundary, leaving UK-based SOCO as the only oil company with plans to explore inside the park.",121
-"It was not so much how hard people found the challenge but how far they would go to avoid it that left researchers gobsmacked. The task? To sit in a chair and do nothing but think.
-So unbearable did some find it that they took up the safe but alarming opportunity to give themselves mild electric shocks in an attempt to break the tedium.
-Two-thirds of men pressed a button to deliver a painful jolt during a 15-minute spell of solitude.
-Under the same conditions, a quarter of women pressed the shock button. The difference, scientists suspect, is that men tend to be more sensation-seeking than women.
-The report from psychologists at Virginia and Harvard Universities is one of a surprising few to tackle the question of why most of us find it so hard to do nothing.
-In more than 11 separate studies, the researchers showed that people hated being left to think, regardless of their age, education, income or the amount of time they spent using smartphones or social media.
-Timothy Wilson, who led the work, said the findings were not necessarily a reflection of the pace of modern life or the spread of mobile devices and social media. Instead, those things might be popular because of our constant urge to do something rather than nothing.
-The first run of experiments began with students being ushered – alone, without phones, books or anything to write with – into an unadorned room and told to think. The only rules were they had to stay seated and not fall asleep. They were informed – specifically or vaguely – that they would have six to 15 minutes alone.
-The students were questioned when the time was up. On average, they did not enjoy the experience. They struggled to concentrate. Their minds wandered even with nothing to distract them. Even giving them time to think about what to think about did not help.
-In case the unfamiliar setting hampered the ability to think, the researchers ran the experiment again with people at home.
-They got much the same results, only people found the experience even more miserable and cheated by getting up from their chair or checking their phones.
-To see if the effect was found only in students, the scientists recruited more than 100 people, aged 18 to 77, from a church and a farmers’ market. They, too, disliked being left to their thoughts.
-But, the most staggering result was yet to come. To check whether people might actually prefer something bad to nothing at all, the students were given the option of administering a mild electric shock.
-They had been asked earlier to rate how unpleasant the shocks were, alongside other options, such as looking at pictures of cockroaches or hearing the sound of a knife rubbing against a bottle.
-All the students picked for the test said they would pay to avoid mild electric shocks after receiving a demonstration.
-To the researchers’ surprise, 12 of 18 men gave themselves up to four electric shocks, as did six of 24 women.
-“What is striking is that simply being alone with their thoughts was apparently so aversive that it drove many participants to self-administer an electric shock that they had earlier said they would pay to avoid,” the scientists write in Science
-Jessica Andrews-Hanna at the University of Colorado said many students would probably zap themselves to cheer up a tedious lecture. But, she says more needs to be known about the motivation of the shockers in Wilson’s study.
-“Imagine the setup – a person is told to sit in a chair with wires attached to their skin and a button that will deliver a harmless but uncomfortable shock, and they are told to just sit there and entertain themselves with their thoughts,” she said.
-“As they sit there, strapped to this machine, their mind starts to wander and it naturally goes to that shock – was it really that bad?
-“What are the experimenters really interested in? Perhaps this is a case where curiosity killed the cat.”",122
-"Former president of the Royal Institute of Navigation Roger McKinlay says that our use of GPS (global positioning system) technology could be damaging our innate ability to find our way. “If we do not look after them, our natural navigation abilities will deteriorate as we rely more and more on technology,” he wrote.
-McKinlay believes we need huge investment before navigation systems will be good enough for technologies such as autonomous vehicles to take off. In the meantime, he says, we need better research into systems for navigation. Also, children should be encouraged to learn how to find their way around by more traditional means. “Schools should teach navigation and map reading as life skills,” he wrote.
-According to Ofcom (the Office of Communications), around 66% of adults in the UK owned a smartphone in 2015, up from 39% in 2012 – so GPS technology is widely available. But McKinlay, a satellite communication and navigation consultant, believes that we should be careful not to leave our navigational needs to our devices. “If we don’t practise using our navigation skills, we’ll lose them” he wrote.
-Not many scientific studies have explored the issue, but research from 2009 supports his ideas. “We looked at a group of current London taxi drivers and a group of London taxi drivers that had been retired for about four years,” said neuroscientist Dr Hugo Spiers of University College London, who is an author of the study. The results showed that the retired taxi drivers performed worse on navigation tests than the current taxi drivers. “We were able to show that their abilities dropped away if they weren’t using their knowledge.”
-Spiers also believes there is a danger in relying on technologies like GPS but he points out that the biggest problem is that technologies can lead drivers into dangerous situations. One of the deaths caused by satnavs (satellite navigation devices) was of a driver whose car plunged into a lake in Spain in 2010. “There is a genuine potential danger in relying on a satnav,” said Spiers. “But the health risk of not using your brain effectively is not known.”
-The way in which navigational technology is used could also affect its impact on our own abilities, says Spiers. Audio instructions to drivers remove the need to think about navigation, he says, but the use of smartphone apps as digital maps is very different. “When you use a digital map, you have to think hard about where you are going and interact with this device,” he said. “The modern technology isn’t just dumbing us down completely.”
-McKinlay believes there have to be big improvements in navigation technologies before futuristic scenarios of driverless cars and smart cities become a reality. “For really important jobs – like landing aircraft or navigating aircraft – GPS is still not good enough,” he said.
-Spiers believes the development of artificial intelligence based on machine learning could lead to a new wave of navigational aids, but McKinlay is sceptical. “We will see ever-smarter machines which are very, very task specific, but the big breakthrough will be when they understand what we are thinking and what we want to achieve,” he said.
-Ultimately, McKinlay believes, it’s essential that humans remain able to take control of their navigation. “Do you really want to encourage people to a point where, when it disappears or when the battery goes flat, they are in total shock and can do nothing?” he said. “Technology isn’t magic – it is just a tool.”",123
-"The threatened extinction of the tiger in India, the perilous existence of the orangutan in Indonesia, the plight of the panda: these are wildlife emergencies with which we have become familiar. They are well-loved animals that no one wants to see disappear. But, now, scientists fear the real impact of declining wildlife could be closer to home, with the threat to creatures such as ladybirds posing the gravest danger to biodiversity.
-Climate change, declining numbers of animals, rising numbers of humans and the rapid rate of species extinction mean a growing number of scientists now declare us to be in the Anthropocene – the geological age of extinction when humans finally dominate the ecosystems.
-WWF’s Living Planet Index (LPI) 2014 seemed to confirm that grim picture, with statistics on the world’s wildlife population that showed a dramatic reduction in numbers across countless species. The LPI showed the number of vertebrates had declined by 52% over four decades. Biodiversity loss has now reached “critical levels ”. Some populations of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians have suffered even bigger losses, with freshwater species declining by 76% over the same period.
-But it’s the creatures that provide the most “natural capital” or “ecosystem services” that are getting many scientists really worried. Three quarters of the world’s food production is thought to depend on bees and other pollinators such as hoverflies. Never mind how cute a panda is or how stunning a tiger – it’s worms that are grinding up our waste and taking it deep into the soil to turn into nutrients, and bats that are catching mosquitoes and keeping malaria rates down. A study in North America has valued the loss of pestcontrol from ongoing bat declines at more than $22bn in lost agricultural productivity.
-“It’s the loss of the common species that will impact on people, not so much the rarer creatures because, by the very nature of their rarity, we’re not reliant on them in such an obvious way,” said Dr Nick Isaac, a macroecologist at the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology in Oxfordshire. He says that recent work he and colleagues have been doing suggests that Britain’s insects and other invertebrates are declining just as fast as vertebrates, with “serious consequences for humanity”. “The really interesting thing about this work is that we are learning that it’s not just about the numbers of species going extinct, but the actual numbers in a population; that’s the beginning of a fundamental shift in our understanding,” he says.
-He pointed to the fact that between 23 and 36% of all birds, mammals and amphibians used for food or medicine are now threatened with extinction. In many parts of the world, wild- animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
-The blame, most agree, sits with unsustainable human consumption damaging ecosystems, creating climate change and destroying habitats at a far faster rate than previously thought. But, this time, it’s not just the “big, cuddly mammals” we have to worry about losing but the smaller, less visible creatures upon which we depend – insects, creepy- crawlies and even worms. They might not be facing immediate extinction but a decline in their numbers will affect us all. “We are going to feel the impact of those losses. With the UK species, the pattern is much the same with invertebrates as it is with vertebrates. It’s not as simplistic as 'fish die and people starve' – it’s more complex,” said Isaac.
-Humans, said TV naturalist Sir David Attenborough in 2013, are a “plague on earth”, but WWF claims there is still time to stop the rot. Its UK Chief Executive, David Nussbaum, said: “The scale of the destruction highlighted in this report should act as a wake-up call for us all. We all – politicians, business and people – have an interest, and a responsibility, to act to ensure we protect what we all value: a healthy future for people and nature.
-“Humans are cutting down trees more quickly than they can regrow, harvesting more fish than the oceans can restock, pumping water from our rivers and aquifers faster than rainfall can replenish them and emitting more carbon than the oceans and forests can absorb,” he said.",124
-"JMW Turner, one of Britain’s greatest painters, will appear on the new £20 note, after a nationwide vote.
-It will be the first time an artist has appeared on a British banknote, after the governor of the Bank of England, Mark Carney, asked the public to choose a deceased cultural figure they felt deserved to be on the banknote.
-Turner, who is famous for his dramatic seascapes, beat off competition from 590 painters, sculptors, fashion designers, photographers, film-makers and actors put forward by 30,000 members of the public.
-The list included Alfred Hitchcock, Alexander McQueen, Derek Jarman, Laura Ashley, William Morris and Vanessa Bell. This list was narrowed down to a final choice of five by a panel of artists, critics and historians.
-The final five – Barbara Hepworth, Charlie Chaplin, Josiah Wedgwood, William Hogarth and Turner – were chosen because of their “unquestioned” contribution to both the visual arts and British society, as well as their enduring influence.
-The announcement of the new banknote was made at the Turner Contemporary gallery in Margate. The announcement was made jointly by Carney and the artist Tracey Emin, who grew up in the town.
-Carney said it had been “so important to get this right and have a proper process that involved the public.” He added that banknotes are not only a practical necessity – they “can be a piece of art in everyone’s pocket”.
-“The fact that we will have Turner on the £20 note shows that the British people are a nation of people who appreciate creativity and appreciate the arts,” said Emin.
-The note will show Turner’s 1799 self-portrait, as well as one of his most famous works, The Fighting Temeraire, the ship that played an important role in Nelson’s victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
-The note will also contain a quote from the artist – “light is therefore colour” – as well as his signature. The signature is from his will, in which he left many of his paintings to the nation.
-Historical figures were first shown on banknotes in 1970. Turner joins Winston Churchill and Jane Austen as the significant figures who will feature on the new polymer notes – a plastic-type material – Churchill on the £5 and Austen on the £10 note. The new £20 note will be available by 2020.
-Turner was born in 1775 in London, the son of a barber, and he entered the Royal Academy Schools at the age of 14. In 1786, when he was sent to Margate, his love of painting and drawing the north-east Kent coast began. He returned to that coast throughout his life and it was where he painted some of his most dramatic oils and watercolours. He described its skies as “the loveliest in all Europe”.
-Turner was a very prolific artist – he produced more than 550 oil paintings and 2,000 watercolours in his lifetime. His life was also the subject of a film, in 2014, by Mike Leigh, with Timothy Spall as the artist.
-Victoria Pomery, the director of Turner Contemporary, said: “The decision to celebrate JMW Turner, one of the greatest technical pioneers in the history of British art, is extraordinary. It has proven that Turner is the nation’s favourite artist.”",125
-"During a momentous day at Liverpool Cathedral for the families of the 96 people who died so needlessly at Sheffield Wednesday’s Hillsborough football ground, you could hear one phrase again and again: the truth. These were the words used in a headline in The Sun newspaper. We now know that the story in the newspaper was given to the paper by the South Yorkshire Police to move the blame for the disaster onto the innocent victims.
-Margaret Aspinall’s son James, then 18, died at the match between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest. She said the families had had to fight for 23 years for the truth. Aspinall, Chairperson of the Hillsborough Family Support Group, said that the families’ loss would never go away, but she was “delighted” that the Prime Minister gave a “profound” apology for Hillsborough.
-An independent panel studied 450,000 documents created by the police, Sheffield Wednesday and all other bodies responsible. Then it produced a 395-page report, criticizing official mistakes and highlighting the fact that the victims and other fans were not responsible. Some of the causes of the disaster have been exposed before but the depth of the cover-up was still shocking, in particular the police campaign to falsely blame the supporters.
-The panel found that the South Yorkshire Police, led by the Chief Constable, Peter Wright, told their story that drunken supporters or those without tickets had caused the disaster. The victims’ blood was tested for alcohol levels. This was “an exceptional decision”, the panel said, and it found “no rationale” for it. When victims had alcohol in their blood, the police then checked to find if they had criminal records. The report found there was “no evidence … to prove the serious allegations of exceptional levels of drunkenness, ticketlessness or violence among Liverpool fans”.
-The report found that Wright met his police federation in a Sheffield restaurant to prepare “a defence” and “a rock-solid story”. The meeting was held just four days after the disaster. It was the day that The Sun newspaper published its headline “The Truth” over lies told to it by four senior South Yorkshire police officers.
-The panel found that officers’ statements were changed to delete criticism of the police and emphasize misbehaviour by supporters. The panel found that 116 of 164 statements were changed to remove or change negative comments about South Yorkshire police. The police had claimed they changed statements only to remove “opinion”, but the panel had no doubt they did more than that. “It was done to remove criticism of the police,” the report said.
-This propaganda did not convince the original inquiry. It found in August 1989 that the police stories of fan drunkenness and misbehaviour were false, and criticized the police for making the claims. It revealed that Sheffield Wednesday’s football ground was unsafe, that the Football Association had chosen it as the stadium for the match without even checking if it had a valid safety certificate (it did not).
-But it was the mismanagement of the crowd by the police, led by an inexperienced Chief Superintendent David Duckenfield, that was “the main cause” of the disaster. The police lost control outside the ground, where 24,000 Liverpool fans had to go through just 23 turnstiles, so Duckenfield ordered a large exit gate to be opened and a large number of people to be allowed in. His mistake, according to the inquiry, was the failure to close the tunnel that led to the central section behind the goal, which was already overcrowded.
-But the police still repeated their claims at the inquest. The coroner decided not to take evidence of what happened after 3.15pm on the day of the disaster, so the chaotic emergency response was not examined. The panel found that 41 of the 96 who died could possibly have been saved if the police and ambulance service had done their jobs properly.
-Following the panel’s report, the Attorney General will now decide whether to have a new inquest. There may be prosecutions too, after all these years, of Sheffield Wednesday, South Yorkshire Police and Sheffield City Council, which failed in its duty to oversee safety of the football ground. Trevor Hicks, President of the Hillsborough Family Support Group, whose two teenage daughters died in the disaster, said: “The truth is out today. Tomorrow is for justice.”",126
-"David Cameron, Barack Obama and Pamela Anderson have refused. George W Bush, Benedict Cumberbatch and Stephen Hawking have taken part. As the Ice Bucket Challenge notched up $100m for a US motor-neurone- disease charity and £4.5m for a British one, as well as thousands more for charities in Hong Kong and Australia, the bracing cold water of a backlash has quickly followed.
-Narcissistic celebrities showing off toned bodies, people having all the fun without donating, complaints about the waste of water – the attacks have come from commentators, animal-rights groups and environmentalists. And the US Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Association – which is not related to Britain’s MND Association – also came under fire for the six-figure salaries being paid to its top staff.
-Meanwhile, the challenge continues to grow. For anyone unaware of how it works, someone gives a short speech to camera about the charity, then dumps a bucket of ice cubes in water over their head, or gets a friend to do it, before nominating three people to either do the same or donate.
-It began in the US in July, although whether it was on a golf course or a baseball field depends on which version you prefer, and first appeared on mainstream American television on 15 July. But the ALS Association has now been forced to withdraw an attempt to patent the phrase “Ice Bucket Challenge” after criticism. “We understand the public’s concern and are withdrawing the trademark applications,” spokeswoman Carrie Munk said. The ALS has yet to respond to criticism of its high overheads and wage bills.
-The unfortunate coincidence that 31 August to 5 September was World Water Week, with international delegates arriving in Stockholm to discuss the planet’s water crisis, has not been lost on some. The charity WaterAid is asking people to use recycled water from bathtubs or garden butts or to douse people with sea water.
-Douglas Graham, the MND Association’s fundraising director, said: “The backlash is to be expected but, really, this is just a wonderful windfall and we’re so grateful. We didn’t see it coming but, suddenly, the donations just started.” The boost is an enormous help to a small charity looking after sufferers of a debilitating, little- understood disease that has no cure and kills five people a day in the UK.
-Former Baywatch star Pamela Anderson, a longstanding animal-rights activist, wrote an open letter to the ALS Association, saying she could not support its record on animal experimentation. A few US stars have rejected the challenge because of California’s drought. Actor Matt Damon got around the problem by pulling up water from his toilets – pointing out that much of the world had less clean drinking water available. Actor Verne Troyer used milk, again citing environmental reasons. And the challenge has been blamed for causing a water shortage on the Scottish island of Colonsay after its 135 inhabitants picked up on the craze.
-In Australia, a TV anchorman apologized over his robust “no, thanks” response to being nominated. Lincoln Humphries had said: “Instead of pouring fresh water over your own head and wasting ice, here is a list of charities helping communities in desperate need of money across the world. I’d like to nominate everyone, everywhere, who has more than they need, to donate what they can to the people who need it most … because that is what charity is about, not putting yourself through mild discomfort with a bucket of icy water.”
-Another criticism has been that small charities won’t be able to cope with the extra cash, but the MND Association rejected this. “Oh, we can cope here,” said Graham. “We fund world-class research into the causes and, ultimately, to find a treatment or cure. We provide care and support for 3,500 people and they need it because this is such a rapidly progressing disease and it’s a costly one to manage. Over 50% die within two years of diagnosis. It’s heartbreaking to see the decline in people we work with over just a few months.”
-But, for many people with a connection to the disease, the awareness that the challenge has created is as valuable as the cash. Graham says it is priceless. Normally, the MND Association gets around 300,000 hits a year on its website. On a single day recently, it had 330,000.
-“We couldn’t have created this if we’d tried. Charities are all worthwhile causes and I understand even that some people might want to donate to a different one. In 2013, British people gave £62bn to charity – we should be proud of that. It’s fabulous for us to get this windfall. We’ll be sitting down over the next few weeks to work out how to spend it in the best way but, I assure you, every penny will count for good.”",127
-"Valdevaqueros is one of the last unspoilt beaches in southern Spain. The road to the beach is filled with camper vans from Germany, France, Italy and Britain. The camper vans bring windsurfers and kitesurfers who are attracted by strong winds in the area.
-Valdevaqueros beach is very different from the beaches of Torremolinos and Marbella, which are full of hotels and concrete, but earlier in 2012 the local council in Tarifa said’yes’ to plans to build a tourist complex next to the beach. Environmental groups are angry. They say that the project will harm the habitats of protected animals and plants, but most of the council just want to create more jobs. 18,000 people live in Tarifa and 2,600 of them have no work. Spain is having its worst economic crisis for fifty years.
-“Traditional jobs like fishing are finishing so tourism is the only solution,” said Sebastián Galindo, a councillor from the Socialist party. Galindo says the complex does not break the law. There is a law to stop more ugly developments like those that spoilt a lot of Spain’s beaches in the 1960s and 1970s. This law says that the complex must be at least 200 metres from the coast; it will be much farther than that – it will be 800 metres.
-Some people say more houses are not needed in Spain because the country already has a million empty houses. Galindo says it is unfair to migrant workers who came to Spain when the economy was good. Many of the workers are from Morocco, which is just 14km away, across the sea. You can see it from Tarifa.
-Surfers fear that new buildings in Valdevaqueros would make the famous local wind less strong but would not attract people who want a traditional beach holiday. “It’s not really a place for families. The wind is too strong!” said Henning Mayer from Germany. “Ten years ago they said they would build a new highway here. It didn’t happen, so I think it will be impossible to build new hotels.”
-Tarifa is at the most southern point of Spain. It is where Africa and Europe meet, where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Atlantic. It is also a very important place for animals.
-Hours after the Tarifa council voted for the project, a campaign started to save the beach. The campaign has a Facebook page and is supported by groups including Greenpeace and the World Wide Fund for Nature. The Andalusian College of Geographers is also against the project – they say that the complex would disturb two wildlife conservation areas and cross the border of a national park.
-“They think money is more important than laws,” said Raúl Romeva, a member of the European Parliament. Romeva believes the project is wrong because the site has too little water. The town already has too little water in the hot summer weather of Andalusía.
-Many local people also want to know why they want to built a complex 10km away. They think it would be better near Tarifa’s beautiful old centre. “We agree with the complex if it creates jobs in the town,” said Cristóbal Lobato, who has worked at the same beach bar in Tarifa for 30 years. “If they put it in the centre of Tarifa, where there is space, then tourists could visit shops, bars and restaurants.”
-Standing in the green fields where they want to build the complex, biologist Aitor Galán said, “In other countries, they would protect this place, but here they want to build lots of buildings. They want this place to become Benidorm. But what attracts people here is wild animals and the wind.”",128
-"A new report has warned that up to a billion people will remain in extreme poverty by 2030 unless countries confront the social, economic and cultural forces that keep them in poverty. The report by the Chronic Poverty Advisory Network says that many people may rise above the poverty line of $1.25 a day, but slip back again when they experience problems such as drought or illness and insecurity or conflict.
-The report found that, in parts of rural Kenya and in South Africa, 30 to 40% of people who escaped from poverty fell back again, rising to 60% in some areas of Ethiopia between 1999 and 2009. Even in successful countries such as Indonesia and Vietnam, the proportion was 20%.
-Individual examples show how easy it is for people to slip back into poverty. Amin, from rural Bangladesh, has seen his livelihood gradually decline, due to his own and his wife’s illnesses, the cost of his son’s marriage, the death of his father and loss of goods such as fishing nets. Lovemore, from Zimbabwe, has become one of the poorest people in his village. He recently lost his job due to bad health and had to take in his five grandchildren after the death of his daughters.
-“We need to ensure that people who are lifted out of poverty remain above the poverty line permanently. Too many families are slipping back into poverty because they struggle to recover from personal or bigger setbacks. Governments shouldn’t assume that, just because somebody’s income reaches $1.25, that means job done,” said Andrew Shepherd, lead author of the report.
-A UN high-level panel said it was possible to achieve the goal of eliminating extreme poverty by 2030. The report, however, argues that “more of the same” will not get to zero. Despite a drop in extreme poverty from 1.9bn in 1990 to 1.2bn in 2010, the report says that progress in the next 15 years will be much harder. The big gains in China are unlikely to be matched by similar progress elsewhere, while climate-related shocks and deep poverty in parts of sub-Saharan Africa will slow down progress.
-The report says the focus should be on the chronically poor – those who are poor for many years or their entire lives – and on stopping the descent into poverty. “Governments have been quite good at moving people over the poverty line because that is relatively easy. But they have shied away from the more difficult job of trying to solve chronic poverty,” said Shepherd.
-The report says progress on poverty reduction has had less of an impact on the chronically poor than on those who were already closer to the poverty line. It will not be possible to get to zero unless development policies focus on the chronically poor, it adds. The report suggests three policies, all of which require massive global investment.
-The first is social assistance – to bring the poorest people closer to a decent standard of living. The second is education, from early childhood to the start of work, to enable people to escape and stay out of poverty. The third is economic growth policies that ensure that the benefits of increasing national prosperity reach the very poorest people.
-All this will cost money and the report says one obvious implication is that countries will need greater tax revenues. Aid will also be needed for the start-up costs for social assistance, universal health coverage and to finance education, including scholarships for the poorest children. “There remains a huge role for aid in the next 20 years, as many developing countries spend less than $500 on each of their citizens a year. Even Nigeria, with its oil wealth, spends only $650 per person,” Shepherd said.
-With the current crises in Syria, South Sudan and the Central African Republic, the report says it is essential that governments try to reduce the risk of conflict and to create peace.
-The report also argues that, if the inequalities which affect the poorest people – such as access to land, labour markets and the power relationships between men and women – are addressed, this would tackle two goals at the same time: reducing chronic poverty and inequality.
-The authors urge governments to develop an inclusive national development plan and to work with civil society to ensure that the poorest people are represented politically as well as trying to stop difficult social norms, such as dowries and witchcraft, that contribute to extreme poverty: “This often means challenging parts of the status quo.”",129
-"Governments across Europe dream of finding a magic solution to rising unemployment. But, in the hardest-hit parts of the EU, joblessness rates continue to creep up and the rhetoric does little to shorten the dole queue.
-Now, in a struggling corner of Italy, one mayor thinks he has found an answer to his town’s chronic lack of work – although, rather than a solution, it appears to some to be more of an admission of defeat. Valter Piscedda, the centre- left mayor of Elmas, a small town near Sardinia’s capital, Cagliari, wants to pay residents to leave. The council will pay for ten unemployed locals to take intensive English lessons, board a cheap flight and look for jobs elsewhere in Europe.
-“This is, above all, an idea born of common sense and experience,” he told the Guardian. “Over the past year and a half – especially in the past few months – I have been receiving young people, almost every day, who are despairing about their search for work. Some are looking here and ask for a hand in finding it here. Others have tried everything and are so discouraged that they no longer want to stay and wait. And they want to go and gain work experience abroad; life experience, too.
-“So, my reasoning was this: put everything in place that the council administration can put in place so that those who want to gain experience abroad are able to,” he said.
-As the national economy continues to falter, Sardinia, along with much of southern and central Italy, is grappling with high unemployment, with the overall joblessness rate at 17.7% in the second quarter of 2014, according to Italy’s National Institute of Statistics, Istat. More than 54% of people under 25 are out of work.
-For the Adesso Parto (Now I’m leaving) programme, Elmas’s council has allocated €12,000 on a first-come, first-served basis to applicants aged between 18 and 50. As long as they are out of work and have lived in the town for three years, they are eligible. They do not have to be university educated and their annual income must be no more than €15,000.
-The idea of encouraging people to up sticks is sensitive at a time when floods of Italians – many of them bright young graduates – are leaving their country every year. But Piscedda, who belongs to the Democratic Party of the Prime Minister, Matteo Renzi, denies he is facilitating a brain drain and believes that the people he is sending away may well return “and give me back 100 times what they were given”. More importantly, he wants the scheme to give a leg-up to those most in need.
-“It’s a programme for those with no other resource; it’s the last-chance saloon. It’s about allowing them the dignity of not having to ask a friend for money or place burdens on families that cannot do it,” he said.
-Earlier in 2014, he added, the council launched a scheme whereby businesses were given financial incentives to hire young workers from Elmas. “We advertised 20 of these positions,” he said. “We got 120 applications.”
-In Elmas, the scheme has provoked mixed reactions. “The reality is that there is little work here,” said Alessandro Macis. “The opportunity to go abroad to learn about the workplace and experience other cultures can be very worthwhile. The son of a friend of mine who didn’t study much has ended up in London and he’s really finding his way. He started as a waiter. Now, he’s a cook and he’s learning English.”
-Others were perplexed. “I heard about it but I thought it was strange. If you have that money to pay for people to go away, why don’t you use that money to keep them here?” said Consuelo Melis, who works behind the bar in a local café. On Twitter, one of many reactions was disbelief. “The state’s admission of defeat,” commented Marco Patavino. “Institutions are raising the white flag,” remarked Carlo Mazzaggio.
-Piscedda, however, is undeterred, remarking of his online critics: “Probably, they are people that aren’t in need ... Every day, I deal with people’s problems and I have to do something to try to solve them. These people, if they had an alternative, they wouldn’t be asking for help.
-“The work I can create, as mayor, is temporary. I can have a piazza cleaned. I can have it cleaned again. I can have the streets cleaned. But these are all temporary things that give nothing beyond that little bit of money for a few months. I want to go beyond that.”",130
-"A long time ago, cinema audiences were transported to a galaxy far, far away.
-That was 1977 but, in 2015, as the franchise plans to release its seventh film, interest in Star Wars shows no sign of slowing down. Now, there is news of a new film about Han Solo and of a reappearance for Darth Vader.
-“Many fans around the world are constantly waiting for the release of new poster art, new trailers and other information,” said Paul Dergarabedian, a senior media analyst. “It’s hard to imagine any other movie franchise that could cause this much enthusiasm and excitement.”
-The latest Star Wars mania started after Disney’s purchase of Lucasfilm from the film’s creator, George Lucas, in 2012. Disney paid $4bn for Lucasfilm and very soon announced that there would be three more Star Wars “episodes” – VII, VIII and IX – plus plans for spin-off movies and “standalones”.
-Details of the second spin-off have now been made public. It is a story about Han Solo, the intergalactic smuggler played by Harrison Ford in the first three films. This second new film will be released in May 2018.
-It will follow the release in December 2015 of Episode VII, directed by JJ Abrams and titled Star Wars: The Force Awakens. The unnamed Episode VIII is due out in 2017 and a spin-off, Rogue One, will arrive in cinemas in 2016.
-That movie will outline a rebel mission to steal the plans of the Death Star, a key part of the story in the first film in 1977. There was lots of interest in the rumour that Darth Vader, the black-clad villain of the original series, will reappear in Rogue One. The interest confirms the power of Star Wars nostalgia.
-In creating a multi-storyline, multi-character cinema “universe” around Star Wars, Lucasfilm-Disney are copying the phenomenally successful series of films produced by Marvel Studios, which Disney also bought, in 2009.
-Disney has increased the level of marketing savvy to a product that was already popular: Dergarabedian says the decision to make all six existing Star Wars films available on streaming services is “a brilliant way to build the excitement for the new film and reinvigorate the idea of Star Wars in the minds of the fans”.
-But, it is not certain that it needs reinvigorating. The level of enthusiasm that has surrounded Star Wars for at least the last twenty years is shown by the huge number of novels, comic books, video games and merchandising that Lucasfilm has created over the years.
-Michael Rosser, news editor for Screen International, suggests that it is this “shared universe” of nostalgia that makes Star Wars the top film franchise. “The great thing about the original films was that they created a huge universe of characters and possibility that sparked the imagination of viewers,” he said.
-“For years, people have been wondering how the different parts of the story fit together. This new film goes back to Han Solo and Luke Skywalker so we hope it will reconnect with the original Star Wars films. The prequels failed to do that.”
-Rosser is referring to the three films Lucas directed between 1999 and 2005 – The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith – which were about the life of Luke Skywalker’s father, Anakin, who becomes Darth Vader. Despite quite bad reviews, the prequels took $2.5bn at the worldwide box office.
-“It shows the power of Star Wars that, although they were disappointing, the prequels still made a lot of money,” said Rosser.
-In the world of film, branding and a successful franchise are very important. Is there a risk that movie studios will simply become branding machines and lose their interest in cinema?
-Rosser thinks not. “They are desperate to keep the franchise going and make sure new films are of good quality. They also want people to go to the cinema at a time when lots are staying home for entertainment. But you don’t want to watch Star Wars on your iPhone.”
-Meanwhile, Dergarabedian expects massive business when The Force Awakens reaches cinemas in December 2015. “We certainly expect a record opening for December and the film should make at least a billion dollars worldwide. Truly, Star Wars is the ultimate movie brand.”",131
-"There are many quirky solutions to help make our cities more livable, such as glow-in-the-dark trees, underground bike sheds and solar-powered bins.
-City living has many upsides but a sustainable lifestyle is not always one of them. Pollution, traffic and loss of green spaces are just some of the daily problems that city-dwellers have to deal with.
-We look at ten quirky solutions to making our cities better places to live.
-1 Pop-up parks
-Today’s cities sometimes look like they’re built more for cars than people. The pop-up park is a simple idea. Take an empty car park, a small amount of money and a pot plant or two, and make yourself your own private park. The PARK(ing) project started as an arts experiment in San Francisco. It has since spread across the world. Temporary urban farms and ecology demonstrations are just some of the ideas that have come out of the project, which celebrates a day of action every September.
-2 Subterranean storage
-Not all urban dwellers have cars. Bikes are becoming more and more fashionable. The question is: where to keep them safe? Tokyo-based engineering
-company Giken has a solution: an underground bicycle park. Just seven metres wide, the cylindrical storage facility buries deep into the ground and can hold 204 bikes. Owners can retrieve their bike at the touch of a button – the automated system delivers it back above ground in around 13 seconds.
-3 Glow-in-the-dark trees
-When most people think of trees that glow in the dark, Christmas trees usually come to mind. Not Daan Roosegaarde. The Dutch designer-artist has invented a “bioluminescent” plant. The experimental technology joins DNA from luminescent marine bacteria with the chloroplast genome of a plant to create a glow like a jellyfish. They are trying to create a version of the technology that Roosegaarde hopes could one day replace normal street lighting.
-4 Footfall harvesting
-Every day, hundreds of commuters and shoppers in the east London neighbourhood of West Ham cross the elevated pedestrian walkway close to the underground station. Few people probably notice the springiness beneath their feet. Even fewer realize that the springy rubber surface powers the streetlights above. The floor has smart tiles that capture the energy from pedestrians’ footsteps and convert it into electricity. Pavegen, the UK company who had the idea, has installed a similar system at London’s Heathrow Airport and other international locations.
-5 Supertrees
-It had to happen eventually: man-made trees. Singapore’s Gardens by the Bay has a group of them. Up to 50 metres high, these steel-framed ‘supertrees’ not only have flowers growing up them – their metallic canopies absorb and disperse heat, too. And they collect rainwater, as well as provide air ventilation for two large conservatories below. Eleven of the 18 trees also have solar panels on their ‘branches’.",132
-"An international agreement to improve safety in Bangladesh’s clothing factories is facing the threat of legal action as factory owners demand compensation for the cost of closures and repair work. With some repair programmes expected to take months, factory owners say they cannot shoulder the costs of paying staff while factories are closed, alongside the expense of some major works needed to ensure buildings are safe. The building overhauls are being carried out in the wake of the collapse of the Rana Plaza complex in the capital of Bangladesh, Dhaka, in 2013, in which 1,138 people were killed.
-The problems come as hundreds of Bangladeshi clothing factories per month are inspected for fire- safety and structural problems under the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh, which is backed by over 170 international brands, including Primark and Marks & Spencer, and international trade unions, including IndustriALL.
-The owner of one Dhaka-based factory, Softex Cotton, has threatened legal action against the Accord after his factory was closed down due to structural problems, prompting a demand for a reported $100m in compensation.
-Another factory owner, who declined to be named, said that once a factory closed its doors, even for a few months, it would lose orders and close permanently: “There is no such thing as temporary closure,” he said. The factory owner said that the Accord agreement had “pussyfooted” around the issue of who paid for factory closures amid efforts to get as many brands as possible to sign up to a deal in the wake of the Rana Plaza disaster. He said there was no clear process in place to handle the costs involved.
-Jenny Holdcroft, policy director for IndustriALL, which has been closely involved in the Accord, said that the agreement ensured that factories would not lose orders during closure because brands had committed to maintain orders with suppliers for two years.
-While 12 factories have been identified so far by the Accord as needing significant work, Holdcroft said many of those only needed partial closure in order to reduce stress on the building so production could continue on other floors. The Accord also legally binds brands to ensure that workers are paid during factory closures. She said the detail on who would make payments had been left open in order to ensure that all those factory owners who could afford to pay for repairs and compensation for workers made the necessary contribution.
-“This was always going to be a topic of negotiation. Brands don’t want to commit to paying so that rich factory owners who have just pocketed the profits and not been spending on their factories for years continue to do so. There was obviously going to be disruption. If there was no disruption, there would be no change,” she said. A spokesman for the Accord said negotiations over payments and even legal action would not hold up its work to improve safety in factories.
-However, pressure on the Accord to contribute to the payment of displaced workers has ratcheted up after a rival factory-safety group backed by US retailers including Walmart and Gap, the Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety, set aside $5m to help pay factory workers for up to two months while work is carried out on the buildings it has identified as needing improvement. It has, so far, identified five factories in four buildings where production needed to be suspended.
-“The Alliance is sharing the workers’ salary along with entrepreneurs so now there is a big confusion. We had a big meeting with the Accord to make them understand they have to come forward or how will we help our workers?” said Shaidullah Azim, a director of the Bangladeshi Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association.",133
-"When two people from the Marshall Islands saw a small fibreglass boat washed up on the beach of a remote Pacific island, they decided to take a closer look. Inside the boat, they found an emaciated man with long hair and a beard, who said he had been drifting for 16 months after setting out from Mexico, more than 12,500km away.
-The man, dressed only in a pair of underpants, told his rescuers that he had been adrift in the 7.3-metre fibreglass boat, whose engines were missing their propellers, since he left Mexico for El Salvador in September 2012. A companion had died at sea several months before, he said.
-“His condition isn’t good, but he’s getting better,” said Ola Fjeldstad, a Norwegian anthropology student doing research on Ebon Island, one of the Marshall Islands. The man said his name was José Ivan and that he survived by catching turtles and birds with his bare hands. There was no fishing equipment on the boat, but a turtle was inside when it washed up. “The boat looks like it has been in the water for a long time,” Fjeldstad told reporters.
-According to Fjeldstad, the islanders who found the man took him to a nearby island – which is so remote it has only one phone line and no internet – to meet the mayor, Ione de Brum. The mayor contacted the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Majuro, the Marshall Islands capital. Officials at the ministry said that they were waiting for more details and expected the man to be taken to the capital.
-Officials are considering sending a boat to pick up the castaway. “He’s staying at the local council house and a family is feeding him,” said Fjeldstad, who added that the man had a basic health check and was found to have low blood pressure, but did not appear to have any life-threatening conditions and was able to walk. “We’ve been giving him a lot of water and he’s gaining strength.”
-Fraser Christian, who teaches maritime survival courses, said the man’s story, if true, would be remarkable but not unique. It was possible to catch turtles or small fish by hand, he said, since “they are inquisitive and they will approach a small boat to shelter underneath it”. Christian advises people who are forced to eat turtles to start with their eyes – “lots of fluid” – then move on to the blood.
-The major dangers castaways experience are exposure and dehydration. “The basic rule is: no water, no food. You need water to digest protein. If you have no fresh water and it doesn’t rain for a few days, so you can’t collect rainwater, you have basically had it.” Individual physiology was also important, with some people more able to survive than others.
-Stories of survival in the vast Pacific Ocean are not uncommon. In 2006, three Mexicans made international headlines when they were discovered drifting, also in a small fibreglass boat near the Marshall Islands. They said they had survived for nine months at sea on a diet of rainwater, raw fish and seabirds. But Cliff Downing, who teaches sea survival to sailors, said he was sceptical about the latest tale. “It just doesn’t sound right to me. There are 1,001 hazards that would make his survival for so long very unlikely. “
-More castaways: Poon Lim, a Chinese sailor from a British ship sunk by a German submarine in 1942, survived 133 days on a wooden raft floating in the South Atlantic before being rescued by Brazilian fishermen. In 1971, Scottish sailor Dougal Robertson and his family were sailing to the Galápagos Islands from Panama when their boat was sunk by killer whales. They survived 38 days on a lifeboat before being rescued by a fishing boat. In 2006, three Mexican fishermen were found drifting in a small boat near the Marshall Islands, nine months after setting out on a shark-fishing expedition. In 2011, two fishermen, aged 26 and 53, from the Republic of Kiribati, drifted for 33 days before being rescued by the US coastguard. A Panamanian fisherman sued Princess Cruises in 2012 after one of their ships ignored cries for help from him and two companions in their broken boat. He survived 28 days adrift, but his friends both died of thirst.",134
-"All six numbers match, so now you can buy that Audi, book the holiday in the US and look for a new house. That’s what most lottery millionaires do, says a study of what jackpot winners do with their money.
-Since it started in 1994, the UK national lottery has created 3,000 millionaires. The 3,000 winners have won an average of £2.8 million each. That’s more than £8.5 billion in total. Together, they have created 3,780 more millionaires among their children, family and friends, according to the writers of the study, Oxford Economics.
-Most winners (59%) give up work straight away, but 19% carry on working and 31% do unpaid voluntary work. The good news for the British economy is that 98% of the money that the winners spent stayed in the UK. Through their spending on property, vehicles and holidays, it is estimated that each winner keeps six people in a full-time job for a year.
-Winners have contributed almost £750 million to the economy. Most of their money was spent on property, with £2.72 billion spent on winners’ main properties, and £170 million in paying off existing debt and mortgages.
-£2.125 billion was spent on investments. £1.17 billion was given to family and friends, and £680 million was spent on cars and holidays.
-It found that in total the 3,000 winners have bought 7,958 houses or flats in the UK, or 2.7 each, spending £3.3 billion. Most winners (82%) bought a new house, spending an average £900,000.
-The new home is likely to have a hot tub, with almost a third (29%) putting that on their shopping list. 28% bought a walk-in wardrobe, almost a quarter (24%) bought a property behind electric gates, and 22% had a games room, with 7% installing a snooker table.
-30% of winners employed a cleaner and 24% a gardener for their new houses. A small proportion (5%) employed a beautician.
-Audis were the favourite cars of 16% of winners, with Range Rovers and BMWs also popular (11% each), as well as Mercedes (10%) and Land Rovers (5%). Winners spent £463 million on 17,190 cars.
-Holidays were also important. Most (68%) choose five-star hotels overseas. The US was the preferred destination for 27%, followed by the Caribbean (9%). Over the past 18 years, 10% of millionaires have bought a caravan.
-Some winners (15%) have started their own businesses, 9% have helped others to start a business, and 6% have invested in or bought other people’s businesses. Businesses started or supported by lottery winners employ 3,195 people, according to the study.",135
-"Scientists have taken DNA from the tooth of a European hunter-gatherer and have found out what modern humans looked like before they started farming. The Mesolithic man, who lived in Spain about 7,000 years ago, had an unusual mix of blue eyes, black or brown hair and dark skin.
-He was probably lactose intolerant and could not digest starchy foods easily.
-The invention of farming brought humans and animals much closer and humans probably developed stronger immune systems to fight infections from the animals. But the change to humans’ immue systems may not be as big as scientists thought – tests on the hunter-gatherer ’s DNA found that he already had genes that made his immune system strong. Some of these genes still exist in modern Europeans today. “Before we started this work, I had some ideas of what we were going to find,” said Carles Lalueza-Fox, who led the study at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology in Barcelona. “Most of those ideas turned out to be completely wrong.”
-The Spanish team started their work after a group of cave explorers found two skeletons in a deep cave high up in the Cantabrian Mountains of northwest Spain in 2006. The skeletons, which belonged to two men in their early 30s, had been very well preserved in the cool cave.
-Carbon dating showed the skeletons are around 7,000 years old, from the time before farming arrived in Europe from the Middle East. Other things were found in the cave, including reindeer teeth that were hung from the people’s clothing.
-The DNA brought some surprises. When Lalueza-Fox looked at it, he found that the man had genes for dark skin. “This guy was darker than any modern European, but we don’t know how dark,” the scientist said. Another surprise was that the man had blue eyes. The results suggest that blue eyes came first in Europe and that the change to lighter skin happened later in Mesolithic times.
-This discovery is important for science. It is also important to artists who will have to draw Mesolithic people in a new way. “You see a lot of pictures of these people hunting and gathering and they look like modern Europeans with light skin. You never see a picture of a Mesolithic hunter-gatherer with dark skin and blue eyes,” Lalueza-Fox said.
-The Spanish team compared the hunter-gatherer to modern Europeans from different regions to see how they might be related. They found that the ancient DNA was most closely related to the DNA of people living in northern Europe, in particular Sweden and Finland.",136
-"Wales will become the first country in the UK that will presume people have consented to donate their organs unless they opt out.
-The Welsh Assembly has voted to adopt the opt-out policy, which will allow hospitals to act on the assumption that people who die want to donate unless they have specifically registered an objection.
-The policy was passed by 43 votes to eight, with two abstentions, in spite of objections from religious groups for moral reasons and worries that the scheme could add to the unhappiness of grieving families.
-“This is a huge day for Wales and, most importantly, for the 226 people in Wales waiting for an organ transplant,” said the Welsh Health Minister, Mark Drakeford.
-“I am proud that Wales will be the first nation in the UK to take this step. As a society, we have shown we are prepared to take action to increase organ donation and to provide hope to those people waiting every week for a transplant.
-“Family refusal is a major factor that affects the numbers of organ donations and the main reason for refusal is lack of knowledge of their loved one’s wishes.
-“The aim of the scheme has always been to respect the wishes of the deceased; however, relatives or friends may object to consent.
-“When family members know that organ donation is what the deceased wanted, they usually agree to the donation. The new law will work by making clearer people’s wishes around the issue of organ donation and it will increase the rate of consent to donation.”
-The issue is controversial – opponents are worried that the urgent need for more kidneys and hearts will lead to hospitals overruling the wishes of those who have died and their family. But the government insists their wishes will be protected.
-Relatives will have a “clear right of objection”, giving them the chance to show that the deceased would not have wanted to be an organ donor.
-Wales has acted because of an acute shortage of organs. “We have the problem of not having enough organs for people who need them,” said Drakeford. “About one person every week dies in Wales while on a waiting list.
-“Around a third of the Welsh population is on the organ donor register, but well over two-thirds in surveys say they are happy to be organ donors. That other third is people who don’t find the time to put their names on the register.”
-The new law would apply to anybody over 18 who has lived in Wales for at least the year before his or her death. Donated organs would not only go to people in need of a transplant in Wales but to anybody in the UK.
-Doctors are delighted at the new policy. The British Medical Association has campaigned for a long time for an opt-out system because it is worried about the growing number of people who need transplants.
-Big efforts have been made in recent years to increase the number of those who carry an organ donation card, with a good deal of success. Hospitals have also introduced improved systems for coordinating transplants, including the important discussions with relatives when no one really knows what the wishes of the deceased were. But the increase in numbers of organs that are donated is still not enough.
-Some religious groups, on the other hand, strongly disagree with the new law – they argue that it would cause further unhappiness to relatives. Members of the Muslim Council of Wales and the South Wales Jewish Representative Council have expressed worries, while the Archbishop of Wales, Barry Morgan, said that “donation ought to be a gift of love, of generosity. If organs can be taken unless someone has explicitly registered an objection, that’s not an expression of love. It’s more a medical use of a body.”",137
-"Rebecka Singerer is often told that the beer she wants is too dark and too strong for her. Men often tell her to “have something sweeter”.
-“No, I don’t want a fruit beer. Women can drink whatever they want,” she says.
-Now Singerer, a childminder, has joined FemAle, a group of female drinkers in Gothenburg, to make and sell beer. It is Sweden’s first beer that is made by women.
-People in Sweden can now buy We Can Do It, a bottled pale ale. Its label is similar to Rosie the Riveter, created as part of a US Second World War poster. The poster became a symbol of women’s power at work.
-The person who started the group is Elin Carlsson, 25. She paints cars at the Volvo factory outside the city. “We Can Do It is not a female beer. It is a beer brewed by women that anyone can drink,” she says. “It’s nothing to do with feminism; it’s about equality – we wanted to show we can do it.”
-There is a lot of prejudice in the beer world. Carlsberg and other big brewers have spent millions trying to sell beer to women. Carlsberg’s Eve and Copenhagen beers, Foster ’s Radler and Coors’s Animée are some of the beers they tried to sell to women – they were lighter, flavoured beers – but they were unsuccessful.
-FemAle’s way of making beer is different. They invite women to tastings that allow women to try flavours and styles of beer that they may not normally try. These tastings are the way to “get more girls into the beer world”, the group says. “Bring your mother, sister, girlfriend, aunt and grandmother so we all can learn more about beer.”
-We Can Do It was Felicia Nordström’s idea. She is a bar worker who says she was fed up with male beer snobs telling her: “What do you know about beer?”
-She talked to FemAle and they joined Ocean, a local independent micro-brewery. One weekend they created the recipe; the next weekend they brewed 1,600 litres.
-This beer is not aimed at women,” says Thomas Bingebo, the head brewer at Ocean. “When the big breweries target women, it usually fails. This is something completely different.”
-The first bottles of We Can Do It were sold out straight away. Other breweries have already asked FemAle if they can brew new beers with them.
-“Women choose a glass of wine because they don’t know about beer. They don’t know what to order,” says Carlsson. “We open up new worlds to them.”",138
-"If the amount of food wasted around the world were reduced by just 25%, there would be enough food to feed all the people who are malnourished, according to the UN. Each year, 1.3bn tonnes of food, about a third of all that is produced, is wasted, including about 45% of all fruit and vegetables, 35% of fish and seafood, 30% of cereals, 20% of dairy products and 20% of meat. Meanwhile, 795 million people suffer from severe hunger and malnutrition.
-Well-publicized attempts to combat the loss of food – such as recent laws in France that require supermarkets to distribute unsold food to charities – have highlighted the issue of food waste, identified by the UN as one of the great challenges to achieving food security. Estimates suggest that, by 2050, food production will need to have increased by 60% on 2005 levels to feed a growing global population.
-Reducing food wastage would ease the burden on resources as the world attempts to meet future demand. The problem is global but manifests itself in very different ways. In developing countries, there are high levels of what is known as “food loss”, which is unintentional wastage, often due to poor equipment, transportation and infrastructure.
-In wealthy countries, there are low levels of unintentional losses but high levels of “food waste ”, which involves food being thrown away by consumers because they have purchased too much or by retailers who reject food because of strict aesthetic standards.
-In developed countries, consumers and retailers throw away between 30% and 40% of all food purchased, whereas in poorer countries only 5% to 16% of food is thrown away. According to a 2011 report, in Europe and North America, each person wasted 95 to 115kg of otherwise edible food annually, whereas, in sub-Saharan Africa and south and south-east Asia, the equivalent waste was just 6 to 11kg.
-“In the developing world, food waste is virtually non-existent,” says Robert van Otterdijk, coordinator of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s Save Food programme. “Food waste is happening in countries where people can afford to throw away food. One statistic is that the amount of food wasted by consumers in industrialized countries [222m tonnes a year] is almost the same as the total net food production of sub-Saharan Africa [230m tonnes]. But food losses, on the other hand, are really rampant in developing countries because of the underdeveloped conditions they have, from management of production to transportation and distribution.”
-The environmental impact of food loss and waste is high. The carbon footprint of food produced and not eaten is estimated at 3.3 gigatonnes of CO2, meaning that, if food waste were a country, it would rank as the third highest national emitter of greenhouse gases after the US and China. About 1.4bn hectares, or close to 30% of available agricultural land, is used to grow or farm food that is subsequently wasted. And more surface and groundwater, or “blue water”, is used to produce wasted food around the globe than is used for agriculture by any single country, including India and China.
-“The whole issue of climate change has to do with our economy of production and consumption being out of balance with what the Earth can provide,” says van Otterdijk. “Production of food is one of the biggest production sectors in the world and, if one-third of all this is just produced in vain, you can imagine what a huge impact this has on the natural resources – on land, water, energy and greenhouse gas emissions.” The worst food waste offenders are the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, where consumers waste 39% of all food purchased, followed by Europe, where about 31% of all food purchased by consumers is thrown away. In the UK, 15m tonnes of food is lost or wasted each year. British consumers throw away 4.2m tonnes of edible food each year. This means that 11.7% of all food purchased is avoidably wasted, at an estimated cost to each family of £700 a year or almost £60 a month.
-The foods most commonly found in British bins are bread, vegetables, fruit and milk. According to a nationwide analysis of food waste in UK households, the most wasted food in the UK by weight is bread, with consumers throwing away 414,000 tonnes (22.4%) of all bread purchased. By percentage, the most wasted food is lettuce and leafy salads, of which consumers throw away 38% (64,000 tonnes) of all they buy.
-The most wasted meat, by both percentage and weight, is poultry, of which 13% of all edible parts (not including bones) is wasted and the most wasted fruit by percentage is melon, with the equivalent of more than a quarter of each melon thrown in the bin.
-The UK has made progress in the past ten years, after a concerted campaign to reduce wastage. It is singled out by van Otterdijk as “one of the great successes” in combating food waste. Between 2007 and 2012, the amount of avoidable food waste produced by UK households decreased by 21%, from 5.3m tonnes to 4.2m tonnes, largely due to greater awareness. Of the food that is not eaten, less is ending up in landfill. In 2000 –01, only 14% of household waste was recycled or composted but, by 2011-12, the amount of composted food had risen to 43%.
-Van Otterdijk says there has been a “very encouraging, unexpected, continuing interest” in the subject of food waste, enabling grass-roots campaigns around the world to gain momentum. “We have to do much more and it needs the participation of public and private sectors,” he says. “But if it continues like this, with the same momentum, maybe, after ten years, we’ll have globally significant results.”",139
-"Lego’s profits rose strongly in the first half of 2014, helped by the success of its Lego Movie, which has stormed box offices in the US and UK.
-The Danish toy firm’s sales rose across Europe, the Americas and Asia as children bought products linked to the film. The film, released in February 2014, took more than $250m in the US and £31m in the UK by the first weekend in April.
-The movie cost about $60m to make and has been described as an almost perfect piece of marketing. It is entertaining and aimed at consumers who are likely to go out and buy the company’s products.
-Lego’s finance director, John Goodwin, said that the Lego Movie products had a positive effect on profits during the first half of 2014. They are now waiting to see how the products will continue to develop after the launch of the movie on DVD in the second half of 2014.
-Jørgen Vig Knudstorp, Lego’s chief executive, said: “It is a very satisfactory result that shows our significant growth in recent years in a tough economic environment. The result for the first half of 2014 is an outcome of our ability to develop, launch and distribute Lego products, which children all over the world put at the top of their wishlists.”
-Lego, based in the small town of Billund, started producing its plastic bricks in 1949 and became a popular and well-known children’s toy around the world by the 1970s. But the group lost its way and was on the brink of collapse in 2003. Knudstrop took over as chief executive, ending 70 years of family rule, and got rid of hundreds of surplus products. He then refocused the business on its bricks.
-The company opened its first factory in China in April and opened an office in Shanghai to start expansion into the world’s second-biggest economy.",140
-"The view from the visitors’ centre at the southern edge of Doñana National Park in southern Spain is striking, to say the least. This is an ornithologist’s dream: 200,000 hectares of salt marsh of unrivalled importance to the birdlife of western Europe. Dozens of Britain’s most loved migratory birds, including house martins, swallows, cuckoos and warblers, rest here on their annual migrations from Africa. Doñana, a UN World Heritage Site, is also home to some of Europe’s rarest birds, including the Spanish imperial eagle, while its mammalian inhabitants include the highly endangered Iberian lynx.
-It is a glorious, vibrant landscape. Yet it exists on a knife-edge, a point illustrated dramatically in 1998 when almost two billion gallons of contaminated, highly acidic water, mixed with waste metals, poured into the park from a dam that had burst its bank at Los Frailes mine 45km to the north. A toxic tsunami of waste poured down the Guadiamar river and over its banks, leaving a thick metallic crust over a vast stretch of parkland. More than 25,000 kilos of dead fish were collected in the aftermath and nearly 2,000 adult birds, chicks, eggs and nests were killed or destroyed.
-It was Spain’s worst environmental disaster and the clean-up cost €90m. Suddenly aware of Doñana’s status as the nation’s most important natural site, Spain decided to spend a further €360m, some of it EU money, on restoring the landscape, which, in the 1950s and 60s, had been drained in places to create rice and cotton fields. Some of this farmland is now being returned to its original wetland state.
-It has been a costly but encouraging process. Yet the fate of Doñana still hangs in the balance thanks to the increasing pressures of modern life. Plans have been outlined to build an oil pipeline through Doñana, while other developers have announced proposals to expand local tourist resorts whose new hotels and golf courses would demand water supplies that would further erode the local table. Silt washed from nearby farms is also choking the channels that criss-cross Doñana.
-However, the real body blow for conservationists has been the recent decision of the Andalucían government to reopen the Frailes mine that so very nearly destroyed Doñana in 1998. “This is Europe’s most precious bird sanctuary, both in terms of indigenous species and also as a resting place for birds that migrate between Africa and Britain and other parts of north-west Europe,” says Laurence Rose of the RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds). “Doñana already faces a great number of threats, but now they want to bring back the very cause of its near-undoing 16 years ago. It is extremely worrying.”
-Having spent so much restoring Doñana to its past glories, it might seem strange that the local government should choose to announce that it wants mining companies to tender bids to rework Los Frailes. However, a brief examination of the state of the local economy provides an explanation. The crash of Spain’s banks in 2008 hit the region catastrophically and unemployment in some parts of Andalucía is now more than 30%. Reopening the mine would provide more than 1,000 precious jobs.
-“There are riches here, riches that are badly needed by local inhabitants,” said Vicente Fernández Guerrero, secretary-general of Innovation, Industry and Energy for Andalucía. “We think mining is a good way to make it possible to allow local people to continue to live in the area. This is a mining area. People have been digging metals and ores here since Roman times, after all.”
-More to the point, added Fernández, the mine licence would stipulate that only modern mining techniques, which avoid the creation of poisonous wet waste, would be allowed. (It has also stipulated that the Canadian company that ran Los Frailes cannot bid for the contract. Sixteen years after the accident, the two sides remained locked over compensation claims.) “The best technology in the world will be used here,” Fernández insisted. “Liquid will not be used. We are going to insist on that. Our tender makes that clear.”
-The proposal has some support in the area, but it also has a lot of opposition. One road sign I passed was liberally daubed with obscenities about the workers’ union UGT, which supports the mine’s reopening. For his part, Carlos Dávila, who works for the Spanish Ornithological Society in Doñana, was also alarmed at the proposal. “This is a very, very bad idea indeed,” he told me. “They say the new mine will be safe, but they said it was safe in 1998 and look what happened. We got the worst ecological disaster in the history of Spain.”
-What alarms people such as Dávila is the threat that a new mine poses to the intense investment in eco-tourism that has been made in Doñana in recent years. An example is provided at the restaurant Dehesa de Abajo, where you can have a drink or a meal surrounded by trees in which storks and black kites are nesting.
-Virtually every visitor was equipped with a camera and telescopic lens or a pair of binoculars. There is a clear tourist trade to be made from the birdlife of Doñana. Nor should this be surprising, for this is a truly special place. A vast hemisphere of sky hangs over this utterly flat but certainly not featureless landscape. Birds of every shape and size fill the air and sometimes the road. At one point on my visit, a stork calmly stood in front of our car until it felt ready to fly off.
-“The trouble is that Spain does not have the public resources it possessed 16 years ago. A repeat of the toxin spill today would have a much, much more damaging impact,” said Rose. This point is backed by Dávila. “After the disaster, Spain woke up to the fact that it possessed a place of real ecological importance and did a lot to clean it up and protect it,” he added. “Now, we seem to be forgetting that lesson. It is very depressing.”",141
-"Prince Harry has flown out of Afghanistan at the end of a four-month tour, during which he admitted killing insurgents while piloting his Apache helicopter and spoke in rare depth about the tensions and frustrations of being a royal who craved life out of the spotlight.
-He also revealed his disdain for and distrust of some sections of the media and described how his father constantly reminded him to behave more like a member of the royal family.
-A commander of the army’s most sophisticated attack helicopter, the prince said he had fired on the Taliban during operations to support ground troops and rescue injured Afghan and NATO personnel. His remarks may be seized upon by insurgents to stir anti-British sentiment, but the prince said he was only doing his job. Most of the time the helicopter acted more as a deterrent, he said.
-In a series of interviews during his time based at Camp Bastion in Helmand Province, he hinted at the difficulty of reconciling the different roles in his life. The prince, known as Captain Wales in the army, explained his 'three mes'. “One in the army, one socially in my own private time and then one with the family and stuff like that. So there is a switch and I flick it when necessary.”
-He admitted he sometimes 'let himself down' with his laddish behaviour, which he put down to “probably being too much army and not enough prince”, but he said he was entitled to privacy, too.
-In another unusually frank exchange, he aimed biting criticism at the media, especially the Sun, the Daily Mail and the Daily Telegraph, three of the royal family’s most ardent supporters in Fleet Street. He said he was particularly annoyed by articles comparing his role as an Apache co-pilot gunner to Spitfire crews waiting to scramble during the second world war. “No, it’s not like that at all,” he said.
-The prince said his suspicion of the media was rooted in the treatment of his family when “I was very small”, but that he couldn’t help monitoring the stories written about him. “Of course I read them,” the prince said. “If there’s a story and something’s been written about me, I want to know what’s being said. But all it does is just upset me and anger me that people can get away with writing the stuff they do; not just about me, but about everything and everybody. My father always says, 'Don’t read it'. Everyone says, 'Don’t read it, because it’s always rubbish'.”
-The prince was posted to Afghanistan last September to command a £45m Apache helicopter – one of the military’s most sophisticated and well-armed aircraft. During his tour, the Apaches flew missions supporting NATO troops fighting the Taliban and accompanied British Chinook and US Black Hawk medical helicopters during casualty evacuations.
-Four years ago, the prince had to be spirited out of Afghanistan during his first tour after a media embargo was broken by mistake by an Australian magazine. This time, the Ministry of Defence chose to publicize his deployment on the understanding that newspapers and broadcasters would not give a running commentary on his life out there to allow him to get on with his job. Two-man crews from the BBC, Sky and ITN were sent once each to report on his visit, while a photographer and a reporter from the Press Association were embedded on all three visits.
-Asked whether he felt more comfortable being Captain Wales than Prince Harry, his reply was one of the most revealing he has given about his relationship with Prince Charles. “Definitely. I’ve always been like that. My father’s always trying to remind me about who I am and stuff like that. But it’s very easy to forget about who I am when I am in the army. Everyone’s wearing the same uniform and doing the same kind of thing. I get on well with the lads and I enjoy my job. It really is as simple as that.”
-Shortly before he went to Afghanistan, the prince was caught in another media furore, when pictures emerged of him frolicking naked in Las Vegas during a private party. Harry said he had let himself down, but also blamed the media. “I probably let myself down, I let my family down, I let other people down. But, at the end of the day, I was in a private area and there should be a certain amount of privacy that one should expect. It was probably a classic example of me probably being too much army, and not enough prince. It’s a simple case of that.
-“The papers knew that I was going out to Afghanistan anyway, so the way I was treated from them I don’t think is acceptable.” He added, “Certain people remind me, 'Remember who you are, so don’t always drop your guard'.”
-Asked where he and his brother’s fascination with helicopters came from, he said, “Probably the fact that you can only fit a certain amount of people in a helicopter, therefore no one can follow us, like you guys.”",142
-"From all across Rwanda, and even parts of neighbouring Burundi, people flock to the southern town of Butare to a little shop called Inzozi Nziza (Sweet Dreams). They come for a taste of the unknown, something most have never tasted – the sweet, cold, velvety embrace of ice cream.
-Here, at the central African country’s first ice- cream parlour, customers can buy scoops in sweet cream, passion fruit, strawberry and pineapple flavours. Toppings include fresh fruit, honey, chocolate chips and granola. Black tea and coffee are also on sale.
-The shop, which has “ice cream, coffee, dreams” across its signage, is milking local curiosity about the dessert – and “changing lives” in the process, says Inzozi Nziza’s manager, Louise Ingabire.
-“Ice cream is important,” she says between mouthfuls of a honey-flavoured offering. “Some Rwandans like ice cream, but it’s a new thing. We still have some work to do, to tell others that they’ll enjoy it.”
-True to Inzozi Nziza’s motto, the shop can certainly make dreams come true. “I didn’t have a job before: I just stayed at home. Now, I have a vision for the future. I am making money and I can give some of it to my family,” says the 27-year-old.
-Butare, which has 89,600 residents and is located 135km south of the capital, Kigali, is the home of the National University of Rwanda. Inzozi Nziza has become a hub for tired students looking to treat themselves to something cool and different.
-“It’s something uniting people here,” Kalisa Migendo, a 24-year-old agriculture student, says. “If you need to go out and talk to a friend, a girl or a boy, you come to Inzozi Nziza for an ice cream.”
-Most of the ingredients are sourced locally and the milk comes from a depot in nearby Nyanza. The vanilla beans and cocoa are imported.
-Inzozi Nziza was opened by the theatre director Odile Gakire Katese. She met Alexis Miesen and Jennie Dundas, co-founders of Blue Marble Ice Cream in Brooklyn, New York, and formed a partnership to open the shop in 2010.
-“An ice-cream shop, Katese proposed, might help to put the human pieces back together by rebuilding spirits, hopes and family traditions,” Miesen says.
-At the start, Miesen and Dundas owned the shop in partnership with its staff and had shares in the business, which is a cooperative and non-profit. They did not set financial targets, but waited for 18 months before they transferred their shares to the women, who had by then proved their business credentials.
-The shop’s success is no exception, says Fatuma Ndangiza, deputy chief executive of the Rwanda Governance Board. “Small businesses are mostly managed by women but when it comes to big business where you have to compete for big tenders, very few women are there. Women are newcomers to big business,” she points out. “We have more women entrepreneurs. It’s an area where women are taking an interest, both in and outside Kigali.”
-Though ice cream is somewhat new to Rwanda, Ndangiza is enthused by the idea of the shop. “I think it’s great. It requires a lot of skills and changing people’s mindsets because selling and eating ice cream is not part of our culture. I think being able to innovate and introduce this on the market, and the process of making it, is quite interesting.”
-The Butare shop employs nine women, who spend their spare time practising with Ingoma Nshya, Rwanda’s first and only female drumming troupe, which was established by Katese ten years ago.
-The musicians are Hutu and Tutsi women, some survivors of the 1994 genocide, during which almost a million Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed.
-Some members of Ingoma Nshya are widows, some orphans. Others have been affected by the massacre in different ways.
-Historically, says Ingabire, Rwandan women were forbidden to drum and many people considered the drums too heavy for women to carry. “But it’s something which brings unity.”
-Ingabire’s father, two siblings and many cousins were killed in the genocide. “Some of us are survivors; some know someone who was killed,” she says. “When I’m drumming with them, it gives me power because we’re still alive and survivors.”
-The popular eatery features in a documentary by Rob and Lisa Fruchtman, sibling film-makers. Sweet Dreams, which tells the story of how the women have forged a promising post-genocide future, also includes the female drummers.
-The film, which has been screened in more than a dozen countries, including the US, UK and several African states, premieres in Rwanda in 2014. “We feel the film is about resilience, hope, bravery, resourcefulness and the ability to change the course of your own life,” says Lisa Fruchtman, who won an Academy Award for film- editing in 1984.",143
-"Piles of digitized material – from blogs, tweets, pictures and videos to official documents such as court rulings and emails – may be lost forever because the programs needed to view them will become defunct, Google’s vice-president has warned. Humanity’s first steps into the digital world could be lost to future historians, Vint Cerf told the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s annual meeting in San Jose, California, warning that we faced a “forgotten generation or even a forgotten century” through what he called “bit rot”, where old computer files become useless junk.
-Cerf called for the development of “digital vellum” to preserve old software and hardware so that out-of-date files could be recovered no matter how old they are. “When you think about the quantity of documentation from our daily lives that is captured in digital form, like our interactions by email, people’s tweets and all of the world wide web, it’s clear that we stand to lose an awful lot of our history,” he said. “We don’t want our digital lives to fade away. If we want to preserve them, we need to make sure that the digital objects we create today can still be rendered far into the future,” he added.
-What is 'bit rot' and is Vint Cerf right to be worried? Being able to access digital content in the coming decades could be less of an issue than one of the 'fathers of the internet' has implied. The warning highlights an irony at the heart of modern technology, where music, photos, letters and other documents are digitized in the hope of ensuring their long-term survival. But, while researchers are making progress in storing digital files for centuries, the programs and hardware needed to make sense of the files are continually falling out of use.
-“We are nonchalantly throwing all of our data into what could become an information black hole without realizing it. We digitize things because we think we will preserve them but what we don’t understand is that, unless we take other steps, those digital versions may not be any better, and may even be worse, than the artefacts that we digitized,” Cerf says. “If there are photos you really care about, print them out.”
-Ancient civilizations suffered no such problems because histories written in cuneiform on baked clay tablets or rolled papyrus scrolls needed only eyes to read them. To study today’s culture, future scholars would be faced with PDFs, Word documents and hundreds of other file types that can only be interpreted with dedicated software and sometimes hardware, too.
-The problem is already here. In the 1980s, it was routine to save documents on floppy disks, upload Jet Set Willy from cassette to the ZX spectrum, slaughter aliens with a Quickfire II joystick and have Atari games cartridges in the attic. Even if the disks and cassettes are in good condition, the equipment needed to run them is now mostly found only in museums.
-The rise of gaming has its own place in the story of digital culture but Cerf warns that important political and historical documents will also be lost to bit rot. In 2005, American historian Doris Kearns Goodwin wrote Team of Rivals: the Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, describing how Lincoln hired those who ran against him for presidency. She went to libraries around the US, found the physical letters of the people involved and reconstructed their conversations. “In today’s world, those letters would be emails and the chances of finding them will be vanishingly small one hundred years from now,” said Cerf.
-He concedes that historians will take steps to preserve material considered important by today’s standards but argues that the significance of documents and correspondence is often not fully appreciated until hundreds of years later. Historians have learned how the greatest mathematician of antiquity considered the concept of infinity and anticipated calculus in 3BC after the Archimedes palimpsest was found hidden under the words of a Byzantine prayer book from the thirteenth century. “We’ve been surprised by what we’ve learned from objects that have been preserved purely by chance that give us insights into an earlier civilization,” he said.
-Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh have made headway towards a solution to bit rot, or at least a partial one. There, Mahadev Satyanarayanan takes digital snapshots of computer hard drives while they run different software programs. These can then be uploaded to a computer that mimics the one the software ran on. The result is a computer that can read otherwise defunct files. Under a project called Olive, the researchers have archived Mystery House, the original 1982 graphic adventure game for the Apple II, an early version of WordPerfect, and Doom, the original 1993 first person shooter game.
-Inventing new technology is only half the battle, though. More difficult still could be navigating the legal permissions to copy and store software before it dies. When IT companies go out of business, or stop supporting their products, they may sell the rights on, making it a nightmarish task to get approval. “To do this properly, the rights of preservation might need to be incorporated into our thinking about things like copyright and patents and licensing. We’re talking about preserving them for hundreds to thousands of years,” said Cerf.",144
-"The Canadian tennis player Frank Dancevic slammed Australian Open organizers for forcing players to compete in “inhumane” conditions. He collapsed on court as temperatures rose to 41C.
-Dancevic collapsed during the second set of his fi rst-round match against France’s Benoît Paire on the uncovered court six at Melbourne Park and passed out for a minute. He said conditions were dangerous for the players. He also said the heat had caused him to hallucinate: “I was dizzy from the middle of the fi rst set and then I saw Snoopy and I thought, ‘Wow, Snoopy – that’s weird.’”
-“I think it’s inhumane. I don’t think it’s fair to anybody – to the players, to the fans, to the sport – when you see players pulling out of matches, passing out,” he added. “I’ve played fi ve set matches all my life and being out there for a set and a half and passing out with heat stroke, it’s not normal.
-“Having players with so many problems and complaining to the tournament that it’s too hot to play; I, personally, don’t think it’s fair and I know a lot of players don’t think it’s fair.”
-Other players agreed. The British number one, Andy Murray, said: “It’s defi nitely something that you have to look at. As much as it’s easy to say the conditions are safe, it only takes one bad thing to happen. And it looks terrible for the whole sport when people are collapsing, ball kids are collapsing, people in the stands are collapsing. That’s not great.
-“I know when I went out before the match, the conditions at 2.30–3pm were very, very tough. Whether it’s safe or not, I don’t know. There have been some problems in other sports with players having heart attacks.”
-Caroline Wozniacki said: “I put the water bottle down on the court and it started melting a little bit underneath the plastic. So, you know it was warm.”
-John Isner said: “It was like an oven when I open the oven and the potatoes are done. That’s what it’s like.”
-The defending champion Victoria Azarenka said, “It felt pretty hot, like you’re dancing in a frying pan or something like that.”
-Under a change to the rules for 2014, the decision on whether to stop matches at the tournament is now at the discretion of the tournament director, Wayne McKewen.
-Organizers said temperatures peaked at 42.2C in the early evening on Tuesday and conditions had never reached the point where the matches would be stopped.
-“While conditions were hot and uncomfortable, the relatively low level of humidity ensured play would continue,” McKewen said in a statement.
-Dancevic, who said he had felt dizzy from the middle of the second set, started playing again after medical attention but, unsurprisingly, lost 7–6, 6–3, 6–4. “I was really close to stopping completely,” he said. “I wasn’t really running too much towards the end. I wasn’t tired; I just felt my body temperature was too high.”
-A ball boy had earlier required medical attention after collapsing during Milos Raonic’s 7–6, 6–1, 4–6, 6–2 victory over Daniel Gimeno-Traver on the equally exposed court eight and the tournament started only allowing the ball boys to work for 45 minute periods. China’s Peng Shuai also said the heat had made her cramp up and vomit, and she had to be helped from the court after her 7–5, 4–6, 6–3 defeat to Japan’s Kurumi Nara.
-Offi cials played down health risks – they said the majority of matches were completed without anyone needing medical attention.
-“Of course, there were a few players who experienced heat-related illness or discomfort, but none required signifi cant medical treatment after they had completed their match,” Tim Wood, the tournament’s chief medical offi cer, said.
-Roger Federer said that, although conditions were tough, they were the same for both players. “It’s just a mental thing,” the Swiss said. “If you’ve trained hard enough your entire life, or the last few weeks, and you believe you can do it and come through it, there’s no reason. If you can’t deal with it, you throw in the towel.”
-Dancevic disagreed. “Some players are used to the heat – their bodies can genetically handle the heat and others’ can’t,” he said. “It’s dangerous. It’s an hour and a half since my match and I still can’t pee.”",145
-"Male bosses are being paid bonuses double the size of those given to female colleagues in identical jobs – a disparity that means men enjoy salary top-ups of £141,500 more than women over the course of a working lifetime.
-The figures, released by the Chartered Management Institute (CMI), reveal that men in UK management roles earned average bonuses of £6,442 in 2012 compared with £3,029 for women. In the most senior roles, female directors received bonuses of £36,270 over the past 12 months, compared with £63,700 awarded to male directors.
-The latest figures highlighting the inequitable nature of pay in British business led to calls for action from campaigners on workplace equality. Ann Francke, the CMI’s chief executive, said: “It’s time to move this issue into the mainstream management agenda.
-“This is about changing our approach to management to allow for greater flexibility, less masculine cultures, more emphasis on outcomes rather than time in the office and greater transparency around performance and rewards. “In solving this issue, we would actually raise the performance of organizations and the well-being of individuals at work. What are we waiting for?” Dr Ruth Sealy, a senior research fellow at Cranfield School of Management, added: “It is not surprising. Bonuses are a method of payment that can be used with discretion. As to what should be done about it, these things should be made more transparent.”
-While statisticians warned that some of the data may be skewed by factors such as women entering occupations where there is less of a culture of bonus payments, the discrepancies in the sizes of awards do appear to be aggravating Britain’s pay gap, which the government says is closing but still sees full-time male employees earn 10% more than women.
-Maria Miller, the Minister for Women and Equalities, said: “The CMI figures are yet another damaging example highlighting that, in the world of work, women still lose out to their male counterparts and that the playing field is far from level. “Changes in the workplace are happening and it’s good that the pay gap is closing – but there is still more to do before we see full equality in the workplace.
-“The government is playing its part: we have made pay secrecy clauses illegal, given tribunals the power to force employers who break equal pay laws to carry out equal pay audits and signed 120 companies up to our Think, Act, Report scheme, which encourages companies to improve the way they recruit, promote and pay women. “We’ve also looked at other pay gap causes, such as having to juggle work and family responsibilities, by introducing shared parental leave and the right to request flexible working to all employees.”
-Large companies such as Tesco, BT, Unilever and the international law firm Eversheds are among those signed up to Think, Act, Report. The scheme has only attracted 120 supporters in nearly two years of existence, having risen from 54 participants in November 2012. However, the CMI’s data did provide some evidence to support Miller’s contention that the overall pay gap is narrowing: the difference between the average salaries earned by male and female bosses has appeared to shrink, decreasing from an average of £10,060 in 2012 to £8,502 in the CMI’s most recent figures. However, the institute cautioned against direct comparisons between the 2012 and 2013 samples – which both polled around 40,000 managers – as they are not identical.
-A sub-set of 17,000 individual managers, whose salaries and bonuses have been tracked over a number of years, showed that male managers’ earnings are rising faster than women’s for the first time in five years, with men enjoying total increases of 3.2% compared with 2.8% for women, when salaries and bonuses are combined.
-At the most senior level, male directors’ earnings rose by 5.3% over the past 12 months, compared with just 1.1% for female directors.",146
-"Our new international survey across 33 countries shows how wrong people around the world are about key social realities.
-British people think the top 1% wealthiest households own 59% of their country’s wealth, when they actually “only” own 23%. Americans think that 33% of their population are immigrants, when in fact it is only 14%.
-Brazilians think the average age in their country is 56, when it is only 31. Russians think that 31% of their politicians are women, when it is only 14%.
-In Britain, people think that 43% of young adults aged 25-34 still live at home with their parents, rather than the actual 14%. In India, the online population think 60% of the whole country also has internet access, when in fact only 19% do.
-Why are people across the world so often clueless about these realities?
-It is partly that we just struggle with basic maths and some of us clearly misunderstand the questions or interpret them differently. For example, most countries hugely overestimate how many people are not religious: across the 33 countries, respondents think that 37% are not religious but the average is actually just 18%. This is because we are thinking of how many people practise their religion, rather than how many people see themselves as having a religion.
-People also take mental shortcuts, where they take easily available information even if it doesn’t quite fit the question. Our huge overestimates of the rural populations in most countries will be affected by how large rural areas are, rather than a careful calculation of how many people live in them. In Daniel Kahneman’s terms, answers to these sorts of questions are classic examples of “fast” thinking, rather than “slow”.
-We see things from our own perspective and struggle to imagine the variety in our countries. This was highlighted by our Indian respondents who massively overestimated their population’s access to the internet. Our study was mostly carried out through an online survey – and, in developing countries, this will be representative of a more wealthy, connected group rather than the general population. What we find throughout the study is that people generalize from their own situations and forget how unrepresentative they are.
-We suffer from what social psychologists call “emotional innumeracy” when we are estimating realities: this means we are sending a message about what is worrying us as much as trying to get the right answers.
-For Britain, worries are part of the explanation for people’s huge overestimates of how much the wealthiest own, how many young people are still living at home and what proportion of the population are immigrants (the guess is 25%, when it is really only 13%). People are worried about these things and, because of this, they overestimate how big the problems are.
-But, the survey suggests there are also some issues where people are not as worried as they should be. For example, most countries hugely underestimate how much of their population is overweight or obese. The worst case is Saudi Arabia, where people think only 28% are, when 71% are. Britons think it is 44% when it is actually nearly half as much again – 62% are either overweight or obese.
-And, in many ways, it is not our misperceptions but these realities across different countries that are the most interesting and important aspects of the study. The top 1% in Russia own 70% of the nation’s wealth while the top 1% in New Zealand only own 18%. Half of Italians aged 25-34 still live with their parents, when it is only 4% in Norway. The average age in India is 27; it is 47 in Japan. Only 10% of politicians are women in Brazil, Hungary and Japan, when 44% are in Sweden.
-When the reality is so strange and varied, it is no wonder we’re so wrong.",147
-"Our new international survey, including 33 countries, shows how wrong people around the world are about some important things.
-British people think the richest 1% own 59% of their country’s wealth, when they actually “only” own 23%. Americans think that 33% of their population are immigrants but it is really only 14%.
-Brazilians think the average age in their country is 56, when it is only 31. Russians think that 31% of their politicians are women, when it is only 14%.
-In Britain, people think that 43% of young adults aged 25-34 still live at home with their parents, rather than the actual 14%. In India, people who did the online survey think 60% of the whole country also has internet access, when really only 19% do.
-So, why do people across the world know so little about these things?
-Some of us don’t understand the questions. For example, most countries overestimate how many people are not religious: in the 33 countries, people thought 37% are not religious but the real number is actually just 18%. This is because we are thinking of how many people practise their religion, rather than how many people say they have a religion.
-Rural areas are large so that is why people overestimate how many people live in the countryside.
-We see things from our own perspective and find it difficult to imagine that there is a lot of variety in our countries. For example, the people from India who did the survey really overestimated their population’s access to the internet. Most people did the study online – and, in developing countries, this means the people who did the survey were probably wealthy. What we found from the survey is that people generalize from their own situations and forget that other people’s situations might be different.
-In Britain, this is probably the reason why people overestimated how much the richest people own, how many young people are still living at home and what proportion of the population are immigrants (the guess is 25%, when it is really only 13%). People are worried about these things and, because of this, they overestimate.
-But, the survey suggests there are also some problems that people are not very worried about but they should be more worried. For example, most countries really underestimate how much of their population is overweight. The worst case is Saudi Arabia, where people think only 28% are overweight, when 71% are. Britons think it is 44%, when actually 62% are overweight.
-In many ways, it is the differences between countries that are the most interesting and important aspects of the study. The top 1% in Russia own 70% of the nation’s wealth, while the top 1% in New Zealand only own 18%. Half of Italians aged 25-34 still live with their parents but only 4% in Norway. The average age in India is 27; it is 47 in Japan. Only 10% of politicians are women in Brazil, Hungary and Japan, when 44% are in Sweden.
-When the reality is so strange and varied, it is not surprising that we’re often so wrong.",148
-"Volcanoes, hurricanes and earthquakes can make a city totally disappear. But there are two other things that can make it disappear, too – water and sand.
-One hundred years ago, Venice – one of the most beautiful and low-lying cities in the world – used to flood about ten times a year. Now, its lowest point, Piazza San Marco (only three feet above sea level) floods approximately 100 times a year.
-But rising sea levels are not the only cause. In many parts of the world, the land is also sinking. In Venice, the city sank by 20cm between 1950 and 1970. Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam is also sinking by about 2cm a year – but the situation in Jakarta is much worse – it is sinking 10 to 20cm every year. In the past three decades, the city has sunk four metres.
-The Indonesian capital has pumped out so much water to support its population that the land above is too dry. This is creating a bowl.
-There are many plans to save Venice, and Ho Chi Minh City and Jakarta are taking the problem seriously. But it is not same in Miami where politicians will not accept that the city has a serious problem.
-There are three main problems in Miami. It is less than ten feet above sea level; an increasing number of tropical storms are flooding the city; and it is built on porous rock, which absorbs the rising seawater. This water then fills the city’s foundations and comes up through drains and pipes. This forces sewage upwards and pollutes the city’s fresh water. It is possible that it may, one day, be impossible to live in Miami.
-In the Maldives, the populations of whole islands may leave their homes. The capital is Malé. It has a population of 153,379 and is only four feet above sea level. Malé has built a ten-foot sea wall, which cost $63 million. But, in the long term, Malé and the rest of the islands will only be safe if sea levels stop rising.
-In Africa, the Sahara is getting bigger – it is moving south at a rate of 30 miles per year. This is a problem for people who live in northern Mauritania.
-People may have to leave the Californian resort of Rancho Mirage, near Palm Springs, in the next decade. The problem in California is not caused by global warming – the problem is that there are too many people there. In 1870, the total population was only half a million but, now, the state is home to 38 million people. And these people have 32 million cars.
-Every person in Rancho Mirage uses more than 200 gallons of water every day. This is causing a man-made drought. They have reduced water use by 25% but this will probably not make much difference. The long-term answer in California’s desert is for people to leave some cities.
-Fire is a growing problem to towns and cities in America – in fact, forest fires cause the most damage after bad storms. There were 800 major fire disasters there between 1953 and 2014. A new report by the USDA Forest Service shows the increasing number of towns and cities that are particularly vulnerable to wildfire.
-Many cities are fighting a losing battle against nature but is it possible to choose the world’s most vulnerable city? Natural disasters are very difficult to predict – but the future for Malé does look very bad. Its new sea wall might continue to work but the islands around the Maldives capital are going to disappear soon. And, if they disappear, Malé’s reason for existing disappears, too.",149
-"oogle has made maps of the world’s highest mountains, the ocean floor, the Amazon rainforest and even shown us a bit of North Korea. They want to make maps of the whole world, but they have mostly stayed away from the Arctic.
-Now, however, Google is starting a very important update to hundreds of years of polar map making – and it hopes that the map will help give a better understanding of life on the permafrost for millions of web users. A small Google team has flown to Iqaluit, the largest town in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. They have taken their warmest winter clothes, many laptop computers and an 18kg telescopic camera that they can fix to their backpacks.
-The team spent four days collecting the images and information that will give the isolated community on Baffin Island something that people across the world who live in cities now take for granted. An Inuit mapping expert helped the Google team and curious locals followed them around.
-The town of 7,000 people will go on display via Google’s popular Street View application in July 2013.
-When Google made maps of other parts of the world it used a special camera on a car roof. In Iqaluit that was not possible, so Google’s map makers walked the town’s snowy roads and trails. Some roads are made of ice and disappear in the short summer months.
-The team also walked along part of a 15km road known as the Road to Nowhere, despite warnings about meeting polar bears.
-The online map that Google had already created using satellite images was mostly correct, but one road was missing that had been built in the last year.
-One difficulty was how to place on the map many businesses and homes that have mail sent to the local post office and not delivered to their address. Putting the PO box addresses on the map would mean the new map would show all the companies, banks and schools in the same place, around the Canada Post building in the centre of town.
-About 30 Inuit elders, business people and high-school pupils helped Google to correct this problem. They were given a laptop computer and told how to make sure their homes, shops and meeting places would show up correctly on the map.
-The project is more than a novelty. Arif Sayani, the town’s Director of Planning, said that people who are thinking of visiting or moving to the area would be able to use the maps to see the area. It may also help planning decisions in Iqaluit happen more quickly.
-The project leader for Google said he hoped to see the work continue in other northern towns. But moving people and equipment around the vast Arctic territory is very expensive. So, in the future, Google might send equipment to the area and ask volunteers to complete the map.",150
-"Some people call it ‘the hotel of mum and dad’. A fifth of young adults are staying in the family home until they are at least 26 and the same proportion are not paying a penny towards their keep. A recent survey found that the proportion of adults living at home varied around the country, from just under 9% in the East Midlands to more than double that in London, where house prices and rents are highest. While many around the country contributed financially, it found that 20% were paying nothing at all.
-Young adults are squeezed by low wages and high rents, while those who want to buy a property are finding the monthly cost of renting is preventing them from saving enough to get on the housing ladder. Recent research showed half of tenants were unable to save a penny towards a deposit, while a quarter could only save £100 or less each month. Mortgages are cheaper than ever before thanks to record low interest rates but the best deals are still only given to people with large deposits.
-As a result of this, young adults are increasingly returning to the family home to save money and parents who cannot afford to offer their children a large sum of money seem happy to help. The survey found that 28% of adults were living at home because they were trying to save for a deposit. However, it also found that 30% were not saving any money.
-Michael Day, 30, who lives with his parents in Bristol, says he has been caught between paying high rents and saving for a mortgage deposit. Rents for a one-bedroom home in the city are between £500 and £800 a month, while buying a similar property would cost about £130,000. “I don’t really want to move out to rent as it’s more than a mortgage but you need such a big deposit to get a mortgage so it’s a vicious circle.”
-He does not want to share with strangers so his options are limited. At home, he pays a nominal rent to cover bills and is able to keep the rest of his earnings from his job. He admits that, instead of saving, he spends his spare money on golf and holidays. “You need so much money that I will have to save for the foreseeable future,” he said. “Because it’s been so difficult, I’ve been going on holiday and enjoying it.”
-Sue Green, of Saga, a business that sells insurance to people over 50, said the majority of parents may not have planned to have their children living with them in their 20s or 30s. “Most will be more than happy to have them in the family home rent-free because it might help their kids get on the property ladder sooner,” she said. “Children who don’t pay rent may contribute in other ways like buying groceries, family takeaways or doing odd jobs around the home.”
-Angus Hanton, of the Intergenerational Foundation thinktank, said older generations were “the architects of the housing crisis” and children should not be blamed for staying at home. “The under-30s have suffered a reduction in average incomes of about 20% since the 2008 downturn. Rents and car insurance have never been so high and mortgage lending rules are now stricter for the young but not for older buy-to-let investors, who squeeze out the young,” he said. “Many jobs on offer – zero-hour and short-term contracts – are turning younger workers into second-class citizens. Rather than blaming the young, we should help them so they can afford to build lives of their own.”
-Jenna Gavin, 29, lives in Southport, Merseyside, in the family home where she grew up. She works as a medical receptionist nearby so she wants to stay in the area. But renting a one-bedroom flat would cost more than £420 a month not including bills, which would use a lot of her earnings. “I don’t want to rent – I don’t want to spend all that money and have nothing at the end,” she said. “I’ve looked at buying and seen mortgage advisers but I just can’t borrow enough to get on the property ladder.”
-Gavin is trying to save for a deposit. “It’s difficult to save enough money – even a 5% deposit is such a lot of money and I would like to have a bigger deposit,” she said. Her parents are happy not to charge her rent. “They want me to try to save up and I contribute in other ways – I buy food and I do things around the house.”
-Gavin gets on with her parents and has her own space in a room that she moved into when she was
-but she said she had always imagined she would have her own place by the time she was 30. “I don’t see that happening, as it’s next year. But, hopefully, in a couple of years, I’ll move out.”",151
-"Chemists have waited a long time to find a new element and, now, researchers in Japan, Russia and the US have discovered four. The four new elements will be added to the periodic table. They are the first elements to be added since 2011, when elements 114 and 116 were included. The new elements, all very radioactive, complete the seventh row of the periodic table.
-The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is the global organization that controls chemical names. IUPAC confirmed the new elements on 30 December, 2015. The scientists who found them must now think of formal names for the elements, which have the atomic numbers, 113, 115, 117, and 118. The atomic number is the number of protons in an element’s atomic nucleus.
-IUPAC said that a Russian-American team of scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California had discovered elements 115, 117 and 118. The organization said a team of scientists from the RIKEN Institute in Japan discovered element 113. The decision means Japan becomes the first Asian country to name an element. Under IUPAC rules, new elements can be named after mythological concepts, minerals, a place or country, or a scientist.
-In 2012, scientists chose the formal name flerovium for element 114, after the Flerov Lab at Dubna’s Joint Institute of Research. And they chose the formal name livermorium for element 116, after the Lawrence Livermore Lab in the US.
-The elements were discovered there. Kosuke Morita, who led the research at RIKEN, said his team now planned to “look to element 119 and beyond”. Jan Reedijk of IUPAC said: “Chemists want to see the periodic table finally completed down to the seventh row.”
-The Japanese team is considering three names for element 113: japonium, rikenium and nishinarium, after the Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, where they found the element. Polly Arnold, professor of chemistry at Edinburgh University, said, “This is very difficult and slow work. The work helps us understand radioactive decay. If we understand it better, hopefully we can find a better way to deal with nuclear waste and things that are important in the real world. And, when they build the equipment to make these discoveries, it also leads to fantastic improvements in technology.”
-Scientists must find new names for the elements but, also, they must suggest two-letter symbols for the elements. When IUPAC has received the researchers’ suggestions, they will tell the public so that people can comment on the names. That allows scientists and others to find any problems with the names. In 1996, someone suggested the symbol Cp for copernicium, or element 112, but it was changed to Cn, when scientists complained that Cp was already the symbol for another substance.
-To discover the elements, researchers at the three labs crashed lighter nuclei into one another and looked for the radioactive decays that should come from the new elements. 113 and 115 are probably metals. 117 could be a metalloid – a material with some metallic characteristics. The fourth element, 118, may be a gas.
-Paul Karol, chair of the IUPAC panel that checked the elements, said: “It will be a long time before we can find practical uses for the new elements.”",152
-"Do you want your child to be good at sport, make the school team and, maybe one day, even compete on the world stage? Well, try to ensure that your would-be Olympian or World Cup winner is born in November or, failing that, in October. A study led by one of the UK’s leading experts on children’s physical activity has found that school pupils born in those months are fitter than everyone else in their class.
-November- and October-born children emerged as fitter, stronger and more powerful than their peers born in the other ten months of the year, especially those whose birthdays fell in April or June. Dr Gavin Sandercock, from the Centre for Sports and Exercise Science at Essex University, and colleagues found that autumn-born children enjoyed “a clear physical advantage” over their classmates.
-The research involved 8,550 boys and girls aged between ten and 16 from 26 state schools in Essex. All were tested between 2007 and 2010 on three different measures of fitness: stamina, handgrip strength and lower-body power. The results revealed that a child’s month of birth could make “significant” differences to their levels of cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength and ability to accelerate, all of which predict how good someone is at sport, in which such attributes are vital. Performances at school sports days in the weeks ahead may bear out the findings.
-November-born children were the fittest overall as they had the most stamina and power and were the second strongest. Those born in October were almost as fit, scoring highest for strength and coming third for power, with December children close behind.
-The gap in physical prowess between children in the same class but born in different months was sometimes very wide. “For example, we found that a boy born in November can run at least 10% faster, jump 12% higher and is 15% more powerful than a child of the same age born in April. This is, potentially, a huge physical advantage,” said Sandercock. Such gaps could ultimately decide who became a top-level athlete because, as the paper says, “selection into elite sports may often depend on very small margins or differences in an individual’s physical performance”.
-The study, which has been published in the International Journal of Sports Medicine, found that, when scores for the three kinds of fitness were combined, those born in April were the least fit, then those in June. That could see those children excluded from school teams and becoming sporting underachievers, Sandercock said.
-The findings seem to show that children born in the early months of the school year enjoy a double “autumn advantage” – they are already known to have an academic advantage and, now, they also appear to be better equipped for sport, too. The results show that something other than “the relative-age effect” – the greater maturity of those born early in the school year – is at work, especially as the fittest children were not the tallest or heaviest, he added.
-The authors believe that autumn-born children’s greater exposure over the summer months, towards the end of pregnancy, to vitamin D – the “sunshine vitamin” linked to a range of health benefits – is the most likely explanation. “Seasonal differences in intrauterine vitamin D concentrations seem most plausible,” they say. John Steele, chief executive of the Youth Sport Trust, said the quality of a young person’s introduction to PE and sport at school can be “a major factor” in their sporting development. “Children that get a high-quality first experience, which develops their physical literacy, are those that will have greater agility, balance and coordination, and are more likely to develop an enjoyment of physical activity and excel in sport as they grow up”, he said.
-UK Sport could not say if a disproportionately high number of the 1,300 athletes across 47 sports it funds were born in November and October. Natalie Dunman, its head of performance pathways, said that, while the differences highlighted in the new findings were borne out by teenagers competing in junior-level competitions, they had disappeared by the time sportspeople were taking part in adult competitions. She said: “Looking at elite, senior athletes, there are many factors that go into making a champion and our work hasn’t uncovered anything to suggest that month of birth is one of the key ingredients.”",153
-"How long can you hold your breath? I’m trying it right now. The first 30 seconds are easy. I’m ready to give up at 45 seconds but I continue and it seems to get easier for a while. But, as the second hand ticks past a minute, my heart is pounding. I let out a tiny breath and this helps. Eventually, I give up, releasing the air in my lungs and taking a huge breath. I manage one minute and 12 seconds. I’m quite impressed with myself.
-The ability to hold your breath is extremely important in some sports, particularly freediving. In 2006, I was filming a programme about the anatomy and physiology of the lungs for a BBC series. I was lucky to meet Sam Amps, who was captain of the UK freedive team. At a pool in Bristol, she taught me some simple exercises to help me hold my breath for longer while swimming underwater. By the end of the session, I’d managed 90 seconds of breath-holding, enough to let me swim a width. Sam swam three widths easily. She could hold her breath for five minutes, while swimming. Five!
-I asked how she did it: very slow breathing for several minutes before each dive, then a big, deep breath before diving in. She also said that training helped her resist the urge to breathe for far longer than most people.
-Some have suggested that the ability to voluntarily hold your breath is evidence that, at some point during our evolution, we lived in water. Some even say that humans have an ability to lower their heart rate in order to breath-hold for even longer. Other facts – our hairlessness, the distribution of our subcutaneous fat and even that we walk on two legs – have been linked to an aquatic phase of our evolutionary development. But, unfortunately, the “aquatic ape hypothesis” is not true.
-Looking at voluntary breath-holding, we are, in fact, not the only non-aquatic mammals that are able to hold their breath. (But it’s a difficult thing to investigate in other mammals because, unlike humans, it’s difficult to get them to hold their breath.) And evidence shows that our heart rate doesn’t drop during breath-holding. At least, it doesn’t if you’re breath-holding on land. When you’re in cold water, it’s different: this leads to a slower heart rate in most people. But, once again, this isn’t evidence of an aquatic ape ancestry. This reduction in heart rate is just one of the physiological responses that are sometimes called the “mammalian diving reflex”. But physiological responses that are useful in diving are also – and, perhaps, even more importantly – useful for not drowning.
-While our ability to breath-hold may not be special, when we compare ourselves with other animals, it’s now becoming very useful in one particular area of medicine. Radiotherapy for breast cancer involves pointing radiation, very precisely, at the tumour. This may require several minutes of radiation and, so, it’s usually done in short periods, between breaths. But, if the patient can keep her chest perfectly still for several minutes, it means that the entire dose can be given, in the right place, in one go. The problem, of course, is that most people, just like me, cannot hold their breath for much longer than a minute. But doctors at University Hospital Birmingham have shown that, if patients are given oxygen-rich air before holding their breath, they can hold it for five-and-a-half minutes.
-Surprisingly, the trick seems to be the ability to fool the diaphragm. When you breathe in, you’re pulling the muscle of your diaphragm flat so that the volume of your chest increases – and air is pulled into your lungs. When you hold your breath, you keep your diaphragm like that. If you artificially raise oxygen levels and reduce carbon dioxide levels before a breath-hold, as in the Birmingham radiotherapy experiments, you may be able to delay tiredness in the diaphragm. So, it’s your diaphragm, the main muscle of breathing, that is in charge when it comes to holding your breath. Eventually, even if you’ve fooled it for a while, the signals from the diaphragm are just too strong and you have to give up – and take a breath.",154
-"Not sleeping very much used to be a sign that you were busy and important. Sleep was for wimps. But now, Arianna Huffington’s The Sleep Revolution, a book that says we need to sleep more and promises to change your life, is a New York Times best-seller.
-Businesses have realized that they can make money from the sleep revolution. A whole range of businesses are interested in where, when and how we sleep and, also, how much we will pay for it. Luxury hotels give people “sleep retreats”; more than $1,000 gets you dinner and a movie about sleep. And, if you’re staying home, you can improve your bedroom with a mattress cover with a sensor that monitors your sleep ($249) or a sleeping mask that monitors your brainwaves and lets you sleep more efficiently ($299).
-Sleep has not only become big business – it has also changed companies. Many companies already have sleeping areas and Huffington says that nap rooms in offices will become “as common as conference rooms” in the next two years. So, how did this happen? How did sleep suddenly become so fashionable?
-Many people these days find it normal to pay $10 for green juice and $34 for an indoor cycle class. And these people have made getting enough sleep a part of their lifestyle. Our bodies have become machines that we monitor for better efficiency and sleep is now another set of data for us to follow.
-Huffington does not say that sleep rests you; she says it restores you. Sleep is now an important status symbol for some people. But, it is not always easy to get enough sleep; you have to go to bed in the right neighbourhood and in the right body. Many studies show that you’re more likely to sleep badly if you’re poor. It’s hard to sleep if you’re worried about your safety or haven’t had enough to eat. It’s hard to sleep if you’re one of the 15 million Americans who work irregular hours. Research has also found that there’s a black/white sleep gap. One study shows that white people sleep an average of 6.85 hours but African Americans only sleep an average of 6.05 hours. They also have a lower quality of sleep.
-Do you know who gets the most sleep and the best quality of sleep in America? Rich white women. And, they are probably the people Huffington wrote her book for. Huffington describes her ideas about sleep as a “revolution” but, in fact, it’s a rebranding. The real problem with sleep isn’t that a few rich people think it’s a waste of time; the problem is that 99% can’t afford to spend time sleeping.
-Sleep may make you perform better but it’s an inefficient way to improve your performance. The real prize is finding a way that humans can work on less sleep. It is no surprise that the US military is researching this. In 2008, the Pentagon published a report called “Human Performance” which examined the possibility of a future in which soldiers could perform at their best with only a couple of hours’ sleep. “Imagine that you could make a human who slept for the same amount of time as a giraffe (1.9 hours per night). This would reduce the number of deaths and injuries. An enemy would need 40% more soldiers to be able to fight us.”
-One day, humans will find a way to remove the need to sleep completely. Spending a third of your life asleep won’t be a luxury anymore; it will be something only the poor will have to do. Then, we may need a whole new sort of sleep revolution.",155
-"As soon as the children at a primary school in Stirling, Scotland, hear the words “daily mile”, they leave the classroom and start running around the school field. For three-and-a-half years, all the pupils at St Ninian’s Primary School have walked or run a mile each day. They do it at different times during the day. There has been an increase in obesity in children in the UK but none of the children at this school are overweight.
-The daily mile has done a lot to improve these children’s fitness, behaviour and concentration in lessons so many other British schools are doing the same. Their children also get up from their desks and take 15 minutes to walk or run round the school or local park.
-Elaine Wyllie, headteacher of St Ninian ’s, said: “I get at least two emails a day from other schools and local authorities asking how we do it. The thought of children across the country running every day because of something we’ve done is amazing.”
-One in ten children are obese when they start school at the age of four or five, say the Health & Social Care Information Centre. And, in the summer of 2015, a study found that schoolchildren in England are more unfit than they have ever been. For this reason, primary schools can see the benefits of the daily mile. It has been introduced in schools in various parts of the UK and other schools are planning to introduce it soon. Just in Stirling, 30 schools have already started or are going to start the daily mile.
-“Running is a good way to improve children’s fitness, and it’s free and easy. The most important thing is that the children really enjoy it. If they didn ’t enjoy it, you couldn’t continue with it.
-They come back inside with bright eyes and rosy cheeks. It’s how children used to look,” said Wyllie. At St Ninian’s, teachers take their pupils out of lessons to the school’s playing field for their daily mile at a time that suits that day’s timetable. Only ice or very heavy rain stop them. Researchers from Stirling University have begun a study to look for evidence of the physical, cognitive and emotional benefits of the daily mile. Dr Colin Moran, who is leading the study, said: “The children don’t seem to have problems with obesity; they seem happier and teachers say they learn better. So we designed a study that tests all of these things.” They will compare St Ninian’s pupils with children from another school in Stirling where children haven’t started running yet.
-Kevin Clelland, a primary school teacher from Leeds, visited St Ninian’s. Then, he convinced the other teachers in his school that it was a great idea. He said: “It’s such a simple thing to do but seems to have such an amazing impact. We really want to improve the fitness of our pupils.” His school is now building a running track.
-Paralympian, Tanni Grey-Thompson, chair of ukactive, a health organization for physical activity, said: “All children need to achieve 60 active minutes every day – this can be in a lesson, on the walk to school or in the playground. It’s fantastic to see ideas like the daily mile. It shows that schools want to improve children’s fitness and their cognitive behaviour, and make a real difference to schools, teachers, parents and young people’s lives. We know sitting still kills; not sitting still helps children build skills that will help them for the rest of their lives.”
-The Scottish government also supports the idea. A spokesperson said: “Learning in PE is improved by ideas like the daily mile, which can help parents keep their children healthy. We are pleased to see that so many Scottish schools are taking part or want to.”",156
-"Barack Obama has urged young people to reject pessimism and interact with those who have different beliefs if they want to make changes in the world.
-On the final day of his last visit to Britain as US president, Obama told 500 youth leaders at a town hall meeting in London: “I’m here to ask you to reject the notion there are forces we can’t control. As JFK said, our problems are manmade and can be solved by man.”
-“You’ve never had better tools to make a difference,” he told the A-level and UK –US exchange students at the Q&A session. “Reject pessimism, cynicism and know that progress is possible. Progress is not inevitable; it requires struggle, discipline and faith.”
-But Obama acknowledged the challenges faced by young people: “Not to say your generation has had it easy, in a time of breathtaking change, from 9/11, 7/7 … and during an age of information and Twitter where there’s a steady stream of bad news.”
-The audience cheered as the president was introduced and went on to speak about his policies, including healthcare and education.
-He urged the audience to interact with people with different political beliefs: “Seek out people who don’t agree with you and it will also help you to compromise.”
-Obama also said: “You should feel encouraged social attitudes are changing. That doesn’t mean it’s fast enough but you should keep pushing and it’s in part due to the courageous acts of young people like yourself.”
-When asked about his presidential legacy, Obama said he was proud of the healthcare reforms, which received huge cheers from the audience, and said of the US response to the 2008 financial crisis: “Saving the world from great depression – that was quite good.”
-He also listed diplomatic deals with Iran and the response to the Ebola crisis as highlights of his presidency. “I’m proud; I think I’ve been true to myself during this process.”
-But he added: “Don’t give up and succumb to cynics if, after five years, poverty hasn’t been eradicated … It’s OK. Dr Martin Luther King says the arc of the moral universe is long but bends towards justice.”
-Questioned on the controversial Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), he said: “The answer to globalization is not to pull up the drawbridge and shut off,” though it was crucial to pay attention to workers’ rights.
-Before Obama arrived, Tanya Williams, a community engagement officer, told the Guardian: “I love Michelle but I like Obama and it’s exciting to have the chance to hear someone who has changed so much and galvanized so many people who didn’t vote before.”
-Oliver Sidorczuk, 26, said: “Everyone is extremely excited to listen to what he has to say. I’m going to ask him about electoral rights and try to ask him if he would join our campaign to ask David Cameron for automatic registration.”
-Obama ended the session by taking a question from a young Sikh Londoner, who asked about the issue of racial profiling at airports and being mistaken for a Muslim.
-Obama said that, although there were people with “crazy ideology”, pluralism was important. “I visited a mosque a few months ago and said our greatest allies are American Muslims who are most integrated and economically well off,” he said.
-Furqan Naeem, a campaigner from Manchester, said: “I recently visited the States through the US embassy on the community leaders programme and saw first hand some really important work the president did in celebrating America’s diversity and bringing communities together.”
-Kenny Imafidon, the managing director of the youth organization ClearView Research, said afterwards: “It was a great opportunity and what will stick with me is what he said about meeting with people who have different politics from you and having to make compromises. Also, the thing he said about being a good leader and finding great talent.”
-Later, Obama met Jeremy Corbyn, who said they had an “excellent” 90-minute discussion.
-The Labour leader said they talked about “the challenges facing postindustrial societies and the power of global corporations, and the increasing use of technology around the world and the effect that it has.”
-Asked if they talked about the president’s intervention in the debate on Britain’s membership of the EU, Corbyn said it was discussed briefly.
-After the meeting, Obama joined Cameron to play golf at the Grove in Chandlers Cross, Hertfordshire. Obama ended the day at a dinner with the prime minister and the US ambassador, Matthew Barzun, at the ambassador’s residence, before travelling on to Germany.",157
-"When you enter a department store, cameras are watching you. If you pick something up, a camera will make sure you don’t put it into your bag. Cameras will follow you around the store. But new technology is less focused on shoplifting and more interested in your age, gender and shopping habits.
-A few months ago, IT company Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) wrote a report that said around 30% of stores use facial recognition technology to track customers in shops. Facial recognition is a technology that can identify people – it analyses and compares people’s faces. Shops use special cameras for this, like the Intel RealSense camera.
-Joe Jensen, who works for Intel, says that the aim of using RealSense technology in shops is not to get information about specific people’s lives but to understand, in general, people’s lifestyles and shopping habits. “We don’t need to know a particular shopper. We need to know what characteristics this shopper has and that, when those characteristics are present, this is what a person usually does.”
-This technology makes it possible to predict what a person may or may not do in a shop. If, for example, a woman is walking quickly towards the sock section, a store can automatically put ads on screens specifically for that person. If she looks like the type of person who wants to buy socks, they will show her adverts for socks.
-If it sounds familiar, it’s because the internet has been using techniques like these for years. If you search for something on Amazon, you’ll get ads for similar products on other sites. But it’s not easy to use these systems in shops. People do not react to cameras in the same way as they do to cookies on websites.
-One company, Hoxton Analytics, has developed a technology that puts people into categories based on the shoes they are wearing. By analysing the style and size of people’s shoes, the system can identify a customer ’s gender with 75-80% accuracy.
-Owen McCormack, Hoxton Analytics CEO, says that they wanted the system to be different from facial recognition. “I thought, why don’t we simply look at the clothes someone’s wearing? ” he said. “If I just showed you a photo of someone’s body, you could probably tell me what gender they are. But pointing a camera at someone’s body feels just as creepy as facial recognition. The idea was – what about people’s shoes?”
-People use the word “creepy” a lot during discussions of tracking in stores. Stores need to find a way of getting information without seeming intrusive.
-McCormack says, “Right now, shops are doing lots of intrusive things but we just don’t know about it. We tell the shops that, if you know someone’s a male or a female, your advertising will work better. If you know that everyone in your shop right now is a male, you’ll advertise PlayStations not hairdryers.”
-It is easy to understand that stores want some of the information online stores collect. We allow this to happen online so why not in shops? But shopping centres are different from websites – you walk from one shop to another without a computer asking you if it’s ok to collect information about you.
-But young people who are growing up with online shopping do not think online advertising is invasive. In the CSC report, a survey showed that 72% of people aged 55 or more said they were very uncomfortable with these types of technologies in real shops. But only 51% of 16-24 year olds said they were uncomfortable. In any case, there are more and more eyes watching you and they care a lot about what you’re wearing.",158
-"The bestselling title on Amazon in the US is not Harper Lee’s hugely anticipated second novel, Go Set a Watchman, nor George RR Martin’s Song of Ice and Fire fantasy series, nor even Zoella’s much-mocked but much-bought young adult hit, Girl Online . Instead, Scottish illustrator Johanna Basford is topping the charts with her colouring books for adults, taking top spots on Amazon.com’s bestseller lists.
-Basford’s intricately drawn pictures of flora and fauna in Secret Garden have sold 1.4 million copies worldwide to date, with the newly released follow-up Enchanted Forest selling just under 226,000 copies already. They have drawn fans from Zooey Deschanel, who shared a link about the book with her Facebook followers, to the South Korean pop star Kim Ki-Bum, who posted an image on Instagram for his 1.6 million followers.
-“It’s been crazy. The last few weeks since Enchanted Forest came out have been utter madness, but fantastic madness,” said Eleanor Blatherwick, head of sales and marketing at the books’ publisher, small British press Laurence King. “We knew the books would be beautiful but we didn’t realize it would be such a phenomenal success.”
-And it is not just Basford who is reaping the benefits of the hordes of adults who, it turns out, just wanted something to colour in. In the UK, Richard Merritt’s Art Therapy Colouring Book sits in fourth spot on Amazon’s bestseller lists, Millie Marotta’s Animal Kingdom – detailed pictures of animals to colour – sits in seventh and a mindfulness colouring book sits in ninth. Basford’s titles are in second and eighth place – that’s half of Amazon.co.uk’s top ten taken up by colouring books for adults.
-At independent UK publisher Michael O’Mara, which has sold almost 340,000 adult colouring books to date, Head of Publicity, Marketing and Online, Ana McLaughlin, attributes the craze to the way the category has been reimagined as a means of relaxation. “The first one we did was in 2012, Creative Colouring for Grown-Ups . It sold strongly and reprinted but it was in 2014 that it all really mushroomed with Art Therapy . It really took off for us – selling the anti-stress angle gave people permission to enjoy something they might have felt was quite childish,” she said.
-The Mindfulness Colouring Book pushes this perspective particularly strongly, with its publisher telling readers that it is “filled with templates for exquisite scenes and intricate, sophisticated patterns, prompting you to meditate on your artwork as you mindfully and creatively fill these pages with colour ”, and urging potential colourers to “take a few minutes out of your day, wherever you are, and colour your way to peace and calm ”.
-“I think it is really relaxing to do something analogue, to unplug,” said Basford. “And it’s creative. For many people, a blank sheet is very daunting; with a colouring book, you just need to bring the colour. Also, there’s a bit of nostalgia there. So many people have said to me that they used to do secret colouring in when their kids were in bed. Now, it is socially acceptable; it’s a category of its own. These are books for adults. The art in my books is super intricate.”
-The illustrator, who lives in Aberdeenshire, has been astonished at the reaction since she released Secret Garden in 2013. “I had a kids’ book commissioned and I told them I would like to do one for grown-ups. It really wasn’t a trend then. I drew up the first story and they thought, ‘Let’s go for it’. I was thinking simply that people like me would like to do it. My intention was just to make a book I would like to have. So it’s been a real surprise to see the category bloom.”
-She is currently working on a third book and Michael O’Mara, which already has 17 adult colouring books in circulation, will increase this to 22 by May, with forthcoming titles including The Classic Comic Colouring Book and The Typography Colouring Book. “It’s just an enormous trend and shows no signs of slowing down,” said McLaughlin, adding that those who buy the titles are keen to display their ability to stay within the lines to the world at large.
-“The pictures are all over Twitter and Instagram. People are really proud of them – they are so intricate,” she said. “You don’t have to have any artistic talent but what you create is unique. People send us pictures of them, framed and laminated. The appetite is simply enormous. I reckon people are taking their kids’ pictures off the fridge and replacing them with their own.”",159
-"A Canadian man became famous because he gave a free round-the-world trip to a woman with the same name as his ex-girlfriend. The man has now returned from the trip with the woman he chose. Unfortunately, people who followed the story were disappointed because the pair did not fall in love. Jordan Axani, a 28-year-old from Toronto who started a charity, arrived back in Canada with Elizabeth Quinn Gallagher and said the pair were like brother and sister.
-Axani became famous in 2014 when he offered an air ticket to any Canadian named Elizabeth Gallagher. He reserved a three-week holiday with his girlfriend but they split up and he was unable to change the name on the tickets.
-Axani’s new travelling companion, was, of course, called Elizabeth Gallagher. She was a 23-year-old student from Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia. This Elizabeth Gallagher, who calls herself Quinn, replied to an online posting from Axani and he chose her. Before the trip, she already had a boyfriend. But people still hoped that the globetrotters might fall in love. Unfortunately, they didn’t.
-“I’m going to be very clear,” Axani said, soon after the pair returned to Toronto. “The trip was never a romantic idea. It was completely platonic. I do not think of Quinn in a romantic way at all. She is a good friend. I think of her as a little sister – that is all.”
-But it was difficult to create that brother-sister relationship. “It wasn’t easy and it wasn’t immediate. It took us about a week to really understand each other,” Axani said. They made some mistakes as the pair got to know each other. “At the end of the trip, we’d developed a really great rhythm – one second, we had really funny jokes and, the next second, we knew when the other person needed time alone.”
-The pair did not fall in love, but Axani said the trip was “fantastic”. They visited Milan, Venice, Vienna, Prague, Khao Lak (in Thailand) and Hong Kong. A favourite place was Prague, Axani said, where they met more people than anywhere else on the trip. “During two and a half days, I think we met about 24 people. So that’s a lot of stories, that’s a lot of people and that’s a lot of love for their home city of Prague.”
-People followed the pair on Twitter and Instagram, Axani said. And they were even recognized in the street in Hong Kong. “It was an adventure. We had a great time. We learned a lot about ourselves and about each other.”
-Axani arrived back in Toronto at 3am and went directly to a meeting at his charity, A Ticket Forward. Axani started the charity after his online posting went viral – he plans to offer round-the-world-trips to victims of abuse, cancer and war.
-Axani also wants to turn his story into a television show or film, he said. “There’s been lots of interest from many production companies.” Axani said he was not looking for his next Elizabeth Gallagher yet. “I’m not looking for anything. But we’ll see,” he said. “As always, life is a journey.”",160
-"Police and intelligence agencies around the world have, for almost 100 years, used lie detectors to help convict criminals or find spies and traitors.
-But the polygraph could soon be defunct. Researchers in Britain and the Netherlands have developed a new method that has a success rate, in tests, of over 70%. This new method could be in use in police stations around the world within a decade. It doesn’t monitor facial tics, talking too much or waving of arms, which are all signs that someone is lying. The new method monitors full-body motion, which can show that the person is feeling guilty.
-The polygraph is widely used in the US in criminal cases and for security clearance for the FBI and CIA but is much less popular in Europe. Many people in the scientific and legal communities do not believe that it is reliable. By contrast, the new method has performed well in experiments.
-The basic thought is that liars fidget more and so the use of an all-body motion suit – the kind used in films to create computer-generated characters – will record this. The suit has 17 sensors that register movement up to 120 times per second in three dimensions for 23 joints.
-One of the research team, Ross Anderson, professor of security engineering at Cambridge University, said that years of research show that an interviewer will know whether someone is telling the truth, and not lies, in only about 55 times out of 100.
-He said the new method, by contrast, was right over 70% of the time. And he was confident they would be able to do better. In some tests, the team has already achieved more than 80%.
-Anderson said: “Guilty people fidget more and we can measure this.”
-Anderson added that the research had a special significance at this time because of a recent US Senate report on torture by the CIA. There are problems with torture from a moral point of view but it is also a very unreliable way of getting accurate information. “We have known for a long time that torture does not work,” Anderson said. The new method offers a good alternative to interviews.
-The research paper was written by Dr Sophie van der Zee of Cambridge University, Professor Ronald Poppe of Utrecht University, Professor Paul Taylor of Lancaster University and Anderson.
-The polygraph was created in 1921 by policeman John Larson. It records changes in pulse, blood pressure, sweating and breathing to find out whether someone is lying.
-In movies, the polygraph is always right, But, in 1998, the US Supreme Court ruled that there was no consensus that the polygraph was reliable. This conclusion was supported by the US National Academy of Scientists in 2003.
-The experiment carried out by Anderson and his colleagues involved 180 students and employees at Lancaster University – half of the people were told to tell the truth and half to lie. They were each paid £7.50 for their participation in the 70-minute experiment, involving two tests.
-Some were interviewed about a computer game Never End, which they played for seven minutes. Others lied about playing the game – they had only seen notes about it.
-The second test involved a lost wallet containing £5. Some were asked to bring the wallet to a lost-and-found box. Others hid it and lied about it.
-“Overall, we correctly guessed whether 82.2% (truths: 88.9%; lies: 75.6%) of the interviewees were telling the truth or lying based on the movements in their individual limbs,” the report says.
-Anderson said: “First, we looked at how much different body parts showed that someone was lying. We found that liars wave their arms more, but this is only at the 60% level that you can get from a polygraph.
-“The success came when we looked at total body motion. That tells truth from lies over 70% of the time and we believe we can improve it even more by combining it with optimal questioning techniques.”
-Another advantage is that total body motion is mostly the same in people who have different cultural backgrounds and different levels of anxiety – these things confuse other lie-detection technologies, Anderson said.
-The use of all-body suits is expensive – they cost about £30,000 – and they can be uncomfortable, so Anderson and his colleagues are now studying low-cost alternatives. These include using motion-sensing technology from computer games, such as the Kinect devices developed by Microsoft for the Xbox.
-Anderson admits that intelligence agencies such as the CIA could teach agents how to trick the full-body motion method by keeping their bodies completely still. But he said that in itself would be a giveaway.",161
-"Lots of us know we are sleep-deprived but imagine if we could fix it with a fairly simple solution: getting up later. In a speech at the British Science Festival, Dr Paul Kelley, clinical research associate at the Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute at Oxford University, called for schools to stagger their starting times to work with the natural biological rhythms of their students. It would improve cognitive performance, exam results and students’ health (sleep deprivation has been linked with diabetes, depression, obesity and an impaired immune system).
-It follows a paper, published in 2014, in which he noted that, when children are around ten, their biological wake-up time is about 6.30am; at 16, this rises to 8am; and, at 18, someone you may think of as a lazy teenager actually has a natural waking hour of 9am. The conventional school starting time works for 10-year-olds but not 16- to 18-year-olds. For the older teenagers, it might be more sensible to start the school day at 11am or even later. “A 7am alarm call for older adolescents,” Kelley and his colleagues pointed out in the paper, “is the equivalent of a 4.30am start for a teacher in their 50s.”
-He says it’s not as simple as persuading teenagers to go to bed earlier. “The body’s natural rhythm is controlled by a particular kind of light,” says Kelley. “The eye doesn’t just contain rods and cones; it contains cells that then report to the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the hypothalamus.” This part of the brain controls our circadian rhythms over a 24-hour cycle. “It’s the light that controls it. It’s like saying: 'Why can’t you control your heartbeat?'”
-But it isn’t just students who would benefit from a later start. Kelley says the working day should be more forgiving of our natural rhythms. Describing the average sleep loss per night for different age groups, he says: “Between 14 and 24, it’s more than two hours. For people aged between 24 and about 30 or 35, it’s about an hour and a half. That can continue up until you’re about 55 when it’s in balance again. The 10-year-old and 55-year-old wake and sleep naturally at the same time.”
-This might be why, he adds, the traditional nine to five is so ingrained; it is maintained by bosses, many of them in their mid-50s and upwards because “it is best for them”. So, should workplaces have staggered starting times, too? Should those in their 50s and above come in at 8am, while those in their 30s start at 10am and the teenage intern or apprentice be encouraged to turn up at 11am? Kelley says that synchronized hours could have “many positive consequences. The positive side of this is people’s performance, mood and health will improve. It’s very uplifting in a way because it’s a solution that will make people less ill, and happier and better at what they do.”
-There would probably be fewer accidents as drivers would be more alert, he says. It could spell the end of rush hour as people stagger their work and school-run times. A later start to the day for many, says Kelley, “is something that would benefit everyone, particularly families. Parents go and try to wake up teenagers who are waking up three hours too early. It creates tensions for everybody.”
-So, what time does Kelley start work? “I am 67 so that means I’m back to being ten years old and I get up just after six. I wake naturally.” And, yes, he says he finds the start of his working day much easier now than he did when he was younger.",162
-"For 85 years, it was little more than a featureless grey blob on classroom maps of the solar system, but, on 15 July, Pluto was seen in high resolution for the first time, revealing dramatic mountain ranges made from solid water ice on a scale to rival the Alps or the Rockies.
-The extraordinary images of the former ninth planet and its large moon, Charon, beamed 4bn miles back to Earth from the New Horizons spacecraft, mark the climax of a mission that has been quietly underway for nearly a decade.
-Alan Stern, the mission’s principal investigator, described the images as a “home run” for the team. “New Horizons is returning amazing results already. The data look absolutely gorgeous, and Pluto and Charon are just mind-blowing.”
-One of the biggest surprises was the discovery that “there are mountains in the Kuiper belt ”, the solar system’s mysterious “third zone” where Pluto sits amid around 100,000 smaller icy objects. John Spencer, a mission scientist, said the mountains appear to be around 11,000ft high and several hundred miles across. “These are pretty significant mountains.”
-The detailed image of one edge of the dwarf planet showed not a single crater, hinting that the surface has been recently “paved over” by geological activity, which could include dramatic geysers blasting plumes of ice into the atmosphere or cryo-volcanoes that erupt in explosions of ice rather than molten rock.
-In a nod to Pluto’s former status as the ninth planet, until it was downgraded to a dwarf planet in 2006, the NASA press conference began with a rundown of spectacular images of the sun and the eight official planets. “We’ve brought what was previously a blurred point of light into focus,” said Dwayne Brown, NASA spokesman, as scientists and journalists waited for the image to be unveiled.
-Stern described the images as “just skimming the surface” of what would be learnt about the planet during the coming year. They have already produced some surprises. Scientists believe the mountains are made from water ice with just a thin veneer of “exotic” ices, methane and nitrogen. “You can’t make mountains out of methane and nitrogen,” said Spencer.
-“Water ice is strong enough to hold up big mountains and that’s what we think we’re seeing here. This is the first time we’ve seen this. The methane and nitrogen are just a coating.” The mountains on Pluto are likely to have formed no more than 100m years ago – extremely recently given the 4.56bn-year-old solar system. This suggests the close-up region, which covers about 1% of Pluto’s surface, may still be geologically active. The images are the first to show ice mountains outside of the moons of giant planets and raises the question of what kind of geological process could be generating the mountainous landscape.
-The structures, together with the smoothness of Pluto’s surface, suggest that geological activity is taking place and smoothing over depressions caused by asteroid impacts. Scientists believe this “paving” process could be the result of internal heat that softens rock and ice or from snowfalls that cover the surface. For scale, the images are so detailed that, if the craft were flying over London, we would be able to pick out the runways at Heathrow airport.
-The distance to Pluto – 5bn km – means it takes New Horizons hours to send back a single picture and it will take 16 months to send all the data it has accumulated during the fly-by. The team also announced that the heart-shaped feature visible on Pluto will now be known as the Tombaugh Regio, in honour of Clyde Tombaugh, who discovered the dwarf planet in 1930.
-The new view of Charon reveals a varied, complex terrain. An area of cliffs and troughs stretching about 1,000km suggests widespread fracturing of Charon’s surface, which could also be the result of geological activity. The image also shows a dramatic canyon estimated to be 7 to 9km deep.
-Cathy Olkin, a mission scientist, said: “Charon just blew our socks off when we had the new image today. The team has just been abuzz.
-There is so much interesting science in this one image alone.” Pluto is thought to be composed of about two thirds rock encased in a lot of ice, with surface temperatures of about minus 230C. As the £460m mission travels onwards into the Kuiper belt, scientists hope that it will open up a window on the ancient solar system and the origins of planets, potentially helping to explain the formation of the Earth itself.
-Andrew Coates, head of planetary science at the Mullard Space Science Laboratory, said: “These Kuiper belt objects are the building blocks of the outer solar system. They’re all very cold – it’s like a cosmic deep freeze. It’s the best way of preserving solar system history. That is what is so fascinating about this. It’s a really thrilling time for solar system exploration.”
-In August 2015, mission scientists will choose which of two objects to visit next. NASA estimates that the spacecraft will be able to keep recording and transmitting until the mid-2030s. Then, its plutonium power source will run out and it will shut down, drifting outwards towards the edge of the solar system and deep space beyond.
-New Horizons also observed the smaller members of the Pluto system, which includes four other moons: Nix, Hydra, Styx and Kerberos. A new sneak-peek image of Hydra is the first to reveal its apparent irregular shape and its size, estimated to be about 43 by 33km. “New Horizons is a true mission of exploration, showing us why basic scientific research is so important,” said John Grunsfeld, associate administrator for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate.
-“The mission has had nine years to build expectations about what we would see during closest approach to Pluto and Charon. Today, we get the first sampling of the scientific treasure collected during those critical moments and I can tell you it dramatically surpasses those high expectations.”
-The observations also indicate Hydra’s surface is probably coated with water ice. Future images will reveal more clues about the formation of this, and the other moon, billions of years ago.",163
-"It is no longer legal to smoke a cigarette inside a bar in the world ’s drinking capital, New Orleans, Louisiana. Since Hurricane Katrina in 2005, New Orleans city government has begun trying to reduce noise problems. The city is now stricter on noise in bars and nightclubs – and, at the same time, it has introduced new rules on noise.
-“It is the wrong time for this,” complains bar-owner William Walker. He hates the anti-smoking law. “If they force people outside the bar to smoke, it is going to increase the tension that’s already there.”
-Many of New Orleans’s best bars are in quiet neighbourhoods. Martha Wood lives beside a loud bar that has live music. “The bar was one reason I bought the house so I won’t ever complain about the noise,” says Wood. She also manages a live-music bar.
-The Maple Leaf club became smoke-free in 2014. Another club also became smoke-free because performers asked for smoke-free nights. “A lot of the performance venues were already starting to show that consideration to performers. I wish the city had just let that happen, not force the ban into every bar that doesn’t have music,” says Zalia BeVille, manager of the All Ways Lounge.
-Luckily, All Ways has an outdoor patio. Another bar, Lost Love Lounge, doesn’t have a patio. The owner, Geoff Douville, loves the ban – before, he felt forced to live with smoke to keep his bar popular. “I couldn’t ban smoking in my bar without a ban in the whole city,” says Douville. “People think I have that choice. But, if I make a no-smoking rule, they will choose another bar with smoking.”
-Many small business owners also fear that the smoke-free rule will make them lose money. Neil Timms owns an English pub and saw a smoking ban before, in England. “Back home in England, every pub I knew closed because of the smoking ban,” remembers Timms of England’s ban, which began in 2007. To avoid the same problems, he’s spending money to build a patio.
-But Douville feels the ban could be a great business opportunity. “There are lots of people who would enjoy coming to our bar but they never came because they didn’t want to smell like smoke for the next seven days – now, those people can come.” Douville isn’t worried about noise complaints: “No court is going to say a bar is a ‘nuisance’ after the city has introduced a smoking ban that forces you to go outside!” he says.
-Councilwoman LaToya Cantrell, who introduced the ban, disagrees: “The responsibility is on the bar-owner to keep their customers respectful outside as well,” she says. “The owners need to tell them to go and have a smoke but be respectful to their communities. The idea that we can’t have clean air because it will cause noise problems is ridiculous. We can have clean air without noise problems – I think it’s about communication and creating partnerships between the communities and the businesses.”
-Many people were worried that the police would not have time to give bars warnings and fines. So the health department will do it. Bar customers must “fill out a form or call 311 and include photographs of illegal smoking”.
-Geoff Douville says that he’s used to noise complaints. “You will see: the neighbours who complain about the noise now are going to be the same ones who wanted the smoking ban. Of course they’re going to complain, ” he adds. “But it doesn’t mean they’re going to win.”",164
-"Until the end, David Bowie, who has died of cancer, was still full of surprises. His latest album, Blackstar, appeared on his 69th birthday on 8 January 2016 and proved that he hadn’t lost his gift for making dramatic statements as well as challenging, disturbing music.
-Throughout the 1970s, Bowie was a trailblazer of musical trends and pop fashion. He became a singer-songwriter, a pioneer of glam-rock, then got into what he called “plastic soul”, before moving to Berlin to create innovative electronic music. His ability to mix brilliant changes of sound and image is unique in pop history.
-Bowie was born David Robert Jones in south London. In 1953, the family moved to Kent, where David showed talent for singing and playing the recorder. Later, he studied art, music and design.
-At 15, David formed his first band, the Kon-rads. It was clear that David’s talents and ambition meant that he should go solo. David took the name Bowie to avoid confusion with Davy Jones of the Monkees.
-Bowie’s first album, released in June 1967, was titled simply David Bowie. In July 1969, Bowie released Space Oddity, the song that would give him his first commercial breakthrough. Timed to coincide with the Apollo 11 moon landing, it was a top five UK hit.
-In March 1970, Bowie married art student, Angela Barnett. The Man Who Sold the World was released in the US in late 1970 and in the UK the following year. With its daring songwriting and broody, hard-rock sound, it was the first album to really show his writing and performing gifts. The album’s themes included immortality, insanity, murder and mysticism, which showed that Bowie was a songwriter who was thinking outside of pop’s usual boundaries.
-He followed it with 1972’s Hunky Dory, a mix of wordy, elaborate songwriting. It was an excellent collection that met with only moderate success but that all changed with The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars later that year.
-This time, Bowie appeared as a science-fiction character – an intergalactic glam-rock star visiting planet Earth. The hit single Starman brought instant success for the album.
-Everything Bowie touched turned to gold. He had his first UK number 1 album with Aladdin Sane (1973), which included the hit singles The Jean Genie and Drive-in Saturday. But Bowie was already planning his next career moves.
-His increasing interest in funk and soul music could be heard on the album Young Americans (1975), which gave him a US chart-topper with Fame (with John Lennon as a guest vocalist).
-With the album Station to Station (1976), Bowie introduced a new persona, the Thin White Duke. This persona was the same as his role as a sad space traveller in Nicolas Roeg’s film The Man Who Fell to Earth.
-Bowie’s relationship with his wife had been suffering under the pressures of success and the couple divorced in 1980. This was a year of further creative triumph, bringing a fine album, Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps), and its chart-topping single, Ashes to Ashes, followed by a period playing the title role in The Elephant Man on the Broadway stage.
-He achieved a number 1 single with his 1981 partnership with Queen, Under Pressure, and became increasingly involved with different media. He appeared in the German movie Christiane F (1981) and wrote music for the soundtrack. He had another chart hit with Cat People (Putting Out Fire) from Paul Schrader’s movie Cat People (1982).
-1983 was the year in which he put his energy into the album Let’s Dance and follow-up concerts. Let’s Dance turned Bowie into a crowd-friendly global rock star, with the album and its singles Let’s Dance, China Girl and Modern Love all becoming huge international hits.
-This was the heyday of MTV and Bowie’s talent for eye-catching videos increased his popularity, while the six-month Serious Moonlight tour drew massive crowds. It was to be the most commercially successful period of his career.
-At the 1985 Live Aid famine relief concert at Wembley Stadium, Bowie was one of the best performers. In addition, that year, he teamed up with Mick Jagger to record the fundraising single Dancing in the Street, which quickly went to number 1.
-A few days after his appearance at the Freddie Mercury tribute concert at Wembley Stadium in April 1992, Bowie married the Somalian model Iman and the couple bought a home in New York.
-For the album Black Tie White Noise (1993), he included elements of soul, electronica and hip hop. It topped the UK album chart and gave him a top 10 single, Jump They Say.
-New media and technology influenced his recordings, too. His 1999 album Hours… was based around music he had written for a computer game called Omikron, in which Bowie and Iman appeared as characters. The birth of Bowie and Iman’s daughter, Alexandria, followed in August 2000.
-As an adopted New Yorker, Bowie was the opening act at the Concert for New York City in October 2001, where he joined Paul McCartney, Jon Bon Jovi, Billy Joel, the Who and Elton John in a benefit show six weeks after the 9/11 attacks.
-During his Reality tour in 2004, Bowie had chest pains while performing in Germany and needed emergency surgery in Hamburg.
-He saw the medical emergency as a warning and started to slow down. In February 2006, he was given a Grammy lifetime achievement award. He was entered into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996.
-The Next Day (2013) was his first album of new material in a decade. It included the single Where Are We Now?, which gave him his first UK top 10 hit since 1993. The album went to the top of the charts in Britain and around the world. In 2014, Bowie was given the Brit Award for Best British Male, making him the oldest person to get the award.
-He is survived by Iman, their daughter, Alexandria, his stepdaughter, Zulekha, and his son, Duncan, from his first marriage.",165
-"Ever since he was diagnosed HIV positive, Moses King, 48, has had one major problem. He has been able to cope with the stigma of being HIV positive – widespread in Liberia – and he was able to access antiretroviral medication, distributed by the Liberian government. But King and his family of six children could not get the right food to eat. A subsistence farmer, he grew vegetables and bought rice. But he could not afford meat and fish – expensive, luxury products in Liberian markets but essential sources of protein.
-Pate K Chon, a counsellor who works with HIV sufferers in Liberia, provided a surprising solution. Since watching a documentary about a fish farm in Thailand several years earlier, she had thought of setting up a similar project in Liberia, allowing HIV sufferers to have work and also access a stable source of protein.
-“I saw this film about fish in a cement pool and I thought it was a good idea,” said Chon, herself diagnosed with HIV in 1992. “So many of the people I work with don’t have the money to have a balanced protein diet and fish is such a clean source of protein – it doesn’t cause health problems like other sources, and it is something we can farm.”
-Chon began building a pool in which to farm fish. In June 2012, Chon met John Sheehy, a philanthropist. Sheehy raised money for the non-profit fish farm in the northeast of Monrovia, Liberia’s capital, and set about learning about fish farming, doing an online course through Cornell University and speaking to other fish farmers in Africa.
-“I raised the money and built the farm, learned the proper tank layout and water flow system,” said Sheehy. “A lot of my knowledge was self-taught, and now I would love to be able to write a manual and share it with other people,” he added.
-The project has now grown into the Grow2Feed Liberia Fish Farm, with 12 tanks, which, when full, will each have 5,000 fish – providing up to 200,000 fish per year, serving a community of 1,200 mainly HIV-positive people, including King and his family.
-In addition to the fish, waste from the tanks is collected and used to irrigate crops, also providing food and money for the community.
-“The members of the community live near the farm, and have agreed to be part of the co-operative,” said Sheehy. “Many work on the farm and what they get in return is fish. They can use those fish to feed themselves and to sell in the market so that they get money to buy other essential items. The fish farm gives these people with HIV a way of getting back into society – now they are trading with people in the market every week.”
-According to Liberia’s health survey,1.5% of Liberia’s 3.5 million people are HIV positive, with 60% of those women or girls. Stigma and discrimination still surround the illness, and around half of all people with HIV in the country are untreated.
-Good nutrition is particularly important for people with HIV. Research has shown they need much higher levels of protein to stop their health deteriorating and to allow healthy growth. “Nutrition is one of the key things if you are taking antiretroviral drugs,” said Chon. “The drugs are toxic and, if you don’t have food to eat, they can make you very ill. But food in Liberia is very expensive. We buy expensive imported rice, even though we should be growing it ourselves and fish is difficult for most people to afford.”
-“Fish farming is absolutely possible in Africa,” said Paul White, owner of the HydroFish fish farm in Ivory Coast, which produces 3,000 tonnes of fish each year. “A lot of the fish on the market comes from China and is imported frozen. It is of a quality that could never enter Europe or America.” He said there had been a lack of investment in fish production but that things were changing now.
-Some critics are sceptical of farmed fish, saying fish can be inbred and have high levels of toxins. But Sheehy said good practice can reduce these problems. “A lot of farmed fish is inbred, which does cause problems, but we are using a process with local fish from Liberia, not fish from another region,” said Sheehy. “And we are not using lakes that are cornered off, where the fish absorb all the toxins in the lake. We can control the environment using the tanks and we test the water and monitor it constantly.”
-Sheehy hopes to open more fish farms throughout Liberia and the region. “A rice-growing co-op in Sierra Leone asked us if we could do this on our property so that they can feed their workers and we have had interest from Nigeria and Central America,” said Sheehy. “But we operate 100% non-profit and we always will.”",166
-"Coal will probably rival oil as the world’s biggest source of energy in the next five years, with possible disastrous consequences for the climate, says the world’s leading authority on energy economics.
-One of the biggest factors behind the rise in coal use has been the massive increase in the use of shale gas in the US.
-New research from the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that coal consumption is increasing all over the world – even in countries and regions with carbon-cutting targets – except in the US, where shale gas is now more popular than coal. The decline of coal consumption in the US has helped to cut prices for coal globally. This has made it more attractive, even in Europe where coal use was supposed to be discouraged by the Emissions Trading Scheme.
-Maria van der Hoeven, Executive Director of the IEA, said that coal consumption “continues to grow each year and, if no changes are made, coal will catch oil within a decade.”
-Coal is available in large amounts and found in most regions of the world, unlike conventional oil and gas, and can be cheaply extracted. According to the IEA, China and India will drive world coal use in the coming five years, with India likely to overtake the US as the world’s second biggest consumer. China is the biggest coal importer, and Indonesia the biggest exporter.
-According to the IEA’s Medium-Term Coal Market Report the world will burn 1.2bn more tonnes of coal per year by 2017 compared with today.
-With the highest carbon emissions of any major fossil fuel, coal is a huge contributor to climate change, particularly when burned in old-fashioned, inefficient power stations. When these are not equipped with special “scrubbing” equipment to remove chemicals, coal can also produce sulphur emissions – the leading cause of acid rain – and mercury and soot-particle pollution.
-Van der Hoeven said that, without a high carbon price to discourage the growth in coal use and encourage cleaner technologies such as renewable power, only competition from lower-priced gas could reduce demand for coal. This has happened in the US, due to the extraordinary increase in the production of shale gas in that market in the past five years.
-She said: “The US experience suggests that a more efficient gas market can reduce coal use, carbon dioxide emissions and consumers’ electricity bills. Europe, China and other regions should take note.”
-If something isn’t done, the world faces an increased risk of climate change as a result of this fast-increasing consumption of the highest carbon fossil fuel.",167
-"Mountain climber, Kenton Cool, has just flown down from Everest base camp to Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Cool is talking about the three amazing climbs he completed the previous weekend. Early on Saturday morning, he reached the summit of Nuptse, the first of the three main summits in the Everest “horseshoe”. Later that day, he climbed to the summit of Everest, and reached the top in complete darkness early on Sunday. He then continued to the summit of Lhotse, the third of the three peaks, on Monday morning.
-He says he took advantage of a rare opportunity. “For the first time since the late 1990s, there were fixed ropes on all three mountains. What I did was still a great physical achievement. But the person who does it next will do it without ropes or bottled oxygen.”
-Everest was first climbed 60 years ago. I asked Cool to look forward and imagine what top climbers might do 60 years from now. “I hate to think,” he says, but he mentions the Swiss climber, Ueli Steck, who fled the mountain in April after an argument with a group of Sherpas. Steck was planning to climb Everest’s west ridge and then immediately climb Lhotse via a new route without fixed ropes. “Ueli trained like a machine,” Cool says. “He’s a fantastic climber. It would have been amazing.”
-What will tourism look like in the Everest region in the future? One clue is in the amazing helicopter rescue by Simone Moro, Steck’s climbing partner. Moro flew back to Everest on Tuesday in a powerful helicopter to rescue a climber at 7,800 metres.
-It was the highest rescue ever on Everest and highlights the increase in helicopter flights in recent years. By 2073, there might be a helipad on the mountain that would bring tourists. At the moment, they use helicopters to rescue both climbers and trekkers who walk to Everest base camp.
-Mountain geographer and environmentalist, Alton Byers, thinks it is not certain that Everest can take more tourists. The combination of climate change and tourism, he says, is putting new pressure on the area. Glaciers in the Everest region are getting smaller, and even disappearing, and this is having a big effect already. “Everywhere you go, people are talking about how there’s less water. There’s less water for agriculture and less water for all the new lodges that they are building.”
-In the Sherpa town of Namche Bazaar they are building a new pipeline to bring water for the tourists. The local stream is contaminated with human waste and does not provide enough water for a place that is full of tourists. “Every village is digging a pit for garbage. Khumbu has the highest landfill sites in the world,” he says. Human waste is now taken away in plastic barrels but then, according to Byers, these barrels are emptied into a huge pit down the valley – it could contaminate the region’s streams and rivers.
-“We can solve these problems, but we need to be serious about it,” he says. “One climber can spend $85,000 to climb Everest. And that’s fine. But we’re going to have to look at these other problems. For half a million dollars a year, you could solve most of them.”
-Climate change is another problem. Weather patterns are changing and this is also having an effect on tourism. Cloudy weather is closing Lukla Airport, the entrance to the Everest region, more often. They are building a new road for 4x4s to Lukla, to make sure tourists and their money can reach Everest. But Byers is worried that these new roads, which they are building very quickly, could cause soil erosion and landslides. He says that Everest is the perfect place to study some of these problems, like the effects of climate change and tourism.",168
-"People are talking a lot about loneliness at the moment. The Office for National Statistics says that Britain is the loneliest place in Europe. British people have fewer strong friendships than other Europeans and they know their neighbours less well. Research at the University of Chicago has found that loneliness is twice as bad for older people’s health as obesity. They also found that loneliness causes almost as many deaths as poverty.
-This is shocking but these studies do not talk about loneliness in younger adults. In 2010, a Mental Health Foundation survey found that loneliness was a bigger worry for young people than for the elderly. The 18- to 34-year-olds in the survey felt lonely more often, worried more about feeling alone and felt more depressed because of loneliness than people over 55.
-“We know that loneliness is a problem for the elderly and there are day centres and charities to help them,” says Sam Challis, of the mental health charity Mind, “but, young people over 21 are too old for youth services.” This is not good because loneliness can cause mental health problems – loneliness causes stress, depression, paranoia, anxiety, addiction and it can cause suicide.
-But what can young people do to prevent loneliness? One researcher says that social media and the internet can be both a good thing and a problem. They are a good thing when they allow us to communicate with friends and family far away but not when they replace face-to-face contact. “People present ‘perfect’ versions of themselves online and we expect to have social lives like the lives we see in the media,” says Challis. If we compare the ‘perfect’ lives of our friends with our own lives, this can make us want to stay at home alone.
-A study of social media at the University of Michigan in 2013 found that using technology to help you meet new people can be a good thing. And, if you can’t go out, the internet can help you.
-For example, Mumsnet, an online network for parents, can help you feel less alone when you are at home with young children.
-Helplines can also reduce loneliness, at least in the short term. One in four of men who call the emotional support charity Samaritans say they are lonely. Get Connected is a free helpline for young people, where they can get help with emotional and mental health problems caused by loneliness.
-At work, it can be a good idea to tell your employer how you’re feeling. Talking to your colleagues may seem like a waste of time but it can help to protect us from the emotional and psychological problems caused by working too hard.
-According to recent research, loneliness is killing the elderly and, with an ageing population, we should try to reduce our isolation before it is too late. “Getting older doesn’t have to mean getting lonelier,” says Ruth Sutherland, the chief executive of the relationship counselling service Relate. “But it is very important to create good- quality relationships earlier in life.”",169
-"Behind the bright lights and mirrored panels, cameras are watching you. If you pick up a boot, a camera will make sure you don’t put it into your bag. Enter a department store and you will be watched. But new technology is less focused on shoplifting and more interested in your age, sex and shopping habits.
-A few months ago, IT company Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) wrote a report that said around 30% of stores use facial recognition technology to track customers in-store. Facial recognition is a technology that can identify people by analysing and comparing facial features from a database. It uses devices such as Intel RealSense cameras, which are able to analyse everything from particular expressions to the clothing brands someone is wearing.
-Intel spokesman Joe Jensen says that the aim of using RealSense technology in shops is not to create databases of specific people’s lives but to build generalized models of people’s lifestyles and shopping habits. “We don’t need to know a particular customer. We need to know that this shopper has these characteristics and that, when those characteristics are present, this is what a person tends to do.”
-If you combine recognition technology with databases of previous customer patterns, you can start to predict a lot about what a person may or may not do in a shop. If, for example, there’s a woman walking quickly towards the sock section, you can use that data to predict she wants to buy socks. That could allow a store to automatically put targeted ads on screens aimed specifically at that person. If she looks like the type of person who wants to buy socks, they will show her adverts for socks.
-If it sounds familiar, it’s because the online world has been using techniques like these for years. If you search for something on Amazon, you’ll get targeted ads for similar products on other sites. But it’s not easy to bring these systems into the physical world. People do not react to cameras in the same way as they do to browser cookies.
-Hoxton Analytics, a team of data scientists in London, has developed a technology that uses machine learning and artificial intelligence to categorize people based on the shoes they are wearing. By analysing the style and size of people’s footwear as they walk past the sensor, the system can identify a customer’s gender with 75-80% accuracy.
-Owen McCormack, Hoxton Analytics CEO, says that the focus of the system was partly a reaction to facial recognition. “My idea was, why don’t we simply consider the clothes someone’s wearing?” he said. “If I just showed you a photo of someone’s body, you could probably tell me what gender they are. However, pointing a camera at someone’s chest or hips feels just as creepy as facial recognition. The idea was – what about people’s shoes?”
-People use the word “creepy” a lot during discussions of in-store tracking. For stores and data scientists, the aim is to find a way of getting information without seeming intrusive.
-For McCormack, the argument is based on the fact that personal information isn’t collected. “Right now, shops are doing lots of incredibly invasive things but we just don’t know about it. What we say is that, if you know someone’s a male or a female, then your advertising will be much more efficient. If you know that everyone in your shop right now is a male, you’ll be advertising PlayStations not hairdryers.”
-From the perspective of stores, it’s understandable that physical shops want some of the information online shops collect. We allow this to happen online so why not offline? Online, you get a pop-up asking you to accept cookies. But you can’t ask for people’s consent in the same way when they move from one physical shop to another.
-But it’s also true that the generation that is growing up with online shopping does not see online advertising as so invasive. In the CSC report, a survey showed that 72% of people aged 55 or more said they were very uncomfortable with these types of technologies in physical shops. But only 51% of 16-24 year olds said they were uncomfortable.
-Are younger people more open because they are more familiar with digital technology or do they believe in the honesty of organizations offering free services? Is this kind of technology always creepy or does it depend? In any case, there are a growing number of eyes between the shelves and they care a lot about what you’re wearing.",170
-"Not many exercise classes have a tea break in the middle. But Margaret Allen’s class has one. After a gentle warm-up and a few quick exercises, the 93-year-old great-grandmother lets her group sit down and relax with a cup of tea. Some of the eight people in the class look like they need a break, but Allen is not even sweating.
-The general rule is that eating just before doing sport is not a good idea and especially not halfway through the class. But, on the afternoon I visit Allen’s class in Saltburn-by-the-Sea, they eat fruitcake during the break. The cake was made for Allen’s recent birthday by her 89-year-old sister, Joan.
-The ladies have just finished their cake when Allen gets up again. She plays a lively Scottish song and there is lots of toe pointing and leg kicking. Forty-five minutes later, the class is finally over.
-Allen has been leading classes in the north-east town for 45 years. She wasn’t very sporty at school, but she started playing the piano for a keep-fit class during the second world war and started leading the class in her 40s when the old instructor retired.
-At one time, Allen’s class had more than 18 regulars, each paying £1 a time. But, these days, the group is getting smaller. During the tea break, the ladies discuss a funeral that most of them went to that week for one of the younger people in the group who died recently, aged 68.
-Allen, who loves dancing, has never done any formal training to be a fitness instructor. Instead, she got ideas for her own moves from five fitness videos from the BBC. Allen thinks she is healthy because she keeps busy, especially since her husband died in 1997. She started writing poetry when she was 80.
-Allen is the oldest, her sister the second oldest. The baby of the group is 60-year-old Jean Cunion, who is a bit embarrassed to say that she is perhaps the least fit of the group. “I remember, the first time I came, Margaret said, 'Who’s that breathing heavily?' and I had to say it was me.” Ruth Steere, 76, says Allen always has her back to the class, but she always knows what’s happening: “She always shouts at us if we go wrong. She’s very good at knowing what we are doing.”
-“I write poems about everything. I just can’t stop,” she says, when she phones me a few days after the interview to read out a poem she has written about the joys of exercise. She still plays the piano and gives speeches. She also did a computer course when she was 88.
-Ageing is no fun, she says. She reads me a few lines from a poem she has written called ’That Beast Called Age’. She happily remembers a doctor who saw her for the first time a few years ago, who said he didn’t believe she was more than 78: “I said, 'Thank you, doctor. You can go now.'” She also has a practical idea for people who are overweight: “I just think people shouldn’t eat too much. When I hear someone say, 'Oh, I can’t lose weight', I say: 'Sellotape.'” She mimes taping her mouth shut. “I said this the other day to a big fat man. Everything in moderation is my motto.” Earlier in 2013, Allen was watching the news and saw a woman get the British Empire Medal. “The woman said: 'I’m 80 and I’m the oldest fitness instructor in the country!' I thought: 'No, you’re not.'” But Allen won’t write to the Queen to complain.",171
-"A team at Leicester University has told the world that the body they found under a local car park is the body of King Richard III. There were cheers when Richard Buckley, leader of the team of archaeologists, finally said that they were certain they had found the body of the king.
-The evidence is very strong. The scientists who did the DNA tests, the people who created the computer-imaging technology to look at the bones in extraordinary detail, the genealogists who found a distant descendant with matching DNA, and the academics who read old texts looking for accounts of the king’s death and burial all gave their findings.
-Work has started on designing a new tomb in Leicester Cathedral, only 100 yards from the excavation site. There will be a ceremony to lay him into his new grave there, probably next year. Leicester’s Museums’ Service is working on plans for a new visitor centre in an old school building next to the site.
-Richard died at the Battle of Bosworth on 22 August 1485, the last English king to die in battle. The researchers revealed how he died for the first time. One picture showed the bottom of his skull cut off by one terrible hit, probably from a razor-sharp iron axe. The axe probably went several centimetres into his brain and, experts say, he would have been unconscious at once and dead very soon.
-The injury confirms the story that he died in the middle of the battle without his horse. In Shakespeare’s play, he cries: “A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!” Another hit with a sword, which also went through the bone and into the brain, would also have killed him. But many of the other injuries were after death, which suggests that the king’s naked body was mutilated as it was brought back to Leicester.
-One terrible injury was certainly after death and could not have happened when his lower body was protected by armour. It suggests the story that his naked corpse was brought back on a horse and mutilated is true. Bob Savage, a medieval weapons expert, said it was probably not a war weapon. It was probably the sort of sharp knife a workman normally carried.
-Michael Ibsen, identified as the descendant of Richard’s sister, was shocked when he heard the confirmation on Sunday. “My head is still not clear now,” he said. “Many, many hundreds of people died on that field that day. He was a king, but just one of the dead. He lived in very violent times and these deaths would not have been pretty or quick.”
-It was Mathew Morris who first found the body, in the first hour of the first day of the excavation. At first, he did not believe it was the king. He was digging in the car park, a place that local historians and the Richard III Society said was probably the site of the lost church of Grey Friars. The priests of Grey Friars were brave – they took the body of the king and buried him in their church.
-Ten days later, on 5 September, when more excavation proved Morris had found the right place, he returned with Lin Foxhall, head of the archaeology department, to excavate the body. “We did it the usual way, lifting the arms, legs and skull first, and then we lifted the torso – so it was only when we finally saw the twisted spine that I thought: 'My word, I think we’ve found him.'”
-For Philippa Langley of the Richard III Society, Richard was the true king, the last king of the north, a worthy and brave leader who was a victim of Shakespeare’s negative propaganda. Many people still believe he killed the little princes in the tower: the child Edward V and his brother Richard, were kept as prisoners in the Tower of London when Richard III became king and they were never seen alive again. Some bones were found at the tower centuries later, but it is not certain they are the princes’. There may be a need for more DNA detective work there.",172
-"It could be the best thing since Trevor Baylis’s wind-up radio in the pre-internet 1990s – a cheap light that draws free power from gravity and could end the use of dangerous kerosene-fuelled lamps in Africa and India.
-But when British designer, Patrick Hunt, went down the conventional route of bank or venture capital finance to get his invention kickstarted commercially, he hit a problem. “We tried to get funding to make it happen, but it’s slow and complex and it’s unproven and nobody wants to take a risk,” he said.
-So he tried crowdfunding on a US website, Indiegogo, which had recently opened up in the UK. Within five days, he had hit his target and raised £36,200. So popular was his campaign at the end of 2012 to entice donations from the public that within 40 days he had raised a colossal £400,000.
-The LED light is powered by a dynamo driven by the descent of a 10kg bag of rocks. The weight is attached to the light, lifted to a height of about 2m, and while it is allowed to slowly fall to the ground it will generate enough power for half an hour of light.
-Hunt is preparing for production in China and will test the market again by delivering 1,000 of the lights to Africa before the full mass production of what he hopes will be millions of units.
-He is one of a new wave of entrepreneurs turning to the fast-growing crowdfunding industry for finance. Another new site is InvestingZone, which matches wealthy individuals with start-up entrepreneurs.
-Indiegogo does not offer shares but allows users to offer “perks” for different levels of donation – those helping to fund Hunt’s innovative light not only got to feel good about helping the less well off but also got their own light.
-For Danae Ringelmann, co-founder of Indiegogo, the “gravity light” is a perfect example of how meritocratic crowdfunding can be and how it can test an entrepreneur’s idea. “It is the first time that finance has been fast, efficient and meritocratic, because it is not about 'How do I get access to the decision makers in that bank?' or 'Who do I know in that venture capital outfit?' This is all about proving your worth to your customers and fans, getting them to validateyour idea and fund it.
-“Even ideas that aren’t deemed worthy to get funding are worth testing, because you will have saved yourself a whole bunch of time finding out it wasn’t a good idea and getting smarter faster,” she says.
-Ringelmann, who is based in the US, started her career as a Wall Street analyst. In 2008, she decided to quit and use her skills to try and help friends who worked in the arts to raise money.
-The site was originally focused on the film business and launched at the Sundance Film Festival that year.
-Five years on and it is raising about $2m a week for new businesses in start-up and growth stages. In December 2012, it launched a euro and a sterling service to get a foothold this side of the Atlantic and says Britain is its third biggest market. International activity is up 41% since December.
-There is no shortage of competitors, be it Kickstarter, Seedrs or Funding Circle, but, unlike rivals, says Ringelmann, Indiegogo is the only crowdfunder where anyone can launch a campaign. No project is deemed too wacky.
-The site levies a 4% fee for successful campaigns. For those that fail to raise their target amount, users have the option of either refunding all money to their contributors at no charge or keeping all money raised but with a 9% fee.
-A British woman, Lauren Pears, raised £100,000 to open a “cat café” in London through the site.
-Known as Lady Dinah’s Cat Emporium, it is yet to open but is billed as somewhere people can “come in from the cold to a comfortable wingback chair, a hot cup of tea, a book and a cat”.
-“We’ve seen campaigns that go to venture capitalists get rejected because the venture guys say, 'Great idea but no idea if the market actually wants it; it could be a gadget that no one cares about,'” said Ringelmann.
-“The entrepreneurs do an Indiegogo campaign – they don’t even actually launch the project, but the campaign itself is enough market proof for venture capitalists to say there is a market for this.
-“It allows you to test your market, test your pricing, test your features, discover new revenue streams, get vital feedback,” says Ringelmann.
-With her Wall Street background and the experience of helping 100,000 businesses and services raise finance, Ringelmann has fine-tuned her advice for the budding entrepreneur.
-“Ideas are a dime a dozen. It’s all about the execution and, if you are afraid that your idea will be stolen by someone who could execute it better and faster than you, then you are not the right person to execute that idea. It’s all about confidence to move fast and to learn,” she says.
-For Ringelmann, the expansion into Europe and a deal with a web transaction provider, which will allow payments to be made through local card services like Maestro in the UK and Carte Bleue in France, as well as PayPal, are part of a dream to democratize finance. More than 7,000 campaigns for finance are live on the site.
-While crowdfunding as an alternative to banks has grown, it has limited appeal to big-bucks investors, who don’t settle for anything less than a stake in a promising business. That could start to change in the UK with the launch of InvestingZone.",173
-"Setting aside epic disaster-movie moments such as volcanoes, hurricanes and earthquakes, there are two key natural factors that can make a city vulnerable to gradual disintegration or even total disappearance – water and sand.
-Were climate change making the planet colder rather than hotter, we could add ice to the list – for nothing obliterates a city like a billion-tonne glacier grinding its way down a valley. The impact of a rare “ice tsunami” in 2013 on the Canadian municipality of Ochre Beach was just a taster: a wall of melting iceberg on Dauphin Lake was blown by winds on to the shore, splintering every house in its path.
-But Ochre Beach was an anomaly. Elsewhere, the planet’s melting ice is making cities vulnerable by the less dramatic route of raising sea levels. A century ago, Venice – one of the most beautiful and low-lying cities in the world – used to flood around ten times a year. Nowadays, its lowest point, Piazza San Marco (only three feet above sea level) is inundated with water approximately 100 times annually.
-But rising sea levels are not entirely to blame. In many parts of the world, the land is also sinking – in Venice’s case, subsoil compaction (a result of industrial exploitation of the surrounding area) lowered the city by 20cm between 1950 and 1970. Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam is also sinking by about 2cm a year – but that’s nothing compared to Jakarta, which is dropping 10 to 20cm annually. In the past three decades, the city has sunk roughly four metres, rendering its 40-year-old seawall ever less effective. Unfortunately for the Indonesian capital, it has pumped out so much groundwater to support its population that the land above is drying out and compacting, thereby creating a bowl. Rivers that used to flow through the city down to the sea have had to be diverted because they cannot drain uphill.
-While there are many plans to save Venice – and Ho Chi Minh City and Jakarta are taking the problem seriously – the same cannot be said for Miami, where politicians refuse to admit the city has a severe environmental problem.
-Miami’s difficulties are threefold. The Florida resort lies less than ten feet above sea level; an increasing number of tropical storms are inundating the city; and it is built on porous limestone, which is absorbing the rising seawater. This water then fills the city’s foundations and bubbles up through drains and pipes, forcing sewage upwards and polluting its fresh water. There is every chance Miami may one day become uninhabitable.
-In the Maldives, the populations of whole islands are now looking to abandon their homes. The capital, Malé, population 153,379 and only four feet above sea level, has used Japanese investment to build a ten-foot sea wall at a cost of $63 million – but, long term, only a stabilization of rising sea levels will save it and the rest of the islands.
-And it’s not just the sea – rainfall is also endangering cities across the world. Recently, an entire summer’s worth of rain fell in one morning on Detroit, overwhelming its outdated sewerage systems. Impoverished by the collapse of America’s car industry, the city is struggling to build a system to cope. Drinking water is also affected because Detroit is particularly vulnerable to water-borne pathogens.
-In Africa, desertification is causing the Sahara to spread south at a rate of 30 miles per year, threatening settlements in northern Mauritania. Over the past 20 years, for example, the desert has grown by more than 260 acres around the trading and religious centre of Chinguetti, which has seen its population decline from 20,000 people in the mid-twentieth century to just a few thousand now. Trading has all but ceased as sand piles up in the streets.
-Likewise, the Californian resort of Rancho Mirage, near Palm Springs, may have to be abandoned in the next decade. This city is just one example of a problem caused not so much by global warming as human over-expansion in the face of finite resources. California’s dream of farming the desert made sense while its total population remained around half a million (in 1870) – but, now, the state is home to 38 million people, who, between them, own 32 million vehicles and expect to be surrounded by lawns and golf courses.
-The daily water use in Rancho Mirage is more than 200 gallons per person, which is giving rise to a man-made drought. A 25% cut in water consumption has been implemented but this is unlikely to stabilize the resort, which is surrounded by sand and dust. The long-term answer in California’s desert is likely to be the abandonment of some cities while consolidating the populations of others.
-Human flight is the final proof of a city’s disintegration. Once we stop maintaining a city, nature takes over very quickly. Japan’s Hashima Island was turned into a concrete city in 1887 to exploit undersea coal reserves – but, in 1974, with coal supplies nearing depletion, the mine was closed and Hashima was abandoned. Now, the sea spray is causing its concrete walls to collapse.
-Fire is a growing threat to urban settlements in America – in fact, forest fires cause the most damage after severe storms, with 800 major fire disasters having been declared there between 1953 and 2014. A newly released report by the USDA Forest Service maps the increasing number of urban locations that are particularly vulnerable to wildfire.
-Similarly, in Australia, some of Victoria’s resorts and several Melbourne suburbs have been placed on a list of the state’s 52 most vulnerable bushfire spots because long-term droughts are making trees highly combustible. It’s unlikely that a forest fire will ever destroy an entire city but a succession of fires could render it uninhabitable – and abandonment remains one of the most powerful causes of urban collapse.
-Many cities are fighting a losing battle against the ravages of nature but is it possible to identify the world’s most vulnerable metropolis? Natural events are notoriously hard to predict but the prospects for Malé do look particularly grim for, even if its new sea wall continues to be effective, the islands around the Maldives capital are going to disappear before too long. And, if they disappear, so does Malé’s raison d’être.",174
-"On an average day its outlets host everything from business meetings to reading groups. All these people are looking for that important morning coffee. But Starbucks should be careful what it wishes for.
-The direct action group UK Uncut plans to turn dozens of the coffee empire’s UK outlets into crèches, refuges and homeless shelters to highlight Starbucks’ tax avoidance tactics.
-They announced the action as Starbucks were questioned by the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee. They asked why the company paid no corporation tax in the UK during the past three years, despite the company’s profitable business in Britain.
-When he appears before the committee, Starbucks’ Chief Financial Officer, Troy Alstead, will attempt to repair the company’s reputation.
-MPs accused the HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC), the UK’s tax department, of having cosy relationships with big businesses. Speaking about the arrangements with Starbucks, the Conservative MP Richard Bacon said: “It smells. And it doesn’t smell of coffee – it smells bad.”
-The campaign group UK Uncut wants to show a connection between government cuts, in particular those that affect women, and tax avoidance by multinational businesses.
-Sarah Greene, a UK Uncut activist, said funding for refuges and rape crisis centres would be reduced unless companies paid the fair amount of tax. HMRC estimates around £32bn was lost due to tax avoidance in 2011.
-Greene said the government could easily collect billions that could help pay for necessary services if they were stricter on tax avoidance.
-The group, which became known because of its protests at Vodafone stores, Topshop and Fortnum & Mason, turned its attentions to Starbucks beause an investigation discovered the company had paid only £8.6m in corporation tax since launching in the UK in 1998, despite cumulative sales of £3bn.
-Uncut campaigner Anna Walker said “We’ve chosen to really highlight the impact of the cuts on women. So we’re going to focus on transforming Starbucks into those services that the government are cutting, such as refuges and crèches.
-“Starbucks is a really great target because it is on every high street across the country and that’s what UK Uncut finds really important: people can take action in their local areas,” she said.
-Several international organizations have been criticized over their UK accounts. Amazon, eBay, Facebook, Google and Ikea all pay little or no corporation tax.
-The coffee store chain, Starbucks, insists it pays the correct level of taxes. The group Chief Executive, Howard Schultz, has said in a statement: “Starbucks has always paid taxes in the UK.
-“Over the last three years alone, our company has paid more than £160m in various taxes, including National Insurance, VAT and business rates.”
-Margaret Hodge, who leads the Public Accounts Committee, told parliament last month that Apple, eBay, Facebook, Google and Starbucks had avoided nearly £900m of tax. The Prime Minister, David Cameron, responded to the claim by saying: “I’m not happy with the current situation. I think [HMRC] needs to look at it very carefully. We do need to make sure we continue to encourage these businesses to invest in our country, but they should be paying fair taxes as well.”
-A spokeswoman for Starbucks said: “While the subject of tax law can be extremely complex, Starbucks respects and obeys tax laws and accounting rules in each of the 61 countries where we do business, including the UK. We’ve posted the facts about our tax practices in the UK on our website.
-“Starbucks’ economic impact in the UK goes far beyond our stores and partners [employees]. We spend hundreds of millions of pounds with local suppliers on milk, cakes and sandwiches, and on store design and renovations. When you consider the indirect employment created by Starbucks’ investments in the UK, the company’s extended economic impact to the UK economy is more than £80m a year”.",175
-"The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge won the first round in their battle for privacy on Tuesday when a French magazine was banned from selling or reusing images taken of the couple at a private chateau in Provence.
-But the war is far from over as French prosecutors must now decide if criminal proceedings are to be brought against the magazine editor and the photographer or photographers responsible for taking pictures of the duchess sunbathing topless while on holiday in the south of France.
-The Tribunal de Grande Instance in Nanterre, Paris granted an injunction ordering the gossip magazine Closer to hand over digital files of the pictures within 24 hours and preventing it disseminating them any further, including on its website and tablet app.
-The four-page ruling, which only affects Mondadori Magazines France, Closer’s publisher, also ordered it to pay €2,000 in legal costs. The magazine faces a €10,000 fine for every day it fails to comply with the order. No damages were sought by the couple.
-“These snapshots, which showed the intimacy of a couple, partially naked on the terrace of a private home, surrounded by a park several hundred metres from a public road, and being able to legitimately assume that they are protected from passersby, are by nature particularly intrusive,” it said.
-The magistrates ruled that every photograph published in France by Mondadori, the publishing company owned by former Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, in future would carry a fine, also of €10,000 per breach.
-But the ruling refers only to the 14 pictures that have already been published. Closer’s editor has hinted she has other, more intimate pictures.
-St James’s Palace said the couple “welcome the judge’s ruling”. A source said: “They always believed the law was broken and that they were entitled to their privacy.” Maud Sobel, a lawyer for the royal couple in Paris, described it as “a wonderful decision,” adding: “We’ve been vindicated.”
-Though pleased their civil action has succeeded, the couple have taken the rare step of seeking to have a much more public criminal prosecution for breach of privacy brought against the magazine and photographer or photographers responsible.
-The prosecutor will have to decide the targets for any criminal proceedings and the complaint cites “persons unknown”. But it is understood the couple want proceedings brought against the editor of Closer, which published the photos on Friday, and whoever took the images of the couple sunbathing at the chateau, which belongs to Lord Linley, son of the late Princess Margaret.
-A preliminary investigation was launched on Tuesday by the Paris police. Under French law breach of privacy carries a maximum sentence of one year in prison and a fine of €45,000.
-This is the legal action that will truly lay down a marker, and by pursuing it the couple indicate a determination to convey a wider message to the world and, they hope, deter paparazzi in the future.
-Their lawyers had not asked for copies of Closer magazine to be removed from shelves.
-On Saturday the Irish Daily Star published the photos, leading to the editor being suspended on Monday night pending the outcome of an internal investigation. Also on Monday, the Mondadori-owned Italian celebrity magazine Chi rushed out a special edition with 26 pages devoted to the candid photos of the future queen.
-The couple’s lawyer, Aurélien Hamelle, had told the Paris court it was necessary to block the “highly intimate” images of the duchess without her bikini top as she was a “young woman, not an object”.
-But Delphine Pando, defending Closer, said the action was a “disproportionate response” to publication of the photographs. She added that the magazine could not control their resale as it did not own the original images.
-Copies of Closer magazine were doing brisk business on online auction site eBay, with one selling for £31.01, until the site removed all listings following “strong feedback” from its community.",176
-"Scientists have made an “atlas of the brain”. It shows how the meanings of words are organized in different regions of the brain. The atlas uses rainbow colours to show how words and their meanings are grouped together in areas of the brain.
-“We wanted to build a giant atlas that shows how the meanings of words are represented in the brain,” said Jack Gallant, a neuroscientist at the University of California, Berkeley.
-No single brain region contains one word or idea. A single brain spot contains a number of related words. And, each single word appears in many different brain spots. Together, they form networks that represent the meanings of each word we use: life and love, death and taxes. All have their own networks.
-The atlas shows how modern imaging can completely change what we know about how the brain does some of its most important tasks. With further work, the technology could have an enormous effect on medicine and other areas of study.
-“It is possible that we could use this technology to decode information about what words a person is hearing, reading or possibly even thinking,” said Alexander Huth, the main author of the study. One possible use would be a language decoder that could allow people who can’t talk, because they have a serious illness, to speak through a computer.
-To make the atlas, the scientists recorded people’s brain activity while they listened to stories. Then, they matched the transcripts of the stories with the brain activity data to show how groups of related words produced 50,000 to 80,000 responses all over the brain. Huth used short, interesting stories. The stories had to be interesting so that the people in the experiment would listen to the words and not fall asleep. Seven people listened to two hours of stories each. Each person heard about 25,000 words – and more than 3,000 different words – as they lay in the scanner.
-The atlas shows how words and related terms use the same regions of the brain. For example, on the left-hand side of the brain, above the ear, is one of the tiny regions that represents the word “victim”. The same region responds to “killed” and “murdered ”. On the brain’s right-hand side, near the top of the head, is one of the brain spots used for family terms: “wife”, “husband”, “children”, “parents”.
-Each word is represented by more than one spot because words often have many meanings. One part of the brain, for example, is used for the word “top” and also for other words that describe clothes. But, the word “top” also uses many other regions. One of them is for numbers and measurements, another for buildings and places. Interestingly, the brain atlases were similar for all the people in the experiment. This suggests that their brains organized the meanings of words in the same way. But, the scientists only scanned five men and two women. All are native English speakers. It is highly possible that people from different backgrounds and cultures will have different brain atlases.
-Lorraine Tyler, a neuroscientist and head of the Centre for Speech, Language and the Brain at Cambridge University, said the research was a great achievement. But, at the moment, the brain atlas does not show small differences in word meanings. “This research is amazing and new, there is still a lot to learn about how the meaning of words is represented in the brain.”",177
-"Unusually for someone who likes to chat, Kenton Cool can barely speak. Exerting himself at high altitude has left his voice a throaty growl. He is now in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, having flown down from Everest base camp that morning. Cool is reflecting on a startling sequence of climbs completed over the course of the previous weekend. Early on Saturday morning, he reached the summit of Nuptse, the first and lowest of the three main summits in the Everest “horseshoe” that surrounds the glaciated valley called the Western Cwm.
-That same day, he climbed up to the summit of Everest itself, reaching the top in complete darkness early on Sunday. He and his climbing partner then continued on to the summit of Lhotse, the third of this spectacular three-peaks challenge, on Monday morning.
-“It was a snatched opportunity,” he says. “For the first time since the late 1990s, there were fixed ropes on all three mountains. That doesn’t take away the physical achievement of what I did. I’ve set the bar at a certain level. But whoever comes along next will move the bar further and do it without ropes or bottled oxygen.”
-Sixty years after Everest was first climbed, much of the coverage is looking back to Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay and their age of innocence from the modern era of commercialism and environmental degradation. I’ve asked Cool to look forward and imagine what top climbers might be doing 60 years from now.
-“I hate to think,” he says, but mentions the Swiss climber, Ueli Steck, who fled the mountain in April following what Cool terms “an altercation” with a crowd of Sherpas at Camp 2. Steck, he says, was planning to climb Everest’s west ridge, first done in 1963, descend to the South Col and then immediately climb Lhotse via a new route, all without fixed ropes. “Ueli had been training like a machine,” Cool says. “He’s a climber in a class all his own. He’s technically brilliant but he had also taken his physical condition to an astronomic level. It would have been amazing to see what he could have done.”
-What tourism will look like is another matter. One clue is in the stunning helicopter rescue performed by Simone Moro, Steck’s climbing partner, whose intemperate language provoked the confrontation at Camp 2. Moro flew back to Everest on Tuesday at the controls of a high- powered helicopter to rescue a stricken climber at an altitude of 7,800 metres.
-It was the highest rescue yet performed on Everest and highlights the exponential rise in helicopter flights in recent years. By 2073, the infrastructure on the mountain could include a helipad on the South Col, bringing tourists breathing bottled oxygen. In the meantime, they are transforming the potential for rescuing both climbers and the far more numerous trekkers heading as far as base camp.
-Whether the Everest region can continue to cope with a booming tourism sector remains to be seen, according to mountain geographer and environmentalist, Alton Byers. The combination of climate change and tourism, he says, is creating new stresses on the Sherpa homeland. The retreat, and in some cases disappearance, of glaciers in the Everest region are having a major impact already. “Everywhere you go, people are talking about how there’s less water. There’s less water for agriculture and less water for all the new lodges that are getting built.”
-In the Sherpa town of Namche Bazaar, he says, a new five-mile pipeline is being laid to bring water to service the growing tourist demand for showers and flush toilets. The local stream has become contaminated with human waste and does not provide enough water for a place that, in high season, is bursting at the seams. “Every village is digging a pit just beyond the houses for garbage. Khumbu has the highest landfill sites in the world,” he says. Human waste at base camp is now managed well and removed in plastic barrels. But, according to Byers, these barrels are emptied into a huge pit a few hours down the valley that could leak into the region’s watercourses.
-“These problems can be solved, but we need to get serious about it,” he says. “One climber can spend $85,000 climbing Everest. And that’s fine. But at some point we’re going to have to address these other priorities. For half a million dollars a year, you could solve most of them.”
-Climate change is another matter. Byers works with local conservation committees to identify and plan for the impacts of climate change, most usually finding new water sources or introducing rainwater harvesting. The rapid build-up of glacial lakes that threaten to burst and flood the Sherpa homeland is a constant threat. “There’s going to come a time when people are going to have to get out of their way.”
-Changing weather patterns are also having an impact on tourism. Increased cloud cover in periods of normally clear weather is closing Lukla Airport, the gateway to the Everest region, more often. A new road for 4x4s is being built to Lukla to guarantee the flow of tourists and their money, but Byers is concerned that the rapid spread of the road network in Nepal is being done on the cheap, with disastrous consequences in terms of soil erosion and landslides.
-“Everest is the icon everyone knows,” he says. “It’s the canary in the coalmine that everyone understands. It’s the perfect laboratory for figuring out how to address some of these problems, like the impacts of climate change and tourism.”",178
-"A mirror that sends heat into the frigid expanse of space has been designed by scientists to replace air-conditioning units that keep buildings cool on Earth.
-Researchers believe the mirror could slash the amount of energy used to control air temperatures in business premises and shopping centres by doing away with power-hungry cooling systems.
-Around 15% of the energy used by buildings in the US goes on air conditioning, but the researchers’ calculations suggest that, in some cases, the mirror could completely offset the need for extra cooling.
-In a rooftop comparison of the device in Stanford, California, scientists found that, while a surface painted black reached 60C more than ambient temperature in sunlight and bare aluminium reached 40C more, the mirror was up to 5C cooler than the surrounding air temperature.
-“If you cover significant parts of the roof with this mirror, you can see how much power it can save.
-You can significantly offset the electricity used for air conditioning,” said Shanhui Fan, an expert in photonics at Stanford University, who led the development of the mirror. “In some situations, the computations say you can completely offset the air conditioning.”
-Buildings warm up in a number of different ways. Hot-water boilers and cooking facilities release heat into their immediate surroundings. In hot countries, warm air comes in through doors and windows. Then, there is visible light and infrared radiation from the sun, which also heat up buildings.
-The Stanford mirror was designed in such a way that it reflects 97% of the visible light that falls on it. But, more importantly, it works as a thermal radiator. When the mirror is warmed up, it releases heat at a specific wavelength of infrared light that passes easily through the atmosphere and out into space.
-To make anything cool requires what engineers call a heat sink: somewhere to dump unwanted heat. The heat sink has to be cooler than the object that needs cooling or it will not do its job. For example, a bucket of ice will cool a bottle of wine because it becomes a sink for heat in the liquid. The Stanford mirror relies on the ultimate heat sink: the universe itself.
-The mirror is built from several layers of wafer-thin materials. The first layer is reflective silver. On top of this are alternating layers of silicon dioxide and hafnium oxide. These layers improve the reflectivity but, also, turn the mirror into a thermal radiator. When silicon dioxide heats up, it radiates the heat as infrared light at a wavelength of around ten micrometres. Since there is very little in the atmosphere that absorbs at that wavelength, the heat passes straight out to space. The total thickness of the mirror is around two micrometres or two thousandths of a millimetre.
-“The cold darkness of the universe can be used as a renewable thermodynamic resource, even during the hottest hours of the day,” the scientists write in Nature. In tests, the mirror had a cooling power of 40 watts per square metre at ambient temperature.
-Writing in the journal, Fan puts the installed cost of mirrors at between $20 and $70 per square metre and calculates an annual electricity saving of 100MWh on a three-storey building.
-Fan said that the mirror could cool buildings – or other objects – simply by putting it in direct contact with them. Coating the roof of a building with the mirror would prevent heating from sunlight but do little to remove heat from its interior. More likely, the mirror would be used to cool water or some other fluid that would then be pumped around the building.
-He ruled out the idea of using the mirrors to slow down global warming. “Roof space accounts for only a small portion of the Earth’s surface so, at this point, we don’t think this would be a geoengineering solution. Rather, our contribution on the greenhouse-gas-emission issue is simply to reduce electricity consumption,” he said.
-“I’m really excited by the potential it has and the applications for cooling,” said Marin Soljačić, a physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “You could use this on buildings so you have to spend much less on air conditioning or maybe you wouldn’t need it at all. You could put it on top of shopping malls. With a large enough surface, you could get substantial cooling.”",179
-"A menu scandal at some of Japan’s top hotels and department stores is damaging the international reputation of Japanese food.
-One luxury hotel group admitted that it lied about ingredients on its menus. Since then, there have been similar stories from restaurants run by famous hotels and department stores in Japan.
-The story began when the Hankyu-Hanshin hotel group admitted that it gave false descriptions of menu items at some of its restaurants between 2006 and October 2013.
-For example, the red salmon 'caviar' that customers ordered was in fact the eggs of the flying fish.
-The hotel group’s president, Hiroshi Desaki, went on television to announce a 20% pay cut for himself and 10% for other executives. But this did not make customers less angry.
-Days later, Desaki resigned – he said that the hotel group had betrayed their customers.
-So far, the company has refunded 20 million yen to more than 10,000 consumers. In total, they will refund 110 million yen.
-Customers who believed they ate expensive kuruma shrimps were told they in fact ate much cheaper black tiger shrimps.
-The scandal started when a customer complained in a blogpost that a 'scallop' dish he ordered at the Prince Hotel in Tokyo contained a similar, but cheaper, type of shellfish.
-The hotel investigated the complaint and as a result corrected more than 50 menu items at dozens of its restaurants. Its report scared Hankyu-Hanshin and other hoteliers into admitting that they, too, lied to customers who believed they were paying high prices for top ingredients.
-The Hotel Okura group – where Barack Obama has stayed – said they also injected beef with fat to make it juicier and incorrectly described tomatoes as organic. “We apologize for lying to our clients,” it said.
-The list of fraudulent ingredients gets bigger: orange juice from cartons that was sold as freshly squeezed; Mont Blanc desserts with Korean chestnuts instead of the French ones on the menu; shop-bought chocolate cream that the menu said was home-made; imported beef sold as expensive wagyu beef.
-The menu scandal has come at the wrong time. Japan is trying to persuade South Korea and other countries to start to buy Japanese food again after the Fukushima nuclear accident.
-Food industry experts said the global financial crisis in 2008 forced luxury hotels to save money.
-“Menu descriptions were created to sound good to the customers, and, when hotels couldn’t get the ingredients on the menu, they just used food from different places,” Hiroshi Tomozawa, a hotel and restaurant consultant, told Kyodo News.",180
-"Low-income countries will remain on the front line of human-induced climate change over the next century, experiencing gradual sea-level rises, stronger cyclones, warmer days and nights, more unpredictable rainfall, and larger and longer heatwaves, according to the most thorough assessment of the issue yet.
-The last major United Nations (UN) assessment, in 2007, predicted runaway temperature rises of 6°C or more by the end of the century. That is now thought unlikely by scientists, but average land and sea temperatures are expected to continue rising throughout this century, possibly reaching 4°C above present levels – enough to devastate crops and make life in many cities unbearably hot.
-As temperatures climb and oceans warm, tropical and subtropical regions will face sharp changes in annual rainfall, says the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, released in Stockholm and published online in September.
-East Africa can expect to experience increased short rains, while west Africa should expect heavier monsoons. Burma, Bangladesh and India can expect stronger cyclones; elsewhere in southern Asia, heavier summer rains are anticipated. Indonesia may receive less rainfall between July and October, but the coastal regions around the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand can expect increased rainfall extremes when cyclones hit land.
-“It is virtually certain that, in the long term, global precipitation will change. High latitude countries, such as in Europe or North America, are expected to receive more rainfall, but many subtropical arid and semi-arid regions will likely experience less precipitation. Over wet tropical regions, extreme precipitation events will very likely be more intense and more frequent in a warmer world,” said the report’s authors.
-They added: “Monsoon onset dates are likely to become earlier or not to change much while monsoon withdrawal rates are very likely to delay, resulting in a lengthening of the season.”
-Scientists in developing countries and commentators have welcomed the report, which they said backed their own observations.
-“The IPCC makes the case that climate change is real and happening much more strongly than before. We are already seeing the effects of climate change in Bangladesh and across south Asia. It’s not news to us. Most developing countries are facing climate change now. They do not need the IPCC to tell them that the weather is changing,” said Saleemul Huq, director of the International Centre for Climate Change and Development, based in Dhaka.
-Scientists have also lowered projections of sea-level rises. Depending on future greenhouse gas emissions, sea levels will rise an average of 40 –62 cm by 2100. Nevertheless, there will be significant geographical variations; many millions of people living in the developing world’s great cities, including Lagos and Calcutta, are threatened.
-Weather disasters are also more likely in a warmer world, the report suggests. Although the global frequency of tropical cyclones is expected to decrease or remain essentially unchanged, they may become more intense, with stronger winds and heavier rainfall.
-Life in many developing-country cities could become practically unbearable, given that urban temperatures are already well above those in surrounding countryside. Much higher temperatures could reduce the length of the growing period in some parts of Africa by up to 20%, the report said.
-Dr Camilla Toulmin, director of the International Institute for Environment and Development, says: “Climate models are not yet robust enough to predict impacts at local and regional scales, but it is clear that everybody is vulnerable in some way.”
-The charity Oxfam predicted that world hunger would worsen as climate changes inevitably hurt crop production and disrupt incomes. They suggested the number of people at risk of hunger might climb by 10% to 20% by 2050, with daily per-capita calorie availability falling across the world.
-“The changing climate is already jeopardizing gains in the fight against hunger, and it looks set to worsen,” said Oxfam. “A hot world is a hungry world. If the remainder of the 21st century unfolds like its first decade, we will soon experience climate extremes well outside the boundaries of human experience.”",181
-"The controversial auction of a Banksy mural that disappeared from the wall of a north London shop was dramatically stopped just moments before it was going to be sold.
-Slave Labour is a spray-painted artwork showing a child making British flags and is seen as a critical social commentary on last year’s diamond jubilee. It was expected to sell for about $700,000 in a sale of street and contemporary art in Florida.
-But auctioneer Frederic Thut, the owner of the Fine Arts Auction Miami art house, who had refused all week to give the name of the seller, announced that Slave Labour, together with a second work by the secretive British street artist, had been removed from sale at the auction.
-He would not give a reason, but community leaders in Haringey, London, who led a campaign to stop the sale of the artwork that was removed from the wall of a Poundland shop in Wood Green, were extremely happy.
-“One of our two demands was that it doesn’t sell and the other was that we get it back again, so we’re halfway there,” said Alan Strickland, a Haringey councillor.
-“I will be writing to the auction house to clarify what happened and what will happen next, but for now we are really pleased that a community campaign in London has had an impact in the US. It’s a real victory for the people.”
-Claire Kober, Leader of Haringey Council, wrote to Arts Council England and the Mayor of Miami, Tomás Regalado, to ask them to stop the sale, but it appears the decision to remove the item from sale came from the gallery owners.
-Several hours after the auction, the auction house said it had persuaded the owners of the two Banksys to remove them from the sale. “Although there are no legal issues whatsoever regarding the sale of lots six and seven by Banksy, FAAM convinced its sellers to remove these lots from the auction.”
-Critics have accused the auction house of buying and selling stolen property but Thut said that the seller, who he described as a “well known collector”, was the rightful owner and that the sale was legal.
-He added that his gallery had received many emails and phone calls from the UK, but said he supported selling the two pieces of artwork because it would preserve them.
-The second Banksy to be auctioned, a 2007 artwork called Wet Dog that was removed from a Bethlehem wall and is estimated to be worth up to $800,000, was removed from the auction house’s online catalogue, but Slave Labour was still listed for sale right up to the 3pm start time.
-Thut said the two pieces, supplied to him by separate owners, neither of them British, were important works in the street art scene and deserved buyers “whose first interest is in art and its preservation”.
-A spokesperson for Poundland said it had no idea who removed the 4ft x 5ft mural from the side of one of its shops in London.
-Banksy himself has not commented on the Slave Labour controversy, but he has previously condemned people who have tried to sell his artwork. He spoke out before five of his pieces were going to be sold at a 2011 auction in New York. None found a buyer.
-Stephan Keszler, the dealer at that auction, believes selling Banksy’s works without his permission is legitimate.
-“He does something on other people’s property without asking. The owner of the property can do whatever they want with it,” Keszler said.",182
-"Will we soon live in a world where drones deliver packages? If you believe Amazon, the answer is “yes”. Others are not so sure: we need to make more technical progress in this area but there is also the problem of public safety.
-Amazon spokesman Paul Misener told a US congress hearing recently that his company would be ready as soon as all the rules were in place. The Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) will finally have regulations on the commercial use of unmanned aircraft by June 2016. But the technology has a long way to go before then and larger machines aren’t legal yet – only drones up to 25kg will be legal. And the FAA says that, if you’re going to crowd the skies with radiocontrolled flying robots, they must all use different radio frequencies that nobody can jam or hijack.
-Professor Sajiv Singh, who runs a cargo delivery company called NearEarth, said that, to pilot a state-of-the-art drone, you simply give it some basic instructions: go to this altitude, perform this short task, go back home. But even short flights from a mobile landing pad could cause serious logistical problems, he said.
-“They’re not going to deliver from one uninhabited place to another uninhabited place; they’re going to deliver from a warehouse to the consumer, which will probably be an urban area or a suburban area,” he said. “In those particular cases, there are going to be hazards that the vehicle is going to have to see. Maybe there will be terrain that the map doesn’t know about. Then, maybe there’s construction equipment that wasn’t there before but is there now. Maybe GPS signals are blocked, in which case it’s going to have an incorrect idea about where it is.” All these problems can be solved, he said – but it’s difficult.
-One major problem is maintaining radio contact with a drone and planning for what happens if that contact breaks. “If you have an off-the-shelf UAV [unmanned aerial vehicle], it’ll just keep going and crash into the ground,” said roboticist Daniel Huber.
-Furthermore, “you can’t do everything with a 25kg aircraft”, said Jay McConville, director of business development for unmanned systems at Lockheed Martin. “People in the aircraft business have to remind ourselves that the operator doesn’t really care about every little thing about the aircraft and wants instead to focus on the end result,” he said. “Operators want to see vehicle status information; they want to see video on their handheld device or their laptop.”
-“Technologically, most of the things that we need for this are in place,” said Huber. He is working on a program to allow drones to inspect infrastructure – pipelines, telephone lines, bridges and so on. “We’ve developed an exploration algorithm where you draw a box around an area and it will fly around that area and look at every surface and then report back.”
-Huber, who works on 3D systems imagery, said about Amazon: “I have heard them say that many packages are lightweight – a drone can carry a kilogram for 15 minutes. If you have a vehicle that can go into a neighbourhood, it can deliver from that base. You need a 15-minute distance and typical off-the-shelf drones have that distance.” It’s one way, he said, of making sure the surrounding population is relatively safe. “The larger you get, the more dangerous you get.”
-Problems with the use of drones can be solved in some very dramatic ways, Huber said. At a recent conference, he said, a disaster relief drone company demonstrated a robot that could take off and, when it got tired, land on its own charging station and exchange its batteries.
-Of course, safety is still a major concern – Singh says that, for a commercial aircraft to be allowed to fly, it has to prove a rate of one serious failure every one million hours. Drones, he said, are a long way from that. “The Reaper drone has one failure in 10,000 hours,” Singh said. But they don’t consider an oil leak a catastrophic failure – something has to fall out of the sky.
-Part of the reason for this is that air travel is dangerous so standards are much higher. “If you fly commercial airlines, they often say, ‘Oh, a component has failed – we have to go back to the gate,’” Singh said. “And that’s an established industry with 60 years of legacy! I hate to think that a drone might come down on a busy road.” Part of the solution, Singh said, is planning for every situation: “If things fail, the vehicle has to do something reasonable.”",183
-"The business idea is to produce a cheap light that gets free power from gravity and could end the use of dangerous kerosene lamps in Africa and India.
-But when British designer, Patrick Hunt, tried to get money from banks or venture capitalists to help start his business, he hit a problem. “We tried to get funding, but it’s slow and difficult and nobody wants to take a risk,” he said.
-So he tried crowdfunding on a US website, Indiegogo, which has recently opened up in the UK. Within five days, he made £36,200. His campaign was so popular that within 40 days he had made £400,000 from the public.
-A 10kg bag of rocks is attached to the light, lifted to a height of about two metres, and while it slowly falls to the ground it makes enough power for half an hour of light.
-Hunt is one of a new group of entrepreneurs who are trying to get money from the fast-growing crowdfunding industry to start their businesses. Another new crowdfunding site is InvestingZone. It matches wealthy people with entrepreneurs.
-On Indiegogo, users can offer “perks” for different levels of investment – for example, people who helped to fund Hunt’s light could feel good about helping someone who is less rich, but they also got one of his lights as a present.
-For Danae Ringelmann, who started Indiegogo, the “gravity light” is a perfect example of how crowdfunding can work and how it can test an entrepreneur’s idea. a European service. It says it is very popular in Britain. International activity has increased by 41% since December.
-There are other crowdfunding sites, such as Kickstarter, Seedrs and Funding Circle, but Indiegogo is the only crowdfunding site where anyone can start a campaign. No project is too crazy for Indiegogo.
-The site charges a 4% fee for successful campaigns. Entrepreneurs who do not find the amount of money they wanted to find can either pay back all the money or keep all the money but pay a 9% fee.
-A British woman made £100,000 to open a “cat café” in London through the site. It will be called Lady Dinah’s Cat Emporium, but it is not open yet. It will be somewhere people can “come in from the cold to a comfortable chair, a hot cup of tea, a book and a cat”.
-With her Wall Street background and the experience of helping 100,000 businesses and services find money, Ringelmann has good advice for entrepreneurs.
-“Ideas are a dime a dozen. What is important is how you make your idea happen. If you are afraid that someone will steal your idea, and that that person will make your idea happen better and faster than you, then you are not the right person to make the idea happen. It’s all about confidence to move fast and to learn,” she says.
-Crowdfunding as an alternative to banks has grown, but, at the moment, big-bucks investors with lots of money are not very interested. That could start to change in the UK when people start using InvestingZone.",184
-"In 2010, the police would only enter the old city in Srinagar wearing body armour. It was at the centre of uprisings by violent separatists, who were fighting for an independent Kashmir. More than 100 people died.
-How quickly things change. The same streets are now full of tourists. The Nowhatta mosque is where young people would meet to throw stones at the security forces. Now the mosque will be part of an official walking tour focused on heritage, crafts and markets. Visitors can have their picture taken in the beautiful gardens by the lake. Until the snow melted, the ski resorts nearby were packed with rich Russians, too.
-In 2002, only just over 27,000 tourists dared to visit the Kashmir Valley. People were frightened by the anti-Indian insurgency, in which almost 70,000 people have died. So far in 2012, the area has received almost one million tourists – more than 23,000 of them from outside India. But there were fewer than 150 Britons – mainly because the UK’s Foreign Office advice deters most travellers by giving a list of recent security problems in the region.
-Omar Abdullah, the UK-born Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, has asked the British High Commission in Delhi to change its guidelines, but without success. “It’s frustrating,” admitted Abdullah, who has been in charge of India’s most sensitive state since early 2009. “Today, unfortunately, as a result of that travel advice, people’s insurance isn’t valid when they visit here.” 1995 was the last time foreign tourists were murdered in J&K. Six westerners, including two Britons, were kidnapped by Al-Faran, a Kashmiri militant Islamist group. Only one survived.
-“British citizens have been killed more recently in countries that you still haven’t stopped people from visiting. I mean, how many British citizens did you lose in 9/11? Did you stop people from visiting New York? You’ve lost them in Spain, in Bali,” said Abdullah. “We’ve lost Indians in London. There is still a possibility that al-Qaida could do something stupid, but we haven’t stopped Indians from travelling to London. There is no reason to say Jammu and Kashmir, or even Srinagar, is an unsafe destination.”
-Germany relaxed its guidelines for travellers to the region in 2011. “Foreigners are usually not direct targets,” said Germany’s amended advice. At the time, many thought it was a bold thing to say, less than a year after the 2010 disturbances finally calmed down. There was a national holiday on 15 August to celebrate 65 years of Indian independence – in the past, a day fraught with danger in a state where many do not feel part of India. But there was no trouble at the independence celebrations.
-Abdullah is confident that tourists are safe in the state, “if you take the normal sort of precautions”. In other words, do not go trekking near the border that separates the Indian and Pakistani controlled parts of Kasmir. Syed Ali Shah Geelani, leader of the pro-Kashmiri independence party, disagrees with Abdullah’s politics. But the two men agree about tourism. At the start of the summer season, Geelani wrote an open letter to tourists that said: “Whatever your faith, whatever language you speak and to whatever region you belong … you are our honoured guest, and respecting and protecting guests is not only our moral obligation but an article of faith.”
-Some visitors may worry about the ethics of having fun in a place where the local people are suffering from record levels of anxiety and mental health problems. But the locals in Srinagar seem to be in favour of tourism. Amjid Gulzar, 26, said Abdullah could search for truth and reconciliation as well as encouraging foreign visitors. “He must do both; but without tourism, our economy will be in chaos,” he said.
-“We need better infrastructure, better roads, reliable electricity. We need more for tourists to do in the evening – we don’t even have one cinema in this city,” he said. But will tourists feel welcome? In June, a local Islamic group created a “dress code” for foreign tourists. Abdullah sighs when I mention this. “Nobody wants tourists to come here and cover their faces. I think their basic point was: be sensitive to our cultural identity and dress appropriately. I think that’s common sense.”
-Abdullah said tourism would help the economy. J&K’s economy is in a dire state after more than two decades of conflict. The state receives just £72 million each year in taxes but £155 million is paid in salaries to 500,000 public employees. It is clear why he needs to find more money, fast. But, at the moment, he is just pleased to see tourists back. “I’m not suggesting that one million tourists here is a sign that everything is back to normal,” he said. “But it gives me some satisfaction that people can come, have a nice time, and go back.”",185
-"According to a new census, there are more tigers in Nepal than at any time since the 1970s. This has given conservationists hope that the big cats, whose numbers have been dropping across south Asia for 100 years, can be saved.
-The number of wild royal bengal tigers in Nepal has increased to 198 – a 63.6% rise in five years – the government survey showed. “This is very good news,” said Maheshwar Dhakal, an ecologist with Nepal’s Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation.
-The census is based on the examination of pictures from more than 500 cameras in five protected areas and three wildlife corridors. More than 250 conservationists and wildlife experts worked on the survey, which cost about £250,000. Dhakal said that a similar survey was done in India and the results from both countries will be published later in 2013. “It will take a few more months for India, which now has 1,300 big cats in several huge protected areas, to finish the survey,” he added. Nepal has promised to double the population of tigers by the year 2022 from 121 in 2009 when the last systematic tiger count took place.
-Increasing wealth in Asia has led to higher prices for tiger skins and the body parts used in traditional Chinese medicines. International gangs pay poor local Nepali large amounts of money to kill the cats. The skin and bones are given to middlemen, who pass easily through the border with India, where the major dealers are based.
-One major problem is that some senior officials help mafia networks involved in the trade. Conservation experts believe that the increase in tiger numbers is the result of better policing of national parks and better management of tiger habitats in Nepal, where forests cover 29% of the land. But they say Nepal needs to do more to protect the habitat and animals on which tigers feed so the big cats have enough space to roam and food to eat.
-As the number of tigers has increased over the years, conflict with villagers has increased, too. Seven people were killed in attacks by tigers around national parks in 2012 compared to four in 2011, park officials said. Villagers also want better protection. “The government is making conservation plans for tigers. But it should also produce plans to protect people from tigers,” Krishna Bhurtel, a village headman, told a Nepali newspaper. Wildlife authorities captured a tiger after it killed two people, including a villager who was pulled from his bed in May.
-Thousands of tigers once roamed the forests in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. But their numbers have dropped to about 3,000, a 95% drop over a century. Chitwan National Park in central Nepal has the highest number of adult tigers, with 120, followed by Bardiya National Park (50) and Shukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve (17).
-Diwakar Chapagain, head of a World Wildlife Fund Nepal unit that monitors wildlife trade, said tiger skins were in demand in Tibet, where rich people use them as festival costumes.
-In Nepal, kings used to stand on tiger skins for special occasions. Some wealthy Nepali have tiger heads on the walls of their living rooms. Tiger bones are used in traditional Chinese medicines. “The trade in tiger parts is lucrative and fetches thousands of dollars in illegal markets,” Chapagain said.",186
-"Leading water scientists have issued one of the sternest warnings yet about global food supplies, saying that the world’s population may have to switch almost completely to a vegetarian diet by 2050 to avoid catastrophic shortages.
-Humans derive about 20% of their protein from animal-based products now, but this may need to drop to just 5% to feed the extra two billion people expected to be alive by 2050, according to research by some of the world’s leading water scientists.
-“There will not be enough water available on current croplands to produce food for the expected nine-billion population in 2050 if we follow current trends and changes towards diets common in western nations,” the report by Malik Falkenmark and colleagues at the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) said.
-“There will be just enough water if the proportion of animal-based foods is limited to 5% of total calories and considerable regional water deficits can be met by a reliable system of food trade.”
-Dire warnings of water scarcity limiting food production come as Oxfam and the UN prepare for a possible second global food crisis in five years. Prices for staples such as corn and wheat have risen nearly 50% on international markets since June, triggered by severe droughts in the US and Russia, and weak monsoon rains in Asia. More than 18 million people are already facing serious food shortages across the Sahel.
-Oxfam has forecast that the price spike will have a devastating impact in developing countries that rely heavily on food imports, including parts of Latin America, North Africa and the Middle East. Food shortages in 2008 led to civil unrest in 28 countries.
-Adopting a vegetarian diet is one option to increase the amount of water available to grow more food in an increasingly climate-erratic world, the scientists said. Animal protein-rich food consumes five to ten times more water than a vegetarian diet. One third of the world’s arable land is used to grow crops to feed animals. Other options to feed people include eliminating waste and increasing trade between countries in food surplus and those in deficit.
-“Nine hundred million people already go hungry and two billion people are malnourished in spite of the fact that per-capita food production continues to increase,” they said. “With 70% of all available water being in agriculture, growing more food to feed an additional two billion people by 2050 will place greater pressure on available water and land.”
-The report is being released at the start of the annual world water conference in Stockholm, Sweden, where 2,500 politicians, UN bodies, non-governmental groups and researchers from 120 countries meet to address global water supply problems.
-Competition for water between food production and other uses will intensify pressure on essential resources, the scientists said. “The UN predicts that we must increase food production by 70% by mid-century. This will place additional pressure on our already stressed water resources, at a time when we also need to allocate more water to satisfy global energy demand – which is expected to rise by 60% over the coming 30 years – and to generate electricity for the 1.3 billion people currently without it,” said the report.
-Overeating, undernourishment and waste are all on the rise and increased food production may face future constraints from water scarcity.
-“We will need a new recipe to feed the world in the future,” said the report’s editor, Anders Jägerskog.
-A separate report from the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) said the best way for countries to protect millions of farmers from food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia was to help them invest in small pumps and simple technology, rather than to develop expensive, large-scale irrigation projects.
-“We’ve witnessed again and again what happens to the world’s poor – the majority of whom depend on agriculture for their livelihoods and already suffer from water scarcity – when they are at the mercy of our fragile global food system,” said Dr Colin Chartres, the Director General.
-“Farmers across the developing world are increasingly relying on and benefiting from small-scale, locally-relevant water solutions. [These] techniques could increase yields up to 300% and add tens of billions of US dollars to household revenues across sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia.”",187
-"There comes a time in some men’s lives when the days seem darker, death more certain, and the only sensible response is to blow the life savings on a sportscar.
-Radical and often ill-advised changes in lifestyle are typical for the midlife crisis but, if it is more than a myth, then humans may not be the only animals to experience it.
-Now an international team of scientists claims it has found evidence for a slump in well-being among middle-aged chimpanzees and orangutans. The lull in happiness in the middle years, they say, is the ape equivalent of the midlife crisis.
-The findings of the study, which was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggest that the midlife crisis may have its roots in the biology humans share with our closest evolutionary cousins.
-“There’s a common understanding that there’s a dip in well-being in middle age,” Alex Weiss, a psychologist at Edinburgh University, told the Guardian.
-He said that they took a step back and asked whether it’s possible that the midlife crisis is not just something human.
-The team from the US, Japan, Germany and the UK asked zookeepers and others who worked with male and female apes of various ages to complete questionnaires on the animals.
-The forms included questions about each ape’s mood, the enjoyment they got from socializing, and their success at achieving certain goals. The final question asked how zookeepers would feel about being the ape for a week. They scored their answers from one to seven.
-More than 500 apes were included in the study in three separate groups. The first two groups were chimpanzees, with the third made up of orangutans from Sumatra or Borneo. The animals came from zoos, sanctuaries and research centres in the US, Australia, Japan, Canada and Singapore.
-When the researchers analyzed the questionnaires, they found that well-being in the apes fell in middle age and climbed again as the animals moved into old age. In captivity, great apes often live to 50 or more. The animals’ well-being was at its lowest, on average, at 28.3 and 27.2 years old for the chimpanzees, and 35.4 years old for the orangutans.
-“In all three groups we find evidence that well-being is lowest in chimpanzees and orangutans at an age that corresponds more or less to midlife in humans,” Weiss said. “On average, well-being scores are lowest when animals are around 30 years old.”
-Robin Dunbar, Professor of Evolutionary Psychology at Oxford University, was sceptical about the findings. “What can produce a sense of well-being that varies across their lifetimes like this? It’s hard to see anything in an ape’s life that would have that sort of pattern. They’re not particularly good at seeing far ahead into the future; that’s one of the big differences between them and us.”
-Alexandra Freund, Professor of Psychology at the University of Zurich, was also sceptical. She said, “In my opinion, there is no evidence for the midlife crisis.”
-But Weiss believes the findings could point to a deeper understanding of the emotional crisis some men may experience. “If we want to find the answer to the question of what’s going on with the midlife crisis, we should look at what is similar in middle-aged humans, chimps and orangutans,” he said.",188
-"Glastonbury Festival is to combat the scourge of the plastic water bottle as part of a long- term strategy to become the world’s most environmentally friendly outdoor music event.
-Festival organizers are targeting the disposable bottle, one of the most conspicuous symbols of the throwaway culture, that each year leaves the 900-acre Somerset site wreathed in plastic, with an estimated one million plastic bottles being used during the festival.
-Stainless-steel reusable bottles will be given to 2,000 road crew and band members, with thousands more on sale to festival-goers, to stop them relying on plastic bottles. The 140,000 ticket-holders are also being urged to bring reusable bottles that they can fill at 400 drinking- water taps dotted across the site.
-Lucy Smith, Glastonbury’s green issues organizer, said: “We have amazing water quality in the UK but everyone is obsessed with drinking bottled water.”
-She said the initiative precedes a plan for Glastonbury 2015 to replace all plastic beer glasses and cutlery with reusable items in an attempt to eradicate the legacy of plastic waste from the huge rural site.
-Environmentalists estimate that 150 million tonnes of plastic waste currently litters the planet and oceans, poisoning ecosystems and killing wildlife.
-Ultimately, festival organizers hope to make Glastonbury the world’s greenest greenfield festival, emulating America’s Burning Man festival in the Black Rock Desert of Nevada, which is a “leave-no-trace” event, where people have to take away all that they bring.
-Glastonbury revellers are also being urged to travel to the site on public transport or try car-sharing with friends. “We want to be as sustainable as we can. We do everything we can, but coping with the litter of 140,000 people is a challenge. We can’t put bins everywhere,” added Smith.
-Campaigners say that plastic water bottles can take hundreds or even thousands of years to completely biodegrade, with their manufacture exacerbating their negative ecological impact. Millions of barrels of oil are used in the manufacture of plastic bottles and the transportation of mineral water across the planet produces even more carbon emissions.
-Overall, an estimated 13 billion plastic water bottles are sold in the UK every year, yet just one in five is said to be recycled.
-Smith said that, instead of buying bottled water, festival-goers should take advantage of the water on tap, which is being drawn from huge underground reservoirs, instead of old-fashioned water tanks that provided heavily chlorinated drinking water. The charity WaterAid will also set up water kiosks around the site, stocking reusable bottles and cups, and offering free refills. In 2015, the kiosks – modelled on those found in Africa – will double as DJ booths at night.
-Organizers say that almost half of all the rubbish left on site was recycled in 2013 and add that there will be 15,000 bins for recycling across the festival grounds in 2014.
-Despite its growing eco-credentials, critics continue to snipe at Glastonbury, accusing it of becoming increasingly corporate in tone. The latest critic, Iron Maiden’s Bruce Dickinson, has vowed never to bring his band to Glastonbury Festival after dismissing it as “the most bourgeois thing on the planet”.
-The weather forecast for Glastonbury was positive, with the festival due to be sunny and dry, experts ruling out a repeat of 1985, the festival’s windiest year; 1997, its muddiest; and 2005, known as the “year of thunder”.",189
-"A subway system has billions of inhabitants: the bacteria of Swiss cheese and kimchi, plague and human skin. Now, for the first time, scientists have started to study the bacteria in a city’s subway – and they have found many interesting results.
-Dr Christopher Mason, a scientist at Weill Cornell Medical College, led a team that tested the New York City subway system for 18 months. His team found meningitis at Times Square, a trace of anthrax on a train carriage and bacteria that cause plague on a rubbish bin and ticket machine at stations in uptown Manhattan.
-The team said the findings of plague and anthrax are not serious. They said that there was only a very small trace of anthrax, that rats probably carried the plague and that no one has become ill with plague in New York for years.
-“The results do not show that people in New York are at risk,” the study says. In fact, most of the bacteria the team found are harmless to humans.
-Some of the results were not a surprise. They showed that people “should wash their hands”, Mason said. He also said that they found many bacteria that are helpful, like the bacteria used for making cheese.
-All around the subway, there were bacteria from cheeses – brie, cheddar, parmesan and the mozzarella found on New York pizza. The bacteria of Swiss cheese were found in midtown Manhattan and the financial district, and the bacteria used to make kimchi and sauerkraut showed up in the financial district and Bay Ridge.
-Bacteria that can cause illness and infections were very common. Bacteria that cause diarrhoea and nausea, as well as E.coli, and the bacteria that can cause skin infections and urinary-tract infections were common all over the city. The scientists found bacteria that cause tetanus in Soho and bacteria that cause dysentery at a station in the Bronx and in Harlem.
-Mason and his team collected more than 1,000 samples from all of New York’s 466 open subway stations. They found 15,152 different species, nearly half of which were bacteria.
-The good news, they said, is that these bacteria are not spreading sickness or disease in New York and that the subway and city are as safe as everyone thought.
-“In fact,” Mason added, “I’ve become much more confident riding the subway.”
-Many findings made sense: stations like Grand Central and Times Square, where there are more people, had more bacteria. The Bronx, with its diverse neighbourhoods and stations, had the greatest diversity of bacteria; Staten Island, with just three stops, had the lowest diversity of bacteria.
-The researchers found sea and fish bacteria at South Ferry, a station that flooded during Hurricane Sandy.
-The next steps, Mason said, are studies of other cities, which have begun in Paris, São Paolo and Shanghai. They also want to do more studies of New York. He said he hoped the research would help health officials to prevent and track diseases.",190
-"arack Obama flew back to Washington and his desk in the Oval Office on Wednesday, hours after he gave an election victory speech in Chicago. In the speech, he asked the country to join together.
-Both the Republican House Speaker, John Boehner, and the Democratic Leader in the Senate, Harry Reid, think that everyone needs to work together to solve the economic crisis. But it could become one of the biggest fights ever between the White House and Congress during Obama’s presidency.
-Obama easily beat his Republican opponent Mitt Romney (Obama kept lots of swing states), but the election showed again how divided America is.
-Obama disappointed many of his supporters in his first four years, so now he wants to become a great President.
-He wants to work on many issues; for example, continued economic recovery, immigration, education, climate change, Iran and Israel-Palestine.
-Boehner talked about “the need for both parties to find common ground and take steps together to help our economy grow and create jobs, which is critical to solving our debt”.
-Reid said: “I look at the challenges that we have ahead of us and I reach out to my Republican colleagues in the Senate and the House. Let’s come together. We know what the issues are; let’s solve them.”
-The trouble will come when talks move to detail. The Republicans want to keep military spending the same, but the Democrats want to reduce military spending. Obama wants more taxes for families that earn more than $250,000; Boehner does not want more taxes.
-In his victory speech in Chicago, Obama talked about the long queues to vote and said there was a need for changes.
-He spoke in an impressive and emotional way in his speech. He was famous for this way of speaking during the 2008 election, but he stopped in 2012.
-But now that he has won, he returned to famous lines from earlier speeches, and he talked again about “hope”.
-Obama told the happy crowd of supporters: “Tonight in this election, you, the American people, reminded us that while our road has been hard, while our journey has been long, we have picked ourselves up, we have fought our way back. And we know in our hearts that for the United States of America the best is yet to come.”
-In a speech that lasted more than 25 minutes, Obama said 'thank you' to his wife, Michelle, and his daughters, Malia and Sasha – and also to his Vice-President, Joe Biden. Then he returned to the message that first made him popular.
-“We are not as divided as our politics suggests,” he said. “We remain more than a collection of red states and blue states. We are, and forever will be, the United States of America.”",191
-"A company from the Netherlands is trying to turn dreams of reaching Mars into reality. The company, Mars One, plans to send four astronauts on a trip to the Red Planet to set up a human colony in 2023. But there are a couple of serious problems.
-Firstly, when on Mars the astronauts’ bodies will have to adapt to surface gravity that is 38% of that on Earth. It is thought that this would cause such a total change in their bone density, muscle strength and circulation that the astronauts would no longer be able to survive in Earth’s conditions. Secondly, and directly related to the first, they will have to say goodbye to all their family and friends, as there is no return ticket.
-The Mars One website states that a return “cannot be anticipated nor expected”. To return, they would need a fully built rocket with enough fuel for the return journey, which is able to escape the gravitational field of Mars, and has on-board life support systems for a seven-month trip. And they must be able to link up with a space station orbiting Earth or perform a safe re-entry and landing.
-Nevertheless, the project has already had 10,000 applicants, according to the company’s Medical Director, Norbert Kraft. He told The Guardian that the applicants so far ranged in age from 18 to at least 62 and, though they include women, they were mostly men.
-The reasons they gave for wanting to go were varied, he said. An American woman called Cynthia, who gave her age as 32, said that it was a childhood dream of hers to go to Mars.
-She told the project: “When I first heard about the Mars One project I thought, this is my chance – that childhood dream could become a reality. I could be one of the pioneers, building the first colony on Mars and teaching people back home that there are still uncharted territories that humans can reach for.”
-The main attributes Mars One is looking for in astronaut-settlers are resilience, adaptability, curiosity, ability to trust and resourcefulness, according to Kraft. They must also be over 18.
-Mars One says that the basic things required for life are already present on the planet. For instance, water can be taken from ice in the soil and Mars has sources of nitrogen, the primary element in the air we breathe. The colony will be powered by specially adapted solar panels, it says.
-The project will cost a reported $6bn, and Bas Lansdorp, the founder of Mars One, has said he hopes this money will be collected partly by selling broadcasting rights. “The broadcasting revenue from the London Olympics was almost enough to finance a mission to Mars,” Lansdorp said.
-Another ambassador to the project is Paul Römer, the co-creator of Big Brother, one of the first, and most successful, reality TV shows. “This mission to Mars could be the biggest media event in the world,” said Römer. “Reality meets talent show with no ending and the whole world watching.”
-The aim is to establish a permanent human colony, according to Mars One’s website. The first team would land on Mars in 2023 to begin building the colony, with a team of four astronauts every two years after that.
-The project has its sceptics, however, and people are worried about how astronauts might get to the planet and build a colony with all the life support and other requirements needed.
-The mission hopes to inspire generations to “believe that all things are possible, that anything can be achieved,” like the Apollo moon landings.
-“Mars One believes it is not only possible but necessary that we establish a permanent colony on Mars in order to speed up our understanding of the formation of the solar system, the origins of life and, of equal importance, our place in the universe,” it says.",192
-"Some cities have pigeons. Lima has black vultures or gallinazos. They circle in groups overhead and perch on the city’s most emblematic buildings – the decrepit, colonial-era churches and crumbling eighteenth-century piles in the city centre.
-In many ways, with their wrinkly heads and beady eyes, they remind Lima residents of the side of their city they would rather ignore: the neglect, poverty and filth. But these carrion-eaters’ natural affinity for dead and decaying things is being turned into a virtue. Environmental authorities are giving these much- maligned birds a PR makeover, kitting them out with GoPro action video cameras and GPS trackers, and giving them a new mission in the fight against fly-tipping and illegal dumping. Samuel is one of the project’s ten certified disease- free Coragyps atratus that have been charged with doing what they do best: sniffing out rubbish. Fitted with his tracker, he is set free above the city, where he identifies clandestine dumps and records the GPS coordinates ona live map.
-His trainer at Lima’s Huachipa Zoo, Alfredo Correa, beams with admiration. “They can eat dead animals because their metabolism protects them from viruses and bacteria,” he says. “They’ve got some of the strongest gut flora in the natural world.” The effort is a collaboration between USAID and the Peruvian Environment Ministry to tackle Lima’s rubbish problem.
-Samuel’s other airborne companions have been given more evocative names: Capitan Huggin, Capitan Fenix (named after the mythological creature that rises from the ashes) and Capitana Aella ( “Whirlwind”). A tongue- in-cheek video adds a melodramatic voiceover, in which the noble” carthatidae lineage – the vultures” are pitted against pestilence and disease, while “humanity is placidly ignoring the danger”. The project makes a serious point. With just four landfills in a city of nearly ten million inhabitants, there are countless illegal dumps. A fifth of the rubbish ends up there, according to the Environment Ministry. Run-off from the waste contaminates Lima’s main water source, the Rimac river, as well as the Chillon and Lurin rivers, which flow into the Bay of Lima.
-The environmental supervision agency, OEFA, says that three poorer neighbourhoods, despite having only 12% of Lima’s population, have by far the most fly-tipped rubbish: Villa Maria del Triunfo (39.4%), Villa El Salvador (25.3%) and El Agustino (18.3%). The problem, in part, is unpaid taxes. Many residents, especially in the barrios , just don’t pay. That means some of the 43 district municipalities lack the resources for basic services such as rubbish collection.
-It also means nobody is necessarily going to clean up where the vultures identify illegal rubbish. “We share the vulture’s GPS coordinates with the municipalities,” says Javier Hernandez, the project director. “It’s their job to collect the rubbish and to try and change the habits of their residents.”
-The project aims to encourage citizens to be “vultures on the ground ”: to report fly-tipping, cut back on their own waste and recycle. Some residents are responding, posting photos of illicit dumps on the Twitter feed and Facebook page. The idea was hatched at the 2014 United Nations Climate Change Conference, hosted in Lima. “We were looking for ways to involve not just the authorities but also citizens to generate environmental awareness,” Hernandez says. Artist Cristina Planas had placed huge, sculpted vulture heads on top of 25 dead palm trees in a wetland reserve in the south of the city. Rich residents hated it as an ugly imposition but Planas invited citizens to “adopt a vulture” in support of conservation and recycling.
-“We are a little scared of the vulture’s appearance,” she said. “But in reality, he is out there sacrificing himself for us. He is out there recycling, in the last place we threw out our rubbish.”",193
-"Swiss police recently entered the Baur Au Lac hotel in Zurich at dawn and arrested 16 football officials, including five current or former FIFA executives. They were later charged with corruption in the US. The officials included the former Brazilian federation chief Ricardo Teixeira and his successor, Marco Polo Del Nero.
-They were among 16 individuals accused of fraud and other crimes by the US Department of Justice. The US has now charged 27 defendants, including former FIFA executives. “The level of corruption is completely unacceptable,” said the US Attorney General, Loretta Lynch.
-Swiss police arrested the president of the South American football confederation, the Paraguayan Juan Ángel Napout, and Alfredo Hawit, the head of the North and Central American and Caribbean governing body. Hawit started his job after Jeffrey Webb left the job in May 2015 because he was arrested. This was part of the US operation that led to a crisis at FIFA and caused Sepp Blatter to lose his job and reputation.
-The Swiss Federal Office of Justice said of the latest arrests: “They are in custody before their extradition. The US believes they accepted bribes of millions of dollars”. Webb and the Colombian former executive Luis Bedoya entered guilty pleas in the US.
-Eleven current and former FIFA executives have now been charged in the investigation, which alleges $200m in bribes, mainly from TV and marketing contracts but also FIFA’s development programmes.
-“The message from this announcement should be clear to everyone who hopes to escape our investigation: you will not escape,” said Lynch. Teixeira, the former son-in-law of the FIFA ex-president João Havelange, was charged together with Del Nero and his predecessor José Maria Marin, who was charged in May 2015.
-Fourteen men were charged in May 2015. Days later, Blatter won a fifth term as president but then agreed to leave his job as the crisis grew. He was then suspended together with the UEFA President, Michel Platini, because of an alleged £1.3m payment to the Frenchman. Both men might get life bans when the FIFA ethics committee hears their case in December if they are found guilty.
-Among those also charged on Thursday were Rafael Salguero, a Guatemalan who left the executive committee in May; the former South American confederation secretary general Eduardo Deluca; former Peruvian football federation president Manuel Burga; and Bolivia’s football president, Carlos Chaves, already jailed in his own country.
-Lynch said: “The Department of Justice really wants to end the corruption in the leadership of international football – not only because there is such a lot of corruption but also because the corruption is an insult to international principles.”
-The acting FIFA President, Issa Hayatou, refused to comment on the detail of the latest arrests. But he said neither he nor the organization was corrupt. Hayatou appeared for the first time before the media since he started the job in September, when Blatter was suspended, and said the current crisis was the fault of a few bad people.
-“FIFA is not corrupt. We have some people that have shown negative behaviour. But not everyone in FIFA is corrupt,” said Hayatou, president of the Confederation of African Football for more than 25 years. “There are lots of people who have been in FIFA for more than 20 or 30 years that have not been accused of anything.”",194
-"You probably know a vaper – someone who smokes e-cigarettes. But has vaping started to become less popular? Statistics suggest that smokers and recent ex-smokers (the majority of vapers) may already be using e-cigarettes less. The big e-cigarette companies will study the figures carefully because they have spent millions of pounds on a technology that they thought was becoming more popular.
-E-cigarettes do not contain tobacco and produce vapour, not smoke. In 2014, the health charity Action on Smoking and Health published figures that showed that the number of British users of electronic cigarettes has increased three times from 700,000 users in 2012 to 2.1 million in 2014.
-But figures from the Smoking Toolkit Study show vaping may be becoming less popular. The number of vapers who are smokers and ex- smokers rose until the end of 2013, when 22% of smokers and ex-smokers were vaping. But this percentage stopped rising in 2014. Then, it dropped to 19% at the end of the year. Professor Robert West, who collected the data for the Toolkit, described the figures as statistically important.
-Smokers are the key group for e-cigarette companies because seven out of ten vapers are smokers. Only around 1% of people who have never smoked have tried an electronic cigarette. “The number of people who use e-cigarettes while continuing to smoke is going down,” West said. “We’ve only been studying vaping for just over a year, so it’s a short time period, but we are not seeing growth in the number of long-term ex-smokers or ‘never ’ smokers using e-cigarettes. The number of people vaping might change but, at the moment, it looks like it’s staying the same.”
-Experts believe that vaping will probably not become fashionable with young non-smokers. Only 1.8% of children are regular e-cigarette users. But e-cigarettes seem to be most popular with adults who want to quit. “The figures published this month show that the use of electronic cigarettes by smokers has stopped rising. But the figures also show the huge increase in use since May 2011,” said James Dunworth, of ecigarettedirect.co.uk. “Our customers are still very happy with the product and technology is improving their experience and helping them to switch from traditional cigarettes.”
-“E-cigarettes are like a sort of nicotine patch,” West agreed. “They are more popular than nicotine patches but we do not know if they are more effective. One-third of people who want to quit smoking use e-cigarettes. They are the most popular method of stopping.”
-The European Commission (EC) wants to increase taxes on e-cigarettes, which could make them less popular. A new EC tobacco directive becomes law in 2016. It will limit the amount of nicotine in e-cigarettes to below their current levels. This may mean vapers will have to increase the number they smoke to get the same effect. This is another thing that may make e-cigarettes more expensive.
-West suggested that politicians should see e-cigarettes as something that helps people stop smoking. He doesn’t think they should follow the same laws as smoking. “Some local authorities and organizations treat e-cigarettes like cigarettes – they ban them in public places and outdoors,” he said. He thinks we should support vapers not attack them.",195
-"Governments across Europe dream of finding a magic solution to rising unemployment. But, in the hardest-hit parts of the EU, unemployment continues to rise and the talk does little to reduce the number of people without work.
-Now, in a corner of Italy, one mayor thinks he has found an answer to his town’s serious lack of work. Valter Piscedda, the mayor of Elmas, a small town near Sardinia’s capital, Cagliari, wants to pay residents to leave. The council will pay for ten unemployed locals to take intensive English lessons, get on a cheap flight and look for jobs elsewhere in Europe.
-“This idea is a result of common sense and experience,” the mayor told the Guardian. “Over the past year and a half – especially in the past few months – I have been seeing young people, almost every day, who are despairing about their search for work. Some ask for help in finding it here. Others have tried everything and are so discouraged that they no longer want to stay and wait. And they want to go and gain work experience abroad; life experience, too.
-“So, my idea was this: put everything in place so that those who want to gain experience abroad are able to,” he said.
-As the national economy continues to falter, Sardinia, along with much of southern and central Italy, is struggling with high unemployment. Unemployment was at 17.7% in the second quarter of 2014, according to Italy’s National Institute of Statistics, Istat. More than 54% of people under 25 are out of work.
-For the Adesso Parto (Now I’m leaving) programme, Elmas’s council will give €12,000 on a first-come, first-served basis to applicants aged between 18 and 50. They just have to be out of work and have lived in the town for three years. They do not have to be university educated and their annual income must be no more than €15,000.
-The idea of encouraging people to leave is sensitive at a time when huge numbers of Italians – many of them bright young graduates – are leaving their country every year. But Piscedda, who belongs to the Democratic Party of the Prime Minister, Matteo Renzi, believes that the people he is sending away might return “and give me back 100 times what they were given”. More importantly, he wants the scheme to help those most in need.
-“It’s a programme for those with no other resource; it’s the last-chance saloon. It will allow them the dignity of not having to ask a friend for money or put burdens on families,” he said.
-Earlier in 2014, he added, the council launched a scheme for businesses – they were given financial incentives to hire young workers from Elmas. “We advertised 20 of these positions,” he said. “We got 120 applications.”
-In Elmas, the scheme has got mixed reactions. “The reality is that there is little work here,” said Alessandro Macis. “The opportunity to go abroad to learn about the workplace and experience other cultures can be very worthwhile. The son of a friend of mine who didn’t study much is in London and he’s really finding his way. He started as a waiter. Now, he’s a cook and he’s learning English.”
-Others were perplexed. “I heard about it but I thought it was strange. If you have that money to pay for people to go away, why don’t you use that money to keep them here?” said Consuelo Melis, who works behind the bar in a local café. On Twitter, one of many reactions was disbelief. “The state’s admission of defeat,” commented Marco Patavino. “Institutions are raising the white flag,” remarked Carlo Mazzaggio.
-Piscedda, however, says of his online critics: “Probably, they are people that aren’t in need ... Every day, I deal with people’s problems and I have to do something to try to solve them. These people, if they had an alternative, they wouldn’t be asking for help.
-“The work I can create, as mayor, is temporary. I can have a piazza cleaned. I can have it cleaned again. I can have the streets cleaned. But these are all temporary things that give nothing beyond that little bit of money for a few months. I want to go beyond that.”",196
-"For 85 years, it was just a grey blob on classroom maps of the solar system. But, on 15 July, we saw Pluto in high resolution for the first time. The images show dramatic mountains made from solid water ice as big as the Alps or the Rockies.
-The extraordinary images of the former ninth planet and its large moon, Charon, were sent four billion miles back to Earth from the New Horizons spacecraft.
-Alan Stern, the mission’s principal investigator, said “New Horizons is returning amazing results. The data look absolutely gorgeous, and Pluto and Charon are just mind-blowing.”
-John Spencer, a mission scientist, said that one of the biggest surprises was the discovery that “there are mountains in the Kuiper belt”. The Kuiper belt is the solar system’s mysterious “third zone” where Pluto is, with about 100,000 smaller icy objects. He said the mountains are around 3,000 metres high and several hundred miles across.
-Pluto used to be the ninth planet but, since 2006, it has been a dwarf planet. The NASA press conference began with spectacular images of the sun and the eight official planets.
-Stern said the images from New Horizons were just the beginning and that we would learn more about the planet soon. Scientists believe the mountains on Pluto are made from water ice with just a thin cover of methane and nitrogen.
-“Water ice is strong enough to hold up big mountains.” The images are the first to show ice mountains, except those found on the moons of giant planets.
-The images are so detailed that, if the spacecraft flew over London, we would be able to see the runways at Heathrow airport.
-It is five billion kilometres to Pluto. This means it takes New Horizons hours to send back a picture and it will take 16 months to send back all the data. The team also said that the heart-shaped area on Pluto will be called the Tombaugh Regio, after Clyde Tombaugh, who discovered the dwarf planet in 1930.
-The image of Charon shows an area of cliffs about 1,000km long. The image also shows a dramatic canyon 7 to 9km deep.
-Cathy Olkin, a mission scientist, said: “Charon just blew our socks off when we saw the new image. The team is so excited.”
-Pluto is two thirds rock surrounded by a lot of ice. The temperature is about minus 230C.
-The £460m spacecraft is continuing its journey into the Kuiper belt. Scientists hope that it will help us to see and understand more of the ancient solar system and the origins of planets. It may even help to explain how the Earth was made.
-Andrew Coates, the head of planetary science at the Mullard Space Science Laboratory, said: “It’s a really thrilling time for solar system exploration.”
-NASA says that the spacecraft will be able to keep recording and sending images until the mid- 2030s. Then its plutonium power source will run out and it will drift outwards towards the edge of the solar system and deep space beyond.”",197
-"The view from the visitors’ centre at the southern edge of Doñana National Park in southern Spain is an ornithologist’s dream: 200,000 hectares of wetlands vital for the birdlife of western Europe. Dozens of Britain’s most loved migratory birds rest here every year on their migrations from Africa. Doñana is also home to some of Europe’s rarest birds, including the Spanish imperial eagle.
-It is a glorious, vibrant landscape but it exists on a knife-edge. In 1998, almost two billion gallons of acidic water, mixed with waste metals, poured into the park from the Los Frailes mine 45km away. A toxic tsunami of waste poured down the Guadiamar river into the park. More than 25,000 kilos of dead fish were collected afterwards and nearly 2,000 adult birds, chicks, eggs and nests were killed or destroyed.
-It was Spain’s worst environmental disaster and the clean-up cost €90m. Suddenly aware of Doñana’s status as the nation’s most important natural site, Spain decided to spend a further €360m, some of it EU money, on restoring the landscape. In the 1950s and 60s, some parts of this landscape had been drained to create rice and cotton fields. Some of this farmland is now being returned to its original wetland state.
-It has been a costly but positive process. But Doñana is still in trouble thanks to the increasing pressures of modern life. There are plans to build an oil pipeline through Doñana and other developers want to build new hotels and golf courses, which would need enormous water supplies. Sand and soil washed from nearby farms is also blocking the channels that cross Doñana.
-However, the real body blow for conservationists has been the recent decision of the Andalucían government to reopen the Frailes mine that nearly destroyed Doñana in 1998. “This is Europe’s most precious bird sanctuary, for indigenous species and also as a resting place for birds that migrate between Africa and Britain and other parts of north-west Europe,” says Laurence Rose of the RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds). “Doñana already faces a large number of threats, but now they want to bring back the very cause of the disaster 16 years ago. It is extremely worrying.”
-The state of the local economy provides an explanation for the government’s decision. The crash of Spain’s banks in 2008 had a catastrophic effect on the region and unemployment in some parts of Andalucía is now more than 30%. Reopening the mine would provide more than 1,000 jobs.
-“There are riches here, riches that are badly needed by local inhabitants,” said energy spokesman Vicente Fernández Guerrero. “We think mining is a good way to make it possible to allow local people to continue to live in the area. This is a mining area. People have been digging metals here since Roman times.”
-Fernández said that the mine licence would only allow modern mining techniques, which avoid the creation of poisonous wet waste. Also, the Canadian company that ran Los Frailes when the disaster happened cannot run it again. “The best technology in the world will be used here,” Fernández insisted. “Liquid will not be used. We are going to insist on that.”
-The plan has some support in the area, but it also has a lot of opposition. Carlos Dávila, who works for the Spanish Ornithological Society in Doñana, was also alarmed at the plan. “This is a very, very bad idea,” he said. “They say the new mine will be safe, but they said it was safe in 1998 and look what happened. We got the worst ecological disaster in the history of Spain.”
-Almost every visitor at a local restaurant had a camera and telescopic lens or a pair of binoculars. There is a big tourist trade because of the birdlife of Doñana. This is not surprising because this is a very special place. A huge sky hangs over this flat but certainly not boring landscape. Birds of every shape and size fill the air and sometimes the road. At one point on my visit, a stork calmly stood in front of our car until it felt ready to fly off.
-“The trouble is that Spain does not have the public resources it had 16 years ago. A repeat of the toxin spill today would have a much, much more damaging impact,” said Rose. This point is supported by Dávila. “After the disaster, Spain realized that it had a place of real ecological importance and did a lot to clean it up and protect it,” he added. “Now, we seem to be forgetting that lesson. It is very depressing.”",198
-"The brand and logo of Apple have been named the most valuable in the world – worth nearly $119bn, or more than the entire gross domestic product of Morocco, Ecuador or Oman.
-The Silicon Valley firm, already the world’s biggest company – with a stock market valuation of $591bn – has seen its brand value increase by 21% in 12 months, according to the closely followed Interbrand Best Global Brands annual report.
-Apple, which is recognized the world over by its simple “Apple with a bite missing” emblem, led a surge of technology companies in the 2014 report, which has pushed more traditionally valuable brands – such as Coca-Cola, McDonald’s and Gillette – down the table.
-Google’s brand value rose by 15% to $107bn to take second place, followed by Coca-Cola, up 3% to $81.5bn, IBM ($72.2bn) and Microsoft ($45.5bn).
-Facebook is the biggest riser in the chart, increasing its brand value by 86% to $14.3bn and taking 29th place in the table, ahead of longstanding global corporate names such as Volkswagen, Kellogg’s and Ford.
-Jez Frampton, chief executive of Interbrand, which is part of global advertising group Omnicom, said: “Benefitting immensely from the rise of digital and, later, mobile technology, savvy brands like Apple grew stronger. New category- killers like Google, Amazon and Facebook have reset customer expectations and significantly raised the bar for brand experiences.”
-Apple, which former Chief Executive Steve Jobs founded in his Los Altos garage in 1976, only appeared in the top ten of the Interbrand annual study in 2011.
-Its logo, created by advertising executive Rob Janoff in 1977, was designed with a bite taken out of it to avoid confusion with a cherry. “One of the deep mysteries to me is our logo, the symbol of lust and knowledge, bitten into, all crossed with the colours of the rainbow in the wrong order. You couldn’t dream of a more appropriate logo: lust, knowledge, hope and anarchy,” Janoff said.
-Graham Hayles, Interbrand’s chief marketing officer, said it was “not out of kilter” that Apple’s brand could account for a fifth of the company’s entire market value. “Apple makes a lot of money because it has a very strong brand,” he said. “There is a very strong correlation between branding and profitability.”
-Hayles said Interbrand, which has been carrying out the annual study since 2000, calculates brand value by examining companies’ financial performance, consumers’ “brand allegiance” and “brand-strength analysis ”.
-While many technology companies rose up the chart, there were big fallers, too. Finnish mobile- phone company Nokia dropped 41 places to 98th at $4.1bn, just ahead of Nintendo in 100th place (down 33). “They’re both only just in the chart now,” Hayles said. “It shows the importance of getting innovation right. If you don’t keep pace, it is very penalizing.”
-A Chinese company has made it into the top 100 for the first time, with mobile-phone and broadband firm Huawei entering the rankings in 94th place with a brand value of $4.3bn. Huawei has been partly banned by the US and Australian governments due to fears that its equipment could be used by the Chinese for cyber-espionage.
-Most of the brands in the top 100 are US-owned, the highest-placed non-US brands being South Korea’s Samsung (6th), Japan’s Toyota (8th) and Germany’s Mercedes-Benz (10th). The highest- placed British brands are HSBC (33rd), Shell (65th) and Burberry (73rd).
-Other fashion brands in the top 100 include Boss, Prada and Ralph Lauren. Designer label Louis Vuitton is the top-ranked fashion name, in 19th position, with a value of $23bn, just ahead of high-street clothing chain H&M, with a brand value of $21bn and ranked 21.
-Sports brand Nike, ranked 22 with a brand valued at nearly $20bn, is rated way ahead of rival Adidas, at 59 in the top 100 with a value of $7bn.
-Frampton said consumers’ ability to interact with and criticize brands on Twitter and other social media means companies must react faster to retain and improve their brands’ reputations.
-“The customer, empowered by social media in the 'age of experience', now has more control than ever,” he said. “In this world of two-way conversations, advocacy, influence and engagement are the new rules for brand-building.
-“Customers expect seamless interactions, responsiveness, 24/7 accessibility, customization options and high levels of personalization,” he said. “In a sense, they increasingly expect brands to know them.”",199
-"In homes and cafes across the country, a cup of tea, baked beans on toast and fish and chips have long played a key role in the British dining experience. But, the extent of a change in tastes over the generations has been captured in a dataset published recently in the National Food Survey, which was set up in 1940 by the government after concerns about health and access to food.
-Despite the apparent British love of tea, consumption has more than halved since the 1970s, falling from 68g of tea per person per week to only 25g. With a teabag or portion of loose tea weighing around 3g, that means Britons are drinking on average only eight cups of tea a week today, down from 23 cups in 1974. And, while tea remains the most drunk hot drink in the UK, households now spend more on coffee.
-The data, published by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs as part of its “open data” scheme, is from 150,000 households who took part in the survey between 1974 and 2000, combined with information from 2000 to 2014. It shows some moves towards healthier diets in recent decades, with shifts to low-calorie soft drinks, from whole to skimmed milk and increasing consumption of fresh fruit. But, weekly consumption of chips, pizza, crisps and ready meals has soared.
-There has also been a dramatic shift from white to brown, wholemeal and other bread but the figures suggest the amount people are eating has fallen from 25 to 15 slices a week over the past four decades, based on a 40g slice from a medium sliced loaf. The consumption of baked beans in sauce has dropped by a fifth despite a rise in other types of convenience food, particularly Italian dishes. Adults in the UK now eat an average of 75g of pizza every week compared with none in 1974, while the consumption of pasta has almost tripled over the same period.
-Fresh potatoes are also becoming less essential with a 67% decrease from 1974, when adults ate the equivalent of 188g every day. Other vegetables such as cucumbers, courgettes, aubergines and mushrooms have gained space on the table. Consumption of takeaway food has almost doubled since 1974, from 80g per person per week to 150g. Around 33g of this amount is chips and 56g is meat, with kebabs (10g), chicken (7g), burgers (5g) and “meat-based meals” (32g) particularly popular.
-Some trends suggest that British people are becoming more prudent in what they put on their plates, with the average consumption of fruit, both fresh and processed, increasing by 50% since 1974. In 2014, UK adults ate an average of 157g of fruit per day, equivalent to almost two portions of the five-a-day recommendation from the government. Bananas have been the most popular fruit in the UK since 1996, reaching 221g per adult per week in 2014, well above apples (131g) and oranges (48g). Low-calorie soft drinks represented half of all soft drinks consumed in 2014 for the first time.
-Other social changes emerge from the survey, with questions about owning chickens and getting your own eggs being dropped in 1991 and a somewhat belated end in the same year to asking the “housewife” to fill out the questionnaire. Britons are spending a smaller proportion of pay on food today – 11%, compared with 24% in 1974.
-The UK Environment Secretary, Elizabeth Truss, said: “Food is the heart and soul of our society and this data not only shows what we were eating 40 years ago but how a change in culture has led to a food revolution. Shoppers are more plugged in to where their food comes from than ever before, the internet has brought quality produce to our doorsteps at the click of a button, pop-up restaurants are showcasing the latest trends and exciting global cuisines are now as common as fish and chips.”
-“By opening up this data, we can look beyond what, where or how previous generations were eating and pinpoint the moments that changed our habits for good. We’ve only scraped the surface of what the National Food Survey can tell us and, from local food maps and school projects to predicting new food trends, I look forward to seeing how this data can be used to learn more about our past and grow our world-leading food and farming industry in the future.”",200
-"James Hamblin, senior editor of The Atlantic magazine, recently did an experiment. As part of his series, ‘If Our Bodies Could Talk’, Hamblin took on a no-showering challenge to examine the effect of over-cleansing the body. He reduced the number of showers he had and did not use shampoo or soap when he had a shower.
-He discovered what thousands of others have: the more we try to clean ourselves with soaps and body washes, the harder our skin works to restore its balance and this encourages us to begin the whole process again. Showering removes oil and bacteria from the skin. Many would say “That is the reason I shower!” But, apparently, this sometimes works a little too well, especially when you add hot water and cleansing products.
-You know that feeling after a shower when you feel like your skin is tight? That’s because much of your skin’s natural moisture has been washed down the drain. Also, our skin, like our gut, has millions of beneficial bacteria. Showering destroys these bacterial colonies; they’re completely destroyed by all our frequent rubbing and scrubbing. And, when the bacteria washed off by soap return, they usually favour microbes which produce an odour – yes, showering too often may actually make you smell more. However, when you stop showering and using soap, your skin goes through an initial (probably gross) adjustment period and, then, after that, the skin typically restores balance, oil production slows and healthy bacteria flourish.
-By doing the challenge, Hamblin realized what other no-soap/no-shower fans have known for years: that the human body, working on its own, is actually quite lovely. And, it’s not just scent and aesthetics – although skin experts suggest that using less soap can improve skin conditions like eczema. Reducing the frequency of showers (and the number of cleansing products used) has implications for our environment. The average shower lasts seven minutes and uses 65 litres of water. That’s 65 litres of clean, drinkable water that we’re filling with soap and washing down the drain each day – sometimes more than once.
-The vital importance of clean water is becoming harder and harder to ignore, as California enters another summer of drought. It’s becoming clear that clean water is one of the most valuable things in the world and we soon won’t have enough. Add the environmental effect of all those body wash bottles and you have a number of very good reasons to let your body be a bit more natural.
-If the idea of showering less and using less soap is giving you the heebie-jeebies as you remember the last time you were close to people who already don’t shower enough, relax. Many people who have decided to shower less still use deodorant if they find it necessary (everyone’s natural scent varies in intensity and it can be affected by a number of things including diet, hydration and exercise). And, hand-washing with soap is still recommended as a vital way to reduce the spread of infectious diseases.
-You don’t need to give up completely, as Hamblin did, but you don’t need to shower three times a day either. There is something in the middle. Our familiar, simple advice is: reduce. Skip a few showers, put down the soap and let those lovely little bacteria flourish a little.",201
-"In the Arctic regions of Canada, the summer sun shines for more than 20 hours a day. For some, it’s a welcome change from the constant darkness of winter. But, for the small but growing Muslim community of Iqaluit, Nunavut, life in the land of the midnight sun is a real challenge during the month of Ramadan, when Muslims typically fast from sunrise to sunset.
-“I haven’t fainted once,” said 29-year-old Abdul Karim, one of the few in the area who has carefully timed his Ramadan fast to the Arctic sun since moving from Ottawa in 2011. This year, that means eating at about 1.30am before the sun rises and breaking his fast at about 11pm when the sun sets. “The only reason to stop would be if it hurts my health,” Karim said.
-It is nearly the end of Ramadan for Muslims around the world. Fasting is important but, during the holy month, in every Muslim community, there is also a focus on community work, prayer and reflection. But, in Iqaluit and the other Muslim communities in the Arctic, the long days have forced a change in how they fast.
-Most Muslims in Iqaluit follow the timetable followed by Muslims in Ottawa, about 1,300 miles south – this follows the advice of Muslim scholars who have said Muslims in the far north should observe Ramadan using the timetable of Mecca or the nearest Muslim city. It still means fasting for around 18 hours a day, said Atif Jilani, who moved to Iqaluit from Toronto. “The days are long, but it’s more manageable.”
-Many in the community of 100 people break their fast together – they gather in the city’s brand new mosque for nightly suppers. As they tuck into traditional food such as dates and goat or lamb curries, the sun shines brightly through the windows.
-It’s a similar situation across Canada’s most northern mosques during Ramadan, as Muslims deal with the country’s unique geography. In recent years, much of the community has chosen to follow the Ramadan timetable of Edmonton, in Alberta. Some follow the timings of Mecca, for example Awan, a father of two young children, including a 12-year-old who recently started fasting. He hopes to encourage his son with the more manageable timetable of about 15 hours of fasting compared with about 18 hours in Edmonton. “If I fast Edmonton times, my son might say, ‘Papa, you are really insane. What are you doing?’” he said.
-For the 100 or so Muslims in Inuvik, a small town 125 miles north of the Arctic Circle, it is impossible to follow the local movements of the sun. They have also been following Edmonton’s timetable. “We currently have 24 hours a day of sun,” said Ahmad Alkhalaf. “There’s no sunrise or sunset.”
-They were already following the Edmonton schedule in 2001 when he moved from Toronto to the small northern community of 3,500 people. “My first Ramadan here was in December. There’s no sun at that time; it’s dark all day and night. So we used Edmonton time.”
-At times, it can be difficult to follow the clock rather than what is happening outside, Alkhalaf said. “You’re supposed to break your fast when it’s dusk but we eat when the sun is up. It’s not usual to have iftar [the meal that breaks the fast] when the sun is up,” he said.
-In Inuvik, where most of the population is Inuit, the Muslim community has tried to strike a balance between Ramadan and the local culture and traditions. The iftar meal includes dates and curries – as well as local game such as reindeer. “We make a soup or curry, but instead of using beef, we use reindeer.”
-In Iqaluit, as the Muslim community prepares to mark the end of Ramadan, some reflect that 2016’s timing – stretching across some of the longest days of the year – has made it one of the more difficult of recent years. It’s particularly true for those like Karim who have followed the local sunrise and sunset carefully. But, his efforts will be rewarded in future years, said Karim, thanks to the lunar calendar. Ramadan will eventually fall during winter and, in Iqaluit, the sun will rise and set within a few hours each day. “I’ll follow those hours, too,” he said with a laugh. “Oh yes, definitely.”",202
-"More than one million British workers might be employed on zero-hours contracts. This number comes from a poll of more than 1,000 employers by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD).
-Recently, some UK organizations – from shops to Buckingham Palace – have been criticized for employing staff without a guarantee of work and pay each week. Employees on zero-hours contracts often get no holiday or sick pay and have to ask permission before looking for extra work with another company.
-The CIPD found that 38% of zero-hours contract workers describe themselves as employed full-time. They say they typically work 30 hours or more a week. One-third of voluntary sector employers use the contracts and one in four public sector organizations.
-The retail company Sports Direct employs around 20,000 of its 23,000 staff on zero-hours contracts. Other companies using the contracts include cinema chain Cineworld and Buckingham Palace, which uses the contracts for its 350 summer workers. Pub group J D Wetherspoon has 24,000 of its staff – 80% of its workforce – on zero-hours contracts.
-Vidhya Alakeson, from the Resolution Foundation, said: “If it’s true that there are around one million people on zero-hours contracts, then that would be a big part of the workforce.”
-Unions say that employers put pressure on staff to sign the contracts. In this way, the employers can avoid their responsibilities to employees and reduce staff benefits.
-Dave Prentis, of the trade union Unison, said: “The majority of workers are only on these contracts because they have no choice.”
-Workers on zero-hours contracts are often only told how many hours they will work when weekly or monthly rotas are created. But they have to be available for extra work at short notice. They may get holiday pay, but they do not get sick pay.
-The charity National Trust, which employs many of its seasonal workers on zero-hours contracts, said it gives the same pay and benefits to workers on zero-hours contracts as to full-time staff.
-“We believe zero-hours contracts are essential in our organization, because we are very weather-dependent,” the National Trust said. “It’s important to be able to reorganize staff rotas quickly to respond to the weather and zero-hours contracts allow us to do this.”
-Politician Chuka Umunna said, “While some employees welcome the flexibility of zero-hours contracts, for many, zero-hours contracts leave them insecure and unsure of when work will come,” he said.
-The poll shows that 17% of employers in the private sector use zero-hours contracts, lower than the 34% of organizations in the voluntary sector and 24% in the public sector.
-Industries where employers were most likely to have at least one person on a zero-hours contract were hotels, catering and leisure (48%), education (35%) and healthcare (27%).",203
-"A degree in Spanish got me my first job as a journalist, with an international press agency in Mexico City, but it didn’t prevent me blundering badly as a rookie reporter.
-I had just arrived in the Mexican capital after a Greyhound bus journey all the way from New York and the job interview was a test of my language skills. In my new role, day shifts were spent on the streets in political rallies and nights were spent alone in the office, coordinating the coverage from strife- torn El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala and the rest of Central America. But, I also had to report on occasional disasters: fires, floods and explosions at fi rework factories.
-It was as a reporter that I soon found out that I was as bad at understanding numbers in Spanish as I was at calculating them in English. Phone calls meant for the police got Mexican grandmothers out of bed at 2am because I had misunderstood a number and dialled a dodgy digit. Even worse, victims were piled too high in my stories – almost 83 dead in a fi re at 6pm turned out to be as few as 38 by 7pm; 12 people injured in a coach crash soon became two and so it went on. Finally, I got a call from the main office in Washington. “I don’t know what training you have had,” an editor yelled, “but has no one ever told you a death toll can’t go down?!”
-Why are numbers in another language such a conundrum? It may have to do with different numbering systems. If we consider that, in German, for example, which belongs to the same Indo-European language family as English, 2.30pm becomes halb drei (half of three) and 21 becomes einundzwanzig (one and twenty), clearly different numeral systems can cause confusion and that’s without even considering indigenous languages with numeral systems so rare they are in danger of dying out.
-Some experts believe there is a link between dyscalculia – the difficulty in comprehending arithmetic – and problems learning foreign languages, particularly if languages are learnt by rote, since this involves the sequential processes that students with dyscalculia struggle with. But, some students who struggle to learn languages with a grammar textbook may thrive in a foreign-language setting, where learning is more natural and less reliant on sequences of adjectives, prepositions and so on. In my case, I have always found languages easy enough, apart from the numbers.
-But, perhaps it’s also because numbers in a non-native language are often heard out of context or in isolation, when the listener might have switched off from the foreign language and be unable to suddenly tune in. A straw poll of multilingual friends found that many can be florid in French or Italian when ordering from a restaurant menu, for example, but freeze if they have to relay numbers, especially over the phone. Numbers seem to be taxing, but no one could really say why.
-In my case, being numerically challenged in a foreign tongue followed me from Mexico to other countries and from Spanish to German and Portuguese. But, in that first journalism job, getting the numbers wrong didn’t always add up to failure.
-One night, a Mexican colleague learnt that the American consul in the port city of Veracruz was being held hostage at gunpoint in his office. With no senior English-speaking reporter in the office, it was left to me to try to reach the consulate by phone. Having got the number wrong, I was put through to an extension elsewhere in the building and the identity of the person who took my call was unmistakable: I chatted for 15 minutes to the gunman. I may not have persuaded him to put away his gun – but my reputation as a rookie reporter still rose overnight.",204
-"When you see the word Amazon, what’s the first thing that springs to mind – the world’s biggest forest, the longest river or the largest internet retailer – and which do you consider most important?
-These questions have risen to the fore in an arcane, but hugely important, debate about how to redraw the boundaries of the internet. Brazil and Peru have lodged objections to a bid made by the US e-commerce giant for a prime new piece of cyberspace: “.amazon”.
-The Seattle-based company has applied for its brand to be a top-level domain name (currently “.com”), but the South American governments argue this would prevent the use of this internet address for environmental protection, the promotion of indigenous rights and other public interest uses.
-Along with dozens of other disputed claims to names, including “.patagonia” and “.shangrila ”, the issue cuts to the heart of debates about the purpose and governance of the internet.
-Until now, the differences between commercial, governmental and other types of identity were easily distinguished in every internet address by “.com”, “.gov” and 20 other categories.
-But these categories – or generic top-level domains (gTLDs) as they are technically known – are about to undergo the biggest expansion since the start of the worldwide web.
-The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) – a US-based non-profit organization that plays a key role in cyberspace governance – has received bids (each reportedly worth almost $200,000) for hundreds of new gTLDs to add to the existing 22.
-Amazon has applied for dozens of new domains, including “.shop ”, “.song”, “.book” and “.kindle . But its most contentious application is for its own brand.
-Brazil and Peru have called for the “.amazon” application to be withdrawn, saying a private company should not be assigned a name that denotes an important geographical area that spans their territories and is also used for certain regions and cross-border organizations. “Allowing private companies to register geographical names as gTLDs to reinforce their brand strategy or to profit from the meaning of these names does not serve, in our view, the public interest,” the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology said.
-Brazil said its views were endorsed last month by other members of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela).
-Dozens of other protests have also been registered over proposed top-level domains that take geographical, cultural or contested brand names.
-Argentina has lodged an expression of its unhappiness that the US outdoor clothing retailer, Patagonia, is claiming a domain name that has been known far longer as a region of spectacular beauty that also has its own parliament. “Argentina rejects the “.patagonia” request for a new generic top-level domain,” the government notes in an appeal. “Patagonia is a relevant region for the country’s economy because it has oil, fishing, mining and agriculture resources. It is also a region with a vibrant local community and it is a major tourist destination.”
-Less convincingly, China has disputed the domain “.shangrila”, which is proposed by a hotel group of the same name. The authorities in Beijing say the “shangri-la” label belongs to a region in Yunnan province, although it was only renamed as such in 2001 (long after the hotel group was formed) so that the local community could cash in on the fame of the fictional paradise depicted in the novel, Lost Horizon, by British author James Hilton.
-At a conference in April in Beijing, ICANN’s Governmental Advisory Committee – the primary voice of national governments within the institution – recommended a freeze on disputed proposals. They are expected to be discussed again at a meeting in Durban in July. The first approved domain names should be in use before the end of 2013.",205
-"It began with a bogus scallop, but a menu scandal that has engulfed some of Japan’s most prestigious hotels and department stores now threatens to undermine the international reputation of the country’s vaunted cuisine.
-Since one luxury hotel chain admitted lying about the provenance of ingredients on its menus, Japanese media have served up almost daily revelations of similar transgressions by restaurants run by well-known hotels and department stores.
-The frenzy began when the Hankyu-Hanshin hotel chain, based in Osaka, admitted it had given false descriptions of dozens of menu items at some of its restaurants between 2006 and October 2013, affecting an estimated 78,000 diners.
-Among the chief menu misdemeanours was a red salmon 'caviar' dish that turned out to be the less sumptuous eggs of the flying fish.
-A televised attempt by the hotel group’s president, Hiroshi Desaki, to limit the damage by announcing a 20% pay cut for himself and 10% for other executives, failed to mollify angry consumers.
-Days later, Desaki resigned, conceding that the hotel group had “betrayed our customers”, although he added: “We never had the intention to deceive them.” One of the hotel’s head chefs later declined a medal of honour he was due to receive from the government.
-The company has so far refunded more than 10,000 consumers to the tune of 20m yen; the eventual bill is expected to reach 110m yen.
-Japan’s version of the UK horsemeat scandal has since spread to several household names in catering. While, as in the UK, no one has fallen ill from eating mislabelled produce, the outbreak of anger shows no sign of abating. Consumers who believed they had eaten prized kuruma shrimps, for example, were told they had in fact dined on the much cheaper black tiger version.
-The first incident went almost unnoticed. The Prince Hotel in Tokyo was forced to come clean after a diner complained in a blogpost that a 'scallop' dish he had ordered contained a similar, but cheaper, type of shellfish.
-The hotel launched an investigation and went on to correct more than 50 menu items at dozens of its restaurants. Its report scared Hankyu-Hanshin and other hoteliers into admitting that they, too, had hoodwinked diners who believed they were paying high prices for premium ingredients.
-The Hotel Okura chain – whose guests have included Barack Obama – confessed myriad sins, including injecting beef with fat to make it juicier and incorrectly describing tomatoes as organic.
-“We deeply apologize for betraying the expectations and confidence of our clients,” it said in a statement.
-The list of fraudulent ingredients continues to grow: orange juice from cartons sold as freshly squeezed; Mont Blanc desserts topped with Korean chestnuts instead of the promised French ones; bought-in chocolate cream masquerading as home-made; imported beef sold as high-end wagyu.
-Even the government’s top spokesman, Yoshihide Suga, was moved to comment on the scandal. “These incidents have surfaced one after the other and this inappropriate labelling has resulted in the loss of trust among consumers,” he told reporters. “These are clearly cover-ups.”
-The fraudulent menu scandal has exploded at just the wrong time. Japan is trying to persuade South Korea and other countries to lift bans on food imports imposed in response to the Fukushima nuclear accident, while UNESCO is considering a request to add Japanese cuisine to its intangible cultural heritage list.
-One local newspaper ran the headline, “Japan’s proud food culture in tears,” while the mass circulation Yomiuri Shimbun said it was “astonished by the industry’s lack of morals.”
-The newspaper voiced concerns that the scandal could “harm the credibility of brand Japan, products and services, which are praised by foreign countries and tourists for their safety and security.”
-Industry experts said the global financial crisis in 2008 had forced luxury hotels to cut costs while attempting to woo diners with detailed menu descriptions.
-“Menu descriptions were created to meet consumers’ preference for brand products, and, when they couldn’t obtain the ingredients stated on the menu, hotels just used food from different places of origin,” Hiroshi Tomozawa, a hotel and restaurant consultant, told Kyodo News.
-While they count the cost to their reputations, the hotels and restaurants involved are unlikely to face legal action. Menus are not covered by the agricultural standards law or by a new food labelling law due to go into effect in 2015. The authorities’ only legal weapon is a law banning misleading representations of goods and services.
-The industry’s biggest nemesis will be Japan’s discerning and demanding consumers. In a 2009 poll conducted by an online restaurant guide, 72% of respondents said provenance was the most important factor in selecting dishes from a menu, followed by calorific and nutritional details.",206
-"Glastonbury Festival wants to fight a war against plastic water bottles. They plan to become the world’s most environmentally friendly outdoor music event.
-Each year, disposable bottles leave the Somerset festival site covered in plastic. About one million plastic bottles are used during the festival.
-The festival organizers will give stainless-steel reusable bottles to all band members. Thousands more bottles will go on sale to festival-goers to stop them using plastic bottles. Organizers have asked the 140,000 festival-goers to bring reusable bottles that they can fill at 400 drinking water taps across the site.
-Lucy Smith, Glastonbury’s green issues organizer, said: “We have amazing water quality in the UK but everyone drinks bottled water.”
-There is currently 150 million tonnes of plastic rubbish around the planet and oceans, poisoning ecosystems and killing wildlife.
-The festival organizers hope to make Glastonbury the world’s greenest music festival. They want to be like America’s Burning Man festival in the Black Rock Desert of Nevada, where people have to take away everything that they take to the festival.
-Organizers have also asked Glastonbury festival-goers to travel to the site on public transport or to share a car with friends. “We want to be as environmentally friendly as we can,” said Smith.
-Plastic water bottles can take hundreds or even thousands of years to completely biodegrade. Millions of barrels of oil are used to make plastic bottles and transporting mineral water across the planet produces even more carbon emissions.
-Around 13 billion plastic water bottles are sold in the UK every year, but only one in five is recycled.
-Smith said that festival-goers should not buy bottled water; they should use the water on tap, which comes from big underground reservoirs. The charity WaterAid will also set up water kiosks around the site. They will sell reusable bottles and cups and offer free refills.
-Organizers say that almost half of all the rubbish left at the site was recycled in 2013. They also say that there will be 15,000 bins for recycling across the festival site in 2014.",207
-"Europe is to become the first place in the world to force 'real-world' emissions tests on car makers, opening up a new front in the fight to tackle air pollution. New regulations will introduce the tests to reveal what cars’ emissions are like when driving on roads and in traffic rather than in ideal, laboratory-like conditions, as is currently the case.
-Green lit by European Commission Vice President, Frans Timmermans, the tests are designed to enforce a limit of 80mg of nitrogen oxide per kilometre, a level met by only one car out of 16, according to researchers. Other countries, such as China and Korea, which are also considering real-world emissions tests, will be watching what happens next closely.
-Pollutants from diesel engines such as nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and particulates are thought to be responsible for at least one quarter of the 29,000 annual pollution-related deaths in the UK alone. That figure is likely to rise, when the committee on the medical effects of air pollutants publishes what it calls “strengthening evidence” of damage to public health from nitrogen oxide emissions later in 2015.
-But the current 'New European Drive Cycle' laboratory test for measuring these emissions is a quarter of a century old and has been outpaced by technological developments in the car industry. Studies have shown that the results of lab techniques to measure car emissions can easily be fixed by using techniques such as taping up doors and windows to minimize air resistance, driving on unrealistically smooth roads and testing at improbably high temperatures. Campaigners say that car makers also use tricks such as programming vehicles to go into a low emissions mode when their front wheels are spinning and their back wheels are stationary, as happens in such lab experiments.
-“The Commission is finalizing a proposal to introduce a new emissions testing procedure that will allow proper assessment of the vehicles in real driving,” said Lucia Caudet, a Commission spokesperson. The proposal still needs approval from other commissioners and a technical committee but “we don’t expect any major internal hurdles,” a European Union (EU) source added.
-“One key reason why air pollution kills 400,000 citizens annually is that car makers cheat the tests for diesel cars, causing many times more pollution on the road,” said Greg Archer, the clean vehicles manager for Transport and Environment. “The development of a new, real-world driving emission test is an important step forward in tackling urban air pollution. EU states should now support the Commission’s proposals and ignore the whingeing from car makers that the rules are too tough.”
-According to research by the International Council on Clean Transportation in 2014, actual nitrogen oxide emissions from cars are seven times higher than the 80mg/km standard, with some models running at 22 times above the recommended limit. Only one car out of 16 met the 80g target. Around one third of all nitrogen oxide pollution comes from road transport – mostly diesel – and, in urban areas, concentrations can rise as high as 64%, European Environment Agency figures indicate.
-Campaigners say that the car industry has tried to delay reforms to car test cycles but industry groups deny this, arguing that a five-year lead-time is necessary for technical and economic reasons. “Real Driving Emissions (RDE) is a totally new regulation that will force significant emission control hardware changes that may be demanded in the middle of a vehicle’s production lifetime,” said Cara McLaughlin, a spokesperson for the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA). “However, ACEA fully accepts that RDE will apply to new types of cars from September 2017.”
-In an unusual move, the car association sent Timmermans a draft regulation of their own for him to consider, after EU representatives finally agreed a regulation to implement the nitrogen oxide limits with beefed-up road trials and strict monitoring of exhaust fumes. ACEA’s draft regulation would have covered fewer pollutants and further delayed the regulation’s phased introduction until 2020. Test distances would have been shortened from 1,300m to below 700m, minimum temperatures would have been raised from -7C to -3C and more rural roads would have been used. “The lobbyists were all over this,” Archer said. “This was a real attempt at subversion of the legislative process.”
-After Timmerman’s apparent rejection of the ACEA proposal, the regulation will now pass to commissioners for a rubber stamp, and member states for final amendments, before an expected introduction in September. By 2017, the first real-world car emissions tests are expected to begin in earnest. With a similar battle already looming over the testing of CO 2 emissions for cars at the end of 2015 – and with comparable debates in other countries – the introduction of the EU’s new emissions tests will be watched closely.",208
-"Women have traditionally played a minor role in professional football, but this may be changing. France has just appointed its first female professional team manager. It did not matter that it was a second-division club. It did not matter if it was, as some people suggested, just a publicity stunt for a minor team, Clermont Foot 63, which is currently 14th out of the 20 teams in its league.
-What mattered was that Helena Costa had been given the top job – an act that saw her make football history by becoming the first female manager to be appointed in the highest two divisions of any professional European league. “As a woman, it’s made me happy,” Véronique Soulier, president of the club’s supporters’ association, told journalists. “When I first heard the news, I was rather surprised, but, once that passed, we were pretty unanimous that it’s good news. We all agree that a woman at the head of a group of men is no bad thing.”
-The new manager of Clermont Foot 63, whose average home crowd is around 3,800, was born in Alhandra, Portugal and graduated with a master’s degree in sports science. She is also a UEFAlicensed coach. She previously coached Benfica’s male youth teams, the Qatar women’s team and, more recently, the Iranian women’s national side, which she left in September 2013.
-Costa, 36, was appointed on a two-year contract by the president of Clermont Foot 63, Claude Michy, who is a champion at grabbing the headlines for his club. In 2013, he announced the team had signed Messi. They had. Not the Argentinian and FC Barcelona record-breaking striker Lionel Messi, but Junior Messi Enguene, a 20-year-old midfielder from Cameroon. France’s women’s minister, Najat Vallaud- Belkacem, tweeted: “Bravo to Clermont Foot for understanding that giving women a place is the future of professional football.”
-Carolina Morace, an Italian who was the only previous woman coach of a men’s professional team, said: “I don’t know Helena, but if she has been hired by a team then it means that she knows how to do her job. I hope that, one day, this can become normal.” Morace was an outstanding player in the women’s game, playing for Italy in 153 internationals. In 1999, she was named as the coach of the men’s team Viterbese. But, after only two games, she resigned from the job because of a disagreement with the club’s proprietor. She added: “For the time being, I see too many men, even in the women’s game, who are working despite not having the same expertise as women, who, by contrast, are not working.”
-Raymond Domenech, former manager of the French national team, said: “Women know how to play football and how to manage and are good at doing it. Why shouldn’t they manage men’s teams? The opposite happens and doesn’t cause any problems. It’s a natural choice and reflects our society in which women are equal to men. I say well done to President Michy. I told myself that, if I took charge of a club again, I’d hire a woman as my number two. He beat me to it.”
-A statement on Clermont Foot 63’s website said Costa’s appointment would allow the club to enter “a new era”. On the club supporters’ website, reaction to Costa’s appointment was a mix of surprise and a certain cynicism. “In my opinion, it’s just a publicity stunt to get people talking about the club and she won’t last the season. I find it hard to believe she’ll be able to get the players’ respect, above all when she’s the same age as the oldest,” wrote one fan. “Her CV isn’t bad, but now the question is: will she be good enough?” added another. A third wrote: “I wish her welcome and success but I think it’ll be hard for her to make her mark as a woman in such a macho business.”
-But Soulier was hopeful: “Hopefully, with the new manager, the club can find the motivation they’re lacking at the moment,” she said. “The boys in the team can be difficult to manage. With a woman in charge, maybe they’ll be less demanding.”
-If Costa’s reputation is anything to go by, she will be the one making the demands. After doing work experience at Chelsea during her compatriot José Mourinho’s first time as manager of the club between 2004 and 2007, she was described as “Mourinho in a skirt”. Costa quickly dismissed the description. “Like Mourinho, I always want to win. As far as that’s concerned, yes, I’m happy to be compared with him,” she said.",209
-"Europe is trying to reduce air pollution. Europe will become the first part of the world to force car makers to use 'real-world' emissions tests. New regulations will introduce tests that will demonstrate clearly what cars’ emissions are like when they are driving on roads and in traffic, not in ideal conditions, similar to a laboratory.
-The European Commission has approved the tests. The tests will make sure all cars meet a limit of 80mg of nitrogen oxide per kilometre. At present, only one car in 16 meets this limit. Other countries, such as China and Korea, are also considering real-world emissions tests. They will watch what happens next closely.
-In the UK, 29,000 people die every year because of pollution. Pollutants from diesel engines such as nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide are responsible for at least one quarter of those deaths.
-The current laboratory test for measuring emissions is 25 years old and it needs to change. Car makers can cheat during the tests on their cars using various techniques. For example, they can tape up doors and windows to reduce air resistance, drive on really smooth roads and test at very high temperatures.
-“The Commission will introduce a new emissions test that will properly check the cars in real driving,” said Lucia Caudet, a Commission spokesperson.
-“One key reason why air pollution kills 400,000 European citizens each year is that car makers cheat the tests for diesel cars – this causes much more pollution on the road,” said Greg Archer, the clean vehicles manager for Transport and Environment. “The development of a new, real-world driving emission test is an important step towards reducing air pollution in cities. European Union (EU) states should now support the Commission’s idea. They should ignore the complaints from car makers, who say that the rules are too tough.”
-According to research by the International Council on Clean Transportation in 2014, actual nitrogen oxide emissions from cars are seven times higher than the 80mg per kilometre standard and some cars are 22 times above the recommended limit. About one third of all nitrogen oxide pollution comes from road transport – mostly diesel – and, in cities, concentrations can be as high as 64%, according to European Environment Agency data.
-Campaigners say that car makers have tried to delay reforms to car tests. But car makers do not agree – they say that they need five years to introduce the changes for technical and economic reasons. “Real Driving Emissions is a totally new regulation that will force significant changes,” said Cara McLaughlin, a spokesperson for the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA). “But ACEA fully accepts that the regulation will apply to new types of cars from September 2017.”
-When EU representatives finally agreed a regulation for nitrogen oxide limits – with stricter road trials and monitoring of exhaust fumes – ACEA sent the European Commission their own draft regulation. ACEA’s draft regulation covered fewer pollutants and they wanted to introduce the regulation only in 2020. It included shorter test distances (from 1,300 metres to below 700 metres), raised minimum temperatures from -7C to -3C and wanted to use more country roads for the tests.
-The Commission rejected ACEA’s draft regulation. The new regulation will now probably be introduced in September. By 2017, the first real-world car emissions tests should begin. Countries around the world will watch the introduction of the EU’s new emissions tests carefully.",210
-"Junior Smart knows a lot about gangs. He is now 36 and his life can be divided into two distinct phases. He tells how in his late teens, after his mother died, he became drawn into a south London gang, which, at the time, helped fill a huge vacuum.
-“They became my new support group,” he says. “At first it was just a bit of fun but then it became more serious, more and more about making money. They got involved in criminality. That is how it was.” At school Smart failed his GCSEs, then retook them at college and passed the lot. He secured a full-time job in administration and worked as a DJ. But, on the side, he was making money illegally as part of the gang.
-Eventually he was arrested for serious drug-related offences and was sent to prison for 12 years. Instantly, he says, his sense of invincibility was shattered. “The first night after I was arrested was the biggest wake-up call of my life,” he says. “I had been living a dual life. I had been living as one person to my peers and another person to my peers’ enemies. I spent a long time sorting myself out.”
-Today, Junior Smart runs a team of 12 full-time workers and six volunteers, which aims to turn young criminals and gang members away from crime. Most of those working there are, like Smart himself, ex-offenders. A few are still serving their sentences but are regarded as having reformed enough to be allowed out during the day to help. They work with the police, the probation service and other, voluntary organizations to help those who feel trapped and frightened in the violent criminal gangs that operate across London.
-For Smart, the extraordinary journey from gang member to mentor began when he witnessed, from within, a prison system that was so obviously failing its inmates. He recalls a drug addict he befriended who, to his dismay, kept returning. “I was touched by the people who kept coming back in,” he says. “I couldn’t believe that nothing was being done about it. I was talking to the inmates and they knew what needed to be changed in their lives, but the problem is that the prison system only deals with the 'index' offence.”
-“One guy had a £300-a-week cocaine habit, which he funded through burglary. He would tell me stuff about how he would walk into a house, even when he knew people were there. So although he had a drug addiction, it never got dealt with. The thing that got me about that is that it is simply a revolving door.”
-That case and scores of others persuaded Smart to start working as a prison “listener” – an inmate who helps reassure new arrivals and talks them through their first days inside. From there he developed what he calls his own “little plan” to run his own scheme once out of prison – using the experience of ex-offenders to help others reject the revolving door of prison life. He was released early, after five years. “At the end of my sentence I got an opportunity to put my little model into practice,” he says.
-So what does he think now? Does he believe that, after the riots of last August, and the government’s promise to crack down on gangs, things are getting better? He is careful to offer some praise to the police and says much of their work in hauling in gang members has been good. But overall he is highly critical of a disjointed government approach that believes that, once the leader of a gang is arrested, the problem is solved. He agrees with the findings of a report that says the arrest of gang leaders can even make things worse. He says the effect of removing the leader is often to destabilize the entire gang.
-He draws a diagram of the hierarchy on a pad. “When you arrest the top guy, people start fighting for position all the way up. Who was the most loyal? Who had the most respect? It is a bit like a family. They are more likely to act out, through violence. It means that the arrest of the gang leaders has been nullified because it has not had a long-term effect. They have not even given the community a respite.”
-Can it actually make the streets more dangerous? “It can do, because in the vacuum the recruitment and manipulation of young people becomes even more prevalent, creating new lower levels all the way down ... People take sides. If one gang or another territorial street network knows that an elder [leader] has been taken out, then they suddenly think that gang’s weak ... And so we have inter-estate disputes going on. And what happens when that elder is in prison? He forms alliances with other gang members, or when he gets released he then tries to retake control. That is when violence happens.”
-In order to spread risk down to the lowest levels, he says gangs are now recruiting far more in primary schools. The youngest members are called “tinies”. “Over the last years we have seen more and more of this. The tinies can be as young as eight to eleven years old.” The young are brought in to shield their seniors from risk. It is often they who are charged with doing the street dealing or even the stabbing, he says.
-Smart says that, with a lack of government funding and commitment to long-term rehabilitation, the challenges are immense, particularly in the current economic climate. “I try to engage a young person who has been earning £300 a week through illegal methods. It was hard before, to try to convince him. But with unemployment high and cuts to benefits, it makes things tougher.”
-That said, his project, which has well over 1,000 clients, is delivering results. Fewer than 20% of those who come in for help reoffend. From personal experience, Smart refuses to write off a single individual as beyond redemption and that is what drives him on. “I don’t think that about anybody,” he says.",211
-"Sleep deprivation used to be a sign that you were busy and important and very much in demand. Sleep was for wimps. Now, however, Arianna Huffington’s The Sleep Revolution, a book that promises to completely change your life “one night at a time”, is a New York Times best-seller.
-Meanwhile, businesses have realized that they can make money from the sleep revolution. A whole range of businesses are reinventing where, when and how we sleep, as well as how much we’re prepared to pay for it. Luxury hotels are offering “sleep retreats”; more than $1,000 gets you dinner and a movie about sleep. And, if you’re staying home, you can upgrade your bedroom with everything from a mattress cover with a sensor that monitors your sleep ($249) to a sleeping mask that monitors your brainwaves and lets you nap more efficiently ($299).
-Sleep has not only become big business – it has made its way into corporations. A number of companies already have sleeping areas and Huffington predicts that nap rooms in offices are going to become “as common as conference rooms” in the next two years. So, how did this happen? How did sleep, something humans have done since long before Huffington, suddenly become so fashionable?
-Many people these days find it normal to pay $10 for green juice and $34 for an indoor cycle class. And getting enough sleep fits into this kind of lifestyle. Then, there’s wearable technology. Our bodies have become machines that we monitor and optimize for greater efficiency and sleep has become another data set to be monitored. What Huffington emphasizes about sleep, after all, is not that it rests you but that it restores you. Sleep, she says, is the ultimate performance enhancer and getting eight hours of rest has become the ultimate status symbol.
-You know how Arianna Huffington gets her eight hours? Well, she has “nine or so” assistants. Huffington calls them her “A-Team”. They do everything for her. They run her errands, plan her travel and load The Huffington Post on her computer in the morning. According to the New York Times, most of the A-Team can only survive about 12 months in the job because it’s so taxing. The low pay also means many of them take second jobs. Basically, they don’t sleep so that Huffington can … and can sell books about it.
-Getting enough sleep isn’t just a question of valuing sleep enough to go to bed at the right time; it’s a question of going to bed in the right neighbourhood and in the right body. Numerous studies show that you’re more likely to sleep badly if you’re poor. It’s hard to sleep if you’re worried about your safety or haven’t had enough to eat. It’s hard to sleep if you’re one of the 15 million American shift workers who work irregular hours. Research has also found that there’s a black/white sleep gap. One study shows that white people sleep an average of 6.85 hours but African Americans sleep an average of 6.05 hours. They also have a lower quality of sleep. Researchers say this is partly due to the stress of racism.
-Do you know who gets the most sleep and the best quality of sleep in America? Rich white women. Who are probably the same people Huffington wrote her book for. Huffington describes her promotion of sleep as a “revolution” but, really, it’s a rebranding. The very real sleep crisis isn’t that a few rich people think it’s a waste of time; the problem is the 99% who can’t afford to spend time sleeping.
-Sleep may be a performance enhancer but it’s an inefficient one. The real prize is finding a way to negate sleep deprivation so humans can work on less sleep. Unsurprisingly, the military is at the forefront of this research. In 2008, the Pentagon published a report called “Human Performance”. It examined the possibility of a future in which soldiers could perform at their peak with only a couple of hours’ sleep. “Imagine that you could make a human who slept for the same amount of time as a giraffe (1.9 hours per night). This would lead to a twofold decrease in the casualty rate. An enemy would need approximately 40% more soldiers to compensate for this advantage.”
-Eventually, humans will find a way to remove the need for sleep completely. Spending a third of your life unconscious won’t be a luxury anymore; it’ll be something only the poor will be forced to do. At that point, we may need a whole new sort of sleep revolution.",212
-"Young Cubans are flocking to use the first known free, open-access internet service in the communist island nation, which has been made possible by one of Cuba’s most famous artists. A modest cultural centre in the capital city, Havana, has suddenly become a rare source of free wi-fi. The internationally renowned Cuban artist Kcho is providing the service. Perhaps more surprisingly, his spokesman said the move had been approved by the state-owned telecommunications utility, Etecsa.
-The service is reportedly very slow, especially when the centre gets crowded. But, in a country where only an estimated 5% of the population has unrestricted access to the internet, a facility that is both free of charge and free of restrictions is being hailed as an unprecedented boon.
-The chance to click on international news websites, communicate with friends and family overseas and use sites like Facebook and Twitter has created a massive buzz. “I come as often as I can,” said Adonis Ortiz, 20, while video-chatting with his father, who lives in the US and whom he has not seen in nine years.
-The gradual loosening of the long diplomatic and trade freeze between the US and Cuba is expected to bring American tech giants such as Google and Apple into the Cuban market as soon as they are permitted. In the meantime, Cuba has installed a high-speed, fibre-optic cable under the sea from Venezuela and internet users have some access to Chinese equipment.
-Another estimate, that a quarter of Cubans have access to the internet – still one of the lowest penetration rates in the Western Hemisphere – in fact measures residents who use a restricted domestic intranet featuring only certain websites and limited email.
-Kcho has offered the public admission to his own personal internet connection. But, instead of this being the counter-revolutionary, or post-revolutionary, move of a free-market rebel, Kcho may have been selected as the acceptable face of a regime acquiescing to the inevitable lure of the internet.
-Kcho, who has close ties to the Cuban government, announced that his actions had been approved by the Ministry of Culture. The artist said he wanted to encourage Cubans to familiarize themselves with the internet. “It’s only possible through the will to do it and absorb the costs,” Kcho told the Associated Press. “It is expensive but the benefit is tremendous. I have something that is great and powerful. I can share it and I am doing so.”
-Kcho’s real name is Alexis Leiva Machado.
-He gained international fame for his painting, sculpture and drawings after winning the grand prize at a prominent art biennial in South Korea. He is currently preparing for the Havana biennial in May. Born on one of Cuba’s outlying islands, he is known for contemporary art with rustic, seaside and patriotic themes and imagery.
-In the centre’s courtyard, tech-savvy millennials lounge throughout the day in wicker chairs beneath a white canopy or just outside when it’s packed, tapping away on laptops and tablets or glued to their smartphones.
-Cuba has some of the lowest connectivity rates on the planet, with dial-up accounts closely restricted and at-home broadband almost unheard of except in the case of foreigners who pay hundreds of dollars a month for the service in a country where the average salary is between $17 and $20 a month. Kcho is estimated to be paying $900 a month to provide the free wi-fi.
-Since 2013, Cuban authorities have opened hundreds of internet salons, where an hour online costs $4.50, at speeds far lower than those at Kcho’s studio of around 2mbps. A 2014 report by Akamai Technologies found average internet connectivity speeds to be around 10.5mbps in the US and 23.6mbps in world-leading South Korea. Globally, the average was about 3.9mbps.
-With dozens of users at any given time, the signal strength of Kcho’s wi-fi gets diluted. One user said he sometimes swings by in the middle of the night, when nobody else is around, and finds it to be unbelievably fast.",213
-"In typical bad-boyfriend style, Dan Sullivan was late to breakfast with the Guardian because he got pulled over on his motorcycle.
-Sullivan works too much, he says. He misses dinner dates. He forgets to give presents.
-And so, like seemingly everyone in Silicon Valley, the 27-year-old venture capitalist has come up with a start-up to fix it: BetterBoyfriend.me, a service that sends girlfriends and wives a present every month for about $70.
-Sullivan, who works in finance, has been quietly testing the program and has signed up about 350 boyfriends generating about $17,000 revenue every month. Most members, he says, are from his collection of Harvard and investor friends: venture capitalists, founders and employees of companies like Apple, Google and Facebook, whose girlfriends have been getting presents from Sullivan for the last year.
-Each month, Sullivan’s members choose from a list of seven possible gifts (chocolate, tea sets, manicures). The package is sent to the boyfriend unbranded and unlabelled.
-He tests his ideas by buying Facebook ads just to see what kind of traction they get. BetterBoyfriend.me took off. “BetterBoyfriend hit something,” Sullivan said. “It’s a pain point everyone has.”
-BetterBoyfriend.me was not Sullivan’s first idea. For a couple of days, he thought about a dog-sharing pitch: “I see all these rich guys looking just miserable walking dogs and I realized: a dog is only valuable 5% of the time,” he said. “So, what if we got a guy who would babysit the dogs and other people could rent them out?”
-Another start-up, called InvisibleBoyfriend, allows users “to design and build a believable social partner who is everything you want and is always available to talk, whenever you want”. The end result is a “boyfriend” who can text with you all day.
-Founder Kyle Tabor launched it to give users a faux boyfriend to deter unwanted advances but has found people have grown attached to their algorithmic partners: “Many more users are seeking companionship through conversation rather than external 'proof' of a relationship to get people off their back.”
-For Sullivan and Tabor, the surprise was the real relationships that have formed with their customers. Sullivan says he has begun to see himself as a sort of relationship consultant for the boyfriends.
-Sullivan admits he’s made mistakes. Early on, the packages included receipts that had his name on them, Dan Sullivan. “One of the boyfriends wrote to me and said, 'Listen, dude, she’s not mad but Cynthia found out'.”
-About 50% of the women BetterBoyfriend.me deliver packages to know about his involvement in their relationships: “It’s correlated with age. I think, after you’ve been married a while, you don’t keep many secrets.”
-And over the year, the young founder says he’s got to know the boyfriends really well. They’ve even done a delivery to a hospital delivery room. The key, he said, is to remember that his relationship is with the boyfriend.
-When he first launched his company, he attached tags that said BetterBoyfriend.me to flower bouquets and set off for Dolores Park, a popular lounging spot in the tech- and youth-heavy Mission District.
-“I looked for couples and gave the bouquet to the girl but that didn’t go down well with the boyfriend. Like, not at all. It made sense, though. It was cool,” he said. “So, I reconsidered and started handing them out to the boyfriends.”",214
-"The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge won the first part of their battle for privacy when a French magazine was banned from selling or reusing photos of the couple at a private chateau in Provence.
-French prosecutors must now decide if there should be criminal proceedings against the magazine editor and the photographer or photographers who took the pictures of the duchess sunbathing topless while on holiday in the south of France.
-The Tribunal de Grande Instance in Nanterre, Paris ordered the gossip magazine Closer to give the couple the digital files of the pictures within 24 hours. The magazine will have to pay €10,000 for every day it does not give the couple the files.
-The court also ordered Mondadori Magazines France, Closer’s publisher, to pay €2,000 of legal costs.
-“These photos, which showed the couple, partly naked on the terrace of a private home, surrounded by a park several hundred metres from a public road, are particularly intrusive,” the court said.
-The court decided that every time Mondadori – the publishing company owned by former Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi – publishes a photograph in the future in France, they will be fined €10,000.
-But the decision refers only to the 14 pictures that have already been published. Closer’s editor has hinted she has other, more intimate pictures.
-The couple welcome the judge’s decision. A source said: “They always believed the law was broken and that they had a right to their privacy.” Maud Sobel, a lawyer for the royal couple in Paris, described it as “a wonderful decision.”
-The royal couple are pleased with the decision, but they want there to be a much more public criminal prosecution for invasion of privacy against the magazine and photographer or photographers.
-Paris police began an investigation on Tuesday. Under French law, if you invade someone’s privacy, you may have to spend a maximum of one year in prison and pay a fine of €45,000.
-This punishment would send a message to the world and, the couple hope, stop paparazzi from invading their privacy in the future.
-The Irish Daily Star has also published the photos. And the Mondadori-owned Italian celebrity magazine Chi published a special edition of 26 pages with the photos of the future queen.",215
-"The mass collection of telephone records by government surveillance programmes poses a clear threat to the personal privacy of ordinary citizens, according to US researchers who used basic phone logs to identify people and uncover confidential information about their lives.
-Armed with anonymous “metadata” on people’s calls and texts, but not the content of the communications, two scientists at Stanford University worked out individuals’ names, where they lived and the names of their partners. But that was not all.
-The same data led them to uncover potentially sensitive information about some individuals. One man was found to own a rifle, while another had recently been diagnosed with an irregular heartbeat. Other data pointed to a new pregnancy and a person with multiple sclerosis.
-The results highlight the extraordinary power of telephone metadata – the number called, when and for how long – particularly when it is paired with public information available from services such as Google, Yelp and Facebook. The value of the data, which is not subject to the same legal protections as the content of people’s communications, has long been recognized by the security services. As Stewart Baker, the former general counsel at the US National Security Agency (NSA), put it in the aftermath of Edward Snowden’s revelations: “Metadata absolutely tells you everything about somebody’s life.”
-Patrick Mutchler, a computer security researcher at Stanford, said that while the power of metadata was understood by those gathering the information, the public was largely in the dark because so few published studies have revealed how rich the data is. “That makes it difficult for people with strong opinions about these programmes to fight them. Now, we have hard evidence we can point to that didn’t exist in the past,” he said.
-For the study, the researchers signed up 823 people who agreed to have metadata collected from their phones through an Android app. The app also received information from their Facebook accounts, which the scientists used to check the accuracy of their results. In all, the researchers gathered metadata on more than 250,000 calls and over 1.2m texts.
-Analysts who logged into the NSA’s metadata-gathering system were initially allowed to examine data up to three hops away from an individual. A call from the target individual’s phone to another number was one hop. From that phone to another was two hops. And so on. The records available to analysts stretched back for five years. The collection window has now been restricted to two hops and 18 months at most.
-Writing in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Mutchler describes how, on a shoestring budget, he and fellow graduate student, Jonathan Mayer, uncovered a wealth of personal information, some of it sensitive, about people who took part in the study. Through automatic and manual searches, they identified 82% of people’s names. The same technique gave them the names of businesses the people had called. When these were plotted on a map, they revealed clusters of local businesses, which the scientists speculated surrounded the person’s home address. In this way, they named the city people lived in 57% of the time, and were nearly 90% accurate in placing people within 50 miles of their home. Mutchler believes some of the misses came from people not updating their Facebook page when they moved out of their parents’ home, for example, to go to college.
-The scientists next delved into more personal territory. Using a simple computer program to analyse people’s call patterns, they inferred who among the study volunteers was in a relationship. Once they knew the owner of a particular number had a partner, identifying the significant other was easy, they report.
-For the final part of the study, the researchers delved even deeper, to see what sensitive information they could glean from telephone metadata. They gathered details on calls made to and from a list of organizations, including hospitals, pharmacies, religious groups, legal services, firearms retailers and repair firms. From these, they pieced together some extraordinary vignettes from people’s lives.
-The metadata from one person in the study showed they had a long call from a cardiology centre, spoke briefly with a medical laboratory, answered a number of short calls from a local pharmacy and then made calls to a hotline for abnormal heart-rate monitoring devices. Another participant made frequent calls to a local gun supplier that specialized in semi- automatic rifles and later placed a number of long calls to the customer support hotline run by a major gun manufacturer that produced the rifles. The metadata from two others suggested one had multiple sclerosis and the other had just become pregnant.
-“All of this should be taken as an indication of what is possible with two graduate students and limited resources,” said Mutchler, who argues that the findings should make policymakers think twice before authorizing mass surveillance programmes. “Large-scale metadata surveillance programmes, like the NSA’s, will necessarily expose highly confidential information about ordinary citizens,” the scientists write, adding: “To strike an appropriate balance between national security and civil liberties, future policymaking must be informed by input from relevant sciences.”
-Ross Anderson, professor of security engineering at Cambridge University, said the study provided numbers that discussions can now be based on. “With the right analytics running over nation- scale communications data, you can infer huge amounts of sensitive information on everyone. We always suspected that, of course, but here’s the data.”",216
-"Facebook has lost millions of users every month in its biggest markets. In the last six months, Facebook has lost nearly 9 million monthly visitors in the US and 2 million in the UK.
-It has stopped growing in the US, UK and other major European countries. In the last month, the world’s largest social network lost 6 million US visitors, a 4% fall. In the UK, 1.4 million fewer users went on Facebook last month, a fall of 4.5%.
-People are also using Facebook less in Canada, Spain, France, Germany and Japan.
-“The problem is that, in the US and UK, most people who want to join Facebook have already done it,” said new media specialist Ian Maude at Enders Analysis.
-People get bored, he says, and they “like to try something new”.
-Other social networks are also very popular with younger people. Instagram, the photo-sharing site, got 30 million new users in the 18 months before Facebook bought the business.
-Path, the mobile phone-based social network started by ex-Facebook employee Dave Morin, is gaining 1 million users a week. It now has more than 9 million users. 500,000 Venezuelans downloaded the app in just one weekend.
-Facebook is still growing fast in South America. The number of users in Brazil increased by 6% in the last month to 70 million, according to Socialbakers, whose information is used by Facebook advertisers. And there has been a 4% rise in India to 64 million users – still only a small part of the country’s population, so there is the possibility for more growth.
-Global numbers of visitors to Facebook reached 1.05 billion a month in January, but they fell by 20 million in February. Numbers rose again in April. The social network has now lost nearly 2 million visitors in the UK since December, with its 27 million total the same as a year ago.
-The number of minutes Americans spend on Facebook is falling, too. The total was 121 billion minutes in December 2012, but that fell to 115 billion minutes in February.
-As Facebook has already said, we spend less time using Facebook on our personal computers because we now prefer to use our smartphones and tablets.
-Wall Street expects Facebook’s income this quarter to be $1.44 billion, an increase from $1.06 billion a year ago.
-The company said that it might be losing “younger users” because they now prefer to use “other products and services similar to, or as an alternative to, Facebook”.
-Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg has created some new initiatives for smartphone users in the last year. One initiative, Facebook Home, is software that you can download onto Android phones to feed news and photos from friends – and advertising – directly to your home screen.",217
-"Swedish prisons have a reputation around the world for being liberal and modern. But are the country’s prisons too soft?
-The head of Sweden’s prison and probation service, Nils Oberg, said in November 2013 that four Swedish prisons will close because of an “out of the ordinary” drop in the number of prisoner.
-There has been no fall in crime rates, but, between 2011 and 2012, there was a 6% drop in the number of people in Sweden’s prisons, now a little over 4,500. Oberg said he was confused by the drop in numbers, but hoped that the reason was to do with how his prisons are managed. “We certainly hope that the efforts we put into rehabilitation and into stopping criminals from reoffending has made a difference,” he said.
-“The modern prison service in Sweden is very different from when I joined as a young prison officer in 1978,” says Kenneth Gustafsson, governor of Kumla Prison, Sweden’s most secure jail. “When I joined, prisoners were treated well – maybe too well. But, after high- profile escapes in 2004, we had to make the prisons more secure.”
-In Sweden, prison sentences are not usually for more than ten years. Sweden was the first country in Europe to introduce the electronic tagging of criminals and it continues to keep prison sentences short when possible by using community-based punishments. These have stopped many criminals from reoffending.
-The reoffending rate in Sweden is between 30 and 40% – to compare that with another European country, the number is around half that of the UK. One thing that has kept reoffending down and the number of prisoners in Sweden below 70 per 100,000 people is that anyone under 15 cannot be responsible for their crime.
-Also, in Sweden, no young person under the age of 21 can be sentenced to life – this is not the same in many other countries – and they try to keep young offenders out of prison.
-One reason for the drop in prison numbers might be the amount of post-prison support available in Sweden. A government-run probation service gives treatment programmes to offenders with drug, alcohol or violence problems. Around 4,500 Swedes help the service – they volunteer to make friends with and support offenders.
-“In Sweden, we believe very much in the idea of rehabilitation,” says Gustafsson. “Of course, there are some people who will not or cannot change. But, in my experience, most prisoners want to change and we must do what we can to help them.”",218
-"The day began with more police dawn raids on the Baur Au Lac hotel in Zurich and ended with 16 football officials being charged with corruption in the US, including five current or former members of FIFA’s executive committee. They included the former Brazilian federation chief Ricardo Teixeira and his successor, Marco Polo Del Nero, who recently stepped down from the FIFA executive committee.
-They were among 16 individuals accused of fraud and other offences by the US Department of Justice as it gave details of a series of kickback schemes in a new 240-page indictment. Twentyseven defendants have now been charged by the US, including former FIFA executive committee members. “The betrayal of trust here is outrageous,” the US Attorney General, Loretta Lynch, said. “The scale of corruption is completely unacceptable.”
-Swiss police arrested the president of the South American football confederation, the Paraguayan Juan Ángel Napout, and Alfredo Hawit, the head of the North and Central American and Caribbean governing body. Hawit only succeeded Jeffrey Webb in May 2015, after Webb was arrested as part of the US operation that threw FIFA into crisis and led to the downfall of Sepp Blatter. Webb’s predecessor, the controversial Jack Warner, was also arrested in May.
-The Swiss Federal Office of Justice said of the latest arrests: “They are in custody pending their extradition. According to the US arrest requests, they are suspected of accepting bribes of millions of dollars”. Webb and the Colombian former executive committee member Luis Bedoya were among those whose guilty pleas were entered in the US.
-Eleven current and former members of FIFA’s executive committee have now been charged in the investigation, which alleges $200m in bribes, mainly as kickbacks from TV and marketing contracts but also FIFA’s development programmes.
-“The message from this announcement should be clear to every individual who remains in the shadows, hoping to evade our investigation: you will not escape our focus,” said Lynch. Teixeira, the former son-in-law of the FIFA ex-president João Havelange, was charged alongside Del Nero and his predecessor José Maria Marin, who was charged in May.
-Fourteen men had been charged in May 2015. Days later, Blatter won a fifth term as president but then agreed to step down as the crisis grew. He was then provisionally suspended together with the UEFA President, Michel Platini, over an alleged £1.3m payment to the Frenchman. Both men face possible life bans when their case is heard by the FIFA ethics committee in December if they are found guilty.
-Among those also charged on Thursday were Rafael Salguero, a Guatemalan who left the executive committee in May; the former South American confederation Secretary General, Eduardo Deluca; the former Peruvian football federation president, Manuel Burga; and Bolivia’s football president, Carlos Chaves, already jailed in his own country.
-Lynch said: “The Department of Justice is committed to ending the rampant corruption we have described in the leadership of international football – not only because of the scale of the schemes alleged earlier and today or the breadth of the operation required to sustain such corruption, but also because of the insult to international principles that this behaviour represents.”
-The acting FIFA President, Issa Hayatou, refused to comment on the detail of the latest arrests. But he said neither he nor the organization was corrupt. Appearing for the first time before the media since taking the role in September 2015, when Blatter was suspended, Hayatou responded in a similar way to his predecessor when he claimed the current crisis was the fault of a few bad individuals.
-“FIFA is not corrupt. We have individuals that have shown negative behaviour. Do not generalize the situation,” said Hayatou, president of the Confederation of African Football for more than 25 years. “There are lots of people who have been in FIFA for more than 20 or 30 years that have not been accused of anything.”",219
-"Noise from ships may disturb animals such as killer whales and dolphins much more than we thought before. New research shows that underwater noise could stop these animals communicating and make it more difficult for them to find food. It is well known that noise from ships disturbs large whales. But, US researchers have found noise also disturbs smaller sea creatures such as killer whales, also known as orcas. Dolphins and porpoises may have the same problems.
-“The main problem is that even a small increase in sound may make it more difficult for whales to find food using echo,” said Scott Veirs, who led the research. “That’s worrying because their food, a kind of salmon, is already quite scarce. Hearing a salmon’s click is probably one of the most difficult things a killer whale does. It is harder to hear that click if there’s a lot of noise around you.”
-The researchers used underwater microphones to measure the noise made by about 1,600 ships as they passed through Haro Strait, in Washington State, USA. The two-year study recorded the sound made by 12 different types of ship, including cruise ships, container ships and military ships, that passed through the strait about 20 times a day.
-Some ships are quieter than others but the average noise next to all the ships was 173 underwater decibels, the same as 111 decibels through the air – about the sound of a loud rock concert. Whales are not usually right next to ships and so would hear noise of about 60 to 90 decibels – around the level of a vacuum cleaner.
-Veirs said scientists already knew about the effect of underwater noise on large whales. But, the new research shows the danger to smaller whales, dolphins and porpoises. “We think that ships make low-frequency noise, like the sound of lorries or trains,” he said. “Most noise is at that low frequency but there is more background noise in the high frequencies, too. This might be causing a big problem that we need to study more.”
-Lots of underwater noise can cause many problems. Whales may have to stay closer together to hear each other. And, if they cannot find food easily, they will need to use their extra blubber. This is a problem because this blubber often contains manmade pollutants that are poisonous to whales if they get into their bodies.
-Veirs said ships that pass near whales need to be quieter. “It should be easy to reduce noise pollution,” he said. “Military ships are much quieter and there could be simple ways of using that technology on normal ships. Another way to reduce noise is to slow down. Reducing speed by six knots could decrease noise by half.”
-Some whale species are safer now because there is less whaling but other types of whale are still in danger for many different reasons. The US has recently protected nearly 40,000 square miles of the Atlantic to save a species of whale with just 500 individuals left.
-In Europe, killer whales have dangerously high levels of illegal chemicals in their blubber. Scientists are still trying to find out if pollutants caused the deaths of five whales that were found on beaches on the east coast of Britain in January 2016. And, around the coast of Australia, whales are in danger from oil and gas drilling, as well as Japan’s recent decision to start whaling again in the seas of Antarctica.",220
-"McDonald’s is the world’s biggest burger chain and a symbol of American consumer capitalism. But, these days, the golden arches of McDonald’s are not looking so golden. The company has got much bigger since 2003 but, now, the numbers of customers are falling. McDonald’s says that its worldwide sales have fallen by 3.3%.
-The company has problems almost everywhere. In China, sales fell by 23%. In Europe, sales fell by 4%, mostly because of problems in Ukraine and the anti-western mood in Russia. Health inspectors have investigated around 200 of McDonald’s 450 restaurants in Russia and they have closed ten restaurants.
-But the worst crisis is in the US, where McDonald’s has around 40% of its restaurants. Almost 60 years since Ray Kroc opened his first restaurant in Des Plaines, Illinois, consumers are losing their appetite for a Big Mac and fries.
-Sales have fallen every month for 12 months in the US. Many younger diners are eating at rival companies such as Chipotle Mexican Grill. The number of 19-to-21-year-olds who visit McDonald’s once a month has fallen by 13% since 2011.
-Another problem is that McDonald’s hamburgers were recently named the worst in America in a poll of more than 32,000 American diners – they said they would rather eat a burger at Five Guys, Smashburger or Fuddruckers. Many people also believe that McDonald’s is less healthy than most of its rivals, especially Chipotle. Chipotle uses antibiotic-free meat and “locally sourced, seasonal” ingredients.
-McDonald’s asked customers for their opinions in the US in October. Someone asked “Have you ever used pink slime in your burgers?” – ‘pink slime’ is the beef filler that is used for dog food. McDonald’s stopped using this meat product in 2012 but McDonald’s Chief Executive Don Thompson said the company still had to improve people’s opinions about the freshness and quality of its ingredients.
-McDonald’s has always had a reputation for fast service at low prices. But, since it introduced $2 items on its dollar menu, people think it is more expensive than its rivals and many consumers complain that service is slower.
-But Mary Chapman at food analysts Technomic said that it wasn’t fair to say that McDonald’s was more expensive than its rivals. “Prices have gone up but they haven’t gone up as quickly as the rest of the fast-food chains in the US.” Prices at McDonald’s have increased by 4.8% since 2009, much less than the fast-food average (up 19.4%).
-But people are right when they complain that the queues are longer. McDonald’s has a bigger menu than some other restaurants, with more complicated items – its chicken McWrap takes 60 seconds to make. “I think it is worth waiting but the guy behind me who wants his double cheeseburger for a dollar might not,” said Chapman.
-McDonald managers are promising to improve people’s opinions about its food in the US. Thompson has promised more organic food and “build your own burgers”. But, to reduce queues, he also wants to introduce simpler menus. How can the company have simpler menus and, at the same time, a larger selection of fillings? “They want to simplify the menu but also offer ‘build your own burgers’ – that sounds tricky,” said consumer expert Mark Kalinowski. Only four out of McDonald’s 14,000 US restaurants have tested “build your own burger”, he said. “Right now, we are sceptical; we would like to see more detail.”
-Sales are falling but McDonald’s continues to expand around the world: by the end of 2014, it expects to open 1,400 new restaurants. Kalinowski thinks that McDonald’s sales will continue to fall but he thinks it will be number one for many years.",221
-"Vienna is the world’s best city to live in, Baghdad is the worst and London, Paris and New York are not in the top 35, says an international study on quality of life.
-German-speaking cities do well in the 18th Mercer Quality of Life study, with Vienna, Zurich, Munich, Dusseldorf and Frankfurt in the top seven.
-Paris fell ten places to 37th. This was mostly because of the terrorist attacks on the city. Paris was just above London in 39th place.
-The study looked at the economy, health, education, housing and the environment. Big companies use the results of the study to decide where they should open offices and factories and how much they should pay their employees.
-Helena Hartlauer, 32, is from Vienna. She said she was not surprised about her city’s top position. For many years, Vienna’s government has spent money on good social housing. This makes Vienna a cheap place to live compared to other big cities.
-“I live in a 100 square-metre apartment in a good area about 20 minutes’ walk from the city centre.
-But my rent is just €800 (£625) a month.” A similar apartment in London costs over £2,000 and even more in New York, which came 44th in the study.
-US cities do badly in the study, mostly because of worries about personal safety and crime. The US city in top position is San Francisco, in 28th position; Boston is 34th.
-“You don’t realize how safe Vienna is until you go abroad,” said Hartlauer. “We also have terrific public transport – the underground trains run 24 hours at weekends and it only costs €1 per trip.”
-“Vienna’s location is very special,” said Martin Eichtinger, Austrian ambassador to London, who lived in Vienna for 20 years. “The fall of the Berlin Wall helped make Vienna a centre for companies who want to do business in Central Europe.”
-Mercer says Zurich in Switzerland has the world’s second highest quality of life but the Viennese say their city is far more fun. “There are more students in Vienna than any other German-speaking city,” said Hartlauer. “It’s a very young and lively city,” she added.",222
-"I got a degree in Spanish and this helped me get my first job as a journalist, with an international press agency in Mexico City. But, the degree didn’t stop me from making mistakes.
-I arrived in the Mexican capital after a bus journey all the way from New York. In my new job, I spent my days on the streets in political rallies and my nights alone in the office, where I coordinated the news from areas of fighting in El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala and the rest of Central America. But, I also had to report on disasters: fires, floods and explosions at fi rework factories.
-While I was working as a reporter, I found out that I was bad at understanding numbers in Spanish. Once, when I wanted to phone the police, I got a Mexican grandmother out of bed at 2am because I had misunderstood a phone number. Even worse, there were too many victims in my stories – 83 dead in a fi re at 6pm become 38 dead by 7pm; 12 people injured in a coach crash soon became two and so it went on. Finally, I got a call from the main office in Washington. “I don’t know what training you have had,” an editor shouted, “but has no one ever told you a death toll can’t go down?!”
-Why are numbers in another language such a problem? Perhaps it is because of different numbering systems. In German, for example, 2.30pm is halb drei (half of three) and 21 is einundzwanzig (one and twenty). Different number systems can clearly cause confusion.
-Some experts believe there is a link between dyscalculia – the difficulty in understanding arithmetic – and problems learning foreign languages, particularly if you learn languages by rote. But, some students who find it hard to learn languages with a grammar textbook may learn more easily in a foreign country, where learning is more natural. In my case, I have always found languages quite easy, apart from the numbers.
-But, perhaps it’s also because we often hear numbers in a non-native language out of context. You may stop listening to the foreign language and suddenly be unable to understand. I talked to multilingual friends and they said that they are fluent in French or Italian when ordering from a restaurant menu, for example, but freeze if they have to say numbers, especially over the phone. Numbers seem to be difficult, but no one could say why.
-In my case, my problems with numbers in a foreign language followed me from Mexico to other countries and from Spanish to German and Portuguese. But, in that first journalism job, getting the numbers wrong didn’t always mean failure.
-One night, a Mexican colleague told me that a gunman was holding the American consul hostage in his office in the port city of Veracruz. There was no senior English-speaking reporter in the office, so they asked me to try to call the consulate. I got the phone number wrong and I was put through to another phone somewhere else in the building. I knew straight away who the person was: I talked for 15 minutes to the gunman. He didn’t put away his gun as a result of his conversation with me – but my reputation as a reporter rose instantly.",223
-"In the West, people do not usually eat insects. But in some parts of the world, insects are an important food and in spring 2013 there will be an effort to show people that eating insects is not disgusting. And we may soon be able to buy insects in supermarkets.
-In April, there will be a festival in London, Pestival 2013, where there will be a discussion about the question of eating insects. The festival will include a restaurant by the Nordic Food Lab, the Scandinavian team behind the Danish restaurant Noma, which brought extremely popular insect dishes to Claridge’s hotel in London in 2013. Noma has been named the best restaurant in the world by Restaurant magazine for three years. Its chef, René Redzepi, says that ants taste like lemon, and a mixture of grasshoppers and moth larvae tastes like a strong fish sauce. Bee larvae make a sweet mayonnaise used instead of eggs and scientists find new ways to use insects all the time.
-In March, a BBC documentary will show a food writer eating deep-fried locusts and barbecued spiders. But, behind all the jokes there is a very serious message. Many experts believe that if humans eat insects, it will be very good for the environment. The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) gives money to projects that show people they can eat and farm insects in south-east Asia and Africa. In these places about two billion people already eat insects and larvae as a normal part of their diet. In 2012, the FAO published a list of 1,909 edible species of insect and plans a major international conference on “this valuable food source” in 2013.
-There are lots of insects – there are 40 tonnes of insects for every person in the world – so they will not become endangered. “I know it’s taboo to eat bugs in the West, but why not?”, Redzepi said. “You go to south-east Asia and this is a common thing. You read about it from all over the world, that people are eating insects. We eat honey, and honey is the vomit of a bee. Think of that next time you put it into your tea.”
-He said that the basic idea behind Nordic Food Lab is that you can eat everything.
-Insects are very important to life on Earth and they are the most diverse group of animals on the planet: there are more than a million species. But most people hate them and often kill them.
-In the next 30 years, the planet’s human population will increase to nine billion. Already one billion people do not get enough food. The increase will put more pressure on agricultural land, water, forests, fisheries and resources, and also food and energy supplies.
-The cost of meat is increasing – it costs more money now, but also people have to destroy a lot of rainforest to make fields or to grow food for cows. Cows also make methane. The farming of cows, pigs and sheep makes very big amounts of greenhouse gases – 35% of the planet’s methane, 65% of its nitrous oxide and 9% of the carbon dioxide.
-Edible insects make fewer gases, contain high-quality protein, vitamins and amino acids, and only need a quarter of the food that sheep need to make the same amount of protein. You can grow them on organic waste. China is already building huge maggot farms. Zimbabwe is growing caterpillars and Laos is developing an insect-harvesting project. One study says that eating crickets and locusts, and not eating pork and beef, could help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 95%.",224
-"The Duchess of Cambridge gave birth to a son on Monday, 22 July. Third in line to the throne, the baby is destined to be the 43rd monarch since William the Conqueror obtained the English crown in 1066.
-Kensington Palace announced at 8.30pm that the baby was born at 4.24pm in the exclusive Lindo Wing at St Mary’s Hospital, Paddington, West London. “We could not be happier,” the Duke of Cambridge said.
-In a statement, Kensington Palace said: “Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Cambridge was safely delivered of a son at 4.24pm. The baby weighs 8lbs 6oz. The Duke of Cambridge was present for the birth.” The duchess experienced at least ten and a half hours’ labour, which Kensington Palace said had “progressed as normal”.
-The Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Prince of Wales, the Duchess of Cornwall, Prince Harry and members of both families were informed and were delighted with the news that Her Royal Highness and her child were both doing well.
-It is understood that the couple delayed making the announcement immediately so that they could enjoy some private time with their newborn. William telephoned his family to tell them the good news, speaking to the Queen, his father, Charles and younger brother, Prince Harry.
-The birth of the baby prince means the monarchy has three generations of heirs to the throne for the first time since 1894.
-The baby is the first Prince of Cambridge to be born for more than 190 years since Prince George of Cambridge, a grandson of George III and the only son of Prince Adolphus Frederick, the 1st Duke of Cambridge.
-In a statement, Prince Charles said: “Both my wife and I are overjoyed at the arrival of my first grandchild. It is an incredibly special moment for William and Catherine and we are so thrilled for them on the birth of their baby boy.
-“Grandparenthood is a unique moment in anyone’s life, as countless kind people have told me in recent months, so I am enormously proud and happy to be a grandfather for the first time and we are eagerly looking forward to seeing the baby in the near future.”
-The newest royal will be called HRH Prince George of Cambridge. When Kate was three months pregnant, a decree issued by the Queen said: “All the children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales should have and enjoy the style, title and attribute of Royal Highness with the titular dignity of Prince or Princess prefixed to their Christian names or with such other titles of honour.”
-Following tradition, a formal notice was posted on an ornate rococo-style easel – the same used to announce Prince William’s birth in 1982 – in the forecourt of Buckingham Palace shortly before 9pm. Within an hour, the numbers had swelled from hundreds to thousands outside the palace, with locals and tourists alike keen to share in the historic moment.
-New Yorker, Sharon Surloff, was delighted with her phone picture of the royal bulletin, snapped after she and her niece and mother had squeezed through crowds to take a photograph of the easel.
-“The police were just saying to everyone: 'OK, 20 seconds and then the next person'. It’s just great to be here, though. We arrived this morning, at nine in the morning, so it has all worked out beautifully.”
-The palace announced the birth in a press release. Minutes later, as crowds of well- wishers outside cheered, “It’s a boy”, the formal medical bulletin was taken from the hospital to a waiting car by Ed Perkins, Prince William’s press secretary. He handed it to a soldier, who then took the notice, which was signed by Marcus Setchell, the Queen’s gynaecologist, to Buckingham Palace under police escort.
-The prime minister was one of the first to offer his congratulations. Speaking outside 10 Downing Street, David Cameron said: “It is wonderful news from St Mary’s, Paddington, and I am sure that, right across the country, and, indeed, right across the Commonwealth, people will be celebrating and wishing the royal couple well.
-“It is an important moment in the life of our nation but, I suppose, above all, it is a wonderful moment for a warm and loving couple who have got a brand new baby boy. It has been a remarkable few years for our royal family: a royal wedding that captured people’s hearts, that extraordinary and magnificent jubilee and now this royal birth – all from a family that has given this nation so much incredible service.”
-Congratulations came from the White House, too, from Barack Obama and his wife. The president said: “Michelle and I are so pleased to congratulate the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge on the joyous occasion of the birth of their first child. We wish them all the happiness and blessings parenthood brings.”
-The Archbishop of Canterbury, the Most Rev Justin Welby, tweeted: “Delighted for the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. May God bless them all with love, health and happiness.”
-The Labour leader, Ed Miliband, said: “Many congratulations to the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. I wish them and their son all happiness and good health.”
-The campaign group, Republic, which launched its Born Equal initiative calling for every child to be born equal in political status and rights, said the royal birth raised questions about Britain and democratic values. Chief Executive Graham Smith said the baby should be able to grow up without “constant interference and intrusion”. He said: “Here is a new baby whose career, religion, even personal relationships have already been mapped out. Meanwhile, this is an opportunity for the rest of us to consider whether this circus is the best way to run things.”",225
-"A nasal spray laced with the 'Love hormone' oxytocin could help children with autism learn to handle social situations better, US researchers claim. Scans of children with autistic spectrum disorder showed that a single dose of the chemical improved brain responses to facial expressions, a shift that could make social interactions feel more natural and rewarding for them.
-The scientists behind the research said a course of oxytocin might boost the success of behavioural therapies that are already used to help people with autism learn to cope with social situations. “Over time, what you would expect to see is more appropriate social responding, being more interested in interacting with other people, more eye contact and more conversational ability,” said Kevin Pelphrey, director of the Child Neuroscience Lab at Yale University.
-Autism is a developmental disorder seen in more than one in 100 people. The condition affects individuals in different ways, but is characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication. So far, there is no established treatment for the social problems caused by autism. Researchers at Yale have studied the brain chemical oxytocin as a potential treatment for the social impairments caused by autism because it plays a crucial role in bonding and trust. Results have been mixed, though: one recent study found no significant benefit for youths given the chemical over several days. But Pelphrey said oxytocin might help the brain learn from social interactions; it would work best when used with therapies that encourage people with autism to engage more socially, he said.
-“Our study shows that oxytocin affects the brain and opens up the possibility that, when combined with behavioural treatments, it works like a social enhancer,” he said. The scientists used a technique called functional MRI to scan the brains of 17 youths aged eight to 16 with autism while they looked at images of cars or the eyes of people expressing various emotions. The scans were given 45 minutes after the participants inhaled a placebo or oxytocin through a nasal spray.
-The scans showed that reward circuitry in the children’s brains behaved more normally after a snort of oxytocin, being more active when the person was looking at faces and less active when viewing the inanimate cars. The study appears in the latest issue of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States. “If this is replicated, it suggests that oxytocin might treat something for which we don’t have a treatment in autism, and that’s the core social motivation,” Pelphrey told the Guardian.
-He warned that it was too early to use oxytocin as a treatment for the social difficulties caused by autism and cautioned against buying oxytocin from suppliers online. “We don’t want them running out on the basis of this study or any other and trying oxytocin at home. There is no telling what they are buying. We are nowhere near thinking this is a ready treatment. It needs more follow-up,” he said. “This is an important new study in identifying changes in brain activity in key regions of the brain involved in social cognition in autism following oxytocin administration,” said Simon Baron-Cohen, director of the Autism Research Centre at Cambridge University. A surprising finding, however, is that oxytocin nasal spray did not change performance on the social cognitive task. Nor is it clear yet if oxytocin only has benefits for people with autism or has any unwanted side effects.
-Finally, oxytocin effects only last about 45 minutes, so there may be practical considerations as to whether this could be used as a treatment.
-“From a scientific perspective, this study has a lot of evidence from animal and human work to justify serious attention, but more research is needed. Doctors should be cautious about the clinical potential of this hormone until we know much more about its benefits and risks, in much larger studies.” Said Simon Baron-Cohen.
-Uta Frith, who studies autism at University College London, said: “According to this study, oxytocin may have the effect of making faces more interesting as assessed by greater activity in brain structures concerned with reward evaluation. Disappointingly, this effect is seen only in brain activity and not in behaviour. Demonstrating an effect on behaviour will be critical if nasal spray treatment is to be of any value.”",226
-"Male bosses are paid bonuses double the size of those given to female colleagues in identical jobs. This means that men get salary top-ups of £141,500 more than women over their working lives.
-The figures, released by the Chartered Management Institute (CMI), reveal that men in UK management roles earned average bonuses of £6,442 in 2012 compared with £3,029 for women.
-In the most senior roles, female directors received bonuses of £36,270 over the past 12 months, compared with £63,700 awarded to male directors.
-The latest figures show that pay in British business is still not equal. This has led to calls for action from campaigners on workplace equality.
-Ann Francke, the CMI’s chief executive said: “It’s time to move this issue into the mainstream management agenda.
-“This is about changing our approach to management. There should be greater flexibility, less masculine cultures, more emphasis on outcomes rather than time in the office and greater transparency around performance and rewards.
-“In solving this issue, we would actually raise the performance of organizations and the well-being of individuals at work. What are we waiting for?”
-While some of the data may be affected by factors such as women doing jobs where there is less of a culture of bonus payments, the differences in the sizes of bonuses do appear to make Britain’s pay gap worse. The government says the pay gap is closing but that full-time male employees still earn 10% more than women.
-Maria Miller, the Minister for Women and Equalities, said: “The CMI figures are another example from the world of work showing that women still lose out to their male counterparts.
-“Changes in the workplace are happening and it’s good that the pay gap is closing – but there is still more to do before we see full equality in the workplace.
-“The government is playing its part. We have signed up 120 companies to our Think, Act, Report scheme, which encourages companies to improve the way they recruit, promote and pay women.
-“We’ve also looked at other pay gap causes, such as having to juggle work and family responsibilities. We have introduced shared parental leave and the right to request flexible working to all employees.”
-Large companies such as Tesco, BT, Unilever and the international law firm Eversheds are among those signed up to Think, Act, Report. The scheme has only attracted 120 supporters in nearly two years of existence.
-However, the CMI’s data did provide some evidence to support Miller’s statement that the overall pay gap is narrowing: the difference between the average salaries earned by male and female bosses appeared to shrink from 2012.
-A sub-set of 17,000 individual managers, whose salaries and bonuses have been followed over a number of years, showed that male managers’ earnings are rising faster than women’s for the first time in five years. Men’s earnings increased by 3.2% compared with a 2.8% increase for women, when salaries and bonuses are combined.
-At the most senior level, male directors’ earnings rose by 5.3% over the past 12 months, compared with just 1.1% for female directors.",227
-"The age of the big British summer music festival, including Glastonbury, is drawing to a close, according to the leading rock promoter and manager Harvey Goldsmith.
-The man who has produced and worked with most of the western world’s biggest music stars, from the Who, the Rolling Stones and Queen to Madonna, Bob Dylan and Luciano Pavarotti, said the biggest problem was a dire lack of major new bands to succeed the old ones.
-“The festival circuit has peaked,” he said, speaking at the Hay Festival of Literature and Arts in Powys, Wales. “It really peaked about two years ago. There’s too many of them and there are not enough big acts to headline them. That is a big, big problem in our industry. And, we are not producing a new generation of these kind of acts – the likes of the Rolling Stones, Muse, even the Arctic Monkeys – that can headline.”
-There were about 900 music festival events in the UK between May and September 2014, he said, and there is no way they can all continue. “Music festivals have probably run their course. What is going to happen is a growth in events where it isn’t just music but, like this one, with poetry or books or magic shows. There will be lots of small combination festivals that give something extra – not people standing around in a massive great field unable to go to the toilet because they might miss the band.”
-Clearly, the way music is being delivered has changed, he said. “People don’t seem to want to listen to a body of work, an album, any more. And, most rock bands built a reputation on a body of work – they might take three albums to really hone their art, to become great, but young people don’t want that. They home in on a track, a sound, then, ping, off again to the next one. Pop pervades, not that there’s anything wrong with pop. I think it will come round again but it will take time.”
-Goldsmith, 69, also revealed that he has teamed up with Robin de Levita, the Dutch producer of the Who’s 1970s rock musical Tommy, at a new 1,100-seat theatre in Wembley, which is due to be finished in time for the first stage adaptation of the phenomenally successful teen book and movie series The Hunger Games in June 2016.
-De Levita would, said Goldsmith, be bringing his experimental SceneAround concept to London – theatre that puts the audience seating on a turntable that rotates round a series of scenes built around its circumference, accompanied by projections on panel screens. The concept was pioneered in an aircraft hangar outside Amsterdam and has proved hugely successful.
-Goldsmith, who is already planning to bring a production of the Anne Frank story to the as-yet-unnamed venue, said: “It’s a whole completely different way of producing shows.”
-During his Hay appearance, the impresario also revealed some of the “access-all-areas” secrets from his long career in the music industry, talking about Keith Moon putting dynamite down a Sydney hotel room toilet in an effort to unblock it and witnessing the paralysing stage fright that gripped John Lennon just before an appearance at Madison Square Garden in 1974 and led to him being dragged, vomiting, out of his dressing room and shoved out on stage. “It’s the most bizarre thing, really, how common that is among artists. It’s odd how stricken with fear they’ll get but, as soon as the first chord is hit, they’re fine,” he said.
-He also laid to rest a long-running rock’n’ roll mystery: why Elvis Presley never performed outside North America. Presley’s long-time manager, Colonel Tom Parker, admitted to him over tea, he said, that the real reason why Goldsmith’s attempts to bring the singer to London had failed was Parker’s own uncertain immigration status.
-“He explained that it was because he was an illegal Dutch immigrant. He didn’t want to risk leaving the US – it was him, not Elvis,” said Goldsmith.
-And, his ultimate rock’n’ roll performer? “Freddie Mercury had to be our most powerful stage performer, the best live performer we’ve ever had. At Live Aid, he went out and saw that audience and just grabbed it.”
-But, the next Queen was still far from being formed, he said. “We’re not producing a new generation of this kind of act. Coldplay is probably the last one to come up and that was ten years ago. There isn’t much out there that looks like it is forming the next generation of heritage artists.
-“So, with no big acts to headline, there are no big shows. Glastonbury has got to the point where it can’t find any more big acts and that’s the pinnacle of the festivals. They are really over.”",228
-"David Cameron has declared a “clear result” in the Scottish independence referendum after Scotland voted by a 10.6-point margin against ending the 307-year-old union with England and Wales. The prime minister promised a devolution revolution across Great Britain, including votes on English issues by English MPs at Westminster, as he welcomed Scotland’s decision to remain inside the UK. “There can be no disputes, no reruns – we have heard the settled will of the Scottish people,” Cameron said in a statement
-Earlier, Scotland’s first minister, Alex Salmond, remained defiant at a downbeat Scottish National Party rally in Edinburgh, saying he accepted Scotland had not, “at this stage”, decided to vote for independence. He paid tribute to what he called a “triumph for democratic politics” and said he would work with Westminster in the best interests of Scotland and the rest of the UK – warning the leaders of the three main parties to make good on their promises of enhanced devolution for Scotland. “We have touched sections of the community who have never before been touched by politics,” he said.
-The yes campaign scored four big successes, winning 53% of the vote in Scotland’s largest city, Glasgow, 57% in Dundee and 51% in North Lanarkshire. However, the no camp was victorious in 28 authorities. It won overwhelmingly in areas where it was expected to do well, including Edinburgh, Aberdeenshire and Borders, but also in areas that could have gone to the yes campaign, including the Western Isles. In the final count, the no camp won 2,001,926 votes (55.3%) to 1,617,989 for yes (44.7%).
-In his speech, Cameron made clear that the constitutional reforms, including in Scotland, would not be delivered until after the general election, and that Scottish measures would proceed in tandem with changes in England. “We have heard the voice of Scotland and, now, the millions of voices of England must be heard,” he said.
-Cameron added: “The people of Scotland have spoken and it is a clear result. They have kept our country of four nations together and, like millions of other people, I am delighted. As I said during the campaign, it would have broken my heart to see our United Kingdom come to an end. And I know that sentiment was shared by people not just across our country but around the world because of what we have achieved together in the past and what we can do together in the future. So, now, it is time for our United Kingdom to come together and to move forward. A vital part of that will be a balanced settlement, fair to people in Scotland and, importantly, to everyone in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, as well.”
-Ed Miliband, the Labour leader, said the referendum was a vote from the Scottish people for change. “We know our country needs to change in the way it is governed and we know our country needs to change in who it is governed for. We will deliver on stronger powers for a stronger Scottish parliament, a strong Scotland.” But he said that would go beyond Scotland. “We will also meet the desire for change across England, across Wales, across the whole of the United Kingdom.”
-Nick Clegg, the deputy prime minister, said the referendum “marks not only a new chapter for Scotland within the UK but also wider constitutional reform across the union”. Echoing the SNP’s argument, he said a vote against independence was “clearly not a vote against change”. “We must now deliver on time and in full the radical package of newly devolved powers to Scotland,” he added.
-Yet that result raises the risk of further turmoil, with MPs from Cameron’s Conservative Party threatening to revolt against the prime minister’s late and potentially vital promise to quickly increase the Scottish parliament’s powers while protecting its spending.
-The UK Independence Party leader, Nigel Farage, said Cameron’s offer of more devolution for England did not go far enough. “The English are 86% by population of this union. They’ve been left out of all of this for the last 18 years. We still have a situation where Scottish MPs can vote in the House of Commons on English-only issues. I think what most English people want is a fair settlement,” he said.
-Cameron and the Queen will both move to calm tensions when they deliver statements on the result. The prime minister will try, in the words of one cabinet minister, to “cement in” the no vote by outlining how he will deliver the deepening of Scotland’s devolution settlement, including handing greater powers over tax and welfare to the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh.
-The Queen, who has monitored the referendum with interest, will make a written statement. It is understood that her remarks will focus on reconciliation. The prime minister wants to move fast to show that the three main UK party leaders will live up to their commitments made during the referendum campaign to deliver what the former prime minister Gordon Brown called “home rule” within the UK.
-Ministers believe it is important to move quickly to avoid a repeat of the 1980 referendum in Québec. The triumphalist behaviour of Ontario fuelled the separatist cause that nearly succeeded in a second referendum in 1995.
-For the no campaign, there was relief: a spate of authoritative polls in the final days of the campaign had said the vote was on a knife-edge, bringing Yes Scotland within touching distance of victory after a dramatic surge in support.",229
-"The average six-year-old child understands more about digital technology than a 45-year-old adult, a new report says.
-The arrival of broadband in the year 2000 has created a generation of digital natives, Ofcom (which checks standards in the UK communications industries) says in its report. These children, who were born in the new millennium, are learning how to use smartphones and tablets before they can talk.
-Jane Rumble from Ofcom said that, because they are growing up in the digital age, children’s communication habits are different from older generations, even from the 16-to-24 age group.
-800 children and 2,000 adults took Ofcom’s “digital quotient”, or DQ, test. The test finds out how much people know about tablets, smart watches, superfast internet, 4G mobile-phone networks and mobile apps. It also tries to find out how happy they feel about using them.
-In 6- to 7-year-olds, who have grown up with YouTube, Spotify music streaming and online television, the average DQ score was 98. Adults aged between 45 and 49 scored an average of 96. Digital understanding is highest between 14 and 15 years old – this age group have an average DQ of 113.
-People can now test their digital knowledge with a short version of the questionnaire. It will give anyone a DQ score. The website also gives people advice on how to improve their understanding and protect themselves and their families online.
-The ways in which children contact each other are very different from older generations.
-The biggest change is in time spent talking on the phone. Twenty years ago, teenagers spent their evenings on the home telephone line, talking about love and friendships in conversations that lasted for hours.
-But, now, for children aged 12 to 15, phone calls make up just 3% of time spent communicating through any device. For all adults, this rises to 20% and, for young adults, it is 9%. Today’s children communicate most by sending written messages or through sharing photographs and videos.
-Over 90% of the time they spend using devices is spent sending messages: chatting on social networks like Facebook, sending instant messages through services like WhatsApp or even sending traditional mobile-phone text messages. Just 2% of children’s time using devices is spent emailing. Adults spent 33% of their time using devices emailing.
-When they are not using their phones, 12- to 15-year-olds have a very different relationship with other media, too. A digital seven-day diary shows that only half of their viewing time is spent watching live television, compared to nearly 70% for all adults. They spend 20% of their time watching short video clips, for example on YouTube, or news clips on Facebook and other social sites. The rest of their viewing time is spent watching DVDs, streamed content through Netflix or iTunes and recorded television programmes.",230
-"Barack Obama flew back to Washington and his desk in the Oval Office on Wednesday, hours after delivering an election victory speech in Chicago in which he asked the country to unite behind him.
-Unlike after his election in 2008, the President is unlikely to get a honeymoon period.
-Both the Republican House Speaker, John Boehner, and the Democratic Leader in the Senate, Harry Reid, spoke about a need to work together to resolve the economic crisis. But it could become one of the biggest battles yet between the White House and Congress under Obama’s presidency.
-While Obama easily beat his Republican opponent Mitt Romney, holding swing state after swing state, the election showed again how divided America remains.
-While the inauguration is not until January, in effect Obama started his second term on Wednesday. Having disappointed many supporters in his first term, he now wants to establish a legacy that will transform him from a middling president into a great one.
-As well as overseeing what he hopes will be continued economic recovery, he hopes to address issues from immigration reform to investment in education and climate change, and, in foreign policy, from Iran to Israel-Palestine.
-He comfortably won more than the required 270 electoral college votes, and he also won a higher share of the popular vote.
-Boehner, in a statement, sounded conciliatory. He talked about “the need for both parties to find common ground and take steps together to help our economy grow and create jobs, which is critical to solving our debt”.
-Reid, also sounded conciliatory, saying: “I look at the challenges that we have ahead of us and I reach out to my Republican colleagues in the Senate and the House. Let’s come together. We know what the issues are; let’s solve them.”
-The trouble will come when talks move to detail: the Republicans want to protect military spending while the Democrats want cuts. Obama wants tax increases on households earning more than $250,000; Boehner has rejected any tax increases.
-In the presidential race, Romney won only one of the swing states, North Carolina, while Obama held New Hampshire, Virginia, Ohio, Wisconsin, Nevada, Iowa and Colorado.
-In his victory speech in Chicago, Obama referred to the long queues to vote and said there was a need for electoral reform.
-He returned to the soaring rhetoric that was his trademark during the 2008 election but which was not seen in 2012 because his campaign team decided it was inappropriate.
-But now that he has won, he returned to famous lines from earlier speeches, such as his 2008 slogan about “hope”.
-Obama told the ecstatic crowd of supporters: “Tonight in this election, you, the American people, reminded us that while our road has been hard, while our journey has been long, we have picked ourselves up, we have fought our way back. And we know in our hearts that for the United States of America the best is yet to come.” In a speech that lasted more than 25 minutes, Obama paid emotional tribute to his wife, Michelle, and his daughters, Malia and Sasha – as well as to his Vice-President, Joe Biden. Then he returned to the message that first brought him to national attention.
-“We are not as divided as our politics suggests,” he said. “We are greater than the sum of our individual ambitions, and we remain more than a collection of red states and blue states. We are, and forever will be, the United States of America.”
-Obama made clear he had an agenda in mind for his second term. He mentioned changes in the tax code, immigration reform and, as he put it, an America “that isn’t threatened by the destructive power of a warming planet”.
-Just before, Romney had phoned the President to concede. He said, “This is a time for great challenges for America and I pray the President will be successful in guiding our nation.”
-The campaign almost throughout has been a referendum on Obama. Despite the slow economy recovery and a high unemployment level, Americans decided not to change presidents.
-Historically, it would have been a disappointment for African Americans and many white liberals if the first black presidency had ended in failure.",231
-"It was a beautiful summer evening and I decided to go for a swim from Doolin Pier in County Clare, Ireland, where I moved in 2012. There was a woman in the water with Dusty, a dolphin who has a great relationship with a group of people she regularly swims with. Dusty arrived in Doolin in about 2008. Hundreds of people have swum with her, so everyone thinks that she’s totally tame.
-That evening, the woman was tickling Dusty’s tummy and it looked so nice in the water. There were about 20 tourists and locals on the pier. They were looking at this lovely sight. Just after I got into the water, Dusty left the woman she was with and went crazy – I found out afterwards that she’s very territorial when she is with somebody. Her tail was flapping wildly and, at first, I thought it was a display but, then, I realized she was angry. I knew I had to get out of the water so I swam towards the pier. But, within seconds, Dusty crashed into me with her nose. It was very powerful and painful, and the speed was amazing.
-All the people on the pier were staring at me with their mouths open. Dusty was still in the water beside me, her tail flapping crazily. That was the most frightening thing: I thought, if she hits me with her tail, I could go under the water and drown.
-I was at the pier but I couldn’t get out because of my injuries. I was terrified. I shouted for help and a man put his arm in and pulled me out of the water. Then, another man appeared and said he was a doctor. I was so cold and very worried – I didn’t know how bad my injuries were and my biggest fear was internal bleeding. The doctor said he didn’t think I had internal bleeding but he thought I probably had broken bones. I found out later that I had six spinal fractures, three broken ribs and a damaged lung.
-I was in hospital for five days and I couldn’t work for five months. I couldn’t move normally and I was in pain. Then, doctors told me I had post- traumatic stress. My near-death experience made me anxious about everything. I felt that people were looking at me in the wrong way, I began to have problems with loud noises and I suffered from memory loss. I could no longer work.
-It was the hardest year ever but, now, things are better. I had therapy, osteopathy and massage. I work as an osteopath now. I understand how the patients feel because I have been a patient myself.
-I am grateful that I am healthy. I really want to prevent other people being injured. We think dolphins are lovely and we have faith in them – who would think a dolphin would ever attack a person? If you see a dangerous animal coming towards you with big teeth, it’s scary, but dolphins have this lovely, wide smile.
-I don’t have any anger towards Dusty. I respect her. But I was in her territory and she’s a wild, unpredictable animal. People need to know that. So many people come here to swim with her and they don’t understand how dangerous it can be. Several other people were injured that summer.
-After the man pulled me out of the water, Dusty swam away but, then, she came back and looked at me. Our eyes met and I felt she was sorry for what she did to me. She was a totally different dolphin; the anger was gone. The people on the pier were amazed. When she had that little moment with me, that was the end of the terror. I forgave her.",232
-"They may not know who Steve Jobs was or even how to tie their own shoelaces, but the average six-year-old child understands more about digital technology than a 45-year-old adult, according to an authoritative new report.
-The advent of broadband in the year 2000 has created a generation of digital natives, Ofcom (which checks standards in the UK communications industries) says in its annual study of British consumers. Born in the new millennium, these children have never known the dark ages of dial-up internet and the youngest are learning how to operate smartphones or tablets before they are able to talk.
-“These younger people are shaping communications,” said Jane Rumble, Ofcom’s media research head. “As a result of growing up in the digital age, they are developing fundamentally different communication habits from older generations, even compared to what we call the early adopters, the 16-to-24 age group.”
-Ofcom devised a “digital quotient”, or DQ, test to put 800 children and 2,000 adults through their paces, which, rather than measuring intelligence, as an IQ test would, attempts to gauge awareness of and self-confidence around gadgets from tablets to smart watches, knowledge of superfast internet, 4G mobile- phone networks and mobile apps.
-Among 6- to 7-year-olds, who have grown up with YouTube, Spotify music streaming and online television, the average DQ score was 98, higher than for those aged between 45 and 49, who scored an average of 96. Digital understanding peaks between 14 and 15 years of age, when the average is a DQ of 113, and then drops gradually throughout adulthood, before falling rapidly in old age.
-People are now being invited to test their digital knowledge with an abbreviated version of the questionnaire that will give any member of the public a DQ score, along with advice on how to improve their understanding and protect themselves and their families online.
-The ways in which millennial children contact each other and consume entertainment are so different from previous generations that forecasters now consider their preferences a better indication of the future than those of trendsetting young adults.
-The most remarkable change is in time spent talking on the phone. Two decades ago, teenagers devoted their evenings to monopolizing the home telephone line, dissecting love affairs and friendships in conversations that lasted for hours.
-For those aged 12 to 15, phone calls account for just 3% of time spent communicating through any device. For all adults, this rises to 20% and, for young adults, it is still three times as high at 9%. Today’s children do the majority of their remote socializing by sending written messages or through shared photographs and videos. “The millennium generation is losing its voice,” Ofcom claims.
-Over 90% of their device-time is message based, chatting on social networks like Facebook, sending instant messages through services like WhatsApp or even firing off traditional mobile- phone text messages. Just 2% of children’s time is spent emailing, compared to 33% for adults.
-Away from their phones, 12- to 15-year-olds have a very different relationship with other media, too. A digital seven-day diary shows live television accounts for just half of viewing for this age group, compared to nearly 70% for all adults. They spend 20% of their time viewing short video clips, for example on YouTube, or news clips distributed via Facebook and other social sites. The rest of their viewing is shared between DVDs, streamed content through Netflix or iTunes and recorded television programmes.
-Young adults aged 16 to 24 are voracious consumers of almost all media. However, live radio and print-based media have all but disappeared from their daily diet.
-Younger people are moving away from live television and moving to streaming and catch- up services. Even among adults, television is becoming less important. Television viewing among 16- to 24-year-olds has been dipping each year since 2010, but 2013 was the first year where researchers found viewing fell across all age groups. The theory is that tablet computers – among the most popular Christmas presents in 2012 and 2013 – have brought many older people online for longer. With large screens and simple, touch-based interfaces, tablets are being credited with a jump in internet access among the over-65s.
-“For years, there has been a very stubborn resistance by the over-65s to accessing the internet,” said James Thickett, Research Director at Ofcom. “In the last three years, we have seen that change and we think that’s down to tablets.”
-Britain is embracing internet-enabled devices across the generations, to the extent that the balance between sleep and screen-based activities has now tipped. The typical adult spends eight hours and 41 minutes each day communicating or consuming media, including old-fashioned books and newspapers, and just eight hours and 21 minutes asleep.",233
-"ot just the identity of the man in the car park with the twisted spine, but the appalling last moments and humiliating treatment of the naked body of Richard III in the hours after his death have been revealed at an extraordinary press conference at Leicester University.
-There were cheers when Richard Buckley, Lead Archaeologist on the hunt for the king’s body, finally announced that the university team was convinced “beyond reasonable doubt” that it had found the last Plantagenet king, bent by scoliosis of the spine, and twisted further to fit into a hastily dug hole in Grey Friars church, which was slightly too small to hold his body.
-But, by then, it was clear the evidence was overwhelming, as the scientists who carried out the DNA tests, those who created the computer-imaging technology to peer onto and into the bones in extraordinary detail, the genealogists who found a distant descendant with matching DNA, and the academics who scoured contemporary texts for accounts of the king’s death and burial outlined their findings.
-“What a morning. What a story,” said Philippa Langley, of the Richard III Society. She had been driving on the project for years, in the face of incredulity from many people, and finding funds from all over the world when it looked as if the money would run out before the excavation had even begun.
-Work has started on designing a new tomb in Leicester Cathedral, only 100 yards from the excavation site, and a ceremony will be held to lay him into his new grave there, probably next year. Leicester’s Museums’ Service is working on plans for a new visitor centre in an old school building overlooking the site.
-Richard died at Bosworth on 22 August 1485, the last English king to fall in battle, and the researchers revealed how for the first time. There was an audible intake of breath as a slide came up showing the base of his skull sliced off by one terrible blow, believed to be from a halberd, a fearsome medieval battle weapon with a razor-sharp iron axe blade weighing about two kilos, mounted on a wooden pole, which was swung at Richard at very close range. The blade probably penetrated several centimetres into his brain and, said the human bones expert Jo Appleby, he would have been unconscious at once and dead almost as soon.
-The injury appears to confirm contemporary accounts that he died in close combat in the thick of the battle and unhorsed – as in the great despairing cry Shakespeare gives him: “A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!” Another sword slash, which also went through the bone and into the brain, would also have proved fatal. But many of the other injuries were after death, suggesting a gruesome ritual on the battlefield and as the king’s body was brought back to Leicester, as he was stripped, mocked and mutilated.
-One terrible injury, a stab through the right buttock and into his pelvis, was certainly after death and could not have happened when his lower body was protected by armour. It suggests the story that his naked corpse was brought back slung over a horse, mocked and abused all the way, is true. Bob Savage, a medieval arms expert from the Royal Armouries who helped identify the wounds, said it was probably not a war weapon but the sort of sharp knife or dagger any workman might have carried.
-Michael Ibsen, the Canadian-born furniture maker proved to be the descendant of Richard’s sister, heard the confirmation on Sunday and listened to the unfolding evidence in shocked silence. “My head is no clearer now than when I first heard the news,” he said. “Many, many hundreds of people died on that field that day. He was a king, but just one of the dead. He lived in very violent times and these deaths would not have been pretty or quick.”
-It was Mathew Morris who first uncovered the body, in the first hour of the first day of the excavation. He did not believe he had found the king. The mechanical digger was still chewing the tarmac off the council car park, identified by years of research by local historians and the Richard III Society as the probable site of the lost church of Grey Friars, whose priests bravely claimed the body of the king and buried him in a hastily dug grave, probably still naked, but in a position of honour near the high altar of their church. The leg bones just showing through the soil were covered up again.
-Ten days later, on 5 September, when further excavation proved Morris had hit the crucial spot, he returned with Lin Foxhall, head of the archaeology department, to excavate the body. “We did it the usual way, lifting the arms, legs and skull first, and proceeding gradually towards the torso – so it was only when we finally saw the twisted spine that I thought: 'My word, I think we’ve got him.'”
-As far as Langley is concerned, Richard was the true king, the last king of the north, a worthy and brave leader who became a victim of some of the most brilliant propaganda in history, in the hands of the Tudors’ image- maker, Shakespeare. There remains the dark shadow of the little princes in the tower, an infamous story even in Richard’s day: the child Edward V and his brother Richard were declared illegitimate when Richard III claimed the throne, imprisoned in the Tower of London and never seen alive again. Although it is by no means certain that the bones found at the tower centuries later are theirs, there may be more DNA detective work to be done there.",234
-"What is it like to look at the very last of something? To contemplate the passing of a unique wonder that will soon vanish from the face of the earth? Sudan is the last male northern white rhino on the planet. If he does not mate successfully soon with one of two female northern white rhinos at Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya, there will be no more of their kind, male or female, born anywhere. And it seems a slim chance, as Sudan is getting old at 42 and breeding efforts have so far failed. Apart from these three animals, there are only two other northern white rhinos in the world, both in zoos, both female.
-It seems an image of human tenderness that Sudan is lovingly guarded by armed men who stand vigilantly and caringly with him. But, of course, it is an image of brutality. Even at this last desperate stage in the fate of the northern white rhino, Sudan is under threat from poachers who kill rhinos and hack off their horns to sell them on the Asian medicine market – despite the fact that he has had his horn cut off to deter them.
-Sudan doesn’t know how precious he is. His eye is a sad black dot in his massive wrinkled face as he wanders the reserve with his guards. His head is a marvellous thing. It is a majestic rectangle of strong bone and leathery flesh, a head that expresses pure strength. How terrible that such a mighty head can, in reality, be so vulnerable. It is lowered melancholically beneath the sinister sky, as if weighed down by fate. This is the noble head of an old warrior, his armour battered, his appetite for struggle fading.
-Under his immense looming shoulder, his legs protrude like squat columns from the tough tank of his body. The way his foreleg emerges from his thick coat of skin reminds us how long human beings have been wondering at the natural spectacle that is the rhino. For Sudan does not look so different from the rhinoceros that Albrecht Dürer portrayed in 1515. They have the same little legs stuck out of a majestic body and they even lower their heads in the same contemplative way. Dürer was a Renaissance artist picturing an exotic beast from the exotic lands that Europe was starting to see more and more of. In 1515, a live Indian rhinoceros was sent by the ruler of Gujarat in India to the king of Portugal: he in turn sent it to the Pope but, on the way, it died in a shipwreck.
-Human beings – we always kill the things we love. We have been doing so since the Ice Age. There are beautiful pictures of European woolly rhinos in caves in France that were painted up to 30,000 years ago. These ancient relatives of Sudan share his heroic bulk, mighty power and paradoxical air of gentleness. A woolly rhino in Chauvet Cave seems agile and young, a creature full of life. But the same people who painted such sensitive portraits of Ice Age rhinos helped to kill them off. As climate turned against the woolly megafauna with the end of the last Ice Age, human spears probably delivered the coup de grâce.
-Today, immense love is invested in rhinos, yet they are being slaughtered in ever greater numbers. The northern white rhino is the rarest species of African rhino. There are far greater numbers of southern white rhinos and black rhinos. But the demand in some countries for rhino horn as a traditional medicine believed to cure everything from flu to cancer is fuelling a boom in poaching. From 2007, when just 13 rhinos were killed by poachers in South Africa, the killings have grown horrifically. In 2014, 1,215 rhinos were slaughtered for their horns in South Africa. 2015 already looks certain to beat that dreadful record.
-The vulnerable northern white rhino has been hunted virtually to extinction – in spite of every precaution, in spite of the guards and their guns – and other varieties of African rhino are under a sustained attack from poachers that is totally out of control. The Javan rhinoceros is also on the verge of extinction. India has successfully protected the Indian rhinoceros after it was almost wiped out by British hunters in colonial times but here, too, poaching is a menace. What a majestic creature and what futile human destructiveness. Have we learned nothing since the Ice Age?",235
-"Tea, baked beans on toast and fish and chips have long been part of the British food tradition. But, there has been a change in tastes over the generations. This has been clearly shown in data published recently in the National Food Survey, which was set up in 1940 by the government because of concerns about health and access to food.
-Everyone knows the British love tea but consumption has more than halved since the 1970s, falling from 68g of tea per person per week to only 25g. Britons are now drinking on average only eight cups of tea a week, down from 23 cups in 1974. And, while tea remains the most popular hot drink in the UK, people now spend more money on coffee.
-The data is from 150,000 households who took part in the survey between 1974 and 2000, combined with information from 2000 to 2014. It shows a move towards healthier diets in recent decades, with shifts to low-calorie soft drinks, from whole to skimmed milk and increasing consumption of fresh fruit. But, weekly consumption of chips, pizza, crisps and ready meals has soared.
-There has also been a dramatic shift from white to brown bread but the figures suggest the amount of bread people are eating has fallen from 25 to 15 slices a week over the past four decades. The consumption of baked beans has dropped by a fifth despite a rise in other types of convenience food, particularly Italian dishes. Adults in the UK now eat an average of 75g of pizza every week compared with none in 1974, while the consumption of pasta has almost tripled over the same period.
-Fresh potatoes are also becoming less essential with a 67% decrease from 1974, when adults ate the equivalent of 188g every day. Sales of other vegetables such as cucumbers, courgettes, aubergines and mushrooms have increased. Consumption of takeaway food has almost doubled since 1974, from 80g per person per week to 150g. Around 33g of this amount is chips and 56g is meat, with kebabs (10g), chicken (7g), burgers (5g) and “meat-based meals” (32g) particularly popular.
-Some trends suggest that British people are becoming more careful about what they put on their plates, with the average consumption of fruit increasing by 50% since 1974. In 2014, UK adults ate an average of 157g of fruit per day. Bananas have been the most popular fruit in the UK since 1996, reaching 221g per adult per week in 2014, well above apples (131g) and oranges (48g). Lowcalorie soft drinks represented half of all soft drinks consumed in 2014 for the first time. Britons are also spending a smaller proportion of their salaries on food today – 11%, compared with 24% in 1974.
-The UK Environment Secretary, Elizabeth Truss, said: “Food is the heart of our society and this data not only shows what we were eating 40 years ago but how a change in culture has led to a food revolution. Shoppers care more about where their food comes from than ever before, the internet has brought quality food to our doors at the click of a button, fashionable restaurants are showcasing the latest trends and exciting global cuisines are now as common as fish and chips.”
-“By studying this data, we can look beyond what, where or how previous generations were eating and pinpoint the moments that changed our habits forever. We’ve only scratched the surface of what the National Food Survey can tell us. From local food maps and school projects to predicting new food trends, I look forward to seeing how this data can be used to learn more about our past and grow our world-leading food and farming industry in the future.”",236
-"The atmosphere at the beginning of the final series of Downton Abbey is one of melancholy and changing times. The year is 1925. The neighbours are selling up their own stately home, while Lord Grantham wants to cut back on servants.
-But, at the real Downton Abbey, Highclere Castle – a stately home owned by George “Geordie” Herbert, 8th Earl of Carnarvon – they have more money than before. According to Lady Fiona Carnarvon, the huge global success of Downton has paid for building repairs that are needed to save Highclere for the next generation.
-“It’s been an amazing magic carpet ride for all of us,” she said. “It’s given us free marketing and an international profile. I’m hugely grateful. My husband and I love Highclere Castle. Now, it is loved by millions of other people.”
-Currently, only the ground and first floors of Highclere, on the borders of Hampshire, are used. But, a restoration project of tower rooms has begun that will eventually allow visitors to climb up into the tower to an exhibition showing the work of the architect of the Houses of Parliament, Sir Charles Barry, who rebuilt the house between 1839 and 1842.
-When the Downton Abbey producers first approached Highclere in 2009, the family had £12 million of repairs to do – £1.8 million of that work was urgent. But, by 2012, Downton Abbey was having a positive effect. Lord Carnarvon said then: “It was just after the banking crisis and we were worried. Then, Downton began and Highclere became a major tourist attraction.”
-Visitor numbers doubled, to 1,200 a day, as Downton Abbey, written by Julian Fellowes, was shown around the world after becoming a hit in the UK in 2010 and, then, in the US. It is now broadcast in 250 countries.
-There is now a computerized advance booking system, which helps foreign visitors to buy tickets. Highclere’s current assets have almost trebled to around £1 million since 2012. Gareth Neame, the executive producer for the series, said: “I think Downton Abbey secured Highclere’s future.”
-Peter Fincham, ITV’s director of television, remembers the moment when Highclere was booked. “I thought, ‘So what?’, because I had never heard of Highclere Castle. I thought, ‘Every stately home looks the same.’ But I was wrong. The castle has been an enormous character as well.”
-The Downton tourists are part of a growing phenomenon. VisitBritain estimates that nearly 30% of foreign visitors, or nearly nine million people, visit castles and historic houses. Almost half of visitors to Britain now say they want to visit places from films or TV.
-More than a million take a tour of historic buildings each year, spending more than £1 billion. Fifty-one per cent of Brazilians, 42% of Russians and Chinese, and 35% of Indian visitors are likely to include a visit to a site of interest in their trips.
-VisitBritain’s director, Patricia Yates, said: “The links between tourism, films and TV are strong.” She added that period dramas have also increased the popularity of places outside of London.
-“Downton Abbey expresses a certain view of Britain. It is a fantasy world, based in a particular time in history. It’s the first TV period drama that has really become part of popular culture.”
-Lady Carnarvon says that the long-term future of Highclere is not necessarily secure. But, she says, “The programme has allowed us to spend faster on the buildings.”
-Highclere Castle plans a Tutankhamun event in 2022, 100 years after the 5th Earl of Carnarvon discovered Tutankhamun’s tomb with Howard Carter. Another opportunity to keep Highclere in the public mind is the 300th anniversary of the birth of Lancelot “Capability” Brown, who designed the grounds.
-“Every single day, don’t take anything for granted,” said Lady Carnarvon. “You have to invest in all these great houses. And, there has been a deficit since the 1930s. In the past, an estate and house supported the family and their lifestyle but, today, it is quite the reverse: the challenge is how Geordie and I can support Highclere.
-“I’ve tried to persuade people it is fun. We have specific events they can engage with, not just a walk around a dusty house. We have to compete with attractions like the London Dungeon.”",237
-"Scientists have implanted a false memory in the brains of mice in an experiment that they hope will help to explain why people ‘remember’ events or experiences that have never happened.
-False memories are a major problem with witness statements in courts of law. Evidence that eyewitnesses give often leads to guilty verdicts, but later the convictions are overturned when DNA or some other evidence is used.
-Susumu Tonagawa, a neuroscientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and his team wanted to study how these false memories might form in the human brain, so they encoded memories in the brains of mice by manipulating individual neurons. Memories of experiences we have had are made from several elements including records of objects, space and time. These records are encoded in physical and chemical changes in brain cells and the connections between them. According to Tonagawa, both false and genuine memories seem to use the same brain mechanisms.
-In the experiment, Tonagawa’s team put the mice in a box and allowed them to explore it. As they did so, their brain cells were producing a memory protein. The next day, the same mice were put in a second box and given a small electric shock, to encode a fear response. At the same time, the researchers shone light into the mouse brains to activate their memories of the first box. That way, the mice learned to associate fear of the electric shock with the memory of the first box.
-In the final part of the experiment, the team put the mice back in the first box. The mice froze, showing a typical fear response, even though they had never been shocked in that box.
-A similar process may happen when powerful false memories are created in humans. “Humans are very imaginative animals,” said Tonagawa. “ So, just like our mouse, it is quite possible we can associate what we happen to have in our mind with bad or good events. In other words, there could be a false association of what you have in your mind rather than what is happening to you.”
-He added: “Our study showed that the false memory and the genuine memory are based on similar, almost identical, brain mechanisms. It is difficult for the person with false memories to distinguish between them. We hope our future findings along this line will show legal experts how unreliable memory can be.”
-Chris French, of the University of London, is a leading researcher in false memories in people. He said that the latest results were an important first step in understanding them. “Memory researchers have always recognized that memory does not work like a video camera, recording all the details of anything we experience. Instead, it is a reconstructive process, which involves building a specific memory from fragments of real memory traces of the original event, but also possibly including information from other sources.”
-He warned that the false memories created in the mice in the experiments were far simpler than the complex false memories that have caused controversy within psychology and psychiatry – for example, false memories of childhood sexual abuse, abduction by aliens, or “past lives”. “Such rich false memories will clearly involve many brain systems and we are still a long way from understanding the processes involved in their formation at the neuronal level,” he said.
-Mark Stokes, a neuroscientist at Oxford University, said the experiments were a great achievement but that it was important to put them into perspective. “Although the results seem to show that new memories were formed by the artificial stimulation (rather than the actual environment), this kind of phenomenon is still a long way from most people’s idea of memory,” he said.
-The mouse models created by the MIT team will help scientists ask more and more complex questions about memories in people. “Now that we can change the contents of memories in the brain, we can begin asking questions that were once the realm of philosophy,” said Steve Ramirez, a colleague of Tonagawa’s at MIT. “Are there multiple conditions that lead to the formation of false memories? Can false memories be artificially created? What about false memories for more than just contexts – false memories for objects, food or other mice? These are the seemingly sci-fi questions that can now be experimentally tackled in the lab.”
-As the technology develops, said French, scientists need to think about its uses carefully. “In whatever way we implant false memories, we need to be very aware of the ethical issues raised by such procedures – the potential for abuse of such techniques cannot be overstated.”",238
-"We may not yet be living in an age of flying cars, as predicted in the 1985 film Back to the Future II, but the rise of smartphones and other new technologies is creating a reality that is just as exciting and almost as far-fetched. Experts agree that economic and demographic changes, technological advances, and environmental concerns are fundamentally changing transportation. “It’s a very dynamic time,” said transport expert Robert Puentes. “There’s a tighter connection between transportation and the economic health of cities and its impact on people.”
-As the transport infrastructure grows old, cities across the US are forced to redefine what transportation is. Urban planners, transportation experts and scientists are now realizing that old methods focused on reducing traffic congestion aren’t enough to solve problems like population growth and carbon emissions, and transportation is now a key part of protecting the environment.
-Big US cities like Los Angeles and Chicago are working to make better use of their streets by adding more bus lanes and pedestrian walkways, and expanding rail networks. At the same time, they are working on advanced technologies that will allow a vehicle to drive itself and communicate with other vehicles and its environment. “The most sustainable places to live are places that have multi-modal transport systems,” Puentes said.
-Here are three key ideas that experts predict will influence transportation in the coming years.
-Ride-sharing services like Uber – taxis booked via smartphone – and apps like Waze, which uses real-time traffic data to find the quickest routes for drivers, are dramatically changing how people move around and affecting the way traffic moves through a city. Communication between riders and drivers, between different vehicles and between cars and infrastructure is bringing transportation into a new era, according to Allan Clelland, an expert on transportation technology.
-According to a recent study, car travel has reduced among people born in the 1990s compared to previous generations. According to the study, people born in the 1990s are making 4% fewer car trips and travelling 18% fewer miles per year, on average, than members of previous generations did at the same stage in their lives.
-People still driving cars are dealing with less traffic thanks to Waze. Experts say the traffic app has reduced congestion on motorways and reduced travel times for drivers. But it has also led to a problematic rise in cars moving through residential neighbourhoods.
-This trend could continue as vehicle-to-vehicle data communication, as well as communication between vehicles and the surrounding infrastructure, grows. Currently, a traffic light knows when a car is getting close but that’s all. Companies are working to develop technology that will allow a vehicle to tell traffic control systems not only that it is present but also where it is going and how fast it is travelling.
-Driverless cars have been in the headlines ever since Google began road testing the vehicles back in 2012 but no-one really knows when driverless cars will become commonplace. However, the partial automation of cars is already underway. Automation will probably happen in stages: first, there might be automated buses with their own lanes, then perhaps lorries in ports or mining towns: that is, vehicles that are connected electronically and travel in single file.
-The idea of a fully automated transportation system is intriguing because it could improve safety by removing human error. It could also help reduce carbon emissions and traffic congestion, and allow more people access to cars. But, even if driverless technology were ready to use now, it would take a long time to get fully automated because the average age of cars on the road is 11.5 years old.
-To see what driverless cars might look like in action, go to the video at: vimeo.com/37751380.
-As the world races to avoid catastrophic climate change and countries and cities work to meet ambitious emissions goals, these policies could also have a big effect on the future of transportation. Concern about the environment could lead to everything from zero- and low-emission vehicles to apps that encourage more walking, biking and carpooling.
-When considering the future of transportation, it’s also important to keep in mind why people travel: they may be going to work, to meet friends or family, or to do the shopping. Technologies that reduce the need for those trips – for example, virtual meetings or telecommuting – could also have a big effect on transportation.
-In the past, the idea of a flying car represented the best in innovation but the technologies that people are imagining and developing now are possibly even more sophisticated – and more useful in solving the social and environmental problems that we face in the coming decades.",239
-"Himalayan lakes, spacewalks and the presidential primaries helped Scott Kelly keep his wits over 340 days in space, the astronaut told journalists, after he landed back on Earth from a record-setting mission. “It seemed like I lived there forever,” Kelly said. The veteran of past missions said that his biggest surprise was simply how long this one felt. “Maybe, occasionally, you do go bananas,” he said.
-Kelly and a Russian counterpart, Mikhail Kornienko, spent nearly a year on the International Space Station (ISS) in order to study the effects of weightlessness, radiation and the cramped quarters of spaceflight on humans – research NASA considers essential for an eventual mission to Mars.
-Kelly said the length of the mission was its biggest challenge and that he felt significantly more sore on returning to gravity than after shorter trips. Kelly and his twin brother, Mark, a retired astronaut, have spent the last year taking physical and mental tests. The tests will continue, to help NASA learn about how the body copes with the severe strains of spaceflight.
-Kelly said he felt aches and had extremely sensitive skin but, so far, his balance has felt mostly decent. However, he said, “the first thing I tried to throw on a table I missed” because “you tend to underestimate the effects of gravity”.
-He said the discomfort of returning to gravity – which shrank him back down to normal height after he stretched by 1.5 inches in orbit – took nothing away from the awe he felt after his capsule landed back on Earth. When the Russian capsule opened on to the cool air of Kazakhstan, Kelly said, he smelled “a fragrance like a plant was blooming in that area”. It was the fresh air mingled with the charred, “kind of sweet” smell of a spacecraft that had survived re-entry through the atmosphere.
-Backing away from the vessel, he said, the scope of the mission began to sink in: 340 days on a 15-year-old space station which is “a million pounds, the size of a football field, the internal volume, some say, of a six-bedroom house ”. The ISS, he said, is a place that uses the power of the sun and was built with the help of an international team and millions of taxpayers.
-“There are things we’re going to discover about our experience in space in the space station that we don’t even know now,” Kelly said, comparing the research of more than 450 missions there to the work done by computer scientists at NASA in the 1960s and 1970s. He added: “The view is great, too.”
-Kelly made the most of that view, posting spectacular photos on social media of the Earth’s cities, landscapes, oceans and atmosphere. “The Earth is a beautiful planet,” he said, describing the striking colours of the waters around the Bahamas and the rainbow hues of lakes that dot the northern Himalayas. He said he would like to visit that region, though he would first need to learn “what country actually owns them”. But, “predominantly, you just notice how thin the atmosphere is, how fragile it looks,” Kelly added. “That, combined with these large swathes of pollution, is kind of alarming.”
-The astronaut said he could see entire systems of pollution: smoke clouds from wildfires that covered parts of the US, sections of Asia with continuous, visible pollution nearly all year round. He said the message “we need to save the planet” slightly missed the point: “The planet will get better; it’s us that won’t be here because we’ll destroy the environment.” The world’s thin shield of atmosphere “makes you more of an environmentalist after spending so much time looking down”, he said.
-“It’s for us to take care of the air we breathe and the water we drink. And I do believe we have an impact on that and we do have the ability to change it, if we make the decision to.” Kelly’s active social- media life, which he said was a joint effort with his girlfriend, earned him a huge online following. But he said he was unaware of it, instead he was watching the chaotic drama of the 2016 presidential election. One of the first questions he asked the crew who lifted him out of a space capsule was “How did Super Tuesday go?”
-But the astronaut demurred when asked for his thoughts on the likes of Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders. “I would say that, as a government employee, I am subject to the Hatch Act,” he said, referring to a law that prohibits some political activity for federal employees. “So I can’t say how I think of all the news stories of all the year.”
-Besides the news, he said, steady work helped keep him sane: “I tried to have milestones that were close, like when is the next crew arriving, the next spacewalk, the next robotics, the next science experiment. That made a difference to me, keeping my sanity.” Being back on Earth with the rest of humanity had not quite sunk in, he added, recalling how shocked he had been to see a crowd of people after a previous mission. “There’ll be a point here pretty soon where I’ll start feeling that kind of culture shock,” he said.
-Although a NASA scientist said Kelly embodied the qualities needed for a mission to Mars, the astronaut himself predicted that he would not fly again with the space agency. “But I don’t think I would ever say I’m absolutely, 100% done,” he added, noting the sudden successes of private spaceflight companies such as SpaceX. “They might need a guy like me someday,” he said. “Maybe, in the next 20 years, you’ll be able to buy a cheap ticket, just go for a little visit.”",240
-"Nobody knows which came first: the economic crisis tearing Greece apart or shisha, the drug now known as the “cocaine of the poor”. What everyone does accept is that shisha is a killer; and at €2 or less a hit, it is one that has come to stalk Greece, the country long on the frontline of Europe’s financial meltdown.
-“As drugs go, it is the worst. It burns your insides, it makes you aggressive and ensures that you go totally mad,” said Maria, a former heroin addict. “But it is cheap and it is easy to get, and it is what everyone is doing.”
-This drug crisis has put Athens’s health authorities, already overwhelmed by draconian cuts, under further strain.
-The drug of preference for thousands of homeless Greeks forced on to the streets by poverty and despair, shisha is described by both addicts and officials as a variant of crystal meth, whose potential to send users into a state of mindless violence is underpinned by the substances with which the synthetic drug is frequently mixed: battery acid, engine oil and even shampoo.
-Worse still, it is not only readily available but easy to make – tailor-made for a society that sees little light at the end of the tunnel.
-“It is a killer, but it also makes you want to kill,” said Konstantinos, a drug addict. “You can kill without understanding that you have done it. And it is spreading faster than death. A lot of users have died.”
-For Charalampos Poulopoulos, the head of Kethea, Greece’s pre-eminent anti-drug centre, shisha symbolizes the depredations of a crisis that has led to record levels of destitution and unemployment. It is, he said, an “austerity drug” – the response of dealers who have become ever more adept at producing synthetic drugs designed for those who can no longer afford more expensive highs from such drugs as heroin and cocaine.
-“The crisis has given dealers the possibility to promote a new, cheap drug, a cocaine for the poor,” said Poulopoulos at a centre run for addicts in Exarcheia, the anarchist stronghold in Athens. “Shisha can be sniffed or injected and it can be made in home laboratories – you don’t need any specialized knowledge. It is extremely dangerous.”
-Across Greece, the byproducts of six straight years of recession have been brutal and cruel. Depression, along with drug and alcohol abuse, has risen dramatically. Delinquency and crime have soared as Greek society has unravelled under the weight of austerity measures that have cut the income of ordinary Greeks by 40%. Prostitution – the easiest way of financing drug addiction – has similarly skyrocketed.
-“Desperation is such that many women agree to engage in unprotected sex because that way they’ll make more money,” said Eleni Marini, a British-trained psychologist with Kethea. “Shisha has been linked to a very intense sexual drive but it attacks your ability to think straight and we’re seeing a lot more pregnancies among drug addicts who engage in prostitution.” In 2012, two sex workers gave birth on the streets of Athens.
-At a time when suicides have also shot up and the spread of HIV infections has assumed epidemic proportions, drug addicts (a population believed to be around 25,000 strong) have become increasingly self-destructive. And, experts say, young Greeks marginalized by record rates of unemployment – at 64% Greece has the highest youth unemployment in the EU – are leading the way.
-“The crisis has created a widespread sense of pessimism,” said Poulopoulos. “For those who might have quit drugs, there is now no incentive. Instead, there’s an atmosphere of misery, where people knowing they won’t find work are becoming a lot more self-destructive. In Athens, where the economic crisis has hit hardest, shisha is part of that.”
-Greece’s conservative-dominated coalition government has tried to deal with the problem by driving drug users and other homeless people out of the city centre – a series of controversial police operations has swept central streets, clearing crowded doorways and malls.
-“But with such actions, authorities are only sweeping the problem under the carpet,” said Poulopoulos. “What, in reality, they are really doing is marginalizing these people even more by pushing them into the arms of drug dealers who offer them protection.”
-Just when the demand for help has never been greater, state-funded organizations such as Kethea have had their budgets slashed by a third at the request of the “troika” – the EC, ECB and IMF – keeping the debt-stricken Greek economy afloat.
-Since the outbreak of the crisis in 2009, Kethea has lost 70 of its 500 staff. The cuts come despite studies showing that, for every euro invested in programmes such as Kethea, the state saves about €6 in costs to the criminal justice and healthcare systems. “The cuts we have witnessed are a false economy, a huge mistake,” said Poulopoulos.
-On the streets of Athens, the breeding ground of shisha, there is rising fear that austerity not only doesn’t work – it kills.",241
-"Organic food has more of the antioxidants linked to better health than regular food, and lower levels of toxic metals and pesticides, according to the most comprehensive scientific analysis so far. The international team behind the work suggests that switching to organic fruit and vegetables could give the same benefits as adding one or two portions of the recommended ‘five a day’ fruit and vegetables.
-The team, led by Professor Carlo Leifert, concludes that there are “statistically significant” differences, with a range of antioxidants being “substantially higher” – between 19% and 69% – in organic food. It is the first study to demonstrate clear differences between organic and conventional fruits, vegetables and cereals.
-The researchers say the increased levels of antioxidants are equivalent to “one to two of the five portions of fruits and vegetables recommended to be consumed daily and would therefore be significant in terms of human nutrition”.
-The findings will add to the controversy over organic food and whether it is better for people. Tom Sanders, a professor of nutrition at King’s College London, said the research did show some differences. “But the question is are they within natural variation? And are they nutritionally relevant? I am not convinced.” He added, “Leifert has had a lot of disagreements with a lot of people.” He also said that research showed organic cereals have less protein than conventional crops.
-The results of the research are based on an analysis of 343 studies from around the world – more than ever before – which examine differences between organic and conventional fruit, vegetables and cereals. “The important thing about this research is that it shatters the myth that how we farm does not affect the quality of the food we eat,” said Helen Browning, chief executive of the Soil Association, which campaigns for organic farming.
-Leifert and his colleagues conclude that many antioxidants “have previously been linked to a reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and certain cancers”. The researchers also found much higher levels of cadmium, a toxic metal, in conventional crops. Pesticide residues were found on conventional crops four times more often than on organic food.
-The research is certain to be criticized: the inclusion of so many studies in the analysis could mean poor-quality work makes the results unreliable. Also, the higher levels of cadmium and pesticides in conventional produce were still far below recommended limits. But, the researchers say cadmium accumulates over time in the body and that some people may wish to avoid this, and that pesticide limits are set individually, not for the cocktail of chemicals used on crops.
-A further criticism of the research is that the differences seen may result from different climates, soil types and crop varieties, and not from organic farming. The greatest criticism, however, will be over the suggestions of possible health benefits. The most recent major analysis, which included 223 studies in 2012, found little evidence. “The published literature lacks strong evidence that organic foods are significantly more nutritious than conventional foods,” it found.
-This was also the conclusion of earlier, smaller studies published in 2009 in a scientific journal and by the UK Food Standards Agency. The 2012 study did note that eating organic food might help people avoid pesticide residues. Sanders said he was not persuaded by the new work. “You are not going to be healthier if you eat organic food,” he said. “What is most important is what you eat, not whether it’s organic or conventional. It’s whether you eat fruit and vegetables at all.”
-Opinion polls show healthy eating (55%) and avoiding chemical residues (53%) are key reasons given by shoppers for buying organic produce. But, many also say care for the environment (44%) and animal welfare (31%) are important, and also taste (35%). Browning said: “This research confirms what people think about organic food. In other countries, there have, for a long time, been much higher levels of support and acceptance of the benefits of organic food and farming. We hope these findings will bring the UK into line with the rest of Europe.”",242
-"Anitta, a music star from Brazil, has millions of fans, but she is at the centre of a debate about skin colour.
-Some people are saying that Anitta had to give up her black skin to be a success in the mostly white middle-class market.
-The debate was started by photographs that show that Anitta’s skin has got much lighter since she signed a music deal with Warner.
-In the first photo, before she was famous, she looked darker. In the second photo – a marketing photo after she became famous – she seems lighter. The difference has started a discussion about whether you need to have light skin to be a success in Brazil.
-Born Larissa de Macedo Machado, the diva-to-be was a church chorister in her childhood. In her teens, she made a name for herself in Rio de Janeiro’s baile funk scene as a dancer and singer.
-She now has an album and a huge hit single, Show das Poderosas, which was number one in the charts and attracted 52 million YouTube views.
-Many people love her because she is a pop idol with a strong message and some good pop songs. Her marketing team want people to see her as a cultural bridge between the poor people living in the mostly black and mixed-race shanty towns on Rio’s hills and the richer and whiter parts below.
-But now people are asking if she – or her marketing team – have gone too far and changed her too much.
-This is a sensitive topic in this mixed-raced country. Brazil has the largest population of African descent outside Africa, but race and where your family come from are less important there than colour. There is a clear link between skin colour and inequality.
-In Brazilian cities, white workers earn twice as much as workers of African descent. Up until 2011, black or mixed-race students also spent two years less at school on average.
-Most business and government executives are white, but black and mixed-race workers do most of the boring or dirty jobs.
-Brazil did a census in 2010. Among the 197 million population, 82 million said they were “pardu” (mixed race), 15 million black, two million Asian and 0.5% indigenous.
-Maycon de Mattos Batista, a financial analyst who used to work with Anitta, said there has been a huge change in Anitta’s image, but not of her colour.
-“I don’t believe she is whiter; it’s more the makeup, hairstylists and the way she dresses,” he said. “I don’t think that was because of pressure they put on her. She always liked to show off, sing and dance. That was a natural thing for her. I believe that it is because of this naturalness that she has become a success.”",243
-"Facebook has lost millions of users per month in its biggest markets, independent data suggests, as alternative social networks attract the attention of those looking for fresh online playgrounds.
-As Facebook prepares to update investors on its performance in the first three months of the year, with analysts forecasting revenues up 36% on last year, studies suggest that its expansion in the US, UK and other major European countries has peaked. In the last month, the world’s largest social network has lost 6m US visitors, a 4% fall, according to analysis firm Socialbakers. In the UK, 1.4m fewer users checked in in March, a fall of 4.5%. The declines are sustained. In the last six months, Facebook has lost nearly 9m monthly visitors in the US and 2m in the UK.
-Users are also switching off in Canada, Spain, France, Germany and Japan, where Facebook has some of its biggest followings. A spokeswoman for Facebook declined to comment.
-“The problem is that, in the US and UK, most people who want to sign up for Facebook have already done it,” said new media specialist Ian Maude at Enders Analysis. “There is a boredom factor where people like to try something new. Is Facebook going to go the way of MySpace? The risk is relatively small, but that is not to say it isn’t there.” Alternative social networks such as Instagram, the photo-sharing site that won 30m users in 18 months before Facebook acquired the business, have seen surges in popularity with younger age groups.
-Path, the mobile phone-based social network founded by former Facebook employee Dave Morin, which restricts its users to 150 friends, is gaining 1m users a week. It has recently topped 9m users, with 500,000 Venezuelans downloading the app in a single weekend.
-Facebook is still growing fast in South America. Monthly visitors in Brazil were up 6% in the last month to 70m, according to Socialbakers, whose information is used by Facebook advertisers. India has seen a 4% rise to 64m – still a fraction of the country’s population, leaving room for further growth.
-But in developed markets, other Facebook trackers are reporting declines. Analysts at Jefferies bank have developed an algorithm that interfaces directly with Facebook software and it “suggests user levels in [the first quarter] may have declined from peak”.
-Jefferies saw global numbers peak at 1.05bn a month in January, before falling by 20m in February. Numbers rose again in April. The network has now lost nearly 2m visitors in the UK since December, according to research firm Nielsen, with its 27m total flat on a year before.
-The number of minutes Americans spend on Facebook appears to be falling, too. The total was 121 billion minutes in December 2012, but that fell to 115 billion minutes in February, according to comScore.
-As Facebook itself has warned, the time spent on its pages from those sitting in front of personal computers is declining rapidly because we are switching our screen time to smartphones and tablets.
-While smartphone minutes have doubled in a year, to 69 a month, that growth is not guaranteed to compensate for dwindling desktop usage.
-Facebook is the most authoritative source on its own user numbers, and the firm will update investors on its performance for the quarter. Wall Street expects revenues of about $1.44bn, up from $1.06bn in 2012.
-Shareholders will be particularly keen to learn how fast Facebook’s mobile user base is growing, and whether advertising revenues are increasing at the same rate.
-Mobile usage represented nearly a quarter of Facebook’s advertising income at the end of 2012, and the network had 680m mobile users a month in December.
-The company warned in recent stockmarket filings that it might be losing “younger users” to “other products and services similar to, or as a substitute for, Facebook”.
-Wary of competition from services that were invented for the mobile phone rather than the PC, founder Mark Zuckerberg has recently driven through a series of new initiatives designed to appeal to smartphone users. The most significant is Facebook Home, software that can be downloaded onto certain Android phones to feed news and photos from friends – and advertising – directly to the owner’s locked home screen.",244
-"An octopus has escaped from the National Aquarium in New Zealand by leaving its tank, sliding down a 50-metre drainpipe and disappearing into the sea. Inky – a common New Zealand octopus – escaped after the lid of his tank was accidentally left a bit ajar. Staff believe that in the middle of the night, while the aquarium was deserted, Inky climbed to the top of his glass enclosure, down the side of the tank and travelled across the floor of the aquarium.
-Rob Yarrell, national manager of the National Aquarium of New Zealand in Napier, said: “Octopuses are famous for their ability to escape. I don’t think he was unhappy with us, or lonely, because octopuses are solitary creatures. But, he is such a curious boy. He wanted to know what was happening on the outside. That’s just his personality.”
-One theory is that Inky slid across the aquarium floor – a journey of three or four metres – and, then, into a drainpipe that led directly to the sea. The drainpipe was 50 metres long and led to the waters of Hawke’s Bay, on the east coast of New Zealand’s North Island.
-It is also possible that Inky escaped by squeezing into an open pipe at the top of his tank, which led under the floor to the drain. “When we came in the next morning and his tank was empty, I was really surprised,” said Yarrell, who has not launched a search for Inky. “The staff and I have been pretty sad. But then, this is Inky and he’s always been a bit of a surprise octopus.”
-Reiss Jenkinson, exhibits keeper at the National Aquarium, said he was absolutely certain Inky was not stolen. “I understand octopus behaviour very well,” he said. “I have seen octopuses on boats escape through bilge pumps. And, the security here is too tight for anyone to take Inky and why would they?”
-Because octopuses have no bones, they are able to fit into extremely small spaces and can squeeze through gaps the size of coins. They are also extremely intelligent and can use tools. At the Island Bay Marine Education Centre in Wellington, an octopus used to visit another tank during the night to steal crabs, then return to its own tank. Another at the centre, Ozymandias, broke a world record for opening a jar.
-Inky was brought to the National Aquarium several years ago by a local fisherman who found him caught in a fishing pot. He was “rough looking”, with very short arms, said Yarrell. “He had been living on the reef and fighting with fish so he wasn’t in the best shape.” According to Yarrell, Inky – who is about the size of a rugby ball – was an “unusually intelligent” octopus. “He was very friendly and a popular attraction here. We have another octopus, Blotchy, but he is smaller than Inky and Inky had the personality.”
-The aquarium has no plans to step up security as a result of the escape because they don’t think it will happen again. But, the staff are “more and more aware of what octopuses can do”. Although the aquarium is not looking for a replacement for Inky, if a fisherman brought in another octopus, it might accept it. “You never know,” said Yarrell. “There’s always a chance Inky could come home to us.”",245
-"We talked to five people who do some unusual jobs about how much they are paid, what the worst parts are and why they enjoy their work.
-1. Dog-food taster
-The job: To taste dog food to make sure it is good quality
-What this person does: Opens tins of dog (or cat) food, smells it and eats it. “Tasting is an important quality check to make sure each different ingredient is perfectly balanced,” says Philip Wells, the chief taster for Lily’s Kitchen pet food.
-Typical salary: £20,000 for a job in the quality department
-Worst part of the job: The deadlines. Wells says he likes the food. The meat in pet food must come from animals that humans can safely eat. He also says: “There are some terrible pet foods. I don’t taste them but just the smell makes you feel sick.”
-Job satisfaction: “Every day is different.” Wells likes knowing that he “helps pets to become happier and healthier”. But he says that someone else in the tasting team is also a very important member: Lily, the dog.
-2. Hygiene technician
-The job: To clean areas that might be dangerous to humans
-What this person does: Cleans up crime scenes, road accidents and suicides. Clears houses full of rubbish, rats and excrement … and other things, too. “The job is to keep people safe,” says Richard Lewis, a hygiene technician for Rentokil. “We work in some very, very dirty places.”
-Typical salary: When you start, the salary is usually around £14,500. A top salary can be up to £22,000.
-Worst part of the job: Cleaning up after suicides. “You get used to the job being disgusting. But the emotional side of the job is still hard,” he says. “You also need to have a sense of humour because some days can be difficult.”
-Job satisfaction: Lewis finds the variety of tasks exciting. “One day, I’m cleaning up after a dead body; another day, I’m in a prison cell. It’s satisfying to make a dangerous place safe again.” he says.
-3. Biogas engineer
-The job: To set up biogas plants in developing countries What this person does: Helps poor people produce biogas from their excrement and other waste products. This is done by linking a system to toilets. Poor people can use the gas for cooking and lighting.
-Typical salary: When you start, the salary is around £10,000. A typical salary for a chief technical officer is £30,000.
-Worst part of the job: For Baburam Paudel, chief technical officer in Nepal for the charity Renewable World, the worst part is seeing people struggling to survive on very little money. “Unsurprisingly, the smell of the waste products can be disgusting. It smells like rotten eggs.”
-Job satisfaction: “I find it very satisfying to know that I am helping people to earn more money and also allowing girls to go to school because they don’t need to collect firewood,” says Paudel. “My work improves the health and hygiene of whole communities.”
-4. Eel ecologist
-The job: To help the critically endangered European eel to survive
-What this person does: Checks the size of the endangered eels. They do this by walking into the Thames and other London rivers, which are full of eels. In the rivers, they put their hands into a net filled with up to 20 adult eels and pull an eel out. “Adult eels can be a metre long, or even larger, and weigh up to 2kg. They’re not dangerous but they are almost 100% muscle and they can be a little bit slimy,” says Stephen Mowat, an eel ecologist for the Zoological Society of London. “We have to weigh and measure them and they wriggle … a lot. I look silly when I’m crawling on the ground chasing an eel across the grass.”
-Worst part of the job: “Eels are really difficult animals to work with” says Mowat. But, for Mowat, the worst part of the job is not the eels – he believes baby eels are “as cute as pandas”: “The worst thing about the job is seeing how much damage humans do to the environment.”
-Job satisfaction: “Working outside and seeing British wildlife really close is the best part of the job,” says Mowat. “Eels are beautiful animals and working with eels helps whole river systems. That is a great thing to do.”
-5. Shopping channel presenter
-The job: To sell and demonstrate lots of different products on live TV
-What this person does: Presents hours and hours of boring TV and, at the same time, demonstrates the products and looks enthusiastic about everything that they are selling. “I prepare and research as much information as possible on every product,” says Shaun Ryan, presenter for Ideal World TV. Typical salary: When you start, the salary is a minimum of £30,000. An experienced presenter can get over £55,000.
-Worst part of the job: “Working at unusual hours of the day,” says Ryan. “An experienced presenter like me has to work weekends and very late evenings. And, sometimes, I have to start work at five in the morning.”
-Job satisfaction: “I love presenting live TV and having to think quickly,” says Ryan. “I also love knowing that, at times, thousands of people are buying the product that I have just presented.”",246
-"Galina Zaglumyonova was woken in her flat in central Chelyabinsk by an enormous explosion that blew in the balcony windows and shattered clay pots containing her few houseplants. When she jumped out of bed she could see a huge vapour trail hanging in the morning sky and hear the wail of car alarms from the street below. “I didn’t understand what was going on,” said Zaglumyonova. “There was a big explosion and then a series of little explosions. My first thought was that it was a plane crash.”
-What she had actually witnessed were the death throes of a ten-tonne meteorite that plunged to Earth in a series of fireballs just after sunrise. Officials put the number of people injured at almost 1,200, with more than 40 taken to hospital – most as a result of flying glass shattered by the sonic boom created by the meteorite’s descent. There were no reported deaths.
-The meteorite entered the atmosphere travelling at a speed of at least 33,000mph and broke up into chunks between 18 and 32 miles above the ground, according to a statement from the Russian Academy of Sciences.
-The event caused panic in Chelyabinsk, a city of more than one million people to the south of Russia’s Ural mountains, as mobile phone networks swiftly became jammed by the volume of calls. Amateur video footage from the area, often peppered with the obscene language of frightened observers, showed the chunks of meteorite glowing more brightly as they approached the moment of impact.
-The vapour trail was visible for hundreds of miles around, including in neighbouring Kazakhstan. Tatyana Bets was at work in the reception area of a hospital clinic in the centre of the city when the meteorite struck. “First we noticed the wind, and then the room was filled with a very bright light and we could see a cloud of some unspecified smoke in the sky,” she said. Then, after a few minutes, came the explosions. At least three craters were subsequently discovered, according to the Ministry of the Interior, and were being monitored by the military. One crater was more than six metres wide, while another lump of meteorite was reported to have slammed through the thick ice of a nearby lake. Radiation levels at the impact sites were normal, according to local military officials.
-In Chelyabinsk itself, schools and universities were closed and many other staff told to go home early. About 200 children were among the injured.
-A steady stream of lightly injured people, most suffering cuts from flying glass, came into the clinic where Bets works. She said a nearby dormitory building for college students was particularly badly affected and many of the students were brought in suffering from fright. “There were a lot of girls in shock. Some were very pale and many of them fainted,” she said.
-Early estimates suggested more than 100,000 square metres of glass had been broken and 3,000 buildings hit. The total cost of the damage in the city was being valued at in excess of one billion roubles (£20m).
-The meteorite over Chelyabinsk arrived less than a day before asteroid 2012 DA14 was expected to make the closest pass to Earth (about 17,510 miles) of any recorded cosmic body. But experts said the two events were linked by nothing more than coincidence.
-Rumours and conspiracy theories, however, swirled in the first few hours after the incident. Reports on Russian state television and in local media suggested that the meteorite was engaged by local air defence units and blown apart at an altitude of more than 15 miles.
-The ultranationalist leader of Russia’s Liberal Democrat party, Vladimir Zhirinovsky, said it was not a meteorite but military action by the United States, echoing much of the speculation voiced on amateur film footage. “It’s not a meteorite falling – it’s a test of new American weapons,” Zhirinovsky said.
-Some were quick to take advantage of the confusion. Enterprising people were offering lumps of meteorite for sale through internet sites within a few hours of the impact.
-President Vladimir Putin and the Prime Minister, Dmitry Medvedev, were informed about the incident, and Putin convened a meeting with the head of the Emergency Situations Ministry. “It’s proof that not only are economies vulnerable but the whole planet,” Medvedev said at an economic forum in Siberia.
-Dmitry Rogozin, Russia’s Deputy Prime Minister and former Ambassador to NATO, took to Twitter to call for an international push to create a warning system for all “objects of an alien origin”. Neither the US nor Russia had the capability to bring down such objects, he added.",247
-"Chemists have waited a long time for a new element to turn up and, now, four have been discovered by researchers in Japan, Russia and the US. The four new elements are the first to be added to the periodic table since 2011, when elements 114 and 116 were included. The new elements, all highly radioactive, complete seventh row of the periodic table and mean that science textbooks around the world are now out of date.
-The US-based International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the global organization that controls chemical names, terminology and measurement, verified the elements on 30 December, 2015 after examining studies dating back to 2004. The scientists who found them must now come up with formal names to replace the Latin-based temporary names – ununtrium, ununpentium, ununseptium and ununoctium – which reflect their atomic numbers, 113, 115, 117, and 118. The atomic number is the number of protons found in an element’s atomic nucleus.
-IUPAC announced that a Russian-American team of scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California had produced enough evidence to claim the discovery of elements 115, 117 and 118. The organization gave credit for the discovery of element 113, which had also been claimed by the Russians and Americans, to a team of scientists from the RIKEN Institute in Japan. The decision means Japan becomes the first Asian country to name an element. Under IUPAC rules, new elements can be named after mythological concepts, minerals, a place or country, or a scientist.
-When elements 114 and 116 were given formal names in 2012, scientists chose flerovium and livermorium respectively, after the Flerov Lab at Dubna’s Joint Institute of Research and the Lawrence Livermore Lab in the US, where the elements were discovered. Kosuke Morita, who led the research at RIKEN, said his team now planned to “look to the uncharted territory of element 119 and beyond”. Jan Reedijk of IUPAC, said: “The chemistry community is eager to see the table finally completed down to the seventh row.”
-The Japanese team is considering three names for ununtrium: japonium, rikenium and nishinarium, after the Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, where the element was found. “They have been thinking about it for a while already,” said Polly Arnold, professor of chemistry at Edinburgh University. “This is painstaking work. The work helps us with our models and with understanding radioactive decay. If we understand it better, hopefully we can improve how we deal with nuclear waste and things that are important in the real world. It also leads to fantastic technological advances in building the kit to make these observations.”
-Along with new names, the scientists must suggest two-letter symbols for the elements. When IUPAC has received the researchers’ suggestions, they will go to public review for five months. That allows scientists and others to raise any objections. In 1996, the symbol Cp was suggested for copernicium, or element 112, but it was changed to Cn when scientists complained that Cp referred to another substance.
-To discover the elements, researchers at the three labs slammed lighter nuclei into one another and looked for radioactive decays that should come from the new elements. Ununtrium and ununpentium are thought to be metals. Ununseptium could be a metalloid. The fourth element, ununoctium, may be a gas, like other elements, helium, neon and argon. It is hard to know for sure because so few atoms of each element have ever been made.
-Paul Karol, chair of the IUPAC panel that verified the elements, said: “It will be a long time before we can find practical uses for the new elements.”",248
-"If we reduced the amount of food we wasted around the world by just 25%, there would be enough food to feed all the hungry people in the world. Each year, we waste 1.3 billion tonnes of food, about one third of all the food we produce. This includes about 45% of all fruit and vegetables, 35% of fish and seafood, 30% of cereals, 20% of dairy products and 20% of meat. We waste food like this, when, at the same time, 795 million people suffer from hunger.
-The problem is global but is different in different parts of the world. In developing countries, there is a lot of “food loss” – this is when food is lost because of poor equipment, transportation and so on. In rich countries, there are low levels of “food loss” but high levels of “food waste”, which means people throw away food because they have bought too much or shops reject food because it doesn’t look good.
-In developed countries, people and shops throw away between 30% and 40% of all food bought but, in poorer countries, people throw away only 5% to 16%.
-“In the developing world, there is almost no food waste,” says Robert van Otterdijk, coordinator of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s Save Food programme. “Food waste is happening in countries where people have more money, so they can throw away food. But there is a lot of food loss in developing countries because of the poor conditions they have.”
-The environmental impact of food loss and waste is high. The carbon footprint of food produced and not eaten is 3.3 gigatonnes of CO2. This means that, if food waste were a country, it would produce more greenhouse gases than any country, except the US and China.
-“We cause the problem of climate change because we produce and use too much – we are not in balance with what the Earth can provide,” says van Otterdijk. “Production of food is one of the biggest production sectors in the world. If we waste one-third of all this, you can imagine what a huge effect this has on the natural resources – on land, water, energy and greenhouse gases.”
-The US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand produce the most food waste. People in those countries waste 39% of all the food they buy. The next is Europe, where people throw away about 31% of all the food they buy. In the UK, 15 million tonnes of food is lost or wasted each year. British people throw away 4.2 million tonnes of edible food each year. This means that 11.7% of all food people buy is wasted, which costs each family £700 a year.
-The foods most often found in British bins are bread, vegetables, fruit and milk. The most wasted food in the UK by weight is bread – people throw away 414,000 tonnes (22.4%) of all the bread they buy. By percentage, the most wasted food is lettuce and leafy salads – people throw away 38% (64,000 tonnes) of all they buy.
-The UK has improved in the past ten years, thanks to a campaign to reduce waste. Van Otterdijk says the UK has been very successful in reducing food waste. Between 2007 and 2012, the amount of food waste produced by UK households decreased by 21%, from 5.3 million tonnes to 4.2 million tonnes.
-Van Otterdijk says that more and more people are interested in food waste and this is great. “We have to do much more, and companies and governments also need to help,” he says. “But, if it continues like this, maybe, after ten years, the situation around the world will be better.”",249
-"When Larry Pizzi first heard about electric bikes nearly 20 years ago, he asked: “Why would anyone want to spoil a bike by putting a motor and batteries on it?”
-It’s a question that some people still ask. Many bicycle shops in the US do not sell e-bikes.
-Pizzi is CEO of Currie Technologies, the number one seller of e-bikes in the US. He believes that things will change very soon. Other people who sell bikes agree. Familiar brands including Trek, Raleigh and Specialized all offer electric bikes and they believe that the market is going to grow.
-The US is different from other countries when it comes to electric bikes. Nearly 32 million e-bikes were sold in 2014, most of them in China, where people mostly use them for transportation. They are popular in many parts of Europe, too. They’re common in the Netherlands and Switzerland; German postal workers use them and BMW sells one for about $3,000.
-Electric bikes are different from motorcycles or mopeds, which use motors; you pedal an electric bike with – or without – help from an electric motor. Riding an e-bike feels like riding a normal bike with a strong wind behind you; the motor just helps you go faster or climb hills. You can usually ride e-bicycles on bike lanes and they can’t travel faster than 20mph.
-E-bikes are banned in some states in the US, including New York. Some bike shops don’t like putting motors on bicycles because it makes them too heavy. Some e-bikes weigh nearly 30kg.
-E-bikes are also expensive. While cheap bikes sell for just $700, you will pay at least $1,500 for a quality e-bike with a good battery. The best bikes cost more than $3,000.
-But e-bike technology, particularly the batteries, is improving. “Batteries are getting smaller, they’re getting lighter, they’re getting more reliable and they are lasting longer,” says Don DiCostanza, the CEO of Pedego, an electric bikemaker and retailer.
-Perhaps most importantly, more cities are building bike lanes so bicycle commuting has become more popular. Electric bikes make commuting more practical – and fun – because people don’t have to worry about hills, strong winds, tiredness and sweat.
-Most of our customers are “baby boomers who want to have the cycling experience they had as a kid,” says Pedego’s Don DiCostanza. “The main reason they stopped riding bikes was because of hills.” Pedego has opened nearly 60 stores in the US.
-ElectroBike has 30 stores in Mexico. It opened its first American store in Venice Beach, California in 2014 and hopes to have 25 US stores in a year. CEO Craig Anderson says: “We want to help reduce traffic, help reduce our carbon footprint and encourage a healthy lifestyle.” He tells customers: “Ride this bike once and try not to smile.”
-Currie’s Larry Pizzi thinks that e-bikes will become popular in North America. “A lot of young people are using e-bikes for transportation, instead of cars.”
-There is even a cargo bike with a stronger motor and rack at the back. “You can carry two children,” says Pizzi. “You can carry 45kg of shopping. It’s a minivan alternative.”",250
-"Scarlett Johansson is suing a French novelist for €50,000 in damages, alleging that his work of fiction makes fraudulent claims about her personal life.
-La Premiere chose qu’on regarde (The First Thing We Look At) by Grégoire Delacourt tells the story of a French model who looks so similar to the American actor that the book’s lead male character thinks it is Johansson herself. In the novel, the model’s looks mean that men see her only as a sex object, while women are jealous of her. She has a series of adventures as Johansson until she is eventually found out and, in the end, dies in a car crash.
-Johansson herself is not flattered by the best- selling literary work. Her lawyer, Vincent Toledano, told Le Figaro that Delacourt’s novel constituted a “violation and fraudulent and illegal exploitation of her name, her reputation and her image.” He said the novel contains “defamatory claims about her private life” and has now gone to court to try to stop the book being translated or adapted for cinema. The court case began in Paris on Wednesday afternoon, though neither Johansson nor Delacourt was present.
-“The freedom of expression that she defends as an artist is not in question,” Toledano said. “Such activities for purely mercantile ends have nothing to do with creativity.”
-Delacourt has tried explaining that he chose to reference Johansson because she is “the archetype of beauty today.” He said: “I wrote a work of fiction. My character is not Scarlett Johansson.”
-The author recently hit out against the actor on French radio, saying the legal action was “rather sad”. He said: “It freaks me out to think that, when you talk of a character in a novel, judges can get involved.”
-Delacourt has become one of France’s best-loved authors; his previous novel, My List of Desires, was translated into 47 languages and is now being adapted into a film. But he said he was “speechless” when he found out Johansson was suing him.
-“I thought she’d get in contact to ask me to go for a coffee with her. I didn’t write a novel about a celebrity,” he said. “I wrote a real love story and a homage to feminine beauty, especially interior beauty.
-“If an author can no longer mention the things that surround us – a brand of beer, a monument, an actor – it’s going to be complicated to produce fiction.
-“It’s stupefying, especially as I’m not sure she’s even read the novel, since it hasn’t been translated yet.”
-Emmanuelle Allibert, spokeswoman for publisher JC Lattès, said taking legal action was “crazy”. “We have never known anything like it. It is all the more surprising for the fact that the novel is not even about Scarlett Johansson. It is about a woman who is Scarlett Johansson’s double.”
-Delacourt’s lawyer, Anne Veil, who is also representing publisher JC Lattès, said the allegations were “totally scandalous”. “This is a literary, not commercial, approach. She has not been used as a product,” she said. “Grégoire Delacourt is not a paparazzo; he’s a writer!”
-Ironically, the author’s legal situation would be far easier had he published the book in Johansson’s home country, rather than France. Lloyd Jassin, a New York intellectual property lawyer, told Time that the case would be unlikely to be considered in the United States because the book would be protected by the First Amendment.
-“The First Amendment doesn’t look at most books as commercial uses or commercial propositions,” he said. “If her name or likeness is relevant, literarily, if there’s significance and literary merit to using her name between the covers, the First Amendment steps in.” However, in France, the legal position is more complicated and personality rights are taken “much more seriously,” Jassin says.
-“I thought she might send me flowers as it was a declaration of love for her, but she didn’t understand,” Delacourt said. “It’s a strange paradox – but a very American one.”",251
-"In 2010, it was too dangerous for the police to enter the old part of the city of Srinagar in India. Violent separatists were fighting for an independent Kashmir and they had killed more than 100 people there.
-But things change very quickly. The same streets are now full of tourists. The mosque where young people threw stones at the security forces will soon be part of an official walking tour. Visitors can take photos in the beautiful gardens by the lake. During the winter, the nearby ski resorts were full of rich Russians.
-In 2002, only 27,000 tourists came to visit the Kashmir Valley. Others were scared because of the anti-Indian fighting – almost 70,000 people have died during the fighting. So far in 2012, almost one million people have visited the area – this includes more than 23,000 from outside India. But fewer than 150 Britons visited – mainly because the UK government’s advice is that the area is too dangerous to visit.
-Omar Abdullah, the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, has asked the British government to change its advice, but they haven’t changed it. “It’s frustrating,” says Abdullah. “Today, because of that travel advice, people’s insurance isn’t valid when they visit here.” 1995 was the last time foreign tourists were murdered in Kashmir, when an Islamist group kidnapped six westerners and killed five of them.
-“British citizens have been killed more recently in other countries. I mean, how many British citizens were killed on 9/11? Did you stop people from visiting New York? You’ve lost them in Spain, in Bali,” said Abdullah. “We’ve lost Indians in London. There is still a possibility that al-Qaida could do something stupid, but we haven’t stopped Indians from travelling to London. There is no reason to say Kashmir, or even Srinagar, is a dangerous destination.”
-Germany changed its guidelines for travellers to the region in 2011. “Foreigners are usually not direct targets,” the new guidelines said, less than a year after the fighting in 2010. A national holiday on 15 August celebrated 65 years of Indian independence – in the past, this was a dangerous day because many people in the state do not feel part of India. But there was no trouble at the independence celebrations on Wednesday.
-Abdullah says tourists are safe in Kashmir, if they are careful. In other words, do not go trekking near the border that separates the Indian and Pakistani parts of Kashmir.
-Some visitors may feel it is not right to have fun in a place where local people have very high levels of anxiety and lots of mental health problems. But the local people in Srinagar like tourism. Amjid Gulzar, 26, said Abdullah should encourage foreign visitors. “Without tourism, our economy will be in chaos,” he said.
-“We need better roads, reliable electricity. We need more things for tourists to do in the evening – we don’t even have one cinema in this city,” he said. But will tourists feel welcome? In June, a local Islamic group wrote a “dress code” for foreign tourists. Abdullah says: “Nobody wants tourists to come here and cover their faces. But they should be sensitive to our cultural identity and dress appropriately. I think that’s common sense.”
-Abdullah said tourism would help the economy. Kashmir’s economy is weak after more than twenty years of fighting. The state receives just £72 million each year in taxes but it pays £155 million in salaries to 500,000 public employees. It is clear why he needs to find more money. He is pleased to see tourists back. “I’m not saying that one million tourists here shows that everything is normal again,” he said. “But it gives me some satisfaction that people can come, have a nice time, and go back.”",252
-"When you see the word Amazon, what’s the first thing you think of – the world’s biggest forest, the longest river or the largest internet shop – and which do you think is most important?
-These are questions in a debate about how to redraw the boundaries of the internet. Brazil and Peru have made objections to a bid made by the huge US e-commerce company for a prime new piece of cyberspace: “.amazon”.
-The Seattle-based company has applied for its brand to be a top-level domain name (currently “.com”), but the South American governments argue this would prevent the use of this internet address for environmental protection, the promotion of indigenous rights and other public interest uses.
-Together with many other disputed claims to names, including “.patagonia”, the issue goes directly to the heart of debates about the purpose and governance of the internet.
-Until now, the differences between commercial, governmental and other types of identity were easy to see in every internet address by the use of “.com”, “.gov” and 20 other categories.
-But these categories – or generic top-level domains (gTLDs) as they are technically known – are about to see the biggest expansion since the start of the worldwide web.
-The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) – a US-based non-profit organization that plays a key role in cyberspace governance – has received bids (each worth almost $200,000) for hundreds of new gTLDs to add to the existing 22.
-Amazon has applied for many new domains, including “.shop”, “.song”, “.book” and “.kindle”. But the one that has caused most discussion is its application is for its own brand.
-Brazil and Peru have asked for the “.amazon” application to be withdrawn. They say a private company should not be given a name that is also the name of an important geographical area, an area that runs through and across their territories and is also used for certain regions and cross-border organizations.
-“Allowing private companies to register geographical names as gTLDs to strengthen their brand or to profit from the meaning of these names is not, in our view, in the public interest,” the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology said.
-Brazil said its views were supported by other members of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela).
-There have been other objections over proposed top-level domains that take geographical, cultural or contested brand names.
-Argentina is unhappy that the US outdoor clothing retailer, Patagonia, is claiming a domain name that has been known far longer as a region of spectacular beauty that also has its own parliament. “Argentina rejects the ‘.patagonia’ request for a new generic top-level domain. Patagonia is an important region for the country’s economy because it has oil, fishing, mining and agriculture resources. It is also a region with a vibrant local community and it is a major tourist destination.”
-The contested proposals are expected to be discussed again at a meeting of ICANN’s Governmental Advisory Committee in Durban in July. The first approved domain names will probably be in use before the end of 2013.",253
-"JMW Turner, one of Britain’s greatest painters, is to be the face of the new £20 note, following a nationwide vote.
-It will be the first time an artist has appeared on a British banknote, after the governor of the Bank of England, Mark Carney, asked the public to nominate a deceased cultural figure they felt deserved the high honour.
-Turner, renowned for his dramatic seascapes, beat off competition from 590 painters, sculptors, fashion designers, photographers, film-makers and actors put forward by 30,000 members of the public.
-The list included Alfred Hitchcock, Alexander McQueen, Derek Jarman, Laura Ashley, William Morris and Vanessa Bell, which was then narrowed down by a panel of artists, critics and historians to a final choice of five.
-The final five – Barbara Hepworth, Charlie Chaplin, Josiah Wedgwood, William Hogarth and Turner – were selected on the basis of their “unquestioned” contribution to both the visual arts and British society as a whole, as well as their enduring influence.
-Fittingly, the announcement of the new banknote was made at the Turner Contemporary gallery in Margate, which stands on the former site of Mrs Booth’s lodging house, where Turner would always stay when he visited. The announcement was made jointly by Carney and the artist Tracey Emin, who grew up in the town.
-Carney said it had been “so important to get this right and have a proper process that involved the public,” adding that, far from banknotes being purely a practical necessity, “if done properly, they can be a piece of art in everyone’s pocket”.
-“Money is memory for a country and its people,” said the Bank of England governor. “Banknotes of the Bank of England are a celebration of the UK’s heritage, a salute to its culture, a testament to its great achievements, including those of its most notable citizens. In short, money has not just economic value, it has cultural value as well.
-“Turner is arguably the single most influential British artist of all time. His work was transformative and endures today. And his work will now feature on another 2bn works of art – our new £20 notes.”
-“The fact that we will have Turner on the £20 note shows now that the British people are a nation of people who appreciate creativity and appreciate the arts,” said Emin.
-The note will feature Turner’s 1799 self-portrait, which currently hangs in Tate Britain, as well as one of his most recognizable works, The Fighting Temeraire, a tribute to the ship that played a distinguished role in Nelson’s victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
-Emblazoned on the note will also be a quote from the artist – “light is therefore colour” – as well as his signature, taken from his will, in which he bequeathed many of his works to the nation.
-The new £20 note, which replaces the one featuring social philosopher and economic theorist Adam Smith, will enter circulation by 2020. This is the first time the public have been given a say over whose face appears on a British banknote.",254
-"How long can you hold your breath? I’m trying it right now. The first 30 seconds are easy. I want to give up at 45 seconds but I continue and it gets easier for a while. But, as I go past one minute, my heart is pounding. I breathe out a tiny bit and this helps. One minute and 12 seconds. I’m quite impressed with myself.
-In some sports, it is very important to be able to hold your breath, particularly in freediving. In 2006, I met Sam Amps, who was captain of the UK freedive team. At a swimming pool in Bristol, she taught me some simple ways to help me hold my breath for longer while swimming underwater. By the end of the session, I could hold my breath for 90 seconds, long enough to let me swim across the pool. Sam swam across the pool three times easily. She could hold her breath for five minutes, while swimming. Five minutes!
-I asked how she did it: very slow breathing for several minutes before each dive, then a big, deep breath before diving in.
-Our heart rate doesn’t slow down when we hold our breath. At least, it doesn’t if you’re doing it on land. When you’re under cold water, the heart rate slows down in most people. This change in our bodies is useful in diving – but it is even more useful for not drowning.
-Holding our breath is becoming very useful in one particular area of medicine. Radiotherapy for breast cancer involves pointing radiation exactly at the tumour. It’s usually done in short periods, between breaths. But, if the patient can hold their breath for several minutes, it means that doctors can give the complete radiation dose, in the right place, all at the same time. The problem, of course, is that most people cannot hold their breath for several minutes. But doctors at University Hospital Birmingham have shown that, if patients are given air with extra oxygen before holding their breath, they can hold it for five-and-a-half minutes.
-Surprisingly, to achieve this you have to fool the diaphragm. When you breathe in, you’re pulling the muscle of your diaphragm flat so that the volume of your chest increases – this pulls the air into your lungs.
-When you hold your breath, you keep your diaphragm like that. If you breathe extra oxygen before a breath-hold, as in the Birmingham radiotherapy experiments, you may be able to stop the diaphragm from becoming tired too quickly. So, it’s your diaphragm, the main muscle of breathing, that is in charge when you are holding your breath. But, in the end, even if you’ve fooled it for a while, the signals from the diaphragm become too strong and you have to give up – and take a breath.",255
-"After being told again that the beer she wanted would be “too dark and too strong for you – have something sweeter”, Rebecka Singerer was really annoyed.
-“No, I don’t want a fruit beer. Women can drink whatever they want,” she says.
-Now Singerer, a childminder, has joined FemAle, a group of like-minded drinkers in Gothenburg, to make and sell Sweden’s first beer made by women.
-We Can Do It, a bottled pale ale, has just gone on sale in stores across Sweden. Its label is similar to Rosie the Riveter, the creation of a US Second World War propaganda campaign that became a symbol of women’s power at work.
-The group’s founder is Elin Carlsson, 25, who paints cars at the Volvo factory outside the city. “We Can Do It is not a female beer but a beer brewed by women that anyone can drink,” she says. “It’s nothing to do with feminism; it’s about equality – we wanted to show we can do it.”
-FemAle is up against decades of prejudice in the beer world. Carlsberg and other big brewers have spent millions in recent years trying to sell beer to women, attempting to appeal to what the companies believe women want. Carlsberg’s Eve and Copenhagen beers, Foster’s Radler and Coors’s Animée were some of the lighter, flavoured and even “bloat-resistant” beers that were unsuccessful.
-FemAle’s approach is different. They have women-only tastings that allow potential customers to experiment with flavours and styles of beer that they may not normally try. This education process is the way to “get more girls into the beer world”, the group says. “Bring your mother, sister, girlfriend, aunt and grandmother so we all can learn more about beer.”
-The idea for FemAle came after the women kept seeing each other at beer festivals.
-We Can Do It was the brainchild of Felicia Nordström, a bar worker who says she was fed up with male beer snobs telling her: “What do you know about beer, sweetie?” She talked to FemAle, and they teamed up with Ocean, a local independent micro-brewery. One weekend they came up with the recipe and the next weekend they brewed 1,600 litres.
-“This is not a beer that is aimed at women – it’s our hoppiest brew,” says Thomas Bingebo, the head brewer at Ocean. “When the big breweries target women, it usually fails. This is something completely different.”
-The first bottles of We Can Do It were sold out almost before they were brewed. FemAle has already been approached by other breweries who want to brew new beers with them.
-“Women choose a glass of wine because they don’t know what beer is all about; they don’t know what to order,” says Carlsson. “We open up new worlds to them.”
-The women are part of a brewing explosion in Sweden, which is developing a passion for “craft” beers. The standard stor stark (large strong) lager is now “almost extinct” in Gothenburg, the women say, as pubs and bars replace the big brands with a choice of specialist beers.
-“All the girls are different – there is no typical woman beer-lover. Anyone can do it,” says Emma Henriksson, 22, a group member who works in a garden equipment company.
-“Every pub wants to learn how to reach women,” adds Singerer. “And Elin has found the way. It’s awesome. We feel so proud.”",256
-"A thick crust of bird droppings is piled on the gilded balustrade of one of Britain’s most expensive properties. Pigeon skeletons lie among shattered mirrors and water streams through broken cornicing. This is The Towers, a £30m palace in “Billionaires’ Row” in north London, whose spectacular ruin has been kept secret until now.
-It is one of ten mansions in the middle of The Bishops Avenue – the heart of London’s spiralling property market – that have stood almost entirely vacant since they were bought a quarter of a century ago, it is believed on behalf of members of the Saudi Arabian royal family. Their Grecian columns are cracking into pieces and mosaic-tiled swimming pools are filled with rubble. Nature has taken over to the extent that owls have moved in.
-It is a desolate scene repeated up and down the supposedly prestigious avenue that Lloyds Bank has calculated is the second most expensive street in Britain. While more and more people struggle to get on to London’s property ladder as house prices rise at 11.2% a year, 16 mansions on the most expensive stretch of The Bishops Avenue are sitting empty, many behind padlocked gates, with their windows shuttered with steel grilles and overgrown grounds patrolled by guard dogs.
-Across the street stands another derelict mansion, worth £18m, with smashed windows and walls coated in anti-climb paint. Metal grilles block the windows of another, which has been sold for £20m.
-But that doesn’t stop the prices going up. Dryades, a mansion until recently owned by a Pakistani politician, sold for £12m in 2007 and is believed to be worth about £30m today. Heath Lodge, the scene of the 1984 murder, by silver bullet, of fashion tycoon Aristos Constantinou, is worth £13m today, after having been sold in the late 1970s for £400,000.
-The dereliction can be agonizing for people struggling to keep a roof above their heads in one of the world’s most expensive cities. One security guard working on the avenue said it was exasperating to see so many tens of thousands of square feet of property – enough to house dozens of people – falling apart.
-Royals flushed with oil wealth from Nigeria and Saudi Arabia were among the first to come to this curving road near Hampstead Heath. Iranians fled here after the fall of the shah. Now, Chinese house hunters are following Russians and Kazakhs who have spent millions securing an address estate agents tell them is as world famous as the Champs Elysées and Rodeo Drive. Recently, two mansions have been on sale for £65m and £38m, promising endless Italian marble, leather-padded lifts and luxury panic rooms.
-However, in the grounds of the empty mansions, stone fountains crumble and lawns have become bogs. Inside one, water drips through a huge crystal chandelier onto a thick carpet rotting under sections of collapsed ceiling. Moss grows through shattered bricks and mirrored tiles are scattered across a bathroom. The swimming pool is filled with a foot of brackish water and has flowers growing through its tiles. Wooden slats bulge away from the sauna.
-But it is the wreck of The Towers, a grand mansion set among acres of hornbeams, oaks and limes, that is most dramatic, with its huge, high-ceiling halls occupied by pigeons and its walls turned bright green by algae as water pours through three storeys and plinks into a vast, empty, basement swimming pool. Unopened wooden crates marked “bullet- proof glass” reveal the security fears of the previous owners.
-Today, very few people live on The Bishops Avenue full time. A security guard patrolling the pavement outside one mansion said that the owners were not there. Another, outside Royal Mansion, declined to say if anyone was home, while a member of staff at another mansion simply warned the Guardian about the guard dogs. Magdy Adib Ishak-Hannah, an Egyptian-born private healthcare mogul, whose personal wealth is £45m, said he was in the minority of permanent residents.
-“It’s not a neighbourly place, where you can chat over the fence,” he said. “To be honest, I have never seen what my neighbours look like. Next door, a Saudi princess spent £35m on a new house and I’ve never seen her. There are about three houses that are lived in 24/7 and half of the properties are occupied three to six months a year. The other half, who knows if they come or not?”
-The multimillion-pound wrecks are evidence of a property culture in which the world’s richest people see British property as investments. One Hyde Park, a block of apartments in Knightsbridge, is another example where more than half the flats are registered with the council as empty or second homes.
-Nevertheless, the talk on the avenue is about building £5m apartments, instead of £50m mansions, in an effort to draw people back.
-Anil Varma, a local property developer, has decided to rebuild one of the most valuable sites on the avenue as a collection of 20 apartments with a concierge, maid service, 25-metre pool, spa and cinema.
-“If you build a big house and try and sell for £30m to £40m, it won’t sell,” he said. “Locals won’t buy and so you have to bring in overseas buyers.”
-But the prospect of the avenue’s empty property being used to help solve the housing crisis remains distant. Andrew Harper, a local Conservative councillor, laughed when asked whether some of the derelict housing could become affordable homes. He said the land price would be prohibitive.
-“Very wealthy people own property there,” he said. “Sometimes they live in them and sometimes they don’t.”",257
-"There are worse things to do in life than stroll along Rio's Copacabana beach in the sunshine on the way to watch a World Cup match, so it was perhaps not surprising that England fan Anthony McDowell from Liverpool was having none of the doom and gloom that preceded some of the build-up to the tournament in Brazil. “The place is lovely. The people are great. There’s a party atmosphere,” said McDowell. “The only thing that could be better is the England team.”
-He and half a dozen friends are among the multitudes of supporters from around the world who have made the beachfront into a party zone of national colours and chants. Some danced, some posed for photos, some drank, but mostly they just walked and talked football, waiting for the next game to begin on the nearby FanFest big screen. The last time there were so many people here during the daytime, the pope was visiting.
-The cheerful, largely peaceful mood was far from the protests, transport chaos and stadium problems that plagued preparations for the World Cup. But, now the football is well and truly under way, visiting supporters are determined to enjoy the experience. “If I had known, when I started planning, how complicated and costly it would be, I wouldn’t have come. But, now that we’re here, it’s great,” said Brian Hill, a retired chief executive from Sunderland.
-The trip has not been problem free. Hill travelled for more than 20 hours to get to Rio, then hit long delays on the road from the airport at 6.30am. His son, Andrew, had his sunglasses stolen almost as soon as he sat on the beach. And, they have been surprised that many bars are not set up with big screens for the games. But, like many fans, they said they loved the atmosphere, if not the logistics, of this tournament which has got off to a spectacular start on the pitch.
-Even the surliest cynic cannot have failed to be thrilled by Robin van Persie’s extraordinary diving header for the Netherlands against Spain. Elsewhere, there has been a glut of goals: 28 in the first eight games – almost three times as many as at the same stage in South Africa in 2010. Adding to the carnival mood on the streets, where the majority of fans are from neighbouring nations, Latin-American teams won in every game they played up until the time of writing.
-So far, the tournament has avoided the worst Doomsday scenarios, though it is far from trouble free. The stadiums may have been delivered late and – in some cases – not fully finished, but there have been no reports of structural problems or difficulties entering the grounds since the kick off.
-As at previous World Cups, ticketing has been a problem, with many empty seats at several games, including the Netherlands against Spain. FIFA spokesman Saint-Clair Milesi confirmed that only 48,000 of the 51,900 seats at the ground were filled. FIFA is also investigating security lapses that allowed Chilean fans to let off fireworks during their victory over Australia.
-The Globo newspaper listed a number of shortcomings in the 12 host cities. Almost all suffered worse traffic congestion than usual. The worst transport problems were in Natal, where bus drivers have been on strike since 12 June. In Salvador, some journey times were five times longer than usual. “Traffic was already bad but this week it is chaotic,” Jecilda Mello, president of residents’ group the Association of Friends of the Historic Centre, told the paper.
-But, protests have diminished since the opening day, when small demonstrations took place in several cities, prompting police to use tear gas and pepper spray. Since then, the only security threat has been petty theft and overexcited fans. A spontaneous street party of Argentinian fans was dispersed with pepper spray after the fans blocked roads.
-The huge distances have led to some sharply contrasting World Cup experiences. The tournament has made only a small mark on São Paulo, South America’s most populous city, but, far away in Manaus – the remote Amazonian city where England played Italy – visitors said World Cup fever was in full swing with brightly decorated streets and flags fluttering on many cars.
-The FA chairman, Greg Dyke, said the shift in mood was palpable. “We've had a really warm welcome in Manaus. It’s a big thing for them, even if it is a bit strange to spend so much on a stadium with no one to play in it. But we were in São Paulo for four or five days in the run-up to the opening match and you wouldn’t have known until the last day that there was even a World Cup on. It was weird.”",258
-"Scientists have connected the brains of two animals and allowed them to share sensory information. It is a major step towards what the researchers call the world’s first “organic computer”.
-The US team fitted two rats with devices called brain-to-brain interfaces that let the animals collaborate on simple tasks to earn rewards, such as a drink of water. In one important demonstration of the technology, the scientists used the internet to connect the brains of two rats separated by thousands of miles – one in North Carolina, USA, and the other in Natal, Brazil.
-The researchers were led by Miguel Nicolelis, a pioneer of devices that allow paralyzed people to control computers and robotic arms with their thoughts. They say their latest work could make it possible for multiple brains to be connected to share information. “These experiments showed that we have established a sophisticated, direct communication connection between brains,” Nicolelis said. “Basically, we are creating what I call an organic computer.”
-The scientists first demonstrated that rats can share, and act on, each other’s sensory information by electrically connecting their brains via tiny grids of electrodes that reach the part of the brain that processes movement.
-The rats were taught to press a lever when a light went on above it. When they did the task correctly, they got a drink of water. To test the animals’ ability to share brain information, they put the rats in two separate compartments. Only one compartment had a light above the lever. When the rat pressed the lever, an electronic version of its brain activity was sent directly to the other rat’s brain. In tests, the second rat responded correctly to the imported brain signals and pressed the lever 70% of the time.
-Incredibly, the communication between the rats was two-way. If the receiving rat failed at the task, the first rat did not get the reward of a drink, and appeared to change its behaviour to make the task easier for its partner. In further experiments, the rats collaborated on a task that required them to tell the difference between narrow and wide openings using their whiskers.
-In the final test, the scientists connected rats on different continents and used the internet to send their brain activity back and forth. “Even though the animals were on different continents, they could still communicate,” said Miguel Pais-Vieira, the first author of the study. “This tells us that we could create a workable network of animal brains distributed in many different locations.”
-Nicolelis said the team is now working on ways to connect several animals’ brains at once to solve more complex tasks. “We cannot even predict what might happen when animals begin interacting as part of a ‘brain-net’,” he said. “In theory, you could imagine that a combination of brains could find solutions that individual brains cannot achieve by themselves.”
-Anders Sandberg, who studies the ethics of neurotechnologies at Oxford University, said the work was “very important” in helping to understand how brains encode information. But the potential future uses of the technology are much wider, said Sandberg. “The main reason we are running the planet is that we are amazingly good at communicating and coordinating. Without that, although we are very smart animals, we would not dominate the planet.”
-“I don’t think there’s any risk of supersmart rats from this,” he added. “There’s a big difference between sharing sensory information and being able to plan. I’m not worried about an invasion by smart rats.”
-Very little is known about how people encode thoughts and how they might be sent to another person’s brain – so that will not happen any time soon. And much of what is in our minds is a “draft”, as Sandberg calls it, of what we might do. “Often, we don’t want to reveal those drafts, because that would be embarrassing and confusing. And we change a lot of those drafts before we act. Most of the time I think we’d be very thankful not to be in someone else’s head.”",259
-"Barack Obama flew back to Washington and his desk in the Oval Office on Wednesday, hours after delivering an election victory speech in Chicago in which he called for the country to unite behind him.
-“You voted for action, not politics as usual,” Obama said in his address, but there was little sign that his call would be answered, with the President facing the prospect of doing business with a hostile Republican-led House of Representatives for at least another two years and a looming showdown over spending and debt – the so-called “fiscal cliff”.
-Unlike after his election in 2008, the President is unlikely to be given a honeymoon period.
-Both the Republican House Speaker, John Boehner, and the Democratic Leader in the Senate, Harry Reid, spoke about a need to work together to resolve the crisis, but it could turn into one of the biggest clashes yet between the White House and Congress under Obama’s presidency.
-While Obama easily beat off the challenge from his Republican opponent Mitt Romney, holding swing state after swing state, the election provided yet another reminder of just how divided America remains.
-While the inauguration is not until January, in effect Obama embarked on his second term on Wednesday. Having disappointed many supporters in his first term, he is looking now to establish a legacy that will transform him from a middling president into a great one.
-As well as overseeing what he hopes will be continued economic recovery, he hopes to address issues ranging from immigration reform to investment in education and climate change, and, in foreign policy, from Iran to Israel-Palestine.
-As well as comfortably winning more than the required 270 electoral college votes, he also secured a higher share of the popular vote.
-Boehner, in a statement, sounded conciliatory. He cited “the need for both parties to find common ground and take steps together to help our economy grow and create jobs, which is critical to solving our debt”. Obama is reported to have phoned Boehner to begin negotiation.
-Reid, so often at odds with Boehner, also sounded conciliatory, saying: “I look at the challenges that we have ahead of us and I reach out to my Republican colleagues in the Senate and the House. Let’s come together. We know what the issues are; let’s solve them.”
-Obama, in an initially off-the-record interview during the campaign, expressed optimism of a “grand bargain” with the Republicans, one that eluded him in 2011. The trouble will come when talks move to detail, with the Republicans wanting to protect military spending while the Democrats seek cuts. Obama has called for tax increases on households earning more than $250,000; Boehner has rejected any tax increases.
-Shares dropped on the Dow in anticipation of continued gridlock. By lunchtime, all the major US markets were down over 300 points.
-The new House, which will be formed in January, will look much like the existing one, which has a huge Republican majority. The Senate too remained little changed, with the Democrats retaining their slim majority, gaining three and losing one.
-In the presidential race, Romney won only one of the swing states, North Carolina, while Obama held New Hampshire, Virginia, Ohio, Wisconsin, Nevada, Iowa and Colorado.
-In his victory speech in Chicago, Obama referred to the long queues to vote and said there was a need for electoral reform.
-He returned to the soaring rhetoric that was his trademark during the 2008 election but which he dispensed with in 2012. Amid the disillusionment with his presidency and the tough economic conditions, his campaign team decided it was inappropriate.
-But having won, he returned to famous lines from earlier speeches, reprising once again his 2008 slogan about “hope”.
-Stepping up to the lectern to the upbeat sounds of Stevie Wonder’s “Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I’m Yours,” Obama told the ecstatic crowd of supporters: “Tonight in this election, you, the American people, reminded us that while our road has been hard, while our journey has been long, we have picked ourselves up, we have fought our way back. And we know in our hearts that for the United States of America the best is yet to come.” In a speech that lasted more than 25 minutes, after paying emotional tribute to his wife, Michelle, and his daughters, Malia and Sasha – as well as to his Vice-President, Joe Biden – Obama returned to the message that first brought him to national attention.
-“We are not as divided as our politics suggests,” he said. “We’re not as cynical as the pundits believe. We are greater than the sum of our individual ambitions, and we remain more than a collection of red states and blue states. We are, and forever will be, the United States of America.”
-Obama made clear he had an agenda in mind for his second term, citing changes in the tax code, immigration reform and, as he put it, an America “that isn’t threatened by the destructive power of a warming planet”.
-Shortly beforehand, Romney had phoned the President to concede. In a gracious concession speech in Boston, Romney told his supporters: “The nation, as you know, is at a critical point. At a time like this, we can’t risk partisan bickering and political posturing. Our leaders have to reach across the aisle to do the people’s work.”
-He continued: “This is a time for great challenges for America and I pray the President will be successful in guiding our nation.”
-The campaign almost throughout has been a referendum on Obama. Although there was widespread disillusionment with the slow pace of economy recovery and a high unemployment level, Americans decided to stick with him.
-Historically, it would have been a disappointment for African Americans and many white liberals if the first black presidency had ended in failure, halted prematurely.",260
-"1 Flappy Bird
-Be careful what you wish for, especially if you want to invent something new. Recently, Dong Nguyen, the designer of the mobile game Flappy Bird, pulled it from app stores, saying its success – it had been downloaded more than 50 million times, and was making him around £30,000 in advertising revenue each day – had ruined his simple life. He took to his Twitter account to say: “I cannot take this anymore.”
-OK, so regretting making Flappy Bird isn’t quite the same as regretting making a rifle, but Nguyen is just the latest in a long line of inventors who wish they hadn’t created a monster.
-2 The labradoodle
-The labradoodle isn’t a monster – it’s adorable, obviously. But what’s monstrous is the way crossbreed dogs have been bred and marketed since the labradoodle’s inventor, Wally Conron, first created the breed in the 1980s. “I’ve done a lot of damage,” he told the Associated Press. “I’ve created a lot of problems. There are a lot of unhealthy and abandoned dogs out there.” Conron came up with the labradoodle when he was working for the Royal Guide Dog Association of Australia to provide a dog for a blind woman whose husband was allergic to dog hair. What he didn’t expect was that the labradoodle – and its other poodle-cross variants, many of which have health problems – would become so popular.
-3 The AK-47
-Six months before his death in December 2013, Mikhail Kalashnikov, the designer of the assault rifle, wrote to the head of the Russian Orthodox Church: “My spiritual torment is unbearable. One and the same question: if my ri fl e killed people, does that mean that I, Mikhail Kalashnikov, 93 years of age, the son of a peasant, Christian and Orthodox by faith, am responsible for people’s deaths, even if they were enemies?”
-4 Electronic tagging
-The electronic tag was originally conceived in the 1960s as a way of tracking former prisoners’ attendance at schools and workplaces, and rewarding them for good behaviour. Its inventors, Bob Gable and his brother Kirkland, were later horri fi ed that the tag had become a form of control and punishment. “It’s not pleasant,” Kirkland Gable told the Guardian in 2010, “but I’m not in control of the universe. I have to realize there are some things out of my control.”
-5 Pepper spray
-After police sprayed peaceful protesters with pepper spray at a University of California campus in 2011, one of the scientists who helped develop it in the 80s denounced its use. “I have never seen such an inappropriate and improper use of chemical agents,” Kamran Loghman told The New York Times.
-6 The office cubicle
-In the late 60s, a new form of office was launched, designed to give workers privacy and increase productivity by providing more work space. Instead, it became a way for companies to cram employees into tighter spaces, a visual shorthand for uniformity and soulless work. Its inventor, Bob Propst, said in 1997, “the cubiclizing of people in modern corporations is monolithic insanity.”",261
-"Well-known British author David Mitchell is used to the critics analysing his novels in detail. So, it’s a relief, he says, that his latest work won’t be seen by anyone until 2114. He completed it at 1am one Tuesday morning before a car arrived to take him to the airport to catch a flight to Norway.
-Mitchell is the second contributor to the Scottish artist Katie Paterson’s Future Library project, for which 1,000 trees were planted in 2014 in Oslo’s Nordmarka forest. The first author, Margaret Atwood, handed over the manuscript of a text called Scribbler Moon in 2015. Each year for the next 100 years, an author will deliver a piece of writing that will only be read in 2114, when the trees are chopped down to make paper on which the 100 texts will be printed.
-Each author – their names revealed year by year and chosen by a panel of experts and Paterson, while she is alive – will travel to the spot in the forest high above Oslo, where they will hand over their manuscripts in a short ceremony.
-“It’s a little glimmer of hope in a season when there has been lots of very depressing news, which shows that we are in with a chance of civilization in a hundred years,” said Mitchell. “Everything is telling us that we’re doomed but the Future Library brings hope that we are more resilient than we think: that we will be here, that there will be trees, that there will be books and readers, and civilization.”
-Mitchell said he found writing the book “quite liberating because I won’t be around to take the consequences of this being good or bad. But, I’m sandwiched between Margaret Atwood and no doubt some other brilliant writer. So, it had better be good. I’d look such a fool if they opened it in 2114 and it wasn’t any good.”
-Mitchell says that he usually “polishes and polishes” his writing. “Actually, I over-polish. But, this was very different – I wrote till the final minute. So, the first two-thirds were polished and the final third I didn’t have time. And, it was a liberation.”
-Future Library creator, Paterson, asked the writers to write on “the theme of imagination and time, which they can take in so many directions”. Mitchell revealed only the name of the manuscript, From Me Flows What You Call Time, during a ceremony in the Norwegian woods next to where Paterson’s 1,000 trees are planted. The title is taken from a piece of music by Japanese composer Toru Takemitsu. But, other than admitting that “it’s more substantial than I was expecting”, the author would say nothing more.
-Handing over his text in the forest, Mitchell read his audience of children and adults a short story and William Wordsworth’s A slumber did my spirit seal. Its ending, “Rolled round in earth’s diurnal course / With rocks, and stones, and trees”, felt appropriate in this small section of forest, which will be carefully tended to for the next 98 years before it is turned into Future Library’s manuscripts.
-“How vain to think that my scribblings will be of enduring interest to future generations. Yet, how low-key and understated, to slave over a manuscript that nobody will ever congratulate you for and say: ‘Nice one’ or ‘God, I loved the bit where she did that and he did this ...’” Mitchell wrote in a piece for the Future Library.
-His manuscript, now delivered, will be sealed and placed alongside Atwood’s in a wood-lined room in Oslo’s new public library, which will open in 2019. Watched over by a panel of experts until it is finally printed, it is now, says the novelist, “as gone from me as a coin dropped in a river”.",262
-"Water scientists have given a very strong warning about the world’s food supplies. They say that everyone may have to change to a vegetarian diet by 2050.
-We believe there will be an extra two billion people in the world by 2050. Humans get about 20% of their protein from animal-based products now, but this may need to decrease to just 5% to feed these extra people, say the world’s top water scientists.
-“There will not be enough water to produce food for the nine-billion population in 2050 if more people start eating like people in the West,” the report by Malik Falkenmark and colleagues at the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) said.
-“There will be enough water if the percentage of animal-based foods is limited to 5% of total calories.”
-There are warnings that water shortages will limit food production. At the same time, Oxfam and the UN prepare for a possible second global food crisis in five years. Prices for food items such as corn and wheat have increased nearly 50% on international markets since June. The price increase has been caused by very bad droughts in the US and Russia, and weak monsoon rains in Asia. More than 18 million people already have serious food shortages across the Sahel.
-Oxfam says that the effects of price increases will be very bad in developing countries that need to buy food from other countries, including parts of Latin America, North Africa and the Middle East.
-Changing to a vegetarian diet is one way to keep more water to grow food, the scientists said.
-Animal protein-rich food uses five to ten times more water than vegetarian food. One third of the world’s farmland is used to grow crops to feed animals.
-“Nine hundred million people already don’t have enough food and two million people are malnourished, even though we are producing more food,” they said. “70% of all water is used in farming, and growing more food to feed an extra two billion people by 2050 will put more pressure on water and land.”
-The report was released at the start of the annual world water conference in Stockholm, Sweden, where 2,500 politicians, UN groups, non-governmental groups and researchers from 120 countries met to discuss global water supply problems.
-Eating too much, malnourishment and waste are all increasing. “We will need a new recipe to feed the world in the future,” said the report’s editor, Anders Jägerskog.",263
-"Brazil experienced one of its biggest nights of protest in decades as more than 100,000 people took to the streets nationwide to express their frustration at heavy-handed policing, poor public services and high costs for the World Cup.
-The major demonstrations in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Brasilia, Belem, Belo Horizonte, Salvador and elsewhere started peacefully, but several led to clashes with police and arson attacks on cars and buses.
-The large turnout and geographic spread marked a rapid escalation after previous, smaller protests against bus price increases led to complaints that police responded disproportionately with rubber bullets, tear gas and violent beatings.
-Coinciding with the start of the Confederations Cup – a World Cup test event – the rallies brought together a wide coalition of people frustrated with the escalating costs and persistently poor quality of public services, lavish investment in international sporting events, low standards of health care and wider unease about inequality and corruption.
-While the vast majority of demonstrations in Rio were peaceful, several police were injured in clashes at the city’s legislative assembly, at least one car was overturned and burned, and windows were smashed in the offices of banks and notary offices.
-The unrest escalated during the night as a large crowd set several fires outside the legislative assembly, smashed the building’s windows and painted graffiti on the walls proclaiming “Revolution”, “Down with Paes, down with Cabral [the mayor and state governor]” and “Hate police”. Police inside responded with pepper spray and perhaps more – the Guardian saw one protester passed out and bleeding heavily from a wound in the upper arm.
-The causes pursued by the protesters varied widely. “We are here because we hate the government. They do nothing for us,” said Oscar José Santos, a 19 year old who was with a group of hooded youths from the Rocinha favela.
-“I’m an architect but I have been unemployed for six months. There must be something wrong with this country,” said Nadia al Husin, holding up a banner calling on the government to do more for education.
-At a far smaller rally in Brasilia, demonstrators broke through police lines to enter the high-security area of the national congress. Several climbed onto the roof.
-In Belo Horizonte, police clashed with protesters who tried to break through a cordon around a football stadium hosting a Confederations Cup match between Nigeria and Tahiti.
-In Porto Alegre, demonstrators set fire to a bus and, in Curitiba, protesters attempted to force their way into the office of the state governor. There were also rallies in Belem, Salvador and elsewhere.
-In São Paulo, which had seen the fiercest clashes the previous week and the main allegations of police violence, large crowds gathered once again but initial reports suggested the marches passed peacefully.
-Reflecting the importance of social networks in spreading the message about the protests, some in São Paulo – where numbers were estimated at between 30,000 and 100,000 – carried banners declaring “We come from Facebook”.
-Most protesters were young and, for many, it was their first experience of such a giant rally. “My generation has never experienced this,” said Thiago Firbida, a student. “Since the dictatorship, Brazilians never bothered to take over the streets. They did not believe they had a reason to. But now Brazil is once again in crisis, with a constant rise in prices, so people are finally reacting.”
-Comparisons have been drawn with rallies in Turkey and elsewhere. Another global link was evident in the handful of demonstrators who wore Guy Fawkes masks, associated with Anonymous and the Occupy Wall Street protests.
-Brazil’s demonstrations are being referred to as the “vinegar revolution” (after police arrested people for carrying vinegar to counter tear gas), as well as the “20-cent revolution” (due to the bus price rise) and the Passe Livre (after the demand for free public transport).
-Some said the protests felt un-Brazilian but liberating. “Our politicians need to see the strength we have as one people. Brazilians tend to be too nice sometimes – they enjoy partying rather than protesting – but something is changing,” said Deli Borsari, a 53-year-old yoga instructor.
-Following widespread news coverage of the costs of new and refurbished stadiums, the Confederations Cup football tournament has been one of the focuses of the protests. Before the opening match in Brasilia, crowds of demonstrators were dispersed by riot police. Footage showed frightened Japanese supporters rushing from the area holding their children, as the sound of shots – perhaps rubber bullets or tear gas – was heard.
-Another protest march, near Rio’s Maracana Stadium, was met with a similarly heavy police response.
-Most of the rallies appeared to start peacefully until they confronted the security forces, who are largely organized at a regional level. President Dilma Rousseff condones the protests, according to her aides. “The president believes peaceful protests are legitimate and proper for a democracy, and that it is natural for young people to demonstrate,” said Helena Chagas of the president’s office.
-However, the president was booed at the opening ceremony for the Confederations Cup. With the economy in bad shape and social unrest on the rise, she faces a serious political challenge, both now and in 2014, when Brazil will not only host the World Cup but also have a presidential election.",264
-"“I got a Dyson vacuum cleaner but I don’t even know if I want it,” said 56-year-old Louise Haggerty, as she left the Black Friday sales at one o’clock in the morning. “It was crazy in there. It was absolutely disgusting, disgusting.”
-Haggerty went with a friend to a 24-hour Sainsbury’s supermarket in north-east London. She hoped to buy a bargain flat-screen TV. “But so many people pushed in the queue that we didn’t have a chance,” she said. “The poor woman who was second in the queue was pushed out by a crowd of youths. She didn’t get anything. People were behaving like animals – it was horrible,” she said. “I only saw two security guards.”
-Haggerty was frustrated when she was unable to buy a TV, which was reduced from £299.99 to £149.99, so rushed to pick up a vacuum cleaner, which was reduced from £319.99 to £159.99. “I don’t even know how much it costs. I don’t know even know if I’m going to buy it. I just wanted something,” she said. “There are young men in there with three, four, five tellies. It’s not fair.”
-One of those young men was Andy Blackett, who had two trolleys full of bargains. “I got two coffee makers, two tablets, two TVs and a stereo,” he said. “I don’t know the prices but I know they’re bargains.” But his friend Henry Fischer wasn’t as successful. “Someone snatched my telly from me – it’s because I’m the smaller one.”
-More than 12 police officers attended a Tesco store in another part of London because fights started between eager and frustrated shoppers. Tesco delayed the sale of its most popular sale items – TVs – for almost an hour until police brought the situation under control. One police officer said the manager did not provide enough security and suggested the sale should be stopped completely.
-Police were called to several other stores just before the doors opened at midnight. Manchester Police said they arrested at least two people at Black Friday sales events. South Wales Police also said they received calls from staff at Tesco stores because so many people came to the sales that they became worried.
-One of the first people to buy a flat-screen TV, when TV sales began just before 1am, was James Alled. He bought two and was already trying to sell one of them to someone further down the queue. “I bought them for £250 each. I’ll sell it to you for £350, £300 cash,” he said. Further back in the queue, Christine Ball, 62, wasn’t impressed. “I got here at 10.15pm and I’m further back now than when I got here” she said. “These people don’t know what a queue is.”
-Ball had not heard of the Black Friday sales, which come from the US, until now. She came out especially to buy her grandson a TV for Christmas. “Not one of those massive ones; just a normal one at £100 or so,” she said.
-Mel Mehmet, 23, went to Black Friday sales in 2013 so she knew there would be queues. But she said the atmosphere in Tesco scared her this time. “It’s crazy to have a sale at midnight – the police have more important things to do at night than come to sales. We’re going to PC World in the morning – their sale starts at 8am.”",265
-"oise from ships may disturb animals such as killer whales and dolphins much more than people previously thought. New research shows that underwater noise could disturb the animals communication and ability to find prey. The low rumble of passing ships has, for a long time, been connected to the disturbance of large whales. But, US researchers have also found noise at medium and higher frequencies, including at 20,000Hz where killer whales, also known as orcas, hear best.
-These noises could be disturbing the ability of killer whales to communicate and use echo to find their prey. Dolphins and porpoises, which also hear at higher frequencies, may have the same problems. The findings suggest that the noise could affect the endangered population of killer whales that are found near the shipping lanes up the west coast of the USA.
-The main concern of this is that even a slight increase in sound may make echolocation more difficult for whales, said Scott Veirs, who led the research. Echolocation is the process of using sound to bounce off objects such as prey and identify where they are. Thats worrying because their prey, chinook salmon, is already quite scarce. Hearing a salmons click is probably one of the most challenging things a killer whale does. Hearing that subtle click is harder if theres a lot of noise around you.
-The researchers used underwater microphones to measure the noise created by about 1,600 ships as they passed through Haro Strait, in Washington State, USA. The two-year study recorded the sound made by 12 different types of vessel, including cruise ships, container ships and military vehicles, that passed through the strait about 20 times a day.
-Some ships are quieter than others but the average intensity of noise next to all the ships was 173 underwater decibels, equivalent to 111 decibels through the air about the sound of a loud rock concert. Whales are not usually right next to ships and so would hear noise of about 60 to 90 decibels around the level of a lawnmower or a vacuum cleaner.
-Veirs said scientists already knew about the impact of underwater noise on large whales. But, the new research shows the threat to smaller whales, dolphins and porpoises. Ships have been thought of as low-frequency sources of noise, like the rumbling of lorries or trains, he said. Most noise is at that low frequency but the background noise of the ocean is raised even in the high frequencies. This could be causing a significant problem that we need to look into more.
-There are several further consequences of a noisy underwater environment. Whales may have to group together more closely in order to hear each other. And, if they fail to find prey as effectively, they will need to use up their stores of extra blubber. This is a problem because this blubber often contains manmade pollutants that are toxic to whales if they are released fully into their systems.
-Veirs said more work needs to be done to identify how badly the noise is affecting whales and also to quieten the ships that pass near them. It should be easy to reduce noise pollution, he said. Military ships are quite a bit quieter and there could be simple ways of transferring that technology to commercial ships. Another way to reduce noise is to slow down. Decreasing speed by six knots could decrease noise by half.
-While some whale species, such as blue whales, the largest mammal on Earth, are safer now because whaling has declined, others are still under threat from a range of factors. The US federal government has recently protected nearly 40,000 square miles of the Atlantic to try to avoid losing a species of whale with just 500 individuals left.
-In Europe, killer whales are carrying dangerously high levels of banned chemicals in their blubber. Scientists are still trying to find out whether pollutants caused the deaths of five whales that were found on beaches on the east coast of Britain in January 2016. Meanwhile, around the coast of Australia, whales face an increased threat from ship strikes and oil and gas drilling, as well as Japans recent decision to start whaling again in Antarctic waters.",266
-"The customer next to you in the queue looks quite normal. But, instead of a shopping list, you notice she’s carrying handwritten notes about the appearance and cleanliness of the store. She’s been timing the speed of the queue on her phone … and is that a tiny camera lens in her purse? She’s probably a mystery shopper.
-There are approximately 50,000 mystery shopping trips carried out every month in the UK, according to the Mystery Shopping Providers Association, and, as more and more spending takes place online, the demand for mystery shoppers is growing. “Retailers are becoming increasingly aware that shoppers who are prepared to set foot in a physical store want a service and an experience they can’t get online,” says Simon Boydell, spokesman for Marketforce, which has more than 300,000 mystery shoppers. “Our clients want to measure how well their stores are delivering of that experience.”
-“We assign different store locations to each shopper and rotate them so that they never go back to the same shop within three months,” says Jill Spencer of mystery shopping company ABa. “Each day, they typically spend up to eight hours visiting five to ten stores, plus another hour or two filing detailed reports on every aspect of their visit.” For that, the mystery shoppers can earn up to £155 a day. They are also reimbursed for their expenses. Mystery shoppers who film their visits with a hidden camera can earn even more – around £300 a day.
-Shoppers are usually repaid any money they spend in the stores and may also be allowed to keep the products they buy. “I’m typically given between £5 and £20 to spend at each store, to assess the service I receive at the till,” says mystery shopper Laura. “I’m always given a scenario, such as buying something from a specific department or a new product range, but I can often buy whatever I want – and keep it.”
-Like most full-time mystery shoppers, Laura is self-employed. Her income is around £30,000 to £40,000 a year and that doesn’t include all the freebies she gets on the job. “With the perks, it’s enough to live on.” She finds it satisfying to return to a store she has previously mystery shopped and see standards have improved. “I know it must be because of my feedback or why would they pay me to give it? Some of the retailers I shop at win awards for customer service and I think that is down to us mystery shoppers. I feel I’m not just doing a service for my company; I’m doing a service for all shoppers everywhere.”
-It’s estimated that more than 500,000 people have registered as mystery shoppers in the UK, but just 10% or less manage to get regular work each month. This has led to a dramatic reduction in pay. “Once you got a fee, reimbursement for your purchase and mileage, but you now often just receive a contribution towards a purchase,” say Val, a 51-year-old former mystery shopper. “I worked for 40 different mystery shopping companies for almost 20 years but I gave up entirely three years ago because I had bills to pay and very few assignments paid an acceptable rate.”
-Nowadays, mystery shopping companies mostly give freebies to incentivize their workers. “Marketforce shoppers typically get a couple of pounds for a visit as a token gesture for their time and effort,” says Boydell. “At the most, we’ll pay £15 to £25 plus reimbursement for, perhaps, a meal for two or a hotel stay. We don’t directly employ any shoppers so we don’t have to pay them the minimum wage.”
-“I’d go on a cruise for nothing,” says Laura. “But I think mystery shopping companies that pay you a nominal fee to travel to a restaurant and eat a meal are exploiting people. I won’t touch those jobs anymore.” There are plenty of people, however, that would. Hannah, a 41-year-old lawyer, has done nearly 500 visits for the Mystery Dining Company in her spare time without receiving pay or travel expenses. She carries out their most exclusive assignments, enjoying £200 meals at Michelin-starred restaurants and overnight stays at boutique hotels.
-But there’s no such thing as a free lunch, even if you work for a mystery dining company. Hannah says she typically spends two to four hours after each visit writing detailed reports on everything from the quality of the food to specific interactions with staff, whom she always needs to be able to name or describe. She has to memorize all these details while eating her meal because she cannot openly write anything down.
-“There’s lots to remember. You’re expected to give feedback while it’s fresh, so I’ve had to get up at 5am to write a report before work. It’s a challenging thing to do; you need to be focused, articulate and detail orientated.”",267
-"According to a recent scientific study, organic food has more healthy antioxidants than regular food. It also has fewer toxic metals and pesticides. The international team that did the study suggests that changing to organic fruit and vegetables could be as healthy as adding one or two portions of the recommended ‘five a day’ fruit and vegetables.
-The team, led by Professor Carlo Leifert, concludes that there are big differences between organic and non-organic food. Organic food has between 19% and 69% more antioxidants. It is the first study to show clear differences between organic and regular fruits, vegetables and cereals.
-The researchers say that the higher levels of antioxidants have the same effect as “one to two of the five portions of fruits and vegetables that people should eat every day”. They say this means that organic food is better for our health.
-The findings will make people argue even more about whether or not organic food is better for people. Tom Sanders, a professor of nutrition at King’s College London, said the research showed some differences. “But are the differences relevant? I am not sure.” He also said that research showed organic cereals have less protein than regular crops.
-The results of the research are based on an analysis of 343 studies from around the world – more than ever before – which examine differences between organic and regular fruit, vegetables and cereals. Helen Browning, who supports organic farming, said that the research showed that how we farm affects the quality of the food we eat.
-Leifert and his colleagues conclude that many antioxidants reduce the risk of serious diseases, including diseases of the heart and certain cancers. The researchers also found much higher levels of cadmium, a toxic metal, in regular crops.
-They found four times more pesticides on regular crops than on organic food.
-People will criticize the research: including so many studies in the analysis could make the results unreliable. Also, the higher levels of cadmium and pesticides in regular food are still below recommended limits. But, the researchers say that cadmium stays in the body and that some people may want to avoid this. They also say that recommended limits are for single pesticides and not for the mixture of chemicals that farmers use on regular crops.
-Another criticism of the research is that the differences it found may be the result of different climates, different types of soil and different types of crops; they may not be the result of organic farming. But, the biggest criticism will be about possible health benefits. The most recent major analysis, which included 223 studies in 2012, found little evidence of health benefits. “Other studies did not find evidence that organic foods are much more nutritious than regular foods,” it found.
-Sanders agrees. “You are not going to be healthier if you eat organic food,” he said. “What is most important is what you eat, not whether it’s organic or regular. It’s whether you eat fruit and vegetables at all.”
-Shoppers say that healthy eating (55%) and avoiding chemicals (53%) are the main reasons they buy organic food. Browning said: “This research supports what people think about organic food. In other countries, there is much more support and acceptance of the benefits of organic food and farming. We hope that now the UK will accept organic food like people in the rest of Europe.",268
-"The world shares him and London claims him but Stratford-upon-Avon intends to spend 2016 celebrating William Shakespeare as their man: the bard of Avon, born in the Warwickshire market town in 1564, who died there 400 years ago. Stratford remained hugely important throughout Shakespeare’s life, argues Paul Edmondson, the head of learning and research at the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.
-“People have seen Shakespeare as someone who turns his back on Stratford and his family, goes to London to earn his fortune and only comes back to die,” he said. “But Stratford is where he bought land and property, where he kept his library, where he lived and read and thought. We are going to spend the year re-emphasizing the importance of Shakespeare, the man of Stratford.” The seveneenth-century diarist, antiquarian and gossip John Aubrey, born 11 years after Shakespeare died, was at pains to point out there was nothing so very special about the bard. Aubrey, university educated, unlike Shakespeare, said that he acted “exceedingly well” and that “his Playes took well ”. The world has not agreed with Aubrey. The anniversary of the death of the man from Stratford, the most famous and the most performed playwright in the world, will be marked across Britain and the globe.
-Macbeth will open in Singapore, Romeo and Juliet in Brussels. Shakespeare’s Globe is completing the first world tour in the history of theatre, in which it has taken Hamlet to almost every country – North Korea is still holding out. In London, they are also creating a 37-screen pop-up cinema, one screen to showcase each of Shakespeare’s plays, along the South Bank.
-The National Theatre, the Royal Shakespeare Company and virtually every other theatre production company in the country will be marking the anniversary. Interpretations will range from the resolutely traditional to the Brighton-based Spymonkey’s Complete Deaths, a romp through the 74 deaths – 75 including a fly squashed in Titus
-Andronicus – by stabbing, poisoning, smothering and smashing across the plays. There will also be hundreds of lectures, recitals, international academic conferences, films, concerts, operas and major exhibitions.
-For a man famous in his own lifetime, there is little documentary evidence for Shakespeare’s life and times. The plays would scarcely have survived if his friends and fellow actors had not gathered together every scrap of every play they could find – drafts, prompt scripts, scribbled actors’ parts and 17 plays not known in any other version – into the precious First Folio published in 1623, seven years after Shakespeare’s death.
-The actor Mark Rylance has called it his favourite book in the world and most of the surviving First Folios will be on display – including those belonging to the British and Bodleian libraries, and a tattered copy recently discovered in France. Some of the most precious surviving documents will be gathered together in an exhibition at Somerset House in London, jointly organized by the National Archives and King’s College London, including four of his six known signatures, which are all slightly different.
-The exhibition, By Me, William Shakespeare, will include his will, the court papers relating to the audacious move when Shakespeare and his fellow actors dismantled a theatre on the north side of the Thames and rebuilt it as the Globe on the South Bank, and accounts showing payments from the royal treasury for Boxing Day performances for James I and Queen Anne.
-The outgoing Globe director, Dominic Dromgoole, recently jokily claimed Shakespeare as a true Londoner – albeit conceding “some spurious claim” by Stratford-upon-Avon. Stratford, however, will be insisting that the town made and educated Shakespeare. His old school room is being restored with a £1.4m Heritage Lottery grant and will open as a permanent visitor attraction.
-Shakespeare bought the splendid New Place, the second best house in the town, where he died, according to literary legend, on St George’s Day, 23 April, the same day as his birth. “You don’t buy a house like New Place and not live there,” Paul Edmondson said. “The general public and many academics have consistently underestimated the importance of Stratford to Shakespeare.”
-Edmondson believes that, after Shakespeare bought the house in 1597, all his thinking time was spent there and that the late plays, including The Tempest, were at least planned in his library and probably written there. The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust describes New Place as “the jewel in the crown of the 400th anniversary celebrations” but, in truth, it is more of a gaping hole where the gem should be.
-Shakespeare’s house was demolished 300 years ago and the house that replaced it, probably incorporating some of the original fabric, was flattened in 1759 by an irascible clergyman, Francis Gastrell, in a row over taxes. He had already cut down Shakespeare’s mulberry tree, under which the writer is said to have sat and worked, because he was irritated by all the tourists peering into his garden.
-The gap in the Stratford streetscape has never been filled but a five-year archaeology project has peeled back the years and the news that Shakespeare’s kitchen had been found in the partly surviving cellars went round the world. The whole site is being redisplayed for the anniversary, with the foundations marked and the garden restored. “Without Stratford,” Edmondson said, “there would have been no Shakespeare.”",269
-"It is no secret that millennials use technology a lot.
-More than eight in ten say they sleep with a mobile phone by their bed, almost two thirds admit they text while driving, one in five has posted a video of themselves online and three quarters have created a profile on a social networking site. But there is a small percentage of millennials who don’t use social media at all. Here are four of them.
-Celan Beausoleil, 31, Oakland, California
-Beausoleil is a social worker and has had an “on and off” relationship with Facebook. She last deactivated her account in December 2015 because she found the amount of personal information shared by others “too heavy” to deal with in addition to her work demands.
-“In my job, I spend a lot of time listening to people’s lives all day, every day and it started to feel so overwhelming to go on social media and see every single detail of everybody’s lives, including people that I don’t really have a relationship with,” she said.
-“I’m involved a lot with people in my work life and sometimes it felt like it was too heavy to do in my personal life also.”
-But Beausoleil loves the way social media connects the world in a truly unique way. “One thing I really liked about Facebook was that I could sit for hours and click on a friend and then click on one of their friends and one of their friends and one of their friends and end up on someone’s Facebook page from the other side of the world,” she said. “I used to do that all the time.”
-Jason Mathias, 26, Baltimore, Maryland
-“One day, I realized: I’m spending so much time doing this. These little seconds add up. I wonder what it would be like if I didn’t spend these seconds here and spent them doing something else. What if I was doing other things with these seconds? What would they become? Would I enjoy it?”
-Mathias had Facebook and Twitter accounts for years before deleting them both in November 2012.
-But he “quickly forgot that Facebook existed” after his impromptu decision to end his social media presence. He can still appreciate the benefits that come with having social media accounts, for example how easy it is to organize large events online. He now relies on friends for party invites.
-But now he loves his extra free time. He spends his lift rides and spare moments at work reading news articles and books. And with no friends’ accounts to follow online, he has to “pick up the phone and call them”, something he’s come to enjoy.
-Lauren Raskauskas, 22, Naples, Florida
-Raskauskas describes herself as a “pretty private” person. So social media is not that appealing to her.
-“My privacy is important to me and I have concerns about giving out my data,” she said. She recently deleted her Twitter account and deactivated her Facebook account two years ago when she realized that she “didn’t like everyone knowing what I was doing”. But she can see the positive sides of social media. When a friend of hers that she’d lost track of moved to Naples for a month, Raskauskas didn’t even realize she was there until after she’d left, which “was a bummer”.
-But in the end, her privacy concerns outweighed any benefits social media could give her and she saw a definite upside when she went through a recent break-up. The last time a relationship of hers ended and she was online, it was not pleasant. “One time, I broke up with somebody while I was on Facebook and I was like ‘Oh my gosh, should I change my profile photo? Should I change my status?’ And, this time, I don’t have to worry about any of that,” she said.
-Hariharan Rajagopalan, 18, Boston,Massachusetts
-Rajagopalan, a student at Boston College, doesn’t see any problem with not using social media. He claims that he “hasn’t seen any effect at this point”.
-Even though classmates post about parties and events on Facebook, they make sure to send him a text message, too, he said.
-The only time Rajagopalan used social media was when it was unavoidable: it was the only way to reach his new roommate at college. Before starting his first year at college, he signed up for his first, and only, social media account. He joined Facebook in order to contact his future roommate and talk about their plans for that year.
-He still has the account but he admits: “I don’t use it.
-I don’t check it or anything like that.” He has avoided other social media accounts but, as a sports fan, he acknowledged that Twitter “is where most of the news first appears”. But he refused to get an account because, he says, “I don’t really need one to read tweets”.",270
-"Angela Erdmann never knew her grandfather. He died in 1946, six years before she was born. But, on Tuesday 8th April, 2014, she described the extraordinary moment when she received a message in a bottle, 101 years after he had lobbed it into the Baltic Sea. Thought to be the world’s oldest message in a bottle, it was presented to Erdmann by the museum that is now exhibiting it in Germany.
-“It was very surprising,” Erdmann, 62, said, recalling how she found out about the bottle. “A man stood at my door and told me he had post from my grandfather. He then told me that a message in a bottle had been found and that the name that was on the card was that of my grandfather.” Her visitor was a genealogical researcher who had managed to track her down in Berlin after the letter was given to the International Maritime Museum in the northern port city of Hamburg.
-The brown beer bottle, which had been in the water for 101 years, was found in the catch of Konrad Fischer, a fisherman, who had been out in the Baltic Sea off the northern city of Kiel. Holger von Neuhoff, curator for ocean and science at the museum, said this bottled message was the oldest he had come across. “There are documents that have been found without the bottle that are older and are in the museum,” he said. “But, with the bottle and the document, this is certainly the oldest at the moment. It is in extremely good condition.”
-Researchers believe Erdmann’s grandfather, Richard Platz, threw the bottle in the sea while on a hike with a nature appreciation group in 1913. He was 20 years old at the time.
-Much of the postcard was indecipherable, although the address in Berlin on the front of the card was legible, as was the author’s polite request that the note be sent by the finder to his home address.
-“He also included two stamps from that time that were also in the bottle, so the finder would not incur a cost,” Erdmann said. “But he did not think it would take 101 years.”
-She said she was moved by the arrival of the message, although she had not known her grandfather because he died, at the age of 54, six years before she was born.
-“I knew very little about my grandfather, but I found out that he was a writer who was very open-minded, and believed in freedom and that everyone should respect each other,” she said. “He did a lot for the young and later travelled with his wife and two daughters. It was wonderful because I could see where my roots came from.”
-Like her grandfather, Erdmann said, she also liked culture and travelling around the world. She described herself as open-minded, too. “What he taught his two daughters, my mother taught me and I have then given to my sons,” she said. Despite her joy at receiving the bottled message, she said that she hoped others would not repeat what her grandfather had done and throw bottles with messages into the sea. “Today, the sea is so full of so many bottles and rubbish that more shouldn’t be thrown in there,” she said.
-The message and the bottle will be on display at Hamburg’s Maritime Museum until the beginning of May 2014, after which experts will attempt to decipher the rest of the text. It is not clear what will then happen to the bottle, but Erdmann hopes it will stay at the museum.
-“We want to make a few photos available to put with the bottle and give it a face, so visitors can see the young man who threw the bottle into the water,” she said.",271
-"The bestselling book on Amazon in the US is by Scottish illustrator Johanna Basford, who is topping the charts with her colouring books for adults.
-Basford’s intricately drawn pictures of flora and fauna in Secret Garden have sold 1.4 million copies worldwide, with the next book, Enchanted Forest, selling just under 226,000 copies already. They have fans like Zooey Deschanel, who shared a link about the book with her Facebook followers, and the South Korean pop star Kim Ki- Bum, who posted an image on Instagram for his 1.6 million followers.
-“It’s been crazy. The last few weeks have been utter madness, but fantastic madness,” said Eleanor Blatherwick, head of sales and marketing at the books’ publisher, small British press Laurence King. “We knew the books would be beautiful but we didn’t realize they would be such a phenomenal success.”
-And it is not just Basford who is benefitting from the adults who just want something to colour in. In the UK, Richard Merritt’s Art Therapy Colouring Book is in fourth place on Amazon’s bestseller lists, Millie Marotta’s Animal Kingdom – detailed pictures of animals to colour – is in seventh and a mindfulness colouring book is in ninth. Basford’s books are in second and eighth place – that’s half of Amazon.co.uk’s top ten filled up by colouring books for adults.
-At independent UK publisher Michael O’Mara, which has sold almost 340,000 adult colouring books, Head of Publicity, Marketing and Online, Ana McLaughlin, says the craze is due to the way the category is now sold as a way to relax. “The first one we did was in 2012, Creative Colouring for Grown-Ups. It sold well but it was in 2014 that it all really mushroomed with Art Therapy. It became really popular – selling it as an anti-stress book gave people permission to enjoy something they might have felt was quite childish,” she said.
-The Mindfulness Colouring Book really emphasizes that it is anti-stress – its publisher tells readers that it is “filled with templates for exquisite scenes and intricate, sophisticated patterns, prompting you to meditate on your artwork as you mindfully and creatively fill these pages with colour”. It suggests that colourers “take a few minutes out of your day, wherever you are, and colour your way to peace and calm”.
-“I think it is really relaxing to unplug,” said Basford. “And it’s creative. For many people, a blank sheet is very daunting; with a colouring book, you just need to bring the colour. Also, there’s a bit of nostalgia there. So many people have said to me that they used to do secret colouring in when their kids were in bed. Now, it is socially acceptable; it’s a category of its own. These are books for adults. The art in my books is super intricate.”
-The illustrator, who lives in Aberdeenshire, has been astonished at the reaction since she released Secret Garden in 2013. “I drew a kids’ book and I told them I would like to do one for grown-ups. It really wasn’t a trend then. I drew the first story and they said, ‘Let’s go for it’. I was thinking simply that people like me would like to do it. My intention was just to make a book I would like to have. So it’s been a real surprise to see the category bloom.”
-She is currently working on a third book. “It’s a major trend and it doesn’t look like it’s going to slow down,” said McLaughlin. “The pictures are all over Twitter and Instagram. People are really proud of them – they are so intricate,” she said. “You don’t have to have any artistic talent but what you create is unique. People send us pictures of them. I reckon people are taking their kids’ pictures off the fridge and replacing them with their own.”",272
-"The researchers were surprised by what people would do to avoid the task. What was the task? To sit in a chair and do nothing but think.
-Some people found it so unbearable that they gave themselves mild electric shocks to stop the boredom.
-Two-thirds of men pressed a button that gave them a painful shock during a 15-minute period of solitude. A quarter of women also pressed the shock button.
-The report from psychologists at Virginia and Harvard Universities looks at the question of why most of us find it so hard to do nothing.
-In more than 11 separate studies, the researchers showed that all kinds of people hated being left alone to think – it doesn’t matter what their age, education or income is, or how often they use smartphones or social media.
-Researcher Timothy Wilson said that the results were probably not because of the speed of modern life or because of mobile phones and social media. Instead, he said those things might be popular because we feel we need to do something and hate doing nothing.
-During the first experiments, students were taken into a room and told to think. They were alone, without their phones, books or anything to write with. The only rules were that they had to stay sitting and not fall asleep. They were told that they would have six to 15 minutes alone.
-The students were questioned at the end of the experiment. Most of them did not enjoy the experience. They found it difficult to concentrate and their minds wandered.
-The researchers did the experiment again with people at home. They got similar results. Surprisingly, people found it even more difficult and they cheated by getting up from their chair or checking their phones.
-The researchers did the study again with more than 100 people, aged 18 to 77, from a church and a farmers’ market. They also disliked just sitting and thinking.
-But, there was an even more surprising result. To check if people might prefer something bad to nothing at all, the students had the possibility of giving themselves a mild electric shock.
-Before the experiment, all the students said they would pay to avoid mild electric shocks.
-But 12 of 18 men gave themselves electric shocks and six of 24 women gave themselves electric shocks.
-The scientists were surprised. They said that being alone with their thoughts was so hard for many participants that they gave themselves an electric shock, something the participants had said they would pay not to get.
-Jessica Andrews-Hanna at the University of Colorado said many students would probably give themselves an electric shock to make a boring lecture more exciting. But, she says we need to know more about Wilson’s study.
-“Imagine – a person is told to sit in a chair with wires attached to their skin and a button that will give them a harmless but uncomfortable shock, and they are told to just sit there with their thoughts,” she said.
-“As they sit there, their mind starts to wander and naturally they think about that shock – was it really that bad?”",273
-"It has mapped the world’s highest peaks, the ocean floor, the Amazon rainforest and even shown us a bit of North Korea. But Google’s mission to map the world has mostly stayed away from the inhospitable Arctic.
-Now, however, Google is starting what might be the most significant update to centuries of polar map making – and one it hopes will help provide a better understanding of life on the permafrost for millions of web users. Google has flown a small team to Iqaluit, the largest town in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. They have with them their warmest winter clothes, a stack of laptop computers and an 18kg telescopic camera that they can fix to their backpacks.
-Helped by an Inuit mapping expert, and followed around by curious locals, the team spent four days collecting the images and information that will give the isolated community on Baffin Island what people across the globe who live in cities now take for granted.
-The town of 7,000 people will go on display via Google’s popular Street View application in July 2013.
-Unlike more accessible parts of the world, which have been mapped using a special camera on a car roof, for Google’s Iqaluit project mappers walked the town’s snowpacked roads and crossed little-known trails, some of which are made of ice and disappear in the short summer months.
-The team also walked along part of a 15km dead-end road known as the Road to Nowhere, despite warnings about the risk from polar bears and other wildlife.
-John Graham, mayor of Iqaluit, understands the enthusiasm of the locals who followed Google’s digital map makers while they worked. The Street View project, he said, follows in the footsteps of the English explorer Martin Frobisher, who in 1576 sailed into the bay where Iqaluit now is while searching for the Northwest Passage, and the 1941 flight of Captain Elliott Roosevelt, an officer and son of the US President, which led to the site being chosen for a military airbase. His exploration led to the founding of the modern town of Iqaluit.
-What Google had already created on their existing map using satellite images was quite accurate, but they were missing one road that had been created in the past year.
-One difficulty was how to situate many businesses and homeowners that have mail sent to the local post office, not delivered to their address. Putting the PO box addresses on the map would mean the map would show all the companies, banks and schools in the same place, around the Canada Post building in the centre of town.
-About 30 Inuit elders, business people and high-school pupils came one night to help correct such problems. They were provided with a laptop computer and shown how to make sure their homes, shops and meeting places would show up accurately on the map.
-The project is more than a novelty. Arif Sayani, the town’s Director of Planning, said the town would be able to use the maps as a promotional tool for those thinking of visiting or moving to the area. It may also speed up planning decisions in Iqaluit.
-The project leader for Google said he hoped to see the work continue in other northern towns. However, the high costs of moving people and equipment around the vast Arctic territory means they might have to use cheaper methods in the future, for example, sending equipment to the area and asking volunteers to complete the map.",274
-"The sight of colleagues and acquaintances taking a drag on an e-cigarette has become commonplace. But have we reached “peak vape”? Statistics suggest that vaping among smokers and recent ex-smokers, who comprise the vast majority of vapers, may already be on the decline. The figures will be studied closely by the major e-cigarette firms, which have poured millions into promoting a technology that was thought to have been growing in popularity.
-Figures released in 2014 by the health charity Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) reveal that usage among adults in Britain of electronic cigarettes – which do not contain tobacco and produce vapour, not smoke – tripled from an estimated 700,000 users in 2012 to 2.1 million in 2014.
-However, figures collated by the Smoking Toolkit Study, a research body backed by the Department of Health that provides quarterly updates on smoking trends, show vaping’s appeal may be waning. Vaping rates among smokers and ex-smokers rose steadily until the end of 2013, when some 22% of smokers and ex-smokers were vaping. But this proportion levelled out throughout 2014 before dropping to 19% during the final quarter of 2014. Early signs suggest the decline has continued into 2015. The drop is described as “statistically significant” by Professor Robert West, of UCL’s Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, who collates the figures for the Toolkit.
-Smokers are the key group for e-cigarette firms because seven out of ten vapers are smokers. Only around 1% of people who have never smoked have tried an electronic cigarette. “Numbers who use e-cigarettes while continuing to smoke are going down,” West said. “We’ve only been tracking vaping for just over a year, so it’s a short time period, but we are not seeing growth in the number of long-term ex-smokers or 'never' smokers using e-cigarettes. That is not to say vaping rates might not change but, at this stage, it looks like they’re staying the same.”
-The levelling off in popularity of vaping in the UK would appear to be at odds with what is happening in the US, where the technology has been promoted aggressively and where recent reports suggested it was growing in popularity. However, West questioned the interpretation of US data, which made little distinction between people who had once tried an e-cigarette and those who regularly vaped.
-Fears that vaping could become fashionable among young non-smokers appear to be misplaced, according to experts. Only 1.8% of children are regular users, the ASH study found. Instead, e-cigarettes seem to be most popular among adults seeking to quit. “While the figures published this month by Smoking In England show that the use of electronic cigarettes by smokers has levelled off, their data also shows the huge increase in use since May 2011,” said James Dunworth, director and co-founder of ecigarettedirect.co.uk. “Our customers are still very happy with the product, and technology and innovation in hardware is improving user experience and helping them to switch from traditional cigarettes.”
-“E-cigarettes are behaving like a souped-up nicotine patch,” West agreed. “They are more popular than nicotine patches and may or may not be more effective. One-third of quit attempts use e-cigarettes, which makes them by far the most popular method of stopping.”
-Hazel Cheeseman, director of policy at ASH, said it was too soon to say whether vaping had peaked. “Although there are indications that the market hasn’t grown in the UK for about a year, there doesn’t seem to be a decline in the number of people using electronic cigarettes to help them quit smoking. Using an electronic cigarette is safer than smoking; some, but not all, people find them useful to help quit smoking and there is little evidence that they are leading to an increase in young people smoking.”
-It emerged recently that the European Commission (EC) is looking at increasing taxes on e-cigarettes, something that could have an impact on their popularity. A new EC tobacco directive comes into force in 2016 that will limit the amount of nicotine in e-cigarettes to below their current levels. This may mean vapers will have to increase their usage to obtain the same hit, again something that may make e-cigarettes more expensive.
-West suggested that policymakers should see e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid and not subject them to the same regulations as smoking. “There is a tendency among some local authorities and organizations to treat e-cigarettes as cigarettes and ban them in public places and outdoors,” he said.",275
-"The tranquil sounds of the natural world might be lost to today’s generation as people screen out the noises that surround them, a senior US researcher warns.
-Rising levels of background noise in some areas threaten to make people oblivious to the uplifting sounds of birdsong, trickling water and trees rustling in the wind. These sounds can often be heard even in urban centres, said Kurt Fristrup, a senior scientist at the US National Park Service.
-The problem was made worse by people listening to music through their earphones instead of tuning in to the birds and other sounds of nature that can easily be drowned out by traffic, music and others noises, he said.
-“This learned deafness is a real problem,” Fristrup told the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in San Jose. “We are training ourselves to ignore the information coming into our ears.”
-“This gift that we are born with – to hear things hundreds of metres away, all these incredible sounds – might be lost,” he said.
-The danger is that we are exposed to noise for so long that we stop listening. We are also losing the ability to engage with the environment in the way we were built to, he added.
-For the past ten years, the US National Park Service has recorded sound levels at more than 600 places across the US, including Yosemite in California, Yellowstone and Denali in Alaska. All the places were affected by some form of noise from human activity – aircraft, motorbikes, motorboats or tour buses.
-Fristrup’s team combined the sound levels recorded from national parks with similar data from urban settings to create a model of noise levels across the US. They say that noise pollution more than doubles every 30 years.
-“It’s not surprising people are putting on earphones or even noise cancelling headphones to try and create a quieter environment,” he said.
-“As you raise background sound levels, it has the same effect on your hearing as fog would have on your vision. Instead of having this expansive experience of all the sounds around you, you are aware of only a small area around you,” he said. Even in our cities, there are birds and things to appreciate in the environment but the ability to hear them is being lost.
-People quickly become used to changes in their environments, including rising noise levels, and, over time, Fristrup fears that we will accept far worse environmental conditions than we should and forget how much quieter the world could be. “If finding peace and quiet becomes too difficult, many, many children will grow up without the experience and I think it’s a very real problem,” he said.
-The warning came as other scientists reported health benefits from listening to natural sounds. Speaking at the same meeting, Derrick Taff, a social scientist at Pennsylvania State University, described preliminary experiments which suggest that listening to recordings from national parks, of waterfalls, birdsong and wind, helped people recover from stressful events.
-In one experiment, Taff told people who visited his lab to give an unplanned talk that would be judged by researchers standing behind a one-way mirror. Measurements of their heart rate and the stress hormone, cortisol, before and after the speech found that people calmed down faster when they listened to nature recordings than when the same soundtracks also contained noises from road traffic, aeroplanes and even normal conversation.
-“We know that natural sounds are very important to people. They are some of the main reasons people visit protected areas. They want to hear the natural quiet, the birdsong, and the wind and water,” Taff said. “We may be losing this as people are listening to their iPods all the time. My advice is to go to your protected areas and experience what you are missing.”
-Why natural sounds might be calming to people is unclear but Fristrup thinks that, over millions of years of evolution, we may have come to associate the more tranquil sounds of the natural world with safety. “I suspect there’s something about these sounds that reminds our brains of a place that’s safe,” he said.",276
-"A new study shows that there are more and more brown bears, wolves and lynx in the forests and suburban areas of Europe. Rising human populations and use of resources have made many people believe that these animals could soon become extinct. But the study says that numbers of large predators are stable or rising in Europe.
-Brown bears, wolves and the Eurasian lynx are found in nearly one-third of mainland Europe (excluding Belarus, Ukraine and Russia). Most live outside nature reserves – this shows that changing attitudes and conservation methods are protecting these species very well.
-Bears are the most common large carnivore in Europe – there are around 17,000 bears. There are 12,000 wolves and 9,000 Eurasian lynx. Only Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Luxembourg in mainland Europe have no breeding populations of at least one large carnivore species. Britain also has none. But the study said these animals live in regions of Europe where lots of people live and this shows that they could live even in the British countryside.
-Guillaume Chapron from Sweden’s University of Agricultural Sciences and researchers across Europe found wolves living in suburban areas with up to 3,050 people per square kilometre. On average in Europe, wolves live on land where there are 37 people per square kilometre, lynx in areas where there are 21 people per square kilometre and bears where there are 19 people per square kilometre. In the Scottish Highlands there are just nine people per square kilometre.
-“To have wolves, we don’t need to remove people from the landscape,” said Chapron. He also said that the big carnivore revival shows the success of a “land-sharing” method of conservation – it is different from the method in North America and Africa, where they use fences to separate these animals in “wilderness” areas.
-“I’m not saying it’s a perfect love story – living together often means conflict – but it’s important to control that conflict and resolve the problems it causes. Wolves can be difficult neighbours,” said Chapron.
-According to the researchers, countries in other parts of the world could use this “land-sharing” method. Land-sharing works in Europe because there are more and more animals such as wild deer for the predators to eat and there is money for electric fences to protect livestock fences, so farmers do not have to shoot wild predators. Most important, said Chapron, is the EU Habitats Directive, which has forced member states to protect and revive rare species.
-“Without the Habitats Directive, I don’t think we would have had this revival,” he said. “It shows that we can protect animals, if people really want to help and if politicians make strong laws.” Author George Monbiot was happy about the revival. He is starting a charity called Rewilding Britain. It encourages the return of wild landscape and extinct species.
-“It is great to see more of these animals in Europe. But Britain is completely different – we’ve lost more of our large animals than any country except for Ireland,” he said. “We accidentally reintroduced wild boar but we’ve done nothing else. In much of the rest of Europe we’ve got bears, lynx and wolves coming back. If it works in the rest of Europe, there’s absolutely no reason why it can’t work in the UK,” he said. He added that bears and wolves live less than an hour away from Rome. “There’s no reason why we can’t have a similar return of wildlife in the UK.”",277
-"A big international disagreement has started over the right of Bolivia’s indigenous Indian tribes to chew coca leaves, the main ingredient in cocaine. This could have a significant effect on global drugs policy. Bolivia has received a special exemption from the 1961 Convention on Drugs, the agreement that controls international drugs policy. The exemption allows Bolivia’s indigenous people to chew the leaves.
-Bolivia said that the convention was against its new constitution, which says it must “protect native and ancestral coca” as part of its cultural heritage and says that coca “in its natural state … is not a dangerous drug”.
-South American Indians have chewed coca leaves for hundreds of years. The leaves give energy and have medicinal qualities. People who support Bolivia’s position said that defending the rights of indigenous people was the right thing to do. “The Bolivian move is very important,” said Danny Kushlick, of the Transform Drug Policy Foundation. “It shows that any country that doesn’t want to continue the war on drugs can change its relations with the UN conventions.”
-But the UN’s International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), which checks global drug agreements, says Bolivia may harm international drug controls. Many countries – including the UK, the US, Italy, Sweden, the Netherlands and Russia – do not want to give Bolivia what it is asking for.
-The UK told the UN that it “respects the cultural importance of the coca leaf in Bolivia”, but it adds: “The United Kingdom is worried that the exemption could lead to more coca production and – most importantly – more coca reaching the cocaine trade. The exemption would make it more difficult to control the illegal drugs trade.”
-The right of indigenous people in South America’s Andean region to chew coca leaf was removed in 1964 when Bolivia was under a dictatorship and it signed the convention.
-In 2011, Bolivia told the UN that it did not want to be part of the convention any more. It is now part of the convention again, but with an exemption so that its indigenous people can continue chewing coca leaves.
-The exemption is the first in the history of UN drug-control agreements. It has led to worries that other countries may also ask for exemptions. The Russian government says that the exemption will lead to more illegal cocaine and warns that “it also sets a dangerous example that could be used by other states in creating a more liberal drug-control regime”.
-The British parliament has recommended that the UK government should support Bolivia’s request. It says that it is important that countries stay in the convention. Bolivia’s return could be blocked only if a third or more of the 184 countries that have signed the convention opposed the exemption. Some people believe that the US and UK are telling other countries that they should block Bolivia’s request.
-Nancie Prud’homme, of the International Centre on Human Rights and Drug Policy, said people are wrong to oppose Bolivia’s request. “These objections are not completely legal,” she said. She added that, all over the world, it has become normal to support cultural and indigenous rights, so we should support Bolivia’s efforts.
-The decision to ban coca chewing was based on a 1950 report. Some people say the report did not use any evidence. It is legal to grow coca leaves in Bolivia. As a result, cocaine production has decreased in the country and some experts see Bolivia as a model for other countries.",278
-"A Canadian man who became famous because he offered a free round-the-world trip to a woman with the same name as his ex-girlfriend has returned from the trip with his chosen namesake. Unfortunately, to the disappointment of those following the story, the two of them did not fall in love. Jordan Axani, a 28-year-old Toronto charity founder, arrived back in Canada with Elizabeth Quinn Gallagher and said the pair had “a brother-sister-like relationship”.
-Axani had made headlines in 2014 because he offered an air ticket to any Canadian named Elizabeth Gallagher. He had booked a three-week vacation with his girlfriend but they split up and he was unable to change the name on the flight tickets.
-That’s where Axani’s new travelling companion, a 23-year-old student from Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia, enters the story. Elizabeth Gallagher, who calls herself Quinn, replied to an online posting from Axani and she was chosen. Gallagher explained before the trip that she had a “pretty serious” boyfriend. But that had not stopped journalists from hoping the globetrotters might fall for one another. Unfortunately, it did not happen.
-“I’m going to be very clear,” Axani said, soon after the pair returned to Toronto. “This was never a romantic endeavour. It was strictly platonic. I do not think of Quinn in a romantic way at all. There is no future for us romantically. She is a good friend. I think of her as a little sister and that is it. And our feelings are entirely mutual.”
-It took work to create that brother-sister, good-friend relationship, however. “It wasn’t easy and it certainly wasn’t immediate. It took us about a week to really figure each other out,” Axani said. There was a certain amount of stumbling around as the pair got to know each other “about the dos and don’ts of travelling together. At the end of it, we’d developed a really great rhythm – one second, we had really funny inside jokes and, the next second, we knew when the other person needed space.”
-Although the pair did not fall in love, Axani said the trip, which included Milan, Venice, Vienna, Prague, Khao Lak (in Thailand) and Hong Kong, was “fantastic”. A favourite place was Prague, Axani said, where they met more people than anywhere else on the trip.
-“Over the course of two and a half days I think we met about two dozen people. So that’s a lot of stories, that’s a lot of individuals and that’s a lot of love for their home city of Prague.”
-People were following the pair on Twitter and Instagram, Axani said, and they were even recognized in the street in Hong Kong. “It was a real adventure. We had a blast. We learned a lot about ourselves and about each other. I can’t imagine it going much better than it did.”
-Axani arrived back in Toronto at 3am and went straight into a meeting at his charity, A Ticket Forward. Axani started the non-profit organization after his internet post went viral. He wants to offer round-the-world-trips to survivors of abuse, cancer and war.
-Apart from that, Axani is also discussing making his story into a television show or film, he said. But he would not comment on what form those productions might take. “I’ll only say that there’s been lots of interest from many production companies. We’re well advanced.” In terms of his love life, Axani said he was not looking for his next Elizabeth Gallagher yet. “I’m not looking for anything but life happens and we’ll see,” he said. “As always, life’s a journey.”",279
-"“There are certainly MOOC junkies, who take them for no other reason than they’re free and they like hanging out,” grins Dr Ben Brabon of Edgehill University, whose massive open online course in vampire fiction is one of only two accredited MOOCs currently on offer in the UK. Brabon isn’t denigrating people who enrol on MOOC courses: he’s simply pointing out the motivation that prompts certain individuals to sign up. When a course is open entry – MOOCs have no enrolment criteria and no fees to pay – then participants are going to behave very differently from students in a traditional higher education setting.
-MOOCs are the newest big thing in the quest to enable higher education for all. A great deal of venture capital money is being invested in the emerging online platforms, which enable the delivery of increasingly sophisticated and interactive course content to participants who can number in the hundreds to the tens of thousands. For these investors, the Holy Grail is to find a business model for MOOCs that will make them profitable – so far, courses have depended on universities being prepared to bankroll their star lecturers’ curriculum design and online teaching time. Mining the data captured about how, why and when millions of participants opt to sign up, interact with their material, submit their assignments, message each other and drop out of the course may be one way of getting a return on the investment.
-Part of the dilemma around which future direction MOOCs will take, however, is that nobody can yet define whom exactly they are meant to benefit. Universities keen to entice fee- paying international students onto postgraduate courses by showing off their best programmes online? Students in developing countries hungry for access to first-world universities? Employees wishing to develop their professional knowledge? People lacking qualifications who want to use MOOCs as a bridge to higher education? Or hobby learners, who are keen to learn about a subject area in which they have an interest?
-Though they may be popular to start off with, MOOCs have dire completion rates, observes Brabon. For his vampire fiction course, that meant 1,000 enrolments and 31 completions. “And almost all of those had a first degree or had been educated to degree level,” he says. “So the MOOCs trend may not be opening up HE to sectors of the population it hasn’t reached to date.”
-“Learning online is a different thing, needs quite advanced learning skills,” confirms David Kernohan, progamme manager for eLearning Innovation at Jisc, a charity that champions the use of digital technologies in UK education and research. “With MOOCs, there’s very little support available: the student is dropped in and tends not to get any individual attention. This is, instead, approximated by peer support such as online discussion forums.” While this may mean that online study is unattractive or difficult for someone without high-level qualifications, it does, he says, suggest that MOOCs could be “a really good tool for continuing education.”
-At a time when the number of part-time students has fallen sharply as the price of a degree rises, could this type of open and free-to-access course provide a new path to university-level education? Could an entire degree be taught via MOOCs? “I don’t think that’s how MOOCs work,” says Brabon. Instead, he suggests “a blended approach that combines a campus experience with a MOOC; also, perhaps, using MOOCs to create a global degree, with students taking courses from across the world, might be possible.”
-But that’s a little way into the future: for now, no prospective employer will care much if you come waving your MOOC completion certificate, without any quality assurance on either the course content or its assessment standards. Accreditation is therefore now the central challenge that MOOCs must grapple with to gain credibility with academics and employers, says Brabon, who is on a Quality Assurance Agency working group, aiming to develop an agreed approach to standards and marking.
-There is idealism around the concept of MOOCs bringing the best of first-world teaching to students in less developed countries. But there’s cynicism, too, with the suggestion that universities could use MOOCs to advertise their on-campus wares to greater numbers of lucrative – though certainly not always wealthy – students from outside the EU.
-Mike Sharples, chair of Educational Technology, doesn’t buy into that cynicism. MOOCs are viewed primarily as a way to showcase and share universities’ best teaching talent, as well as encouraging interaction and soliciting feedback from students around the world, he says. He believes that recruiting international students onto university courses is only a secondary objective of running MOOCs – though they could certainly be a very canny marketing move, as he observes that “if 20,000 people sign up to a MOOC – well, you only need 20 of those to enrol afterwards to run a master’s.”
-Meanwhile, any politically correct qualms about whether UK academic institutions are patronizing developing countries by exporting small snippets of elitist education may soon be entirely irrelevant, warns Matthew Poyiadgi, managing director at Pearson VUE. “I believe we may get to a situation in the future where universities maybe won’t have a choice, and where British universities are saying, 'if we don’t have a presence in China, then we’ll get left behind,'” he says.
-“In South America, China, countries in Africa, there is a huge appetite for learning and some of the world’s best courses are being offered online,” adds Sharples. “If people are genuinely fascinated by learning, then why not? The real challenge is to allow those countries not just to consume and study MOOCs, but also to create them.”",280
-"From all across Rwanda, and even parts of neighbouring Burundi, people are coming to the southern town of Butare to a little shop called Inzozi Nziza (Sweet Dreams). They come for a taste of the unknown, something most have never tasted before – sweet, cold ice cream.
-Here, at the central African country’s first icecream parlour, customers can buy scoops in sweet cream, passion fruit, strawberry and pineapple flavours. Toppings include fresh fruit, honey, chocolate chips and granola. Black tea and coffee are also on sale.
-The shop, which has “ice cream, coffee, dreams” written on its signs, is taking advantage of local curiosity about the dessert – and “changing lives” in the process, says Inzozi Nziza’s manager, Louise Ingabire.
-“Ice cream is important,” she says between mouthfuls of a honey-flavoured offering. “Some Rwandans like ice cream, but it’s a new thing. We still have some work to do, to tell others that they’ll enjoy it.”
-The shop can certainly make dreams come true. “I didn’t have a job before: I just stayed at home. Now, I have a vision for the future. I am making money and I can give some of it to my family,” says the 27-year-old.
-Butare, which has 89,600 residents and is located 135km south of the capital, Kigali, is the home of the National University of Rwanda. Inzozi Nziza has become a meeting place for tired students looking to treat themselves to something cool and different.
-“It’s something uniting people here,” Kalisa Migendo, a 24-year-old agriculture student, says. “If you need to go out and talk to a friend, a girl or a boy, you come to Inzozi Nziza for an ice cream.”
-Most of the ingredients are from local sources and the milk comes from nearby Nyanza. The vanilla beans and cocoa are imported.
-Inzozi Nziza was opened by the theatre director Odile Gakire Katese. She met Alexis Miesen and Jennie Dundas, co-founders of Blue Marble Ice Cream in Brooklyn, New York, and formed a partnership to open the shop in 2010.
-“An ice-cream shop, Katese said, might help to put the human pieces back together by rebuilding spirits, hopes and family traditions,” Miesen says.
-At the start, Miesen and Dundas owned the shop in partnership with its staff and had shares in the business, which is a cooperative and non-profit. After 18 months, they transferred their shares to the women, who had by then proved they could run the business.
-Ice cream is new to Rwanda. Making the business successful requires a lot of skills and changing people’s way of thinking because selling and eating ice cream is not part of Rwandan culture.
-The Butare shop employs nine women, who spend their spare time practising with Ingoma Nshya, Rwanda’s first and only female drumming group, which was established by Katese ten years ago.
-The musicians are Hutu and Tutsi women. Some are survivors of the 1994 genocide, during which almost a million Tutsis and Hutus were killed. Some members of Ingoma Nshya are widows, some orphans.
-Historically, says Ingabire, Rwandan women were forbidden to drum and many people considered the drums too heavy for women to carry. “But it’s something which brings unity.”
-Ingabire’s father, two siblings and many cousins were killed in the genocide. “When I’m drumming, it gives me power because we’re still alive and survivors,” she says.
-The ice-cream parlour is in a documentary by film-makers Rob and Lisa Fruchtman. Sweet Dreams, which tells the story of how the women have made a promising post-genocide future, also includes the female drummers.
-The film has been shown in more than a dozen countries, including the US, UK and several African states. “We feel the film is about resilience, hope, bravery, resourcefulness and the ability to change the course of your own life,” says Lisa Fruchtman.",281
-"Lego’s profits rose strongly in the first half of 2014, helped by the success of its Lego Movie , which has stormed box offices in the US and UK.
-The Danish toy firm’s sales rose across Europe, the Americas and Asia as children snapped up products linked to the film. The film, released in February, took more than $250m in the US and £31m in the UK by the first weekend in April.
-The movie cost about $60m to make and has been described as a near-flawless piece of content marketing by creating entertaining content aimed at consumers who are likely to go out and buy the company’s products.
-Lego’s finance director, John Goodwin, said: “The strong performance of the Lego Movie products had a positive effect during the first half of 2014, and it remains to be seen how the line will continue to develop behind the highly anticipated launch of the movie on DVD in the second half of 2014.”
-Operating profit for the first six months of Lego’s financial year increased by 12% to $630m. Sales rose by 11% to more than three times the figure six years before.
-Jørgen Vig Knudstorp, Lego’s chief executive, said: “It is a very satisfactory result that shows our significant growth in recent years in a tough economic environment. The result for the first half of 2014 is an outcome of our ability to develop, launch and distribute Lego products, which children all over the world put at the top of their wishlists.”
-Lego, based in the small town of Billund, started producing its plastic bricks in 1949 and became a staple children’s toy around the world by the 1970s. But the group lost its way and was on the brink of collapse in 2003. Knudstrop took over as chief executive, ending 70 years of family rule, and ditched hundreds of surplus products to refocus the business on its trademark bricks.
-The company opened its first factory in China in April and opened an office in Shanghai to spearhead expansion in the world’s second- biggest economy.",282
-"According to a recent report, the wealthiest people in India will become four times richer by 2018, with hundreds of thousands of new entrepreneurs and inheritors becoming multimillionaires. The survey, based on interviews with 150 wealthy individuals, comes at a time when there are signs of returning business confidence in the world’s biggest democracy.
-Recent years have seen weak economic growth, rising prices of basic foods and a fall in the value of the Indian currency. But the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won a landslide victory in May 2014 with its promise to improve the economy. Despite the economic slowdown, there are now nearly a sixth more Indians worth more than $3.75m than in 2013, the report says. “Cities are mushrooming, the middle class population growing, opportunities have increased many times over and the political environment has improved greatly in recent months,” says Murali Balaraman, a co-author.
-Between them, India’s rich hold assets worth a trillion dollars, which is around a fifth of the total wealth in the country. By 2018, that total is likely to reach $4tn, the report says, making three times as many people multimillionaires.
-A booming luxury market is serving the new rich. “They really want to show or talk about their wealth in a really subtle way and buying luxury goods is a nice way to do it,” Balaraman said. Abhay Gupta, the CEO of brand consultancy Luxury Connect, said the market for luxury goods and experiences would “only get bigger”. “There is a huge aspirational class who look up to what the very wealthy are doing and then copy it,” he said.
-Cars are among the most popular items bought, the report says. Whereas, in 2009, locally made SUVs were shown off by the wealthy, now only foreign cars will impress people. Mercedes saw a 47% growth in sales in India in 2013. BMW has launched a new $200,000 model in Delhi.
-India’s appalling infrastructure limits demand for luxury cars, however. Lamborghini’s Chief Executive, Stephan Winkelmann, admitted, in 2013, that the traffic and roads in India “are not so suitable” for the $450,000 sports cars. In India, Lamborghini sells two models: the Gallardo and the Aventador, which has a top speed of 217mph. Winkelmann said Lamborghini’s Indian customers were much younger than those in Europe, with a typical buyer being in his 30s. However, the most popular investments are still real estate – mainly within India – and jewellery.
-India’s super-rich have often surprised people around the world with their spectacular spending. Mukesh Ambani, the country’s wealthiest man, has built the world’s most valuable home in Mumbai, the commercial capital. The 27-storey tower, complete with helicopter pads, indoor cinemas and a staff of more than 600, is worth $1bn.
-The three-day wedding of the niece of Lakshmi Mittal, the UK-based steel tycoon who is worth $16bn, was reported to have cost $80m. Hundreds of guests were flown to Barcelona for the ceremony and party, which took place in a museum in the city.
-But buyers of exclusive luxury goods are becoming more and more demanding, the report says. One buyer ordered nine cases of Japanese whisky costing over $750 a bottle for a wedding reception. The attraction of the imported whisky was that no one who attended the wedding would know how to find the same drink in India. Another big spender bought identical pairs of Louis Vuitton bags, then cut up half of them to make clothes that would match her accessories.
-Even the traditional wedding is changing. Traditionally, presents such as silver plates, dried fruit or sweets are sent with wedding invitations. But, now, these presents are being replaced by gifts by top western designer brands. “These days, it’s Rolex watches and Louis Vuitton bags,” says Gupta.
-Almost half the new multimillionaires live in smaller cities and a high proportion give large amounts to charity. Co-author Balaraman says that growth in the number of rich people would not result in social tensions because a wide gap in incomes and wealth is an “accepted norm” in India. “People know that someone is rich and someone is poor and they carry on with their lives,” he explains.",283
-"Benjamin Carle is 96.9% made in France, even his underpants and socks. Six Ikea forks, a Chinese guitar and some wall paint stopped him being called 100% French, but nobody is perfect.
-Carle, 26, decided, in 2013, to see if it was possible to live using only French-made products for ten months as part of a television documentary.
-He got the idea after the Minister for Economic Renewal, Arnaud Montebourg, asked the French people to buy French products.
-For the experiment, Carle had to give up his smartphone, television, refrigerator (all made in China); his glasses (Italian); his morning coffee (Guatemalan) and his favourite David Bowie music (British).
-It is lucky that his girlfriend, Anaïs, and cat, Loon, are both French, so he didn’t have to give them up.
-“I wanted to see if it was possible to do what the minister was asking us to do,” Carle said.
-He had just three rules: eat only food made in France, not have any contact with foreign-made products and to do it all on €1,800 a month (above the minimum wage of €1,430 to cover the extra cost of living in Paris).
-The journalist was shocked to find out at the start of the experiment that only 4.5% of the things in his flat were made in France. Everything not made in France had to go, including the lightbulbs (China) and green beans (Kenya).
-Without a refrigerator (none are made in France), he had to chill his food on the window ledge.
-His foreign-made clothes, including his underwear, were replaced with more expensive alternatives: French-produced underpants (€26), socks (€9), polo shirt (€75), espadrille sandals (€26), but no jeans because none are produced in France.
-Going out with friends was a problem – no American films, no Belgian beer, no sushi or pizza. When he stayed home, with no sofa for the first few months and no television, he listened to French singer Michel Sardou and read French novels. French wine was, of course, allowed and French-Canadian singer Céline Dion, but not French bands such as Daft Punk, who sing in English.
-He could not use his British-made bicycle or even a French car because he discovered that the only affordable Peugeot, Renault and Citroën cars are not made in France. So, he bought an orange Mobylette moped.
-His computer was replaced by a Qooq, a tablet that connects – slowly – to the internet and the iPhone, which he swapped for an old Sagem mobile.
-Carle said his aim was to “save the French economy”. He said the experiment was part serious and part fun. He even asked a French language expert to check if he should use the word “cool” and other English words – the expert told him swap it for the nearest French alternative: “chouette”.
-At the end of the experiment, a special “auditor” said Carle was 96.9% “made in France” and Montebourg gave him a medal.
-Carle’s conclusion: “It’s not entirely possible to live 100% ‘made in France’, particularly in terms of new technology.
-“This wasn’t about French nationalism or patriotism. It was trying to show that we should think about the way we buy and make different choices, and that is the same in all countries. If we want to save jobs and industries, we should support them.
-“A T-shirt is more expensive in France but I can be sure it has been made by workers who are correctly paid and have good working conditions. I cannot be sure about a cheaper T-shirt produced in Asia or Morocco. People could do more as consumers.”",284
-"fter being told for the umpteenth time that the beer she wanted would be “too dark and too strong for you, love – have something sweeter”, Rebecka Singerer had had enough.
-“No, I don’t want a fruit beer. Women can drink whatever we want,” she says.
-Now Singerer, a childminder, has joined FemAle, a group of like-minded drinkers in Gothenburg, to launch Sweden’s first beer made by women.
-We Can Do It, a bottled pale ale, has just gone on sale in stores across Sweden. Its label is a take on Rosie the Riveter, the creation of a US Second World War propaganda campaign that went on to become a symbol of women’s power in the workplace.
-The group’s founder is Elin Carlsson, 25, who paints cars at the Volvo factory outside the city. “We Can Do It is not a female beer but a beer brewed by women that anyone can drink,” she says. “It’s nothing to do with feminism; it’s about equality – we wanted to show we can do it.”
-FemAle is up against decades of prejudice in the beer world. In an irony not lost on FemAle, Carlsberg and other big brewers have spent millions in recent years trying to sell beer to women, attempting to “pink it and shrink it” to appeal to perceived feminine tastes. Carlsberg’s Eve and Copenhagen offerings, Foster’s Radler and Coors’s Animée were among lighter, flavoured and even “bloat-resistant” beers that failed to find a market.
-FemAle’s approach is different, with women- only tastings that allow potential customers to experiment with flavours and styles of beer that they may not normally try. This education process is the way to “get more girls into the beer world”, the group says. “Bring your mother, sister, girlfriend, aunt and grandmother so we can all learn more about beer.”
-The idea for FemAle arose after the women kept bumping into each other at beer festivals.
-We Can Do It was the brainchild of Felicia Nordström, a bar worker who says she was fed up with bearded beer snobs telling her: “What do you know about beer, sweetie?” She approached FemAle and they teamed up with Ocean, a local independent micro-brewery. One weekend they concocted the recipe and the next they brewed 1,600 litres.
-“This is not a beer that is aimed at women – it’s our hoppiest brew,” says Thomas Bingebo, the head brewer at Ocean. “When the big breweries target women, it usually fails. This is something completely different.”
-The first batch of We Can Do It was sold out almost before it was brewed. FemAle has already been approached by other breweries asking if they can brew new beers with them.
-We Can Do It uses three malts – Maris Otter, Amber and a Thomas Fawcett wheat malt – and the hop varieties Galaxy and Cascade. Its IBU, or bitterness level, is 65 and its alcohol content is 4.6%.
-“Women opt for a glass of wine because they don’t know what beer is all about; they don’t know what to order,” says Carlsson. “We open up new worlds to them.”
-“I used not to like stout but, back then, I only drank Pripps [a light, Swedish lager],” says Singerer, 38. “Guinness tastes like water to me now. There are imperial stouts that are like drinking biscotti dipped in espresso.”
-The women are part of a brewing explosion in Sweden, which is developing a passion for “craft” ales, bottled and on draught. The standard stor stark (large strong) lager is now “almost extinct” in Gothenburg, the women say, as pubs and bars replace the big brands with a choice of specialist beers.
-“All the girls are different – there is no typical woman beer-lover. Anyone can do it,” says Emma Henriksson, 22, a group member who works in a garden equipment company.
-“Every pub wants to learn how to reach women,” adds Singerer. “And Elin has found the way. It’s awesome. We feel so proud.”",285
-"Tea, baked beans on toast and fish and chips have always been popular in Britain. But, things are changing, according to data published recently in the National Food Survey.
-Everyone knows that the British love tea but they drink more than 50% less tea than in the 1970s – 68g of tea per person per week compared to only 25g. Britons are now drinking on average only eight cups of tea a week – they drank 23 cups in 1974. Tea is still the most popular hot drink in the UK but people now spend more money on coffee.
-The data comes from 150,000 families who took part in the survey between 1974 and 2000, combined with information from 2000 to 2014. It shows a move towards healthier food in recent years – people have changed to low-calorie soft drinks, from whole to skimmed milk and they eat more fresh fruit. But, the amount of chips, pizza, crisps and ready meals they eat each week has increased a lot.
-There has also been an enormous change from white to brown bread. The survey also shows the amount of bread people eat has fallen from 25 to 15 slices a week over the past forty years. The amount of baked beans people eat has reduced by 20%. But, there has been an increase in other types of convenience food, particularly Italian dishes. Adults in the UK now eat an average of 75g of pizza every week compared with none in 1974. The amount of pasta they eat has almost tripled over the same period.
-Fresh potatoes are also becoming less popular with a 67% decrease from 1974, when adults ate around 188g every day. People eat more of other vegetables such as cucumbers, courgettes, aubergines and mushrooms. The amount of takeaway food they eat has almost doubled since 1974, from 80g per person per week to 150g. Around 33g of this amount is chips and 56g is meat, with kebabs (10g), chicken (7g), burgers (5g) and “meat-based meals” (32g) particularly popular.
-It seems that British people are now more careful about what they eat – the amount of fruit has increased by 50% since 1974. In 2014, UK adults ate an average of 157g of fruit per day. Bananas have been the most popular fruit in the UK since 1996 – adults ate 221g per adult per week in 2014, much more than apples (131g) and oranges (48g). Half of all soft drinks British people drink are now low-calorie soft drinks. Britons also spend a smaller percentage of their salaries on food today – 11%, compared with 24% in 1974.
-The UK Environment Secretary, Elizabeth Truss, said: “Food is the heart of our society. This data shows what we were eating 40 years ago but, also, how a change in culture has led to a food revolution. People care more about where their food comes from than before, we can order quality food on the internet, fashionable restaurants give us the latest trends and exciting global cuisines are now as common as fish and chips.”
-She added that this data can show us more than what, where or how older generations ate. It can also show us when our habits changed. The National Food Survey can tell us a lot and help us to predict new food trends. “I look forward to seeing how we can use this data to learn more about our past and grow our world-leading food and farming industry in the future,” she said.",286
-"The mass collection of telephone records by government surveillance programmes poses a threat to the personal privacy of ordinary people, say US researchers. They used basic phone logs to identify people and find out confidential information about their lives.
-With “metadata” on people’s calls and texts, but not the content of the communications, two scientists at Stanford University worked out people’s names, where they lived and the names of their partners. But, that was not all.
-The same metadata led them to discover confidential information about some people. They discovered that one man had a gun and that another man had a heart problem. Other data told them about a new pregnancy and a person with multiple sclerosis.
-The results show the extraordinary power of telephone metadata – that is, the number called, when and for how long – particularly when you use it together with public information from services such as Google, Yelp and Facebook. Security services know how important this data is. Stewart Baker, the former general counsel at the US National Security Agency (NSA), said “Metadata tells you everything about somebody’s life.”
-Patrick Mutchler, a computer security researcher at Stanford, said that the power of metadata was understood by people who collect the information but the public was in the dark. “That made it difficult for people to fight these programmes. Now, we have hard evidence we can point to that we didn’t have in the past,” he said.
-For the study, 823 people agreed to have metadata collected from their phones through an Android app. The app also received information from their Facebook accounts, which the scientists used to check the accuracy of their results. In total, the researchers collected metadata on more than 250,000 calls and over 1.2m texts.
-Mutchler describes how, with very little money, he and Jonathan Mayer, discovered a lot of personal information, some of it confidential, about people who took part in the study. They could find out 82% of people’s names. The same technique gave them the names of businesses the people had called. When these were marked on a map, they showed groups of local businesses, which the scientists speculated surrounded the person’s home address. In this way, they named the city people lived in 57% of the time and were nearly 90% accurate in placing people within 50 miles of their home.
-Then, using a simple computer program to analyse people’s call patterns, the scientists could see who was in a relationship. Once they knew the owner of a particular number had a partner, it was easy to find out who the partner was, they said.
-For the final part of the study, the researchers looked even deeper, to see what private information they could find out from telephone metadata. They collected details on calls made to and from a list of organizations, including hospitals, pharmacies, religious groups and legal services. From these, they put together some extraordinary pictures of people’s lives.
-One person in the study made frequent calls to a local gun shop and later made long calls to the customer support hotline of a major gun manufacturer. The metadata from two others suggested one had multiple sclerosis and the other had just become pregnant.
-“All of this shows what is possible with two graduate students and limited resources,” said Mutchler. He says that the results should make policymakers think twice before allowing mass surveillance programmes. “Metadata surveillance programmes, like the NSA’s, will reveal highly confidential information about ordinary people,” the scientists said.",287
-"Clay Cockrell is sitting in his office opposite the Trump International Hotel and Tower. In front of the tower is Central Park, where Cockrell holds his popular walk and talk therapy sessions.
-Cockrell is a former Wall Street worker who is now a therapist. He spends large parts of his days walking in Central Park or the Battery Park in downtown Manhattan near Wall Street, talking to some of New York’s wealthiest people.
-“Many of the very wealthy – the 1% of the 1% – feel that their problems are really not problems. But they are,” he says.
-So, what problems do America’s 1% have? “There is guilt that they are rich,” he said. “There is the feeling that they have to hide that they are rich. And, then, there is the isolation – being in the 1% can be lonely.”
-Counsellors say that things have become worse since the financial crisis in 2008. People now talk about the gap between rich and poor more because of groups like Occupy Wall Street.
-“Occupy Wall Street had some important things to say about the gap between rich and poor but it was negative about the 1%,” said Jamie Traeger-Muney, a wealth psychologist. The media, she said, makes the rich “feel like they need to hide or feel ashamed”.
-“Sometimes, I am shocked by things that people say. You would never talk about another group of people in the way that it seems perfectly normal to talk about wealthy people.”
-“It’s really isolating to have a lot of money. People’s reaction to you can be scary,” said Barbara Nusbaum, an expert in money psychology. “We are all taught not to talk about money. It’s not polite to talk about money. But it’s harder to talk about being rich than it is to talk about being poor. People don’t mind if you say ‘I am broke. Things are hard.’ You can’t say ‘I have a ton of money.’ You have to keep a lot of your life private.”
-As a result, Cockrell says, the rich hang out with other rich Americans who understand them and their problems.
-In the US, over the last 30 years, the number of very wealthy people has grown. In 2014, the number of US households with $1m or more – excluding the value of their main home – was 10.1 million. There were 1.3 million households worth $5 million and 142,000 worth $25 million or more.
-Since the 2008 financial crisis, the gap between the rich and the poor has grown and the situation “has gotten worse for the wealthy”, Cockrell said. The main reason? Not knowing if your friends are friends with you or with your money.
-“Someone else who is also a billionaire – they don’t want anything from you. Never being able to trust your friendships with other people, I think that is difficult,” said Cockrell.
-“Wealth can stop you from connecting with other people,” said the wife of a man who made about $80 million. Some Americans keep their wealth secret.
-“There are a lot of people hiding their wealth because they are worried about negative judgment,” said Traeger-Muney. If wealthy Americans talk about their problems, people don’t have a lot of sympathy,” she said.
-Cockrell said that there is a common mistake that many of his wealthy clients make – they let their money be the most important thing in their lives.
-“If you are part of the 1%, you still have problems. There are other parts of your life. Money is not the only thing,” he said. “Your problems are real.”",288
-"Women have traditionally had a minor role in professional football but this may be changing. France has just employed its first female professional team manager. It did not matter that it was a second-division club. It did not matter if it was, as some people suggested, just a publicity stunt for a minor team, Clermont Foot 63. Clermont is 14th out of the 20 teams in its league at the moment.
-What mattered was that they gave Helena Costa the top job. This has made football history because she is the first female manager in the top two divisions of any professional European league. “As a woman, it’s made me happy,” said Véronique Soulier, president of the club’s supporters’ association. “When I first heard the news, I was surprised, but, then, we all agreed that it’s good news. We all agree that a woman at the head of a group of men is no bad thing.”
-The new manager of Clermont Foot 63 was born in Alhandra, Portugal and has a master’s degree in sports science. She is also a UEFA-licensed coach. She previously coached Benfica’s male youth teams, the Qatar women’s team and, more recently, the Iranian women’s national team.
-The president of Clermont Foot 63, Claude Michy, gave Costa, 36, a two-year contract. Michy is very good at keeping his club in the news. In 2013, he told everyone the team had signed Messi. They had. Not the Argentinian and Barcelona striker Lionel Messi, but Junior Messi Enguene, a 20-year-old midfielder from Cameroon.
-Carolina Morace, an Italian who was the only previous woman coach of a men’s professional team, said: “I don’t know Helena, but, if she has been hired by a team, then it means that she knows how to do her job. I hope that, one day, this can become normal.” Morace played for Italy in 153 internationals. In 1999, she became coach of the men’s team Viterbese. But, after only two games, she resigned from the job because of a disagreement with the club’s owner. She added: “I see too many men, even in the women’s game, who do not have the same expertise as women but are working. And the women are not working.”
-Raymond Domenech, former manager of the French national team, said: “Women know how to play football and how to manage and are good at doing it. Why shouldn’t they manage men’s teams? The opposite happens and doesn’t cause any problems. It’s a natural choice and reflects our society in which women are equal to men. I say well done to President Michy. I told myself that, if I took control of a club again, I’d hire a woman as my number two. Michy did it first.”
-Clermont Foot 63 says that Costa’s becoming the team’s manager will allow the club to enter “a new era”. On the club supporters’ website, reaction to Costa’s becoming the manager was mixed. “In my opinion, it’s just a publicity stunt to get people talking about the club. I find it hard to believe she’ll be able to get the players’ respect, above all when she’s the same age as the oldest,” wrote one fan. “Her CV isn’t bad, but now the question is: will she be good enough?” added another. A third wrote: “I wish her welcome and success but I think it’ll be hard for her to do well as a woman in such a macho business.”
-But Soulier was hopeful: “Hopefully, with the new manager, the club can find the motivation they don’t have at the moment,” she said. “The boys in the team can be difficult to manage. With a woman in control, maybe they will be less demanding.”
-If we believe Costa’s reputation, she will be the person making the demands. After doing work experience at Chelsea during José Mourinho’s first time as manager of the club between 2004 and 2007, people described her as “Mourinho in a skirt”. Costa’s comment on that description was: “Like Mourinho, I always want to win. In that way, yes, I’m happy to be compared with him.”",289
-"On the market square in Rjukan stands a statue of the town’s founder, a respected Norwegian engineer and businessman called Sam Eyde. The great man looks north across the square at a mountainside in front of him.
-Behind him, to the south, rises the 1,800-metre peak known as Gaustatoppen. Between the mountains, along the narrow Vestfjord valley, lies the small, but once powerful, town that Eyde built at the beginning of the last century, so the workers in his factories could live there.
-Eyde used the power of the 100-metre Rjukanfossen waterfall to make hydroelectricity in what was, at the time, the world’s biggest power plant.
-But one thing he couldn’t do was change the sun. Deep in its east–west valley, surrounded by high mountains, Rjukan and its 3,400 inhabitants are in shadow for half the year. During the day, from late September to mid-March, the town, three hours north-west of Oslo, is not completely dark, but it’s certainly not bright, either.
-Now, high on the mountain opposite Eyde’s statue, 450 metres above the town, three large, solar-powered, computer-controlled mirrors slowly track the movement of the sun across the sky. They reflect the sunshine down on to the square and fill it with bright sunlight.
-“It’s the sun!” grins Ingrid Sparbo, lifting her face to the light and closing her eyes. A retired secretary, Sparbo has lived all her life in Rjukan and says people “do sort of get used to the shade. You end up not thinking about it, really. But this ... this is so warming. Not just physically, but mentally. It’s mentally warming.”
-Two young mothers bring their children into the square and stand in the sun. On a freezing day, an elderly couple sit on one of the new benches smiling at the warmth on their faces. Children smile. Lots of people take photographs. A shop assistant, Silje Johansen, says it’s “awesome. Just awesome.”
-Electrical engineer Eivind Toreid is more cautious. “It’s a funny thing,” he says. “Not real sunlight, but very similar. Like a spotlight.”
-Heidi Fieldheim says she heard all about it on the radio. “But it’s far more than I expected,” she says. “This will bring much happiness.”
-Across the road, in the Nye Tider café, sits the man who created this unexpected happiness. Martin Andersen is a 40-year-old artist who moved to Rjukan in the summer of 2001.
-The idea of an artwork Andersen called the Solspeil, or Sun mirror, came to him at the end of one September: “Every day, we would take our young child for a walk,” he says, “and, every day, I realized we were having to go a little further down the valley to find the sun.” By 28 September, the sun completely disappears from Rjukan’s market square. It doesn’t reappear until 12 March.
-In the months between September and March, Andersen says, “We’d look up and see blue sky above, and the sun high on the mountain slopes, but the only way we could get to it was to go out of town. It’s sad, a town that people have to leave in order to feel the sun.”
-Twelve years after he first dreamed of his Solspeil, a German company specializing in CSP – concentrated solar power – brought in, by helicopter, the three 17-sq-m glass mirrors that now stand high above the market square in Rjukan. “It took,” he says, “a bit longer than we’d imagined.”
-It really works. Even the people who were against it at first agree that it works.
-“I was strongly against it,” admits Nils Eggerud. Like many others, he felt that the money should have been spent on other things – on extra carers to look after Rjukan’s old people, perhaps, or improved school facilities, cycle paths and roads.
-“And I still don’t know about the continued maintenance costs,” he says. “What will they be, who will pay them? But ... well, it does feel nice, standing here. And, really, you just have to look at the people’s faces.”
-In his office overlooking the square, Rjukan’s young mayor, Steinar Bergsland, is interested not so much in the cost but in the benefits the mirrors might bring to the town.
-Already, Bergsland says, visitor numbers are higher than usual for the time of year and Rjukan’s shopkeepers have reported that they are earning more money than usual. A hi-tech company is interested in moving to Rjukan, attracted by the cutting-edge technology at the top of the mountain and the publicity it has attracted.
-“This is a powerful symbol for Rjukan,” Bergsland says, and, helped by government grants and a donation from a local business, the town needed to find just 1m krone – £100,000 – of the mirrors’ total 5m-krone cost. “And”, he says, “just look out of the window. Look at those happy faces. Now it’s here, people love it.”",290
-"The last time she went on stage, the mobile phone was having its first trials. Thirty-five years later, as she performs once again, singer Kate Bush is faced with a different world.
-While most concerts are now aglow with phones and tablets, Bush does not want her fans watching her shows through a screen.
-Before her highly anticipated series of concerts at the Hammersmith Apollo in London, Bush released a statement asking her fans to put down their mobile phones at her gigs.
-Bush wrote on her website: “I have a request for all of you who are coming to the shows. We have purposefully chosen an intimate theatre setting rather than a large venue or stadium. It would mean a great deal to me if you would please refrain from taking photos or filming during the shows.
-“I very much want to have contact with you as an audience, not with iPhones, iPads or cameras. I know it’s a lot to ask but it would allow us to all share in the experience together.”
-With her love of theatrics and opulent costumes, Bush’s keenness to stop fans uploading footage to YouTube could also be an attempt to keep the show a surprise for the thousands of fans who have bought tickets for the 22 dates she is playing.
-Bush is not the first singer or musician to speak out against the effect of phones at concerts. The Who front man Roger Daltrey recently said it was “weird” that people did not have their mind on the show when they had gone to a performance and were concentrating on staring at the screen rather than the artist on stage.
-He said: “I feel sorry for them, I really feel sorry for them. Looking at life through a screen and not being in the moment totally – if you’re doing that, you’re 50% there, right? It’s weird. I find it weird.”
-In 2013, Beyoncé berated one her fans at a gig for filming. “You can’t even sing because you’re too busy filming,” Beyoncé told him. “You gotta seize this moment. Put that damn camera down!”
-The debate around phones at live events is not restricted to music. Recently, Dutch football fans at PSV Eindhoven protested against the introduction of wi-fi in their stadium, holding up banners with messages like “No wi-fi. Support the team,” “You can sit at home,” and “Stand united”, while Manchester United have also told fans to leave their “large electronic devices” at home.
-Jarvis Cocker has also criticized fans with phones in the audience – he says they drive him “insane at concerts”, adding: “It seems stupid to have something happening in front of you and look at it on a screen that’s smaller than a cigarette packet.”
-Johnny Marr said in 2013 that it meant that fans missed out on the sensory experience of live music in their desperation to film the event for later.
-”To stand and just be looking at it through your phone is a completely wasted opportunity. You know, I don’t mean to be unkind but I think you should put your phone down because you’re just being an idiot, really. Just enjoy the gig,” he said.
-Even in the world of classical music, one of the world’s leading pianists surprised concertgoers in June 2013 when he stormed off stage because a fan was filming his performance on a smartphone. Krystian Zimerman returned moments later and said: “The destruction of music because of YouTube is enormous.”
-But Sam Watt of Vyclone, a phone app that encourages audiences to film at concerts and then brings together the footage to create a crowd-sourced video of the event, said that filming at concerts enhanced the experience.
-“Fans filming is now part of the concert experience – that is a just a fact – so we take the footage that people are filming at concerts and then it comes back to them mixed together with everybody else who was filming. You end up with really fantastic content,” he said.
-“Our thinking is that filming at concerts adds to the experience, rather than taking away from it and I think, if Kate Bush came round for a cup of tea, we could have a really interesting discussion about this,” he added. “Knowing that people are going to film and want those memories is really important. You’ve got to embrace it.”",291
-"He had the tastes of a typical millionaire. He owned a gold and silver Rolex and lots of expensive cars. He liked to buy modern art. But, although this Chinese businessman had several companies and a large villa in Madrid, he had almost no money in the bank. This detail interested the Spanish authorities.
-Gao Ping supplied 4,000 Chinese bazaars across Spain. But, authorities suspected he was not paying taxes on the clothes, furniture and other goods he was importing from China.
-When police searched his warehouses in 2012 they found piles of cash: €100, €200 and €500 notes were wrapped in elastic bands. Around €12m was taken away, the largest amount of cash ever found by Spanish police. Gao’s gang is accused of laundering up to €300m a year, as well as selling counterfeit goods and toys with fake safety marks.
-Law enforcement officials have been worried about €500 notes for a long time. Small and easy to transport relative to their value, they are the payment method that tax dodgers, money launderers and drug barons prefer to use. The sum of €1m in €500 notes fits easily into a small laptop bag. The same amount in €50 notes would need a small suitcase.
-The UK stopped distribution of the €500 note in 2010 because it was used “almost entirely by criminals”. In 2009, Italy’s central bank warned that the notes were widely used by mafia money launderers and terrorists. Other countries have limited their own high-denomination notes due to links to organized crime – Canada got rid of its $1,000 note in 2000 on the advice of law enforcement officers.
-Now, with electronic payment systems and contactless cards, people are asking whether we should print these notes. Peter Sands, the former head of Standard Chartered Bank, said we should get rid of high-denomination notes, including the €500, the $100, the 1,000 Swiss Franc note and the £50. In a report for the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Sands said it was time to get rid of high-value notes that make life easier for “bad guys”. Criminals would instead use smaller-denomination bills, or gold or diamonds, but these are too big to be carried easily and more traceable. This makes it more likely they will get caught, he said.
-At a conference on terrorist financing in London, the Head of Europol, Rob Wainwright, asked the European Central Bank to look at whether it “should continue to produce these notes that make it easier for criminals and terrorists to hide their business and to provide money for illegal activities”. According to Europol, the purple €500 note makes up 30% of the value of all the euro notes, although most people have never seen one.
-The €500 note was introduced in 2002 when the euro was born: it replaced the 1,000 Deutschmark, the 10,000 Belgian franc and the 500,000 Italian lira. In Germany and Austria, more than half of all transactions are still made with paper money and coins.
-Europol would like to see central banks take more responsibility for what happens with €500 notes. Luxembourg, for example, issued more than twice its annual GDP in banknotes in 2013 alone. Europol asked Luxembourg’s central bank to explain. The reply from Luxembourg was that they simply issue the notes that are asked for and do not ask or know why people want them, said Jennifer MacLeod, a specialist in Europol’s financial intelligence group. “I find it surprising that a central bank does not consider itself to have a responsibility in this area.”
-This could be changing. EU finance ministers have asked policymakers to think about “appropriate limits” on high-value notes and report back by 1 May 2016.",292
-"A new computer-assisted autopsy system is becoming more and more popular in European hospitals. Its inventor says that the system could mean that now there will be no such thing as a 'perfect murder'.
-The method, called 'Virtopsy', is being used at some forensic medical institutes in Europe. It was invented by a group of scientists at the University of Zurich. Instead of cutting the chest, like in a traditional autopsy, pathologists are now able to examine the dead body in 3-D via computer screens.
-Michael Thali, the Director of Zurich’s Institute for Forensic Medicine in Europe, and one of the inventors of Virtopsy, said it could completely change criminal investigations. “Basically there will be no such thing as the perfect murder any more because a virtual autopsy allows you to find every piece of evidence,” he said.
-“In order to analyze the colour of the blood, the thickness of body fluids or smells, we’ll need to use traditional autopsy methods,” said Lars Oesterhelweg, Deputy Director of the Institute of Forensic Medicine at the Charité Hospital in Berlin, which is using a version of the Virtopsy.
-Virtopsies use powerful machines. Together, the machines are called a 'Virtobot'. Virtopsies can find injuries that are not seen during a traditional autopsy, as well as air pockets, heart attacks and even cancer.
-“The Virtopsy could replace the autopsy one day,” said Richard Dirndorfer, one of the first people to use DNA analysis in criminology. “I think we’ll see it happen slowly, just like DNA analysis slowly replaced blood group analysis”.
-The method allows doctors to see deep inside dead bodies. It can see things that cannot be found during traditional autopsies.
-Criminologists from around the world have been travelling to Switzerland over the past few years to see the new method. Forensic scientists and pathologists think the method can be used together with the traditional autopsy.
-He added that the new method was very helpful in re-examining cases where the cause of death was unclear. “It means that investigations can be re-examined and we can try again to find the murderer,” he said.
-Scientists said that relatives of the dead prefer the Virtopsy method because, during a traditional autopsy, scientists have to cut and damage the dead body.",293
-"The UK prime minister, David Cameron, has declared a “clear result” in the Scottish independence referendum – Scotland voted by a 10.6-point margin against ending the 307-yearold union with England and Wales. The prime minister promised a devolution revolution in Great Britain, as he welcomed Scotland’s decision to remain inside the UK. “There can be no disputes, no reruns – we have heard the will of the Scottish people,” he said in a statement.
-Earlier, Scotland’s first minister, Alex Salmond, remained defiant at a Scottish National Party rally in Edinburgh – he said he accepted Scotland had not, “at this stage”, decided to vote for independence. He said the referendum was a “triumph for democratic politics” and he would work with the government in London in the best interests of Scotland and the rest of the UK. “We have touched sections of the community who have never before been touched by politics,” he said.
-The yes campaign won four big successes – it won 53% of the vote in Scotland’s largest city, Glasgow, 57% in Dundee and 51% in North Lanarkshire. However, the no campaign was victorious in 28 authorities. It won easily in areas where it was expected to do well, including Edinburgh, Aberdeenshire and Borders, but also in areas that could have gone to the yes campaign, including the Western Isles. In the final count, the no camp won 2,001,926 votes (55.3%) and the yes camp won 1,617,989 votes (44.7%).
-In his speech, Cameron made clear that there would be constitutional reforms, including in Scotland, but not until after the general election. He also said that Scottish measures would happen in tandem with changes in England. “We have heard the voice of Scotland and, now, the millions of voices of England must be heard,” he said.
-Cameron added: “The people of Scotland have spoken and it is a clear result. They have kept our country of four nations together and, like millions of other people, I am delighted. As I said during the campaign, it would have broken my heart to see our United Kingdom come to an end. And I know that feeling was shared by people not just across our country but around the world because of what we have achieved together in the past and what we can do together in the future. So, now, it is time for our United Kingdom to come together and to move forward. A vital part of that will be a balanced settlement, fair to people in Scotland and, importantly, to everyone in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as well.”
-Ed Miliband, the leader of the Labour Party, said the referendum was a vote from the Scottish people for change. “We know our country needs to change. We will deliver stronger powers for a stronger Scottish parliament, a strong Scotland.” But he said that would go beyond Scotland. “We will also meet the desire for change across England, across Wales, across the whole of the United Kingdom.”
-Nick Clegg, the deputy prime minister, said the referendum was “not only a new chapter for Scotland within the UK but also wider constitutional reform across the union”. He said a vote against independence was “not a vote against change”. “We must now deliver on time and in full the radical package of newly devolved powers to Scotland,” he added.
-Yet that result raises the risk of further problems – MPs from Cameron’s Conservative Party are threatening to vote against the prime minister’s promise to quickly increase the Scottish parliament’s powers and protect its spending.
-The UK Independence Party leader, Nigel Farage, said Cameron’s offer of more devolution for England did not go far enough. “The English are 86% by population of this union. They’ve been left out of all of this for the last 18 years. We still have a situation where Scottish MPs can vote in the House of Commons on English-only issues. I think what most English people want is a fair settlement,” he said.
-Cameron will try to calm tensions when he makes another statement on the result. The prime minister will explain how he will deliver further devolution to Scotland, including giving greater powers over tax and welfare to the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh. The prime minister wants to move fast to show that the three main UK party leaders will meet the commitments they made during the referendum campaign.
-For the no campaign, there was relief: a number of opinion polls in the final days of the campaign had said the vote was on a knife-edge. This brought Yes Scotland within touching distance of victory after a dramatic surge in support.",294
-"Amsterdam still looks liberal to tourists, who were recently assured by the Labour Mayor that the city’s marijuana-selling coffee shops would stay open despite a new national law tackling drug tourism. But the Dutch capital may lose its reputation for tolerance over plans to dispatch nuisance neighbours to “scum villages” made from shipping containers.
-The Mayor, Eberhard van der Laan, insists his controversial new £810,000 policy to tackle antisocial behaviour is to protect victims of abuse and homophobia from harassment. The camps where antisocial tenants will be rehoused for three to six months have been called “scum villages” because the policy echoes proposals from Geert Wilders, the far-right populist, who last year demanded that “repeat offenders” be “sent to a village for scum”.
-But Bartho Boer, a spokesman for the Mayor, denies that the plans are illiberal. “We want to defend the liberal values of Amsterdam,” he says. “We want everyone to be who he and she is – whether they are gay and lesbian or stand up to violence and are then victims of harassment. We as a society want to defend them.” According to Boer, the villages are not for “the regular nuisance between two neighbours where one has the stereo too loud on Saturday night” but “people who are extremely violent and intimidating, and in a clear situation where a victim is being repeatedly harassed”.
-Those deemed guilty of causing “extreme havoc” will be evicted and placed in temporary homes of a “basic” nature, including converted shipping containers in industrial areas of the city. “We call it a living container,” says Boer. Housing antisocial tenants in these units, which have showers and kitchens and have been used as student accommodation, will ensure that they are not “rewarded” by being relocated to better accommodation.
-Dutch newspaper the Parool has pointed out that in the 19th century troublemakers were moved to villages in Drenthe and Overijssel, which rapidly became slums. But Boer insists that the administration has learned from past mistakes and is not planning to house the antisocial together.
-It would be more accurate to call them “scum houses” than scum villages, says Boer, “because we don’t want to put more than one of these families in the same area”. After up to six months in these houses, scattered around the city, the tenants will be found permanent homes. The city government anticipates moving around ten families a year into this programme, which starts in 2013.
-The temporary dwellings will be heavily policed, but antisocial tenants will also have access to doctors, social workers and parole officers. “They are taken care of so the whole situation is not going to repeat at the new house they are in,” says Boer.",295
-"Loneliness has finally become a hot topic – the Office for National Statistics has found Britain to be the loneliest country in Europe. British people are less likely to have strong friendships or know their neighbours than residents anywhere else in the EU and a relatively high proportion of them have no one to rely on in a crisis. Meanwhile, research by Professor John Cacioppo at the University of Chicago has found loneliness to be twice as bad for older people’s health as obesity and almost as great a cause of death as poverty.
-But, shocking as this is, such studies overlook the loneliness epidemic among younger adults. In 2010, the Mental Health Foundation found loneliness to be a greater concern among young people than the elderly. The 18- to 34-year-olds surveyed were more likely to feel lonely often, to worry about feeling alone and to feel depressed because of loneliness than the over-55s.
-“Loneliness is a recognized problem among the elderly – there are day centres and charities to help them,” says Sam Challis, an information manager at the mental health charity Mind, “but, when young people reach 21, they’re too old for youth services.” This is problematic because of the close relationship between loneliness and mental health – it is linked to increased stress, depression, paranoia, anxiety, addiction, cognitive decline and is a known factor in suicide. In a new essay, Paul Farmer, the chief executive of Mind, and Jenny Edwards, the chief executive of the Mental Health Foundation, say it can be both a cause and effect of mental health problems.
-But what can young people do to combat loneliness? Dr Grant Blank, a survey research fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute, points out that social media and the internet can be a boon and a problem. They are beneficial when they enable us to communicate with distant loved ones, but not when they replace face-to-face contact. “People present an idealized version of themselves online and we expect to have social lives like those portrayed in the media,” says Challis. Comparing friends’ seemingly perfect lives with ours can lead us to withdraw socially.
-While meditation techniques and apps such as Headspace are trendy solutions frequently recommended for a range of mental health problems, they’re not necessarily helpful for loneliness, as they actively encourage us to dwell alone on our thoughts. “You’d be better off addressing the underlying causes of being lonely first – what’s stopping you going out and seeing people?” asks Challis.
-Indeed, a study of social media at the University of Michigan in 2013 found that, while Facebook reduces life satisfaction, using technology to help you meet new people can be beneficial. And, if for whatever reason, you are unable to venture outside, the internet can bring solace. Mumsnet has been “an absolute godsend” for Maddy Matthews, 19, a student with a two-month-old daughter. Since the birth, she rarely sees her university friends and her partner works most evenings. “In the first few days, I was up late at night feeding her and I was worried I was doing something wrong. Being able to post on Mumsnet has helped me feel less alone.”
-Helplines can also reduce loneliness, at least in the short term. One in four men who call the emotional support charity Samaritans mention loneliness or isolation and Get Connected is a free confidential helpline for young people, where they can seek help with emotional and mental health issues often linked to loneliness. There are also support services on websites such as Mind’s that can remind you you’re not alone.
-At work, it can be beneficial to tell your employer how you’re feeling. John Binns, who advises businesses on mental health and well-being, was admitted to hospital for stress-related depression in 2007 and took two months off work. He felt as if there was no one to talk to and he wasn’t close enough to colleagues for them to notice the changes in his behaviour. Greater openness with his employer and colleagues made his return to work easier. “Often people find that colleagues are more supportive than they’d expected. Mine started to reach out, asking me to lunch and reassuring me that the world hadn’t moved on that much since I’d left.”
-Office chit-chat may seem like a waste of time, but it helps to cushion us from the emotional and psychological effects of work strain. “If you form connections with your team, you might be stressed but not isolated,” says Rick Hughes,
-the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy’s (BACP) lead adviser for the workplace.
-“We treat the networks we have as incidental but they’re fundamental to our well-being,” says Nicky Forsythe, a psychotherapist and the founder of Talk for Health, a social enterprise that trains people to give and receive peer support in groups. “The most important thing is to have a regular time and place to reflect on your life and to have an empathetic listener.”
-For developing personal skills such as empathy, counselling can help. The BACP website allows you to search for counsellors in your area. “A problem aired is a problem shared and sometimes you need to talk to someone impartial and independent of your friends and family,” says Hughes. Most universities offer students such counselling and many run group sessions that specifically address loneliness.
-If recent research is to be believed, loneliness is killing the elderly and, with an ageing population, we should aim to reduce our isolation before it is too late. “Getting older doesn’t have to mean getting lonelier,” says Ruth Sutherland, the chief executive of the relationship counselling service Relate, in a new report. “But much of this rests on laying the foundations to good-quality relationships earlier in life.”",296
-"Introduction
-Did you know that, in the UK, there is no legal requirement for restaurants to pass on tips to staff?
-For a new government report, workers, employers and customers were asked about their views on tipping. After reading the report, government ministers said they wanted to change the rules and make sure low-paid workers get the money left for them by happy customers.
-The report said that some waiters are charged up to a 15% administration fee on tips that are left when customers pay by credit or debit cards. The government said it would consider not allowing employers to charge workers an administration fee.
-The government also said that it wanted customers to know that tips are voluntary and they want the system to be more transparent, with restaurants clearly displaying their tips policy.
-We asked waiters around the UK what they think of the tipping process (including how much they take home from tips and whether it’s fair) and what would improve it for them.
-1. Rodri, 37, London: ‘Around 50% of a waiter’s income is tips’
-Average tips: £60 per eight-hour shift
-I think they treat waiters best in ... the US
-Everything has got fairer since the tipping scandal was exposed in the summer of 2015. This is when dozens of restaurants were exposed for taking money from tips for administration fees. However, you still hear horror stories from new employees at some chains. Some restaurants take 4% of all sales to pay the chefs and as an admin fee. It doesn’t matter how much you make in tips. This means that, if a table has a £100 bill and doesn’t tip, the waiter has to pay £4 of their own money. This leads to bad service. If a table doesn’t tip, the waiter feels as if the company is stealing their money and resents the customers.
-I get an average of around £60 of tips per shift. On a good night, this can go up to over £100 and, on a poor night, it’s around £40. Around 50% of a waiter’s income is tips. All restaurants should have to publicly state their exact tipping policy. America has it pretty good – everyone tips.
-2. Elle, 22, Edinburgh: ‘We never know whether it’s fair’
-Average tips: £20 per eight-hour shift
-I think they treat waiters best in ... France
-I have three part-time catering jobs. My main day job is in a café where the small number of staff work both in the café and in the kitchen so all our tips go in a pot and they are shared equally. My main evening job is at a restaurant where we don’t get our tips but our wages are minimum wage plus an extra £2.50 per hour. My third job is events catering and nobody ever tips.
-In restaurants, because a lot of customers add tips through card payments, the staff never see how much the tip is – so we don’t know whether what we get is fair or not. The system seems better in France, where they don’t tip much but being a waiter is seen as a proper job, with job security and a decent income.
-3. Ashley, 22, London: ‘Tips go towards customer breakages’
-Average tips: £10-15 per eight-hour shift
-I think they treat waiters best in ... Australia
-I work in a London pub in the evenings and I do day shifts at a local restaurant. In both places, all the tips are collected and shared out at the end of the night. Money is also taken from the tips to pay for breakages by either staff or customers.
-It is incredibly unfair that our tips are shared out, especially when one member of the team doesn’t work hard enough. Or, when a member of the team does incredibly well, they don’t get what they’ve earned. It’s really unfair that tips go towards breakages made by customers. The managers should have ways to pay for broken glasses and plates without taking our tips. I make around £20 a shift in tips but often I only get £10-15 of that money.
-I really rely on tips because I am only paid £7 an hour. I’d rather we earned a good basic wage (like in Australia) and didn’t have to rely on tips.
-4. Tom, Manchester: ‘A big night of tips can help pay the rent’
-Average tips: £40 per eight-hour shift
-I think they treat waiters best in ... Italy
-Where I used to work, waiters kept 80% of cash tips and 40% of card tips. The other 20% of cash went into a pot for the commis waiters and bar staff. The 60% from the card tips went to the kitchen staff.
-It’s hard to say how much I earned a shift; maybe around £40. It can make a massive change to your weekly finances. Sometimes, the waiters needed a good night to pay their rent.
-They have got tipping right in Italy, where customers don’t add a service charge but usually round up their bill so, if their meal is €19, they leave a €20 note and don’t ask for change. They respect the staff. In Italy, people often make a career as a waiter and the experience these waiters have shows in the service the customers get.",297
-"The Greek island of Agios Efstratios is so remote, so forgotten by the banks, the government and most of the modern world that there isn’t a single ATM or credit-card machine on the island. Before the economic crisis in Greece, residents of this tranquil island in the northern Aegean managed quite well. They did their banking at the post office and the few dozen rooms to rent were fully booked every summer with people who had heard – by word of mouth – of its spectacular empty beaches, clear seas and fresh seafood.
-But, because the island still uses only cash, the closure of the Greek banks has been devastating. Residents have to make nine-hour round trips to the nearest big island to get cash and Greek visitors say they can’t get hold of enough money to come. “Tourist numbers have reduced by 80% this year,” said Mayor Maria Kakali, in an office in the village where she grew up, with a population of around 200 people. “Even people born here and living in Athens, who have their own places on the island, aren’t coming.”
-Kakali has badgered the government and a major Greek bank into promising an ATM within weeks but she still feels it may be too late for this season on an island where tourism is the main source of income: “We have almost no reservations in August, when usually we have people calling us up asking to find a room and we can’t help them.” A hard winter ahead may be slightly improved because 50 workers will live and work in the village to expand the harbour. But there is an even bigger crisis ahead because the government has said it will end a tax break for islands.
-The tax break was created to help island communities survive the problem of mass emigration. The lower sales tax reduced the costs of living on the islands, where everything had to be imported and it made tourism more affordable. Tourist favourites such as Mykonos fear that losing the tax breaks will make it hard for them to compete with Turkey. But, for Agios Efstratios, it is a far greater problem. “If we have to pay a tax of 23%, I’m sorry to say it but we will all die on the island,” says Kakali.
-Food and fuel are already more expensive than on the mainland. Even in summer the island has only three shops, two restaurants and not a single official hotel. “This is an expensive island. Everything, even milk or bread, has been bought and sold three or four times before it gets to us and everyone has to take a profit,” said Provatas Costas, a 58-year-old fisherman.
-For Agios Efstratios and its closest large neighbour, Lemnos, the timing of the crisis is particularly cruel. They were seen as remote for years partly because you could only reach the islands by slow and unreliable ferries. In 2015, the government had finally given the contract to a new, efficient company and this has brought many new visitors to explore the islands’ charms. But, then, the bank controls hit. “It started as the best season in 30 years and, in one week, it became the worst,” said Atzamis Konstantinos, a travel agent in Lemnos.
-Lemnos has dozens of wild beaches, where you can swim and sunbathe virtually alone, a small nightlife scene and many cultural sites. It is the eighth largest island in Greece so it is in line for the first round of tax increases in autumn 2015 but it is far less wealthy than many smaller islands. It has just over 3,000 beds for visitors, compared with tens of thousands on an island such as Rhodes. “We have been suffering economically in recent years and now we will suffer more,” said Lemnos Mayor, Dimitris Marinakis. “When there is not enough money, you reduce your consumption and the whole economy gets worse.”
-If taxes go up, even more young people will leave, warns Mayor Kakali, who has worked to improve education on the island to help keep it an attractive place for families. Because it is one of the smallest islands, Agios Efstratios has until 2017 before the tax rise comes in. Kakali hopes that, because things change very fast in Greek politics, the island might still avoid the tax. If not, though, she plans to travel to Athens to remind the distant government what the tax rise would cost.
-“The truth is the government doesn’t pay much attention to the islands of the north Aegean,” she said, “so I would take all the kids from our school to the gates of parliament, to tell them: ‘There is still life in these islands’.”",298
-"It was a beautiful summer evening and I decided to go for a swim off Doolin Pier in County Clare, Ireland, where I moved in 2012. There was a woman in the water with Dusty, a dolphin who has a great relationship with a group of people she regularly swims with.
-Dusty arrived in Doolin in about 2008 and hundreds of people have swum with her since, giving the impression that she’s totally tame. She has even starred in an Irish tourist-board ad campaign in which a girl says she would like to touch a dolphin.
-That evening, this woman was tickling Dusty’s tummy and it just looked so inviting. There were about 20 tourists and locals on the pier, looking at this lovely spectacle. Just after I got into the water, Dusty left the woman she was with and went ballistic – I found out afterwards that she’s very territorial when she is with somebody. Her tail was flapping wildly and, at first, I thought it was a display but, then, I twigged: maybe she’s angry. I knew I had to get out of the water so I swam towards the pier but, within microseconds, Dusty had ploughed into me with her snout. It was very powerful and painful, and the speed was amazing. I went hurtling forwards.
-All these people on the pier were staring down at me open-mouthed. Dusty was still in the water beside me, her tail flapping crazily. That was more frightening than anything: I thought, if she hits me with her tail, I could go under; I’m gone.
-I was at the pier but couldn’t get out because of my injuries. I felt pure terror. I shouted for help and a guy put his arm in and pulled me out on to the steps. Then, another man appeared and said he was an orthopaedic surgeon who specialized in marine trauma. He had been driving into Doolin when he saw what was happening on the pier. I was so cold and very worried – I didn’t know how bad my injuries were and my biggest fear was internal bleeding. He checked me over and was very reassuring, saying he couldn’t feel any evidence of it but that I probably had broken bones. I found out later that I had six spinal fractures, three broken ribs and a damaged lung.
-I was in hospital for five days, in a back brace for several weeks and off work for five months with limited mobility, stiffness and pain. Then, I was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress. My near-death experience had left me anxious about everything and overreacting in a way I had never done before. I felt that people were looking at me in the wrong way, I began to struggle with loud noises and I suffered from memory loss. Three months before the accident, I had opened a health-food shop but I had to let it go because I could no longer work. It was the toughest year ever but, now, it’s all behind me. I had craniosacral therapy, osteopathy and massage, and am building up my own osteopathy practice now. I have a new empathy with patients because I have been one.
-I am grateful that I am healthy and I really want to prevent other people being injured. We have this lovely idea about dolphins and have faith in them – who would think a dolphin would ever attack a person? If you see a ferocious animal coming at you with its teeth bared, it’s scary, but dolphins have this lovely, wide smile.
-I don’t have any anger towards Dusty. I respect her. But I was in her territory and she’s a wild, unpredictable animal. People need to know that. So many come here to swim with her and they don’t understand how dangerous it can be. Mine were reportedly among several injuries that summer.
-After the man pulled me out of the water, Dusty swam away but, then, she came back and was bobbing vertically next to me, looking at me. We locked eyes and I felt there was complete remorse in her. She was a totally different dolphin; the anger had gone. The people on the pier were in awe. When she had that little moment with me, that was the end of the terror. I made my peace with her.",299
-"Indignant waiters are calling for public support in a battle to hold on to their tips. PizzaExpress branches are to be targeted by protesters as part of an attempt to get the restaurant chain to stop creaming off a proportion of tips for staff that have been paid on credit and debit cards. Campaigners have also started an online petition in the hope that restaurant-goers will back their demands.
-In a policy that has outraged some employees, PizzaExpress keeps, as an admin fee, 8p out of every £1 paid when tips are given by card. The chain, which has 430 branches around the UK and is particularly popular with families, makes an estimated £1m a year from the practice, according to the union Unite.
-“We believe this 8% fee is unfair and that, if the chain values its staff, it should be paying them the total tips they are given by customers,” said Chantal Chegrinec, campaigns officer at Unite. “We are starting with PizzaExpress but they are by no means the only offender and we will be turning our attention to other companies after this.”
-The protests are being organized by local branches of Unite, with the first taking place at the British Museum branch of PizzaExpress in London. The union has also written to the restaurant chain’s CEO, Richard Hodgson. Unite began the campaign following a survey of its PizzaExpress members after the chain was sold to a Chinese private equity firm, Hony Capital, in 2014. One of the top issues was the 8% deduction from their tips.
-One disgruntled PizzaExpress employee, who wants to remain anonymous, said that the admin fee was costing her £3 a night. “I have worked at PizzaExpress for 15 years,” she said in a letter to Unite. “After all this time, I’m still only paid the national minimum wage of £6.50 an hour. So you see my colleagues and I are heavily reliant on customer tips to top up our low wages. I work hard and am good at my job but, when PizzaExpress thinks it can get away with taking a percentage of our hard-earned tips left on a card, I get upset.”
-PizzaExpress joins restaurant chains Ask and Zizzi in siphoning off 8% of the tips paid by card but other chains deduct even more. Café Rouge, Bella Italia and Belgo deduct 10%, as do Strada and Giraffe, which is owned by Tesco.
-A spokesperson for PizzaExpress said that its admin charge was to cover the cost of running a “tronc” – a standard pay arrangement used to distribute tips among staff. “We went to great lengths to set up this tronc system, which is chaired by a troncmaster and run by a committee of waiters and pizzaiolos who independently decide how tips made by electronic card payment are subsequently distributed between front- and back-of-house restaurant teams; a system run by employees for the employees,” she said.
-The chain, which sells 29m pizzas a year through its UK restaurants, denied that it profits from the admin fee. But other restaurant groups do not deduct an admin fee from tips. Wagamama, Pizza Hut and TGI Friday all take nothing. The Restaurant Group, which owns Frankie & Benny’s, Chiquitos and Garfunkels, used to charge 10% but dropped this policy several years ago.
-Unite recently targeted ten PizzaExpress restaurants in south London, distributing leaflets to customers who were “shocked and disgusted” by the practice. PizzaExpress says the charge is mentioned in small print at the bottom of its menus but the employee who wrote to Unite said that, when she mentioned the charge to customers, it always came as a surprise. Most would then pay the tip in cash. Almost 6,000 people have so far signed Unite’s online petition.
-One waiter, who doesn’t work for PizzaExpress but has worked for 11 years for another restaurant chain, said that at least a third of his income is from tips. He doesn’t want to be identified for fear of reprisals. “I work in a busy London branch and, on an average night, I’ll serve 150 people and take home £40 to £50 in tips,” he says. “That might sound like a lot but that money is crucial to me as my basic pay is only £6.50 an hour.”
-Conservative MP Andrew Percy, who has called for a change in the law that would give restaurant staff more control over tips, said he plans to raise the issue in parliament after the summer recess.”",300
-"1 Race engineer
-A race engineer liaises between the driver and the mechanics.
-Typical salary: New graduates start at £25,000 to £30,000 and quickly progress to junior engineer roles, earning more than £40,000 with just a few years’ experience. Senior race engineers earn £50,000 to £90,000.
-What the job involves: “A race engineer is the interpreter between the race-car mechanics and the driver,” says race engineer Jamie Muir. “The engineer takes feedback from the driver, analyses the data and makes decisions about the set-up needed for maximum performance, then passes this on to the mechanics.”
-Qualifications: A university degree, typically in automotive/mechanical engineering or motorsport technology. Hands-on experience is essential.
-To succeed as a race engineer, you need … to be able to deal with pressure.
-Worst thing about the job: The long hours. “Race engineers work 24/7,” says Chris Aylett, CEO of the Motorsport Industry Association.
-2 Ethical hacker
-Typical salary: A newly qualified hacker can expect a minimum salary of £35,000 to £50,000. This rises to £60,000 to £90,000 at team-leader level.
-What the job involves: A company will pay an ethical hacker to hack into its computer system to see how well it might resist a real attack.
-Qualifications: You don’t necessarily need a degree in computer science. The industry accepts individuals with a very wide range of academic qualifications and skills.
-To succeed as an ethical hacker, you need … a passion for technology and detail. You should also enjoy solving difficult problems.
-Worst thing about the job: When you are called in to test the security of a new customer’s network and you discover that they have already been hacked.
-3 Bomb-disposal diver
-Typical salary: In the private sector, you can earn up to £100,000 working just two months out of every three.
-What the job involves: Descending to the sea bed and searching for unexploded bombs, shells, grenades and landmines, then either safely recovering and collecting the weapons or securely disposing of them.
-Qualifications: To dive offshore, you must have diving qualifications. To be able to dispose of the bombs safely, you’ll also need an explosivedisposal qualification and years of experience.
-To succeed as a bomb-disposal diver, you need … to stay calm in stressful situations. You work alone under water, with zero visibility and, if you don’t like living in small confined spaces with lots of other people, forget it.
-Worst thing about the job: Expect to be away from home at least six months of the year.
-4 Social engineer
-Typical salary: Graduates start on £25,000 but salaries increase rapidly with qualifications and experience, rising to between £50,000 and £80,000, on average.
-The job: Companies pay a social engineer to try to trick employees into giving them confidential information that allows the engineer to access sensitive company data or the company’s computer network.
-Qualifications: Typically, social engineers have a degree in IT, although an understanding of psychology is useful.
-To succeed as a social engineer, you need … the confidence to lie convincingly and the ability to fit in almost anywhere without looking too out of place. You also need a strong sense of personal ethics and an understanding of the law.
-Worst thing about the job: Other people may misunderstand your job: social engineers are not spies but most people think they are.
-5 Power-line helicopter pilot
-Typical salary: £65,000
-The job: To fly close to high-voltage power lines in a helicopter so that the lines can be inspected with a camera and any potential faults and issues can be identified by the power company.
-Qualifications: A private-helicopter-pilot licence, a commercial pilot’s licence and around 2,000 hours of experience flying at low levels.
-To succeed as a power line helicopter pilot, you need … a steady hand and a cool head.
-Typically, pilots must fly beside the power line, sometimes as little as 20 feet away and just 30 feet off the ground. Worst thing about the job: “There are no negatives,” says helicopter pilot Robin Tutcher.
-6 Private butler
-Typical salary: £60,000 to £90,000
-The job: A private butler can be called on by his or her employer to do anything from wardrobe management to chauffeuring and pet care.
-Typical duties include managing other staff, serving at every meal, running errands, looking after guests, booking restaurants, house security, housekeeping, cooking and anything else the household needs.
-Qualifications: You don’t need any specific qualifications but you can do a special course.
-To succeed as a butler, you need … to enjoy looking after other people.
-Worst thing about the job: Long hours and an unpredictable work schedule mean it’s difficult to have a family life. Butlers also suffer from isolation, cultural differences with their employer and having to work for people who aren’t always nice.",301
-"The Greek island of Agios Efstratios is very remote. It has been forgotten by the banks, the government and most of the modern world. It doesn’t have a single ATM or credit-card machine. Before the economic crisis in Greece, the people of this peaceful island in the northern Aegean lived quite well. The few rooms to rent were fully booked every summer with people enjoying its empty beaches, clear seas and fresh seafood.
-But the island still uses only cash so the closure of the Greek banks has had a serious effect. Local people have to make nine-hour round trips to the nearest big island to get cash. Greek visitors say they don’t have enough cash to come. “Tourist numbers have reduced by 80% this year,” said Mayor Maria Kakali, in an office in the village where she grew up. The village has about 200 people. “Even people born here and living in Athens, who have their own places on the island, aren’t coming.”
-Kakali has asked the government and a major Greek bank to install an ATM and this should arrive soon. But tourism is the main business on the island and she feels the ATM may come too late for this season. “We have almost no reservations in August, when usually we are full.” But there is an even bigger crisis ahead – the government has said it will end a tax break for islands.
-The tax break was created to help people on islands survive when lots of people were emigrating. Islands that are popular with tourists, such as Mykonos, fear that losing the tax break will make things very hard for them. But, for Agios Efstratios, it is a much bigger problem. “If we have to pay a tax of 23%, we will all die on the island,” says Kakali.
-Food and fuel are already more expensive than on mainland Greece. Even in summer, the island has only three shops, two restaurants and not one official hotel. “This is an expensive island. Everything, even milk or bread, takes a long time to reach us and so is very expensive,” said Provatas Costas, a 58-year-old fisherman.6 Things are also difficult for the island of Lemnos, the closest large neighbour of Agios Efstratios. People saw the islands as remote for years partly because the only way to get there was by slow and unreliable ferries. In 2015, they finally had new, efficient ferries and this brought many new visitors to explore these islands. But, then, the bank controls began. “It started as the best season in 30 years and, in one week, it became the worst,” said Atzamis Konstantinos, a travel agent in Lemnos.
-Lemnos has wild beaches, where you can swim and sunbathe almost alone, a small nightlife scene and many cultural sites. It is the eighth largest island in Greece so it will have to pay the tax increases in autumn 2015. But Lemnos is far less wealthy than many smaller islands. It has just over 3,000 beds for visitors – Rhodes, for example, has tens of thousands of beds. “We have been suffering economically in recent years and now we will suffer more,” said Lemnos Mayor, Dimitris Marinakis.
-If taxes go up, more young people will leave, warns Mayor Kakali. Because it is one of the smallest islands, Agios Efstratios will not have to pay the tax increase until 2017. And Kakali hopes the situation in Greece will change before then. But, if not, she plans to travel to Athens to remind the distant government what the tax rise would cost.
-“The government doesn’t pay much attention to the islands of the north Aegean,” she said, “so I would take all the kids from our school to the gates of parliament, to tell them: ‘There is still life in these islands’.”",302
-"Clay Cockrell is sitting in his office across the street from 1 Central Park West, the address of the Trump International Hotel and Tower. In front of the tower is Central Park, where Cockrell holds his popular walk and talk therapy sessions.
-Cockrell, a former Wall Street worker who is now a therapist, spends large parts of his days walking through Central Park or the Battery Park in downtown Manhattan near Wall Street, as a confidant and counsellor to some of New York’s wealthiest people.
-“Many of the extremely wealthy – the 1% of the 1% – feel that their problems are really not problems. But they are,” he says.
-So, what issues do America’s 1% have? “There is guilt because they are rich,” he said. “There is the feeling that they have to hide the fact that they are rich. And, then, there is the isolation – being in the 1% can be lonely.”
-Counsellors argue that things have become worse since the financial crisis and the discussion about income inequality brought on by movements like Occupy Wall Street.
-“The Occupy Wall Street movement was a good one and had some important things to say about income inequality but it singled out the 1% as something negative,” said Jamie Traeger-Muney, a wealth psychologist and founder of the Wealth Legacy Group. The media, she said, is partly to blame for making the rich “feel like they need to hide or feel ashamed”.
-Traeger-Muney runs a global business and specializes in working with inheritors, who often get a bad reputation in the press. “Sometimes, I am shocked by things that people say. You would never refer to another group of people in the way that it seems perfectly normal to refer to wealthy people.”
-“It’s really isolating to have a lot of money. People’s reactions to you can be scary,” said Barbara Nusbaum, an expert in money psychology. “We are all taught not to talk about money. It’s not polite to talk about money. But it’s harder to talk about having money than it is to talk about not having money. It’s much more socially acceptable to say ‘I am broke. Things are hard.’ You can’t say ‘I have a ton of money.’ You have to keep a lot of your life private.”
-As a result, Cockrell says, the rich usually hang out with other rich Americans who understand them and their problems.
-In the US, over the last three decades, the number of extremely wealthy people has been increasing. According to research from Spectrem Group, in 2014, the number of US households with $1m or more – excluding the value of their main home – increased by 500,000 to 10.1m. Households worth $5m or more reached 1.3m and 142,000 households are now worth $25m or more.
-Since the 2008 financial crisis, the income gap has grown and the situation “has gotten worse for the wealthy”, Cockrell said. The main reason? Not knowing if your friends are friends with you or with your money.
-“Someone else who is also a billionaire – they don’t want anything from you. Never being able to trust your friendships with other people, I think that is difficult,” said Cockrell. “As the gap has widened, the rich have become more and more isolated.”
-These are real fears of the richest of the rich. In 2007, the Gates Foundation and Boston College’s Center on Wealth and Philanthropy started to document what it felt like to be in America’s 1%. For the next four years, researchers surveyed 165 of America’s richest households – 120 of those households have at least $25m. The report, The Joys and Dilemmas of Wealth, was 500 pages long and seemed to prove the old saying that money can’t buy happiness.
-“Wealth can stop you from connecting with other people,” said the wife of a tech entrepreneur who made about $80m. Some Americans keep their wealth secret. “We talk about it as stealth wealth. There are a lot of people that hide their wealth because they are worried about negative judgment,” said Traeger-Muney. If wealthy Americans talk about the problems that come with their wealth, people often say ‘Oh, poor you.’ There is not a lot of sympathy there,” she said.
-Speaking in his soft, soothing voice that makes you want to tell him all your worries, Cockrell said that a common mistake that many of his wealthy clients make is letting their money define them.
-“If you are part of the 1%, you still have problems and they are real to you. Even when you say, ‘I don’t have to struggle for money’, there are other parts of your life. Money is not the only thing that defines you,” he said. “Your problems are real.”",303
-"1 Flappy Bird
-Dong Nguyen, the inventor of the mobile game Flappy Bird, removed it from app stores. It was downloaded more than 50 million times and was making him around £30,000 each day. He said its success ruined his simple life. On Twitter, he said: “I cannot live like this anymore.”
-Nguyen is the latest inventor who wishes he hadn’t created a monster:
-2 The labradoodle
-The labradoodle isn’t a monster – it’s lovely. But what’s monstrous is the way people sell crossbreed dogs since the labradoodle’s inventor, Wally Conron, first created the dog in the 1980s. “I’ve created a lot of problems”, he said. “There are a lot of unhealthy and abandoned dogs now.” Conron invented the labradoodle when he was working for the Royal Guide Dog Association of Australia. He invented it as a dog for a blind woman. Her husband was allergic to dog hair. He didn’t know that the labradoodle would become so popular.
-3 The AK-47
-Six months before his death in December 2013, Mikhail Kalashnikov, the inventor of the assault rifle, wrote to the head of the Russian Orthodox Church and asked: “If my rifle killed people, am I, Mikhail Kalashnikov, 93 years old, the son of a poor farmer, Christian and Orthodox, responsible for people’s deaths, even if they were enemies?”
-4 Electronic tagging
-The electronic tag was first made in the 1960s to check if ex-prisoners went to school or work, and to reward them for good behaviour. Its inventors, Bob Gable and his brother Kirkland, were later horrified that the tag became a form of control and punishment. “It’s not pleasant,” Kirkland Gable said in 2010, “but I’m not in control of the universe. I have to realize there are some things out of my control.”
-5 Pepper spray
-After police sprayed peaceful protesters with pepper spray at a University of California campus in 2011, Kamran Loghman, one of the scientists who helped develop the spray in the 80s said, “I have never seen such an inappropriate use of chemicals.”
-6 The office cubicle
-In the late 60s, a new kind of office was made to give workers privacy and increase how well and how quickly people work by giving more work space. But the cubicle became a way for companies to put employees into smaller spaces. The inventor, Bob Propst, said, in 1997, “the use of cubicles in modern companies is crazy.”",304
-"Sweden is the best country for older people, Afghanistan the worst – but the general wealth of a country does not always mean better conditions for the over-60s, according to the first global index on ageing. Sweden’s top ranking – followed by Norway, Germany, the Netherlands and Canada – is predictable, but the Global AgeWatch index provides some surprising results.
-The US, the world’s richest country, is only in eighth place, while the UK is 13th. Sri Lanka is 36th, far above Pakistan at 89th, despite similar levels of gross domestic product (GDP). Bolivia and Mauritius score higher than the size of their economies may suggest and, while Brazil and China are relatively high on the index, India and Russia are much lower.
-“This survey shows that history counts,” said Mark Gorman, director of HelpAge International. “The top-ranked countries are what you would expect, but Scandinavian countries were not wealthy when they introduced pensions for everyone. The older population in Sri Lanka today is benefiting from good basic education and health care – those countries made certain policy choices. Everybody has scarce resources, but they should not forget that, when they make investment decisions, they should also consider issues of old age.”
-The index, developed with the UN Fund for Population and Development, covers 91 countries and 89% of the world’s older people. The survey comes during a major demographic change: by 2050, there are expected to be two billion people aged 60 and over, making up more than a fifth of the world’s population.
-Population ageing – when older people form an increasingly large proportion of people – is happening fastest in developing countries. More than two-thirds of older people live in poor countries; by 2050, this proportion is expected to be about four-fifths. The fastest ageing countries – Jordan, Laos, Mongolia, Nicaragua and Vietnam – are in the lower half of the ranking, which suggests that politicians there need to look at the question of ageing if they are to provide enough support to their populations.
-There are gender differences among ageing populations, with women generally living longer than men. In 2012, for every 84 men aged 60 and over, there were 100 women. Many women face disadvantages in old age because of lack of paid work (and therefore also savings), less decision-making power in the family and the fact that they are vulnerable to violence.
-However, population ageing does not always lead to significantly higher health care spending, according to the report, which highlights the importance of long-term investments in education and health care for older people. Bolivia, ranked 46, despite being one of the poorest countries, has introduced good policies for older people, with a national plan on ageing, free health care and a noncontributory pension for everyone.
-Good basic health care introduced decades ago in Chile and Costa Rica has helped the ageing populations of those countries. A good education system is of great benefit later in life – basic literacy is crucial for older people as they deal with the pensions paperwork. In the Philippines, older people have benefited from the educational reforms introduced after independence in 1946, which made elementary and high school education compulsory. The same is true for Armenia, which, like other countries of the former Soviet Union, benefited from a strong education system. South Korea came a surprisingly low 67 on the ageing index, partly because it introduced a pension only recently.
-The ageing index is calculated using 13 indicators under four headings: income security, health care, employment and education, and a positive environment. All indicators have equal weight, except for pension income coverage, life expectancy at 60, healthy life expectancy at 60 and psychological well-being. These categories have increased importance because of better data quality and countries were included only if there was enough data.
-Professor Sir Richard Jolly, creator of the human development index, said: “This groundbreaking index helps us to better understand the needs and opportunities of older people thanks to its pioneering application of human development methodology. It challenges countries in every part of the world to raise their sights as to what is possible.”",305
-"Illegal downloading is a kind of “moral squalor” and theft, as much as reaching in to someone’s pocket and stealing their wallet is theft, says author Philip Pullman. In an article for Index on Censorship, Pullman, who is president of the Society of Authors, makes a robust defence of copyright laws. He is highly critical of internet users who think it is OK to download music or books without paying for them.
-“The technical brilliance is so dazzling that people can’t see the moral squalor of what they’re doing,” he writes. “It is outrageous that anyone can steal an artist’s work and get away with it. It is theft, as surely as reaching into someone’s pocket and taking their wallet is theft.”
-His article comes after music industry leaders met British Prime Minister David Cameron in Downing Street, where the issue of web piracy was discussed.
-Pullman, writer of the His Dark Materials trilogy, says authors and musicians work in poverty and obscurity for years to bring their work to the level “that gives delight to their audiences and, as soon as they achieve that, the possibility of making a living from it is taken away from them”. He concludes: “The principle is simple, and unaltered by technology, science or magic: if we want to enjoy the work that someone does, we should pay for it.”
-Pullman is writing in the next issue of the campaign group’s magazine in a dialogue with Cathy Casserly, chief executive of Creative Commons, which offers open content licences “that lets creators take copyright into their own hands”. Casserly argues that there is much wrong with copyright, which was created “in an analogue age”. She writes: “By default, copyright closes the door on countless ways that people can share, build upon and remix each other’s work, possibilities that were unimaginable when those laws were established.”
-She says artists need to think creatively about how they distribute and monetize their work, quoting the science fiction writer Cory Doctorow, who said: “My problem is not piracy, it’s obscurity.”
-Index on Censorship agrees. The magazine’s editor, Rachael Jolley, said: “Existing copyright laws don’t work in the digital age and risk criminalizing consumers. We need new models for how artists, writers and musicians earn a living from their work.”
-The debate is a lively one and the scale of illegal downloading vast. Data collected by Ofcom (the independent regulator and competition authority for the UK communications industries) suggests that, between November 2012 and January 2013 in the UK, 280 million music tracks were digitally pirated, along with 52 million TV shows, 29 million films, 18 million ebooks and 7 million software or games files.
-Ofcom has said 18% of internet users aged over 12 admit to having recently pirated content, and 9% say they fear getting caught. Pullman writes in his article: “The ease and swiftness with which music can be acquired in the form of MP3 downloads is still astonishing to those of us who have been building up our iTunes list for some time.”
-One thing to emerge from the Downing Street meeting was Cameron’s appointment of the Conservative MP Mike Weatherley to be his adviser on the subject. A spokesman for the BPI, the record industry trade body, said: “Mike Weatherley is a strong champion of copyright and the artists and creative producers it’s there to protect. We hope his influence and the prime minister’s endorsement of copyright will be brought to bear on the approach of the UK’s intellectual property office.”",306
-"Brazil’s latest funk sensation, Anitta, has won millions of fans by making the favela sound popular, but she is at the centre of a debate about skin colour.
-Anti-discrimination campaigners and social commentators say the music industry’s fastest rising star has had to give up her blackness to be a success in the predominantly white middle-class market.
-The controversy began with the publication of then-and-now photographs that show a dramatic lightening of Anitta’s skin tone since she signed a deal with Warner.
-In the first photo, when she was quite unknown, she looked darker. In the second – a marketing photo after she became famous – she seems lighter. The contrast has restarted discussion about whether you need to have light skin to get ahead in Brazil.
-Jarid Arraes, a psychology student and blogger, wrote a post criticizing the discrimination in media and marketing that she felt Anitta’s image change represented. “People refuse to accept that they are racist and they think they live in a multiracial democracy, but the statistics show that is far from the case. White is the image of the rich, the nice, the successful, the good, while people see black as the opposite of all that.”
-Born Larissa de Macedo Machado, the diva-to-be was a church chorister in her childhood. In her teens, she made a name for herself in Rio de Janeiro’s baile funk scene as a dancer and singer.
-She now has an album and a huge hit single, Show das Poderosas, which topped the charts and attracted 52 million YouTube views.
-Many people love her because she is a pop idol with a strong message and some catchy tunes. Her marketing team want people to see her as a cultural bridge between the predominantly black and mixed-race shanty towns on Rio’s hillsides and the wealthier and whiter communities below.
-about whether she – or her marketing team – have gone too far in changing her. Arraes says that if pop stars have curly hair, they will want to straighten it. If they have a big nose, they will want to make it smaller. It creates a vicious cycle for how you feel about yourself.
-This is a sensitive topic in this largely mixed-raced nation. Brazil – one of the last big countries in the world to ban slavery – has the largest population of African descent outside Africa, but race and where your family come from are less important there than colour. There is a clear link between skin tone and inequality.
-In Brazilian cities, white workers earn roughly twice as much as those of African descent. Up until 2011, black or mixed-race students also spent two years less at school on average.
-Most business and government executives are white, while most menial jobs are done by black and mixed-race workers. If you walk through Ipanema, Gávea or other rich districts, you are far more likely to see black nannies pushing strollers with white children than a white nanny pushing a black child.
-Defining colour is complex. People who define themselves as white were in the minority for the first time in the most recent census in 2010. Among the 197 million population, 82 million said they were “pardu” (mixed race), 15 million black, two million Asian and 0.5% indigenous.
-Sylvio Ferreira, a psychology lecturer at the Federal University of Pernambuco, believes Anitta has won the hearts of the middle class by taking a rebellious sound and making it more acceptable to everyone.
-Maycon de Mattos Batista, a financial analyst who worked with Anitta while she was an intern, said there had been a huge change in Anitta’s image, but not of her colour.
-“I don’t believe it’s whitening; it’s more the way they are producing her with makeup, hairstylists and the way she dresses,” he said. “I don’t think that was because of pressure they put on her. She always liked to show off, sing and dance. That was a natural thing for her. I believe that it is because of this naturalness that she is where she is today.”",307
-"Sweden is the best country for older people; Afghanistan is the worst – but rich countries are not always better for people over 60 years old, says the first global study on ageing. Sweden’s top ranking – followed by Norway, Germany, the Netherlands and Canada – is not a surprise, but the Global AgeWatch study gives some surprising results.
-The US, the world’s richest country, is only in eighth place, and the UK is in 13th place. Sri Lanka is 36th, far above Pakistan at 89th, although the countries have similar economies. Bolivia and Mauritius are in higher positions than the size of their economies suggests. Brazil and China are quite high, but India and Russia are much lower.
-“This study shows that history is important,” said Mark Gorman, director of HelpAge International. “The top countries are what you would expect, but Scandinavian countries were not rich when they introduced pensions for everyone. Older people in Sri Lanka today have good basic education and health care – those countries decided to help older people. No country has enough money but, when they decide how to spend their money, they should not forget older people.”
-The study includes 91 countries and 89% of the world’s older people. The study comes at a time of big population changes: by 2050, there will probably be two billion people aged 60 and over, which will be more than a fifth of the world’s population.
-Population ageing – when older people are a larger and larger percentage of the population – is happening fastest in developing countries. More than two-thirds of older people live in poor countries; by 2050, this proportion will probably be about four-fifths. The fastest ageing countries – Jordan, Laos, Mongolia, Nicaragua and Vietnam – are in the lower half of the ranking, which suggests that politicians there need to look at the problem of ageing so that they can give enough support to their populations. There are also differences between men and women in ageing populations – women generally live longer than men. In 2012, for every 84 men aged 60 and over, there were 100 women.
-However, population ageing does not always mean more health care spending, according to the report, which shows the importance of long-term investments in education and health care for older people. Bolivia, ranked 46, is one of the poorest countries but it has introduced good policies for older people – a national plan on ageing, free health care and a pension for everyone.
-Chile and Costa Rica introduced good basic health care many years ago and this has helped the ageing populations of those countries. A good education system is very useful later in life – basic literacy is very important for older people when they have to read and complete pensions documents. In the Philippines, the educational reforms introduced after independence in 1946 have helped older people – elementary and high school education became compulsory. The same is true for Armenia, which, like other countries of the ex-Soviet Union, had a strong education system. South Korea is a surprisingly low 67 in the ageing study, partly because it introduced a pension only recently.
-It is clear that countries all over the world should do more to help their ageing populations.",308
-"Throughout a momentous day at Liverpool’s Anglican Cathedral for the families of the 96 people who died so needlessly at Sheffield Wednesday’s Hillsborough football ground, one phrase dominated above all else: the truth. These were the words most infamously abused by a headline in The Sun newspaper, above stories which we now know, in extraordinarily shocking detail, were fed by the South Yorkshire Police to deflect their own culpability for the disaster on to the innocent victims.
-Margaret Aspinall, whose son James, then 18, died at what should have been a joyful day out, an FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest, said the families had been forced to fight, for 23 years, for just that: the truth. Aspinall, Chair of the Hillsborough Family Support Group, said that, although the families’ loss would never fade, she was “delighted” at the unequivocal, “profound” apology given for Hillsborough’s savage failings by David Cameron.
-The Hillsborough Independent Panel had inspected 450,000 documents generated by the police, Sheffield Wednesday and all other bodies responsible, and delivered its remarkable 395- page report indicting official failings and vindicating the victims and football supporters.
-Some of what happened to cause the disaster, and the police’s subsequent blame-shifting, has been exposed before. But the depth of what the families call a cover-up, in particular the deliberate police campaign to avoid its own responsibilities and falsely blame the supporters, was still startling.
-In a concerted campaign – led, the panel found, by the Chief Constable, Peter Wright – the South Yorkshire Police put out their story that drunken supporters or those without tickets had caused the disaster. The victims had their blood tested for alcohol levels. This was “an exceptional decision ”, the panel said, for which it found “no rationale ”. When victims had alcohol in their blood, the police then checked to find if they had criminal records.
-The report, substantially authored by Professor Phil Scraton of Queen’s University, Belfast, and unanimously agreed by the panel of eight experts, found there was “no evidence … to verify the serious allegations of exceptional levels of drunkenness, ticketlessness or violence among Liverpool fans ”.
-The report found that even as the nightmare began for the families of the victims, Wright was meeting his police federation in a Sheffield restaurant to prepare “a defence” and “a rock- solid story ”. The Secretary of the South Yorkshire Police Federation branch, Constable Paul Middup, told the restaurant meeting before Wright turned up: “The Chief Constable had said the truth could not come from him, but had given the secretary a totally free hand and supported him,” as had many senior officers.
-The meeting was held just four days after the disaster. It was the day that The Sun splashed its headline “The Truth” over lies fed to it by four senior South Yorkshire police officers. Middup was encouraged to continue this police campaign of defaming Liverpool supporters for supposed drunkenness and misbehaviour and “to get the message – togetherness – across to the force ”.
-The panel’s report sustained the allegation made in parliament that the orchestrated changing of junior officers’ statements by senior South Yorkshire police officers amounted to a “black propaganda unit ”. The officers’ statements, presented as official police accounts to the subsequent inquiry, were changed to delete criticism of the police themselves on the day, and, largely, emphasize misbehaviour by supporters. The panel found that 116 of 164 statements were amended “to remove or alter comments unfavourable to South Yorkshire police ”.
-The police had claimed this was done only to remove “conjecture” and “opinion” from the statements, but the panel had no doubt the operation, to craft a case rather than deliver truthful police accounts, went further. “It was done to remove criticism of the police,” Scraton said.
-This propaganda did not convince the original inquiry, which ruled as quickly as August 1989 that the police stories of fan drunkenness and misbehaviour were false, and criticized the police for making the claims. The report revealed that Sheffield Wednesday’s football ground was unsafe in crucial respects, that the Football Association had selected it as the venue for the match without even checking if Hillsborough had a valid safety certificate, which it did not.
-In that landscape of neglect, it was the mismanagement of the crowd by the police, commanded by an inexperienced Chief Superintendent David Duckenfield, that was “the prime cause” of the disaster. The police lost control outside the ground, where 24,000 Liverpool fans had to be funnelled through just 23 turnstiles, so Duckenfield ordered a large exit gate to be opened and a large number of people to be allowed in. His “blunder of the first magnitude ”, according to the inquiry, was the failure to close off the tunnel that led to the already overcrowded central section of the Leppings Lane terrace.
-The inquiry report established this but the police, undaunted, repeated their claims to the subsequent inquest. Its procedure was marked by the coroner’s decision not to take evidence of what happened after 3.15pm on the day of the disaster, thereby excluding an emergency response the panel found to have been chaotic. The finding that 41 of the 96 who died could possibly have been saved had the police and ambulance service done their jobs decently is damning of those bodies and, Aspinall said, difficult for the families to contemplate.
-In the light of the panel’s report, the Attorney General will now consider whether to apply to the High Court for the inquest verdict of accidental death to be quashed and a new inquest held. There may be prosecutions too, after all these years, of Sheffield Wednesday, South Yorkshire Police and Sheffield City Council, which failed in its duty to oversee the safety of the football ground. Trevor Hicks, the President of the HFSG, both of whose teenage daughters, Sarah and Victoria, died in the crush, said: “The truth is out today. Tomorrow is for justice.”",309
-"A recent report says that the wealthiest people in India will become four times richer by 2018 – hundreds of thousands of new entrepreneurs and inheritors will become multimillionaires. In India, at the moment, business people are beginning to be confident again in the world’s biggest democracy.
-Economic growth has been weak in recent years in India. The cost of basic foods has risen and the value of the Indian currency has fallen. The economy has not been good but there are now nearly a sixth more Indians with more than $3.75 million than in 2013, the report says. “Cities are mushrooming, the middle class is growing, there are lots more opportunities and Indian politics have improved a lot in recent months,” according to Murali Balaraman, a co-author of the report.
-The richest people in India have money and houses that are worth a trillion dollars. This is about a fifth of the total wealth in the country. By 2018, that total will probably reach $4 trillion, the report says, and there will be three times more multimillionaires.
-New rich people are buying lots of luxury things. “They really want to show or talk about their wealth and buying luxury things is a nice way to do it,” Balaraman said. Abhay Gupta, who works for the company Luxury Connect, said that more and more people will want to buy luxury things and experiences. “There is a huge class of people who want to copy very wealthy people,” he said.
-Cars are very popular things to buy, the report says. In 2009, wealthy Indians bought Indian SUVs to impress their friends but now they buy foreign cars. Mercedes sold 47% more cars in India in 2013. BMW has launched a new $200,000 model in Delhi.
-But companies sell fewer luxury cars because of India’s terrible transport system. Lamborghini’s Chief Executive, Stephan Winkelmann, said, in 2013, that the traffic and roads in India “are not so suitable” for the $450,000 sports cars. In India, Lamborghini sells two models: the Gallardo and the Aventador, which has a maximum speed of 217 miles per hour. Winkelmann said Lamborghini’s Indian customers were much younger than European customers. In India, a normal buyer is in his 30s. But the most popular investments are still houses – mainly in India – and jewellery.
-India’s super-rich have often surprised people around the world with their very high spending. Mukesh Ambani, India’s wealthiest man, has built the world’s most expensive home in Mumbai, the business capital. The 27-storey tower has helicopter pads, indoor cinemas and more than 600 people who work there. It is worth $1 billion.
-The three-day wedding of the niece of Lakshmi Mittal, the steel tycoon who lives in the UK and has $16 billion, cost $80 million. Hundreds of guests flew to Barcelona for the wedding and party, which was in a museum in the city.
-But people who buy luxury things are becoming more and more difficult to satisfy, the report says. One super-rich person bought nine boxes of Japanese whisky that cost more than over $750 a bottle for a wedding party. The attraction of the imported whisky was that no one who came to the wedding would be able to find the same drink in India. Another super-rich person bought identical pairs of Louis Vuitton bags, then cut up half of them to make clothes that would match her bags.
-Even the traditional Indian wedding is changing. Traditionally, people send presents such as silver plates, dried fruit or sweets with wedding invitations. But, now, rich people prefer to send gifts by top western designers. “These days, it’s Rolex watches and Louis Vuitton bags,” says Gupta.
-Almost half the new multimillionaires live in small cities and many of them give a lot of money to charity. Co-author Balaraman says that more rich people will not create more social problems because a wide gap in wealth is an “accepted norm” in India. “People know that someone is rich and someone is poor and they carry on with their lives,” he explains.",310
-"Emmanuel Limal used online dating sites a lot but he was tired of meeting women who weren’t ready to start a family, or at least wouldn’t admit that they were. The 43-yearold actor, originally from France, had spent 20 years living in Copenhagen and looking for love in the hope of raising children. He tried to find someone online but was dismayed by the results.
-“I got frustrated with everyone saying they were really active, always travelling or with a long list of hobbies, but no mention of children,” Limal said. “On some sites, there was an option to click saying: ‘I’d like kids someday,’ but you would read the person’s profile and think: ‘You will never have time!’ If someone’s going to the gym eight times a week and travelling every month, they are not putting a family first.”
-Limal has a six-year-old daughter from a previous relationship, but coming from a big family – his father is one of 11 – he has always wanted more children. “I couldn’t seem to meet anyone willing to prioritize starting a family”. He said it was difficult to know when to mention wanting kids when he met someone new. “It’s the ultimate dating taboo,” he said. “Then one day I read a profile from a 38-year-old who said she knew it was ‘really bad to admit’ but she wanted children. And I just thought: ‘You shouldn’t be ashamed of this.’”
-Limal borrowed money to pay for the setting up of Babyklar.nu – or ‘baby-ready now’ in English. It works like a normal dating site but everyone is asked to be honest about their wish to start a family soon. “We ask people if they are OK with someone who already has children and if they want another baby,” Limal said. “But we don’t make them say how many children they’d like. That would be a bit too much like grocery shopping online.”
-He has had a very positive response to the site. “We had 50 sign-ups an hour when we started in June and we are already hearing from couples who have met through the site and are now together. I’m fully expecting the first Babyklar.nu baby by next summer.” More men have signed up than women (53% to 47%), with comments such as “It’s so lovely to be able to say this out loud” and “I finally dare to be honest about what I want.”
-The site has come at the right time for the country of five million people. Danes are not having enough babies, according to a report from the Copenhagen hospital Rigshospitalet, and the current rate of 1.7 children per family is not enough to maintain Denmark’s population. The usual reasons are given – women are leaving it “too late” and couples are living together without getting married and waiting to start families.
-“Now, I hope, men and women who want to start a family but haven’t met the right person yet will have another option,” says Limal. He says that this isn’t just about baby farming: “I want this to be about children and love. My goal is to pair up people who really want a family and a partner – and who’ll stay together. I’m a romantic at heart.”
-There are plans to launch the site in France and the UK later in 2013, but for now it is the Danes who are benefitting from it. “Danes have no problem having children before marriage so things can move fast and, because the country’s so small, a Jutlander can date a Copenhagener without too much travel,” Limal said. What’s more, Limal has finally found love. “I’ve met a nice woman and she wants a baby too – so we shall see.”",311
-"More than one million British workers might be employed on zero-hours contracts, a new poll shows. This suggests that British businesses are using the controversial employment contracts far more than previously thought.
-After the results – which come from a poll of more than 1,000 employers by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) – people began asking the government to launch a full inquiry into the use of the contracts. Recently, many organizations – from retail chains to Buckingham Palace – have been criticized for hiring staff but offering no guarantee of work and pay each week. Employees on zero-hours contracts often get no holiday or sick pay and have to ask permission before looking for additional work elsewhere.
-The CIPD found that 38% of zero-hours contract workers describe themselves as employed full-time, typically working 30 hours or more a week. One-third of voluntary sector employers use the contracts and one in four public sector organizations.
-Peter Cheese, from the CIPD, said: “There does need to be a closer look at what is meant by a zero-hours contract. And this needs to consider both the advantages and disadvantages for businesses and employees.”
-Retailer Sports Direct recently became the focus of controversy on zero-hours when it was reported that the company employs around 20,000 of its 23,000 staff on the contracts. The retailer’s use of the contracts was followed by details of many other companies using the contracts, including cinema chain Cineworld and Buckingham Palace, which uses them for its 350 summer workers. Pub group J D Wetherspoon has 24,000 of its staff – 80% of its workforce – on zero-hours contracts.
-Vidhya Alakeson, from the Resolution Foundation, added: “If it’s true that there are around one million people on zero-hours contracts, then that would be a substantial portion of the workforce – this could no longer be dismissed as an issue affecting only a tiny minority.”
-Unions and poverty campaign groups have accused employers of pressuring staff into signing the contracts so that they can avoid their responsibilities and reduce staff benefits.
-Dave Prentis, of the trade union Unison, said: “The vast majority of workers are only on these contracts because they have no choice. They may give flexibility to a few, but the contracts favour the employers and make it hard for workers to complain.”
-Workers on zero-hours contracts are often only told how many hours they will work when weekly or monthly rotas are created, but are expected to be on call for extra work at short notice. They should get holiday pay, but they do not get sick pay.
-The charity National Trust, which employs many of its seasonal workers on zero-hours contracts, said it offered the same pay and benefits to those workers, pro rata, as full-time staff, but needed some workers to be on more flexible contracts.
-“We believe zero-hours contracts are essential in our organization, as we are very weather-dependent,” a spokeswoman said. “It’s important to be able to reorganize staff rotas quickly to respond to the weather and zero-hours contracts allow us to do this.”
-Politician Chuka Umunna said the contracts should be the exception to the rule. “While some employees welcome the flexibility of such contracts, for many, zero-hours contracts leave them insecure and unsure of when work will come,” he said.
-Some people have argued that the flexibility of zero-hours contracts may have allowed the UK to avoid higher levels of unemployment during the economic crisis.
-Figures from the poll suggest that 17% of employers in the private sector use zero-hours contracts, considerably lower than the 34% of organizations in the voluntary sector and 24% in the public sector.
-Industries where employers were most likely to have at least one person on a zero-hours contract were hotels, catering and leisure (48%), education (35%) and healthcare (27%).",312
-"A lonely old man living on the moon is the unusual focus of John Lewis’s 2015 Christmas advert.
-There is increasing hype around John Lewis’s seasonal ad, which has come to mark the beginning of the Christmas shopping season for many. The department store will aim to raise hundreds of thousands of pounds for Age UK. It will also encourage staff and customers to join up with their local branch of the charity to care for elderly people who might be alone over the holiday.
-The department store has spent £7m on a campaign that ranges from the TV ad to a smartphone game and merchandise, including glow-in-the-dark pyjamas, as well as making areas that look like the surface of the moon in 11 of their stores.
-After two years of successful ads with cuddly animals – a bear and hare, then a penguin – this time, the store is tugging at the heartstrings with a story of a young girl, Lily, who spots an old man living in a shack on the moon through her telescope. The determined child tries sending him a letter and firing a note via bow and arrow, before floating him a present of a telescope tied to balloons, which finally allows them to make contact.
-The ad’s message is: “Show someone they’re loved this Christmas”, which echoes Age UK’s own campaign: “No one should have no one at Christmas”. Profits from three products – a mug, gift tag and card – will go to the charity.
-Rachel Swift, head of marketing at John Lewis, said that people talk about the charity at this time of year and the ad makes you think about someone who lives on your street that might not see anybody.
-The campaign features the Oasis track Half the World Away reinterpreted by Norwegian artist Aurora.
-The ad cost £1m to make. The moon scenes were shot at the Warner Bros Studios, where the Harry Potter films were made, and the specially built set was created by one of the team behind the latest Star Wars film, The Force Awakens.
-As in the last few years, John Lewis has drummed up interest in their most recent ad with a teaser campaign on TV and social media using the hashtag #OnTheMoon. A full moon will fall on Christmas Day 2015 – a complete coincidence, according to Swift.
-In 2014, the retailer also spent £7m on a campaign with a realistic animated penguin and a young boy playing together to the tune of John Lennon’s Real Love, sung by British singer-songwriter Tom Odell. It had drummed up 22m views on YouTube by the first week of January – more than the 16.6m views of Sainsbury’s ad with First World War soldiers sharing a bar of chocolate, the UK’s second most popular ad of 2014.
-Swift said that, despite the hype, John Lewis had kept the same strategy for the last five years. “It’s all about thoughtful gifting and going the extra mile for someone you love at Christmas,” she said. “We don’t go into it thinking, ‘This is going to be huge,’ just getting something right for the brand at this time of year and something we hope customers really love.”
-Sarah Vizard, news editor of trade journal Marketing Week, said John Lewis appeared to have simplified efforts this time, with a lower-key presence in stores despite a growing number of competitors. “There are definitely a lot more brands doing Christmas ads this year but I think a lot of those brands who tried to compete with John Lewis by doing something emotional and creative have gone back to what you can buy in store,” she said. “John Lewis still does the emotional piece the best. This campaign is another great way of communicating that in a way that customers can relate to. I think people will think it is really cute.”",313
-"Sir Alex Ferguson will retire as Manchester United manager at the end of the season in the 27th year of a tenure that has made him the most successful manager in British football. While he will become a United director and ambassador, the club will now have to find someone to replace a man who has won 13 English Premier League titles, two Champions Leagues, the Cup Winners’ Cup, five FA Cups and four League Cups.
-Regarding his decision, Ferguson said: “The decision to retire is one that I have thought a great deal about and one that I have not taken lightly. It is the right time. It was important to me to leave an organization in the strongest possible shape and I believe I have done so. The quality of this league-winning squad, and the balance of ages within it, bodes well for continued success at the highest level whilst the structure of the youth set-up will ensure that the long-term future of the club remains a bright one.
-“Our training facilities are amongst the finest in global sport and our home, Old Trafford, is rightfully regarded as one of the leading venues in the world. Going forward, I am delighted to take on the roles of both director and ambassador for the club. With these activities, along with my many other interests, I am looking forward to the future. I must pay tribute to my family; their love and support has been essential. My wife, Cathy, has been the key figure throughout my career, providing a bedrock of both stability and encouragement. Words are not enough to express what this has meant to me.
-“As for my players and staff, past and present, I would like to thank them all for a staggering level of professional conduct and dedication that has helped to deliver so many memorable triumphs. Without their contribution, the history of this great club would not be as rich. In my early years, the backing of the board, and Sir Bobby Charlton in particular, gave me the confidence and time to build a football club, rather than just a football team.
-“Over the past decade, the Glazer family have provided me with the platform to manage Manchester United to the best of my ability and
-I have been extremely fortunate to have worked with a talented and trustworthy chief executive in David Gill. I am truly grateful to all of them. To the fans, thank you. The support you have provided over the years has been truly humbling. It has been an honour and an enormous privilege to have had the opportunity to lead your club and I have treasured my time as manager of Manchester United.”
-The sudden nature of Ferguson’s departure is in keeping with how the Scot stated he would leave the post after he mentioned a first retirement during the 2001/2 season before performing a U-turn. It is understood he gathered the players in the first-team changing room shortly after they arrived for training on Wednesday morning. In an emotional speech, he announced he was to step down. He then took his backroom staff aside before finally addressing the rest of the staff in the canteen.
-Joel Glazer, joint owner of Manchester United, said: “Alex has proven time and time again what a fantastic manager he is but he’s also a wonderful person. His determination to succeed and dedication to the club have been truly remarkable. I will always cherish the wonderful memories he has given us, like that magical night in Moscow.”
-Avie Glazer, his brother, said: “I am delighted to announce that Alex has agreed to stay with the club as a director. His contributions to Manchester United over the last 27 years have been extraordinary and, like all United fans, I want him to be a part of its future.”
-David Gill, the outgoing chief executive, said: “I’ve had the tremendous pleasure of working very closely with Alex for 16 unforgettable years – through the treble, the double, countless trophy wins and numerous signings. We knew that his retirement would come one day and we both have been planning for it by ensuring the quality of the squad and club structures are in first-class condition. Alex’s vision, energy and ability have built teams – both on and off the pitch – that his successor can count on as among the best and most loyal in world sport.
-“The way he cares for this club, his staff and for the football family in general is something that I admire. It is a side to him that is often hidden from public view but it is something that I have been privileged to witness in the last 16 years.
-What he has done for this club and for the game in general will never be forgotten. It has been the greatest experience of my working life being alongside Alex and a great honour to be able to call him a friend.”
-First-team coach René Meulensteen revealed how Ferguson broke the news to his backroom staff on Wednesday morning. “I found out this morning when I came to the club,” he said. “He called us into his office and told us what decision he had taken. It’s always been on the cards – there’s speculation every season. I think the manager kept his cards close to his chest. I think he felt the time was right now and he made a decision.
-“He’s obviously a man who thinks very, very hard so I’m sure he’s put a lot of thought into making this decision. I wish him well. He’s been fantastic for this club and I hope all the fans give whoever’s going to come in the same support that he gets.”",314
-"More than 100,000 people went onto the streets in Brazil to show their anger at violent police, poor public services and high costs for the World Cup.
-The demonstrations in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Brasilia, Belem, Belo Horizonte and Salvador started peacefully, but there were some clashes with police and people set fire to cars and buses.
-People complained that police used rubber bullets, tear gas and violent beatings. Happening at the start of the football Confederations Cup, the rallies brought together people who are angry with the high costs and poor quality of public services, the large amounts of money spent on international sporting events, low standards of health care, inequality and corruption.
-Most of the demonstrations were peaceful, but several police were hurt, at least one car was burned and windows were broken.
-People were demonstrating for different reasons. “We are here because we hate the government. They do nothing for us,” said Oscar José Santos, 19 years old.
-“I’m an architect but I have been unemployed for six months. There must be something wrong with this country,” said Nadia al Husin.
-At a smaller rally in Brasilia, demonstrators entered the high-security area of the national congress. Several climbed onto the roof.
-In Belo Horizonte, police clashed with protesters who tried to get into a football stadium, where there was a Confederations Cup match between Nigeria and Tahiti.
-In Porto Alegre, demonstrators set fire to a bus and, in Curitiba, protesters tried to enter the office of the state governor. There were also rallies in Belem, Salvador and other places.
-In São Paulo, there were large groups of people but the marches were peaceful.
-Most protesters were young and, for many, it was their first experience of such a giant rally. “My generation has never experienced this,” said Thiago Firbida, a student. “Since the dictatorship, Brazilians have never demonstrated like this. They did not believe they had a reason to. But now Brazil once again has problems, with a constant rise in prices, so people are finally reacting.”
-Brazil’s demonstrations have been given special names – the “vinegar revolution” (because police arrested people for carrying vinegar to stop the effects of tear gas), the “20-cent revolution” (because of the bus price rise) and the Passe Livre (because of the demand for free public transport).
-Some said the protests did not feel Brazilian but they were liberating. “Our politicians need to see the strength we have as one people. Brazilians are usually too nice; they enjoy partying, not protesting, but something is changing,” said Deli Borsar, a 53-year-old yoga teacher.
-After people heard about the costs of new and improved stadiums on the news, the Confederations Cup football tournament has been one of the reasons for the protests. Before Saturday’s match in Brasilia, groups of demonstrators were dispersed by riot police. Frightened Japanese supporters ran from the area holding their children, when they heard shots – perhaps rubber bullets or tear gas.
-Another protest march, near Rio’s Maracana Stadium, also had a heavy police response.
-President Dilma Rousseff “believes peaceful protests are correct and proper for a democracy and that it is natural for young people to demonstrate.”
-But people booed the president at the opening ceremony for the Confederations Cup. She will have serious political problems, both now and in 2014, when Brazil will host the World Cup and also have an election.",315
-"Every morning, before the temperatures in India’s capital start to rise, a handful of old friends gather. On the parched grass not far from the India Gate monument at the centre of Delhi, they stretch, breathe and meditate.
-“It is the only healthy way to start the day. Much better than an egg or a sandwich or a cup of tea,” said Arvind Singh at 6.15am as he did his breathing exercises on a bench.
-Singh, a 42-year-old salesman, and his friends are far from alone. All across India, in the overcrowded cities, on whatever green space is left, similar scenes are being played out.
-On 21 June – the new International Day of Yoga – Narendra Modi, India’s prime minister, hopes the world will join in. The grass near India Gate will be transformed into the venue for what, it is hoped, will be the biggest single yoga session ever held, with up to 45,000 people running through a 35-minute routine.
-The participants will include 64-year-old Modi, most of his government and, they hope, a range of celebrities. Officials have been sent to round up volunteers from scores of countries to reinforce the international credentials of the ancient Indian practice.
-Getting Indians, and others, stretching has emerged as something of a focus for Modi, who led his Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to a landslide election victory in 2014. In May 2015, schools were directed to make sure students attended yoga events timed to coincide with the big demonstration in Delhi, even though it is being held on a Sunday.
-Officials have already signalled the introduction of compulsory yoga for India’s famously out-of-shape police officers and said that daily yoga lessons would be offered free to three million civil servants and their families. Air India, the national carrier, has also said it will introduce yoga for trainee pilots. More controversially, senior politicians in India have suggested more widespread practice of yoga could bring down soaring levels of sexual violence in the country.
-Modi, an ascetic who is a committed vegetarian and an enthusiastic yoga practitioner himself, suggested an international yoga day when speaking to the United Nations on a visit to New York in 2014.
-“Yoga is an invaluable gift of India’s ancient tradition. It embodies unity of mind and body, thought and action, restraint and fulfilment, harmony between man and nature, a holistic approach to health and wellbeing. It is not about exercise but discovering the sense of oneness with yourself, the world and nature,” Modi said at the time, adding that yoga could help in tackling climate change.
-The discipline is between 3,000 and 6,000 years old and originated somewhere on the Indian subcontinent, possibly among religious ascetics. Its meditative practices, as well as its physical exercises, have long been associated with local religious traditions including Buddhism and Jainism, as well as the Hinduism practised by 80% of Indians.
-Modi, who started his career as an organizer for a hardline Hindu nationalist organization, has been previously criticized for promoting a view of Indian culture that has little place for other traditions. One commentator called the event on 21 June “a mix of cultural nationalism, commercialization and subtle coercion”.
-Novelist Ajaz Ashraf wrote on India’s Scroll website: “Underlying it is the hope of bringing into the BJP tent the modern-day gurus and their teeming followers, who largely constitute the urban middle classes.”
-Others, however, point to a recent US court ruling that said yoga was not inevitably linked to faith. A court in California ruled that: “While the practice of yoga may be religious in some contexts, yoga classes as taught in the [San Diego] district are, as the trial court determined, 'devoid of any religious, mystical or spiritual trappings.'” This came after two parents claimed yoga in schools promoted Hinduism and inhibited Christianity.
-Amish Tripathi, the author of best-selling novels set 4,000 years ago in India that retell stories from Hindu mythology, said characters in his books practise yoga.
-“In ancient India, it was part of daily life, both the physical and the mental aspects. Every culture has gifted something to the world and this is our gift,” Tripathi said.
-Suneel Singh, a guru in south Delhi, agreed that yoga did not belong to any one religion: “Is t’ai chi just Chinese? Is football just English? Same with yoga. It is a complete package for everybody’s body and a cheap way to keep you hale and hearty.”",316
-"Galina Zaglumyonova was woken in her flat in central Chelyabinsk by an enormous explosion that blew in the balcony windows and shattered pots containing her houseplants. When she jumped out of bed, she could see a huge vapour trail hanging in the morning sky and hear car alarms from the street below.
-“I didn’t understand what was going on,” said Zaglumyonova. “There was a big explosion and then a series of little explosions. My first thought was that it was a plane crash.”
-What she had actually witnessed was a ten-tonne meteorite that fell to Earth in a series of fireballs just after sunrise.
-Officials said almost 1,200 people had been injured, with more than 40 taken to hospital – most as a result of flying glass shattered by the sonic boom created by the meteorite’s fall. There were no reported deaths.
-The meteorite entered the atmosphere travelling at a speed of at least 33,000mph and broke up into pieces between 18 and 32 miles above the ground, according to a statement from the Russian Academy of Sciences.
-The event caused panic in Chelyabinsk, a city of more than one million people to the south of Russia’s Ural mountains. A video showed the pieces of meteorite glowing more brightly as they approached the moment of impact. The vapour trail was visible for hundreds of miles around, including in neighbouring Kazakhstan.
-Tatyana Bets was at work in the reception area of a hospital clinic in the centre of the city when the meteorite hit. “First we noticed the wind, and then the room was filled with a very bright light and we could see a cloud of smoke in the sky,” she said. Then, after a few minutes, the explosions came.
-At least three craters were discovered, according to the Ministry of the Interior. One crater was more than six metres wide and another piece of the meteorite broke through the thick ice of a nearby lake.
-In Chelyabinsk itself, schools and universities were closed and many other staff told to go home early. About 200 children were among the injured.
-A steady stream of lightly injured people, most suffering cuts from flying glass, came into the clinic where Bets works. She said a nearby building for college students was particularly badly affected and many of the students were brought in. “There were a lot of girls in shock. Some were very pale and many of them fainted,” she said.
-Early estimates suggested more than 100,000 square metres of glass had been broken and 3,000 buildings hit. The total cost of the damage in the city was being valued at more than one billion roubles (£20m).
-The meteorite over Chelyabinsk arrived less than a day before asteroid 2012 DA14 was expected to pass Earth very closely (about 17,510 miles). But experts said the two events were not connected.
-There were lots of rumours and conspiracy theories, however, in the first few hours after the incident. Reports on Russian state television and in local media suggested that the meteorite was blown apart by local air defence units at an altitude of more than 15 miles.
-The ultra-nationalist leader of Russia’s Liberal Democrat party, Vladimir Zhirinovsky, said it was not a meteorite but military action by the United States. “It’s not a meteorite falling – it’s a test of new American weapons,” Zhirinovsky said.
-Some were quick to take advantage. Enterprising people were offering pieces of meteorite for sale through internet sites within a few hours of the impact.
-President Vladimir Putin and the Prime Minister, Dmitry Medvedev, were informed about the incident, and Putin called a meeting with the head of the Emergency Situations Ministry. “It’s proof that not only are economies vulnerable but the whole planet,” Medvedev said at an economic forum in Siberia.",317
-"The direct action group UK Uncut plans to make many Starbucks cafés into crèches, refuges and homeless shelters to make people notice that Starbucks does not pay enough tax.
-The House of Commons questioned Starbucks. They asked why the company paid no corporation tax in the UK during the past three years.
-UK Uncut wants to show a connection between government cuts, especially the cuts that affect women, and multinational businesses who do not pay enough tax.
-Sarah Greene, a UK Uncut activist, said money for refuges would be cut if companies did not pay the fair amount of tax. The government lost about £32 billion in 2011 because multinational businesses did not pay enough tax.
-Greene said the government could easily collect billions of pounds that could help pay for important services, if they were stricter when they collect taxes.
-UK Uncut turned its attentions to Starbucks after an investigation found that the company had paid only £8.6 million in corporation tax since opening its cafés in the UK in 1998 despite sales worth £3 billion.
-Uncut campaigner Anna Walker said “We’ve chosen to highlight the impact of the cuts on women. So we’re going to focus on changing Starbucks into the services that the government are cutting, for example refuges and crèches.
-“Starbucks is a really great target because it is on every high street in the country so people can take action in their local areas,” she said.
-Starbucks says it pays the correct level of taxes. The group Chief Executive, Howard Schultz, said: “Starbucks has always paid taxes in the UK.
-“Over the last three years alone, our company has paid more than £160 million in various taxes, including national insurance*, VAT and business rates.”
-Apple, eBay, Facebook, Google and Starbucks have avoided nearly £900 million of tax. The Prime Minister, David Cameron, said: “I’m not happy with the current situation. We need to make sure we continue to encourage these businesses to invest in our country, but they should pay fair taxes as well.”
-A spokeswoman for Starbucks said: “Tax law can be extremely complex, but Starbucks respects tax laws and accounting rules.
-“Starbucks spends hundreds of millions of pounds with local suppliers on milk, cakes and sandwiches, and on store design and improvements. When you consider the indirect employment created by Starbucks, the company’s economic impact to the UK economy is more than £80 million every year.”",318
-"You can no longer legally smoke a cigarette inside a bar in the world’s drinking capital, New Orleans, Louisiana. City after city has banned indoor smoking but that’s different because other cities don’t attract tourist dollars by aggressively advertising a “let the good times roll” attitude, as New Orleans does. An indoor smoking ban here will have consequences as unique as New Orleans’s cultural ecosystem itself.
-As the Wall Street Journal recently reported, New Orleans city government has, since Hurricane Katrina in 2005, begun trying to turn down the volume a bit. With the support of neighbourhood groups, the city has begun policing bars and nightclubs more strictly, while, at the same time, fighting to implement a new “noise ordinance” (read: music ordinance).
-“This is just the wrong time for them to have pursued something like this,” complains bar- owner William Walker, who, for reasons of personal choice, hates the anti-smoking law. “Forcing people outside the bar to smoke is going to exacerbate the tension that’s already there.”
-Many of New Orleans’s best bars and some of its live music spots are in relatively quiet residential neighbourhoods. This neighbourly coexistence is a big part of what makes New Orleans different and charming. Recently, though, this unique social contract has become unacceptable for some people and the fate of New Orleans’s musical personality feels at stake.
-Martha Wood lives beside a loud bar that hosts live music. “The bar was one of the deciding factors in me buying the house so I won’t ever complain about the noise,” says Wood, who also manages a live-music bar which, following a series of noise issues in 2013 (including complaints about the loud smokers outside), became one of New Orleans’s first ever bars legally disallowed from serving drinks to go. “Now, any small infraction could get us shut down,” says Wood. “We recently installed a smoke eater to help with the smoke because we can’t open the doors at night because of the 'noise'.”
-The Maple Leaf club went smoke-free voluntarily in 2014 as did another club where artists had been demanding smoke-free nights. “A lot of the performance venues were already starting to show that consideration to performers so I wish the city would have just let that happen instead of forcing the ban into every corner bar that doesn’t host music,” says Zalia BeVille, manager of the All Ways Lounge, which went smoke-free in 2013 because, she says, “The horn players and the singers, they asked us for it.”
-Luckily, All Ways has an outdoor patio, unlike Lost Love Lounge, whose owner, Geoff Douville, loves the ban – he’d previously felt forced to live with smoke to keep his bar financially viable. “There’s no way I could have banned smoking in my bar without it being a rule throughout the whole city,” says Douville. “People act like I have that choice, as a business owner. But, if I make that rule, they walk down the block to a bar with smoking. So I need it to be uniformed across the board for everybody.”
-Many small business owners also fear smoke- free revenue loss. Smoker Neil Timms owns an English pub and met the smoking ban before, in England. “Back home in Coventry, every pub where I was a regular closed within a year of the smoking ban,” remembers Timms of the UK’s ban, begun in 2007. To avoid the same fate, he’s spending money to build a patio.
-Lost Love’s Douville, though, feels the ban to be a great business opportunity. “The number of people who would enjoy coming out to our bar, with our food, but would never come because they didn’t want to smell like smoke for the next seven days – we’re now an option for all those people.” Nor does Douville worry about noise complaints like Walker does: “No court is gonna label a bar a 'nuisance' after the city has ratified a smoking ban that requires you to go outside!” he says. “I want to see a judge reconcile 'no loitering' with 'no smoking inside'.”
-Councilwoman LaToya Cantrell, who introduced and pushed the ban, disagrees: “The responsibility is on the bar-owner to keep their clientele respectful outside their establishment as well,” she says. “The owners and bartenders need to tell them to go have a smoke but be respectful to their communities. The idea that we can’t have clean air because it will cause noise problems is ridiculous. It can be a win-win. I think it’s about communication and creating partnerships between the communities and the businesses.”
-Cantrell does acknowledge the city’s uniqueness in terms of a smoking ban. “How is New Orleans different from the rest of the country? New Orleans is known as 'the City that Care Forgot',” she says. “New Orleans needs to stand up and say 'We care about our people'. The most vulnerable people who are working in smoky conditions, these citizens are the backbone of our hospitality industry, which drives the economy in the state of Louisiana.” She adds, “New Orleans is also unlike other places because you do have the option of taking your drink outside with you when you go out to smoke.”
-Many worried that the already strained New Orleans Police Department didn’t need any part in policing smokers. So the health department will handle bar warnings and fines. Bar customers are encouraged to “come fill out a form or call 311 and to include date-and-time-stamped photographs documenting illegal smoking”. For this reason alone, Neil Timms says he’ll comply with the ban: “I don’t want someone to be sitting in the corner smoking and someone takes a photo of ’em and gets beaten up.”
-Unworried, Geoff Douville says that he’s used to noise complaints by now so bring on the ban. “Watch: the nosy neighbours who complain about the noise now are gonna be the same ones who wanted the smoking ban to begin with.” In the end, Douville shares Cantrell’s win-win optimism. “Of course they’re gonna complain,” he accepts. “But it doesn’t mean they’re gonna win.”",319
-"There is a time in some men’s lives when the days seem darker, death is more certain, and the only thing they want to do is spend all their money on a sportscar.
-Radical changes in lifestyle are normal for the midlife crisis. If the midlife crisis is real, then humans may not be the only animals to get it.
-Now an international team of scientists say they have found evidence that chimpanzees and orangutans are less happy in their middle years. This, they say, is the ape equivalent of the midlife crisis.
-The study says that the midlife crisis may come from the biology humans share with apes.
-Alex Weiss, a psychologist at Edinburgh University, told the Guardian that most people agree that our level of well-being reduces in middle age.
-He said that in the study they asked if it’s possible that the midlife crisis is not just something human.
-The team from the US, Japan, Germany and the UK asked zookeepers and others who worked with male and female apes of various ages to complete questionnaires on the animals.
-The questionnaires included questions about each ape’s mood, the enjoyment they got from being with other apes and people, and their success in doing things. The final question asked if the keepers would like to be the ape for one week.
-More than 500 apes were included in the study in three separate groups. The first two groups were chimpanzees, and the third were orangutans from Sumatra or Borneo. The animals came from zoos, sanctuaries and research centres in the US, Australia, Japan, Canada and Singapore.
-When the researchers analyzed the questionnaires, they found that well-being in the apes decreased in middle age and increased again as the animals became old. In captivity, great apes often live to 50 or more. The animals felt the most unhappy, on average, at 28.3 and 27.2 years old for the chimpanzees, and 35.4 years old for the orangutans.
-“In all three groups we find that chimpanzees and orangutans are most unhappy at an age that is roughly equal to midlife in humans,” Weiss said.
-Robin Dunbar, Professor of Evolutionary Psychology at Oxford University, was sceptical about the study. “It’s hard to see anything in an ape’s life that would give a sense of well-being over such a long time.”
-Alexandra Freund, Professor of Psychology at the University of Zurich, was also sceptical. She said “In my opinion, there is no evidence for the midlife crisis.”
-But Weiss believes the study could give us a deeper understanding of the emotional crisis some men may experience. “If we want to find what’s going on with the midlife crisis, we should look at what is similar in middle-aged humans, chimps and orangutans,” he said.",320
-"Such is the lot of the modern-day chemist: you wait ages for a new element to turn up and then four come along at once. Discovered by researchers in Japan, Russia and the US, the four new elements are the first to be added to the periodic table since 2011, when elements 114 and 116 were included. The new elements, all spectacularly short-lived and highly radioactive, complete the periodic table’s seventh row and render science textbooks around the world out of date.
-The US-based International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the global organization that governs chemical nomenclature, terminology and measurement, verified the elements on 30 December, 2015 after poring over studies dating back to 2004. The scientists who found them must now come up with formal names to replace the clunky Latin- based placeholders – ununtrium, ununpentium, ununseptium and ununoctium – which reflect their atomic numbers, 113, 115, 117, and 118. The atomic number is the number of protons found in an element’s atomic nucleus.
-IUPAC announced that a Russian-American team of scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California had produced sufficient evidence to claim the discovery of elements 115, 117 and 118. The body awarded credit for the discovery of element 113, which had also been claimed by the Russians and Americans, to a team of scientists from the RIKEN Institute in Japan. The decision means Japan becomes the first Asian country to name an element. Under IUPAC rules, new elements can be named after mythological concepts, minerals, a place or country, or a scientist.
-When elements 114 and 116 were assigned formal names in 2012, scientists chose flerovium and livermorium respectively, after the Flerov Lab at Dubna’s Joint Institute of Research and the Lawrence Livermore Lab in the US, where the elements were discovered. Kosuke Morita, who led the research at RIKEN, said his team now planned to “look to the uncharted territory of element 119 and beyond.” Jan Reedijk, president of the Inorganic Chemistry Division of IUPAC, said: “The chemistry community is eager to see its most cherished table finally being completed down to the seventh row.”
-The Japanese team is believed to be considering three names for ununtrium: japonium, rikenium and nishinarium, after the Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, where the element was found. “They will have been thinking about it for a while already,” said Polly Arnold, professor of chemistry at Edinburgh University. “This is painstaking work. All this trying to understand Mother Nature helps us with our models and with understanding radioactive decay. If we understand it better, hopefully we can do better at dealing with nuclear waste and things that are important in the real world. It also leads to fantastic technological advances in building the kit to make these observations.”
-Along with new names, the scientists must propose two-letter symbols for the elements. When IUPAC has received the researchers’ suggestions, they will be put up for public review for five months. That allows scientists and others to raise any objections. In 1996, the symbol Cp was proposed for copernicium, or element 112, but it was swapped to Cn when scientists complained that Cp referred to another substance.
-To discover the elements, researchers at the three labs slammed lighter nuclei into one another and looked for signature radioactive decays that should come from the new elements. Ununtrium and ununpentium are thought to be metals, while ununseptium could be a metalloid – a material bearing some metallic properties. The fourth element, ununoctium, may be a noble gas, like other group-18 elements, helium, neon and argon. It is hard to know for sure because so few atoms of each element have ever been made.
-Paul Karol, chair of the IUPAC panel that verified the elements, said: “For now, most of the successes will be used by nuclear theorists to improve their understanding of the structure and stability of these very heavy nuclei as experimenters seek the alleged but highly probable 'island of stability' at or near element 120 or perhaps 126. It might be that those elements have long enough lifetimes for their detailed chemistry to be explored. Practical applications of the new elements, if any, are a long way off because of the difficulty in synthesis.”",321
-"There comes a time in some men’s lives when the days seem darker, mortality more certain, and the only sensible response is to blow the life savings on a sportscar.
-Radical and often ill-advised changes in lifestyle have become the calling cards of the midlife crisis but, if it is more than a myth, then humans may not be the only animals to experience it.
-Now an international team of scientists claims to have found evidence for a slump in well- being among middle-aged chimpanzees and orangutans. The lull in happiness in the middle years, they say, is the ape equivalent of the midlife crisis.
-The study, which was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has raised eyebrows among some scientists but, according to the authors, the findings suggest that the midlife crisis may have its roots in the biology humans share with our closest evolutionary cousins.
-“There’s a common understanding that there’s a dip in well-being in middle age,” Alex Weiss, a psychologist at Edinburgh University, told the Guardian.
-“We took a step back and asked whether it’s possible that instead of the midlife crisis being human-specific, and driven only by social factors, it reflects some evolved tendency for middle-aged individuals to have lower well-being,” he said.
-The team from the US, Japan, Germany and the UK asked zookeepers, carers and others who worked with male and female apes of various ages to complete questionnaires on the animals.
-The forms included questions about each ape’s mood, the enjoyment they gained from socializing, and their success at achieving certain goals. The final question asked how carers would feel about being the ape for a week. They scored their answers from one to seven.
-More than 500 apes were included in the study in three separate groups. The first two groups were chimpanzees, with the third made up of orangutans from Sumatra or Borneo. The animals came from zoos, sanctuaries and research centres in the US, Australia, Japan, Canada and Singapore.
-When the researchers analyzed the questionnaires, they found that well-being in the apes fell in middle age and climbed again as the animals moved into old age. In captivity, great apes often live to 50 or more. The nadir in the animals’ well-being occurred, on average, at 28.3 and 27.2 years old for the chimpanzees, and 35.4 years old for the orangutans.
-“In all three groups we find evidence that well-being is lowest in chimpanzees and orangutans at an age that roughly corresponds to midlife in humans,” Weiss said. “On average, well-being scores are lowest when animals are around 30 years old.”
-The team explains that the temporary fall in ape well-being may result from watching depressed apes dying younger, or through age-related changes in the brain that are mirrored in humans. Weiss conceded that, unlike men, apes are not known to pursue radical and often disastrous lifestyle changes in middle age.
-Robin Dunbar, Professor of Evolutionary Psychology at Oxford University, was dubious about the findings. “What can produce a sense of well-being or contentedness that varies across the lifespan like this? It’s hard to see anything in an ape’s life that would have that sort of pattern, that they would think about. They’re not particularly good at seeing far ahead into the future; that’s one of the big differences between them and us.” Alexandra Freund, Professor of Psychology at the University of Zurich, was also sceptical. She said the concept of a midlife crisis was shaky even in humans. “In my reading of the literature, there is no evidence for the midlife crisis. If there’s any indication of decline in emotional or subjective well-being it is very small and, in many studies, it’s not there at all.”
-But Weiss believes the findings could point to a deeper understanding of the emotional crisis some men may experience. “If we want to find the answer as to what’s going on with the midlife crisis, we should look at what is similar in middle-aged humans, chimps and orangutans,” he said.",322
-"Nelson Mandela, the towering figure of Africa’s struggle for freedom and a hero to millions around the world, has died at the age of 95.
-South Africa’s first black president died with his family beside him at home in Johannesburg after years of illness, which had caused him to stop taking part in public life.
-The news was announced to the country by the current president, Jacob Zuma. He said Mandela had “departed” around 8.50pm local time and was at peace.
-“This is the moment of our deepest sorrow,” Zuma said. “Our nation has lost its greatest son. What made Nelson Mandela great was exactly what made him human. We saw in him what we look for in ourselves.
-“Fellow South Africans, Nelson Mandela brought us together and it is together that we will bid him farewell.”
-Zuma announced that Mandela would receive a state funeral and ordered that flags fly at half-mast.
-Barack Obama led tributes from world leaders, referring to Mandela by his clan name – Madiba. The US president said: “Through his fierce dignity and strong will to sacrifice his own freedom for the freedom of others, Madiba transformed South Africa – and moved all of us.”
-UK prime minister David Cameron said: “A great light has gone out in the world” and described Mandela as “a hero of our time”.
-FW de Klerk – the South African president who freed Mandela and shared the Nobel Peace Prize with him in 1993 – said the news was deeply sad for South Africa and the world.
-“He lived reconciliation. He was a great unifier,” de Klerk said.
-People gathered in the streets of South Africa to celebrate Mandela’s life.
-In Soweto, people gathered to sing and dance near the house where he once lived. They sang songs from the anti-apartheid struggle. Some people were wrapped in South African flags and the green, yellow and black colours of Mandela’s party, the African National Congress (ANC).
-Mandela’s death sends South Africa deep into mourning and self-reflection, nearly 20 years after he led the country from racial apartheid to democracy for all.
-But his passing will also be felt by people around the world who considered Mandela to be one of history’s last great statesmen, comparable with Gandhi and Martin Luther King.
-It was his act of forgiveness, after spending 27 years in prison, 18 of them on Robben Island, that will assure his place in history. With South Africa facing possible civil war, Mandela chose reconciliation with the white minority to build a new democracy.
-He led the ANC to victory in the country’s first multiracial election in 1994. He then voluntarily stepped down after one term.
-Born Rolihlahla Dalibhunga in a small village in the Eastern Cape on 18 July, 1918, Mandela was given his English name, Nelson, by a teacher at his school.
-He joined the ANC in 1943 and became a co-founder of its youth league. In 1952, he started South Africa’s first black law firm with his partner, Oliver Tambo.
-Mandela was a charming, charismatic figure with a passion for boxing and an eye for women. He once said: “I can’t help it if the ladies notice me. I am not going to protest.”
-When the ANC was banned in 1960, Mandela went underground. After the Sharpeville massacre, in which 69 black protesters were shot dead by police, he took the difficult decision to begin an armed struggle. He was arrested and eventually charged with sabotage and attempting to overthrow the government.
-Conducting his own defence in the Rivonia trial in 1964, he said: “I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society, in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities.
-“It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But, if necessary, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”
-He was not given the death penalty but was sentenced to life in prison.
-Finally, in 1990, FW de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC and Mandela was released from prison, to scenes of great happiness that were seen around the world.
-Archbishop Desmond Tutu, said: “ He restored others’ faith in Africa and Africans.”
-Mandela’s 91st birthday was marked by the first annual “Mandela Day” in his honour. Married three times, he had six children, 17 grandchildren and 14 great-grandchildren.",323
-"Hundreds of young Cubans are using the first known free, open-access internet service in the communist island nation. It has been made possible by one of Cuba’s most famous artists. A small cultural centre in the capital city, Havana, has suddenly become a rare source of free wi-fi. The internationally known Cuban artist Kcho is providing the service. Perhaps more surprisingly, the service has been approved by the state-owned telecommunications company, Etecsa.
-People say the service is very slow, especially when the centre gets crowded. But, in a country where only about 5% of the population has unrestricted access to the internet, a facility that is both free of charge and free of restrictions is being welcomed.
-The chance to click on international news websites, communicate with friends and family overseas and use sites like Facebook and Twitter has created a lot of excitement. “I come as often as I can,” said Adonis Ortiz, 20, while video-chatting with his father, who lives in the US and whom he has not seen in nine years.
-As diplomatic and trade relations between the US and Cuba improve, American tech giants such as Google and Apple are expected to enter the Cuban market as soon as they are permitted. In the meantime, Cuba has installed a high-speed fibre-optic cable under the sea from Venezuela and internet users have some access to Chinese equipment.
-Another estimate, that a quarter of Cubans have access to the internet – still one of the lowest rates in the Western Hemisphere – in fact measures residents who use a restricted domestic intranet that only features certain websites and has limited email.
-Kcho has offered the public admission to his own personal internet connection. But this is not the action of a counter-revolutionary or free-market rebel. Kcho was probably chosen as the acceptable face of a government recognizing the inevitable attractions of the internet.
-Kcho, who has close ties to the Cuban government, announced that his actions had been approved by the Ministry of Culture. The artist said he wanted to encourage Cubans to familiarize themselves with the internet. “It’s only possible if you are determined and if you absorb the costs,” Kcho told the Associated Press. “It is expensive but the benefit is tremendous. I have something that is great and powerful. I can share it and I am doing so.”
-Kcho’s real name is Alexis Leiva Machado. He became famous internationally for his painting, sculpture and drawings after winning the grand prize at a prominent art biennial in South Korea. He is currently preparing for the Havana biennial in May. Born on one of Cuba’s islands, he is known for contemporary art with rustic, seaside and patriotic themes and imagery.
-In the centre’s courtyard, tech-savvy young people lounge throughout the day or just sit outside when it’s crowded, tapping away on laptops and tablets or glued to their smartphones.
-Cuba has some of the lowest connectivity rates on the planet, with dial-up accounts closely restricted and at-home broadband almost unheard of except in the case of foreigners – they pay hundreds of dollars a month for the service in a country where the average salary is between $17 and $20 a month. Kcho is believed to be paying $900 a month to provide the free wi-fi.
-Since 2013, Cuban authorities have opened hundreds of internet salons, where an hour online costs $4.50, at speeds far lower than those at Kcho’s studio of around 2mbps. A 2014 report found average internet connectivity speeds to be around 10.5mbps in the US and 23.6mbps in world-leading South Korea. Globally, the average was about 3.9mbps.
-With dozens of users at one time, the signal strength of Kcho’s wi-fi is diluted. One user said he sometimes visits in the middle of the night, when nobody else is around, and finds it to be unbelievably fast.",324
-"The customer next to you in the queue looks innocent enough. But, instead of a shopping list, you notice she’s carrying handwritten notes about the appearance and cleanliness of the store. She’s been timing the progression of the queue on her phone … and is that a tiny camera lens peeking out from her purse? The odds are you’ve just spotted a mystery shopper.
-There are approximately 50,000 mystery shopping trips carried out every month in the UK, according to the Mystery Shopping Providers Association, and, as more and more spending takes place online, the demand for mystery shoppers is growing. “Retailers are becoming increasingly aware that shoppers who are prepared to set foot in a physical store want a service and an experience they can’t get online,” says Simon Boydell, spokesman for Marketforce, which has more than 300,000 mystery shoppers on its books. “Our clients want to measure how well their stores are delivering on that experience.”
-“We assign different store locations to each shopper and rotate them so that they never go back to the same shop within three months,” says Jill Spencer of mystery shopping company ABa. “Each day, they typically spend up to eight hours visiting five to ten stores, plus another hour or two filing detailed reports on every aspect of their visit.” For that, the mystery shoppers can earn up to £155 a day. They are also reimbursed for their petrol and hotel stays, and compensated for their car depreciation (the shoppers can be expected to drive as many as 20,000 miles a year). Meanwhile, video mystery shoppers, who film their visits with a hidden camera planted in a buttonhole or handbag, can earn even more – around £300 a day.
-Shoppers are usually repaid any money they spend in the stores and may also be allowed to keep the products they buy. “I’m typically given between £5 and £20 to spend at each store, to assess the service I receive at the till,” says Laura, a 50-year-old mystery shopper from Devon, who has been paid to visit around 7,000 shops since 2001. The purchase usually has to be related to a service or a type of product that the retailer wants her to check. “I’m always given a scenario, such as buying something from a specific department or a new product range, but, within that framework, I can often buy whatever I want – and keep it.”
-Like most full-time mystery shoppers, Laura is self-employed, taking jobs from ABa and other mystery shopping companies as and when they come up. Her income is typically £30,000 to £40,000 a year and that doesn’t include all the freebies she gets on the job. “With the perks, it’s enough to live on. But I don’t do it because I love shopping. In fact, I hate shopping now. When I’m not working, it pains me to have to go out and buy a pint of milk.” She does, however, find it satisfying to return to a store she has previously mystery shopped and see standards have improved. “I know it must be because of my feedback or why would they pay me to give it? Some of the retailers I shop at win awards for customer service and I think that is down to us mystery shoppers. I feel I’m not just doing a service to my company; I’m doing a service to all shoppers everywhere.”
-Sadly, regular mystery shopping assignments that pay like Laura’s are few and far between. In fact, competition is so fierce, she keeps her job a closely guarded secret and even her friends and family don’t know who she works for (Laura is not her real name).
-It’s estimated that more than 500,000 people have registered as mystery shoppers in the UK, but just 10% or less manage to get regular work each month and this has led to a dramatic reduction in compensation. “Where once you got a fee, reimbursement for your purchase and mileage, you now often just receive a contribution towards a purchase,” say Val, a 51-year-old former mystery shopper. “I worked for 40 different mystery shopping companies for almost 20 years but I gave up entirely three years ago because I had bills to pay and very few assignments paid what I considered to be an acceptable rate.”
-Nowadays, mystery shopping companies mostly rely on the promise of freebies to incentivize their workers. “Marketforce shoppers typically get a couple of pounds for a visit as a token gesture for their time and effort,” says Boydell. “At the most, we’ll pay £15 to £25 plus reimbursement for, say, a meal for two or a hotel stay. We don’t directly employ any shoppers so we don’t have to pay them the minimum wage.”
-“I’d go on a cruise for nothing,” says Laura. “But I think mystery shopping companies that pay you a nominal fee to travel to a restaurant and eat a meal are exploiting people. I won’t touch those jobs anymore.” There are plenty of people, however, that would. Hannah, a 41-year-old City lawyer, has conducted nearly 500 visits for the Mystery Dining Company in her spare time without receiving remuneration or travel expenses. As a prestigious “platinum diner”, she is regularly hand-picked by the Mystery Dining Company to carry out their most exclusive assignments, enjoying £200 meals at Michelin-starred Mayfair restaurants, five-star hospitality at Ascot and overnight stays at boutique hotels.
-But there’s no such thing as a free lunch, even if you work for a mystery dining company. Hannah says she typically spends two to four hours after each visit writing detailed reports on everything from the quality of the food to specific interactions with staff, whom she always needs to be able to name or “subtly” describe. Trickiest of all, she must memorize all these details while eating her meal – unable, of course, to openly write anything down.
-“There’s lots to remember and sometimes it can detract from the experience. You’re expected to give feedback while it’s fresh, so I’ve had to get up at 5am to write a report before work. It’s a challenging thing to do; you need to be focused, articulate and detail orientated.”",325
-"1 Passing clouds
-One of the pleasures of flying is seeing clouds close up. Even though they seem to be light, they carry a lot of water – around 500 tonnes in a small cloud. And water is heavier than air. So why don’t clouds fall out of the sky like rain? They do, but they take a very long time. An average cloud would take a year to fall one metre.
-2 On cloud nine
-Most of us are happy to call clouds “fluffy ones” or “nasty black ones”, but meteorologists identify more than 50 cloud types. These fit into categories given the numbers one to nine. Cloud nine is the vast, tall cumulonimbus, so to be “on cloud nine” means that you are on top of the world.
-3 Around the rainbow
-There’s no better place to see a rainbow than from a plane. Rainbows are produced when sunlight hits raindrops. We see a bow because the Earth gets in the way, but, from a plane, a rainbow is a complete circle.
-4 Mr blue sky
-Sunlight is white, containing all the colours of the spectrum, but, as it passes through air, some of the light is scattered when it interacts with the gas molecules. Blue light scatters more than the lowerenergy colours, so the blue looks like it comes from the sky.
-5 There’s life out there
-Apart from clouds and other planes, we don’t expect to see much directly outside a flying aircraft’s window, but the air is full of bacterial life – as many as 1,800 different types of bacteria have been detected over cities and they can reach twice the cruising height of a plane.
-6 Turbulence terror
-Turbulence can make even the most experienced flyer turn green. The violent movements of air can cause anything from repeated bumping to sudden, dramatic plunges. The good news for nervous flyers is that no modern airliner has ever been brought down by turbulence. People have been injured and occasionally killed when they are not strapped in, or get hit by falling luggage – but the plane is not going to fall out of the sky.
-7 In-flight radiation
-When body scanners were introduced at airports, there were radiation scares, but the level produced by the scanners is the same as passengers receive in one minute of flight. The Earth is constantly hit by cosmic rays, natural radiation from space that is stronger at altitude.
-8 You can’t cure jet lag
-The world is divided into time zones. The result is that long-haul travel results in a difference between local time and your body’s time, causing jet lag. However, its effects can be reduced by keeping food bland for 24 hours before travel, drinking plenty of fluids and living on your destination time from the moment you reach the aircraft.
-9 Supersonic 747s
-Many of us have travelled faster than sound. There are a number of jet streams in the upper atmosphere, especially on the journey from the US to Europe, where a temperature inversion causes a stream of air to move as fast as 250 miles per hour. If an airliner with an airspeed of 550mph enters a jet stream, the result can be that it flies at 800mph, faster than the speed of sound.
-10 Flying through time
-Time zones provide an artificial journey through time – but special relativity means that a flight involves actual time travel. However, it’s so minimal that crossing the Atlantic weekly for 40 years would only move you 1/1,000th of a second into the future.
-11 Terrible tea
-Don’t blame the cabin attendant if your tea isn’t great. Water should be just under 100°C when it is poured on to tea leaves – but that isn’t possible on a plane. It’s impossible to get water beyond 90°C during flight – so choose coffee.
-12 I can’t hear my food
-Airline food is often said to be bland and tasteless.
-Some of the problem may not be poor catering, though. A plane is a noisy place and food loses some of its taste when we are surrounded by loud noises.
-13 Needle in a haystack
-With modern technology, it seems strange that Malaysian flight MH370 could disappear – but finding a missing aircraft is a needle-in-a-haystack problem. The plane knows where it is but this information is not sent elsewhere in real time. That would be possible. Ships have had tracking since the 1980s – the problem is not technology but that there is no law saying that it is required.
-14 Volcanic fallout
-Air travel can be cancelled by volcanic activity. Glass-like ash particles melt in the heat of the engine, then solidify on the rotors. Cancelling all flights in an ash cloud may be inconvenient – but the risks of ignoring the ash are clear.
-15 The wing myth
-For many years, we taught the wrong explanation for the way wings keep planes in the air. In fact, almost all a plane’s lift comes from Newton’s Third Law of Motion. The wing is shaped to push air downwards. As the air is pushed down, the wing gets an equal and opposite push upwards, lifting the plane.",326
-"“If we don’t win, it doesn’t mean anything,” said billionaire Donald Trump in South Carolina. He hopes to be the Republican presidential nominee. He is worried he might not win but he shouldn’t be worried because he has been at the top of the opinion polls for four months. “I want to pick my date for the election. I want it next Tuesday,” he told a crowd of 11,000 people. He needs their support to continue until March 2016 so he is chosen as the presidential candidate in November 2016’s general election.
-Strangely, recent controversy has only made him more popular.
-First, he shocked prisoners of war when he said that he didn’t believe Vietnam veteran John McCain was a hero because he allowed the enemy to capture him. Then, in the first television debate, he was rude to a woman who asked him difficult questions.
-Trump has also insulted Mexican immigrants to the US and said that a Black Lives Matter protester who was violently thrown out of a political meeting deserved to be attacked. He seemed to laugh at a New York Times journalist for his disability and said Muslim Americans supported the 9/11 attackers.
-Some people still hope that, eventually, even Trump’s supporters will get tired of his attacks on minorities. One poll shows his support among Republicans has reduced by 12 points – although, at 31%, he is still winning.
-“He’s not a conservative, he’s not a liberal – he believes in himself,” former presidential rival, Bobby Jindal, told the Guardian.
-Trump tells his supporters that the three things that he is most against – immigration reform, freetrade deals and Barack Obama’s national security policy – have become the most important issues of the election.
-He believes that every undocumented immigrant in the US should be sent back to their country and he wants to ask Mexico to pay for a border wall – “A real wall. A very tall wall, taller than that ceiling.” This might not sound possible but these ideas have possibly destroyed the campaign hopes of Jeb Bush, who wants immigration reform.
-So what can stop Trump? Often, polls this far away from election day can be incorrect because most people have not made up their minds. Among Americans who say they are Republicans, current polls say that he has 25-30% of the vote.
-Steve Deace, an Iowa conservative, said that Trump’s behaviour is “both a good and a bad thing. On the one hand, it creates loyal supporters who love Trump’s personality. On the other hand, it means he cannot change that personality.”
-Republican Frank Luntz believes Trump speaks for voters who, for the first time, feel as if they have a mouthpiece and like the fact that they feel like they are heard. He says, “Trump says what they’re thinking and, the more outrageous he is, the more they agree with him. He’s saying what no politician would say and that’s another reason they like him.”
-That is certainly the feeling among ordinary supporters who go to his very crowded campaign events.
-“I like the way he speaks,” says Sandra Murray of Dubuque, Iowa. “This country is a big mess and he could be the man to help us.”
-Other supporters offer a simpler explanation. “He’s not afraid of anybody or anything. That’s cool.”",327
-"A new, high-tech computer-assisted autopsy system is becoming more and more popular in European hospitals. Its inventor has said the technique could eventually mean there is no such thing as a ‘perfect murder’.
-The method, called ‘Virtopsy’, is now being used at some forensic medical institutes in Europe, after it was pioneered by a group of scientists at the University of Zurich. A traditional autopsy begins by using a knife to make a Y-shaped cut in the chest. But now pathologists are able to examine the dead body in 3-D via computer screens.
-Michael Thali, the Director of Zurich’s Institute for Forensic Medicine in Europe, and one of the inventors of Virtopsy, said it had the potential to revolutionize criminal investigations. “Basically there will be no such thing as the perfect murder any more because a virtual autopsy allows you to find every piece of evidence,” he said.
-Virtopsies combine the images from high-powered magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) and surface scans of dead bodies. Combined, the machines are referred to as a ‘Virtobot’. The technique allows you to find injuries that are not seen during a traditional autopsy, as well as air pockets, heart attacks and even cancer.
-“The Virtopsy might replace the autopsy one day,” Richard Dirndorfer, one of the pioneers of DNA analysis in criminology, and a developer of Virtopsy, told the German science magazine PM. “I think we’ll see it happen gradually, just like DNA analysis gradually replaced blood group analysis,” he said.
-The computer imaging techniques allow doctors to see deep inside dead bodies. The method has already allowed the discovery of injuries that were not picked up during traditional autopsies. At first, the aim is to use the new method to complement the traditional autopsy.
-“It will allow forensic scientists to plan their autopsies far more efficiently,” Dominic Wichmann, an internal medicine specialist at Hamburg’s University Hospital, told Spiegel. Criminologists from around the world have been travelling to Switzerland over the past few years to see the new method.
-The method had been under development for decades. Then a donation from a rich ophthalmologist allowed the project to take off. The new generation of forensic scientists and pathologists don’t see it as a threat. They see it as something that will complement traditional methods and possibly even one day replace them, though probably not entirely.
-“In order to analyze the colour of the blood, the consistencies (of body fluids) or smells, we’ll need to keep on with the traditional cut,” said Lars Oesterhelweg, Deputy Director of the Institute of Forensic Medicine at the Charité Hospital in Berlin, which is using a version of the Virtopsy.
-He added that the new method was particularly helpful in re-examining cases where the cause of death was unclear. “It means that third opinions can be gathered, investigations can be re-examined and cases can be reopened,” he said.
-Scientists using the new method said that relatives of the dead often don’t like the idea of autopsies because of the disfigurement they cause. They are much happier with the non-invasive method.",328
-"Google has made maps of the world’s highest mountains, the ocean floor, the Amazon rainforest and even shown us a bit of North Korea. They want to make maps of the whole world, but they have mostly stayed away from the Arctic.
-Now, however, Google is starting a very important update to hundreds of years of polar map making – and it hopes that the map will help give a better understanding of life on the permafrost for millions of web users. A small Google team has flown to Iqaluit, the largest town in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. They have taken their warmest winter clothes, many laptop computers and an 18kg telescopic camera that they can fix to their backpacks. The team spent four days collecting the images and information that will give the isolated community on Baffin Island something that people across the world who live in cities now take for granted. An Inuit mapping expert helped the Google team and curious locals followed them around. The town of 7,000 people will go on display via Google’s popular Street View application in July 2013.
-When Google made maps of other parts of the world it used a special camera on a car roof. In Iqaluit that was not possible, so Google’s map makers walked the town’s snowy roads and trails. Some roads are made of ice and disappear in the short summer months.
-The team also walked along part of a 15km road known as the Road to Nowhere, despite warnings about meeting polar bears. The online map that Google had already created using satellite images was mostly correct, but one road was missing that had been built in the last year.
-One difficulty was how to place on the map many businesses and homes that have mail sent to the local post office and not delivered to their address. Putting the PO box addresses on the map would mean the new map would show all the companies, banks and schools in the same place, around the Canada Post building in the centre of town.
-About 30 Inuit elders, business people and high-school pupils helped Google to correct this problem. They were given a laptop computer and told how to make sure their homes, shops and meeting places would show up correctly on the map.
-The project is more than a novelty. Arif Sayani, the town’s Director of Planning, said that people who are thinking of visiting or moving to the area would be able to use the maps to see the area. It may also help planning decisions in Iqaluit happen more quickly.
-The project leader for Google said he hoped to see the work continue in other northern towns. But moving people and equipment around the vast Arctic territory is very expensive. So, in the future, Google might send equipment to the area and ask volunteers to complete the map.",329
-"Unveiling a car with a top speed of 25mph, two seats and no pedals or steering wheel might not make much of an impression at a motor show. But Google, in the US, sent a minor earthquake through the car and taxi industries as it unveiled the latest version of its driverless car.
-The electrically powered vehicle, which Google has begun testing around its headquarters in Mountain View, California, dispenses with all the normal controls, including foot pedals. Instead, it has a smartphone app that summons it and tells it the destination, and a single STOP button mounted between the two front-facing seats in case the occupants need to override the computer.
-The car, in fact, takes over all the tasks of navigation, steering, acceleration and braking.
-The company is building about 100 prototypes for a two-year test. The company’s co-founder, Sergey Brin, told a conference in California that the vehicle was “still in the prototype stage” but that the project was “about changing the world for people who are not well served by transportation today ”.
-He said of the car: “You’re just sitting there; no steering wheel, no pedals. For me, it was very relaxing. About ten seconds after getting in, I forgot I was there. It reminded me of catching a chairlift by yourself – a bit of solitude I found really enjoyable.”
-Google says that the principal aim of the project is to improve safety and that, because the car is constructed with impact-absorbing foam at the front and a plastic windscreen, “it should be far safer than any other car for pedestrians”.
-The cars, which have been built specially by a company (as yet unnamed) in Detroit, will be used to investigate further how best to make driverless vehicles work. Google will run a pilot programme using the cars, which are not yet for sale.
-One challenge is creating high-definition scans of the roads and surroundings before the cars can drive along them because they cannot gather and process enough information in real time.
-So far, there are high-detail maps of about 2,000 miles of California’s roads, but the state has more than 170,000 miles of public roads.
-Google says it is interested in licensing the technology to traditional vehicle manufacturers once it has refined it sufficiently. Members of the team had been working on the project even before joining Google, for more than a decade.
-But the prospect of driverless cars replacing human-driven taxis has been the cause of some alarm.
-“If you get rid of the driver, then they’re unemployed,” said Dennis Conyon, the south- east director for the UK National Taxi Association. “It would have a major impact on the labour force.”
-London has about 22,000 licensed black cabs and Conyon estimates that the total number of people who drive taxis for hire in the UK is about 100,000.
-However, Steve McNamara, general secretary of the 10,500-strong London Taxi Drivers’ Association, said: “You won’t get these driverless cars in London for 20 or 25 years. Maybe, by then, they’ll have a charge point – because there isn’t a single one in London now.”
-Other car makers, including Volvo, Ford and Mercedes, are working on driver-assisted vehicles, which, unlike Google’s version, do not dispense with the driver controls.
-But Chris Urmson, director of the self-driving car project at Google, said that the new prototypes dispensed with the steering wheel and brakes because there was no guarantee that a human occupant would be able to take over in an emergency, and that it was simpler just to have an emergency stop button.
-Urmson said: “The vehicles will be very basic. We want to learn from them and adapt them as quickly as possible. But they will take you where you want to go at the push of a button. And, that’s an important step towards improving road safety and transforming mobility for millions of people.”
-So far, the Google versions of the self-driving cars have covered 700,000 miles without an accident caused by the computer. The company points out that thousands of people die each year on the roads and that about 80% of crashes can be ascribed to human error.
-But, they could have some way to go to match Conyon at the National Taxi Association. Aged 79, he has been driving a taxi for 50 years and claims never to have had an accident.",330
-"More than a third of all women worldwide – 35.6% – will experience physical or sexual violence in their lifetime, usually from a male partner, according to the first comprehensive study of its kind from the World Health Organization (WHO). The report reveals the shocking extent of attacks on women from the men with whom they share their lives, with 30% of women being attacked by partners. It also finds that a large proportion of murders of women – 38% – are carried out by intimate partners.
-“These findings send a powerful message that violence against women is a global health problem of epidemic proportions,” said Dr Margaret Chan, director general of the WHO. “We also see that the world’s health systems can and must do more for women who experience violence.”
-The highest levels of violence against women are in Africa, where nearly half of all women – 45.6% – will suffer physical or sexual violence. In low- and middle-income Europe, the proportion is 27.2%. Yet, wealthier nations are not necessarily always safer for women – a third of women in high-income countries (32.7%) will experience violence at some stage in their lives. Of the women who suffer violence, 42% sustain injuries, which can bring them to the attention of healthcare staff. That, says the report, is often the first opportunity for violence in the home to be detected and for the woman to be offered help. Violence has a profound effect on women’s health. Some arrive at hospital with broken bones, while others suffer pregnancy-related complications and mental illness.
-The two reports from the WHO – one on the prevalence of violence, the other offering guidelines to healthcare staff on helping women – are the work of Dr Claudia Garcia-Moreno, lead specialist in gender, reproductive rights, sexual health and adolescence at WHO, and Professor Charlotte Watts, an epidemiologist who specializes in gender, violence and health, from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
-“For the first time, we have compared data from all over the world on the magnitude of partner violence and sexual violence by non-partners and the impact of these sorts of violence on health,” said Garcia-Moreno. These included HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, depression, women turning to alcohol, unwanted pregnancies and low-birthweight babies.
-There were variations in the rates of violence against women in different regions of the world but, said Garcia-Moreno, “in whatever region we looked at, it is unacceptably high”. Even in high-income countries, 23.2% of women will suffer physical and/or sexual violence from a partner in their lives, their data from 81 countries shows. The global figure for women attacked by partners was 30%.
-More sexual assaults and rapes by acquaintances or strangers are reported in high-income countries than elsewhere – the report says that 12.6% of women in wealthy countries will be sexually attacked by a non-partner in their lives, which is higher than the African rate of 11.9%. But, the data on such crimes is not well collected in all regions.
-The authors say that their previous research shows that better-educated women are less likely to suffer violence, as are those who have jobs, although not in all regions. There is a need to tackle social norms, said Watts. “What is society’s attitude concerning the acceptability of certain forms of violence against women?” she asked. “In some societies, it is not OK – but not all.”
-“I think the numbers are a wake-up call for all of us to pay more attention to this issue,” said Garcia-Moreno. Over the past decade, there has been increasing recognition of the problem, she said, but “one has to recognize that it is a complex problem. We don’t have a vaccine or a pill ”.
-The new WHO clinical and policy guidelines recommend training for healthcare staff in recognizing the signs of domestic violence and sexual assault, but they rule out general screening – there is not a case for asking every woman who arrives in a clinic whether she has been subjected to violence.
-“But, if you see a woman coming back several times with undisclosed injuries, you should be asking about domestic violence,” said Garcia-Moreno. “When I was training in medical school, it wasn’t something you learned or knew about. Years later, I was sometimes in a situation where I could tell there was something else going on in the woman I was interviewing, but didn’t have any sense that domestic violence was the issue. Now, I think I would handle the interview very differently.”",331
-"The small space is set up to look like a classroom. On its corrugated iron walls are educational charts – letters of the alphabet and a map of Bangladesh.
-But, it is hard to concentrate – there is the constant sound of hammering and chemicals in the air that stick in the back of the throat and irritate the eyes. However, the children who learn in this three-square-metre room are the lucky ones. They have escaped working in the factories opposite.
-For 14 years, SOHAY, a grassroots nongovernmental organization (NGO) funded by the Global Fund for Children and Comic Relief, has been working in slum areas of Dhaka to get child labourers into school. It focuses on children working in hazardous conditions.
-The classroom is one of 23 urban development centres that SOHAY has set up in the capital. The centres prepare children for primary school with classes that help them catch up on their education. Once they are in primary school, the children get help with their homework at the centres.
-Alamin, ten, who used to work in a plastic factory, attends one of the centres. His father is a street seller and his mother a part-time domestic worker. They are all happy that he’s now in school and away from hazardous work. His friend Rabi says he wants to forget his past in the factory. “I like school,” he says.
-“The urban development centres aim to make the communities more positive about education and change their cultural mindset towards the children,” says SOHAY’s programme manager, Mohammed Abdullah al-Mamun. SOHAY also has sessions for parents and employers to discourage child labour and offers skills training to increase family income.
-“Getting working children into formal education is really very difficult,” says Mamun. “They are not like other children. After they leave work, they sometimes find it difficult to make friends and adapt to school. It is also very difficult to make sure they stay in school – lots of these children don’t finish school.”
-Seven-year-old Zhorna Akter Sumayya has two older brothers – they are both in work (one at a restaurant, one at a local club). But, after her introduction to education at one of SOHAY’s centres, she now goes to a state primary school. Her family live in the slum and her parents can’t survive without the money their sons earn. Her father works in a rickshaw garage and her mother is a domestic worker, but they wanted their daughter to go to school.
-In 2015, SOHAY helped 1,540 children to leave hazardous work and 2,125 more children – those in danger of starting work – into school. About 780 more children are preparing to enter school in 2017. The organization is also helping 635 children who are working in hazardous conditions to know their rights.
-The Labour Law of Bangladesh 2006 does not allow children under the age of 14 to work but, according to the UN children’s agency, UNICEF, 4.7 million children under that age are employed and 1.3 million aged five to 17 work in hazardous industries.
-“It was difficult to get them into school without any compensation for their time,” says Sadia Nasrin, who runs Sonjag, another Dhaka grassroots NGO. “To solve this problem, Sonjag started working closely with the community in the slums where the children live.”
-The organization talked to the community about why it was important for children to go to school. They chose community volunteers who wanted to change children’s lives and formed groups with social workers, community leaders, mothers, young volunteers and the local government.
-“The groups play a very important role – they motivate employers to let children leave for two to three hours a day to attend school and to make sure the workplace is safe for the children,” says Nasrin.
-When the children have missed starting school at five years old, it is a race against time to prevent them from growing up without an education. “When they are older, it is really very difficult to get them to go to school,” says Mamun. “Children are just passing their time without education and waiting to do hazardous work. We are working to stop child labour.”",332
-"Not many exercise classes have a tea break halfway through. But Margaret Allen’s does. After a gentle warm-up and a few quick exercises, the 93-year-old great-grandmother lets her group relax with a cup of tea and a quick rest.
-Some of the class of eight look as if they need to rest more than others. Allen herself, wearing a thick shirt, knitted waistcoat, slacks and sensible shoes, is not even sweating. Despite an extremely painful trapped nerve in one leg and a knee in need of replacement, she looks like she could go on for hours.
-The general rule is that eating just before doing sport is not a good idea and especially not halfway through the class. But, on the afternoon I visit Allen’s class in Saltburn-by-the-Sea near Middlesbrough, slices of fruitcake are being passed around during the break. The cake has been baked to celebrate Allen’s recent birthday by her 89-year-old sister, Joan.
-The ladies have just finished their cake when Allen is up again, leading the group through a lively Scottish tune with lots of toe pointing and leg kicking. Forty-five minutes later, the class is finally over.
-Allen, a former volunteer with the charity Red Cross, has been leading classes in the north-east town for 45 years. She wasn’t particularly sporty at school, but she started playing the piano for a keep-fit class during the second world war and eventually took over in her 40s when the previous instructor retired.
-At one time, Allen’s class had more than 18 regulars, each paying £1 a time. But, these days, the group is getting smaller – during the tea break, the ladies discuss a funeral that most of them had attended that week for one of the younger members of the group who had just died, aged 68.
-Allen is the oldest, followed by her sister. The baby of the group is 60-year-old Jean Cunion, who is a bit embarrassed to admit that she is perhaps the least fit of the group. “I remember, the first time I came, Margaret said, ‘Who’s that huffing and panting?’ and I had to admit it was me.” Ruth Steere, 76, says Allen always knows what’s going on, although her back is always to the class: “She always shouts at us if we go wrong. She’s remarkably good at knowing what we are doing.”
-Allen, a keen dancer, has never done any formal training to be a fitness instructor. Instead, she choreographs her own moves based on five tapes from the BBC’s first ever fitness guru, Eileen Fowler. Allen thinks her good health is largely a result of keeping busy, especially since her husband died in 1997. She started writing poetry when she was 80.
-“I write poems about everything. I’m a prolific writer. I just can’t stop,” she says, when she phones me a few days after the interview to read out a poem she has written about the joys of exercise. One of the class, 84-year-old former teacher Winnie Robertson, thinks the secret to staying fit is never letting yourself go: “Use it or lose it, that’s what I say.”
-Allen still plays the piano and gives speeches. She did a computer course when she was 88. Ageing is no fun, she admits, reading me a few lines from a poem she has written called ‘That Beast Called Age’. She happily remembers a doctor who saw her for the first time a few years ago, who said she couldn’t possibly be more than 78: “I said, ‘Thank you, doctor. You can go now.’”
-She also has a no-nonsense attitude to weight gain: “I just think people shouldn’t eat too much. Whenever I hear someone saying, ‘Oh, I can’t lose weight’, I say: ‘Sellotape.’” She mimes taping her mouth shut. “I said this just the other day to a big fat man. Everything in moderation is my motto.”
-Earlier in 2013, Allen was watching the news and saw a woman being given the British Empire Medal. “She was saying: ‘I’m 80 and I’m the oldest fitness instructor in the country!’ I was thinking: ‘No, you’re not.’ But I shan’t be writing to Buckingham Palace.”",333
-"The Chief Medical Officer for England has compared the problem of antibiotic resistance to the risks of international terrorism. But, in fact, each year the global number of deaths caused by bacterial resistance is far more than the number of deaths caused by terrorist attacks.
-The World Health Organization estimates that, just for tuberculosis, multi-drug resistance kills more than 150,000 people each year. Antibiotic resistance is now a real risk: this is now a war.
-In the past hundred years, our expectations of life and survival have changed beyond all recognition. At the beginning of the twentieth century, life expectancy in the UK was around 47 years of age for a man and 50 for a woman, a number heavily affected by the very high rate of infant mortality in those days. Around a third of all deaths were in children under the age of five, mostly because of infectious disease.
-However, a child born in Britain today has more than a one in four chance of reaching their 100th birthday. For this we have public health systems, vaccination and antibiotics to thank. It is thanks to this – the prevention and treatment of illnesses caused by microorganisms – that the real war against disease is mainly won.
-It is in intensive care, my specialist area, that antibiotic resistant organisms are most common. Here, powerful antibiotics, essential in the treatment of life-threatening illness, are used routinely. These drugs kill ordinary bacteria. But they leave behind strong bacteria that have begun to learn how to survive antibiotic drugs.
-As a newly qualified doctor in the late 1990s, I learnt about Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus – the infamous MRSA – a bacterial species resistant to methicillin and all other penicillins. In the fight against it, there were a small number of drugs, like vancomycin and teicoplanin. These were supposed to be our defence, but antibiotic resistant bacteria became more and more common; bacteria with new kinds of resistance became more common too. Drugs we had previously hardly heard of became common. We got used to this; a slow increase in the arms race between us and the bacteria.
-But the balance has been slowly moving. In our hospitals and our GP surgeries, we have abused the drugs that gave us such a huge advantage over infectious disease – we use them too often. And some of the worst abuses have happened outside of healthcare, with antibiotics introduced into the food chain, through agriculture and by putting antibacterial drugs into food for farm animals. We thought that antibiotic therapy was an advantage we could enjoy forever. We became complacent that the pharmaceutical industry would continue to stay ahead of the game.
-But this is no longer the case. New, more resistant species have been found. The vancomycin that we used to treat MRSA infection no longer worked. Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (VRSA) appeared in our hospitals. And other bacteria were learning resistance. Enterobacteria also became resistant to vancomycin. Today, infections with highly resistant organisms are common and the pharmaceutical industry is not keeping up. Fewer and fewer new antimicrobial drugs are produced. It is becoming more and more difficult to develop new drugs that work against resistant bacteria. For every method of attack the pharmaceutical companies invent, bacteria quickly form a defence. We have tried all of the simple approaches to the problem. Antibiotics have become drugs that are expensive to develop, that are only used in short courses and that quickly become ineffective due to the changes in bacterial resistance. As a result, the pharmaceutical industry’s incentive to create new drugs that can fight them is low.
-Antibiotics became common in the 1940s, and almost straight away we saw the first evidence of bacteria resistance. Today, this has become a normal part of medical life. Less than a century after the discovery of penicillin, we are beginning to lose the fight.
-Since the first MRSA deaths in healthy children in the US in 1998, the number of deaths from MRSA infection in the US each year has increased to tens of thousands – far more than the number of deaths caused by AIDS. Bacterial resistance in hospitals is everywhere. This is a war different from any other. There needs to be change in the way doctors prescribe antibiotics and fewer antibiotics used in farming and agriculture. And we have to find a way to convince the pharmaceutical companies to develop these less profitable drugs.
-If we are going to avoid a return to the pre-antibiotic time with all its excess mortality, we must make some big changes. To lose the advantage we have against microorganisms in the fight for life would be unthinkable.",334
-"Junior Smart knows a lot about gangs. He is now 36 and his life can be divided into two phases. When he was a teenager, after his mother died, he joined a south London gang. At the time, it helped fill a big gap in his life.
-“They became my new support group,” he says. “At first it was just a bit of fun but then it became more serious, more and more about making money. They got involved in crime. That is how it was.” After leaving college, he got a full-time job in administration and worked as a DJ. But, on the side, he was making money illegally as part of the gang.
-Eventually he was arrested for serious drug crimes and was sent to prison for 12 years. “The first night after I was arrested was the biggest wake-up call of my life,” he says. “I had been living a double life. I had been living as one person to my peers and another person to my peers’ enemies. I spent a long time sorting myself out.”
-Today, Junior Smart runs a team of 12 full-time workers and six volunteers, which aims to turn young criminals and gang members away from crime. Most of the team are ex-criminals like Smart. A few are still in prison but they are allowed out during the day to help. They work with the police, the probation service and other, voluntary organizations to help people who feel trapped and frightened in the violent criminal gangs of London.
-For Smart, the extraordinary journey from gang member to mentor began when he was in prison. “I was touched by the people who kept coming back in,” he says. “I couldn’t believe that nothing was done about it. I was talking to the prisoners and they knew what changes they needed in their lives, but the problem is that the prison system only deals with the ‘index’ offence.”
-“One guy had a £300-a-week cocaine habit, which he paid for through burglary. He told me how he would walk into a house, even when he knew people were there. So although he had a drug addiction, that problem was never solved. The thing that shocked me is that it is simply a revolving door.”
-Smart started working as a prison “listener” – a prisoner who helps new arrivals during their first days in prison. Then he developed an idea to run his own scheme when he was out of prison – using the experience of ex-offenders to help others reject the revolving door of prison life. He was released early, after five years, and got the opportunity to put his idea into practice.
-So what does he think now? Does he believe that things are getting better? He is careful to say positive things about the police; he says much of their work in arresting gang members has been good. But in general he is highly critical of a disjointed government approach that believes that, once the leader of a gang is arrested, the problem is solved. He agrees with a report that says the arrest of gang leaders can even make things worse. He says the effect of removing the leader is often to destabilize the entire gang.
-“When you arrest the top guy, everyone starts fighting for position. Who was the most loyal? Who had the most respect? It is a bit like a family. They are more likely to be violent. It means that the arrest of the gang leaders has been nullified because it has not had a long-term effect.”
-Can it actually make the streets more dangerous? “It can. People take sides. If one gang knows that an elder [leader] has been arrested, then they suddenly think that gang’s weak ... And so there are gang disputes. And what happens when that elder is in prison? He forms alliances with other gang members, or when he is released he then tries to retake control. That is when violence happens.”
-In order to spread risk down to the lowest levels, he says gangs are now recruiting far more in primary schools. The youngest members are called “tinies”. “Over the last years we have seen more and more of this. The tinies can be just eight to eleven years old.” The young protect their seniors from risk. They often do the street dealing or even the stabbing, he says.
-Smart says that the challenges are immense, particularly with the current economic problems. “I try to help a young person who has been earning £300 a week through illegal methods. It was hard before, to try to convince him. But with unemployment high and cuts to benefits, it makes things more difficult.” However, his project, which has over 1,000 clients, is producing results. Fewer than 20% of those who come in for help reoffend. Smart believes that everyone deserves a second chance.",335
-"1 Is this the moment when streaming goes truly mainstream?
-According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), there were only 41m subscribers using music streaming services around the world in 2014. It might be the area with the biggest revenue growth for the record business but it is still quite small. Not only that, but many of those subscribers have streaming as part of a mobile phone package so it is uncertain exactly how “active” its users are. Some sources suggest that Apple is aiming to reach 100m subscribers, which, based on a subscription fee of $120 per year, would generate $12bn annually.
-To put that in context, the entire global worth of recorded music in 2014 was just under $15bn. Apple is good at making products go mainstream but it’s not that good.
-2 Is this the end of downloading?
-The iTunes Store arrived in 2003 (2004 in Europe) at a time when piracy was widespread. Apple managed to persuade consumers to pay for downloads and grew a huge business with an estimated 70% market share. Downloads were still 52% of the total digital income in 2014, according to IFPI. Apple holds the lion’s share of this – it is biggest music retailer in the world. But download revenue reached a peak in 2013 in the UK at £283m and fell to £249m in 2014.
-The decline in download sales hit the US in 2013 so Apple bought Beats in 2014 for $3bn in order to get into the premium headphone market and, also, to make the transition from music ownership (downloads) to music access (subscription streaming). Apple, and the record industry, cannot afford to get rid of the download market just yet – so streaming and downloading will have to coexist under the Apple brand. The vast majority of people like music but don’t love it enough to pay $120 a year to listen to it. The average spend of a music buyer in the UK in 2014, for example, was just £39.52. Even Apple will find it very difficult to make most of those people triple their annual spend on recorded music.
-3 Has Apple Connect made Apple the most artist-friendly service?
-Apple have previously tried to be artist-friendly via iTunes. It didn’t work. Apple Connect is something very different, somewhere in the middle of YouTube, Facebook and SoundCloud.
-It lets artists post music, videos, photos and more to their profile pages. Apple has generally had strong relations with the music industry and, also, artists themselves and, generally, it has a good reputation among artists. Compare that to Spotify, which has been criticized by artists from Radiohead’s Thom Yorke to Taylor Swift. There is the smell of revolution in the air and Apple is making sure it’s on the right side of the battle.
-4 Where are the artist exclusives?
-This is going to be the interesting bit when the service goes live. Getting exclusives for big albums will be crucial to streaming. Spotify paid a lot of money to get Led Zeppelin and Metallica exclusively. Apple was watching this carefully and making notes. It already has AC/DC and the Beatles’ catalogues for download on iTunes. But can it persuade these two to enter the world of streaming? It also managed to get the surprise Beyoncé album in 2013 before anyone else so it is inevitable that it will want more like that. It was an easy decision for artists to give iTunes the download exclusive on an album because iTunes controls so much of the download market.
-But trying to do that in streaming is not the same thing. It is also important to remember that streaming now counts towards the album chart in markets like the UK and US and artists, who still want to succeed in the charts, will not want to limit their audience by limiting themselves to one service.
-5 Is this going to kill Spotify?
-Some people are already saying that Apple Music will destroy rivals like Spotify. However, it’s not that simple. Apple is entering a market where others have been working and gaining experience for many years. It has a lot of catching up to do. The winner of this battle will not be the company with the best service; it will be the company with the most money. Apple’s competitors have a head start in the market but they are losing huge amounts of money. Spotify, for example, lost €93.1m in 2013. Apple, on the other hand, started 2015 by becoming the most profitable company in corporate history, with $178bn in the bank. If Apple Music loses Apple money, the company will not continue it for long but it will not stop investment without at least trying to beat the competition.",336
-"n the top of a hill, above Northumberland’s beautiful Kielder Water lake, a group of people are waiting in a car park next to a strange wooden building. They are here because of the darkness and this is Kielder Observatory, the centre of Britain’s latest industry – astrotourism. The people who are waiting outside are lucky. Many more people apply for a night of stargazing at the observatory but not everyone can come because numbers are strictly limited.
-Inside, the observatory’s founder and lead astronomer, Gary Fildes, speaks to his colleagues and volunteers. The team discusses that they might see the northern lights but Fildes doesn’t think they will. Instead, they decide to use their powerful telescopes to look at Jupiter and Venus and, later, to find stars such as Capella and Betelgeuse. An extra attraction is the appearance of the International Space Station.
-Fildes is a leading figure in the UK’s growing astrotourism industry. The key moment for Northumberland came in 2013 when the entire national park, about 1,500 square kilometres in area, got Dark Sky Park status. It is the only one in England. Dark Sky Parks are rare. Research in 2013 showed that only 5% of the UK population can see more than 31 stars on a clear night.
-The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) gives the status of Dark Sky Park only to places that take big steps to prevent light pollution. The areas must also prove their night skies are very dark. In Northumberland Dark Sky Park, it is so dark that Venus casts a shadow on the Earth.
-Duncan Wise, visitor development officer for the Northumberland National Park, helped to lead the campaign for dark-sky status. “We usually think that 'landscape' is everything up to the horizon,” Wise said. “But what about what’s above the horizon?” Wise and others spent years preparing their application to the IDA – they collected thousands of light readings.
-Because of their hard work, many of the 1.5 million tourists who visit Northumberland each year are now aware of its Dark Sky status. “A lot of people come here to see the sky now,” says a man who works for a local car-hire company. “They come in autumn and winter, when it’s darkest. It’s good for the local hotels because tourists come all year round now.”
-Wise agrees that Northumberland needs to do more to take advantage of its dark skies, which are very rare. He believes the region needs more observatories to make sure that visitors will see what they came for. A new £14-million national landscape discovery centre will have an observatory when it is completed in a couple of years.
-Fildes has big ambitions. He is planning Britain’s first “astrovillage” – it would have the largest public observatory in the world, a 100-seat auditorium, a 100-seat planetarium, and radiomagnetic and solar telescopes. The multimillion-pound project would also have a hotel and attract 100,000 visitors a year – that is four times the number that are currently able to use the observatory.
-However, Northumberland has competition. Galloway Forest Park in Scotland also has Dark Sky Park status. Exmoor in south-west England became Europe’s first International Dark Sky Reserve – one level below Dark Sky Park – in 2011. A number of local businesses there now offer stargazing holidays. The UK is not as good as northern Chile, which has more than ten tourist observatories and some of the clearest skies in the world.
-So, why do people want to look at the night sky? The media have helped. TV programmes about astronomy have attracted a new generation of stargazers. Technology has also made astronomy more popular. Apps such as Stellarium now turn smartphones into pocket-size planetariums. But Fildes believes that, most importantly, people are starting to appreciate the sky. “If you had to build a visitor attraction from the beginning, what could be better than the universe?”",337
-"A top-secret document shows that the US National Security Agency (NSA) now has direct access to the systems of Google, Facebook, Apple and other major US internet companies. The NSA access is part of a program called PRISM, which allows the government to collect search history, the content of emails, file transfers, live chats and more, the document says.
-The document says that the NSA can now get information “directly from the servers” of major US internet companies. It says the companies help them run the program, but all the companies that commented said they have not heard of the program.
-Google said: “Google cares very much about the security of our users’ data. We disclose user data to government legally and, when the government asks us for data, we think about it carefully first. Sometimes, people allege that we have created a government 'back door' into our systems, but Google does not have a back door for the government to access private user data.”
-Several senior tech executives said that they had no knowledge of PRISM or of any similar program. They said they would never be involved in a program like that. “If they are doing this, they are doing it without our knowledge,” one executive said. An Apple spokesman said he has “never heard” of PRISM.
-Changes to US surveillance law, introduced under President Bush and renewed under Obama in December 2012, made it possible for the NSA to access the information. The program allows a large amount of in-depth surveillance on live communications and stored information. The law allows the NSA to watch customers of companies who live outside the US or Americans who communicate with people outside the US.
-The document says that some of the world’s largest internet companies have been part of the information-sharing program sinceits introduction in 2007. Microsoft – whose advertising slogan is “Your privacy is our priority” – was the first, in December 2007. It was followed by Yahoo in 2008; Google, Facebook and PalTalk in 2009; YouTube in 2010; Skype and AOL in 2011; and finally Apple, which joined the program in 2012.
-Under US law, if the government asks for users’ communications, companies must give that information, but the PRISM program allows the government direct access to the companies’ servers.
-The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) was changed in December 2012. At the time, several US senators were worried that the law might increase the amount of surveillance and they could see problems with some of the safeguards in the law. When the change in the law was first introduced, its supporters said that one safeguard would be that the NSA could not get electronic communications without the permission of the telecom and internet companies that control the data. But the PRISM program makes that permission unnecessary, because it allows the government to take directly from the companies’ servers communications that include email, video and voice chat, videos, photos, file transfers and social networking details.
-A senior administration official said: “Section 702 of the FISA does not allow the targeting of any US citizen or of any person who is within the United States. It targets only non- US persons outside the US.
-“Information that is collected under this program is some of the most important and valuable intelligence information we collect and we use it to protect our nation from a wide variety of threats.”",338
-"The last time she performed, we did not have mobile phones. Now, 35 years later, as she performs again, singer Kate Bush sees a very different world.
-These days, most concerts are now lit up with phones and tablets, but Bush does not want her fans to watch her shows through a screen.
-In August, before her concerts at the Hammersmith Apollo in London, Bush asked her fans to put down their mobile phones at her gigs.
-Bush wrote on her website: “I have a request for all of you who are coming to the shows. We have chosen a theatre, not a large venue or stadium. Please do not take photos or videos during the shows.
-“I very much want to have contact with you as an audience, not with iPhones, iPads or cameras.”
-Bush is not the first singer or musician to say she doesn’t like phones at concerts. Roger Daltrey from The Who recently said it was “weird” that people looked at their screen and not the artist on stage.
-He said: “I feel sorry for them, I really feel sorry for them. Looking at life through a screen and not being in the moment totally – if you’re doing that, you’re 50% there, right? It’s weird.”
-In 2013, Beyoncé told a fan, “You can’t even sing because you’re too busy filming. Put that damn camera down!”
-Recently, Dutch football fans at PSV Eindhoven protested against the introduction of wi-fi in their stadium. They held up banners that said “No wi-fi. Support the team,” and “You can sit at home.” Manchester United have also told fans to leave their “large electronic devices” at home.
-Singer Jarvis Cocker said, “It seems stupid to have something happening in front of you and look at it on a screen that’s smaller than a cigarette packet.”
-Even in the world of classical music, one of the world’s top pianists surprised the audience in June 2013 when he left the stage because a fan was filming his performance on a smartphone. Krystian Zimerman returned moments later and said: “The destruction of music because of YouTube is enormous.”
-But Sam Watt says that filming at concerts makes the experience even better. He works for Vyclone, a phone app that puts together many videos uploaded by fans to create one long video of a show.
-“Fans filming is now part of the concert experience – that is a just a fact. We take the videos that people are filming at concerts and mix them together with everybody else who was filming. The result is a really fantastic video,” he said.
-“We think that filming at concerts adds to the experience, and I think that, if Kate Bush came round for a cup of tea, we could have a really interesting discussion about this,” he added. “People are going to film and they want those memories – you’ve got to accept it.”",339
-"Opposition to Western Australia’s shark cull has intensified as thousands of people took to beaches across the continent to call on the state’s premier to end the policy, and RSPCA Australia and Virgin Atlantic owner Richard Branson spoke out against it. The controversial catching and killing of sharks longer than three metres began after what the state government called an “unprecedented” number of shark attacks on Western Australia’s coast, which saw a 35-year-old surfer killed in November 2013. He was the sixth person to die from a shark attack in two years.
-However, according to the Shark Attack File, Australia as a whole has averaged one shark- related fatality a year for the last 50 years. Kate Faehrmann, a board member at the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, said from a protest in Perth: “We’ve been saying all along that this policy won’t work. Drumlines, used to catch the sharks, are indiscriminate killers. They’ll kill sharks whether they’re one, two, three metres or more, as well as dolphins, turtles and other things. That’s why the community doesn’t want it.”
-Thousands of people protested on Perth’s Cottesloe Beach and Sydney’s Manly Beach, as well as hundreds at Glenelg, in south- west Adelaide, and at beaches in Victoria and Queensland. Faehrmann said the protests had shown Australians wanted sharks protected: “What’s amazing is so many people in Australia love sharks. This has demonstrated something about the national psyche, that, despite Jaws, despite all the fear, people are coming out in their thousands across the country to say, 'That’s their ocean. We respect them, we love them and we don’t want them killed.'” Anthony Joyce, a surfer who once had his foot caught in a shark’s mouth, said: “The number of sharks they are going to kill is going to make no difference in the scheme of things.”
-The state government has refused to provide a running tally of sharks killed, though there have been reports of sharks smaller than three metres being released after getting caught on drumlines, floating drums anchored to the sea bed with bait hanging on hooks beneath them. Conservationists argue there is no evidence the cull will reduce the number of shark attacks on humans, as no previous cull has solely used drumlines. Researchers at the University of Western Australia say the recent spate of shark attacks in the state may have more to do with the state having the fastest-growing population in Australia, rather than a rising number of sharks.
-Richard Peirce, chairman of the UK-based conservation charity, the Shark Trust, said that the cull would be ineffective and potentially lure more predators towards the coast. “The activity in Western Australia is compounding the human tragedy of shark attacks. It is very sad that a government that could be seen to take positive initiatives with regards to shark – human interactions by trialling alternatives to indiscriminate killing has ignored the best advice and opted for an approach that is ineffective and counterproductive,” he said. “The indiscriminate nature of drumlines is often overlooked – even if monitored through the day, leaving the lines in overnight has the potential to attract other predators into the area, attracted by those sharks and other species hooked and injured.”
-Globally, in 2012, there were 80 unprovoked attacks by sharks, seven of which proved fatal, compared to nearly 100m sharks killed by humans each year. RSPCA Australia released a statement saying it believes the cull is unjustified. “There is no evidence that the increase in attacks is a result of increasing shark numbers. Rather, it is consistent with a changing population and human behaviour; that is, there are greater numbers of people in the water,” it said.
-Richard Branson told Fairfax Radio the policy was backfiring. “I’m sure one of the reasons Western Australia Premier, Colin Barnett, did it was because he was thinking it would encourage tourism. It’s going to do quite the reverse, I think. You’re advertising a problem that doesn’t exist in a major way and you’re deterring people from wanting to come to Perth and your beautiful countryside around it. All you’re going to achieve, I think, is to worry people unnecessarily.”",340
-"The vast fortunes made by the world’s richest 100 billionaires are driving up inequality and hindering the world’s ability to tackle poverty, according to Oxfam.
-The charity said the accumulation of wealth and income on an unprecedented scale, often at the expense of secure jobs and decent wages for the poorest, undermined the ability of people who survive on aid or low wages to improve their situation and escape poverty.
-Oxfam said the world’s poorest could be lifted out of poverty several times over if the richest 100 billionaires would give away the money they made in 2012.
-Without pointing a finger at individuals, the charity argued that the $240bn net income amassed in 2012 by the richest 100 billionaires would be enough to make extreme poverty history four times over.
-It is rare for charities to attack the wealthy, who are usually regarded as a source of funding. Bill Gates and Warren Buffett are among a group of 40 US billionaires who have pledged much of their wealth to aid projects, but there is little detail about the level of their annual donations. Their actions have also not been matched by Russian, Middle Eastern or Chinese billionaires.
-In the report, The Cost of Inequality: How Wealth and Income Extremes Hurt Us All , published just before the World Economic Forum in Davos, the charity calls on world leaders to curb income extremes and commit to reducing inequality to at least 1990 levels.
-The report found that the richest 1% had increased their incomes by 60% in the past 20 years, with the financial crisis accelerating rather than slowing the process.
-Barbara Stocking, Oxfam’s Chief Executive, said extreme wealth was “economically inefficient, politically corrosive, socially divisive and environmentally destructive”.
-She said studies show that countries suffer low levels of investment and growth as workers are forced to survive on a smaller share of total incomes.
-She said: “We can no longer pretend that the creation of wealth for a few will inevitably benefit the many – too often the reverse is true.”
-The report said the issue affected all parts of the world. “In the UK, inequality is rapidly returning to levels not seen since the time of Charles Dickens [the nineteenth-century novelist]. In China, the top 10% now take home nearly 60% of the income. Chinese inequality levels are now similar to those in South Africa, which is now the most unequal country on Earth and significantly more unequal than at the end of apartheid.”
-In the US, the share of national income going to the top 1% has doubled since 1980 from 10 to 20%, the report says. For the top 0.01% the share of national income is above levels last seen in the 1920s.
-The World Bank and International Monetary Fund have argued that extreme income inequality undermines growth and both organizations have attempted to tie their loans to programmes that limit the growth of inequality.
-Members of the richest 1% are estimated to use as much as 10,000 times more carbon than the average US citizen.
-Oxfam said world leaders should learn from countries such as Brazil, which has grown rapidly while reducing inequality.
-Stocking said: “We need a global new deal to reverse decades of increasing inequality. As a first step, world leaders should formally commit themselves to reducing inequality to the levels seen in 1990.”
-She said closing tax havens, which the Tax Justice Network says hold as much as $31 trillion, or as much as a third of all global wealth, could yield $189bn in additional tax revenues.",341
-"Barack Obama has urged young people to reject pessimism and interact with people who have different beliefs if they want to make changes in the world.
-On the final day of his last visit to Britain as US president, Obama told 500 youth leaders at a meeting in London: “I’m here to ask you to reject the idea that there are forces we can’t control. As JFK said, our problems are manmade and can be solved by man.”
-“You’ve never had better tools to make a difference,” he told the students at the question-and-answer session. “Reject pessimism, cynicism and know that progress is possible. Progress is not inevitable; it requires struggle, discipline and faith.”
-But Obama said he knew that young people had many challenges. He said it was “a time of breathtaking change, from 9/11, 7/7 … and during an age of information and Twitter where there’s a steady stream of bad news.”
-The audience cheered as the president was introduced. He spoke about his policies, including healthcare and education.
-He urged the audience to interact with people with different political beliefs: “Seek out people who don’t agree with you and it will also help you to compromise.”
-Obama said he was proud of his healthcare reforms, which received huge cheers from the audience, and said of the US response to the 2008 financial crisis: “Saving the world from great depression – that was quite good.”
-He also listed diplomatic deals with Iran and the response to the Ebola crisis as highlights of his presidency. “I’m proud; I think I’ve been true to myself.”
-Questioned on the controversial Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), he said: “The answer to globalization is not to pull up the drawbridge,” though he said it is crucial to pay attention to workers’ rights.
-Before Obama arrived, Tanya Williams, a community officer, told the Guardian: “I love Michelle but I like Barack Obama and it’s exciting to have the chance to hear someone who has changed so much and encouraged so many people who didn’t vote before to vote for the first time.”
-Oliver Sidorczuk, 26, said: “Everyone is extremely excited to listen to what he has to say. I’m going to ask him about electoral rights.”
-Obama ended the session by taking a question from a young Sikh Londoner, who asked about the problem of racial profiling at airports and being mistaken for a Muslim.
-Obama said that, although there were people with “crazy ideology”, living together peacefully was important. “I visited a mosque a few months ago and said our greatest allies are American Muslims who are integrated,” he said.
-Furqan Naeem, a campaigner from Manchester, said: “I recently visited the United States and I saw some really important work the president did – the work celebrated America’s diversity and brought communities together.”
-Kenny Imafidon, the managing director of a youth organization, said afterwards: “What I will remember is what he said about meeting with people who have different politics from you and having to make compromises. Also, the thing he said about being a good leader and finding great talent.”
-Later, Obama met Jeremy Corbyn, who said they had an “excellent” 90-minute discussion.
-When he was asked if they talked about the debate on Britain’s membership of the EU, Corbyn said they discussed it briefly.
-After the meeting, Obama joined David Cameron to play golf. Obama ended the day at a dinner with the British prime minister and the US ambassador, Matthew Barzun, before travelling to Germany.",342
-"As soon as the children at one primary school in Stirling, Scotland, hear the words “daily mile”, they put down their pencils and leave the classroom to start running around the school field. For three-and-a-half years, all the pupils at St Ninian’s Primary School have walked or run a mile each day. They do it at different times during the day and, despite the rise in childhood obesity across the UK, none of the children at the school are overweight.
-The daily mile has done so much to improve these children’s fitness, behaviour and concentration in lessons that many other British schools are doing the same. They are getting pupils to get up from their desks and take 15 minutes to walk or run round the school or local park.
-Elaine Wyllie, headteacher of St Ninian’s, said: “I get at least two emails a day from other schools and local authorities asking how we do it. The thought of children across the country running every day because of something we’ve done is phenomenal.”
-One in ten children are obese when they start school at the age of four or five, according to the Health & Social Care Information Centre, and, in the summer of 2015, a study found that schoolchildren in England are the least fit they have ever been. Primary schools therefore accept the benefits of the daily mile. It has been introduced in schools in various parts of the UK and other schools are planning to launch the initiative during the 2015-16 academic year. In Stirling alone, 30 schools have already started or will soon start the daily mile.
-“It’s a common-sense approach to children’s fitness, which is free and easy. The most important thing is that the children really enjoy it; otherwise, you couldn’t sustain it. They come back inside bright-eyed and rosy-cheeked, how children used to look,” said Wyllie. At St Ninian’s, teachers take their pupils out of lessons to a specially built circuit around the school’s playing field for their daily mile whenever it best suits that day’s timetable. Only ice or very heavy rain stop them.
-The extent of the benefits isn’t known yet but researchers from Stirling University have launched a comparative study to look for evidence of the physical, cognitive and emotional benefits of the daily mile. Dr Colin Moran, who is leading the study, said: “The children don’t seem to have problems with obesity; they seem happier and staff say they settle into lessons faster so we designed a study that would test all of these things.” St Ninian’s pupils will be compared with children from another school in Stirling that hasn’t yet started the scheme.
-Kevin Clelland, a primary school teacher from Leeds, visited St Ninian’s and, then, convinced his colleagues it was a great idea. He said: “It’s such a simple thing to do but seems to have such an amazing impact. We’re really committed to improving the fitness of our pupils.” His school is now building a track.
-Active Cheshire, a sports and fitness organization in Cheshire, is taking a group of senior people from the local authority up to Scotland to assess the results of the daily mile. The hope is to introduce it across the 450 schools in their region if a pilot programme is successful.
-Paralympian, Tanni Grey-Thompson, chair of ukactive, a health organization for physical activity, said: “All children need to achieve 60 active minutes every day, whether in a lesson, on the walk to school or in the playground. It’s fantastic to see initiatives like the daily mile, showing real leadership from the education sector to improve children’s fitness levels and their cognitive behaviour, and make a real difference to schools, teachers, parents and young people’s lives. We know sitting still kills; not sitting still helps children build skills that will stay with them for life.”
-The Scottish government also supports the initiative. A spokesperson said: “Learning in PE is enhanced by initiatives like the daily mile, which can encourage and support parents in fostering healthy habits with their children from a young age. We are pleased to see so many Scottish schools are taking part or planning to do so.”",343
-"A girl born today in the UK can expect to live nearly to the age of 82 on average and her brother will live to 78. They would have a longer life in Andorra (85 and 79 respectively) but will live a little longer than in the US (81 and 76). If they lived in the Central African Republic, they would die in middle age (49 and 44). However, almost everywhere in the world, with the exception of countries such as Lesotho, which have experienced HIV and violence, lifespans are lengthening. And the best news is that small children are much less likely to die than they were forty years ago. There has been a drop in deaths in under-fives of nearly 60%, from 16.4 million in 1970 to 6.8 million in 2010.
-This last statistic provides justification for the enormous project that the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) in Seattle has led over the past five years, involving nearly 500 researchers, to assess the global effects of disease. Knowing how many children die and from what cause allows the world to focus its efforts and resources on keeping them alive. There are many lessons to be learnt from the enormous database they have put together, which will help global organizations and individual governments to better care for us all.
-The project was a big task and is not without controversy. IHME has been very radical in some of its methods. Where they did not have death registries or medical records, for instance, they have taken evidence from verbal autopsies – deciding the cause of death by an interview with the family. The most surprising result has been the malaria figure. IHME said 1.2 million die of the disease every year – twice as many as previously thought. The big increase is in adult deaths. It is commonly believed that malaria kills mostly children under five.
-“The way I was taught as a doctor and everybody else is taught is that, in malarial areas, you become semi-immune as an adult,” said Dr Christopher Murray, IHME Director. “We originally went with that opinion but there has been a change as we have become more empirical, following the data. African doctors write on hospital records that adults are dying of malaria a lot.” But, he adds, their fever could be something else. The findings have led to further studies.
-Although Margaret Chan, Director General of the World Health Organization, gave the IHME study a warm official welcome, some of the staff are cautious. “We need to be very careful in assessing the validity [of the figures],” said Colin Mathers, a senior scientist. “We need to wait to be persuaded by evidence.” His colleague Dr Tiers Boerma, Director of one WHO department, added: “People should understand that some of the numbers are very different and the WHO can’t go with any academic publication that states a different number.” However, said Mathers, “IHME has pushed the envelope with some of these analyses and that is stimulating”. One of the main themes, said Murray, was “incredibly rapid change in the main causes of death and the speed of that change is a lot faster than we expected it to be”.
-Reduced fertility and longer life have led to a rise in the average age of the world’s population in a decade from 26 years old to almost 30. The change has been dramatic in Latin America, for instance, where countries like Brazil and Paraguay had life expectancy of below 30 in 1970 and almost 64 in 2010. That is a 35-year increase in the average age of death over four decades. “In a place like Brazil, the speed of change is so fast that most institutions are not able to deal with it,” Murray said.
-A second factor is the move outside Africa from communicable diseases and the common causes of mother and baby deaths to what are sometimes termed “lifestyle” diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer – some of which have significant genetic triggers. That change has been particularly marked in Latin America, the Middle East and south-east and even south Asia, he said.
-The third big finding was, Murray said, “a surprise to us”. There is a lot of disability and it has a big effect on people who are living longer but not healthier lives. “The main causes of disability are different from the ones that kill you,” he said. They were mental health problems, such as anxiety and depression, and disorders, such as arthritis and lower back pain, anaemia, sight and hearing loss and skin disease. In addition, there was substance abuse. “The numbers for these are not going down over time,” he said. “We are making no progress in reducing these conditions.”",344
-"A fifth of young adults in the UK are staying in the family home until they are at least 26 and a fifth are not paying any rent. A recent survey found that the percentage of adults who live at home was different in different parts of the country – it was less than 9% in the East Midlands and more than double that in London, where house prices and rents are highest. Many young people pay their parents some money to live at home but 20% pay nothing at all.
-Young adults are suffering from low wages and high rents. The cost of renting is too much so young people who want to buy a house can’t save enough to get on the property ladder. Recent research showed half of tenants were unable to save any money for a deposit and a quarter could only save £100 or less each month. Mortgages are cheaper than ever before but people who have large deposits still get the best mortgages.
-As a result of this, more and more young adults are returning to the family home to save money. And, parents who cannot afford to give their children money for a deposit seem happy to let them live at home again. The survey found that 28% of adults live at home because they are trying to save for a deposit. But it also found that 30% are not saving any money.
-Michael Day, 30, who lives with his parents in Bristol, says it’s difficult to save for a mortgage deposit when rents are so high. Rents for a one- bedroom home in the city are between £500 and £800 a month. Buying a similar flat would cost about £130,000. “I don’t really want to move out to rent because it’s more than a mortgage but you need such a big deposit to get a mortgage.”
-Sue Green, who works for Saga, a business that sells insurance to people over 50, said most parents did not think their children would live with them in their 20s or 30s. “Most will be more than happy to have them in the family home rent-free because it might help their kids get on the property ladder sooner,” she said. “Children who don’t pay rent may pay for other things like groceries or they may do odd jobs around the home.”
-Angus Hanton, of the Intergenerational Foundation, said older people caused the housing crisis and we should not blame younger people for staying at home. “The under-30s earn, on average, 20% less since the 2008 downturn. Rents and car insurance have never been so high,” he said, “and many jobs – zero-hour and short-term contracts – turn younger workers into second-class citizens.”
-Jenna Gavin, 29, lives in the family home where she grew up. She works as a medical receptionist nearby so she wants to stay in the area. But renting a one-bedroom flat would cost more than £420 a month not including bills, which would use a lot of her earnings. “I don’t want to rent – I don’t want to spend all that money and have nothing at the end,” she said. “I’ve thought about buying and seen mortgage advisers but I just can’t borrow enough to get on the property ladder.”
-She is trying to save for a deposit. “It’s difficult to save enough money – even a 5% deposit is such a lot of money,” she said. Her parents are happy not to ask her to pay rent. “They want me to try to save and I do other things – I buy food and I do things around the house.” She gets on with her parents and has the same room that she had when she was 14 but she said she had always imagined she would have her own home before she was 30.",345
-"The huge fortunes made by the world’s richest 100 billionaires are increasing inequality and hindering the world’s ability to tackle poverty, according to Oxfam.
-The charity said the accumulation of wealth and income often led to a reduction in secure jobs and decent wages for the poorest people. This made it more difficult for people who survive on aid or low wages to improve their situation and escape poverty.
-Oxfam said the world’s poorest could be taken out of poverty several times over if the richest 100 billionaires would give away the money they made in 2012.
-Without naming anyone, the charity argued that the $240bn made in 2012 by the richest 100 billionaires would be enough to end extreme poverty four times over.
-It is unusual for charities to attack the wealthy, because they are usually seen as a source of money. Bill Gates and Warren Buffett are among a group of 40 US billionaires who have said they will give much of their wealth to aid projects, but there is little detail about the level of their annual donations. Russian, Middle Eastern or Chinese billionaires have not promised to do the same.
-In the report, The Cost of Inequality: How Wealth and Income Extremes Hurt Us All, published just before the World Economic Forum in Davos, the charity asks world leaders to commit to reducing inequality to at least 1990 levels.
-The report found that the richest 1% had increased their incomes by 60% in the past 20 years. And the financial crisis has sped up, not slowed, the process.
-Barbara Stocking, Oxfam’s Chief Executive, said studies show that countries suffer low levels of investment and growth as workers are forced to survive on a smaller share of total incomes.
-She said: “We can no longer pretend that the creation of wealth for a few will benefit the many – too often the reverse is true.”
-The report said the issue affected all parts of the world. “In the UK, inequality is rapidly returning to levels not seen since the nineteenth century. In China, the top 10% now earn nearly 60% of the income. Chinese inequality levels are now similar to those in South Africa, which is now the most unequal country on Earth.”
-In the US, the share of national income going to the top 1% has doubled since 1980 from 10 to 20%, the report says.
-Members of the richest 1% are estimated to cause as much as 10,000 times more pollution than the average US citizen.
-Oxfam said world leaders should learn from countries such as Brazil, which has grown rapidly while reducing inequality.
-Stocking said: “We need to reverse decades of increasing inequality. As a first step, world leaders should formally agree to reduce inequality to the levels seen in 1990.”
-She said closing tax havens, which hold as much as $31 trillion, or as much as a third of all global wealth, could collect $189bn in additional taxes.",346
-"lay Cockrell is sitting in his office at Columbus Circle, across the street from 1 Central Park West, which houses Trump International Hotel and Tower. In front of the tower is Central Park, where Cockrell holds his popular walk and talk therapy sessions.
-Cockrell, a former Wall Street worker turned therapist, spends large parts of his days walking through Central Park or the Battery Park in downtown Manhattan near Wall Street, as a confidant and counsellor to some of New York’s wealthiest people.
-“I shifted towards it naturally,” he said of his becoming an expert in wealth therapy. “Many of the extremely wealthy – the 1% of the 1% – feel that their problems are really not problems. But they are. A lot of therapists do not give enough weight to their issues.”
-So, what issues are America’s 1% struggling with? “There is guilt over being rich in the first place,” he said. “There is the feeling that they have to hide the fact that they are rich. And, then, there is the isolation – being in the 1%, it turns out, can be lonely.” It seems F Scott Fitzgerald was right: the very rich “are different from you and me”.
-Counsellors argue things have become worse since the financial crisis and the debate over income inequality that has been spurred on by movements like Occupy Wall Street and the Fight for $15 fair wage campaign.
-“The Occupy Wall Street movement was a good one and had some important things to say about income inequality but it singled out the 1% and painted them globally as something negative,” said Jamie Traeger-Muney, a wealth psychologist and founder of the Wealth Legacy Group. The media, she said, is partly to blame for making the rich “feel like they need to hide or feel ashamed”.
-“Sometimes, I am shocked by things that people say. You would never refer to another group of people in the way that it seems perfectly normal to refer to wealth holders.”
-“It’s really isolating to have a lot of money. People’s reactions to you can be scary,” said Barbara Nusbaum, an expert in money psychology. “We are all taught not to talk about money. It’s not polite to talk about money. Ironically, it’s harder to talk about having money than it is to talk about not having money. It’s much more socially acceptable to say 'I am broke. Things are hard.' You can’t say 'I have a ton of money.' You have to keep a lot of your life private.”
-As a result, Cockrell points out, the rich tend to hang out with other rich Americans, not out of snobbery but in order to be around those who understand them and their problems.
-The growing gap between the rich and poor is a global phenomenon. According to Oxfam, the richest 1% have seen their share of global wealth increase from 44% in 2009 to 48% in 2014 and are on track to own more than the other 99% by 2016.
-In the US, over the last three decades, the wealth owned by the top 0.1% households increased from 7% to 22% even as the wealth of the bottom 90% of households declined.
-The number of extremely wealthy people has also been climbing. According to research from Spectrem Group, in 2014, the number of US households with $1m or more in assets – excluding the value of their primary home – increased by 500,000 to 10.1m. In 2007, that number was 9.2m. Households worth $5m or more reached 1.3m and 142,000 households are now worth $25m or more.
-Since the 2008 financial crisis, the income gap has expanded and the situation “has gotten worse for the wealthy”, Cockrell said. The main reason? Not knowing if your friends are friends with you or your money.
-“Someone else who is also a billionaire – they don’t want anything from you. Never being able to trust your friendships with people of different means, I think that is difficult,” said Cockrell. “As the gap has widened, the rich have become more and more isolated.”
-These are real fears faced by the richest of the rich. In 2007, the Gates Foundation teamed up with Boston College’s Center on Wealth and Philanthropy to document what it felt like to be in America’s 1%. For the next four years, researchers surveyed 165 of America’s richest households – 120 of those households have at least $25m in assets. The average net worth of those surveyed was $78m. The resulting study, The Joys and Dilemmas of Wealth, was 500 pages long and seemed to prove the old adage that money can’t buy happiness.
-“Wealth can be a barrier to connecting with other people,” confessed a spouse of a tech entrepreneur who made about $80m. Some Americans have taken to keeping their wealth secret. “We talk about it as stealth wealth. There are a lot of people that are hiding their wealth because they are concerned about negative judgment,” said Traeger-Muney. If wealthy Americans talk about the unique challenges that come with their wealth, people often dismiss their experience.
-“People say 'Oh, poor you.' There is not a lot of sympathy there,” she said. “Wealth is still one of our last taboos.”
-Speaking in his soft, soothing voice that makes you want to spill all your worries, Cockrell said that a common mistake that many of his wealthy clients make is letting their money define them.
-“I don’t think it’s healthy to discount your problems. If you are part of the 1%, you still have problems and they are legitimate to you. Even when you say, 'I don’t have to struggle for money', there are other parts of your life. Money is not the only thing that defines you,” he said. “Your problems are legitimate.”",347
-"The UK prime minister, David Cameron, says he is happy about the result of the Scottish referendum. 55% of people in Scotland voted to keep the 307-year-old union with England and Wales, and 45% voted against it. The prime minister promised more devolution in Great Britain.
-Earlier, Scotland’s first minister, Alex Salmond, said he accepted Scotland had not decided to vote for independence this time. He said the referendum was a “triumph for democratic politics” and he said he would work with the government in London in the best interests of Scotland and the rest of the UK. “We have touched sections of the community who have never before been touched by politics,” he said.
-The yes campaign had four big successes – it won 53% of the vote in Scotland’s largest city, Glasgow, 57% in Dundee and 51% in North Lanarkshire. But the no campaign won in 28 areas. It won easily in areas where people expected it to do well, including Edinburgh, Aberdeenshire and Borders. But it also did well in areas that people said might go to the yes campaign, including the Western Isles. In total, the no campaign won 2,001,926 votes (55.3%) and the yes campaign won 1,617,989 votes (44.7%).
-In his speech, Cameron said that there would be constitutional reforms, including in Scotland, but not until after the general election. And he said that there would be changes in England, too. “We have heard the voice of Scotland and, now, we must hear the millions of voices of England,” he said.
-Cameron added: “The people of Scotland have spoken and it is a clear result. They have kept our country of four nations together and, like millions of other people, I am delighted. As I said during the campaign, it would have broken my heart to see our United Kingdom come to an end. So, now, it is time for our United Kingdom to come together and to move forward with a balanced settlement, fair to people in Scotland and, importantly, to everyone in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, as well.”
-Ed Miliband, the leader of the Labour Party, said the referendum was a vote from the Scottish people for change. “We know our country needs to change. We will deliver stronger powers for a stronger Scottish parliament, a strong Scotland.” But he said that would go beyond Scotland. “We will also make changes in England, Wales, and the whole of the United Kingdom.”
-Nick Clegg, the deputy prime minister, said a vote against independence was “not a vote against change”. “We must now deliver the radical new powers to Scotland,” he added.
-The UK Independence Party leader, Nigel Farage, said Cameron’s offer of more devolution for England did not go far enough. “The English are 86% by population of this union. They’ve not been a part of this for the last 18 years. We still have a situation where Scottish MPs can vote in the House of Commons on English-only issues. I think what most English people want is a fair settlement,” he said.
-Cameron will try to calm tensions when he makes another statement on the result. The prime minister will explain how he will give more powers to the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh. The prime minister wants to move fast to show that the three main UK party leaders will keep the promises they made during the referendum campaign.",348
-"According to a top-secret document, the National Security Agency (NSA) has got direct access to the systems of Google, Facebook, Apple and other major US internet companies. The NSA access is part of a program called PRISM, which allows officials to collect material including search history, the content of emails, file transfers and live chats, the document says.
-The document claims “collection directly from the servers” of major US service providers. Although the document claims that the program is run with the help of the companies, all the companies who responded to a request for comment denied knowledge of any such program.
-In a statement, Google said: “Google cares deeply about the security of our users’ data. We disclose user data to government in accordance with the law and we review all such requests carefully. From time to time, people allege that we have created a government ‘back door’ into our systems, but Google does not have a back door for the government to access private user data.”
-Several senior tech executives insisted that they had no knowledge of PRISM or of any similar scheme. They said they would never have been involved in such a program. “If they are doing this, they are doing it without our knowledge,” one said. An Apple spokesman said he had “never heard” of PRISM.
-The NSA access became possible because of changes to US surveillance law, introduced under President Bush and renewed under Obama in December 2012. The program facilitates a large amount of in-depth surveillance on live communications and stored information. The law allows for the targeting of any customers of participating companies who live outside the US, or those Americans whose communications include people outside the US.
-The revelation of the PRISM program follows a leak of a top-secret court order that forced telecoms provider Verizon to give the telephone records of millions of US customers to the US government. The participation of the internet companies in PRISM will add to the debate about the level of surveillance by the intelligence services. Unlike the collection of those call records from Verizon, this surveillance can include the content of communications and not just the metadata.
-It is claimed that some of the world’s largest internet companies are part of the information-sharing program, which was introduced in 2007. Microsoft – which is currently running an advertising campaign with the slogan “Your privacy is our priority” – was the first, with collection beginning in December 2007. It was followed by Yahoo in 2008; Google, Facebook and PalTalk in 2009; YouTube in 2010; Skype and AOL in 2011; and finally Apple, which joined the program in 2012.
-Under US law, companies must comply with requests for users’ communications, but the PRISM program allows the intelligence services direct access to the companies’ servers. The NSA document notes that the operations have “the help of communications providers in the US”.
-During the renewal of the FISA Amendments Act (FAA) in December 2012, several US senators warned about the high level of surveillance the law might allow and shortcomings in the safeguards it introduces. When the FAA was first introduced, its supporters argued that one safeguard would be the fact that the NSA could not get electronic communications without the permission of the telecom and internet companies that control the data. But the PRISM program makes that permission unnecessary, because it allows the agency to take the communications directly off the companies’ servers, communications that include email, video and voice chat, videos, photos, voice-over-IP (Skype, for example) chats, file transfers and social networking details.
-The PRISM program allows the NSA, the world’s largest surveillance organization, to get targeted communications without requesting them from the service providers and without needing individual court orders. With this program, the NSA is able to reach directly into the servers of the companies and get both stored communications and live communications.
-A senior administration official said in a statement: “The Guardian and Washington Post articles refer to collection of communications under Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). This law does not allow the targeting of any US citizen or of any person who is within the United States. The program is overseen by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, the Executive Branch and Congress. Only non-US persons outside the US are targeted.” The program must limit the information it gets, keeps and disseminates about US citizens.
-“This program was recently reauthorized by Congress after a lot of debate. Information that is collected under this program is some of the most important and valuable intelligence information we collect and it is used to protect our nation from a wide variety of threats.”",349
-"We all know about wildlife emergencies such as the possible extinction of the tiger in India, the orangutan in Indonesia and the panda. Everybody loves these animals and no one wants to see them disappear. But, now, scientists are worried that the threat to creatures such as ladybirds is a much greater danger to biodiversity.
-Climate change, falling numbers of animals, rising numbers of humans and extinction mean that more and more scientists now believe that we are in the Anthropocene age – the age of extinction.
-A recent report from the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) confirms that worrying idea – statistics from the report show a very big reduction in the numbers of many species. The number of vertebrates has declined by 52% over the last forty years. We are losing too many species. Some populations of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians have reduced even more, with freshwater species declining by 76% over the same period. But it’s the creatures that help us the most that are worrying many scientists. Three quarters of the world’s food production depends on bees and other insects. Pandas are cute and tigers are beautiful but other animals are more useful – it’s worms that turn our waste into nutrients and bats that catch mosquitoes and keep malaria rates down.
-“It’s the loss of the common species that will affect people. The loss of the rarer creatures will not affect us much because we’re not reliant on them in such an obvious way,” said Dr Nick Isaac, who studies the environment. He says that Britain’s insects and other invertebrates are declining just as fast as vertebrates. He says that this will cause serious problems for humans.
-He said that between 23% and 36% of all birds, mammals and amphibians that we use for food or medicine might become extinct. In many parts of the world, wild animals are an important part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
-Most people also blame humans – humans damage ecosystems, create climate change and destroy habitats. But, this time, it’s not just the “big, cuddly mammals” we have to worry about losing but the smaller creatures that are less easy to see. We depend on insects, creepy-crawlies and even worms. They might not become extinct very soon, but a decline in their numbers will affect us all. “We are going to feel the effect of those losses. The numbers of both invertebrates and vertebrates are declining. It’s not so simple as 'fish die and people starve' – it’s more complex,” said Isaac.
-Humans, said TV naturalist Sir David Attenborough in 2013, are a “plague on earth”. But the WWF claims there is still time to stop the decline. Its UK Chief Executive David Nussbaum said: “The amount of destruction shown in this report should make us all change our behaviour. We all – politicians, business and people – have a responsibility to protect what we all value: a healthy future for people and nature.
-“Humans are cutting down too many trees too quickly, fishing too many fish, taking too much water from our rivers and producing too much carbon,” he said.",350
-"Scientists have designed a mirror that sends heat into cold space. If you use the mirror, you don’t need to use air-conditioning units that keep buildings cool on Earth.
-The scientists believe that the mirror could reduce by a lot the amount of energy we use to control air temperatures in offices and shopping centres.
-Around 15% of the energy used by buildings in the US goes on air conditioning. The researchers say that the mirror could mean that we no longer need air conditioning.
-Scientists in Stanford, California, found that a roof painted black was 60C hotter than the air temperature in sunlight. They found that aluminium was 40C hotter. But the mirror was 5C cooler than the air temperature.
-“If you cover large parts of the roof with this mirror, you can save a lot of power,” said Shanhui Fan, an expert in the study of light at Stanford University. He led the development of the mirror.
-Buildings warm up in different ways. Hot-water boilers and cooking areas release heat. In hot countries, warm air comes in through doors and windows. Then, there is visible light and infrared radiation from the sun, which also heat up buildings.
-The Stanford mirror reflects 97% of the visible light that falls on it. But, more importantly, it releases heat. When the mirror is warmed up, it releases heat at a specific wavelength of infrared light that goes easily through the atmosphere and out into space.
-The mirror is made from several layers of very thin materials. These layers help the mirror to release heat. The mirror sends the heat as infrared light out to space.
-“The mirror can use the cold darkness of the universe, even during the hottest hours of the day,” the scientists say.
-Shanhui Fan says the mirrors costs between $20 and $70 per square metre. He says that a mirror on a three-storey building could save 100MWh of electricity per year.
-Fan also said that the mirror could cool buildings but it would not slow down global warming. But it would reduce the amount of electricity that businesses use.
-“I’m really excited by this,” said Marin Soljačić, a physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “You could use the mirrors on buildings and spend much less money on air conditioning or maybe you wouldn’t need it at all. You could put the mirrors on top of shopping malls.”",351
-"Some cities have pigeons. Lima has black vultures. They fly in groups overhead and sit on the city’s buildings. In many ways, with their wrinkly heads and beady eyes, they remind Lima residents of the side of their city they would rather ignore: the poverty and filth.
-But these birds’ taste for dead and decaying things has become a virtue. Environmental authorities are kitting the birds out with GoPro video cameras and GPS trackers – the birds have a new mission in the fight against fly-tipping and illegal dumping.
-Samuel is one of the project’s ten disease-free black vultures that are looking for rubbish. Fitted with his tracker, he is set free above the city, where he identifies secret or hidden dumps and records the GPS coordinates on a live map.
-His trainer at Lima’s Huachipa Zoo, Alfredo Correa, is full of admiration. “They can eat dead animals because their bodies protect them from viruses and bacteria,” he says. “They’ve got some of the strongest gut flora in the natural world.”
-USAID and the Peruvian Environment Ministry are working together on this project to tackle Lima’s rubbish problem. A tongue-in-cheek video adds a melodramatic voiceover, in which the noble vultures are fighting disease, while humans ignore the danger.
-The project makes a serious point. With just four landfills in a city of nearly ten million inhabitants, there are many illegal dumps. A fifth of the rubbish goes into these dumps, according to the Environment Ministry. The waste contaminates Lima’s main water source, the Rimac river, as well as the Chillon and Lurin rivers, which flow into the Bay of Lima.
-The environmental supervision agency, OEFA, says that three poorer neighbourhoods have only 12% of Lima’s population but have by far the most fly-tipped rubbish: Villa Maria del Triunfo (39.4%), Villa El Salvador (25.3%) and El Agustino (18.3%).
-Part of the problem is unpaid taxes. Many residents just don’t pay. That means some of the 43 district municipalities don’t have enough money for basic services such as rubbish collection.
-It also means nobody is necessarily going to clean up where the vultures identify illegal trash. “We share the vulture’s GPS coordinates with the municipalities,” says Javier Hernandez, the project director. “It’s their job to collect the rubbish and to try and change the habits of their residents.”
-The project aims to encourage residents to be “vultures on the ground”: to report fly-tipping, cut back on their own waste and recycle. Some residents are responding, posting photos of illegal dumps on the Twitter feed and Facebook page.",352
-"The auction of a Banksy painting that disappeared from the wall of a north London shop was stopped just moments before it was going to be sold.
-Slave Labour is a spray-painted artwork that shows a child making flags. The expected price was about $700,000. It was going to be in a sale of street art in Florida.
-But Frederic Thut, the owner of the Fine Arts Auction Miami art house said that Slave Labour and a second work by the secretive British street artist were removed from sale at the auction. He did not want to give the name of the seller.
-People in Haringey, London, were very happy, because they led a campaign to stop the sale of the artwork that was removed from the wall of a Poundland shop in Haringey.
-“I will write to the auction house to find out what will happen next, but for now we are really pleased that a people’s campaign in London has had an impact in the US. It’s a real victory for the people.” said Alan Strickland, a Haringey councillor.
-The auction house said it had told the owners of the two Banksys that they should remove them from the sale. “There are no legal problems with the sale of the artwork by Banksy, but FAAM told its sellers they should remove them from the auction.”
-Critics have said the auction house was buying and selling stolen property but Thut said that the seller was the real owner and that the sale was legal.
-He added that his gallery had received many emails and phone calls from the UK, but said he thought it was right to sell the two pieces of artwork because it would keep them safe.
-The second Banksy that was going to be auctioned was a 2007 artwork called Wet Dog that was removed from a Bethlehem wall. Its estimated price is up to $800,000.
-Poundland said it had no idea who removed the 4ft x 5ft mural from the side of its shop.
-Banksy himself has not commented on the sale of Slave Labour, but he has condemned people who have tried to sell his artwork in the past.
-Stephan Keszler, the dealer at a 2011 auction in New York that also planned to sell Banky’s paintings, believes selling Banksy’s works without his permission is fair.
-“He does something on other people’s walls and houses without asking. The owner of the property can do whatever they want with it,” Keszler said.",353
-"A company from the Netherlands wants to turn dreams of reaching Mars into reality. The company, Mars One, plans to send four astronauts to the Red Planet to build a human colony in 2023. But there are two serious problems.
-Firstly, on Mars the astronauts’ bodies will have to adapt to gravity that is 38% of gravity on Earth. This would probably cause such a total change in their bones, muscles and circulation that the astronauts would no longer be able to survive on Earth. Secondly, they will have to say goodbye to all their family and friends, because there is no return ticket.
-The Mars One website says that the astronauts cannot expect to return. To return, they would need a rocket that can leave Mars. The rocket would need life support systems for a seven-month journey and would need to either join up with a space station or land safely on Earth.
-But the project has already had 10,000 applicants, according to the company’s Medical Director, Norbert Kraft. He told The Guardian that the applicants so far were aged 18 to at least 62 and, although they include women, they were mostly men.
-Mars One says that the astronauts must be resilient, adaptable, curious, trusting and resourceful. They must also be over 18. Mars One says that the basic things people need to live are already present on the planet. For example, they can take water from ice in the soil and Mars has sources of nitrogen, the primary element in the air we breathe. The colony will use solar panels to get power, it says.
-The project will cost around $6 billion. Some of this money could come from TV broadcasting rights. “The money made broadcasting the London Olympics was almost enough to pay for a mission to Mars,” Bas Lansdorp, the company’s founder, said.
-Another person who supports the project is Paul Römer, one of the creators of Big Brother, one of the first and most successful reality TV shows. “This mission to Mars could be the biggest media event in the world,” said Römer. “A reality show and a talent show, with no ending and the whole world watching.”
-Mars One wants to build a permanent human colony, according to its website. The first team would land on Mars in 2023 to begin building the colony, and a team of four astronauts would arrive every two years after that.
-But some people are sceptical of the project, and some people are worried about how astronauts might get to the planet and build a colony with all the life support and other things they need.
-The mission hopes to inspire people to “believe that all things are possible, that you can achieve anything,” like the Apollo moon landings.
-“Mars One believes it is not only possible but necessary that we build a permanent colony on Mars so that we can improve our understanding of the solar system, the origins of life, and our place in the universe,” it says.",354
-"James Bond films are one of the world’s longest running and most successful film series, with 23 movies and more than $6bn earned at box offices around the world. But James Bond shows no signs of slowing down. In fact, Bond is more popular than ever, after the record-breaking performance of Skyfall, which became the biggest ever film at the UK box office in 2012, earning a total of $1.1bn.
-For this reason, there was a lot of interest surrounding the announcement of a few more details about the 24th Bond film – especially its official title, Spectre. The number one question is: can Spectre repeat Skyfall’s success?
-Charles Gant, film editor for Heat magazine, says it is heading in the right direction. “Skyfall was a brilliant strategic move,” he says. “It was simultaneously modern and retro. It appealed to fans of Daniel Craig and it also engaged the older, more nostalgic Bond fans, who may have lost interest over the previous few films. With the new title,” he adds, “it is certain to be a success.”
-It seems that Eon Productions, the company originally founded in 1961 to make Dr No and that is behind all the “official” Bonds, is doing all it can to ensure another success – they are installing the key creative talent behind Skyfall on Spectre. Daniel Craig will play Bond at least until film 25 and the same writers have produced the script.
-But it’s getting Sam Mendes as director again that gives Bond fans the most hope. A director mainly known for character studies such as American Beauty and Revolutionary Road, Mendes has taken the Bond series to new heights. Gant says: “Mendes managed to engage with both the modern and the traditional Bond audience, and he also attracted top actors like Ralph Fiennes. Actors like Fiennes will only agree to be in a film if they like the director.”
-Though the Bond series was not in trouble before Mendes’s arrival – and Craig’s – there was a certain amount of staleness towards the end of Pierce Brosnan’s time as Bond. The series had survived the drying up of original Bond stories to adapt, and the movies were no longer anything like the Ian Fleming originals, but they were lacking dynamism.
-This cycle, however, was nothing new: the history of the Bond series has been one of ebb and flow, revolving most obviously around the lead actor: first, Sean Connery; then, successively, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Brosnan and, now, Craig. Each new Bond has been a response to the state of the series, and some have been more successful than others.
-Lazenby only lasted a single film and Dalton’s two efforts, The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill, were during a period in the late 80s when the 007 movie was eclipsed by more aggressive, slick Hollywood action movies. According to Gant, “the period of Roger Moore’s last films, and the Dalton period, didn’t really excite audiences. Brosnan was more successful commercially, but Craig has taken Bond to new levels. On the other hand, the early Bonds were incredibly commercial films, sexy and exciting, and there was very little like them.”
-Skyfall made more money than all the other Bond films. However, the performance of some of the 1960s films was almost as brilliant by comparison. If you adjust the figures for inflation, the 1965 release, Thunderball, is only just below Skyfall, while Goldfinger and You Only Live Twice both did better than the other Craig films (and the 70s Bonds, The Spy Who Loved Me and Live and Let Die, did better, too). By this calculation, Licence to Kill is the worst-performing of all Bonds, with Moore’s final film, A View to a Kill, the second least successful.
-Nevertheless, the Bond brand has remained very powerful over the years and Eon has had to fight off attempts by rival companies to capitalize on the popularity of the series. Through a quirk of rights ownership, adaptations of Casino Royale (in 1967) and Thunderball (as Never Say Never Again, in 1983) were released in competition with Eon productions. After legal disputes that continued for many years, Eon now has full control of both books.
-Martin Campbell was another experienced British director and he was able to plan one of the most elaborate stunts in Bond history. In the famous opening scene of Goldeneye (released in 1995), Bond freefalls into a pilotless light aeroplane. This scene really helped modernize the series and increase its popularity. Moreover, a whole new generation was reached through a hugely successful Goldeneye video-game spin-off, which made a significant contribution to perceptions that the Bond film was no longer stale and old-fashioned.",355
-"On one day in August, one in seven people on Earth, 1 billion people, used Facebook, according to founder Mark Zuckerberg. In ten years, the social network has changed people’s relationships, privacy, their businesses, news media, helped to end unfair governments and even changed the meaning of common words.
-“A more open and connected world is a better world,” wrote Zuckerberg.
-These are just some of the ways his company changed everything – for better or worse.
-1. Facebook has changed the definition of “friend”
-“To friend” is now a verb. In real life, it is difficult to end a friendship but, on Facebook, it is easy to “unfriend” someone. “To unfriend” is a word invented to describe ending contact with a Facebook friend. The meanings of the words “share” and “like” are the same but Facebook has made the words more important to us.
-School and university reunions are unnecessary – you already know whose job is going well and you’ve seen pictures of your schoolfriends’ babies. You won’t be surprised if you see an ex in the street with a new girlfriend or boyfriend: you already know they’re with someone else because you’ve seen the romantic selfies.
-In real life, some friends are more important than others but, on Facebook, all friends have the same importance. A classmate from university who you haven’t seen for 15 years, a friend-of-a-friend from a party or a colleague you’ve never spoken to – they are all Facebook friends in the same way as your best friend, or your husband or wife, or your mum. It doesn’t mean we see them the same way. Professor Robin Dunbar is famous for his research that says a person can only have about 150 people in their social group. Facebook hasn’t changed that yet, he believes. But Dunbar says he fears it is so easy to end friendships on Facebook that, one day, people may not need to learn to get on with each other.
-2 We care less about privacy
-Most young people are happy to give Facebook their personal details. Ninety-one per cent post a photo of themselves, 71% post the city or town where they live, more than half give email addresses and a fifth give their phone number.
-More than 80% list their interests, which allows companies to try to sell things to them. But most young users limit who can see their profiles – 60% allow friends only.
-3 Facebook has created millions of jobs – but not in its own offices
-Michael Tinmouth has worked with companies such as Vodafone and Microsoft. He says, “Thanks to Facebook, companies have a better understanding of their customers than ever before. The data available is extraordinary. You know who your customers are and who they are friends with and what they think about your company.”
-And advertisers pay a lot for that. Facebook earned $3.32 billion from advertising.
-Facebook can also be dangerous for companies. Suddenly, customers don’t simply complain on the phone or on a small internet forum – angry customers can post their complaints for hundreds of their friends to see or even on the company’s own page.
-4 Facebook has been the tool to organize revolutions
-Organizing demonstrations has been revolutionized by Facebook. Manchester University’s Olga Onuch found that half of all the Euromaidan protesters in Ukraine had got their information from Facebook.
-Many people told Onuch that they needed Facebook to read the truth about what was happening – they don’t trust traditional media.
-5 Facebook makes news, breaks news and decides what is news
-About 71% of 18- to 24-year-olds and 63% of all users say they get news from the internet. About a third of Facebook users post about politics and government.
-Most people will first read an item of news on Facebook or other social media, mostly on mobiles.",356
-"The critics usually analyse the novels of well-known British author David Mitchell in detail. But, he is not worried about the critics this time. He completed his latest book at 1am one Tuesday morning before a car arrived to take him to the airport to catch a flight to Norway. No one will see this novel until 2114.
-Mitchell is the second author to be part of the Future Library project. For the project, they planted 1,000 trees in 2014 in Oslo’s Nordmarka forest. The first author, Margaret Atwood, gave the manuscript of a text called Scribbler Moon to the project in 2015. Each year for the next hundred years, an author will write a novel that people will only read in 2114, when the trees are cut down to make paper to make the books.
-Each author will travel to the place in the forest high above Oslo, where they will give their manuscripts to the project in a short ceremony.
-“It’s a little bit of hope at a time when there is lots of very depressing news. It shows that we have a chance of civilization in a hundred years,” said Mitchell. “Everything is telling us that we’re doomed but the Future Library brings hope that we are stronger than we think: that we will be here, that there will be trees, that there will be books and readers, and civilization.”
-Mitchell said that writing this book made him feel free “because I won’t be around to know if people think it’s good or bad. But, before me was Margaret Atwood and next year I’m sure there will be another brilliant writer. So my book had better be good. I would look such a fool if they opened my book in 2114 and it wasn’t any good.”
-Mitchell says that he usually “polishes and polishes” his writing. “I polish too much. But, this was very different – I wrote till the final minute. So, the first two-thirds are polished and the final third I didn’t have time. And, I felt free.”
-The creator of the Future Library asked writers to write on “the theme of imagination and time”. Mitchell revealed only the name of the manuscript, From Me Flows What You Call Time , during a ceremony in the Norwegian woods next to where the 1,000 trees are planted. The title comes from a piece of music by Japanese composer Toru Takemitsu. Mitchell only told us that his book is “longer than I thought it would be.” He said nothing more.
-In the forest, Mitchell read a short story and a poem. This small section of forest will be carefully managed for the next 98 years before it becomes Future Library’s manuscripts.
-“How vain to think my writing will be of interest to future generations. But, it is the opposite of vain to work hard on a manuscript that nobody will ever congratulate you for and say: 'Good job' or 'I loved the bit where she did that and he did this ...'” Mitchell wrote.
-They will seal his manuscript and put it next to Atwood’s manuscript in a room in Oslo’s new public library, which will open in 2019. The manuscript is now, says the author, “gone from me like a coin I’ve dropped in a river”.",357
-"It was a beautiful summer evening and I decided to go for a swim off Doolin Pier in County Clare, Ireland, where I moved in 2012. There was a woman in the water with Dusty, a dolphin who has a great relationship with a group of people she regularly swims with. Dusty arrived in Doolin in about 2008 and hundreds of people have swum with her since, giving the impression that she’s totally tame.
-That evening, the woman was tickling Dusty’s tummy and it just looked so inviting. There were about 20 tourists and locals on the pier, looking at this lovely spectacle. Just after I got into the water, Dusty left the woman she was with and went crazy – I found out afterwards that she’s very territorial when she is with somebody. Her tail was flapping wildly and, at first, I thought it was a display but, then, I realized she was angry. I knew I had to get out of the water so I swam towards the pier but, within seconds, Dusty had crashed into me with her snout. It was very powerful and painful, and the speed was amazing. I was pushed forwards violently.
-All the people on the pier were staring down at me open-mouthed. Dusty was still in the water beside me, her tail flapping crazily. That was more frightening than anything: I thought, if she hits me with her tail, I could go under and drown.
-I was at the pier but couldn’t get out because of my injuries. I felt pure terror. I shouted for help and a guy put his arm in and pulled me out on to the steps. Then, another man appeared and said he was an orthopaedic surgeon. He had been driving into Doolin when he saw what was happening on the pier. I was so cold and very worried – I didn’t know how bad my injuries were and my biggest fear was internal bleeding. He checked me over and said he couldn’t feel any evidence of bleeding but that I probably had broken bones. I found out later that I had six spinal fractures, three broken ribs and a damaged lung.
-I was in hospital for five days and off work for five months with limited mobility and pain. Then, I was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress. My near-death experience had left me anxious about everything. I felt that people were looking at me in the wrong way, I began to struggle with loud noises and I suffered from memory loss. Three months before the accident, I had opened a health-food shop but I had to let it go because I could no longer work.
-It was the hardest year ever but, now, it’s all behind me. I had therapy, osteopathy and massage, and am building up my own osteopathy practice now. I have a new empathy with patients because I have been one.
-I am grateful that I am healthy and I really want to prevent other people being injured. We have this lovely idea about dolphins and have faith in them – who would think a dolphin would ever attack a person? If you see a fierce animal coming towards you with its teeth bared, it’s scary, but dolphins have this lovely, wide smile.
-I don’t have any anger towards Dusty. I respect her. But I was in her territory and she’s a wild, unpredictable animal. People need to know that. So many come here to swim with her and they don’t understand how dangerous it can be. Several other people were injured that summer.
-After the man pulled me out of the water, Dusty swam away but, then, she came back and was looking at me. Our eyes met and I felt there was complete remorse in her. She was a totally different dolphin; the anger had gone. The people on the pier were in awe. When she had that little moment with me, that was the end of the terror. I made my peace with her.",358
-"David Mitchell, a regular contender for the Man Booker literary prize, is used to his novels being picked over by the critics. So, it’s something of a relief, says the British author, that his latest work – completed at 1am one Tuesday morning before a car arrived to take him to the airport to catch a flight to Norway – won’t be seen by anyone until 2114.
-Mitchell is the second contributor to the Scottish artist Katie Paterson’s Future Library project, for which 1,000 trees were planted in 2014 in Oslo’s Nordmarka forest. Starting with Margaret Atwood, who handed over the manuscript of a text called Scribbler Moon in 2015, each year for the next 100 years, an author will deliver a piece of writing that will only be read in 2114, when the trees are chopped down to make paper on which the 100 texts will be printed.
-Each author – their names revealed year by year and chosen by a panel of experts and Paterson, while she is alive – will make the trek to the spot in the forest high above Oslo, where they will surrender their manuscripts in a short ceremony.
-“It’s a little glimmer of hope in a season of highly depressing news cycles, which affirms we are in with a chance of civilization in a hundred years,” said Mitchell. “Everything is telling us that we’re doomed but the Future Library is a candidate on the ballot paper for possible futures. It brings hope that we are more resilient than we think: that we will be here, that there will be trees, that there will be books and readers, and civilization.”
-Mitchell said he found writing the book “quite liberating because I won’t be around to take the consequences of this being good or bad ... But, I’m sandwiched between Margaret Atwood and no doubt some other brilliant writer. So, it better be good. What a historic fool of epochal proportions I’d look if they opened it in 2114 and it wasn’t any good.”
-Usually, says Mitchell, who was shortlisted for the Man Booker for his novels number9dream and Cloud Atlas, he “polishes and polishes” his writing. “Actually, I over-polish. But, this was very different – I wrote up to the wire. So, the first two-thirds were polished and the final third I didn’t have time. And, it was a liberation.”
-Future Library creator, Paterson, whose past works have involved her mapping dead stars and compiling a slide archive of the history of darkness through the ages, asked the writers to tackle “the theme of imagination and time, which they can take in so many directions”. Mitchell revealed only the name of the manuscript, From Me Flows What You Call Time, during a ceremony in the Norwegian woods next to where Paterson’s 1,000 trees are planted. The title is taken from a piece of music by Japanese composer Toru Takemitsu but, other than admitting that “it’s somewhat more substantial a thing than I was expecting”, the author would say nothing.
-Handing over his text in the forest, sheltered from the intermittent rain by an umbrella and amid the foot-high shoots of 1,000 pine trees, Mitchell read his damp audience of children and adults a short story and William Wordsworth’s A slumber did my spirit seal. Its ending, “Rolled round in earth’s diurnal course / With rocks, and stones, and trees”, felt appropriate in this small section of forest, carpeted with blueberry bushes, which will be carefully tended to for the next 98 years before it is turned into Future Library’s manuscripts.
-“How vain to suppose the scribblings of little old me will be of enduring interest to future generations. Yet, how low-key and understated, to slave over a manuscript that nobody will ever pat you on the back for and say: ‘Nice one’ or ‘God, I loved the bit where she did that and he did this... ’” Mitchell wrote in a piece for the Future Library.
-His manuscript, now delivered, will be sealed and placed alongside Atwood’s in a wood-lined room in Oslo’s new public library, which will open in 2019. Watched over by a trust of experts until it is finally printed, it is now, says the novelist, “as gone from me as a coin dropped in a river”.",359
-"Striding on stage, Donald Trump had a surprisingly humble confession to make for someone defying all the laws of political gravity.
-“Unless we win, it doesn’t mean a damn thing,” the would-be Republican presidential nominee warned a campaign rally in South Carolina, despite finishing his fourth month in a row at the top of the opinion polls. “I want to pick my date for the election. I want it next Tuesday,” he confided to the 11,000-strong crowd – typical of the grassroots support that needs to flourish into March 2016 for him to win the nomination, let alone November’s general election. Such moments of self-doubt are fleeting, quickly replaced by the now-familiar bombast of a billionaire whose status as a “winner” has become his defining policy platform.
-Trump is not the only one beginning to wonder whether his improbable campaign can confound the pundits and go the distance, particularly after a burst of recent controversy only seemed to cement his polling lead over bewildered rivals. Conventional wisdom holds that any one of these outbursts would have sunk most politicians by now.
-First, there was the time he outraged prisoners of war by doubting the heroism of Vietnam veteran John McCain because he allowed himself to be captured. Then, there was the first television debate, where he insulted Fox News moderator, Megyn Kelly, because she asked him difficult questions.
-As if PoWs, Fox News and women were not enemies enough, Trump has also insulted Mexican immigrants to the US, claimed that a Black Lives Matter protester who was violently ejected from a rally deserved to be “roughed up”, appeared to mock a New York Times journalist for his disability and falsely accused Muslim Americans of cheering on the 9/11 attackers.
-Trump has complained that many of these incidents were exaggerated by the political media, 70% of whom, he says, are “scum”. But, he has nonetheless refused to retract any of the comments. “I could have said, 'Oh, I misspoke', but I am not big on that,” Trump told the crowd in South Carolina. Some rivals still hope that, eventually, even Trump’s supporters will tire of what critics view as his relentless attacks on minorities in particular. One poll shows his support among Republicans down by 12 points – although, at 31%, he still leads the field.
-Other opponents question whether there is much overarching political ideology to Trump. “He is an egomaniac; he’s a narcissist. He’s not a conservative, he’s not a liberal – he believes in himself,” former presidential rival, Bobby Jindal, told the Guardian, shortly before dropping out of the race.
-Liz Mair, a Republican strategist organizing an anti- Trump fundraising committee, worries that many of the comments seen as gaffes by the liberal media are, in fact, carefully designed to boost his standing with his core constituency. “I personally think it’s best that people who don’t like Trump and his policies do some work to try to actively undercut him,” she says. “And not just pray for him to commit real political suicide.”
-Yet, there is more to Trump than attention-grabbing outrage. As he delights in telling supporters, the three issues that he rails against most – immigration reform, free-trade deals and Barack Obama’s national security policy – have become perhaps the defining issues of the election.
-His policies for deporting every undocumented immigrant in the US and demanding that Mexico pays for a border wall – “A real wall. A very tall wall, taller than that ceiling.” – might sound unrealistic but they have arguably destroyed the campaign hopes of Jeb Bush, who favours immigration reform.
-So what might it take to stop Trump? One source of optimism among opponents is the strong evidence that polls this far away from election day are an average of eight percentage points out, simply because most people have not made up their minds. Among Americans who identify as Republicans, current polls suggest he has 25-30% of the vote.
-In the battle for hearts and minds, converting Trump’s passionate supporters will be hard. To blunt his lead, another candidate would need to tap into his support base without jeopardizing their own. Polling experts believe this to be unlikely, as it is hard to imagine anyone doing Trump better than Trump, let alone anyone doing Trump without sacrificing their own support.
-This scenario can be best understood by looking at responses to the question: “Are there any of these candidates you would definitely not support for the Republican nomination for president?” While 20-30% of voters say they would support Trump, another 20-30% say they definitely would not.
-Steve Deace, a prominent Iowa conservative, said that Trump’s antics are “both a good and a bad thing. On one hand, it produces a loyal following that is attracted to that persona which will not leave you. On the other hand, it limits your ability to grow beyond that.”
-Top Republican pollster, Frank Luntz, believes Trump speaks for voters who, for the first time, feel as if they have a mouthpiece and like the fact that they feel like they are being heard. As the pollster notes: “Trump says what they’re thinking and, the more outrageous he is, the more they agree with him. He’s saying what no politician would say and that’s another reason they like him.”
-That is certainly the feeling among ordinary supporters who have attended his increasingly packed campaign events in recent months.
-“I like the way he speaks,” says Sandra Murray of Dubuque, Iowa. “This country is a huge mess and we need to get out of this and, honestly, he could be the man to do it.”
-Other supporters offer a simpler explanation. “He’s not afraid of anybody or anything. That’s pretty cool.”",360
-"Imagine that you read a headline 'Fit in four minutes' in a health magazine. Would you believe it? Well, Dr Izumi Tabata’s training programme – 20 seconds of intensive effort, ten seconds of rest, repeat eight times – promises that it is possible to be fit with just 88 minutes of training a week.
-Tabata remembers the first time he tested his training system on his university students in the early 1990s. “After four minutes’ hard exercise they were completely exhausted. They were almost dead! But after six weeks they saw the results and were surprised. We all were surprised.”
-Tabata created his training programme after he watched Japan’s speed skating team in the early 1990s. He saw that short bursts of very hard exercise were as effective as hours of normal exercise. Tabata tried to prove this with a simple experiment. One group of students did an hour of cardiovascular exercise on an exercise bike five times a week. The other group did a ten-minute warm-up on the bike, then four minutes of Tabata training, four times a week – plus one 30-minute session of exercise with two minutes of Tabata.
-The results were very surprising. After six weeks of testing, the group who did Tabata’s plan – exercising for just 88 minutes a week – increased their anaerobic capacity by 28% and their VO 2 max by 15%. The other group, who trained for five hours every week, also improved their VO 2 max, but only by 10%. But their training had no effect on their anaerobic capacity.
-But you have to work very, very hard. You can’t sit on a machine, chewing gum and reading HELLO! magazine. You have to do intensive bursts of activity on an exercise bike or rowing machine, explosive bodyweight exercises, sprints and so on. Remember how you felt after doing a 100m sprint at school? Imagine doing eight sprints with only a ten-second break between them.
-“Full effort at 170% of your VO 2 max is the basis of the programme,” says Tabata. “If you feel OK afterwards you’ve not done it properly. The first three repetitions will feel easy but the last two will feel impossible. In the original plan, we wanted eight repetitions, but some people could only do six or seven.”
-One person on an online forum wrote: “Most people cannot do it correctly and they shouldn’t even try.” Tabata doesn’t completely agree. “Everyone can do it but beginners should start with educated trainers so that they don’t work too hard,” he explains. He also says that his programme burns an extra 150 calories in the 12 hours after exercise. Most people use it to get fit or to get even fitter, but the programme also burns fat.
-So, it’s a little surprising that at the moment only serious athletes are doing the programme. This may change because Tabata says there will soon be Tabata instructors and a series of DVDs at the end of the year. “I decided to do this because I often go on YouTube and some people are doing it wrong because they don’t understand how hard they need to work,” says Tabata.
-So, should we all start using Tabata in our fitness programmes? Richard Scrivener, a former rugby fitness coach, says that you should not stop your usual training; Tabata training is something extra. “Runners, for example, need to run a lot of miles in their training,” he says. “But they could do fewer long runs by introducing Tabata training. This will give their bodies the chance to rest and recover, especially if they have injuries.”
-Gym fans can benefit by doing three strength sessions and three Tabatas a week. And the rest of us can slowly increase the number of sessions, but we know that it will never get easier because every session needs maximum effort. That’s the programme: it is hard – but it works.",361
-"Angry waiters are asking people to support their battle to keep their tips. Protesters plan to target PizzaExpress restaurants, to try to get the restaurant chain to stop taking a percentage of tips for staff that have been paid on credit and debit cards. Protesters have also started an online petition – they hope that people who go to the restaurants will support them.
-Some employees are very angry because PizzaExpress keeps, as an admin fee, 8p out of every £1 paid when tips are given by card. The chain, which has 430 restaurants in the UK, earns around £1 million a year from this practice, according to the union Unite.
-“We believe this 8% fee is unfair. If the chain values its staff, it should pay them the total tips from customers,” said Chantal Chegrinec of Unite. “We are starting with PizzaExpress but they are not the only company who do this. And we will target other companies after this.”
-The first protest will take place at a PizzaExpress restaurant at the British Museum in London. Unite did a survey of PizzaExpress staff after a Chinese company bought the chain in 2014. Lots of the staff complained about the 8% deduction from their tips so that’s why Unite began the campaign.
-One angry PizzaExpress employee, who does not want to give her name, said that the admin fee cost her £3 a night. “I have worked at PizzaExpress for 15 years,” she said in a letter to Unite. “After all this time, I’m still only paid the national minimum wage of £6.50 an hour. So you see my colleagues and I need customer tips to increase our low wages. I work hard and am good at my job but, when PizzaExpress thinks it can take a percentage of our tips, I get upset.”
-Restaurant chains Ask and Zizzi also deduct 8% of the tips paid by card. But other chains deduct even more. Café Rouge, Bella Italia and Belgo deduct 10%; Strada and Giraffe do, too.
-A spokesperson for PizzaExpress said that the money they take from tips pays for a system that they use to share the tips among staff. “Staff use this system to decide how to share tips made by card,” she said.
-The chain sells 29 million pizzas a year in its UK restaurants. It says it does not make a profit from the admin fee. But other restaurant groups do not deduct an admin fee from tips. Wagamama, Pizza Hut and TGI Friday all take nothing. Frankie & Benny’s, Chiquitos and Garfunkels used to take 10% but stopped years ago.
-Unite recently targeted ten PizzaExpress restaurants in south London. They distributed leaflets to customers – the customers were “shocked and disgusted ” by the practice. PizzaExpress says they mention the admin fee at the bottom of the menus. But the employee who wrote to Unite said that customers were always surprised by the admin fee. Most customers then paid the tip in cash. Almost 6,000 people have signed Unite’s online petition.
-One waiter said that at least a third of his money is from tips. He doesn’t work for PizzaExpress but has worked for 11 years for another restaurant chain. “I work in a busy London restaurant and I usually serve 150 people every night. I earn £40 to £50 in tips,” he says. “That seems like a lot but that money is very important to me because my basic pay is only £6.50 an hour.”",362
-"'The age of the big British summer music festival, including Glastonbury, is ending, according to the top rock manager Harvey Goldsmith.
-He has produced and worked with most of the western world’s biggest music stars, including the Who, the Rolling Stones, Queen, Madonna, Bob Dylan and Luciano Pavarotti. He says that the biggest problem is a serious lack of major new bands to follow on from the old ones.
-“The age of the music festival peaked about two years ago,” he said, speaking at the Hay Festival of Literature and Arts in Wales. “There are too many festivals and there are not enough big bands to headline them. That is a big, big problem for us. And we are not producing new bands that can headline – like the Rolling Stones, Muse, even the Arctic Monkeys.”
-There were about 900 music festivals in the UK between May and September in 2014, he said, and they cannot all continue. There will be lots of small combination festivals where it isn’t just music but also poetry or books or magic shows.
-Goldsmith, 69, said that he is working with Robin de Levita, the Dutch producer of the Who’s 1970s rock musical Tommy. They will bring the first stage adaptation of the teen book and movie series The Hunger Games to a new 1,100-seat theatre in Wembley, London, in June 2016.
-Talking at Hay, Goldsmith also revealed some of the secrets of his long career in the music industry. He said that Keith Moon put dynamite down a Sydney hotel room toilet to unblock it. And, he said that John Lennon had stage fright at Madison Square Garden in 1974 – he vomited and they had to push him onto the stage. “It’s bizarre how common stage fright is among artists. It’s odd how afraid they get but, as soon as the music starts, they’re fine,” he said.'
-He also gave the answer to a rock ’n’ roll mystery: why Elvis Presley never performed outside North America. Presley’s manager, Colonel Tom Parker, told Goldsmith that the real reason why Elvis never performed in England was because Parker was an immigrant.
-“He explained that it was because he was an illegal Dutch immigrant. He didn’t want to risk leaving the US,” said Goldsmith.
-And his ultimate rock ’n’ roll performer? “Freddie Mercury was our most powerful stage performer, the best live performer we’ve ever had.”
-But there is no group to follow Queen, he said. “We’re not producing a new generation of this kind of band. Coldplay is probably the last one and that was ten years ago.
-“So, with no big bands to headline, there are no big shows. Glastonbury now can’t find any more big bands. The time of big music festivals is really ending.”",363
-"Swedish prisons have long had a reputation around the world for being progressive. But are the country’s prisons a soft option?
-The head of Sweden’s prison and probation service, Nils Oberg, said in November 2013 that four Swedish prisons will close due to an “out of the ordinary” fall in prisoner numbers.
-Although there has been no fall in crime rates, between 2011 and 2012 there was a 6% fall in Sweden’s prisoner population, now a little over 4,500. A similar decrease is expected in 2013 and 2014. Oberg said he was puzzled by the unexpected fall, but hoped that the reason was to do with how his prisons are run. “We certainly hope that the efforts we put into rehabilitation and preventing criminals from reoffending has made a difference,” he said.
-“The modern prison service in Sweden is very different from when I joined as a young prison officer in 1978,” says Kenneth Gustafsson, governor of Kumla Prison, Sweden’s most secure jail, 130 miles west of Stockholm. However, he doesn’t think the system has gone soft. “When I joined, the focus was very much on humanity in prisons. Prisoners were treated well – maybe too well, some might say. But, after a number of escapes in 2004, we had to place more emphasis on security.”
-The Swedes still have a humane approach to sentencing, even of the most serious offenders: jail sentences are not usually more than ten years. Those who receive life imprisonment can still apply to the courts after a decade to have the sentence changed to a fixed sentence, usually between 18 and 25 years. Sweden was the first country in Europe to introduce the electronic tagging of convicted criminals and continues to keep prison sentences short wherever possible by using community-based measures. These have been effective at stopping criminals from reoffending.
-The overall reoffending rate in Sweden is between 30 and 40% over three years – to compare that with another European country, the number is around half that of the UK. One thing that has kept reoffending down and the number of prisoners in Sweden below 70 per 100,000 people is that the age of criminal responsibility is 15. In the UK, for example, children aged ten to 17 and young people under the age of 21 have the highest reoffending rates. In Sweden, no young person under the age of 21 can be sentenced to life – this is not the case in many other countries – and they try to keep young offenders out of prison.
-One strong reason for the fall in prison numbers might be the amount of post-prison support available in Sweden. A government-run probation service supervises people on probation and provides treatment programmes for offenders with drug, alcohol or violence problems. The service is helped by around 4,500 members of the public who volunteer to befriend and support offenders under supervision.
-I spoke to a former prisoner who now runs a group called X-Cons Sweden. Peter Soderlund served almost three years of a four-year sentence for drug and weapons offences before he was released in 1998. He was helped by an organization run by other former prisoners called Kris (Criminals’ Return Into Society).
-Both organizations work with the same goal: helping prisoners successfully fit back into society after they have been released. And what is life like for the prisoner in Sweden? “When I was inside, I was lucky.” says Soderlund. “In Osteraker Prison, where I served my sentence, we were treated well. But I knew that not all Swedish prisons were like that. I met so many people in there who needed help – after I received help from Kris, I knew I wanted to help others. With X-Cons, we meet them at the prison gate and support them into accommodation and offer a network of support.”
-“In Sweden, we believe very much in the idea of rehabilitation,” says Gustafsson. “Of course, there are some people who will not or cannot change. But, in my experience, the majority of prisoners want to change and we must do what we can to help them.”",364
-"Introduction
-Did you know that, in the UK, there is no legal requirement for restaurants to pass on tips to staff? It’s a fact that’s covered in a government-led review, released in May 2016, in which workers, employers and customers were asked their views on the tipping process. Off the back of it, ministers said they were keen to change rules and make sure low-paid workers get the money left for them by grateful customers. The government have announced a two-month consultation on proposals that they said would stamp out unfairness.
-Among the review’s revelations was the fact that some waiters are charged up to a 15% administration fee on tips they are left by credit or debit cards. In some restaurants, the government has seen evidence of waiters being forced to hand over their own cash, if they don’t collect enough tips, to cover these fees. The government said it would consider prohibiting employers from charging workers an admin fee or any other deductions.
-The government also said that it wanted customers to know that tips are voluntary, calling for the system to be made more transparent, with restaurants clearly displaying their tips policy.
-We asked waiters around the UK what they think of the tipping process (including how much they take home from tips and whether it’s fair) and what would improve it for them.
-1. Rodri, 37, London: 'Around 50% of a waiter’s income is tips'
-Average tips: £60 per eight-hour shift
-I think they treat waiters best in ... the US Everything has got fairer since the tipping scandal was exposed in the summer of 2015. This is when it was revealed that dozens of restaurants were exposed for skimming tips from staff for administration fees. However, you still hear horror stories from new employees at some chains. I’ve heard of restaurants not paying their chefs a share of the tronc (a payment arrangement used to distribute tips). Some restaurants will take 4% of all sales to pay the chefs and as an admin fee. So, if you sell £1,000 worth of food, the company will take £40. This is regardless of how much you make in tips. This means that if a table has a £100 bill and doesn’t tip, the waiter has to pay £4 of their own money. This leads to a money-grabbing culture and, ironically, to bad service. If a table doesn’t tip, the waiter feels as if they are being robbed by the company and ends up resenting the customers.
-I can average around £60 in tips per shift but, on a good night, this goes up to over £100 and, on a poor night, it’s around £40. Around 50% of a waiter’s income is tips. All restaurants should have to publicly state their exact tipping procedure. America has it pretty good – everyone tips.
-2. Elle, 22, Edinburgh: 'We never know whether it’s fair'
-Average tips: £20 per eight-hour shift
-I think they treat waiters best in ... France
-I work three jobs, all on part-time zero-hours contracts, in catering and hospitality. My main day job is in a café where the small number of staff work both front of house and in the kitchen so all our tips get put in a pot and shared equally. My main evening job is at a restaurant where we don’t get our tips but our wages are minimum wage plus an extra £2.50 per hour (which apparently has been worked out to account for average tips when shared with the kitchen staff). My third job is events catering and nobody ever tips.
-In restaurants, because a lot of customers add tips through card payments, the staff never actually see how much is getting tipped – so we don’t know whether we’re getting our fair share or not. The system seems better in France, where they don’t tip much but waiting tables is seen as a proper job, offering job security and a decent income.
-3. Ashley, 22, London: 'Tips go towards customer breakages'
-Average tips: £10-15 per eight-hour shift
-I think they treat waiters best in ... Australia
-I work in a south-east London pub in the evenings and I do day shifts at a local restaurant. In both places, tips are all collected and shared out at the end of the night. Money is also taken from the tip jar to cover breakages by either staff or customers. If a member of the team gets off early, they will rarely see their tips because they are shared out just before the pub closes.
-It is incredibly unfair that our tips are shared out, especially when one member of the team underperforms. Equally, when a member of the team does incredibly well, they don’t get what they’ve earned. It’s really unfair that tips go towards breakages made by customers. The managers should have ways to pay for broken glasses and plates without docking our tips. I make around £20 a shift but would only be given £10-15 of that money. When I am tipped well, the tips hugely impact on my finances. Occasionally, I will earn over £50 in one night, which almost doubles my earnings for that day. However, I never get more than £30 of that money after it has been shared out. I really rely on tips because I am only paid £7 an hour.
-I’d rather we earned a good basic wage (like in Australia) and therefore didn’t have to rely on tips to make ends meet.
-4. Tom, Manchester: 'A big night of tips can help pay the rent'
-Average tips: £40 per eight-hour shift
-I think they treat waiters best in ... Italy
-Where I used to work, floor staff kept 80% of cash tips and 40% of card tips. The other 20% of cash went into a pot for the commis waiters and service bar. The 60% went into a tronc system, which helped boost kitchen salaries. I’m not actually sure if this was to help pay the agreed salary or provide bonuses.
-It’s hard to say how much I earned a shift; maybe around £40, £20 from card tips. It can make a massive change to your weekly finances. Sometimes, people needed a big night to be able to pay their rent.
-They have got tipping right in Italy, where people don’t add a service charge but usually round up their bill so, if they get a meal for €19, they leave a €20 note and don’t ask for change. They respect the staff and you often see people making a career out of waiting and the experience shows.",365
-"The European Parliament have said that health warnings will cover nearly two-thirds of cigarette packs and there will be a ban on menthol cigarettes in the EU.
-The EU will ban menthol and other flavours from 2022. MEPs also decided that most electronic cigarettes, which are more and more popular as alternatives to normal cigarettes, do not to be need regulated in the same way as medicines.
-The Department of Health and e-cigarette companies in Britain want to find out exactly what this means – for example, will e-cigarette companies be banned from advertising at sports events?
-The Department of Health said: “We are very pleased to see tougher action on smoking, with European controls banning flavoured cigarettes and the introduction of stricter rules on health warnings on cigarette packs.
-“But we are disappointed with the decision not to regulate nicotine-containing products (NCPs), including e-cigarettes, as medicines. We believe these products need to be regulated as medicines.
-“Smoking levels in England are at their lowest since records began – 19.5 per cent – but we want to reduce the numbers of people smoking even more and believe this important step will help.”
-UK e-cigarette companies, who were happy with the parliament’s vote, said they were already in talks with the Advertising Standards Authority. But they said that it would not be a good idea to ban all advertising.
-MEPs decided e-cigarettes should only be regulated as medical products if the e-cigarette companies said they could stop people from smoking.
-Other groups want e-cigarettes, used by about 1.3 million people in Britain, to be regulated in the same way as gums, patches and mouth sprays, which are aimed at helping smokers to quit.
-The MEPs voted to put health warnings on 65% of each cigarette pack. At the moment, the warnings cover at least 30% on the front and 40% on the back. The UK government has not decided if they will do the same as Australia and introduce standardized packaging. First, they want to know that this will stop people from smoking.
-The MEPs’ decision about the bigger health warnings on the packaging could become law in 2014.
-“The UK continues to believe that medicinal regulation of NCPs is best for public health,” said the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Authority.
-Linda McAvan, Labour MEP for Yorkshire and the Humber, said: “We know that it is children, not adults, who start smoking. There are fewer and fewer adult smokers in most EU countries, but there are more young smokers.”
-Martin Callanan, the Conservative MEP for North East England, said that banning e-cigarettes would have been totally crazy. “These are products that have helped many people stop smoking more harmful cigarettes.”
-British American Tobacco said the bigger health warnings were not necessary and that a ban on menthol cigarettes would make more people want to buy from the black market.",366
-"Scarlett Johansson is suing a French novelist for €50,000. She says that his work of fiction makes fraudulent claims about her personal life.
-La premiere chose qu’on regarde (The First Thing We Look At) by Grégoire Delacourt tells the story of a French model who looks so similar to the American actor that the book’s lead male character thinks it is Johansson herself. In the novel, the model’s looks mean that men see her only as a sex object, while women are jealous of her. She has a series of adventures as Johansson and, in the end, dies in a car crash.
-Johansson does not feel flattered by the bestselling book. Her lawyer, Vincent Toledano, told Le Figaro that Delacourt’s novel illegally used Ms Johansson’s name, her reputation and her image. He said the novel contains “defamatory claims about her private life.” He has now gone to court to try to stop the book being translated or adapted for cinema.
-Delacourt tried to explain that he chose to mention Johansson because she is “the archetype of beauty today.” He said: “I wrote a work of fiction. My character is not Scarlett Johansson.”
-On French radio, the author recently said the legal action was “rather sad”. He said: “It freaks me out to think that when you talk of a character in a novel, judges can get involved.”
-Delacourt is one of France’s best-loved authors; his previous novel, My List of Desires, was translated into 47 languages and is now being adapted into a film. But he said he was “speechless” when he found out Johansson was suing him.
-“I thought she’d get in contact to ask me to go for a coffee with her. I didn’t write a novel about a celebrity,” he said. “I wrote a real love story about feminine beauty, especially interior beauty.
-“If an author can no longer mention the things that surround us – a brand of beer, a monument, an actor – it’s going to be complicated to produce fiction.
-“I’m not sure she’s even read the novel because it hasn’t been translated yet.”
-Emmanuelle Allibert, spokeswoman for publisher JC Lattès, said taking legal action was “crazy”. “We have never known anything like it. It is all the more surprising because the novel is not even about Scarlett Johansson. It is about a woman who is Scarlett Johansson’s double.”
-Ironically, the author’s legal situation would be far easier if he had published the book in Johansson’s home country, rather than France. Lloyd Jassin, a New York lawyer, said that the case would most likely not go to court in the United States because the book would be protected by the First Amendment.
-He said that, if there’s significance and literary merit to using her name in the book, the First Amendment would protect the author’s right to do so. However, in France, the legal position is more complicated and personality rights are taken “much more seriously,” Jassin says.
-“I thought she might send me flowers as the book was a declaration of love for her, but she didn’t understand,” Delacourt said.",367
-"We have all become familiar with wildlife emergencies such as the threatened extinction of the tiger in India, the orangutan in Indonesia and the panda. They are well-loved animals that no one wants to see disappear. But, now, scientists fear the real impact of declining wildlife could be closer to home – they believe the threat to creatures such as ladybirds is a much greater danger to biodiversity.
-Climate change, falling numbers of animals, rising numbers of humans and the rapid rate of species extinction mean more and more scientists now believe that we are in the Anthropocene age – the geological age of extinction when humans finally dominate the ecosystems.
-A recent report by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) confirmed that worrying picture, with statistics on the world’s wildlife population that showed a dramatic reduction in numbers across numerous species. The report showed the number of vertebrates had declined by 52% over four decades. Biodiversity loss has now reached “critical levels”. Some populations of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians have suffered even bigger losses, with freshwater species declining by 76% over the same period. But it’s the creatures that provide the most “ecosystem services” that are getting many scientists really worried. Three quarters of the world’s food production is thought to depend on bees and other pollinators. Pandas may be cute and tigers beautiful but it’s worms that turn our waste into nutrients and bats that catch mosquitoes and keep malaria rates down.
-“It’s the loss of the common species that will impact on people, not so much the rarer creatures – because they are so rare, we’re not reliant on them in such an obvious way,” said macroecologist Dr Nick Isaac. He says that recent work he and colleagues have been doing suggests that Britain’s insects and other invertebrates are declining just as fast as vertebrates, with “serious consequences for humanity”. “The really interesting thing about this work is that we are learning that it’s not just about the numbers of species going extinct, but the actual numbers in a population; that’s the beginning of a fundamental shift in our understanding,” he says.
-He pointed to the fact that between 23 and 36% of all birds, mammals and amphibians used for food or medicine are now threatened with extinction. In many parts of the world, wildanimal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
-The blame, most people agree, is unsustainable human consumption damaging ecosystems, creating climate change and destroying habitats at a far faster rate than previously thought. But, this time, it’s not just the “big, cuddly mammals” we have to worry about losing but the smaller, less visible creatures upon which we depend – insects, creepy-crawlies and even worms. They might not be facing immediate extinction but a decline in their numbers will affect us all. “We are going to feel the impact of those losses. With the UK species, the pattern is much the same with invertebrates as it is with vertebrates. It’s not as simplistic as ‘fish die and people starve’ – it’s more complex,” said Isaac.
-Humans, said TV naturalist Sir David Attenborough in 2013, are a “plague on earth”, but the WWF claims there is still time to stop the decline. Its UK Chief Executive, David Nussbaum, said: “The scale of the destruction highlighted in this report should act as a wake-up call for us all. We all – politicians, business and people – have an interest, and a responsibility, to protect what we all value: a healthy future for people and nature.
-“Humans are cutting down trees more quickly than they can regrow, harvesting more fish than the oceans can restock, pumping water from our rivers and aquifers faster than rainfall can fill them again and emitting more carbon than the oceans and forests can absorb,” he said.",368
-"Robert Mysłajek stops. Between two paw prints on a mountain path, the scientist finds what he is looking for. “Droppings!” he says happily. It is so rare to see a wolf that seeing droppings makes it a good day.
-But it is getting easier to see a wolf. There are now about 1,500 wolves in Poland. The number has doubled in 15 years. The wolf, the brown bear, the lynx and the wolverine are Europe’s last large predator carnivores. Scientists from Britain, Germany and the Netherlands are coming here to find out how the country has saved wolves who have a bad reputation even in fairy tales.
-Bits of bone and hair stick out from the droppings. “It ate a red deer,” says Myslajek. “I can tell you all about this wolf – what it eats, if it’s a male or female, its sexual habits, age, health and family connections.”
-DNA tests have shown that Polish wolves are travellers. “One wolf walked to the Netherlands, where it was hit by a car. They travel very far. They need space. The average territory of a Polish pack is 250 square kilometres,” said Mysłajek.
-The scientist says wolves can move up to 30 kilometres during a single hunt. “The pack that he is tracking is a strong group of eight or nine animals. “This year, we have recorded five cubs, two young wolves and two adults.
-“We follow them using special cameras in the forest and by following their prints in the mud and snow. In each family group, only one pair of adults has cubs each year. All the wolves in the pack look after the young.”
-Mysłajek, the son of a shepherd, doesn’t understand wolves’ bad reputation. “Why did we have to have the fairy tale Little Red Riding Hood, with its big bad wolf?”
-He is fascinated by these animals, who remained in the wild 33,000 years ago when other types of dog decided on a much more comfortable life as pets.
-Mysłajek says only the need to save forests and control the wild animal population can save Europe’s wild carnivores, especially the unpopular wolf. “Natural predators balance the ecosystem. They reduce the number of herbivores, which allows trees to grow tall for birds to nest in.”
-The ban on wolf hunting in the western Carpathian mountains became law in 1995 and in the whole of Poland in 1998. There are now wolf packs in nearly all the country’s major forests where the wolves exist together with humans.
-The Polish government pays compensation to farmers when a wolf kills their farm animals. Mysłajek tells farmers to put up electric fences. He also tells them to use two things that wolves find scary: strings of small red flags (to keep wolves away from sheep) and the Tatra Mountain Sheepdog.
-Poland didn’t have many big roads until recently and this has helped wolves. In 1989, when the communists left power, Poland had only one motorway. Big road projects began after Poland joined the European Union in 2004 and they now have to consider wild animals.
-The way people think about wolves has also changed. “For many years, hunting was a part of life in Poland. In 1975, there were fewer than 100 wolves in Poland.”
-Mysłajek says that Polish wolves are much safer now but they are not completely safe. Packs go into neighbouring countries – Russia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Slovakia – where there is still hunting.
-He says Poland’s new government doesn’t like wolves. “The Environment Minister, Jan Szyszko, is a hunter. There are 120,000 hunters in Poland and they have a lot of influence.
-“It’s not easy to defend wolves. You can’t say to the politicians that wolves are a big tourist attraction. Most tourists want to see the animals but wolves stay away from humans. They have a very strong sense of smell.”",369
-"Sweden is the best country for older people, Afghanistan the worst – but general affluence does not necessarily mean better conditions for the over-60s, according to the first global index on ageing. While Sweden’s top ranking – followed by Norway, Germany, the Netherlands and Canada – may be predictable, the Global AgeWatch index throws up some surprising results.
-The US, the world’s richest country, is down in eighth place, while the UK fails to make the top ten at number 13. Sri Lanka ranks 36, well above Pakistan at 89, despite similar levels of gross domestic product (GDP). Bolivia and Mauritius score higher than the size of their economies may suggest, while the emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China are a mixed bag. Brazil and China rank relatively high on the index; India and Russia are much lower.
-“This survey shows that history counts,” said Mark Gorman, director of the HelpAge International advocacy group. “The top-ranked countries are what you would expect, but Scandinavian countries were not wealthy when they introduced universal pensions. The older population in Sri Lanka today is benefiting from good basic education and health care – those countries made certain policy choices. Everybody faces scarce resources, but they should not forget that, when they make investment decisions, they should also address issues of old age.”
-The index, developed with the UN Fund for Population and Development, spans 91 countries and 89% of the world’s older people. The survey comes amid a major demographic shift: by 2050, there are expected to be two billion people aged 60 and over, who will comprise more than a fifth of the world’s population.
-Population ageing – when older people account for an increasingly large proportion of people – is happening fastest in developing countries.
-More than two-thirds of older people live in poor countries; by 2050, this proportion is expected to be about four-fifths. While it took 115 years for the older population of France to double from 7% to 14% between 1865 and 1980, Brazil is likely to make the same shift between 2011 and 2032 – in just 21 years.
-The index shows that the fastest ageing countries – Jordan, Laos, Mongolia, Nicaragua and Vietnam, where the number of older people is predicted to more than triple by 2050 – fall into the lower half of the ranking, suggesting that policymakers need to tackle ageing head-on if they are to adequately support their populations.
-There are gender differences among ageing populations, with women generally outliving men. In 2012, for every 84 men aged 60 and over, there were 100 women. Lack of paid work (hence savings), less decision-making power in the family and vulnerability to violence contribute towards the disadvantage many women face in old age.
-However, if appropriate measures are implemented, population ageing does not inevitably lead to significantly higher health care spending, according to the report, which highlights the importance of long-term investments in education and health care for older people. Bolivia, ranked 46, despite being one of the poorest countries, has introduced progressive policies for older people, with a national plan on ageing, free health care and a non-contributory universal pension. Nepal, ranked 77, introduced a basic pension in 1995 for people over the age of 70 without other pension income. Though limited in value and eligibility and with uneven coverage, it is an example of how a poor country has chosen to make a start in addressing poverty in old age.
-Good basic health care introduced decades ago in Chile and Costa Rica has served the ageing populations of those countries. A good education system – basic literacy is crucial for older people as they deal with the pensions bureaucracy – is of great benefit later in life. In the Philippines, older people have benefited from the educational reforms introduced after independence in 1946, which made elementary and high school education compulsory. The same is true for Armenia, which, like other countries of the former Soviet Union, benefited from a robust education system. South Korea, a surprisingly low 67 on the ageing index, performed worse than similar countries on a GDP-per-head basis, partly because it introduced a pension only recently.
-The ageing index is calculated using 13 indicators under four headings: income security, health care, employment and education, and an enabling environment. All indicators have equal weight, except for pension income coverage, life expectancy at 60, healthy life expectancy at 60 and psychological well-being. These categories were given increased weighting because of better data quality and countries were included only if there was sufficient data.
-Professor Sir Richard Jolly, creator of the human development index, said: “This groundbreaking index broadens the way we understand the needs and opportunities of older people through its pioneering application of human development methodology. It challenges countries in every part of the world to raise their sights as to what is possible.”",370
-"To tourists, Amsterdam still seems very liberal. Recently the city’s Mayor assured them that the city’s marijuana-selling coffee shops would stay open despite a new national law to prevent drug tourism. But the Dutch capital’s plans to send nuisance neighbours to “scum villages” made from shipping containers may damage its reputation for tolerance.
-The Mayor, Eberhard van der Laan, says his controversial new £810,000 policy to deal with antisocial behaviour is to protect victims of abuse and homophobia. The camps, where antisocial families will be rehoused for three to six months, have been called “scum villages” because the policy is similar to proposals from Geert Wilders, the far-right politician, who last year said that “repeat offenders” should be “sent to a village for scum”.
-Bartho Boer, a spokesman for the Mayor, says that the plans are not illiberal. “We want to defend the liberal values of Amsterdam,” he says. “We want everyone to be who he and she is – whether they are gay and lesbian or resist violence and are then victims of harassment. We as a society want to defend them.” According to Boer, the villages are not for “a problem neighbour who has the stereo too loud on Saturday night” but “people who are extremely violent and intimidating and in a clear situation where a victim is being harassed again and again”.
-People found guilty of causing “extreme havoc” will be evicted and put in “basic” temporary homes, including converted shipping containers in industrial areas of the city. “We call it a living container,” says Boer. Housing antisocial families in these units, which have showers and kitchens and have been used as student accommodation, will mean that they are not “rewarded” for their behaviour by being put in better accommodation.
-Dutch newspaper the Parool has written that in the 19th century troublemakers were moved to villages in Drenthe and Overijssel, which rapidly became slums. But Boer insists that the government has learned from past mistakes and is not planning to house antisocial families together.
-It would be more accurate to call them “scum houses” than scum villages, says Boer, “because we don’t want to put more than one of these families in the same area”. After a maximum of six months in these houses, in different parts of the city, the families will be found permanent homes. The city government expects to move around ten families a year into this programme, which starts in 2013.
-The temporary accommodation will be heavily policed, but antisocial families will also have access to doctors, social workers and parole officers. “They are taken care of so the whole situation is not going to repeat at the new house they are in,” says Boer.",371
-"Brazil’s latest funk sensation, Anitta, has won millions of fans by taking the favela sound into the mainstream, but she is at the centre of a debate about skin colour.
-Anti-discrimination campaigners and social commentators say the music industry’s fastest rising star has had to sacrifice her blackness to make it into the predominantly white middle- class market.
-The controversy was prompted by the publication of then-and-now photographs that show a dramatic lightening of Anitta’s skin tone since she signed a deal with Warner.
-In the first, when she was relatively unknown, she looked darker. In the second – a marketing shot after she became famous – she seems paler. Whether this was the result of whitening products and cosmetic surgery or – more likely – Photoshop tweaks, the contrast has rekindled discussion about whether you need to be pale to get ahead in Brazil.
-Jarid Arraes, a psychology student and blogger, wrote a post criticizing the latent discrimination in media and marketing that she felt Anitta’s image change represented. “People refuse to accept that they are racist and they think they live in a multiracial democracy, but the statistics show that is far from the case. The whitening shows us a profoundly intolerant society that doesn’t support diversity. White is the image of the rich, the nice, the successful, the good, while people see black as the opposite of all that.”
-Born Larissa de Macedo Machado, the diva-to-be was a church chorister in her childhood. In her teens, she made a name for herself in Rio de Janeiro’s baile funk scene as a dancer and singer.
-She has now exploded into the public consciousness with an album and a huge hit single, Show das Poderosas , which topped the charts and attracted 52 million YouTube views.
-Though adored first and foremost as a pop idol with a strong message and some catchy tunes, her backers project her as a cultural bridge between the predominantly black and mixed-race shanty towns on Rio’s hillsides and the wealthier and whiter communities below.
-She has toned down the suggestive dancing, gangsta references and explicit lyrics of baile funk. Now, however, questions are being asked about whether she – or her marketing team – have gone too far in re-tailoring her image to attract a more lucrative demographic. “If pop stars have curly hair, they are going to feel coerced into straightening it. If they have a big nose, they will be coerced into getting rhinoplasty,” said Arraes. “It creates a vicious cycle for self-esteem.”
-This is a sensitive topic in this largely mixed-raced nation. Brazil – one of the last big countries in the world to ban slavery – has the largest population of African descent outside Africa, but race and ancestry are less important here than colour. And, despite the nation’s goal of being a multiracial democracy, there is a clear link between skin tone and inequality.
-In Brazilian cities, white workers earn roughly twice as much as those of African descent. Up until 2011, black or mixed-race students also spent two years less at school on average.
-The government says the gap is closing thanks to quota systems for university places and other forms of affirmative action. But the gulf remains glaringly apparent. The vast majority of business and government executives are white, while most menial jobs are done by black and mixed-race workers. Walk through Ipanema, Gávea or other upmarket districts and you are far more likely to see black nannies pushing strollers with white toddlers than a white nanny pushing a black child.
-Defining colour is complex. People who define themselves as white were in the minority for the first time in the most recent census in 2010. Among the 197 million population, 82 million said they were “pardu” (mixed race), 15 million black, two million Asian and 0.5% indigenous.
-Sylvio Ferreira, a psychology lecturer at the Federal University of Pernambuco, believes Anitta has won the hearts of the middle class by taking a rebellious sound and making it tamer and more palatable to everyone.
-“Was this achieved by racial whitening? No,” he said. “What happened was a change of the social space where Anitta produced her art: from the periphery to the centre.”
-Others agree that the issue of colour is overblown. Maycon de Mattos Batista, a financial analyst who worked with Anitta while she was an intern, said there had been a huge change in Anitta’s image, but not of her colour.
-“I don’t believe it’s whitening; it’s more the way they are producing her with makeup, hairstylists and the way she dresses,” he said. “I don’t think that was because of pressure being put on her. She always liked to show off, sing and dance. That was a natural thing for her. I believe that it is because of this naturalness that she is where she is today.”
-Leandro Silva de Souza, a racial equality activist in the north-eastern city of Salvador, said the prejudice lay not with society but with music producers and media executives. The public, he said, proved they were interested in music for its own sake by choosing Ellen Oléria – a black lesbian – as the recent winner of the talent show The Voice Brazil .
-The Guardian was unable to reach Anitta for comment. But, in a recent interview, she described the need for identity to be self-defined.
-“All-powerful is a woman who doesn’t need to be beautiful, but she has so much attitude that she is marvellous, she is powerful. What I try to pass on in my work for everyone is that we can be who we want.”",372
-"The Moroccan city of Ouarzazate is used to big productions. It is on the edge of the Sahara Desert and at the centre of the North African country’s “Ouallywood” film industry, where scenes from movies such as Lawrence of Arabia, The Mummy, The Living Daylights and even Game of Thrones were filmed.
-Now the city, known as the “door of the desert”, is the centre for a complex of four linked solar megaplants, which, together with hydro and wind, will help provide nearly half of Morocco’s electricity from renewable energy by 2020. The project is a key part of Morocco’s ambitions to use its deserts to become a global solar superpower.
-When the full complex is complete, it will be the largest concentrated solar power plant in the world. The first phase, called Noor 1, will be ready in November 2015. The mirror technology it uses is less widespread and more expensive than the photovoltaic panels that you can see on roofs all over the world. But it will have the advantage of being able to continue producing power even after the sun goes down.
-The potential for solar power from the desert has been known for decades. In the days after the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986, the German particle physicist Gerhard Knies calculated that the world’s deserts receive enough energy in a few hours to provide power for all the people in the world for a whole year. But the challenge is to capture that energy and take it to where it is needed.
-As engineers finish Noor 1, its 500,000 moon-shaped solar mirrors glitter in the desert. The 800 rows follow the sun across the sky, whirring quietly every few minutes.
-When they are finished, the four plants at Ouarzazate will need a space as big as Morocco’s capital city, Rabat, and generate 580 mega-watts of electricity, enough to power a million homes.
-Morocco’s environment minister, Hakima el-Haite, believes that solar energy could have the same effects on the region this century that oil production had in the last century. But the $9bn project was triggered by more immediate concerns, she said.
-“We import 94% of our energy as fossil fuels from other countries and that has big consequences for our state budget,” el-Haite told the Guardian. “So, when we heard about the possibilities of solar energy, we thought, ‘Why not?’”
-Solar energy will make up a third of Morocco’s renewable energy supply by 2020. Wind and hydro will make up the other two-thirds.
-“We are very proud of this project,” el-Haite said. “I think it is the most important solar plant in the world.”
-Technicians say that the Noor 2 and 3 plants, due to open in 2017, will store energy for up to eight hours – this gives the possibility of 24/7 solar energy in the Sahara and the surrounding region.
-The first part of the project is nearly completed and Morocco has bigger international ambitions. “We are already involved in transportation lines to cover the full south of Morocco and Mauritania,” says Ahmed Baroudi, manager of Société d’Investissements Energétiques, the national renewable energy investment firm. But he says the project’s effects will go further – even as far as the Middle East.
-Exporting solar energy could have stabilizing effects within and between countries, according to the Moroccan solar energy agency (Masen). Morocco is making plans with Tunisia and energy exports northwards across the Mediterranean are a key goal.
-“We believe that it’s possible to export energy to Europe but, first, we have to build the interconnectors which don’t yet exist,” said Maha el-Kadiri, a Masen spokeswoman.
-In the meantime, Morocco is focused on using solar to meet its own needs. This could one day include water desalination, which is very useful in a country that is having more and more droughts as the climate warms.
-About $9bn has been invested in the Noor Complex, much of it from international institutions such as the European Investment Bank and World Bank and supported by Moroccan government guarantees. Energy subsidies from Morocco’s King Mohammed VI have stopped the cost from being transferred to normal people.
-Over a thousand, mostly Moroccan, workers are still racing to fix electric wires, take down scaffolding and insulate steel pipelines. They hurry past in yellow and orange safety vests, working 12-hour shifts beneath the Atlas mountains. They wear hard hats, safety shoes and ear plugs.
-“We’ve done the construction and, now, we will see how these projects look when they start,” says Hajar Lakhael, a 25-year-old environment and security manager from Meknes. “It is exactly like the preparation for a grand performance.”
-A global audience will be watching with interest.",373
-"Life isn’t fair sometimes. Mark Zuckerberg created Facebook and is now worth $48 billion. James Goodfellow also invented something that millions of people around the world use every day – the cash machine – but it didn’t make him rich. In fact, he earned just £10 from the patent and has not made any money from it since.
-Who is the inventor of the ATM? People have argued for years over this question. In 2005, a man called John Shepherd-Barron received a UK honour as the “inventor of the automatic cash dispenser”. But, the UK government is now saying it was Goodfellow who invented the ATM.
-In the mid-1960s, Goodfellow’s managers asked him to think of a way to allow customers to withdraw cash from banks on Saturdays. “Most people worked during the week and couldn’t go to the bank. They wanted a solution. The solution was a machine which would give cash to a customer,” he says. “I wanted to develop a cash machine and, to make this happen, I invented the PIN [personal identification number] and a coded token.”
-Goodfellow’s first machines were installed in 1967. At around the same time, Shepherd-Barron was developing a similar machine. His machine didn’t use plastic cards – it used cheques.
-Most people agree that Shepherd-Barron’s ATM was the “world’s first” to be installed and used by the public. The first one was at a bank in north London. It was opened on 27 June, 1967 – a month before Goodfellow’s ATM appeared. But, Goodfellow registered the patent for his machine on 2 May, 1966, 14 months before Shepherd-Barron’s ATM machine was first used.
-Shepherd-Barron received an official honour for his invention and Goodfellow says: “My one big regret is that I never said anything about it until John Shepherd-Barron received the honour in 2005. The Queen gave him this honour for inventing the automatic cash dispenser. That really annoyed me and I complained about it.”
-Shepherd-Barron is dead now but, in a 2005 interview, he criticized Goodfellow. He said Goodfellow’s invention was a failure.
-The cash machine is now used all over the world and, every year, there are more and more: there are now three million ATMs worldwide and there will be four million by 2020. The good news for Goodfellow is that people are beginning to recognize him for his invention. The website ATMInventor.com says: “Who invented the idea of an ATM? We believe it was Luther George Simjian. Who invented the ATM as we know it? It was James Goodfellow for holding a patent date of 1966.”
-Even better for Goodfellow, his invention is in a 180-page guidebook called Life in the United Kingdom. In the section about “great British inventions of the twentieth century”, it says: “In the 1960s, James Goodfellow (1937-) invented the automatic teller machine (ATM) or ‘cashpoint’.”
-So after all these years, Goodfellow is finally among a group of famous British inventors with John Logie Baird (the television), Alan Turing (the Turing machine), Sir Frank Whittle (the jet engine) and Sir Tim Berners-Lee (the World Wide Web). When he was asked what he did with the £10 he received in the 1960s, Goodfellow said he spent it on a night out. “It didn’t change my life,” he said.",374
-"Sometimes life isn’t fair. Mark Zuckerberg created Facebook and is now worth an estimated $48bn. James Goodfellow also invented something used by millions of people around the world every day – the cash machine – but it didn’t make him rich. In fact, he earned just £10 from the patent and has not made a penny more from it since.
-“You can imagine how I feel when I see bankers getting £1m bonuses. What have they contributed to the banking industry, compared to me, to merit a £1m bonus,” Goodfellow says. He invented something that generated billions of pounds and he got nothing.
-There have been arguments for years over who is “the inventor of the ATM” and, in 2005, a man called John Shepherd-Barron received a UK honour as the “inventor of the automatic cash dispenser”. But, the UK government is now saying it was Goodfellow who invented the ATM – so it seems that, after all the arguments, he now has his place in history.
-Back in the mid-1960s, Goodfellow was working as a development engineer and was asked to devise a way to allow customers to withdraw cash from banks on Saturdays. “Most people worked during the week and couldn’t get to the bank. They wanted a solution. The solution was a machine which would give cash to a recognized customer,” he remembers. “I wanted to develop a cash-issuing machine and, to make this a reality, I invented the PIN [personal identification number] and a coded token.”
-This token was a plastic card with holes in it. The patent documents described a system with a card reader and buttons mounted in an external wall of the bank. After Goodfellow produced a model that showed how the machine would work, prototypes were built and the first machines were installed in 1967. At around the same time, Shepherd-Barron was developing a rival machine. His machine didn’t use plastic cards – instead, it used cheques containing carbon-14, a mildly radioactive substance. The machine detected the carbon-14, matched the cheque against a PIN and paid out the cash.
-It is widely accepted that the Shepherd-Barron ATM was the “world’s first” to be installed and used by the public; the first one, at a bank in north London, was opened on 27 June, 1967 – a month before Goodfellow’s ATM appeared. However, the patent for Goodfellow’s machine was lodged on 2 May, 1966, 14 months before Shepherd-Barron’s ATM machine was first used.
-Shepherd-Barron received an official honour for his achievement and Goodfellow says: “My one big regret is that I never said anything about it until John Shepherd-Barron received the OBE in 2005 for inventing the automatic cash dispenser. That really stuck in my throat and I kicked up a fuss.”
-Shepherd-Barron is no longer alive but, in a 2005 interview, he was quite critical of his rival: “I don’t know him but it’s clear that the difference between Goodfellow and us was that we thought through the whole system concept and that was important to the banks who bought it. His invention reminds me of the hovercraft, an elegant failure.”
-The cash machine is now used all over the world and nothing – the contactless revolution, bitcoin, wearable technology, etc – is slowing its growth: there are now 3m ATMs worldwide and, by 2020, there will probably be 4m.
-The good news for Goodfellow is that he is beginning to be recognized for his invention. The website ATMInventor.com says: “Who invented the idea of an ATM? We believe it was Luther George Simjian. Who invented the ATM as we know it? We have to think it was James Goodfellow for holding a patent date of 1966. Who invented the ATM design we recognize today? We think it was John D White in the US.”
-Even better for Goodfellow, his achievement has been officially recognized in the latest edition of a 180-page guidebook called Life in the United Kingdom. In the section about “great British inventions of the twentieth century”, it states: “In the 1960s, James Goodfellow (1937-) invented the cash-dispensing automatic teller machine (ATM) or ‘cashpoint’.”
-So after all these years, Goodfellow is finally among a group of famous British inventors with John Logie Baird (the television), Alan Turing (the Turing machine), Sir Frank Whittle (the jet engine) and Sir Tim Berners-Lee (the World Wide Web). Asked what he did with the £10 he received in the 1960s, Goodfellow says he thinks he blew it on a night out. He added: “It didn’t change my life.”",375
-"Two mothers in South Africa have found out that they are raising each other’s daughters after they were mistakenly switched at birth in a hospital in 2010.
-But, while one of the women wants to correct the error and get her biological child back, the other is refusing to give back the girl she has raised as her own.
-Henk Strydom, a lawyer for one of the mothers, described the swap as a travesty and tragedy that is unlikely to have a happy ending.
-Both mothers gave birth at the Tambo Memorial Hospital in Boksburg, east of Johannesburg, on the same day in 2010. “Nobody suspected anything,” Strydom said.
-But, in 2013, one of the mothers, who is 33 and unemployed, sued her ex-partner for maintenance for her daughter. Strydom said: “The man denied he was the father. A DNA test was done and it was found it was not his baby and not her baby. She was devastated. She didn’t know what to do.”
-Eventually, she met the other mother and, since December 2013, they have been attending joint counselling sessions, arranged by the hospital. Here they have met their biological daughters.
-Strydom said of his client: “She said there are resemblances to herself. She told me that it was traumatic. You can see it’s not easy for her. She has to care for a child that is not hers on her own while her child is with someone else.”
-The woman became unhappy with the process and asked the children’s court to give her custody of her biological child, but the other mother refused.
-“It’s a tragedy. She wants the baby back, but it’s four years later: you can understand that the other mother doesn’t want to give up her baby,” Strydom said.
-The High Court in Pretoria has asked the University of Pretoria’s Centre for Child Law to investigate what will now be in the best interests of the children.
-Strydom added: “I don’t know what the court will decide. Your guess is as good as mine. But, whatever happens, someone won’t be happy.”
-He said, at this point, he and his client do not want to sue the hospital or government health department, which is helping with the case and providing counselling.
-The Centre for Child Law will interview the mothers and fathers, as well as any other person with a “signifi cant relationship” with either of the girls. The children and mothers will have clinical assessments and may be seen by a psychologist.
-Karabo Ngidi, a lawyer with the centre, said: “What’s going to happen must be in the best interests of the children. Biology is an important aspect but not the only one.”
-The families are of Zulu ethnicity and so Zulu tradition, culture and customary law will be a factor, she added. It is also still possible the expartner of the mother who is taking legal action could be the biological father of the girl who was switched.
-It is not the fi rst child-swap case in South Africa. In 1995, two mothers were awarded damages after their sons, born in 1989, were accidentally switched at the Johannesburg hospital where they were born.
-In 2009, in Oregon in the United States, Dee Ann Angell and Kay Rene Reed discovered that they had been mistakenly mixed up at birth in 1953 when a nurse brought them back from bathing.
-In 2013, in Japan, a 60-year-old man swapped at birth from his rich parents to a poor family was given compensation. He grew up on welfare and became a truck driver, whereas his biological brothers and sisters – and the boy brought up in his place – attended private secondary schools and universities.
-Bruce Laing, a clinical psychologist in Johannesburg, said the long-term effects of a baby swap could be “profound”, “terrifying” and “incredibly traumatizing”. He told The Times of South Africa: “The parents might always be thinking ‘What if?’”",376
-"cientists have connected the brains of a pair of animals and allowed them to share sensory information in a major step towards what the researchers call the world’s first “organic computer”.
-The US team fitted two rats with devices called brain-to-brain interfaces that let the animals collaborate on simple tasks to earn rewards, such as a drink of water. In one radical demonstration of the technology, the scientists used the internet to link the brains of two rats separated by thousands of miles, with one in the researchers’ lab at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, and the other in Natal, Brazil.
-Led by Miguel Nicolelis, a pioneer of devices that allow paralyzed people to control computers and robotic arms with their thoughts, the researchers say their latest work may enable multiple brains to be hooked up to share information. “These experiments showed that we have established a sophisticated, direct communication linkage between brains,” Nicolelis said in a statement. “Basically, we are creating what I call an organic computer.”
-The scientists first demonstrated that rats can share, and act on, each other’s sensory information by electrically connecting their brains via tiny grids of electrodes that reach into the motor cortex, the brain region that processes movement.
-The rats were trained to press a lever when a light went on above it. When they performed the task correctly, they got a drink of water. To test the animals’ ability to share brain information, they put the rats in two separate compartments. Only one compartment had a light that came on above the lever. When the rat pressed the lever, an electronic version of its brain activity was sent directly to the other rat’s brain. In trials, the second rat responded correctly to the imported brain signals 70% of the time by pressing the lever.
-Remarkably, the communication between the rats was two-way. If the receiving rat failed at the task, the first rat was not rewarded with a drink, and appeared to change its behaviour to make the task easier for its partner. In further experiments, the rats collaborated on a task that required them to distinguish between narrow and wide openings using their whiskers.
-In the final test, the scientists connected rats on different continents and beamed their brain activity back and forth over the internet. “Even though the animals were on different continents, with the resulting noisy transmission and signal delays, they could still communicate,” said Miguel Pais-Vieira, the first author of the study. “This tells us that we could create a workable network of animal brains distributed in many different locations.”
-Nicolelis said the team is now working on ways to link several animals’ brains at once to solve more complex tasks. “We cannot even predict what kinds of emergent properties would appear when animals begin interacting as part of a 'brain-net',” he said. “In theory, you could imagine that a combination of brains could provide solutions that individual brains cannot achieve by themselves.” The research is published in the journal Scientific Reports.
-Anders Sandberg, who studies the ethics of neurotechnologies at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, said the work was “very important” in helping to understand how brains encode information. But the implications of the technology and its potential future uses are far broader, said Sandberg. “The main reason we are running the planet is that we are amazingly good at communicating and coordinating. Without that, although we are very smart animals, we would not dominate the planet.”
-“I don’t think there’s any risk of supersmart rats from this,” he added. “There’s a big difference between sharing sensory information and being able to plan. I’m not worried about an imminent invasion of 'rat multiborgs'.”
-Very little is known about how thoughts are encoded and how they might be transmitted into another person’s brain, so that is not a realistic prospect any time soon. And much of what is in our minds is what Sandberg calls a “draft” of what we might do. “Often, we don’t want to reveal those drafts; that would be embarrassing and confusing. And a lot of those drafts are changed before we act. Most of the time I think we’d be very thankful not to be in someone else’s head.”",377
-"Vienna is the world’s best city to live in, Baghdad is the worst and London, Paris and New York do not even make it into the top 35, according to international research into quality of life.
-German-speaking cities dominate the rankings in the 18th Mercer Quality of Life study, with Vienna joined by Zurich, Munich, Dusseldorf and Frankfurt in the top seven.
-Paris has tumbled down the league, falling ten places to 37th, just ahead of London at 39th, almost entirely because of the city’s vulnerability to terrorist attacks.
-The study examined social and economic conditions, health, education, housing and the environment, and is used by big companies to assess where they should locate and how much they should pay staff.
-Viennese-born Helena Hartlauer, 32, said she was not surprised at her city’s top position. The municipality’s social democratic government has a long tradition of investing in high-quality social housing, making Vienna almost uniquely affordable among major cities.
-“I live in a 100sq-metre turn-of-the-century apartment in a good area about 20 minutes’ walk from the city centre. But my rent is just €800 (£625) a month.” An equivalent apartment in London would cost upwards of £2,000 and even more in New York, ranked 44th in the table.
-US cities perform relatively poorly in the study, largely because of issues around personal safety and crime. The highest ranking city in the US is San Francisco, at 28th; Boston is 34th. Canadian cities, led by Vancouver, far outrank their US rivals in the table.
-“You don’t realize how safe Vienna is until you head abroad,” said Hartlauer. “We also have terrific public transport, with the underground working 24 hours at weekends, and it only costs €1 per trip.”
-Vienna benefited enormously from the fall of the Berlin Wall, becoming the gateway to Eastern European countries that often have historic ties to the former Austro-Hungarian empire.
-“Our big USP is our geographical location,” said Martin Eichtinger, Austrian ambassdaor to London, who lived in Vienna for 20 years. “The fall of the Berlin Wall helped define Vienna as the hub for companies wanting to do business in Central Europe.”
-According to the World Bank, Austria has one of the highest figures for GDP per head in the world, just behind the US and ahead of Germany and Britain, although quite some way below neighbouring Switzerland.
-Zurich in Switzerland is named by Mercer as having the world’s second highest quality of life but the Viennese say their city is far more fun. “There are more students in Vienna than any other German-speaking city,” said Hartlauer. “It’s a very fast growing, young and lively city,” she added – though she conceded she works for the city’s tourist board.
-Vienna has long been overlooked by British weekend city break tourists, who instead flock to Barcelona or Berlin and tend to think of Austria as somewhere for skiing, lakes and mountains. But, after an increase in budget flights from regional British cities such as Manchester and Edinburgh, Vienna is fast catching up as a popular destination. In 2015, there were 588,000 British visitors to Vienna, up 18% on the year before. The flow is both ways; Eichtinger said London has become the number one city destination for Austrian visitors.
-“Vienna has ranked top in the last seven published rankings,” said Mercer. “It scores highly in a number of categories; it provides a safe and stable environment to live in, a high level of public utilities and transport facilities and good recreational facilities.”
-The European migrant crisis, which has seen large numbers of refugees and asylum seekers pass through Vienna en route to Germany, has had little impact on the city of nearly 1.8 million people, said Eichtinger. “We have managed to accommodate 90,000 refugees in Austria but the numbers have slowed in recent months.” London has never been in the quality-of-life top ten, says Mercer, damaged by its poor scores for air pollution, traffic congestion and climate. After London, Edinburgh is the next-ranking British city, in 46th place.
-Paris has suffered the biggest fall in the most recent rankings. “Paris remained stable for several years but has, this year, dropped ten places in the overall ranking,” said Mercer.
-“The drop was essentially due to the terrorist attacks in 2015. However, it is important to highlight that safety issues are a very highly weighted factor within the ’basket’ so any small adjustments can have a big impact on the ranking.”
-Auckland in New Zealand was the highest ranking English-speaking city in the survey, in third place, followed by Vancouver in fifth. Australian cities also perform very highly in the survey, with Sydney 10th and Melbourne 15th. The Economist has consistently ranked Melbourne as the world’s most liveable city, although its survey has been criticized as too Anglocentric.
-War and political unrest are behind all the worst-ranked cities in the world. Surprisingly, Damascus is named as only the seventh worst, ranked better than not just Baghdad but also Bangui in Central African Republic, Sana’a in Yemen, Port-au-Prince in Haiti, Khartoum in Sudan and N’Djamena in Chad.",378
-"Ninety-six people died at Sheffield Wednesday’s Hillsborough Stadium in 1989. During an extraordinary day 23 years later at Liverpool Cathedral, where the families of the victims met to see a report on the disaster, the most important words were: the truth. This was the headline in The Sun newspaper. We now know that the story in the newspaper was false and that the police gave them the story.
-Margaret Aspinall’s son James, then 18, died at the match between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest. She said the families had to fight for 23 years for the truth. She said that the families’ sadness will never go away, but she is very pleased that the Prime Minister said sorry for Hillsborough.
-An independent panel looked at 450,000 documents written by the police, Sheffield Wednesday and all the other groups involved. The panel then wrote a 395-page report. In the report they criticize official mistakes and say that the victims and other fans were not to blame. We already knew the cause of the disaster but we didn’t know that the police cover-up was so big. It is shocking how the police blamed the football fans for the disaster.
-The panel found that the South Yorkshire Police, led by the Chief Constable, Peter Wright, told their story that drunken fans or those without tickets caused the disaster. They tested the victims’ blood for alcohol. When victims had alcohol in their blood, the police then checked to find if they had criminal records. The police said that many Liverpool fans were very drunk, were without tickets and were very violent, but the report found “no evidence” for this.
-The report said that Wright met with police in a Sheffield restaurant to prepare “a defence” and “a story ”. The meeting happened just four days after the disaster. It was the day that The Sun newspaper published its headline “The Truth” and the story by four senior South Yorkshire police officers.
-The panel found that officers’ statements were changed to remove criticism of the police and emphasize bad behaviour by fans. The panel found that 116 of 164 statements were changed “to remove or change negative comments about South Yorkshire police”. The police said this was done only to remove “opinion” from the statements, but the panel said they did more than that. “It was done to remove criticism of the police,” the report said.
-The original inquiry did not believe this propaganda. It decided in August 1989 that the police stories of fan drunkenness and violence were false, and it criticized the police for telling lies. It said that Sheffield Wednesday’s stadium was unsafe, that the Football Association chose that stadium for the match without even checking if it had a safety certificate. It did not have a certificate.
-But “the main cause” of the disaster was the way the police controlled the crowd. The police lost control outside the stadium, where 24,000 Liverpool fans had to go through just 23 small entrance gates. So police opened a large exit gate and lots of people were allowed in. They did not close one of the tunnels and, the inquiry said, this was their big mistake.
-But the police still repeated their lies at the inquest. The coroner decided not to take evidence of what happened after 3.15pm on the day of the disaster, so he did not look at the chaotic behaviour of the police and the ambulance service. The panel found that if the police and ambulance service had done their jobs better, they could have saved 41 of the 96 lives lost.
-There may now be a new inquest. There may be prosecutions too, after all these years, of Sheffield Wednesday, South Yorkshire Police and Sheffield City Council, which was responsible for the safety of the stadium. Trevor Hicks, whose two daughters died in the disaster, said: “The truth is out today,” Hicks said. “Tomorrow is for justice.”",379
-"All six numbers match, so it’s time to buy that Audi, book the holiday in the US and phone the estate agent. At least, that’s what most lottery millionaires do, according to a study of spending and investment by jackpot winners.
-Since it started in 1994, the UK national lottery has created 3,000 millionaires who have won more than £8.5bn in total, at an average of £2.8m each. Between them, they have created a further 3,780 millionaires among their children, family and friends, according to the authors of the study, Oxford Economics.
-Most winners (59%) give up work straight away, but 19% carry on working and 31% do unpaid voluntary work. The good news for the economy is that 98% of the money the winners spent remained in the UK. Through their spending on property, vehicles and holidays, it is estimated that each winner keeps six people in a full-time job for a year.
-Winners have contributed almost £750m to gross domestic product (GDP), and generated more than £500m in tax for the Exchequer. The bulk of the money went on property, with £2.72bn spent on winners’ main properties, and £170m in paying off existing debt and mortgages.
-£2.125bn was spent on investments. Gifts to family and friends accounted for £1.17bn, and £680m was spent on cars and holidays.
-The study was based on research from 100 £1m-plus winners. It found that in total the 3,000 winners have purchased 7,958 houses or flats in the UK, or 2.7 each, spending £3.3bn. Most winners (82%) changed their main home, spending an average £900,000.
-The new home is likely to have a hot tub, with almost a third (29%) putting that on their shopping list. A walk-in wardrobe was absolutely necessary for 28%, almost a quarter (24%) chose a property behind electric gates, and 22% had a games room, with 7% installing a snooker table.
-Larger properties need maintaining, and 30% of winners employed a cleaner and 24% a gardener. A small proportion (5%) employed a beautician.
-Audis were the favourite cars of 16% of winners, with Range Rovers and BMWs also popular purchases (11% each), as well as Mercedes (10%) and Land Rovers (5%). Winners spent £463m on 17,190 cars, with the average price of their favourite being £46,116.
-Holidays were also a priority. The majority (68%) choose five-star hotels overseas. The US was the favoured destination for 27%, followed by the Caribbean (9%). Closer to home, however, UK caravan sales have benefited. Over the past 18 years, 10% of millionaires have bought a caravan, generating sales worth about £7.4m.
-Some winners (15%) have started their own businesses, 9% have helped others to do so, and 6% have invested in or bought other people’s businesses. Businesses started or supported by lottery winners employ 3,195 people, according to the study.
-Andy Logan, author of the report, said: “The effect of a win spreads much further and wider than we expected. Not only does it change the lives of friends and family, but each win has an effect on the UK economy, especially with so much of it being spent in the UK.”",380
-"They call him the Robin Hood of the banks, a man who took out many loans worth almost half a million euros with no intention of ever paying them back. Instead, Enric Duran gave the money to projects that created and promoted alternatives to capitalism.
-After 14 months in hiding, Duran is unapologetic, even though his activities could put him in jail. “I’m proud of what I did,” he said in an interview by Skype from a secret location.
-From 2006 to 2008, Duran took out 68 commercial and personal loans from 39 banks in Spain. He gave the money to social activists, who used it to pay for speaking tours against capitalism and TV cameras for a media network. He said he saw that these social movements were building alternatives but that they didn’t have enough money. “Meanwhile, constant growth was creating a system that created money out of nothing.”
-The loans he swindled from banks were his way of regulating and denouncing this situation, he said. He started slowly. “I filled out a few credit applications with my real details. They said no, but I just wanted to understand what they were asking for.”
-From there, the former table-tennis coach began to set up a confusing web of accounts, payments and transfers. “I was learning constantly.” By the summer of 2007, he had discovered how to make the system work – he applied for loans under the name of a false television production company. “Then, I managed to get a lot.” €492,000, to be exact.
-Duran was arrested in Spain in 2009, on charges brought against him by six of the 39 banks that had lent him money. He spent two months in prison before being let out on €50,000 bail. In February 2013, threatened with up to eight years in prison, he decided to flee rather than stand trial because, he said, he doesn’t recognize the authority of the judicial system.
-His actions, he said, were an important part of a worldwide debate on the economic crisis. The timing pushed the anti-capitalist movement into the light, just as many Spaniards were looking for alternatives to a system that has caused chaos in their lives.
-In today’s Spain, the anti-capitalist movement, and groups such as the Indignados, are supported by thousands of Spaniards.
-Duran is now widening his focus to include Spain’s justice system, by promoting restorative justice. “The people in Spain who believe that banks don’t work, they think that I don’t owe anything. I’ve already done my work,” he said. “But there is a part of a population that is not in agreement with us and I think I should respond to that.”
-In his case, he said, he could offer banks the insight he got from years of obtaining bank loans fraudulently. He could share his thoughts on “which best practices work and the bad ones that don’t,” he suggested, “for the general population and for bank workers”.",381
-"Roger McKinlay is the former president of the Royal Institute of Navigation. He says that our use of GPS (global positioning system) technology is damaging our ability to find our way. “If we do not look after them, we will lose our natural navigation abilities because we rely on technology more and more,” he wrote.
-McKinlay believes it will take a lot of time and money before navigation systems will be good enough for technologies such as driverless cars to become successful. He says we need better research into systems for navigation. Also, children should learn to find their way using more traditional methods. “Schools should teach navigation and map reading,” he wrote.
-In 2012, 39% of adults in the UK had a smartphone. In 2015, 66% of adults had a smartphone. So most people now use GPS technology. But McKinlay, a satellite communication and navigation consultant, believes that we should be careful not to only use our smartphones for navigation. “If we don’t practise using our navigation skills, we will lose them,” he wrote.
-Research from 2009 supports this idea. “We studied a group of current London taxi drivers and a group of retired London taxi drivers,” said Dr Hugo Spiers of University College London, who is an author of the study. The results showed that the retired taxi drivers did worse on navigation tests than the current drivers. “We were able to show that their abilities decreased after they stopped using their knowledge.”
-Spiers also believes it is dangerous to rely on technologies like GPS. But he says that the biggest problem is that technologies can lead drivers into dangerous situations. One of the deaths caused by satnavs (satellite navigation) was of a driver who, in 2010, drove into a lake in Spain. “It can be dangerous to use a satnav,” said Spiers.
-The way we use navigation technology also has an impact on our own abilities, says Spiers. If drivers listen to instructions, they don’t need to think about where they are going, he says, but the use of smartphone apps as digital maps is better. When you use digital maps, “you have to think hard about where you are going,” he said.
-McKinlay believes there have to be big improvements in navigation technologies before we can have futuristic things like driverless cars and smart cities. “For really important jobs – like landing aeroplanes or flying aeroplanes – GPS is still not good enough, ” he said.
-McKinlay believes humans must still able to take control of their navigation. “We don’t want people to go into total shock when their smartphone disappears or the battery goes flat,” he said. “Technology isn’t magic – it is just a tool.”",382
-"A new report says that almost one billion people will remain in extreme poverty by 2030 if countries don’t try to solve the social, economic and cultural problems that keep them poor. The report by the Chronic Poverty Advisory Network says that many people may rise above the poverty line of $1.25 a day, but fall back again when they have problems such as drought or illness and insecurity or conflict.
-The report found that, in parts of rural Kenya and in South Africa, 30 to 40% of people who escaped from poverty fell back again. This percentage rose to 60% in some areas of Ethiopia between 1999 and 2009. Even in successful countries such as Indonesia and Vietnam, the proportion was 20%.
-Individual examples show how easy it is for people to fall back into poverty. Amin is from a village in Bangladesh. His income has fallen slowly, because of his illness and his wife’s illness, the cost of his son’s marriage, the death of his father and loss of goods such as fishing nets. Lovemore, from Zimbabwe, is now one of the poorest people in his village. He recently lost his job because of ill health and has to look after his five grandchildren after the death of his daughters.
-“We need to make sure that people who come out of poverty remain above the poverty line permanently. Too many families return to poverty when they have personal or bigger problems. Governments shouldn’t assume that, just because somebody’s income hits $1.25, that means the problem is solved,” said Andrew Shepherd, the main author of the report.
-According to the UN, the goal of eliminating extreme poverty by 2030 is still possible. But the report says that countries need to make changes to achieve zero poverty. There was a drop in extreme poverty from 1.9 billion in 1990 to 1.2 billion in 2010, but the report says that progress in the next 15 years will be much more difficult. There has been a lot of progress in China but there will probably not be similar progress in other parts of the world.
-The report says countries should try to help the chronically poor – those who are poor for many years or their entire lives – and stop people becoming poor. “Governments have been quite good at moving people over the poverty line because that is quite easy. But they have avoided the more difficult job of trying to reduce chronic poverty,” said Shepherd.
-The report says progress on poverty reduction has helped people who were already closer to the poverty line, but has helped the chronically poor much less. It will not be possible to get to zero poverty if development policies don’t focus on the chronically poor, it adds. The report suggests three ideas. They all cost a lot of money.
-The first is social help – to bring the poorest people closer to a good-enough standard of living. The second is education, from early childhood to the start of work, so people can escape and stay out of poverty. The third is economic growth policies that make sure that the benefits of increasing national wealth reach the poorest people.
-All this will cost money and the report says higher taxes will be necessary. Aid will also be necessary for the start-up costs for social assistance, healthcare for everyone and to finance education. “There remains a huge role for aid in the next 20 years, as many developing countries spend less than $500 on each of their citizens a year. Even Nigeria, with its oil wealth, spends only $650 per person,” Shepherd said.
-The authors say governments should have a national development plan and make sure the poorest people are represented politically as well as trying to stop difficult social customs, such as dowries and witchcraft, that make extreme poverty worse.",383
-"There are worse things to do in life than stroll along Rio’s Copacabana beach in the sunshine on the way to watch a World Cup match, so it was perhaps not surprising that England fan Anthony McDowell from Liverpool was in a good mood. “The place is lovely. The people are great. There’s a party atmosphere,” said McDowell. “The only thing that could be better is the England team.”
-He and half a dozen friends are among the thousands of supporters from around the world who have made the beach into a party zone of national colours and chants. Some danced, some posed for photos, some drank, but mostly they just walked and talked football, waiting for the next game to begin on the nearby big screen. The last time there were so many people here during the daytime, the pope was visiting.
-The cheerful, largely peaceful mood was very different from the protests, transport chaos and stadium problems during the preparations for the World Cup. But, now the football is under way, visiting supporters are determined to enjoy the experience. “If I had known, when I started planning, how complicated and costly it would be, I wouldn’t have come. But, now that we’re here, it’s great,” said Brian Hill, an England fan from Sunderland.
-The trip has not been without its problems. Hill travelled for more than 20 hours to get to Rio. His son, Andrew, had his sunglasses stolen almost as soon as he sat on the beach. And, they have been surprised that many bars do not have big screens for the games. But, like many fans, they said they loved the atmosphere of this tournament, which has got off to a spectacular start on the pitch.
-Everyone must have been thrilled by Robin van Persie’s extraordinary diving header for the Netherlands against Spain. And, there have been lots of goals: 28 in the first eight games – almost three times as many as at the same stage in South Africa in 2010. Adding to the carnival mood on the streets, where the majority of fans are from neighbouring nations, Latin-American teams have been very successful so far.
-Up to now, the tournament has avoided the worst Doomsday scenarios, though it is far from trouble free. The stadiums may have been delivered late and – in some cases – not fully finished, but there have been no reports of structural problems or difficulties entering the grounds since the kick off.
-As at previous World Cups, ticketing has been a problem, with many empty seats at several games. FIFA spokesman Saint-Clair Milesi confirmed that only 48,000 of the 51,900 seats at the Netherlands versus Spain game were filled.
-The Globo newspaper listed a number of problems in the 12 host cities. Almost all suffered worse traffic congestion than usual. The worst transport problems were in Natal, where bus drivers were on strike. In Salvador, some journey times were five times longer than usual. “Traffic was already bad but this week it is chaotic,” said Jecilda Mello, a local resident.
-But, protests have diminished since the opening day, when small demonstrations took place in several cities and police used tear gas and pepper spray. Since then, the only security threat has been petty theft and overexcited fans. A spontaneous street party of Argentinian fans was dispersed with pepper spray after the fans blocked roads.
-The huge distances have led to some very different World Cup experiences. The tournament has made only a small mark on São Paulo, South America’s most populous city, but far away in Manaus – the remote Amazonian city where England played Italy – visitors said there was World Cup fever with brightly decorated streets and flags on many cars.
-The FA chairman, Greg Dyke, said there was a big difference in atmosphere. “We’ve had a really warm welcome in Manaus. It’s a big thing for them, even if it is a bit strange to spend so much on a stadium with no one to play in it. But we were in São Paulo for four or five days before the opening match and you wouldn’t have known until the last day that there was even a World Cup on. It was weird.”",384
-"The Canadian tennis player Frank Dancevic slammed Australian Open organizers for forcing players to compete in “inhumane” conditions after he collapsed on court as temperatures rose to 41C.
-Dancevic, who collapsed during the second set of his first-round match against France’s Benoît Paire on the uncovered court six at Melbourne Park and passed out for a minute, said conditions were plainly dangerous for the players. He also said the heat had caused him to hallucinate: “I was dizzy from the middle of the first set and then I saw Snoopy and I thought, 'Wow, Snoopy – that’s weird.'”
-“I think it’s inhumane. I don’t think it’s fair to anybody – to the players, to the fans, to the sport – when you see players pulling out of matches, passing out,” he added. “I’ve played five-set matches all my life and being out there for a set and a half and passing out with heat stroke, it’s not normal.
-“Having players with so many problems and complaining to the tournament that it’s too hot to play; until somebody dies, they just keep going on with it and putting matches on in this heat. I, personally, don’t think it’s fair and I know a lot of players don’t think it’s fair.”
-Other players were in broad agreement. The British number one, Andy Murray, said: “It’s definitely something that you have to look at a little bit. As much as it’s easy to say the conditions are safe, it only takes one bad thing to happen. And it looks terrible for the whole sport when people are collapsing, ball kids are collapsing, people in the stands are collapsing. That’s not great.
-“I know when I went out to hit before the match, the conditions at 2.30–3pm were very, very tough. Whether it’s safe or not, I don’t know. There’s been some issues in other sports with players having heart attacks.”
-Caroline Wozniacki said: “I put the water bottle down on the court and it started melting a little bit underneath the plastic. So, you know it was warm.”
-John Isner, who retired from his first-round match with a right ankle injury, said: “It was like an oven when I open the oven and the potatoes are done. That’s what it’s like.”
-The defending champion Victoria Azarenka took the same line. “It felt pretty hot, like you’re dancing in a frying pan or something like that,” she said.
-The tournament’s “extreme heat” contingency plan was put into force for women’s matches on Tuesday, allowing an extra ten-minute break between the second and third sets. Under a change to the rules for 2014, however, the decision on whether to stop matches at the tournament is now at the discretion of the tournament director, Wayne McKewen. Rather than use the raw Celsius readings to assess the heat, organizers prefer to use the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature composite, which also gauges humidity and wind to identify the perceived conditions. Organizers said temperatures peaked at 42.2C in the early evening on Tuesday and conditions had never reached the point where play would be stopped. “We have to reach a minimum threshold and have a forecast that it will be sustained for a reasonable time,” McKewen said in a statement. “That didn’t happen. While conditions were hot and uncomfortable, the relatively low level of humidity ensured play would continue.”
-Dancevic, who said he had felt dizzy from the middle of the second set, resumed after medical attention but, unsurprisingly, ended up losing 7–6, 6–3, 6–4. “I was really close to stopping completely,” he said. “I wasn’t really running too much towards the end. I wasn’t tired; I just felt my body temperature was too high.”
-A ball boy had earlier required medical attention after collapsing during Milos Raonic’s 7–6, 6–1, 4–6, 6–2 victory over Daniel Gimeno-Traver on the equally exposed court eight and the tournament shortened rotations for the ball boys to 45-minute shifts. China’s Peng Shuai also said the heat had caused her to cramp up and vomit, and she had to be helped from the court after her 7–5, 4–6, 6–3 defeat to Japan’s Kurumi Nara. Officials played down health risks, saying the majority of matches were completed without calls for medical attention.
-“Of course, there were a few players who experienced heat-related illness or discomfort, but none required significant medical intervention after they had completed their match,” Tim Wood, the tournament’s chief medical officer, said in a statement.
-Most competitors, though, followed Roger Federer’s line that, although conditions were tough, they were the same for both players. “It’s just a mental thing,” the Swiss said, albeit before Dancevic collapsed. “If you’ve trained hard enough your entire life, or the last few weeks, and you believe you can do it and come through it, there’s no reason. If you can’t deal with it, you throw in the towel.”
-Dancevic disagreed. “I don’t think it’s much to do with the shape the players are in. Some players are used to the heat – their bodies can genetically handle the heat and others’ can’t,” he said. “It’s hazardous to be out there; it’s dangerous. It’s an hour and a half since my match and I still can’t pee.”",385
-"Maria is waiting on a black plastic chair. When she is called, she picks up a brown paper bag full of food: pasta, eggs and cornflakes. She can also choose between butternut squash or carrots as this week’s vegetables.
-Maria is the 34th “client” today at East Hampton Food Pantry, very close to some of the most expensive houses in the world.
-Every day in the winter, more than 400 families collect their weekly food parcel from the food pantry. The food helps them get through the cold, dark Long Island winter.
-The Hamptons are historic, oceanfront towns and villages 100 miles from Manhattan, New York. In the summer, it is full of billionaires. But, in early September, the rich and famous shut up their mansions and go back to Manhattan or Beverly Hills. The people who live here all year are mostly immigrants.
-“The people who come here are rich and famous but we who live here are not,” says Maria. She works 14-hour days in the summer cleaning mansions. She often has no work at all in the winter.
-Maria laughs when asked if she has enough money. “There is no work in the winter, only in the summer,” says Maria. She, like many of the workers in the Hamptons, is from Latin America. “Here, lots of people live in a single room because they can’t pay the rent.”
-Lots of her friends can’t pay for heating or medicine and many would be hungry if they did not get food from the East Hampton Food Pantry, she says.
-Vicki Littman, chairperson of the East Hampton Food Pantry, which gave more than 31,000 food parcels in 2015, says there are more and more people coming to the food pantry.
-Littman says that, when she talks to the people who come for the summer about the food pantries, they are always shocked. They know only the glamorous side of the Hamptons: the big parties and the beaches and mansions.
-“But, what the rich people don’t know is that the gardeners, the nannies, the waitresses, they all need their summer earnings to get them through the winter.”
-Housing is the biggest cost in the Hamptons. Larry Cantwell, who has lived in East Hampton all his life, says homes often cost more than $25 million. “It is very difficult to find your first home here,” Cantwell says. “If you can find a home to buy anywhere in East Hampton for less than $500,000, you’re very lucky.”
-Cantwell says more than half the town’s homes are empty for most of the year. The population goes from 80,000 in August to 10,000 in the winter months.
-“There’s a lot of wealth here but almost all of that wealth is in second homes only used in the summer,” says Cantwell, the son of a fisherman father and a house-cleaner mother. “But, the rest of us live here all year.”
-“There are famous and very wealthy people but also hard-working and poor people. You’ve got to remember that this used to be a farming and fishing community – a real working-class community.”
-Eddie Vallone, 22, says, “People only see the Hamptons as a rich town but there are a lot of problems here, especially drugs. It’s hard to understand. You think, ‘OK, the summer is over. What am I going to do for the winter?’” Vallone says, “I want to work but there’s no work.”
-Vallone works cleaning swimming pools. He says that, if he is careful, he can make his summer earnings last until November. “But, work doesn’t start again until May or the beginning of June.”",386
-"“Unless we win, it doesn’t mean a damn thing,” said billionaire Donald Trump, the man who wants to be the Republican presidential nominee, at a campaign rally in South Carolina. He said this despite finishing his fourth month in a row at the top of the opinion polls. “I want to pick my date for the election. I want it next Tuesday,” he confided to the crowd of 11,000 people. He has a lot of grassroots support, which he needs to continue until March 2016 for him to win the nomination to be the presidential candidate in November’s general election.
-Trump is not the only one beginning to think it possible that his surprising campaign can go the distance, particularly because recent controversy only seems to have confirmed his lead over his rivals. Usually, any one of these outbursts would have destroyed a politician by now.
-First, he outraged prisoners of war by doubting the heroism of Vietnam veteran John McCain because he allowed himself to be captured. Then, there was the first television debate, where he insulted Fox News moderator, Megyn Kelly, because she asked him difficult questions.
-It seems that making prisoners of war, Fox News and women angry was not enough. Trump has also insulted Mexican immigrants to the US, claimed that a Black Lives Matter protester who was violently thrown out of a rally deserved to be “roughed up”, appeared to laugh at a New York Times journalist for his disability and falsely accused Muslim Americans of supporting the 9/11 attackers.
-Trump has complained that many of these incidents were exaggerated by the political media, 70% of whom, he says, are “scum”. But, he has refused to retract any of the comments.
-Some rivals still hope that, eventually, even Trump’s supporters will get tired of his attacks on minorities. One poll shows his support among Republicans has reduced by 12 points – although, at 31%, he is still in the lead.
-“He is an egomaniac; he’s a narcissist. He’s not a conservative, he’s not a liberal – he believes in himself,” former presidential rival, Bobby Jindal, told the Guardian, before he left the race.
-But, there is more to Trump than attentiongrabbing outrage. As he is happy to tell supporters, the three things that he is most against – immigration reform, free-trade deals and Barack Obama’s national security policy – have become perhaps the most important issues of the election.
-His policies for deporting every undocumented immigrant in the US and demanding that Mexico pays for a border wall – “A real wall. A very tall wall, taller than that ceiling.” – might sound unrealistic but they have destroyed the campaign hopes of Jeb Bush, who favours immigration reform.
-So what can stop Trump? One reason for hope among opponents is the strong evidence that polls this far away from election day can be incorrect, simply because most people have not made up their minds how to vote yet. Among Americans who say they are Republicans, current polls suggest he has 25-30% of the vote.
-In the political battle for hearts and minds, converting Trump’s passionate supporters will be hard. It is hard to imagine anyone being a better ‘Trump’ than Trump.
-This scenario can be best understood by looking at responses to the question: “Which candidates would you definitely not support for the Republican nomination for president?” While 20-30% of voters say they would support Trump, another 20-30% say they definitely would not.
-Steve Deace, an Iowa conservative, said that Trump’s behaviour is “both a good and a bad thing. On the one hand, it produces loyal fans that are attracted to his personality. On the other hand, it limits his ability to grow beyond that.”
-Top Republican pollster, Frank Luntz, believes Trump speaks for voters who, for the first time, feel as if they have a mouthpiece and like the fact that they feel like they are heard. He says, “Trump says what they’re thinking and, the more outrageous he is, the more they agree with him. He’s saying what no politician would say and that’s another reason they like him.”
-That is certainly the feeling among ordinary supporters who have attended his increasingly packed campaign events recently. “I like the way he speaks,” says Sandra Murray of Dubuque, Iowa. “This country is a big mess and, honestly, he could be the man to help us.”
-Other supporters offer a simpler explanation. “He’s not afraid of anybody or anything. That’s pretty cool.”",387
-"1 Race engineer
-A race engineer takes information from the driver and gives it to the mechanics.
-Typical salary: You start at £25,000 and very soon earn more than £40,000 with just a few years’ experience. Senior race engineers earn £50,000 to £90,000.
-What the job involves: “A race engineer is the interpreter between the race-car mechanics and the driver,” says race engineer Jamie Muir. “The engineer takes feedback from the driver, analyses the data and gives this to the mechanics.”
-Qualifications: A university degree, usually in automotive/mechanical engineering or motorsport technology. Hands-on experience is essential.
-To succeed as a race engineer, you need … to be able to work under pressure.
-Worst thing about the job: The long hours. “Race engineers work 24/7,” says Chris Aylett, CEO of the Motorsport Industry Association.
-2 Ethical hacker
-Typical salary: A newly qualified hacker will usually have a minimum salary of £35,000 to £50,000. This rises to £60,000 to £90,000 when they become team leader.
-What the job involves: A company pays an ethical hacker to hack into its computer system to see how well it might fight a real attack.
-Qualifications: You don’t need a degree in computer science. The industry accepts people with a very wide range of qualifications and skills.
-To succeed as an ethical hacker, you need … a passion for technology and detail. You should also enjoy solving difficult problems.
-Worst thing about the job: When you are testing the security of a new customer ’s network and you find that they have already been hacked.
-3 Bomb-disposal diver
-Typical salary: In the private sector, you can earn up to £100,000 working just two months out of every three.
-What the job involves: You descend to the sea ed and look for unexploded bombs and mines. Then, you safely collect the weapons or safely dispose of them.
-Qualifications: To dive offshore, you must have diving qualifications. To be able to dispose of the bombs safely, you’ll also need a special qualification and years of experience.
-To succeed as a bomb-disposal diver, you need … to be calm in stressful situations. You work alone under water, with zero visibility and, if you don’t like living in small spaces with lots of other people, this job is not for you.
-Worst thing about the job: You will be away from home for at least six months of the year.
-4 Social engineer
-Typical salary: Graduates start on £25,000. Your salary will rise to between £50,000 and £80,000.
-The job: Companies pay a social engineer to try to trick their employees and make them give the engineer secret information.
-Qualifications: Usually, social engineers have a degree in IT but an understanding of psychology is also useful.
-To succeed as a social engineer, you need … to be a good liar. You also need to have strong personal ethics and to understand the law.
-Worst thing about the job: Other people may misunderstand your job: social engineers are not spies but most people think they are.
-5 Power-line helicopter pilot
-Typical salary: £65,000
-The job: To fly close to power lines in a helicopter so that someone can check the lines with a camera.
-Qualifications: A private-helicopter-pilot licence, a commercial pilot’s licence and around 2,000 hours of experience flying at low levels.
-To succeed as a power-line helicopter pilot, you need … a steady hand and to stay calm in difficult situations. Pilots often have to fly next to the power line, sometimes as little as 20 feet away and just 30 feet off the ground.
-Worst thing about the job: “There are no negatives,” says helicopter pilot Robin Tutcher.
-6 Private butler
-Typical salary: £60,000 to £90,000
-The job: An employer can ask a private butler to do anything from managing other staff, serving at every meal, running errands and looking after guests to booking restaurants, house security, housekeeping and cooking.
-Qualifications: You don’t need any qualifications but you can do a special course.
-To succeed as a butler, you need … to enjoy looking after other people.
-Worst thing about the job: Long hours and an unpredictable work schedule mean it’s difficult to have a family life.",388
-"Emmanuel Limal wanted to find love on online dating sites but he was tired of meeting women who said that they weren’t ready to start a family. The 43-year-old actor, who is from France, has lived in Copenhagen for 20 years. He was looking for love and wanted to start a family.
-He tried to find someone online but without success. “Everyone said that they were really active, always travelling or with a long list of hobbies, but they didn’t talk about children,” Limal said. “On some sites, there was an option to click saying: 'I’d like kids someday,' but I read the person’s profile and thought: 'You will never have time!' If someone’s going to the gym eight times a week and travelling every month, they are not putting a family first.”
-Limal has a six-year-old daughter from an old relationship but he has always wanted more children. “I couldn’t meet anyone who wanted to start a family”. He said it was difficult to know when to talk about wanting kids when he met someone new. “It’s a difficult subject to talk about when you are on a date,” he said. “Then one day I read a profile from a 38-year-old who said she knew it was 'really bad to admit' but she wanted children. And I thought: 'You shouldn’t be ashamed of this.'”
-Limal borrowed money to start Babyklar.nu – or 'baby-ready now' in English. It works like a normal dating site but everyone is asked to be honest about their wish to start a family soon. “We ask people if they are OK with someone who already has children and if they want another baby,” Limal said. “But we don’t make them say how many children they would like. That would be like food shopping online.”
-He has had a very positive response to the site. “Fifty people signed up every hour when we started in June. There are already couples who met through the site and are now together. I think we will have the first Babyklar.nu baby by next summer.” More men have signed up than women (53% to 47%), with comments such as “I can finally be honest about what I want.”
-The site has come at the right time for the country of five million people. Danes are not having enough children and the current rate of 1.7 children per family means that the population is falling. The usual reasons are given – women are leaving it “too late” and couples are living together without getting married and waiting to start families.
-“Now, I hope, men and women who want to start a family but haven’t met the right person yet will have another choice,” says Limal. He says that this isn’t just about making babies: “I want this to be about children and love. My goal is to bring together people who really want a family and a partner – and who’ll stay together. I’m a romantic.”
-He is planning to start sites in France and the UK later in 2013, but at the moment the only site is in Denmark. “Danes have no problem having children before marriage so things can move fast and, because the country’s so small, someone from Jutland can date someone from Copenhagen without too much travel,” Limal said. And Limal has finally found love. “I’ve met a nice woman and she wants a baby too – so we shall see.”",389
-"Wales will become the first country in the UK where people will be presumed to have consented for their organs to be donated unless they opt out.
-The Welsh Assembly has voted to adopt the opt-out policy, which will allow hospitals to act on the assumption that people who die want to donate unless they have specifically registered an objection.
-The final stage of a bill to adopt a system of presumed consent was passed by 43 votes to eight, with two abstentions, in spite of objections from religious groups on moral grounds and concerns that the scheme could add to the distress of grieving families.
-“This is a huge day for Wales, for devolution and, most importantly, for the 226 people in Wales waiting for an organ transplant,” said the Welsh Health Minister, Mark Drakeford.
-“I am proud that Wales will be the first nation in the UK to take this step. As a society, we have shown we are prepared to take action to increase organ donation and to provide hope to those people waiting every week for a transplant.
-“Family refusal is a major factor that affects the numbers of organ donations and the main reason for refusal is lack of knowledge of their loved one’s wishes.
-“The family of the potential donor has a major role to play in organ donation. The aim of the bill has always been to respect the wishes of the deceased; however, relatives or friends may object to consent being deemed based on what they know about the views of the deceased.
-“When family members know that organ donation is what the deceased would have wanted, they usually agree to participate in the donation process. The new law will work by clarifying people’s wishes around the issue of organ donation and, in turn, increase the rate of consent to donation.
-“Today is a landmark day for Wales and I expect the rest of the UK to be watching with great interest when the legislation is implemented in 2015.”
-The issue is controversial, with opponents worried that the pressing need for more kidneys and hearts will lead to the wishes of those who have died and their family being overruled. But ministers insist there will be safeguards.
-Inevitably, some people will not get around to registering their opposition. In response to concerns, the government recently announced that families would play a bigger role.
-Relatives are to have a “clear right of objection”, giving them the chance to show that the deceased would not have wanted to be an organ donor.
-Wales has acted because of an acute shortage of organs. “We have the enduring problem of not having enough organs for people who need them,” said Drakeford. “About one person every week dies in Wales while on a waiting list. We have been working to improve the rate of organ donation and have had some success, but we’re looking to take the next step forward.
-“Around a third of the Welsh population is on the organ donor register, but well over two- thirds in surveys say they are happy to be organ donors. That other third is people who don’t get round to putting their names down. We’re hoping to make inroads into that.”
-The new law would apply to anybody over 18 who has lived in Wales for at least the year before his or her death. Donated organs would not only go to people in need of a transplant in Wales but to anybody in the UK.
-Doctors are delighted at the move. The British Medical Association has long campaigned for an opt-out system because of its concern over the growing number of people needing transplants – a result of medical progress in transplantation.
-The number of young donors dropped substantially when seatbelt legislation came in. Big efforts have been made in recent years to increase the number of those who carry an organ donation card, with a good deal of success. Hospitals have also brought in improved systems for coordinating transplants, including the crucial discussions with relatives when there is no indication of the wishes of the deceased. But the increase in numbers of organs harvested is still not enough.
-Some religious groups, on the other hand, strongly oppose the scheme, arguing that it would cause further distress to bereaved relatives. Members of the Muslim Council of Wales and the South Wales Jewish Representative Council have expressed reservations, while the Archbishop of Wales, Barry Morgan, said that “donation ought to be a gift of love, of generosity. If organs can be taken unless someone has explicitly registered an objection, that’s not an expression of love. It’s more a medical use of a body.”",390
-"Until the end, David Bowie, who has died of cancer, still surprised us. His latest album, Blackstar, appeared on his 69th birthday on 8 January 2016. It showed that he hadn’t stopped making challenging, disturbing music.
-Throughout the 1970s, Bowie was a trailblazer of musical trends and pop fashion. He became a singer-songwriter, a pioneer of glam-rock, then became involved in “plastic soul”.
-He then moved to Berlin to create innovative electronic music. Bowie was born David Robert Jones in south London. At 15, David formed his first band, the Kon-rads, but it was soon clear that David should go solo.
-David took the name Bowie so people wouldn’t confuse him with Davy Jones of the Monkees.
-Bowie’s first album, released in June 1967, was titled simply David Bowie. In July 1969, Bowie released Space Oddity, the song that would give him his first big success. Timed to coincide with the Apollo 11 moon landing, it was a top five UK hit. The Man Who Sold the World was released in the US in late 1970 and in the UK the following year. With its daring songwriting and hard-rock sound, it was the first album to really show his talents. He followed it with 1972’s Hunky Dory, a mix of wordy, elaborate songwriting. It was an excellent collection that was not a great success. But that all changed with The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars later that year.
-This time, Bowie appeared as Ziggy Stardust, a science-fiction character – an intergalactic glam-rock star visiting planet Earth. The hit single Starman brought instant success for the album.
-Everything Bowie touched turned to gold. He had his first UK number 1 album with Aladdin Sane (1973), which included the hit singles The Jean Genie and Drive-in Saturday.
-His interest in funk and soul music could be heard on the album Young Americans (1975), which included the single Fame (with John Lennon as a guest singer).
-With the album Station to Station (1976), Bowie turned himself into a new character, the Thin White Duke.
-Bowie and his wife divorced in 1980. This was a year of more creative success, with a good album, Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps), and its hit single, Ashes to Ashes.
-After this, he played the title role in The Elephant Man on the Broadway stage.
-He achieved a number 1 single with his 1981 partnership with Queen, Under Pressure. 1983 was the year in which he put his energy into the album Let’s Dance and his concerts. Let’s Dance turned Bowie into a global rock star – the album and its singles Let’s Dance, China Girl and Modern Love all became huge international hits.
-The early 80s was the heyday of MTV. Bowie’s talent for making eye-catching videos increased his popularity and the six-month Serious Moonlight tour attracted lots of people. It was to be the most commercially successful period of his career.
-At the 1985 Live Aid concert at Wembley Stadium, Bowie was one of the best performers. Also, that year, he worked with Mick Jagger to record the fundraising single Dancing in the Street , which quickly went to number 1.
-A few days after he performed at the Freddie Mercury tribute concert at Wembley Stadium in April 1992, Bowie married the Somalian model Iman and bought a home in New York.
-For the album Black Tie White Noise (1993), he included elements of soul and hip hop. It went to the top of the UK album chart and gave him a top 10 single, Jump They Say .
-Bowie performed at the Concert for New York City in October 2001, where he joined Paul McCartney, Jon Bon Jovi, Billy Joel, the Who and Elton John in a benefit show six weeks after the 9/11 attacks.
-During his Reality tour in 2004, Bowie had chest pains while he was performing in Germany and needed emergency surgery in Hamburg.
-He saw the medical emergency as a warning and started to slow down. In February 2006, he was given a Grammy lifetime achievement award. He was entered into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996.
-The Next Day (2013) was his first album of new songs in ten years. It included the single Where Are We Now? The album went to the top of the charts in Britain and around the world. In 2014, Bowie was given the Brit Award for Best British Male – he was the oldest person to get the award.
-He leaves behind his wife, Iman, their daughter, Alexandria, his stepdaughter, Zulekha, and his son, Duncan, from his first marriage.",391
-"The Moroccan city of Ouarzazate is on the edge of the Sahara Desert. It is now the centre for four linked solar mega-plants. The plants, together with hydro and wind, will give Morocco, in north Africa, nearly half of its electricity from renewable energy by 2020. The project is a key part of Morocco ’s plans to use its deserts to become a global solar superpower.
-When the full complex is complete, it will be the largest concentrated solar power plant in the world. The first phase, called Noor 1, will be ready in November 2015. The mirror technology it uses is more expensive than the solar panels that we can see on roofs all over the world but it will be able to produce power even after the sun goes down.
-People have known for many years that the desert is a useful place to produce solar energy. In 1986, the German scientist Gerhard Knies said that the world’s deserts receive enough energy in a few hours to make power for all the people in the world for a whole year. But the challenge is to capture that energy and take it to where it is needed.
-At Noor 1, there are 500,000 moon-shaped solar mirrors. The 800 rows of mirrors follow the sun across the sky. They whir quietly every few minutes.
-When they are finished, the four plants at Ouarzazate will be as big as Morocco’s capital city, Rabat, and make 580 mega-watts of electricity, enough for a million homes.
-Solar energy will make up a third of Morocco’s renewable energy supply by 2020. Wind and hydro will make up the other two-thirds.
-“We are very proud of this project,” Morocco’s environment minister, Hakima el-Haite said. “I think it is the most important solar plant in the world.”
-The Noor 2 and 3 plants, which are planned to open in 2017, will store energy for up to eight hours. This will mean that there could be solar energy available 24/7 in the Sahara and the rest of the region.
-“We are already involved in transportation lines to take energy to the south of Morocco and Mauritania,” says Ahmed Baroudi, manager of the national renewable energy investment company. But he says the project will go further – even as far as the Middle East.
-Exporting solar energy could have stabilizing effects within and between countries, according to the Moroccan solar energy agency (Masen). Morocco is making plans with Tunisia and they hope to export energy north across the Mediterranean, too.
-“We believe that it ’s possible to export energy to Europe but, first, we have to build the connections, which don’t yet exist, ” said Maha el-Kadiri, a Masen spokeswoman.
-Until that time, the solar energy will be used in Morocco. They might one day use solar energy to remove salt from sea water.",392
-"Health warnings covering nearly two-thirds of cigarette packs and a ban on menthol cigarettes across the EU have come a step nearer following a vote in the European Parliament. Menthol and other flavours will be banned from 2022, but, in a blow to the UK government, MEPs decided that most electronic cigarettes, increasingly popular as alternatives to tobacco products, need not be regulated in the same way as medicines.
-Health officials and the e-cigarette industry in Britain are seeking to clarify what this mean – for instance, whether companies in the fast-expanding market face the same bans on sponsorship and promotion at sports events as tobacco firms.
-The Department of Health would not comment on the advertising issue until officials had studied the MEPs’ decisions. But, in a statement, the DH said: “We are very pleased to see the move towards tougher action on tobacco, with Europe-wide controls banning flavoured cigarettes and the introduction of stricter rules on front-of-pack health warnings. “However, we are disappointed with the decision to reject the proposal to regulate nicotine-containing products (NCPs), including e-cigarettes, as medicines. We believe these products need to be regulated as medicines and will continue to make this point during further negotiations.
-“Figures show smoking levels in England are at their lowest since records began – 19.5 per cent – but we are determined to further reduce rates of smoking and believe this important step will help.”
-The UK e-cigarette industry, which broadly welcomed the parliament’s vote, said it was already in talks with the Advertising Standards Authority, but added that it would not be “sensible, proportionate, reasonable or useful” to ban all advertising.
-MEPs decided e-cigarettes should only be regulated as medical products if manufacturers claimed they could prevent tobacco smoking – a decision criticized by the government’s main medicines regulator.
-They want to put the products, used by an estimated 1.3 million people in Britain by 2014, on the same legal basis as gums, patches and mouth sprays aimed at helping smokers to quit, but the industry says the expensive process of licensing would help force alternatives to tobacco off the shelves.
-The MEPs voted to put health warnings on 65% of each cigarette pack, as opposed to a proposed 75%. At present, the warnings cover at least 30% on the front and 40% on the back. The UK government has delayed a decision on whether to follow Australia by introducing standardized packaging until there is evidence that such measures cut tobacco use.
-The MEPs’ votes in the first reading of the draft tobacco directive, which could become law in 2014, will be followed by negotiations with the EU Council of Ministers.
-The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Authority had already invited manufacturers to cooperate by opting for voluntary regulation in June 2013 in advance of what it still hopes will be compulsory across Europe. “The legislative process is still not complete and there will be further negotiation. The UK continues to believe that medicinal regulation of NCPs is the best way to deliver a benefit to public health,” said a spokesman.
-Linda McAvan, Labour MEP for Yorkshire and the Humber and spokesperson on tobacco issues for the parliament’s Socialists & Democrats group, said: “We know that it is children, not adults, who start smoking. And, despite the downward trend in most member states of adult smokers, the World Health Organization figures show worrying upward trends in a number of our member states of young smokers.
-“We need to stop tobacco companies targeting young people with an array of gimmicky products and we need to make sure that cigarette packs carry effective warnings.”
-Martin Callanan, the Conservative MEP for North East England, said: “Forcing e-cigs off the shelves would have been totally crazy. These are products that have helped countless people stop smoking more harmful cigarettes and yet some MEPs wanted to make them harder to manufacture than ordinary tobacco.”
-Katherine Devlin, president of ECITA, the e-cigarette industry association, said “the really important” decision by MEPs not to support medicines regulation meant that was now off the table.
-British American Tobacco claimed the larger health warnings demanded by MEPs went “well beyond” what was needed to inform consumers of health risks from smoking, while a ban on mentholated cigarettes would increase demand for black-market goods.",393
-"Astronaut Scott Kelly has just spent 340 days in space. He says that Himalayan lakes, spacewalks and the US presidential campaign helped him to stay sane during his mission. It was the longest mission ever. “It seemed like I lived there forever,” Kelly said. He had been on several missions before but said that his biggest surprise was how long this mission felt. “Maybe, sometimes, you go bananas, ” he said.
-Kelly and a Russian astronaut, Mikhail Kornienko, spent nearly a year on the International Space Station (ISS). They studied the effects on humans of weightlessness, radiation and the cramped conditions of spaceflight. This is research that NASA thinks is very important for a future mission to Mars.
-Kelly said the length of the mission was the most difficult thing. He felt more pain after he returned to gravity than after shorter trips. Kelly and his twin brother, Mark, a retired astronaut, have spent the last year taking physical and mental tests. The tests will continue, to help NASA learn about what happens to the human body during spaceflight. Kelly described the sense of wonder he felt after he landed back on Earth. When the Russian capsule opened, he felt the cool air of Kazakhstan and smelled “a smell like a plant was blooming in that area”. It was the fresh air mixed with the burnt, “sweet” smell of a spacecraft that had just re- entered through the Earth’s atmosphere.
-When he left the spacecraft, he said, he began to understand the importance of the mission: 340 days on a 15-year-old space station which is “a million pounds, the size of a football field, with the space, some say, of a six-bedroom house”. The ISS, he said, is a place that uses the power of the sun and an international team helped to build it. “The view is great, too,” he said.
-Kelly posted amazing photos on social media of the Earth ’s cities, countryside, oceans and atmosphere. “The Earth is a beautiful planet,” he said. He described the beautiful waters around the Bahamas and the rainbow colours of the lakes of the northern Himalayas. But “the main thing you notice is how thin the atmosphere is,” Kelly said. “It is scary to see the thin atmosphere, together with large areas of pollution.”
-He said he could see large areas of pollution: smoke clouds from wildfires cover parts of the US, parts of Asia have pollution nearly all year. He said the message “we need to save the planet” was slightly wrong: “The planet will get better; it’s us that won’t be here because we’ll destroy the environment.” “We must take care of the air we breathe and the water we drink. And I believe we do have a big effect on that and we have the ability to change it, if we want to.” Kelly was very active on social media so many people follow him online. But he said he didn’t know about it – instead, he watched the news and especially the 2016 US presidential campaign. The news helped keep him sane, he said, and also work: “I looked forward to the next event – for example, the next spacewalk, the next science experiment. That made a difference to me.” Being back on Earth with everyone still felt strange, he said.
-Kelly said that he would probably not fly again with NASA. “But I don’t think I would ever say I’m absolutely, 100% finished,” he said. Maybe he will fly with private spaceflight companies, which are becoming more and more popular. “They might need a guy like me someday,” he said. “Maybe, in the next 20 years, you’ll be able to buy a cheap ticket, just go for a little visit.”",394
-"Bogus allergy tests are convincing thousands of people to take unnecessary treatments and put themselves or their children on inadequate diets, sometimes resulting in malnutrition, a group of experts and charities has said. Allergies and food intolerances are soaring but confusion between the two, as well as the many misdiagnoses, are causing real harm, said the information organization Sense About Science, which has produced a guide in collaboration with allergy specialists and charities.
-“It’s probably the biggest mess for science communication, where myths, misinterpreted studies and quackery collide with under- and over-diagnosis,” said Tracey Brown, director of Sense About Science. “The costs are huge – unnecessary actions for some and not enough action for those whose lives depend on it.”
-Experts fear that restaurants and caterers are seeing so many people claiming they have allergies (which can be dangerous for the individual), when in fact they have a food intolerance (which is not), that they may not take all the precautions they should when serving a person who has a genuine allergy.
-“It matters very much,” said Moira Austin of the Anaphylaxis Campaign. “If a caterer thinks somebody is just avoiding a food because they don’t want to get bloated, they may be less careful. There have been a number of fatalities where people have gone to a restaurant and alerted staff that they have an allergy to a particular food and the meal has been served up containing that allergen.”
-The guide says most internet and shop-bought allergy tests have no scientific basis. They include a home-testing kit that looks for specific IgG (immunoglobulin G) antibodies against food stuffs in the blood. While these antibodies are part of the immune system’s response to infections, “the best medical evidence has shown elevated IgG levels do not suggest an allergy”, the guide says. “Results are frequently positive in individuals who do not have an allergy or a food intolerance.”
-Also debunked is a test, a mixture of acupuncture and homeopathy, which attempts to measure electronic resistance across the skin while the child or adult holds the suspect food in their hand. Hair follicle testing is also pointless, the guide says. “Hair is not involved in allergic reactions so testing hair samples cannot provide any useful information on allergic status.” Nor should people be deceived into thinking allergies are caused by an “energy blockage” that can be diagnosed by muscle testing and cured by acupuncture.
-“I commonly see children who’ve been put on to unnecessarily restricted diets because their parents assume, in good faith, that they have allergies to multiple foods on the basis of 'allergy tests' that have no scientific basis,” said Paul Seddon, a consultant paediatric allergist, on behalf of the UK Cochrane Centre, an independent organization that assesses medical evidence. “This needs to stop, which can only happen if we debunk these 'tests'.”
-Another consultant paediatric allergist, Adam Fox from Guys and St Thomas’ Hospital in London, said: “I get a number of patients, and my colleagues likewise, who will come in having sent their hair off for analysis or having excluded a whole range of foods for their children. It is very difficult to untangle that. There are two challenges. Children need to be given proper diets but more of it is the unnecessary avoidance of things that aren’t harmful, which has a huge impact on the quality of life. A child who can’t eat wheat or drink milk can’t go to parties.”
-The conviction that a child’s chronic lethargy or headaches or eczema are caused by an allergy takes a long time and many tests to prove or disprove. It is tempting to go to an alternative therapist who will do a single test and provide a quick, but inaccurate, answer.
-Allergies are on the rise across developed countries. The percentages of children diagnosed with allergic rhinitis and eczema have both trebled in the last 30 years. While there is now better diagnosis, the rise in incidence is real, leading many more people to suspect allergies are the reason for their own or their children’s health issues. The guide lists a number of myths about the sources of allergies, from the suggestion that they are caused by E numbers in food colourings to “toxic overload” and fast food.",395
-"Back in 2010, the old city in Srinagar was the sort of place police would only venture into wearing body armour. A stronghold for violent separatists agitating for an independent Kashmir, it was at the centre of uprisings that left more than 100 people dead, buried along with dreams of peace in the mountainous north-Indian region.
-How quickly things change. Now carefree tourists line up in the same streets for barbecued mutton tikka and steaming plates of rogan josh. The Nowhatta mosque, where in the summer of 2010 youths would gather after Friday prayers to throw stones at the security forces, is to become part of an official walking tour focused on heritage, crafts and markets. Down by Dal Lake, houseboats have been booked out months in advance. In the stunning gardens lining the lake’s green slopes, visitors can have their picture taken against one of Asia’s prettiest backdrops. Until the snow melted, the nearby ski resorts were packed with rich Russians, too.
-In 2002, only just over 27,000 tourists dared to visit the Kashmir Valley, frightened off by the anti-Indian insurgency, which has claimed up to 70,000 lives. So far in 2012, the area has received almost one million holidaymakers – more than 23,000 of them from outside India. But fewer than 150 Britons were among them – largely because the UK’s Foreign Office refuses to amend its somewhat hair-raising advice, which deters most travellers by providing a list of recent security incidents in the region.
-Omar Abdullah, the UK-born Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, has lobbied the British High Commission in Delhi to relax the guidelines, but to no avail. “It’s a source of frustration,” admitted Abdullah, who has been in charge of India’s most sensitive state since the start of 2009. “Today, unfortunately, as a result of that travel advisory, people’s insurance is null and void when they visit here.” The last publicized case of foreign tourists being murdered in J&K was in 1995, when six westerners including two Britons were kidnapped by Al-Faran, a Kashmiri militant Islamist group. Only one escaped with his life.
-“You’ve had British citizens killed more recently in countries that you still haven’t stopped people from visiting. I mean, how many British citizens did you lose in 9/11? Did you stop people from visiting New York? You’ve lost them in Spain, in Bali; tell me where you haven’t lost them,” said Abdullah. “We’ve lost Indians in London. There is still a possibility that al-Qaida could do something stupid like they have done in the past, but we haven’t stopped Indians from travelling to London. There is no reason to single out Jammu and Kashmir, or even Srinagar, as an unsafe destination.”
-Germany relaxed its guidelines for those thinking of travelling to the region in 2011. “Foreigners are generally not direct targets of clashes,” counselled Germany’s amended advice. At the time, it was viewed by many outsiders as a bold move, coming less than a year after the 2010 disturbances finally died down. A nationwide holiday on 15 August marked 65 years of Indian independence – in the past, a day fraught with peril in a state where many do not feel part of the world’s biggest democracy. But this time at the independence celebrations there was no trouble.
-Abdullah insists tourists are safe in the state, “as long as you take the sort of precautions that one normally would ”. In other words, do not go trekking near the border that separates the Indian and Pakistani controlled parts of J&K. Syed Ali Shah Geelani, leader of the pro-Kashmiri independence party, disagrees bitterly with much of Abdullah’s politics. But on the issue of tourism, the two are united. At the start of the summer season, Geelani wrote an open letter to tourists and pilgrims that said: “Whatever your faith, whatever language you speak and to whatever region you belong, we are bound by a common bond, the bond of humanity. You are our honoured guest – respecting and protecting guests is not only our moral obligation but an article of faith.”
-Some visitors may worry about the ethics of having fun in a place with a population suffering from record levels of anxiety and mental health problems. But all the locals we spoke to in Srinagar were wholeheartedly in favour of tourism. Amjid Gulzar, 26, said Abdullah could search for truth and reconciliation as well as encouraging foreign visitors. “He must do both; but without tourism, our economy will be in chaos,” he said, adding that while he welcomed the million tourists who visited this year, Kashmir had to do more to attract big-spending visitors, especially foreigners.
-“We need better infrastructure, better roads, reliable electricity. We need more for tourists to do in the evening – we don’t even have one cinema in this city and there isn’t enough for tourists to do after dark,” he said. But will tourists feel welcome? In June, a local Islamic group issued a “dress code” for foreign tourists. Abdullah sighs at the mention of that furore. “Nobody expects tourists to come here and cover their faces. I think what they were talking about was short shorts and sleeveless vests, which even then would not be something that would attract too much attention … I think the basic point they were making was: be sensitive to our cultural identity and dress appropriately. I think that’s common sense.”
-Abdullah said he was on a tourism drive “for no other reason than the fact that I need to stimulate the econom ”. J&K’s finances are in a dire state after more than two decades of turmoil. The state receives just £72m each year in taxes, and yet the salary bill for the 500,000 public employees is £155m, he said. It is clear why he needs to find more funds, fast. For now, though, he is just cautiously pleased to see tourists back. “I’m not suggesting that because we’ve had one million tourists here that it’s a sign of normality,” he said. “But it gives me some satisfaction that people can come, have a nice time, and go back.”",396
-"On the market square in Rjukan stands a statue of the town’s founder, a noted Norwegian engineer and industrialist called Sam Eyde. The great man stares northwards across the square at an almost sheer mountainside in front of him.
-Behind him, to the south, rises the equally sheer 1,800-metre peak known as Gaustatoppen. Between the mountains, along the narrow Vestfjord valley, lies the small, but once mighty, town that Eyde built in the early years of the last century, to house the workers for his factories.
-Eyde harnessed the power of the 100-metre Rjukanfossen waterfall to generate hydroelectricity in what was, at the time, the world’s biggest power plant.
-But one thing he couldn’t do was change the elevation of the sun. Deep in its east –west valley, surrounded by high mountains, Rjukan and its 3,400 inhabitants are in shadow for half the year. During the day, from late September to mid-March, the town, three hours north-west of Oslo, is not completely dark, but it’s certainly not bright, either.
-Recently, however, Eyde’s statue has gazed out upon a sight that even he might have found startling. High on the mountain opposite, 450 metres above the town, three large, solar-powered, computer-controlled mirrors steadily track the movement of the sun across the sky, reflecting its rays down on to the square and bathing it in bright sunlight.
-“It’s the sun!” grins Ingrid Sparbo, disbelievingly, lifting her face to the light and closing her eyes. A retired secretary, Sparbo has lived all her life in Rjukan and says people “do sort of get used to the shade. You end up not thinking about it, really. But this ... this is so warming. Not just physically, but mentally. It’s mentally warming.”
-Two young mothers wheel their children into the square and stand in the sun. On a freezing day, an elderly couple sit on one of the new benches, smiling at the warmth on their faces. Children beam. Lots of people take photographs. A shop assistant, Silje Johansen, says it’s “awesome. Just awesome.”
-Pushing his child’s buggy, electrical engineer Eivind Toreid is more cautious. “It’s a funny thing,” he says. “Not real sunlight, but very like it. Like a spotlight.”
-Heidi Fieldheim says she heard all about it on the radio. “But it’s far more than I expected,” she says. “This will bring much happiness.”
-Across the road, in the Nye Tider café, sits the man responsible for this unexpected access to happiness. Martin Andersen is a 40-year-old artist who moved to Rjukan in the summer of 2001.
-The first inkling of an artwork Andersen called the Solspeil , or Sun mirror , came to him as the month of September began to fade: “Every day, we would take our young child for a walk in the buggy,” he says, “and, every day, I realized we were having to go a little further down the valley to find the sun.” By 28 September, the sun completely disappears from Rjukan’s market square. It doesn’t reappear until 12 March.
-Throughout the seemingly endless intervening months, Andersen says, “We’d look up and see blue sky above, and the sun high on the mountain slopes, but the only way we could get to it was to go out of town. It’s sad, a town that people have to leave in order to feel the sun.”
-Twelve years after he first dreamed of his Solspeil, a German company specializing in so-called CSP – concentrated solar power – helicoptered in the three 17-sq-m glass mirrors that now stand high above the market square in Rjukan. “It took,” he says, “a bit longer than we’d imagined.”
-It really works. There were objectors – and plenty of them – petitions and letter-writing campaigns and a Facebook page organized against what a large number of locals saw initially as a vanity project and, above all, a waste of money. But even they now seem largely won over.
-“I was strongly against it,” admits Nils Eggerud. Like many others, he felt the money could have been better spent elsewhere – on a couple of extra carers to look after Rjukan’s old people, perhaps, or improved school facilities, cycle paths, a bit of rural road resurfacing.
-“And I still have my doubts about the ongoing maintenance costs,” he says. “What will they be, who will pay them? But ... well, it does feel nice, standing here. And, really, you just have to look at the people’s faces.”
-In his office overlooking the square, Rjukan’s energetic young mayor, Steinar Bergsland, is interested not so much in the cost but in the benefits the mirrors might bring to the town.
-Already, Bergsland says, visitor numbers are up for the time of year and Rjukan’s shopkeepers have reported their takings following suit. A hi-tech company is interested in relocating to Rjukan, attracted by the cutting-edge technology on view at the top of the mountain and the publicity it has attracted.
-“This is a powerful symbol for Rjukan,” Bergsland says, and, helped by assorted government grants and a donation from a local business, the town needed to find just 1m krone – £100,000 – of the mirrors’ total 5m-krone cost.
-And, seen against the town’s 650m krone annual budget, he points out, 1m krone really wasn’t very much to pay for something that “gives us a far, far better chance of raising the money we need for better schools and more nursing care. And just look out of the window. Look at those happy faces. Now it’s actually here, people love it.”",397
-"According to American researchers, a nasal spray containing the ‘Love hormone’ oxytocin could help children with autism behave more normally in social situations. Scans of autistic children showed that a single dose of the chemical improved brain responses to facial expressions. This is something that could make social interactions feel more natural and rewarding for them.
-The researchers said oxytocin might increase the success of behavioural therapies that are already used to help people with autism learn to cope with social situations. “Over time, what you would expect to see is more normal social responding, being more interested in interacting with other people, more eye contact and more conversation,” said Kevin Pelphrey, of Yale University.
-Autism is a developmental disorder that more than one in 100 people have. The condition affects people in different ways, but leads to difficulties in social interaction and communication. So far, there is no established treatment for the social problems caused by autism.
-Researchers at Yale have studied the brain chemical oxytocin as a possible treatment for the social problems caused by autism because it plays an important role in bonding and trust. Results have been mixed, though: one recent study found no significant benefit for young people given the chemical over several days. But Pelphrey said oxytocin might help the brain learn from social interactions; it would work best when used with therapies that encourage people with autism to interact more socially, he said.
-The scientists scanned the brains of 17 young people aged eight to 16 with autism while they looked at images of cars or the eyes of people expressing different emotions. The scans were given 45 minutes after the young people inhaled a placebo or oxytocin through a nasal spray.
-The scans showed that the reward circuits in the children’s brains behaved more normally after a dose of oxytocin: that is, they were more active when the person was looking at faces and less active when looking at the inanimate cars. The study appears in the latest issue of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States.
-“The study suggests that oxytocin might treat something for which we don’t have a treatment in autism, and that’s the core social motivation,” said Pelphrey. He warned that it was too early to use oxytocin as a treatment for the social difficulties caused by autism and said people should not buy oxytocin online. “We don’t want them trying oxytocin at home. It’s impossible to say what they are buying. We are nowhere near thinking this is a ready treatment. It needs more follow-up,” he said. “This is an important new study in identifying changes in brain activity in key areas of the brain,” said Simon Baron-Cohen, director of the Autism Research Centre at Cambridge University.
-A surprising finding, however, is that oxytocin nasal spray did not change performance in social recognition tasks. And, it is also not yet clear if oxytocin only has benefits for people with autism or has any unwanted side effects. Finally, oxytocin effects only last about 45 minutes, so there may be practical considerations as to whether this could be used as a treatment.
-“From a scientific perspective, this study has a lot of evidence from animal and human work to justify serious attention, but more research is needed. Doctors should be cautious about the potential of this hormone until we know much more about its benefits and risks, in much larger studies.” Said Simon Baron-Cohen.
-Uta Frith, who studies autism at University College London, said: “According to this study, oxytocin may have the effect of making faces more interesting. Disappointingly, this effect is seen only in brain activity and not in behaviour. Demonstrating an effect on behaviour will be critical if nasal spray treatment is to be of any value.”",398
-"SeaWorld has suffered an 84% collapse in profits as customers have deserted the controversial aquatic theme park company following claims it mistreated orca whales.
-The company, which trains dolphins and killer whales to perform tricks in front of stadiums full of spectators, has reported declines in attendance, sales and profits because of “continued brand challenges”.
-SeaWorld has been in the headlines since the 2013 documentary Blackfish detailed claims that its treatment of orca whales provoked violent behaviour, contributing to the deaths of three people. Following the release of the documentary, attendance collapsed, the company lost more than half of its market value on Wall Street and its former CEO was forced out.
-The company has since launched a nationwide marketing campaign to combat animal rights activists claims that, among other things, captive orcas die at a younger age than their wild counterparts.
-Despite cutting ticket prices and spending $10m on the marketing blitz, which features its veterinarians caring for whales, SeaWorld CEO Joel Manby was forced to admit that the company is still struggling to convince the public that it treats its whales well.
-“We realize we have much work ahead of us to recover more of our attendance base, increase revenue and improve our performance, as returning to historical performance levels will take time and investment,” Manby said. “On the reputation side, early feedback on our campaign has been positive. However, we recognize that fully resolving our brand challenges in California will require sustained focus and commitment to correct misinformation.”
-“We will continue to fight with the facts because the facts are on our side,” he said recently on a conference call with journalists and analysts.
-Manby, who joined the company as CEO in 2015 to help the company rehabilitate itself, said he would set out his vision for the future of the company at a special event on 6 November. Already in the pipeline are plans for a new shark exhibition in Orlando and an attraction in San Antonio that will allow customers to swim with dolphins in a “naturalistic” setting.
-The company’s financial report, released on 6 August, showed net income in the second quarter dropped from $37.4m in 2014 to $5.8m in 2015, an 84% decrease. Revenue fell from $405m to $392m. Attendance dropped by more than 100,000 from 6.58 million to 6.48 million. Analysts will now be closely watching SeaWorld’s sales and attendance numbers in the third quarter, which is traditionally the company’s most profitable and covers the summer holiday season.
-Attendance may suffer from a fresh scandal in July 2015, in which a SeaWorld employee was alleged to have infiltrated animal rights protest groups against the company. Jared Goodman, director of animal law for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), which has been leading campaigns against SeaWorld, said: “SeaWorld is in the midst of a spying scandal, animals are dying in its tanks and tens of thousands of people have opposed its bid to build a new orca prison so it should come as no surprise that SeaWorld’s quarterly earnings have plummeted yet again in the second quarter. Families just don’t want to buy tickets to see orcas going insane inside tiny tanks and SeaWorld’s profits, like the orcas, won’t recover until the abusement park empties its tanks and builds coastal sanctuaries.”
-SeaWorld’s shares, which were worth $39 in 2013, were changing hands for just under $18 in August 2015.",399
-"1 Flappy Bird
-Be careful what you wish for, especially if you want to invent something new. Recently, Dong Nguyen, the designer of the mobile game Flappy Bird, removed it from app stores. He said its success – it had been downloaded more than 50 million times and was making him around £30,000 from advertising each day – had ruined his simple life. On his Twitter account, he said: “I cannot take this anymore.”
-OK, so regretting making Flappy Bird isn’t quite the same as regretting making a rifl e, but Nguyen is just the latest inventor who wished he hadn’t created a monster.
-2 The labradoodle
-The labradoodle isn’t a monster – it’s adorable. But what’s monstrous is the way crossbreed dogs have been sold since the labradoodle’s inventor, Wally Conron, fi rst created the breed in the 1980s. “I’ve done a lot of damage,” he told the Associated Press. “I’ve created a lot of problems. There are a lot of unhealthy and abandoned dogs out there.” Conron came up with the labradoodle when he was working for the Royal Guide Dog Association of Australia to provide a dog for a blind woman whose husband was allergic to dog hair. What he didn’t expect was that the labradoodle – and other types of poodle-cross dogs, many of which have health problems – would become so popular.
-3 The AK-47
-Six months before his death in December 2013, Mikhail Kalashnikov, the designer of the assault rifl e, wrote to the head of the Russian Orthodox Church: “My spiritual torment is unbearable. If my rifl e killed people, does that mean that I, Mikhail Kalashnikov, 93 years of age, the son of a poor farmer, Christian and Orthodox by faith, am responsible for people’s deaths, even if they were enemies?”
-4 Electronic tagging
-The electronic tag was originally made in the 1960s as a way of tracking former prisoners’ attendance at school and work, and rewarding them for good behaviour. Its inventors, Bob Gable and his brother Kirkland, were later horrifi ed that the tag had become a form of control and punishment. “It’s not pleasant,” Kirkland Gable told the Guardian in 2010, “but I’m not in control of the universe. I have to realize there are some things out of my control.”
-5 Pepper spray
-After police sprayed peaceful protesters with pepper spray at a University of California campus in 2011, one of the scientists who helped develop it in the 80s denounced its use.
-“I have never seen such an inappropriate use of chemicals,” Kamran Loghman told The New York Times.
-6 The offi ce cubicle
-In the late 60s, a new form of offi ce was designed to give workers privacy and increase productivity by providing more work space.
-Instead, it became a way for companies to put employees into tighter spaces. These days, the cubicle is often connected with uniformity and soulless work. Its inventor, Bob Propst, said, in 1997, “the use of cubicles in modern corporations is crazy.”",400
-"The forests – and suburbs – of Europe are echoing with the growls, howls and silent padding of large predators, according to a new study that shows that brown bears, wolves and lynx are thriving on a crowded continent. Despite fears that large carnivores are doomed to extinction because of rising human populations and overconsumption, a study published in Science has found that large-predator populations are stable or rising in Europe.
-Brown bears, wolves, the Eurasian lynx and wolverines are found in nearly one-third of mainland Europe (excluding Belarus, Ukraine and Russia), with most individuals living outside nature reserves, indicating that changing attitudes and landscape-scale conservation measures are successfully protecting species that have suffered massive persecution throughout human history.
-Bears are the most abundant large carnivore in Europe, with around 17,000 individuals, alongside 12,000 wolves, 9,000 Eurasian lynx and 1,250 wolverines, which are restricted to northern parts of Scandinavia and Finland. Only Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Luxembourg in mainland Europe – like Britain – have no breeding populations of at least one large carnivore species. But the paper’s lead author and other conservationists said these animals’ surprising distribution across well-populated regions of Europe showed that even the British countryside could support big predators.
-Guillaume Chapron from Sweden’s University of Agricultural Sciences and researchers across Europe found wolves, in some cases, living in suburban areas alongside up to 3,050 people per square kilometre – higher than the population density of Cambridge or Newcastle. On average in Europe, wolves live on land with a population density of 37 people per sq km, lynx in areas with a population density of 21 people per sq km and bears among 19 people per sq km. The population density of the Scottish Highlands is nine people per sq km.
-“In order to have wolves, we don’t need to remove people from the landscape,” said Chapron. According to Chapron and his colleagues, the big-carnivore revival shows the success of a “land-sharing” model of conservation – in stark contrast to keeping predators and people apart by fencing off “wilderness” areas, as occurs in North America and Africa.
-“I’m not saying it’s a peace-and-love story – coexistence often means conflict – but it’s important to manage that conflict, keep it at a low level and resolve the problems it causes. Wolves can be difficult neighbours,” said Chapron. “We shouldn’t be talking about people-predator conflict; we have conflict between people about predators. These animals are symbolic of difficult questions about how we should use the land.”
-According to the researchers, this “land-sharing” approach could be applied elsewhere in the world. The reasons for its success in Europe include political stability, burgeoning populations of prey species such as wild deer and financial support for non-lethal livestock protection such as electric fences, which mean that farmers do not resort to shooting wild predators. Most crucial, said Chapron, has been the EU Habitats Directive, which has compelled member states to protect and revive rare species.
-“Without the Habitats Directive, I don’t think we would have had this recovery,” he said. “It shows, if people are willing to protect nature and if political will is translated into strong legislation like the Habitats Directive, it’s possible to achieve results in wildlife protection.” The revival was welcomed by author and commentator George Monbiot, who is launching Rewilding Britain, a new charity to encourage the return of wild landscape and extinct species.
-“It is great to see the upward trend continuing but Britain is completely anomalous – we’ve lost more of our large mammals than any country except for Ireland,” he said. “Apart from the accidental reintroduction of boar, we’ve done almost nothing, whereas, in much of the rest of Europe, we’ve got bears, lynx and wolves coming back. It’s a massive turnaround from the centuries of persecution.”
-The survey found the Eurasian lynx living permanently in 11 population groups across 23 European countries, of which only five were native populations, indicating the success of reintroduction efforts. According to Monbiot, momentum is building for the reintroduction of the lynx into the Cairngorms in Scotland.
-“If it works in the rest of Europe, there’s absolutely no reason why it can’t work in the UK,” he said, pointing out that bears and wolves are found within an hour of Rome. “There’s no demographic reason why we can’t have a similar return of wildlife in the UK.”",401
-"US shutdown: Christine Lagarde calls for stability after debt crisis is averted James Meikle, Paul Lewis and Dan Roberts 17 October, 2013
-The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has asked the USA to manage its money better. Hundreds of thousands of federal employees returned to work after the government shut down for 16 days. US President Barack Obama said that the US has to be more careful with how it manages its money. The IMF’s managing director, Christine Lagarde, asked for more stability.
-The Senate wrote a peace deal, which included almost nothing that the conservatives asked for. The conservative Republicans nearly caused a new financial crisis because they did not agree to Obama’s healthcare reforms. The House of Representatives agreed the deal at the last minute.
-The World Bank was also pleased that the world’s economy had “avoided a catastrophe ”. Its president, Jim Yong Kim, asked politicians in all countries to continue to make policies that improve the economy and give jobs and opportunity to all. The shutdown cost the US $24 billion. Obama signed the legislation shortly after midnight on Thursday. The bill passed easily, with support from all parties in the Senate, where Democratic and Republican leaders wrote the agreement. It is a temporary solution. It gives the government money until 15 January and allows the government to borrow more money if they want to until 7 February.
-But the president made clear that he did not expect another serious budget fight and shutdown in 2014.
-At the White House, Obama said he hoped the deal would “lift the cloud of uncertainty” that had hung over the country in recent weeks.
-“When this agreement arrives on my desk, I will sign it immediately,” he said. “Hopefully, next time, it won’t be in the eleventh hour. We must manage our money better.”
-A journalist asked the president if the crisis would happen again in a few months. Obama replied: “No.”
-Earlier, the Republican senator Mike Lee said there would be more trouble: “The media keeps asking: 'Was it worth it?' My answer is, it is always worth it to do the right thing.” He added: “This is not over.”
-But the political deal on Wednesday was one of the worst of all possible results for Republicans. They did not achieve any of their goals and most people blamed them for the crisis.",402
-"Margaret Thatcher, the most dominant British prime minister since Winston Churchill in 1940 and a global champion of the late 20th-century free market economic revival, has died. The British government announced that she would receive a ceremonial funeral with military honours at St Paul’s Cathedral.
-The British prime minister, David Cameron, who is cutting short his trip to Europe to return to London following the news, said: “It was with great sadness that l learned of Lady Thatcher’s death. We’ve lost a great leader, a great prime minister and a great Briton.” He added: “As our first woman prime minister, Margaret Thatcher succeeded against all the odds, and the real thing about Margaret Thatcher is that she didn’t just lead our country, she saved our country, and I believe she will go down as the greatest British peacetime prime minister.”
-In a statement, President Barack Obama said, “Here in America, many of us will never forget her standing shoulder to shoulder with President Reagan, reminding the world that we are not simply carried along by the currents of history – we can shape them with moral conviction, unyielding courage and iron will.”
-The first woman elected to lead a major western state, Lady Thatcher, as she became after the longest premiership since 1827, served 11 unbroken years at No 10 Downing Street.
-Thatcher, who was 87, had been in declining health for some years, suffering from dementia. After a series of mini-strokes in 2002, Thatcher withdrew from public life, no longer able to make the kind of waspish pronouncements that had been her forte in office – and beyond.
-Her death was greeted with tributes from across the political spectrum.
-As Labour sources announced the party would suspend campaigning in local elections as a mark of respect, its leader, Ed Miliband, said: “She will be remembered as a unique figure. She reshaped the politics of a whole generation. She was Britain’s first woman prime minister. She moved the centre ground of British politics and was a huge figure on the world stage. The Labour Party disagreed with much of what she did and she will always remain a controversial figure. But we can disagree and also greatly respect her political achievements and her personal strength.”
-The deputy prime minister, Nick Clegg, said: “Margaret Thatcher was one of the defining figures in modern British politics. Whatever side of the political debate you stand on, no one can deny that as prime minister she left a unique and lasting imprint on the country she served.”
-Describing her as a political phenomenon, the former Tory prime minister Sir John Major said: “Her outstanding characteristics will always be remembered by those who worked closely with her: courage and determination in politics, and humanity and generosity of spirit in private.”
-The “Iron Lady” proved a significant cold war ally of the US president Ronald Reagan in the final showdown with the Soviet Union, which broke up under reformist pressures led by Mikhail Gorbachev, a Kremlin leader with whom Thatcher famously declared she could “do business ”. As a result, many ordinary voters in ex-Soviet bloc states saw her as a bold champion of their liberty, a view widely shared across the spectrum of mainstream US opinion – though not at home or among key EU partners.
-Thatcher was an unremarkable mid-ranking Conservative until she unexpectedly became party leader in 1975. Within a decade, she had become known around the world – both admired and detested – for her pro-market domestic reforms and her implacable attitudes in foreign policy, including her long-running battle with the IRA, which almost managed to murder her when it placed a bomb in the Grand Hotel, Brighton, in 1984.
-At home, the emerging doctrine of Thatcherism meant denationalization of state-owned industry – the new word “privatization” came into widespread use in many countries – and defeat of militant trade unionists, notably the National Union of Miners, whose year-long strike (1984 – 85) was bitter and traumatic.
-Boosted by the newly arrived revenues from Britain’s North Sea oil fields, Thatcher had room to manoeuvre and change the ageing industrial economy and she used the opportunity to defeat her enemies – including moderate members of her own party.
-But she also deployed her notorious “handbaggings”, or verbal attacks, in the European Union to obtain a British rebate – “my money” as she called it. She was less successful in fending off the centralizing ambitions of the “Belgian Empire”, her description of the European Commission, especially in the years when it was headed by the French socialist Jacques Delors.
-Her allies in the tabloid press egged her on. And, as the British economy recovered from the severe recession that her monetarist medicine had inflicted on it – to tame the unions and cure inflation – she briefly seemed invincible.
-But untrammelled power, with the defeat or retirement of allies who had kept her in check, led to mistakes and growing unpopularity. When Sir Geoffrey Howe, nominally her deputy, finally fell out with Thatcher – chiefly over Europe – his devastating resignation speech triggered a leadership challenge. Thatcher made way for John Major rather than risk losing to him in a ballot.
-In retirement, she wrote highly successful memoirs in two volumes and campaigned energetically on behalf of the Thatcher Foundation, which sought to promote her values around the world.",403
-"How far away are we from a world where drones deliver packages? If Amazon is to be believed, not far at all. Others are not so sure: technical progress past this point isn’t merely a matter of invention; it’s a matter of public safety.
-Paul Misener, Amazon’s vice-president of global public policy, told a congressional hearing recently that his company would be ready as soon as all the rules were in place – but Misener gave no hints as to what that would look like beyond joking with a congressman that there was a basket of fresh fruit on the way to his doorstep to demonstrate the technology’s viability.
-The Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) will finally have regulations governing the commercial use of unmanned aircraft by June 2016. But the technology has a long way to go before then and larger machines aren’t airway-legal at all yet – only drones up to 25kg will be covered and the FAA points out in the proposed rules that, if you’re going to crowd the skies with radio-controlled flying robots, they had better all be using different radio frequencies that nobody can jam or hijack. Professor Sajiv Singh of Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute, who runs a “critical cargo delivery” company called NearEarth, said that piloting a state-of-the-art drone was a little more like leaving it a trail of breadcrumbs: go to this altitude, perform this short task, go back home. But even short flights from a mobile landing pad pose serious logistical problems, he said.
-“They’re not proposing to deliver from one uninhabited place to another uninhabited place; they’re proposing to deliver from a warehouse to where the consumer is, which is likely an urban area or a suburban area,” he said. “In those particular cases, there are going to be hazards along the way that the vehicle is going to have to detect. Maybe there will be terrain that the map doesn’t know about, unless you’ve mapped that exact route before. Even then, maybe there’s construction equipment that wasn’t there but is there now. Maybe GPS signals are blocked or partially blocked, in which case it’s going to have an incorrect idea about where it is.” All this is surmountable, he said – but it’s difficult. One major problem is maintaining radio contact with a drone and planning for what happens if that contact breaks. “If you have an off-the-shelf UAV [unmanned aerial vehicle], it’ll just keep going and crash into the ground,” said roboticist Daniel Huber.
-That’s not a hard problem for an engineer to fix; it’s just that the fix isn’t yet an industry standard.
-Furthermore, “you can’t do everything with a 25kg aircraft”, said Jay McConville, director of business development for unmanned systems at defence and business contractor Lockheed Martin MST. Much of the focus at Lockheed Martin has been on making drone piloting interfaces less like elaborate flight simulators. “Those of us in the aircraft business have to remind ourselves that the operator doesn’t really care about every little thing about the aircraft and wants instead to focus on the end result,” he said. “Operators want to see vehicle status information; they want to see video on their handheld device or their laptop.” “Technologically, most of the things that are needed for this are in place,” said Huber.
-He is working on a program that proposes using drones to inspect infrastructure – pipelines, telephone lines, bridges and so on. “We’ve developed an exploration algorithm where you draw a box around an area and it’ll autonomously fly around that area and look at every surface and then report back.”
-Huber, a senior scientist at Carnegie Mellon’s Robotics Institute, where he works on 3D systems imagery, said with respect to a program like Amazon’s: “I have heard them say that many packages are lightweight – a drone can carry a kilogram for 15 minutes. If you have a vehicle that can go into a neighbourhood, it can deliver from that base. You need a 15-minute distance and typical off-the-shelf drones have about that distance.” It’s one way, he said, of making sure the surrounding population is relatively safe. “The larger you get, the more dangerous you get.” Logistical problems are in the middle of being solved in some very dramatic ways, Huber said. At a recent conference, he said, a disaster relief drone firm, SkyCatch, demonstrated a robot that could autonomously take off and, when it got tired, land on its own charging station. “It would land and take off and, when it ran low on batteries, it would land, exchange the batteries and take off again,” he said.
-Of course, safety remains a major concern – Singh points out that, for a commercial aircraft to be considered skyworthy, it has to prove a rate of one serious failure every 1m hours. Drones, he said, are “one or two orders of magnitude away” from that benchmark. “The Reaper drone has one failure in 10,000 hours,” Singh said. An oil leak, by the way, doesn’t count as catastrophic failure – something has to fall out of the sky. “We’re closing the gap,” Singh said. “There’s a lot of interest.”
-Part of this is simply that air travel is inherently dangerous and, thus, standards are much higher. “If you fly commercial airlines, often they’ll say, ’Oh, a component has failed – we have to go back to the gate,’” Singh said. “And that’s an established industry with 60 years of legacy! I shudder to think that one of these things might come down on a crowded highway.” Part of the solution, Singh said, is simple contingency planning: “If things fail, the vehicle has to do something reasonable.”",404
-"Passing clouds
-One of the pleasures of flying is seeing clouds close up. Even though they seem insubstantial they carry a considerable weight of water – around 500 tonnes in a small cumulus cloud. And water is denser than air. So why don’t clouds fall out of the sky like rain? They do. But the droplets take a long time to sink. An average cloud would take a year to fall one metre.
-2 On cloud nine
-Most of us are happy to label clouds “fluffy ones” or “nasty black ones ”, but meteorologists identify more than 50 cloud types based on shape and altitude. These fit into categories given numbers from one to nine. Cloud nine is the vast, towering cumulonimbus, so to be “on cloud nine” implies being on top of the world.
-3 Around the rainbow
-There’s no better place to see a rainbow than from a plane. Rainbows are produced when sunlight hits raindrops. We see a bow because the Earth gets in the way, but, from a plane, a rainbow is a complete circle. When passing over clouds, the plane’s shadow appears neatly in the centre of the effect.
-4 Mr blue sky
-Sunlight is white, containing all the colours of the spectrum but, as it passes through air, some of the light is scattered when it interacts with the gas molecules. Blue light scatters more than the lower-energy colours, so the blue appears to come from the sky.
-5 There’s life out there
-Apart from clouds and other planes, we don’t expect to see much directly outside a flying aircraft’s window, but the air is seething with bacterial life – as many as 1,800 different types of bacteria have been detected over cities and they can reach twice the cruising height of a plane.
-6 Turbulence terror
-Even the most experienced flyer can be turned green by turbulence. The outcome can be anything from repeated bumping to sudden, dramatic plunges. The good news for nervous flyers is that no modern airliner has ever been brought down by turbulence. People have been injured and occasionally killed when they are not strapped in, or get struck by poorly secured luggage – but the plane is not going to be knocked out of the sky.
-7 In-flight radiation
-When body scanners were introduced at airports there were radiation scares but the level produced is the same as passengers receive in one minute of flight. The Earth is constantly bombarded by cosmic rays, natural radiation from space that has more impact at altitude.
-8 You can’t cure jet lag
-The world is divided into time zones. The result is that long-haul travel results in a difference between local time and your body’s time, causing jet lag. However, its effects can be minimized by keeping food bland for 24 hours before travel, drinking plenty of fluids and living on your destination time from the moment you reach the aircraft.
-9 Supersonic 747s
-Many of us have travelled faster than sound. There are a number of jet streams in the upper atmosphere, notably on the journey from the US to Europe, where a temperature inversion causes a corridor of air to move as fast as 250mph. If an airliner with an airspeed of 550mph enters a jet stream, the result can be to fly at 800mph, above sound’s 740mph.
-10 Flying through time
-Time zones provide an artificial journey through time – but special relativity means that a flight involves actual time travel. It’s so minimal, though, that crossing the Atlantic weekly for 40 years would only move you 1/1,000th of a second into the future.
-11 Terrible tea
-Don’t blame the cabin attendant if your tea isn’t great. Water should be just under 100°C when it is poured on to tea leaves – but that isn’t possible on a plane. It’s impossible to get water beyond 90°C during flight – so choose coffee.
-12 I can’t hear my food
-Airline food has a reputation for being bland and tasteless. Some of the problem may not be poor catering, though. A plane is a noisy environment and there is evidence that food loses some of its savour when we are exposed to loud noises.
-13 Needle in a haystack
-With modern technology, it seems strange that Malaysian flight MH370 could disappear without a trace – yet, finding a missing aircraft is a needle- in-a-haystack problem. The plane knows its location, both from GPS and inertial tracking, but this information is not relayed elsewhere in real time. That would be perfectly possible. Ocean- going ships have had tracking since the 1980s – the limitation is not technology but a lack of legislation requiring it.
-14 Volcanic fallout
-Air travel can be cancelled by volcanic activity. Glass-like ash particles melt in the heat of the engine, then solidify on the rotors. A clear-skies policy in an ash cloud may be inconvenient – but the risks of ignoring the ash are clear.
-15 The wing myth
-For many years, we taught the wrong explanation for the way wings keep planes in the air. In fact, almost all a plane’s lift comes from Newton’s Third Law of Motion. The wing is shaped to push air downwards. As the air is pushed down, the wing gets an equal and opposite push upwards, lifting the plane.
-16 Forget electric planes
-When we see ultra-light, experimental, electric planes, it’s easy to assume there will soon be clean, green, electric airliners, but it won’t happen any time soon. Aircraft fuel packs in a remarkable amount of energy. Batteries are much less efficient. To provide the same energy as a tonne of fuel would take 100 tonnes of batteries – and a 747 uses 150 to 200 tonnes of fuel. Unless battery technology is made vastly more efficient, electric airliners won’t get off the ground.
-17 Beware the vortex
-Pilots often wait a long time to get clearance. This is to allow the air to settle after a previous take-off, as a plane’s wingtips generate vortices in the air, which can take two or three minutes to disperse. If the following aircraft set off immediately, the rapidly moving air would make the plane difficult to handle. The delay gives the air time to recover from the miniature whirlwinds caused by the preceding plane.
-18 The doors aren’t locked
-In practice, the doors on a plane don’t need to be locked. If you watch an aircraft door being opened, it swings in an unusual way. It first has to be opened inwards before manoeuvring it out of the way. Once the plane has taken off, a significant pressure difference soon builds up between the inside of the plane and the outside. This differential forces the door into place. To open it, you would have to pull against the air pressure, well beyond the capabilities of human muscles.",405
-"Temperature rises resulting from unchecked climate change will be at the severe end of those projected, according to a new scientific study. The scientist leading the research said that, unless emissions of greenhouse gases were cut, the planet would heat up by a minimum of 4C by 2100, twice the level the world’s governments deem dangerous. The research indicates that fewer clouds form as the planet warms, meaning less sunlight is reflected back into space, driving temperatures up further still. The way clouds affect global warming has been the biggest mystery surrounding future climate change. Professor Steven Sherwood, at the University of New South Wales in Australia, who led the new work, said: “This study breaks new ground twice: first, by identifying what is controlling the cloud changes and, second, by strongly discounting the lowest estimates of future global warming in favour of the higher and more damaging estimates.”
-“4C would likely be catastrophic rather than simply dangerous,” Sherwood said. “For example, it would make life difficult, if not impossible, in much of the tropics and would guarantee the eventual melting of the Greenland ice sheet and some of the Antarctic ice sheet”, with sea levels rising by many metres as a result.
-The research is a “big advance” that halves the uncertainty about how much warming is caused by rises in carbon emissions, according to scientists commenting on the study, published in the journal Nature. Hideo Shiogama and Tomoo Ogura, at Japan’s National Institute for Environmental Studies, said the explanation of how fewer clouds form as the world warms was “convincing” and agreed this indicated future climate change would be greater than expected. But they said more challenges lay ahead to narrow down further the projections of future temperatures.
-Scientists measure the sensitivity of the Earth’s climate to greenhouse gases by estimating the temperature rise that would be caused by a doubling of CO in the atmosphere compared with pre-industrial levels – as is likely to happen within 50 years, on current trends. For two decades, those estimates have run from 1.5C to 5C: a wide range. The new research narrowed that range to between 3C and 5C, by closely examining the biggest cause of uncertainty: clouds.
-The key was to ensure that the way clouds form in the real world was accurately represented in computer climate models, which are the only tool researchers have to predict future temperatures. When water evaporates from the oceans, the vapour can rise over nine miles to form rain clouds that reflect sunlight; or, it may rise just a few miles and drift back down without forming clouds. In reality, both processes occur and climate models encompassing this complexity predicted significantly higher future temperatures than those only including the nine-mile-high clouds.
-“Climate sceptics like to criticize climate models for getting things wrong and we are the first to admit they are not perfect,” said Sherwood. “But what we are finding is that the mistakes are being made by the models which predict less warming, not those that predict more.” He added: “Sceptics may also point to the ’hiatus’ of temperatures since the end of the 20th century, but there is increasing evidence that this inaptly named hiatus is not seen in other measures of the climate system and is almost certainly temporary.”
-Global average air temperatures have increased relatively slowly since a high point in 1998 caused by the ocean phenomenon El Niño, but observations show that heat is continuing to be trapped in increasing amounts by greenhouse gases, with over 90% disappearing into the oceans.
-Furthermore, a study in November 2013 suggested the “pause” may be largely an illusion resulting from the lack of temperature readings from polar regions, where warming is greatest. Sherwood accepts his team’s work on the role of clouds cannot definitively rule out that future temperature rises will lie at the lower end of projections. “But,” he said, for that to be the case, “one would need to invoke some new dimension to the problem involving a major missing ingredient for which we currently have no evidence. Such a thing is not out of the question but requires a lot of faith.” He added: “Rises in global average temperatures of at least 4C by 2100 will have profound impacts on the world and the economies of many countries if we don’t urgently start to curb our emissions.”",406
-"An octopus has made a brazen escape from the National Aquarium in New Zealand by breaking out of its tank, slithering down a 50-metre drainpipe and disappearing into the sea.
-In scenes reminiscent of Finding Nemo, Inky – a common New Zealand octopus – made his dash for freedom after the lid of his tank was accidentally left slightly ajar. Staff believe that in the middle of the night, while the aquarium was deserted, Inky clambered to the top of his glass enclosure, down the side of the tank and travelled across the floor of the aquarium.
-Rob Yarrell, national manager of the National Aquarium of New Zealand in Napier, said: “Octopuses are famous escape artists. I don’t think he was unhappy with us, or lonely, as octopuses are solitary creatures. But, he is such a curious boy. He would want to know what’s happening on the outside. That’s just his personality.”
-One theory is that Inky slid across the aquarium floor – a journey of three or four metres – and then, sensing freedom was at hand, into a drainpipe that led directly to the sea. The drainpipe was 50 metres long and opened onto the waters of Hawke’s Bay, on the east coast of New Zealand’s North Island.
-Another possible escape route could have involved Inky squeezing into an open pipe at the top of his tank, which led under the floor to the drain. “When we came in the next morning and his tank was empty, I was really surprised,” said Yarrell, who has not launched a search for Inky. “The staff and I have been pretty sad. But then, this is Inky and he’s always been a bit of a surprise octopus.”
-Reiss Jenkinson, exhibits keeper at the National Aquarium, said he was absolutely certain Inky had not been taken. “I understand the nature of octopus behaviour very well,” he said. “I have seen octopuses on boats slip through bilge pumps. And, the security here is too tight for anyone to take Inky and why would they?”
-Because octopuses have no bones, they are able to fit into extremely small spaces and have been filmed squeezing through gaps the size of coins. They are also understood to be extremely intelligent and capable of using tools. At the Island Bay Marine Education Centre in Wellington, an octopus was found to be in the habit of visiting another tank overnight to steal crabs, then returning to its own. Another at the centre, Ozymandias, was thought to have broken a world record for opening a jar before it was released into the ocean.
-Inky was brought to the National Aquarium a number of years ago by a local fisherman who found him caught in a crayfish pot. He was scarred and “rough looking”, with shortened limbs, said Yarrell. “He had been living on the reef and fighting with fish so he wasn’t in the best shape.” According to Yarrell, Inky – who is about the size of a rugby ball – was an “unusually intelligent” octopus. “He was very friendly, very inquisitive and a popular attraction here. We have another octopus, Blotchy, but he is smaller than Inky and Inky had the personality.”
-The aquarium has no plans to step up security as a result of the escape as Inky was a “one- off” but the staff are “increasingly aware of what octopuses can actually do”. Although the aquarium is not actively searching for a replacement for Inky, if a fisherman brought in another octopus, it might be willing to take it on. “You never know,” said Yarrell. “There’s always a chance Inky could come home to us.”",407
-"They are the darkness seekers – and they are growing in number. On Black Fell, looking down on Northumberland’s beautiful Kielder Water reservoir, a group of people wait in a car park next to a strange wooden building with a minimalist design beamed down from the future. This is Kielder Observatory, the centre of Britain’s nascent astrotourism industry. And those waiting outside were the lucky ones. Many more had applied for a night of stargazing at the observatory but numbers are strictly limited.
-Inside, next to a woodburner and under dimmed lights, the observatory’s founder and lead astronomer, Gary Fildes, a former bricklayer with Tarzan hair, delivers a pep talk to his colleagues and volunteers. The team discusses the prospect of seeing the northern lights but Fildes is doubtful. Instead, they decide to train their powerful telescopes on Jupiter and Venus and later to pick out stars such as Capella and Betelgeuse. An additional attraction is the appearance of the International Space Station.
-“Remember,” Fildes tells his team, “it’s about interaction, it’s about entertainment, it’s about inspiring people.” He puts on some music. Pink Floyd, the Jam, the Pogues. “By 9.30, the sky is going to be sexy,” Fildes says. “It’s going to be epic.”
-Fildes, 49, is at the forefront of the UK’s burgeoning astrotourism industry. The pivotal moment for Northumberland came in 2013 when the entire national park housing Hadrian’s Wall, along with Kielder Water and Forest Park, some 1,500 sq km, was awarded Dark Sky Park status, the only one in England. Dark Sky Parks are rare. The 2013 Star Count revealed that only 5% of the UK population can see more than 31 stars on a good night.
-The Tucson, Arizona-based International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) confers the status only on places that take major steps to avoid light pollution. Recipients must also prove their night skies are sufficiently dark. In Northumberland Dark Sky Park, as the area was rebadged, it is so dark that Venus casts a shadow on the Earth.
-Duncan Wise, visitor development officer for the Northumberland National Park Authority, helped to spearhead the campaign for dark-sky status after the Council for the Protection of Rural England found it was one of Britain’s most tranquil places. “We tend to look at landscape as everything up to the horizon,” Wise said. “But what about what’s above it?” Wise and others spent years drawing up their submission to the IDA, collecting reams of light readings and forming an alliance of local councils, parks’ bodies and community groups to produce an exterior lighting master plan that influences the construction of new developments in the area.
-Their efforts have been vindicated. Many of the 1.5 million who visit Northumberland each year are now aware of its Dark Sky status. “We get a lot of people coming here to see the sky now,” says the man at the car-hire firm in Newcastle. “They come in autumn and winter, when it’s darkest. Good for the B&Bs as they get business all year round now.” Local hoteliers now issue guests with night-vision torches and put out deckchairs at night. Those who have acquired some knowledge of astronomy can receive a badge confirming that their hotels are “Dark Sky Friendly”.
-Wise acknowledges that Northumberland needs to do more to capitalize on its scarce resource and believes the region needs a couple more observatories to ensure that visitors will see what they came for. A £14m national landscape discovery centre, which he describes as the north’s answer to the Eden Project, will have an observatory when it is completed in a couple of years.
-Fildes has grand designs. He is planning Britain’s first “astrovillage”, one that would house the largest public observatory in the world and boast a 100-seat auditorium, a 100-seat planetarium, a one-metre aperture telescope, and radiomagnetic and solar telescopes. The multimillion-pound project would feature a hotel and draw in 100,000 people a year, four times the number currently able to use the observatory. Fildes is cryptic about his backers but believes the astrovillage will be a reality by 2018.
-However, Northumberland faces competition. Galloway Forest Park in Scotland also has Dark Sky Park status. Since Exmoor was designated Europe’s first International Dark Sky Reserve – one notch below Dark Sky Park – in 2011, a range of local businesses offering stargazing breaks and safaris has sprung up. The UK will have to go some way to eclipse northern Chile, which boasts more than a dozen tourist observatories and has some of the clearest skies in the world. The Teide National Park in Tenerife is also becoming a major astrotourism destination.
-So, what is driving the desire to look upwards? The media have helped. TV presenters like Brian Cox have attracted a new generation of stargazers. “Brian Cox has made astronomy accessible,” says Wise. “It’s no longer seen as the province of professors in studies with brass telescopes.” Technology has also played a part. Apps such as Stellarium now turn smartphones into pocket-size planetariums. Ultimately, though, Fildes believes people are starting to appreciate what lies above. “If you had to build a visitor attraction from scratch, what could be better than the universe?”",408
-"Do you want your child to be good at sport, play for the school team and, maybe one day, even be in international competitions? Well, try to make sure that your child is born in November or October. A study by a top expert on children’s physical activity has found that schoolchildren born in November or October are fitter than everyone else in their class.
-Children born in November or October were fitter, stronger and more powerful than children born in the other ten months of the year. They are especially fitter, stronger and more powerful than children with birthdays in April or June. Dr Gavin Sandercock of Essex University and his colleagues found that children born in the autumn had “a clear physical advantage” over their classmates.
-The research involved 8,550 boys and girls aged between ten and 16 from 26 state schools in Essex. All were tested between 2007 and 2010 on three different things: stamina, handgrip strength and lower-body power. The results showed that a child’s month of birth could make big differences to their levels of fitness, muscle strength and ability to accelerate, all of which predict how good someone is at sport.
-November children were the fittest because they had the most stamina and power and were the second strongest. Children born in October were almost as fit – they scored highest for strength and came third for power, with December children close behind.
-The gap in physical ability between children in the same class but born in different months was sometimes very wide. “For example, we found that a boy born in November can run at least 10% faster, jump 12% higher and is 15% more powerful than a child of the same age born in April. This is a huge physical advantage,” said Sandercock. These gaps could decide who became a top-level athlete because “selection into elite sports may often depend on very small differences in a person ’s physical performance ”.
-The study found that, when scores for the three kinds of fitness were put together, children born in April were the least fit, followed by children born in June. The findings seem to show that children born in the early months of the school year enjoy a double “autumn advantage” – we already know that they have an academic advantage and, now, they also seem to be better at sport, too.
-The authors of the study believe that the most likely explanation is that children born in autumn get more vitamin D over the summer months towards the end of pregnancy. John Steele, chief executive of the Youth Sport Trust, said the quality of a young person ’s introduction to sport at school can be “a major factor” in their sporting development. “Children that get a high-quality first experience will have greater agility, balance and coordination, and are more likely to develop an enjoyment of physical activity and be good at sport as they grow up”, he said.
-UK Sport could not say if a majority of the 1,300 athletes it gives money to were born in November and October. Natalie Dunman, its head of performance, said that the differences shown in the new study were true for teenagers in junior-level competitions, but that the differences disappear before sportspeople were in adult competitions. She said: “With adult athletes, there are many factors that make a champion and we don’t think that month of birth is one of the key ingredients.”",409
-"Margaret Thatcher, the most famous British prime minister since Winston Churchill, has died at the age of 87. She was in poor health for many years, suffering from dementia. The British government says that her funeral will be at St Paul’s Cathedral.
-The British prime minister, David Cameron, said: “I was very sad when l heard of Lady Thatcher’s death. We’ve lost a great leader, a great prime minister and a great Briton.” He added: “She was our first woman prime minister – and she didn’t just lead our country, she saved our country.” He added that he believed she would be remembered as the greatest British peacetime prime minister.
-President Barack Obama said, “Here in America, many of us will never forget her close friendship with President Reagan.”
-Margaret Thatcher was the first woman leader of an important western state. She was prime minister for 11 years until members of her own party removed her in 1990.
-When they heard of her death, politicians from all parties sent tributes.
-British Labour Party leader, Ed Miliband, said: “She will be remembered as a unique person. She changed the politics of a whole generation. She was Britain’s first woman prime minister. She was a huge figure in the world. The Labour Party disagreed with a lot of what she did, but we can disagree and also greatly respect her political achievements and her personal strength.”
-The former Conservative prime minister, Sir John Major, said that people who worked closely with her would always remember her courage and determination in politics and her humanity and generous spirit in private.
-The “Iron Lady” was a close ally of the US president Ronald Reagan in the final years of the Soviet Union. The Union broke up because of reforms introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev. He was the Russian leader who Thatcher liked and worked closely with. As a result, many ordinary people in ex-Communist countries still think of her as someone who supported their freedom.
-It was a surprise when Thatcher became party leader in 1975. Within ten years, she had become famous around the world – people both admired and hated her – for her reforms in the UK and her strong beliefs in foreign policy. She had a long battle with the IRA, which almost killed her with a bomb in 1984.
-In the UK, Thatcher’s main economic policy was the denationalization of state-owned industry – the new word “privatization” became used in many countries. She also defeated militant trade unions, particularly the National Union of Miners, after a long and terrible strike that lasted almost a year. With money from Britain’s North Sea oil fields, she was able to change the ageing industrial economy and she used the opportunity to defeat her enemies – including some members of her own party.
-As the British economy became healthy again after the problems that her policies caused, it seemed for a short time that no-one would ever defeat her. But, as her friends and supporters retired or were replaced, she started to make mistakes and became more and more unpopular. Finally, in 1990, after a vote among Conservative MPs failed to support her, John Major took control of the party.
-After she retired, she wrote her memoirs and continued to promote her values around the world.",410
-"Nelson Mandela, the most important person in Africa’s fight for freedom and a hero to millions of people around the world, has died at the age of 95.
-South Africa’s first black president died with his family with him at home in Johannesburg after years of illness.
-The news was told to the country by the current president, Jacob Zuma, who said Mandela died around 8.50pm local time and was at peace.
-“This is the moment of our deepest sorrow,” Zuma said. “Our nation has lost its greatest son.
-“South Africans, Nelson Mandela brought us together and it is together that we will say goodbye to him.”
-Zuma said that Mandela would receive a state funeral.
-Barack Obama called Mandela by his clan name – Madiba. The US president said: “Madiba transformed South Africa – and moved all of us.”
-UK prime minister David Cameron said: “A great light has gone out in the world” and he described Mandela as “a hero of our time”.
-FW de Klerk – the South African president who freed Mandela from prison and shared the Nobel Peace Prize with him in 1993 – said the news was very sad for South Africa and the world.
-“He was a great unifier,” De Klerk said.
-In Soweto, people came together to sing and dance near the house where Mandela once lived. They sang songs from the anti-apartheid struggle. Some people were wearing South African flags and the green, yellow and black colours of Mandela’s party, the African National Congress (ANC).
-Mandela’s death sends South Africa deep into mourning nearly 20 years after he led the country from racial apartheid to democracy.
-But his death will also be felt by people around the world who thought Mandela was one of history’s last great political leaders, similar to Gandhi and Martin Luther King. After spending 27 years in prison, including 18 years on Robben Island, Mandela won the country’s first multiracial election in 1994, with his party, the ANC.
-Born with the name Rolihlahla Dalibhunga in a small village in the Eastern Cape on 18 July, 1918, a teacher at Mandela’s school gave him his English name, Nelson.
-He joined the ANC in 1943. In 1952, he started South Africa’s first black law firm with his partner, Oliver Tambo.
-When the ANC was banned in 1960, Mandela went underground. After the Sharpeville massacre, in which 69 black protesters were shot dead by police, he took the difficult decision to begin an armed struggle. He was arrested and sent to prison for life.
-Finally, in 1990, FW de Klerk ended the ban on the ANC and Mandela was released from prison.
-Archbishop Desmond Tutu, said: “He made people believe in Africa and Africans again.” Mandela’s 91st birthday was celebrated by the first annual “Mandela Day” in his honour. He was married three times and he had six children, 17 grandchildren and 14 great-grandchildren.",411
-"The roof is plastic and the desks are just old chairs, but the students inside the Chemin des Dunes school are studying hard and hoping for a new life in France.
-“The French language is very difficult but we try hard. If we come every day, maybe our dreams will come true,” says Kamal, a refugee from Sudan’s Darfur district who comes to three or four hours of classes every day. “It’s a good thing to keep your brain active.”
-The 29-year-old electrical engineer is one of dozens, perhaps hundreds, of refugees living in the “jungle” camp outside Calais who have applied for asylum in France and really want to learn the language of what they hope will be their new home.
-Like many of his fellow students, he is frustrated by the media coverage of the sprawling tentvillage. He says it focuses only on those people who use the village as a place to stay while they make risky attempts every night to sneak on board cross-Channel lorries or trains.
-“I want people in the UK to know that not everyone wants to go there. There are a lot of people here who want to stay in France,” Kamal said.
-France is already home to more than a quarter of a million refugees, according to United Nations data – this is more than twice as many as the UK, even though the countries have similar populations.
-There are also 56,000 asylum seekers waiting for permission to stay in France – the second highest number in Europe – while, in the UK, there are 36,000.
-But, while the applicants wait to hear if they can stay, France does not give them any financial support or allow them to work – and the slow process can take many months. The jungle camp offers a free meal a day and a plastic roof over their heads. Many decide to live in these basic conditions for a few extra months, rather than jeopardize their chance to stay in France by working illegally.
-The idea for the school was first suggested by some of the asylum seekers at the start of the summer, when they were bored with sitting around waiting and nervous about starting a new life in France totally unable to communicate. It opened within weeks, on 11 July.
-“We did it so people can learn French,” said Zimarco Jones, the school’s Nigerian founder, who arrived in Calais in 2013 and is still waiting to hear if he can stay. “Now, we need to build another one,” he says with a grin.
-The tiny classroom can hold 30 pupils, crammed into five rows of desks in front of a big green chalkboard and pictures of cartoon animals for each letter of the French alphabet. There are also classes in English, art and t’ai chi but the French lessons, given by volunteers from Calais and other towns, are the most popular.
-“French is not as easy as English but, two weeks ago, I decided there was no way to get to the UK,” says George, another Darfur refugee and student. He wanted to cross the Channel because he speaks fluent English but, with language classes, he says he is happy to settle in France.
-“Anywhere there is peace, I can stay, no problem,” he says. He is already waiting at the classroom more than half an hour before his teachers arrive.
-He admits he doesn’t know much about France but says that the classes are slowly helping him understand the country as well as the language.
-Many of the volunteers at the jungle school are local teachers who are giving up their summer holidays.
-Jenny Flahaut, 33, who works at a children’s home, volunteered after seeing an advertisement on Facebook. “I saw these people in Calais every day and I wanted to do something for them,” she said.
-She is angry about the depiction of migrants in the media and about politicians who have never visited the camp, most recently David Cameron, the British prime minister, who talked about “swarms” of people trying to reach the UK.
-“They don’t know them; they are not like that,” Flahaut said as she prepared for an afternoon lesson. “Most of them are very good people. They are welcoming and friendly. They want to improve their life and make it better, and learning is part of that.”
-The teachers and Zimarco are focused, now, on setting up a separate classroom for around 200 women and two dozen children. There are ten times more men than women in the Calais camp. Most feel uncomfortable going to classes with male students they don’t know, the volunteers say.
-Zimarco’s work starting the school is remembered in its unofficial name – everyone in the camp just calls it “Zimarco’s school”. After setting up the new classroom, Zimarco has more dreams for making the camp a place to live, not just survive. He wants to start a football team for migrants and even dreams of changing the camp name. He hates “the jungle” because he says it implies the residents aren’t people.
-“We have a discotheque, a house, a mosque, a school, shops,” he says. “We are not animals.”",412
-"George W Bush, Benedict Cumberbatch and Stephen Hawking have done it. David Cameron, Barack Obama and Pamela Anderson have refused to do it. The Ice Bucket Challenge began in the US in July. It has raised $100 million for the ALS Association, an American motor neurone disease charity, and £4.5 million for a British charity, as well as thousands of pounds for charities in Hong Kong and Australia.
-But some people are unhappy with the Ice Bucket Challenge. Animal-rights groups and environmentalists (people who want to protect the natural world) have criticized it. Some people say it wastes water. Other people criticize it because some people enjoy the fun and then do not donate anything to charity.
-But the challenge continues to grow. If you don’t know how it works, someone gives a short speech to camera about the charity, then throws a bucket of ice cubes in water over their head or asks a friend to do it. Then, they give the names of three other people who have to do the same or donate money to the charity.
-It was an unlucky coincidence that the Ice Bucket Challenge was happening during World Water Week, when people from all over the world met in Stockholm to discuss the planet’s water crisis. The charity WaterAid is asking people to use recycled water from their baths or rainwater from their gardens, or to use sea water.
-Douglas Graham, of the UK Motor Neurone Association, said: “We are not surprised about the criticism but this is a wonderful windfall and we’re so grateful. We didn’t expect it but, suddenly, the donations just started.” The money is a very big help to a small charity that looks after sufferers of a terrible disease that has no cure and kills five people a day in the UK.
-Former Baywatch star and animal-rights activist Pamela Anderson wrote a public letter to the ALS Association. In the letter, she said that she did not like the charity’s use of animal experimentation.
-A few US stars have rejected the challenge because of California’s drought. Actor Matt Damon solved the problem by using water from his toilet. Actor Verne Troyer used milk, also for environmental reasons. And some people say the challenge caused a water shortage on the Scottish island of Colonsay.
-Another criticism is that small charities won’t know what to do with the extra money but the MND Association rejects this. “Oh, we know what to do with the extra money here,” said Graham. “We pay for research to find the causes of the disease, and a treatment or cure. We give care and support to 3,500 people and they need it because this disease is expensive to manage. More than 50% of people with the disease die within two years.”
-But, for many people with a connection to the disease, the awareness that the challenge has created is as important as the money. Normally, the MND Association gets about 300,000 hits a year on its website. On just one day recently, it had 330,000 hits.
-“It is great to donate to any charity. I understand that some people might want to donate to a different charity,” said Graham. “In 2013, British people gave £62 billion to charity – we should be proud of that. It’s fabulous for us to get this windfall. Over the next few weeks, we will decide how to spend the money in the best way.”",413
-"Valdevaqueros is one of the last remaining unspoilt beaches in southern Spain, where the sky above the golden sands is filled with kites hauling surfers over the waves. Currently the beach has little more than an access road lined with camper vans from Germany, France, Italy and Britain, filled with windsurfers and kitesurfers lured by the area’s strong winds.
-For decades it has been a world apart from the concrete-lined beaches of Torremolinos and Marbella along the coast, yet on 29 May the local council in Tarifa approved plans to build a tourist complex right next to the beach, with 1,400 hotel rooms and 350 flats. Environmental and conservation groups have protested that the project will harm the habitats of protected species, but for most councillors here the issue is simple: jobs. In this town of 18,000 inhabitants, 2,600 are out of work as Spain faces its worst economic crisis in at least half a century, one that has cast doubt on the future of the euro.
-“Traditional sources of income such as fishing are dying out, now that fleets are being dismantled and fish stocks are depleted, so tourism is the only way out, as long as it is sustainable,” said Sebastián Galindo, a councillor from the Socialist Party, which is in opposition in Tarifa but voted with the governing People’s Party to give the project the green light.
-Tarifa’s Mayor, Juan Andrés Gil, declined to comment on the project, but Galindo said it complies with environmental standards.
-The complex would be 800 metres from the coast, comfortably beyond the minimum of 200 metres stipulated by a law designed to prevent more ugly developments like those that blighted much of Spain’s coastline when mass tourism first descended on its shores in the 1960s and 1970s.
-Opponents of the complex say the last thing anyone needs is more housing in a country that already has a million empty homes, although the central government last week proposed a sell-off by granting non-Spaniards residency permits in return for buying property worth at least €160,000.
-The Socialist opposition in Madrid attacked the proposal, and Galindo said it discriminated against migrant workers who flocked to Spain during the boom years, many of them from Morocco, whose coastline is just 14km away and can be seen from Tarifa. “It favours moneyed classes rather than those who came here to help Spain get ahead,” he said. Surfers fear that new buildings in Valdevaqueros would reduce the strength of the famous local Levant wind but fail to lure traditional package holidaymakers. “It’s not really a family spot. Just wait until they see what a Levant is like,” said Henning Mayer, who has regularly made the journey from Augsburg in Germany for 20 years. “Ten years ago they said they would build a new highway here. It didn’t happen, so I think it will be impossible to build new hotels.”
-At the southernmost tip of Spain, Tarifa is the strategic crossroads between Africa and Europe, where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Atlantic. Campaigners say it also has a vital role in the animal world as a crossroads for migrating species.
-The campaign to save the beach was launched hours after the Tarifa council voted for the project. The campaign has a Facebook page and is supported by groups including Greenpeace, the World Wide Fund for Nature and the Spanish branch of conservation network Birdlife. “It’s the environmental equivalent of putting a shopping centre right in the middle of the Alhambra,” said Noelia Jurado, who uses her multimedia expertise to campaign against the complex. She also noted that the resort would be near the ancient Roman town of Baelo Claudia. “They could be building on top of more Roman ruins here. Nobody knows.”
-Also joining the opposition to the planned resort is the Andalusian College of Geographers, which, in a preliminary study charted on its website, concluded that “free areas ”, including car parks if not actual buildings, will overlap part of the Alcornocales National Park. The geographers also estimate that the site intrudes on two wildlife conservation areas. One of the areas in Valdevaqueros is home to two species of bat whose survival is threatened.
-“Money is once again being put before urban laws and European environmental directives,” said Raúl Romeva, a member of the European Parliament who is Vice-President of the Greens group. In Romeva’s view, the project is also at fault because the proposed site has too little water in a town that already suffers from shortages in the summer weather that scorches the southern Spanish region of Andalusía. Lack of water recently led the Andalusía Supreme Court to uphold an appeal against plans to build a complex elsewhere in the region, which would have included golf courses, hotels and luxury homes.
-Many locals are also wondering why a resort should be built 10km away, rather than on wasteland near Tarifa’s picturesque old centre, with its typically Andalusian whitewashed walls and winding streets, dominated by a 10th-century Moorish castle. “My opinion and that of catering workers is that we agree with the complex as long as it creates jobs in the town, which is what is needed, but we are against it being for the benefit of a few,” said Cristóbal Lobato, who has worked at the same beachside bar in Tarifa for 30 years. “If they put it in the centre of Tarifa, where there is space, then clients could visit shops, tapas bars and restaurants.”
-Overlooking the green fields earmarked for building, biologist Aitor Galán, who conducts environmental impact studies for a living, pointed at one of only two seaside breeding grounds for vultures in Europe. “Anywhere else in Europe, this place would have the utmost protection, but here they want to get rid of it all and cover it with buildings,” he said. “What they want to do is turn this into Benidorm, but what draws people here is wildlife and the wind. But by taking advantage of the current crisis and unemployment, builders and mayors who agree with them can justify any amount of destruction.”",414
-"We may not yet be living in an age of flying cars, as predicted in the 1985 film Back to the Future II, but the rise of smartphones and other new technologies is creating a reality that is arguably as exciting and almost as far-fetched. Experts agree that economic and demographic changes, technological advances, and environmental concerns are fundamentally altering the transportation landscape. “It’s a very dynamic time,” said Robert Puentes, of the Brookings Institution’s Metropolitan Policy Program think- tank. “There’s a focus on a tighter connection between the role of transportation and the economic health of cities and its impact on people.”
-As the average US commute lengthens and the country’s infrastructure ages badly, cities across the US are being forced to redefine what transportation is. Increasingly, urban planners, transportation experts and scientists are realizing that old auto-centric models focused on easing traffic congestion aren’t enough to tackle issues like population growth and carbon emissions, and transportation is now, more than ever, an integral component of a city’s larger sustainability efforts.
-Big US cities like Los Angeles, Seattle and Chicago are working to make better use of their streets by adding more bus lanes, augmenting pedestrian walkways and expanding their rail options, while at the same time working with the private sector on advanced technologies that will allow a vehicle to drive itself and communicate with other vehicles and its environment, essentially making transportation intelligent. “The most sustainable places to live are those places that have multi-modal transport systems,” Puentes said. “You can’t be a global competitive city if you don’t have a robust transportation network.”
-Here are three of the key trends that experts predict will shape the transportation industry over the coming years.
-The rise of ride-sharing services like Uber and Lyft – essentially taxis booked at the click of a smartphone button – and apps like Waze, which uses real-time traffic data to find the quickest routes for drivers, are dramatically changing how people get around and affecting the very way in which traffic moves through a city. Communication between riders and drivers, between different vehicles and between cars and infrastructure is bringing transportation into a new era, according to Allan Clelland, an expert on transportation technology.
-According to a recent study from the UCLA’s Institute of Transportation Studies, vehicle travel has declined among millennials – individuals born roughly between the early 1980s and early 2000s – compared to previous generations. According to the study, those born in the 1990s are making 4% fewer car trips and travelling 18% fewer miles per year, on average, than members of previous generations did at the same stage in their lives.
-Meanwhile, those still driving cars are dealing with less traffic thanks to Waze. Experts say the traffic app has eased congestion on motorways and reduced travel times for drivers but also led to a problematic rise in cars moving through residential neighbourhoods. This has angered residents, who claim the increased traffic on their quiet roads reduces their quality of life.
-This trend could continue as vehicle-to-vehicle data communication, as well as communication between vehicles and the surrounding infrastructure, grows. Currently, a traffic light can detect when a car is approaching but that’s about it. Companies are working to develop technology that will enable a vehicle to tell traffic control systems not only that it is present but also where it is going and how fast it is travelling.
-Driverless cars have been in the headlines ever since Google began road testing the vehicles back in 2012 but no-one really knows when driverless cars will become commonplace. However, the partial automation of cars is already underway. Alexandre Bayen of the University of California expects automation will progress in stages: first, there might be automated buses with their own lanes, then perhaps lorries in ports or mining towns: essentially, vehicles that are connected electronically and travel in single file.
-The idea of a fully automated transportation system is intriguing because it has the potential to improve safety by removing human error and increase the efficiency of car owners, who can get on with other tasks during a long commute. It can also help reduce carbon emissions and traffic congestion and allow more people access to cars. But, even if driverless technology were ready to hit the roads now, it would take a long time to get fully automated given the average age of cars on the road is 11.5 years old.
-To see what driverless cars might look like in action, go to the video at: vimeo.com/37751380.
-As the world races to avoid catastrophic climate change, and countries, states and cities work to meet ambitious emissions goals, these policies could also have a big impact on the future of transportation, spurring everything from zero- and low-emission vehicles to apps that encourage more walking, biking and carpooling.
-Sharon Feigon, executive director of the Shared Use Mobility Center, envisages a future where a person can use a transit pass that gives them access to numerous modes of transport in a given day. If their train is delayed, for instance, they can access a city bike, take a shuttle or rent a vehicle through a car share programme using the same pass. “We’re going to see these systems packaged together and make it as easy as possible to connect them up with each other so people can transfer seamlessly between them,” she said.
-When considering the future of transportation, it’s also important to keep in mind why people travel: they may be going to work, to meet friends or family, or to do the shopping. Technologies and trends that reduce the need for those trips – say, virtual meetings or telecommuting – could also have a big impact on transportation.
-There was a time when the idea of a flying car represented the height of innovation but the technologies being imagined and developed now could be seen as even more sophisticated – and more useful in tackling the social and environmental threats that we face over the coming decades.”",415
-"Insects are not usually seen as food except in a few regions of the world – but now they are crawling closer and closer to our plates. In spring 2013 there will be an effort to show people that eating insects is not disgusting and also an attempt to put insects on supermarket shelves.
-In April, there will be a festival in London, Pestival 2013, where the consumption of creepy-crawlies will be discussed. The festival will include a restaurant by the Nordic Food Lab, the Scandinavian team behind the Danish restaurant Noma, which brought dishes that included ants to Claridge’s hotel in Mayfair in 2012, an event that was mostly sold out.
-Noma has been named the world’s best restaurant by Restaurant magazine for three years. Its chef, René Redzepi, says that ants taste like lemon, and a purée of fermented grasshoppers and moth larvae tastes like a strong fish sauce. Bee larvae make a sweet mayonnaise used instead of eggs and scientists are constantly finding new ways to use insects.
-In March, a BBC documentary will show food writer Stefan Gates looking for and eating deep-fried locusts and barbecued spiders. But, behind all the jokes there is a very serious message. Many experts believe there is a clear environmental benefit to humans eating insects.
-The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has been funding projects since 2011 that aim to promote the eating and farming of insects in south-east Asia and Africa, where an estimated two billion people already eat insects and larvae as a regular part of their diet. In 2012, the FAO published a list of 1,909 edible species of insect and plans a major international conference on “this valuable food source” in 2013.
-Insects are plentiful – globally, for every human there are 40 tonnes of insects – so there is not too much chance that they will become endangered. “I know it’s taboo to eat bugs in the western world, but why not?”, Redzepi has said. “You go to south-east Asia and this is a common thing. You read about it from all over the world, that people are eating insects. If you like mushrooms, you’ve eaten so many worms you cannot imagine. But also we eat honey, and honey is the vomit of a bee. Think of that next time you put it into your tea.”
-He said that the basic idea behind Nordic Food Lab was: “Nothing is not edible.”
-Insects are critical to life on Earth and, with more than a million species, are the most diverse group of creatures on the planet, but they are misunderstood, hated and often killed by humans just because they are there.
-Over the next 30 years, the planet’s human population will increase to nine billion. Already one billion people do not get enough food. The increase will put more pressure on agricultural land, water, forests, fisheries and resources, as well as nutrients and energy supplies.
-The cost of meat is rising, not just in terms of money but also in terms of the amount of rainforest that is destroyed for fields or to grow food for cattle. There is also the issue of methane produced by cows. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions, the contribution by livestock farming is enormous – 35% of the planet’s methane, 65% of its nitrous oxide and 9% of the carbon dioxide.
-Edible insects produce fewer gases, contain high-quality protein, vitamins and amino acids, and need only a quarter of the food that sheep need, and half that of pigs and chickens, to produce the same amount of protein. They produce fewer greenhouse gases and less ammonia than cows and can be grown on organic waste. China is already successfully setting up huge maggot farms. Zimbabwe has a thriving caterpillar industry and Laos was given nearly $500,000 by the FAO to develop an insect-harvesting project.
-A study by FoodServiceWarehouse.com suggested that giving up pork and beef and eating crickets and locusts instead could help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 95%. But perhaps the fairest thing about eating worms and insects comes when we are dead – then they get a chance to eat us.",416
-"Every morning, before India’s capital gets too hot, some old friends meet. On the dry grass not far from the India Gate monument at the centre of Delhi, they stretch, breathe and meditate.
-“It is the only healthy way to start the day. Much better than an egg or a sandwich or a cup of tea,” said Arvind Singh at 6.15am as he did his breathing exercises.
-Singh, a 42-year-old salesman, and his friends are not alone. All across India you can see people doing yoga together.
-On 21 June – the new International Day of Yoga – Narendra Modi, India’s prime minister, hopes the world will join in. On the grass near India Gate, up to 45,000 people will take part in a 35-minute class. They hope it will be the biggest yoga session ever.
-The participants will include 64-year-old Modi, most of his government and celebrities.
-Modi wants to encourage Indians, and others, to stretch. Modi and his Bharatiya Janata Party won the Indian election in 2014. In May 2015, he told schools to make sure students attended yoga events on the International Day of Yoga.
-Everybody in India knows that their police officers are out of shape. So, India wants to introduce compulsory yoga for them. And, three million civil servants and their families will get free daily yoga lessons. Air India, the national airline, has also said it will introduce yoga for trainee pilots.
-Modi is a vegetarian and a yoga practitioner. He suggested an international yoga day when he spoke to the United Nations on a visit to New York in 2014.
-Modi said that yoga is a gift of India’s ancient tradition. He said that, when you do yoga, you bring together mind and body, thought and action, and create harmony between man and nature. He added that “It is not about exercise – it is about feeling in harmony with yourself, the world and nature”.
-Yoga is between 3,000 and 6,000 years old. It is connected with local religious traditions including Buddhism and Jainism, as well as Hinduism, which is practised by 80% of Indians. In ancient India, yoga was part of daily life.
-Modi has been criticized for creating a view of Indian culture that doesn’t give other traditions a fair place.
-Suneel Singh, a guru in south Delhi, said that yoga does not just belong to one religion: “Is t’ai chi just Chinese? Is football just English? It is the same with yoga – yoga is for everybody. It is a cheap way to stay healthy.”",417
-"According to a group of experts, bogus allergy tests are convincing thousands of people to take unnecessary treatments and put themselves or their children on inadequate diets. This can result in malnutrition. Allergies and food intolerances are increasing rapidly but confusion between the two, as well as misdiagnosis, are causing real harm, said the charity Sense About Science, which has produced a guide with the help of allergy specialists.
-“It’s probably the biggest mess for science communication – there are myths, misinterpreted studies and bad medical practice. All this results in under- and over-diagnosis,” said Tracey Brown, director of Sense About Science. “The costs are huge – unnecessary actions for some and not enough action for those whose lives depend on it.”
-Experts fear that restaurants and caterers hear so many people say that they have allergies (which can be dangerous for the individual), when in fact they have a food intolerance (which is not dangerous), that they may not take all the precautions they should take when serving a person who has a genuine allergy.
-“It matters very much,” said Moira Austin of a charity that supports people suffering from anaphylaxis. “If a caterer thinks somebody is just avoiding a food because they don’t want to get bloated, they may be less careful. There have been a number of fatalities where people have gone to a restaurant, told staff that they have an allergy to a particular food and the meal has been served up containing that allergen.”
-The guide says most internet and shop-bought allergy tests have no scientific basis. They include a home-testing kit that looks for specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against foods in the blood. These antibodies are part of the immune system’s response to infections but “the best medical evidence has shown that high IgG levels do not suggest an allergy,” the guide says. “Results are often positive in people who do not have an allergy or a food intolerance.”
-Also unscientific is another test, a mixture of acupuncture and homeopathy. It attempts to measure electronic resistance across the skin while the child or adult holds the suspect food in their hand. Hair sample testing is also pointless, the guide says. “Hair is not involved in allergic reactions so testing hair samples cannot provide any useful information on allergies.”
-“I commonly see children who have been put on to unnecessarily restricted diets. Their parents assume, in good faith, that they have allergies to multiple foods because of ‘allergy tests’ that have no scientific basis,” said Paul Seddon, a paediatric allergist. “This needs to stop, which can only happen if we prove these ‘tests’ are unscientific.”
-Another paediatric allergist, Adam Fox said: “I get a number of patients who come in after sending their hair off for analysis or after excluding a whole range of foods for their children. It is very difficult to deal with that. There are two challenges. Children need to be given proper diets but it is the unnecessary avoidance of things that aren’t harmful that has a huge impact on the quality of life. A child who can’t eat wheat or drink milk can’t go to parties.”
-The belief that a child’s chronic lack of energy or headaches or eczema are caused by an allergy takes a long time and many tests to prove or disprove. It is tempting to go to an alternative therapist who will do one test and provide a quick, but wrong, answer.
-Allergies are increasing in developed countries. The percentages of children diagnosed with allergic rhinitis and eczema have both trebled in the last 30 years. This is leading many more people to suspect allergies are the reason for their own or their children’s health problems. The guide lists a number of myths about the sources of allergies, from the suggestion that they are caused by E numbers in food colourings to “toxic overload” and fast food.",418
-"People today might not hear the sounds of the natural world because they screen out the noises around them, says a US researcher.
-More background noise can make people oblivious to the uplifting sounds of birdsong, water and trees in the wind. You can often hear these sounds even in cities, said Kurt Fristrup, a senior scientist at the US National Park Service.
-The problem is even worse because people listen to music through their earphones instead of listening to the birds and other sounds of nature. Natural sounds are easily drowned out by traffic, music and others noises, Fristrup said.
-“This learned deafness is a real problem,” Fristrup told the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in San Jose. “We are training ourselves to ignore the information that comes into our ears.”
-“This gift that we are born with – the ability to hear things hundreds of metres away, all these incredible sounds – might be lost,” he said.
-This is the problem: we hear so many noises that we stop listening.
-For the past ten years, the US National Park Service has recorded sound levels at more than 600 parks in the US, including Yosemite in California, Yellowstone and Denali in Alaska. There was noise from human activity in all the parks, for example aircraft, motorbikes, motorboats and tour buses.
-Fristrup’s team say that noise pollution more than doubles every 30 years. “It’s not surprising people put on earphones,” he said.
-“More background noise has the same effect on your hearing as fog has on your vision – you are aware of only a small area around you,” he said. Even in our cities, there are birds and things to appreciate in the environment but we are losing the ability to hear them.
-People quickly become used to changes in their environments, including more noise. Fristrup worries that we will forget how much quieter the world could be. “If finding peace and quiet becomes too difficult, many children will grow up without the experience and I think it’s a very big problem,” he said.
-Other scientists reported health benefits from listening to natural sounds. Speaking at the same meeting, Derrick Taff, a social scientist at Pennsylvania State University, said that listening to recordings from national parks, of waterfalls, birdsong and wind, helped people feel less stressed.
-“We know that natural sounds are very important to people. They are some of the main reasons people visit protected areas. They want to hear the natural quiet, the birdsong, and the wind and water,” Taff said. “We may be losing this as people are listening to their iPods all the time. My advice is to go to your protected areas and experience what you are missing.”",419
-"Sleep deprivation used to be a badge of honour: a sign you were busy and important and very much in demand. Snoozing was losing and sleep was for wimps. Now, however, Arianna Huffington’s The Sleep Revolution, a 'call to bed' that promises to transform your life “one night at a time”, is a New York Times best-seller and Huffington is urging people to “sleep their way to the top”. Meanwhile, the sleep industry has woken up big time and a whole range of start-ups are reinventing where, when and how we sleep, as well as how much we’re prepared to pay for it. For the more upmarket snoozer, luxury hotels are offering “sleep retreats”; more than $1,000 gets you dinner and a movie about sleep. And, if you’re staying home, you can upgrade your bedroom with everything from a mattress cover with a sensor that tracks your sleep ($249) to a brainwave-monitoring sleeping mask that lets you nap more efficiently ($299).
-Sleep hasn’t just been corporatized – it has infiltrated corporations. A number of companies already have nap pods and Huffington predicts that nap rooms in offices are going to become “as common as conference rooms“ in the next two years. So, how did this happen? How did sleep, something humans have done since long before Huffington awoke to it, suddenly become so fashionable?
-Getting enough sleep is a natural fit for the sort of lifestyle in which paying $10 for green juice and $34 for a SoulCycle class is the norm. Then, there’s the rise of the quantified self through wearable technology. Our bodies have become input/output devices that we monitor and optimize for greater efficiency and sleep has become another data set to be tracked. What Huffington emphasizes about sleep, after all, is not that it rests you but that it restores you. Sleep, she says, is the ultimate performance enhancer and getting eight hours of rest has become the ultimate status symbol.
-You know how Arianna Huffington gets her eight hours? Well, for one thing, she has “nine or so” assistants, according to a recent New York Times profile. Huffington calls them her “A-Team”; they do everything from running her errands to planning her travel to loading The Huffington Post on her computer in the morning. According to the Times, most of the A-Team can only endure about 12 months of the work because it’s so taxing. The low pay also means many of them take second jobs. Basically, they don’t sleep so that Huffington can … and can sell books about it.
-Getting enough sleep isn’t just a question of valuing sleep enough to go to bed at the right time; it’s a question of going to bed in the right neighbourhood and in the right body. Numerous studies show that you’re more likely to sleep poorly if you’re poor. It’s hard to sleep if you’re worried about your safety or haven’t had enough to eat. It’s hard to sleep if you’re one of the 15 million American shift workers who work irregular hours. Research has also found that there’s a black/white sleep gap. One study shows that, while white people sleep an average of 6.85 hours, African Americans sleep an average of 6.05 hours. They also have a lower quality of sleep. Researchers have attributed this, in part, to the stress of discrimination.
-Want to know who gets the most sleep and the best quality of sleep in America? Wealthy white women. Which, if I’d hazard a guess, is probably the same demographic Huffington is targeting her book at. Huffington describes her promotion of sleep as a “revolution” but, really, it’s a rebranding. The very real sleep crisis we face isn’t down to a few rich people thinking it’s a waste of time; it’s down to the 99% not being able to afford to spend time sleeping.
-While sleep is currently enjoying a moment, it will probably be short-lived. Sleep may be a performance enhancer but it’s an inefficient one. The real prize is finding a way to negate sleep deprivation so humans can function on less sleep. Unsurprisingly, the military is at the forefront of this research. In 2008, the Pentagon published a report called “Human Performance” which examined the possibility of a future in which soldiers could perform at their peak with only a couple of hours’ sleep. “Suppose a human could be engineered who slept for the same amount of time as a giraffe (1.9 hours per night).
-This would lead to an approximately twofold decrease in the casualty rate. An adversary would need an approximately 40% increase in the troop level to compensate for this advantage.” The report goes on to look at the effects of ampakines, a class of drugs that modulate neurotransmitters in the brain, to remove the effects of sleep deprivation.
-Eventually, humans will figure out a way to get rid of sleep. Spending a third of your life unconscious won’t be a luxury anymore; it’ll be something only the poor will be forced to do. At which point, we may need a whole new sort of sleep revolution.",420
-"The senior editor of The Atlantic magazine, James Hamblin, recently did an experiment. As part of his series, ‘If Our Bodies Could Talk’, Hamblin reduced the number of showers he had and did not use shampoo and soap when he had a shower.
-He discovered what thousands of others have also discovered: the more we try to clean ourselves with soaps and body washes, the more our skin works to get back its balance. This means we have to begin the whole process again. Showering removes oil and bacteria from the skin. Many would say “That is the reason I shower!” But, it seems that this sometimes works too well, especially when you add hot water and soap products.
-Our skin has millions of good bacteria. Showering destroys these bacteria. And when the bacteria return, they produce an odour – yes, showering too often may make you smell more. But, when you stop showering and using soap, your skin goes through a (probably gross) period of change. After this, the skin normally gets its balance back, it produces less oil and healthy bacteria flourish.
-Hamblin realized that the human body, working on its own, is lovely. We will smell and look better – skin experts say that using less soap can improve skin problems. But, that’s not the only advantage – reducing the number of showers we have (and the number of cleansing products we use) can help the environment. The average shower lasts seven minutes and uses 65 litres of water. That’s 65 litres of clean, drinkable water that we fill with soap and wash down the drain each and every day – sometimes more than once.
-The importance of clean water is becoming harder and harder to ignore – for example, there is another summer of drought in California. It’s becoming clear that clean water is one of the most valuable things in the world and we soon won’t have enough. There is also the environmental effect of all those body wash bottles. So, there are many very good reasons to shower less.
-Perhaps you remember the last time you were close to people who already don’t shower enough but you can relax. Many people who shower less still use deodorant and hand-washing with soap is still a vital way to reduce the spread of many diseases.
-You don’t need to give up showering completely, as James Hamblin did, but if you shower a lot, we have some simple advice: reduce. Shower less, put down the soap and let those lovely little bacteria flourish.",421
-"How long can you hold your breath? I’m trying it right now. The first 30 seconds are easy. I’m ready to give up at 45 seconds but I push on through and it seems to get easier for a while. But, as the second hand ticks past a minute, I know I’m on borrowed time. My heart is pounding. I let out a tiny breath and this helps. Eventually, I give in, expelling the spent air in my lungs and taking a huge gasp. (And continue to gasp for a few more breaths, prompting my husband to ask what on earth I’m doing.) I manage one minute and 12 seconds. I’m quite impressed with myself.
-Breath-holding ability becomes extremely important in some sports, particularly freediving. In 2006, I was filming a programme about the anatomy and physiology of the lungs for a BBC series called, slightly oddly, Don’t Die Young. I was lucky enough to meet Sam Amps, who was captain of the UK freedive team. At a pool in Bristol, she taught me some simple exercises to help me hold my breath for longer while swimming underwater. By the end of the session, I think I’d managed a prodigious 90 seconds of breath-holding, enough to let me swim a width. Sam swam three widths with ease. She could hold her breath for five minutes, while swimming. Five!
-I asked how she did it: very slow breathing for several minutes prior to each dive, then a big, deep breath before diving in. She also said training helped her resist the urge to breathe for far longer than most people.
-Some have suggested that the ability to voluntarily hold your breath is evidence of a watery episode in human evolution. It’s even been said that humans have an ability to lower heart rate and metabolic rate in order to breath-hold for even longer. Other anatomical and physiological bits and bobs – our hairlessness, the distribution of our subcutaneous fat and even our tendency to walk on two legs – have been linked to an aquatic phase of evolutionary development. Unfortunately, the cobbled-together “aquatic ape hypothesis” fails to hold water. It’s a romantic notion that may appeal to us but, with the cold light of day falling on the scientific evidence, it’s revealed to be nothing more than a fiction.
-Looking at voluntary breath-holding, it turns out that we’re certainly not unique among non-aquatic mammals in being able to hold our breath. (Having said that, it’s a difficult thing to investigate in other mammals as, unlike humans, they tend not to comply when you ask them to breath-hold.) And experimental evidence shows that heart rate doesn’t drop during breath-holding. At least, it doesn’t if you’re breath-holding on land. When you’re submerged in cold water it’s a different story: cooling the face does lead to a slower heart rate in most people. But, once again, this isn’t evidence of an aquatic ape ancestry, as it turns out to be a very general characteristic of air-breathing vertebrates. This reduction in heart rate is just one of the physiological responses that are sometimes described together as the “mammalian diving reflex”. But physiological responses that could be useful in diving are also – and, perhaps, even more importantly – useful for not drowning.
-While our ability to breath-hold may not be all that special, when we compare ourselves with other animals, it’s now proving very useful in one particular area of medicine. Radiotherapy for breast cancer involves directing radiation, very precisely, at the tumour. This may require several minutes’ worth of radiation and, so, it’s usually done in short bursts, between breaths. But, if the patient can keep her chest perfectly still for several minutes, it means that the entire dose can be delivered, in the right place, in one go. The problem, of course, is that most people, just like me, struggle to hold their breath for much longer than a minute. But doctors at University Hospital Birmingham have recently performed careful experiments that show that, if patients are ventilated with oxygen-rich air before attempting a breath- hold, they can manage to hold their breath for an impressive five-and-a-half minutes.
-Surprisingly, the trick seems to lie not in fooling the body’s usual sensors for low oxygen or high carbon dioxide levels in the blood but in fooling the diaphragm. When you breathe in, you’re contracting the muscle of your diaphragm, pulling it flat so that the volume of your chest increases – and air is drawn into your lungs. When you hold your breath, you keep your diaphragm in this contracted state. Artificially raising oxygen levels and reducing carbon dioxide levels before a breath-hold, as in the Birmingham radiotherapy experiments, may work by delaying fatigue in the diaphragm. And – not so useful if you’re trying to keep your chest perfectly still – breathing out a little air lets the diaphragm relax a little, and helps you to prolong a breath-hold, exactly as I found when attempting my breath-hold.
-And, so, it’s your diaphragm, the main muscle of breathing, that is also in charge when it comes to reaching the breakpoint of your breath-hold. Eventually, even if you’ve fooled it for a while, the signals from the diaphragm are just too strong and you have to give in – and take a breath.",422
-"When you see the word Amazon, what’s the first thing you think of – the world’s biggest forest, the longest river or the largest internet shop – and which do you think is most important?
-These are the questions in a debate about the internet. Brazil and Peru have made objections to a bid made by the US online shop for the domain name, “.amazon”.
-Amazon has asked for its company name to be a top-level domain name (currently “.com”), but the South American governments say this would stop the use of this internet address for environmental protection, indigenous rights and other public interest uses.
-There are many other disputed claims to names, including “.patagonia”.
-Until now, the differences between commercial, governmental and other types of identity were easy to see in every internet address by the use of “.com”, “.gov” and 20 other categories.
-But soon there are going to be more of these categories – or generic top-level domains (gTLDs) as they are technically known.
-The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) has had bids (each worth almost $200,000) for hundreds of new gTLDs to add to the 22 that we use already.
-Amazon has applied for many new domains, including “.shop”, “.song ”, “.book” and “.kindle ”. But the one that has caused most discussion is its application for “.amazon”.
-Brazil and Peru want the “.amazon” application to be stopped. They say that a private company should not have a name that is also the name of an important geographical area.
-“Allowing private companies to register geographical names as gTLDs to profit from the meaning of these names is not, in our view, in the public interest,” the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology said.
-Brazil said other members of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty support its views (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela).
-There have also been other objections over new top-level domains that use geographical or cultural names.
-Argentina is unhappy that the US outdoor clothing retailer, Patagonia, wants a domain name that has been known far longer as a region of spectacular beauty. “Argentina rejects the '.patagonia' request for a new generic top-level domain. Patagonia is an important region for the country’s economy because it has oil, fishing, mining and agriculture resources. It is also a major tourist destination.”
-They will discuss the disputed bids again at a meeting of ICANN’s Governmental Advisory Committee in Durban in July. The first new domain names will probably be in use before the end of 2013.",423
-"Scientists have put a false memory in the brains of mice in an experiment. They hopethe results of the experiment will help to explain why people “remember” things that never happened.
-False memories are sometimes a problem with eyewitness statements in courts of law.
-Eyewitnesses often give evidence that leads to guilty verdicts, but later those verdicts may be changed when DNA or some other evidence is used.
-Susumu Tonagawa, a scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and his team wanted to study how these false memories form in the human brain. They put memories in the brains of mice by changing individual neurons.
-In the experiment, Tonagawa’s team put the mice in a box and allowed them to explore it.
-As they explored it, their brain cells created a memory. The next day, they put the same mice in a second box and gave them a small electric shock. This scared the mice. At the same time, the researchers shone light into the mouse brains to bring back their memories of the first box. That way, the mice associated fear of the electric shock with the memory of the first box.
-In the final part of the experiment, the team put the mice back in the first box. The mice froze because they were scared. However, they had not received the shock in the first box and had no reason to be afraid.
-A similar thing may happen when powerful false memories are created in humans. “Humans are very imaginative animals,” said Tonagawa. “So, just like our mouse, it is quite possible we can associate what we have in our mind with bad or good events. In other words, there could be a false association of what you have in your mind rather than what is happening to you.”
-He added: “Our study showed that the false memory and the real memory use very similar, almost identical, brain mechanisms. It is difficult to tell the difference between them. We hope our future experiments will show legal experts how unreliable memory can be.”
-Chris French, of the University of London, is a researcher in false memories in people. He said that the results of the experiments were an important first step in understanding false memories. He added that memory researchers have always known that memory does not work like a video camera, recording all the details of anything we experience. Instead, we build a memory from small pieces of memory of the event, as well as information from other places.
-He warned that the false memories created in the mice in the experiments were far simpler than the complex false memories people have, such as false memories of childhood sexual abuse, abduction by aliens, or “past lives”. These complex false memories involve many parts of the brain. French says that it will be a long time before we understand how our brains make these memories.
-The mouse models created by the MIT team will help scientists ask more complex questions about memories in people. “Now that we can change the contents of memories in the brain, we can begin asking questions that used to be philosophical questions,” said Steve Ramirez, who works with Tonagawa at MIT. “Can we create false memories? What about false memories for more than just places – false memories for objects, food or other mice? These used to be sci-fi questions but we can now research them in the lab.”",424
-"Fit in four minutes’ sounds like a headline from a health magazine or an impossible promise on late-night satellite TV. Then you try Dr Izumi Tabata’s training programme – 20 seconds of allout effort, ten seconds of rest, repeat eight times – and, after collapsing on the floor, you realize you were wrong.
-Tabata has seen it all before. “They were dead!” he laughs as he remembers the first time he tried out his system on his university students in the early 1990s. “After four minutes’ hard exercise they were completely exhausted. But after six weeks they saw the results and were surprised. We all were.”
-He began his research after he watched Japan’s speed skating team in the early 1990s – he noticed that short bursts of incredibly hard exercise seemed to be at least as effective as hours of moderate training. Tabata tried to prove this with a simple experiment. One group of moderately trained students did an hour of steady cardiovascular exercise on an exercise bike five times a week. The other group did a ten-minute warm-up on the bike, followed by four minutes of Tabata training, four times a week – plus one 30-minute session of steady exercise with two minutes of Tabata.
-The results were very surprising. After six weeks of testing, the group following Tabata’s plan – exercising for just 88 minutes a week – had increased their anaerobic capacity by 28% and their VO2 max, something that shows your cardiovascular health and maximal aerobic power, by 15%. The control group, who trained for five hours every week, also improved their VO2 max, but by 10% – and their training had no effect on anaerobic capacity.”We also measured increases in heart size after three weeks of doing the exercises,” says Tabata.
-But you have to work very, very hard. You can’t sit on a cross trainer, chewing gum and reading the latest issue of HELLO! The programme demands intensive bursts on a stationary bike or rowing machine; explosive bodyweight exercises, sprints and so on. Remember how you felt after doing a 100m sprint at school? Imagine doing eight of them with only a tensecond break to recover.
-“All-out effort at 170% of your VO2 max is the basis of the programme,” says Tabata. “If you feel OK afterwards, you’ve not done it properly. The first three repetitions will feel easy but the last two will feel impossibly hard. In the original plan the aim was to get to eight, but some only managed six or seven.”
-One person on an online forum wrote: “When done correctly you should meet God. Most people are incapable of doing it correctly and shouldn’t even try.” Tabata doesn’t completely agree. “Everyone can do it but beginners should start with educated trainers so that they can work at the correct intensity for them,” he explains. He adds that his programme burns an extra 150 calories in the 12 hours after exercise, even at rest. So, although it is used by most people to get fit – or by fit people to get even fitter – it also burns fat.
-It’s slightly surprising, therefore, that only serious athletes follow the programme at the moment. But that may change now that Tabata has agreed a deal that will lead to a network of instructors and a DVD range released towards the end of the year. “I decided to do this because I often go on YouTube and, while I am pleased that people are doing it, some are doing it wrong because they don’t realize how hard they need to work,” says Tabata.
-So should we all start following this plan? Richard Scrivener, a former rugby fitness coach, says that while the benefits are clear, Tabatas are an addition, not a replacement, to a favoured sport or training method. “Runners, for instance, need a high level of running economy, which comes from learning the skills and running for many miles,” says Scrivener, “But they could reduce the number of long runs and the overall mileage by introducing Tabata training. This will give joints the chance to rest and recover, especially if you have a history of injuries – and you would probably therefore get more benefit from the long runs when you do them.”
-Gym rats can benefit by doing three strength sessions and three Tabatas a week. And the rest of us can slowly increase the number of sessions, although we know that it will never get easier because every session needs maximum effort. That’s the cruel genius of the programme: it is hard – and effective.",425
-"A long time ago, cinema audiences were taken to a galaxy far, far away.
-That was 1977 but, in 2015, just before its seventh film, interest in Star Wars is not slowing down. Now, there is news of a new film about Han Solo and of a reappearance for Darth Vader.
-“Fans around the world are always waiting for new poster art, new trailers and other information,” said Paul Dergarabedian, senior media analyst. “I don’t think any other movie franchise could cause this much excitement.”
-The latest Star Wars mania started after Disney bought Lucasfilm from Star Wars creator, George Lucas, in 2012. After Disney paid $4 billion for Lucasfilm, it announced that there would be three more Star Wars films – VII, VIII and IX – plus plans for spin-off movies.
-They have now announced details of the second spin-off. It is a story about Han Solo, the character played by Harrison Ford in the first three films. This second new film will be released in May 2018.
-Before that, they will release Episode VII in December 2015, directed by JJ Abrams and called Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Episode VIII will come out in 2017 and a spin-off called Rogue One will arrive in cinemas in 2016.
-Lots of people are very interested in the rumour that Darth Vader, the villain from the original films, will reappear in Rogue One. This interest shows the power of Star Wars.
-Lucasfilm-Disney are creating a cinema “universe” around Star Wars, with many different characters and stories. They are doing the same thing as the very successful films produced by Marvel Studios. Disney also bought them, in 2009.
-Disney knows a lot about marketing: Dergarabedian says the decision to make all six existing Star Wars films available on streaming services is “a brilliant way to make people excited about the new film”.
-There has been much enthusiasm for Star Wars for at least twenty years. This is shown by the huge number of novels, comic books, video games and merchandising that Lucasfilm has created.
-Michael Rosser, news editor for the magazine Screen International, says this is what makes Star Wars the top film franchise. “The great thing about the first Star Wars films was that they created a huge universe of characters and stories,” he said.
-“For years, people have wondered how the different parts of the story fit together. This new film goes back to Han Solo and Luke Skywalker so it will reconnect with the first Star Wars film. The prequels did not do that.”
-Rosser is talking about the three films Lucas directed between 1999 and 2005, The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith. They were about the life of Luke Skywalker ’s father, Anakin, who becomes Darth Vader. They got quite bad reviews but they made $2.5 billion.
-“It shows the power of Star Wars – the prequels were disappointing but they still made a lot of money,” said Rosser.
-“The movie studio wants to continue the franchise and make sure new films are of good quality. They also want people to go to the cinema at a time when lots of people are watching films at home. But you don’t want to watch Star Wars on your iPhone.”
-Dergarabedian expects big business when The Force Awakens opens at cinemas in December 2015. “It should make at least a billion dollars. Star Wars is the ultimate movie franchise.”",426
-"He is not the first person to express scepticism about Mars One, a private mission that aims to send humans to live on Mars from 2025. But Joseph Roche is different from most critics: he’s on the shortlist of astronauts.
-Roche, an astrophysicist at Trinity College Dublin who was announced in February as one of the 100 people shortlisted for the mission, has written for the Guardian expressing his doubts about the viability of Mars One.
-The selection process, Roche writes, “was not rigorous enough to reach the standard of more traditional astronaut selection programmes”. He also says the Dutch Mars One team have shown “a certain naivety” because they believe they can succeed alone in the $6bn mission. He says they should now accept it is very unlikely to happen.
-Roche also expressed worries about the way the mission organizers publicized a ‘top-ten’ list of candidates. The ranking, he said, didn’t mean these were the best astronauts. It was based on how many “supporter points” each had earned.
-He says that these points only show how much each supporter has donated to Mars One, for example by buying official merchandise.
-The official timeline for the mission says the group plans to send a stationary lander and satellite to Mars in 2018, followed by a rover in 2020 and cargo missions starting in 2022. Humans would start arriving in 2025 and crews of four would be sent every two years to add to the settlement. They would not return to Earth.
-In February, a supporter of the project, Gerard ’t Hooft, a Dutch Nobel laureate in physics, said he did not believe this timetable was realistic. He said: “It will take quite a bit longer and be quite a bit more expensive. When they first asked me to be involved, I told them: ‘You have to put a zero after everything’.”
-Roche also said that there were not 200,000 people who applied to be astronauts, as Mars One said; there were only 2,761.
-He talked about the selection process in more detail: “I have not met anyone from Mars One in person. Initially, there were going to be regional interviews; we would travel there, we’d be interviewed and we’d be tested over several days. In my mind, that sounded like a proper astronaut selection process.
-“But, all of a sudden, it changed from being a proper regional interview over several days to being a ten-minute Skype call.”
-Roche told the Guardian that he did not want to give more interviews because he didn’t want to sound negative about the idea of space travel.
-He writes: “I am passionate about scientific endeavour and that is why the ambitiousness of the Mars One plan appealed to me. Mars One were never likely to overcome the financial and technical barriers during their proposed timeline. But it was nice to hear a new idea that challenges us to think about our own role in the future of space exploration.
-He said that being part of the public debate about future missions has been one of the most interesting and enjoyable aspects of his involvement with Mars One. He went on to say that, “If a one-way mission to Mars ever became possible, I would always volunteer. For an astrophysicist, that is not a difficult decision to make.” But he does not think there will be a one-way mission in his lifetime.",427
-"When it comes to climate change, we usually just focus on the first part of the story, the part about the problem. We usually forget the second part of the story about the many available solutions. These solutions are speeding up recycling, slowing down emissions and providing sustainable alternatives to plastic, air conditioning, smartphones and fast fashion.
-The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change met recently in Copenhagen to present its latest report on the impacts and speed of climate change. Climate change is now measured on all continents. Our efforts to lower emissions must be intensified to avoid climate change getting out of control. Copenhagen looked at the risks and challenges but also the solutions.
-Focusing on what can be done, Sustainia Award, chaired by Arnold Schwarzenegger, celebrated ten leading sustainable solutions used in 84 countries. From food to fashion, energy to transportation, education to health, the awards showed that there is an alternative to the grim-future scenarios we so often read about.
-From California, we saw how we can now produce plastics from greenhouse gases that are competitive with normal oil-based plastics in price and quality. From Switzerland, we learned how we can recycle and reuse old clothes and shoes more effectively. And from Canada, we learned how smartphones can make bike-sharing more convenient.
-The ten projects each offered unique solutions to sustainability challenges but it was the Nigerian initiative, Wecyclers, that won Arnold Schwarzenegger and the rest of jury’s vote. It won the Sustainia Award 2014.
-Wecyclers allows poor communities to make money on waste in their streets. By using bicycles to collect and recycle waste in Lagos, Wecyclers lets families exchange garbage for consumer goods via an SMS-based point system.
-Recycling companies purchase Wecyclers’ sorted waste and make it into products such as mattresses, pillows and trash bags. Wecyclers is a response to local waste problems, where it’s estimated that only 40% of the city’s rubbish is collected. According to the World Bank, only 46% of municipal waste in Africa is collected. More than 5,000 households are involved and there are plans to extend the initiative to other cities throughout Nigeria.
-Solutions to deal with climate change are often hi-tech innovations focused on cutting emissions. However, to successfully solve the variety of challenges, we need variety in our solutions as well. Sustainability is not just about bringing down emissions, it is also a question of using our natural resources more intelligently and creating healthier lives for ourselves. These initiatives might be low-tech in innovation, but they are high-impact when it comes to creating sustainable change for entire communities.
-With a wide range of solutions for the wide range of challenges, we must focus more on the important part of the story that creates enthusiasm, momentum and that helps to create positive change.",428
-"Dr Ben Brabon of Edgehill University teaches a MOOC – a massive open online course. The course is one of only two accredited MOOCs in the UK at the moment. Brabon says that many students enrol on MOOCs because they are free and they enjoy communicating with other students. MOOCs have no entry tests and no fees, so MOOC students behave very differently from students on normal higher education courses.
-MOOCs are the newest idea to try to make higher education available to everyone. Companies are investing a lot of money in new websites that offer sophisticated and interactive courses to tens of thousands of students. Investors hope to find a business model for MOOCs that will make them profitable. They could earn money by finding out why and when millions of students enrol, interact with their material, submit their assignments, message each other and stop the course.
-Nobody can say exactly who MOOCs are for. Universities that want to attract fee-paying international students onto postgraduate courses by showing them their best programmes online? Students in developing countries who really want access to first-world universities? Employees who wish to develop their professional knowledge? People without qualifications who want to use MOOCs as a bridge to higher education? Or hobby learners, who want to learn about a subject they find interesting?
-MOOCs may be popular at the beginning but very few people complete them, says Dr Brabon. His literature course had 1,000 enrolments but only 31 people completed the course. “And almost all of those had a first degree or had been educated to degree level,” he says. “So it seems MOOCs do not make higher education available to people who couldn’t go into higher education before.”
-“Learning online is a different thing and needs quite advanced learning skills,” says David Kernohan, an expert in digital technology. “With MOOCs, there’s very little support: the student does not get any individual attention.” Students get support from other students in online discussions. This may mean that online study is unattractive or difficult for someone without high-level qualifications, but it suggests that MOOCs could be “a really good tool for continuing education,” he added.
-The number of part-time students has reduced as the cost of studying at university increases, so could open and free courses provide a new path to university education? Could you teach a whole degree via MOOCs? “I don’t think that’s how MOOCs work,” says Brabon. Instead, he suggests “blended learning that combines a campus experience with a MOOC; also, perhaps, using MOOCs to create a global degree, with students taking courses from across the world, might be possible.”
-But that’s in the future. At present, the course content and assessment standards of MOOCs have no quality assurance, so employers will not be impressed by them. Accreditation is now essential for MOOCs so academics and employers will believe they are of good quality, says Brabon.
-Some people hope that MOOCs will bring the best of first-world teaching to students in less developed countries. Others believe that universities could use MOOCs to advertise their campus courses to bigger numbers of fee-paying students from outside the EU.
-Mike Sharples, chair of Educational Technology, doesn’t agree. MOOCs are mainly a way to publicize and share universities’ best teachers. They also encourage interaction and feedback from students around the world, he says. He believes that attracting international students onto university courses is not the main aim of MOOCs. But they could certainly be a very clever marketing idea, as he says that “if 20,000 people enrol on a MOOC – well, you only need 20 of those to enrol afterwards to have a master’s course.”
-“In South America, China and countries in Africa, there are many people who want to learn and some of the world’s best courses are now online,” adds Sharples. “If people are fascinated by learning, then why not? The real challenge is to allow those countries not just to study MOOCs, but also to create them. ”",429
-"We often see our colleagues and friends smoking an e-cigarette. But has vaping started to become less popular? Statistics suggest that vaping among smokers and recent ex-smokers, who are the vast majority of vapers, may already be declining. The figures will be studied closely by the major e-cigarette companies, which have put millions of pounds into a technology that they thought was growing in popularity.
-Figures released in 2014 by the health charity Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) reveal that usage among adults in Britain of electronic cigarettes – which do not contain tobacco and produce vapour, not smoke – has tripled from 700,000 users in 2012 to 2.1 million in 2014.
-However, figures collated by the Smoking Toolkit Study, a research organization that provides quarterly updates on smoking trends, show vaping’s appeal may be declining. Vaping rates among smokers and ex-smokers rose steadily until the end of 2013, when 22% of smokers and ex-smokers were vaping. But this proportion stopped rising in 2014 before dropping to 19% during the final quarter of the year. The drop is described as “statistically significant” by Professor Robert West, who collates the figures for the Toolkit.
-Smokers are the key group for e-cigarette companies because seven out of ten vapers are smokers. Only around 1% of people who have never smoked have tried an electronic cigarette. “Numbers who use e-cigarettes while continuing to smoke are going down,” West said. “We’ve only been studying vaping for just over a year, so it’s a short time period, but we are not seeing growth in the number of long-term ex-smokers or ‘never’ smokers using e-cigarettes. Vaping rates might change but, at this stage, it looks like they’re staying the same.”
-The fact that vaping has stopped growing in popularity in the UK seems to be at odds with what is happening in the US, where the technology has been promoted aggressively and where reports suggest it is growing in popularity. However, West questioned the interpretation of US data, which made little distinction between people who had once tried an e-cigarette and those who regularly vaped.
-Experts believe it is unlikely that vaping will become fashionable among young non-smokers. Only 1.8% of children are regular users, the ASH study found. Instead, e-cigarettes seem to be most popular among adults who want to quit. “While the figures published this month by Smoking In England show that the use of electronic cigarettes by smokers has stopped rising, their data also shows the huge increase in use since May 2011,” said James Dunworth, of ecigarettedirect.co.uk. “Our customers are still very happy with the product, and technology and innovation in hardware is improving user experience and helping them to switch from traditional cigarettes.”
-“E-cigarettes behave like a sort of nicotine patch,” West agreed. “They are more popular than nicotine patches and may or may not be more effective. One-third of quit attempts use e-cigarettes, which makes them by far the most popular method of stopping.”
-Hazel Cheeseman, director of policy at ASH, said it was too soon to say whether vaping had peaked. “Although there are indications that the market hasn’t grown in the UK for about a year, there doesn’t seem to be a decline in the number of people using electronic cigarettes to help them quit smoking.”
-The European Commission (EC) is looking at increasing taxes on e-cigarettes, which could have an impact on their popularity. A new EC tobacco directive comes into force in 2016 that will limit the amount of nicotine in e-cigarettes to below their current levels. This may mean vapers will have to increase their usage to get the same effect, again something that may make e-cigarettes more expensive.
-West suggested that policymakers should see e-cigarettes as an aid to stopping smoking and not have the same regulations for them as for smoking. “There is a tendency among some local authorities and organizations to treat e-cigarettes as cigarettes and ban them in public places and outdoors,” he said. “It just sounds like you’re having a go at vapers and that undermines the public health messages we’re trying to get out. We have to be careful not to stigmatize e-cigarettes.”",430
-"You’ve spent eight hours in the office. You’ve finished the most important work of the day. This is the time when most workers would think about going home.
-But, for millions of Japanese employees, if they leave work and arrive home in time for dinner, people say that they are disloyal to their company.
-But now, the government is trying to do something about Japan’s culture of overwork. It wants to make workers take at least five days’ paid holiday a year.
-Japanese employees are allowed an average of 18.5 days’ paid holiday a year. Companies must allow them a minimum of ten days’ paid holiday, plus 15 one-day national holidays. But very few employees take these days. Most take only nine days of holiday, according to the labour ministry. Many British workers think that a two-week summer holiday is their right but workers in Japan think that a four-night vacation in Hawaii is a big self-indulgence.
-By 2020, the government hopes that the law will make Japanese employees follow the example of British workers, who take an average of 20 days’ paid annual leave, and workers in France, who take an average of 25.
-Japan’s employees are respected and admired in the rest of the world for their commitment to the company. But they often have no time for anything else.
-Couples don’t have time to start families. So, Japan has a low birth rate and the population is declining. More employees are falling ill from stress or even dying through overwork.
-About 22% of Japanese work more than 49 hours a week, compared with 16% of US workers and 11% in France and Germany, according to data from the Japanese government.
-“Nobody else uses their vacation days,” says Erika Sekiguchi, a 36-year-old worker. She spends 14 hours a day at work and used only eight of her 20 days of paid vacation in 2014, six of which were sick leave.
-Yuu Wakebe, who works at the health ministry, admits that he does 100 hours of overtime a month. “It is a worker’s right to take paid vacations,” Wakebe said. “But workers in Japan have to do a lot of extra work for no money.”
-Workers are scared that their colleagues will think they are not working hard enough. This is one reason for a rise in stress-related illness, early death and suicide. About 200 people die every year from heart attacks and strokes in Japan, caused by long hours and hard work.",431
-"Noise emanating from passing ships may disturb animals such as killer whales and dolphins far more than previously thought, with new research showing that the animals’ communication and ability to find prey could be hampered by the underwater din. The low rumble of passing ships has long been connected to the disturbance of large whales. But, US researchers have documented persistent noise also occurring at medium and higher frequencies, including at 20,000Hz where killer whales, also known as orcas, hear best.
-These noise disturbances could be hindering the ability of killer whales to communicate and echolocate – the process of using sound to bounce off objects such as prey and identify where they are. Dolphins and porpoises, which also operate at higher frequencies, may be suffering the same problems. The findings suggest that the noise could well affect the endangered population of killer whales that are found near the shipping lanes. A population of just 84 killer whales forage up the US west coast and into Puget Sound.
-“The main concern relating to this is that even a slight increase in sound may make echolocation more difficult for whales,” said Scott Veirs of Beamreach, who led the research. “That’s worrying because their prey, chinook salmon, is already quite scarce. Hearing a click off a salmon is probably one of the most challenging things a killer whale does. Hearing that subtle click is harder if there’s a lot of noise around you.”
-The researchers used underwater microphones to measure the noise created by about 1,600 individual ships as they passed through Haro Strait, in Washington State. The two-year study captured the sounds made by 12 different types of vessel, including cruise ships, container ships and military vehicles, that passed through the strait about 20 times a day.
-Some ships are quieter than others but the average intensity of noise next to all the ships was 173 underwater decibels, equivalent to 111 decibels through the air – about the sound of a loud rock concert. Whales are not usually located right next to ships and so would be subjected to noise of about 60 to 90 decibels – around the level of a lawnmower or a vacuum cleaner.
-Veirs said scientists have already identified the impact of underwater noise upon baleen whales – a class of fauna containing the largest animals on Earth. But, the new research underlines the threat posed to smaller whales, dolphins and porpoises. “Ships have been thought of as low- frequency sources of noise, like the rumbling of lorries or trains,” he said. “Most noise is at that low frequency but the background noise of the ocean is raised even in the high frequencies. This could be causing a significant problem that we need to look into more.”
-There are several knock-on consequences of a noisy marine environment. Whales may have to group together more closely in order to hear each other. And, should they fail to find prey as effectively, they will need to use up their stores of excess blubber. This is problematic as this blubber often contains manmade pollutants that are toxic to whales if released fully into their systems.
-Veirs said more work needs to be done to identify how badly the noise is affecting whales and also to quieten the ships that pass near the cetaceans. “It should be easy to reduce noise pollution,” he said. “Military ships are quite a bit quieter and there could be straightforward ways of transferring that technology to the commercial fleet. Another way to reduce noise is to slow down. Decreasing speed by six knots could decrease noise intensity by half.”
-While the fortunes of some whale species, such as humpbacks and blue whales, the largest mammal on Earth, have improved as whaling has declined, others are still under threat from a range of factors. The US federal government has recently protected nearly 40,000 square miles of the Atlantic in an attempt to avoid losing the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale, a species with just 500 individuals left.
-In Europe, killer whales are carrying dangerously high levels of banned polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) chemicals in their blubber. Scientists are still trying to determine whether pollutants caused the deaths of five sperm whales that became stranded on the east coast of Britain in January 2016. Meanwhile, around the coast of Australia, whales face an increased threat from ship strikes and oil and gas drilling, as well as Japan’s recent pledge to resume whaling in Antarctic waters.",432
-"To a traditional navigator like Tua Pittman from Raratonga in the Cook Islands, a canoe is much more than just a means of transport. “The canoe is our island, the crew members are the community and the navigator is the leader,” Pittman says. He continues, “On a canoe, you are not just going from one destination to another using the stars, the moon, the sun and the birds. Navigation is using the philosophies of being a leader to show your crew members the light of life.”
-It has been a busy week for the crews of four sailing canoes since arriving in Sydney for the start of the World Parks Congress. Tua’s journey began at the Cook Islands on 25 September. The islanders sailed to Samoa, then Fiji, Vanuatu and onto the Gold Coast, before sailing south to Sydney. Around 100 crew members were involved in the voyage and they aimed to travel using only traditional navigation techniques. Unfortunately, said Tua, the crews had to rely on modern navigation equipment at times to reach Australia in time for the Congress.
-The official title of the expedition is the Mua Voyage. It is a partnership between the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Oceania Regional Office and five Pacific Island countries: Samoa, Tonga, New Zealand, the Cook Islands and Fiji. The main goal of the 6,000-nautical-mile (11,000km) trip was to deliver a special message to the World Parks Congress.
-The message said: “We see the signs of overexploitation. We no longer see the fish and other marine creatures in the size, diversity or abundance of the past. We witness the change as foreign fishing fleets take our resources. Our coral reefs, the greatest in the world and our spawning grounds are disappearing. Our ocean is vast but not limitless. Growing global populations and unsustainable development are reducing the ability of our ocean to sustain life.”
-The Pacific Islanders have put a lot of effort into their urgent message to the delegates of the Congress. But, despite this, the Congress has spent much of its time trying to set a revised target for the amount of the ocean that needs to be protected in marine sanctuaries. According to the IUCN, in 2013, the amount of the world’s oceans in marine protected areas was not even three per cent and less than one per cent of that is ‘no take’ (no fishing). This was despite a target of 20-30% no-take areas set by the last World Parks Congress in 2003.
-Marine scientist Professor Callum Roberts was one of the scientists who helped set the 20-30% target in 2003. But he said it was not enough. “The IUCN should now lift its target from 30 to 33%. New research shows that we need to raise the 30% target. Any reduction in efforts at this stage and moment in history would be disastrous for our oceans.”
-After difficult negotiations, the World Parks Congress delegates passed a motion that will dramatically change the goals for global marine management. Instead of the 20-30% target, the IUCN now says that each marine habitat should include strictly protected areas of at least 30%. These areas should address both biodiversity and ecosystem services.
-Tua Pittman was delighted with the news that a strong resolution on the planet’s oceans had passed the Congress. “It’s a huge reward for all the effort that we made to be here and to be heard. To hear they made that resolution is fantastic. It’s a step in the right direction.”
-He said he was 55 and, in his lifetime, he was already beginning to see that it was much harder to catch fish on the open ocean. He also said that pollution was getting worse, particularly as the canoes approached big cities such as Sydney. And climate change is already beginning to have a serious effect on Pacific Islanders. “The decisions of the big countries impact on the small countries twice, three times, four times more than they impact on developed, large nations.”
-The Mua Voyage had been a massive logistical undertaking, said Tua. Years of preparation and navigational planning went into such a trip and it was critical to the voyagers that the world listened to their message and acted. He said that the leaders of wealthy countries need to start to think more like traditional navigators who recognize that their boats are just specks in an enormous sea. Most importantly, and spoken like a true navigator, Tua says politicians must seek a different route. “The world needs to find a different path.”",433
-"Some cities have pigeons. Lima has black vultures. They fly in groups over the city and sit on the city’s buildings. With their wrinkly heads and small, round eyes, they remind Lima residents of the poverty and filth in their city.
-But the vultures’ taste for dead and decaying things has become a good thing. Environmental authorities are putting GoPro video cameras and GPS trackers on the birds – the birds now work in the fight against fly-tipping and illegal dumping.
-Samuel is one of the project’s ten black vultures that are looking for rubbish. He wears his tracker and flies above the city, where he finds secret or hidden dumps. The exact positions of the rubbish dumps are recorded on a live map.
-His trainer at Lima’s Huachipa Zoo, Alfredo Correa, says, “They can eat dead animals because their bodies protect them from viruses and bacteria,” he says.
-USAID and the Peruvian Environment Ministry are working together on this project to try to solve Lima’s rubbish problem. The vultures are fighting disease, while most humans ignore the danger.
-Lima has nearly ten million inhabitants but just four landfills so there are many illegal dumps. A fifth of the city’s rubbish goes into the illegal dumps, according to the Environment Ministry. The rubbish makes the water of Lima’s main water source, the Rimac river, dirty. It also makes the water of the Chillon and Lurin rivers, which flow into the Bay of Lima, dirty.
-Three poorer districts have only 12% of Lima’s population but they have much more illegal rubbish than other neighbourhoods: Villa Maria del Triunfo (39.4%), Villa El Salvador (25.3%) and El Agustino (18.3%).
-Part of the problem is unpaid taxes. Many residents don’t pay their taxes. That means some of the 43 districts of the city do not have enough money for rubbish collection.
-It also means that it is possible that nobody is going to clean up where the vultures find illegal rubbish. “We tell the local governments where the vultures found illegal dumps,” says Javier Hernandez, the project director. “It’s their job to collect the rubbish and to try and change the habits of their residents.”",434
-"Tua Pittman from Raratonga in the Cook Islands is a traditional navigator. To him, a canoe is more than just a form of transport. “The canoe is our island, the crew is the community and the navigator is the leader,” he says. “On a canoe, you are not just going from one place to another using the stars, the moon, the sun and the birds. Navigation is showing your crew the light of life.”
-It has been a busy week for the crews of four sailing canoes – they are in Sydney for the start of the World Parks Congress. Tua’s journey began at the Cook Islands on 25 September. The islanders sailed to Samoa, then Fiji, Vanuatu and onto the Gold Coast. Then, they travelled south to Sydney. Around 100 crew were involved in the voyage and they tried to travel using only traditional navigation techniques. Sadly, said Tua, the crews had to use modern navigation equipment sometimes to reach Australia in time for the Congress.
-The trip is called the Mua Voyage. It is a partnership between the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Oceania Regional Office and five Pacific Island countries: Samoa, Tonga, New Zealand, the Cook Islands and Fiji. The main aim of the 11,000km trip was to deliver a special message to the World Parks Congress.
-The message said “We see fewer fish than in the past, and they are smaller. And foreign fisherman take our fish. Our coral reefs, the greatest in the world, and our fishing grounds are disappearing. Our ocean is very big but not limitless.”
-The Pacific Islanders’ message to the delegates of the Congress was urgent. But a lot of time has been spent at the Congress trying to set a new target for the amount of the ocean that needs special protection. According to the IUCN, in 2013, less than three per cent of the world’s oceans was in marine protected areas and less than one per cent of that is ‘no take’ (no fishing). But there should be a lot more ‘no-take’ areas because the last World Parks Congress in 2003 set a target of 20-30%.
-After difficult talks, the World Parks Congress agreed new targets for marine protected areas. The new target is not 20-30%; it is at least 30%. And they must try to solve the problem of biodiversity.
-Tua Pittman is very happy with what the Congress has decided for the world’s oceans. “It’s a huge reward for all the effort that we made to be here. To hear they made that decision is fantastic. It’s a step in the right direction.”
-He is 55 and, in his lifetime, he can already see that it is much harder to catch fish. He also said that pollution is getting worse, particularly close to big cities such as Sydney. And climate change is already having a serious effect on Pacific Islanders. “The decisions of the big countries have a small effect on developed, large countries, but they have a very big effect on small countries.”
-The Mua Voyage had taken years of preparation and planning. It was critical to the voyagers that the world listened to their message and took action. Pittman said that the leaders of rich countries should think more like traditional navigators who see that their boats are just tiny specks in an enormous sea. Most importantly, Tua says that politicians must change how they do things. “The world needs to find a different path.”",435
-"A long time ago, cinema audiences were transported to a galaxy far, far away: one where imperial cruisers battled rebel fighters, where droids rubbed circuits with Wookiees and where a spaceship called the Millennium Falcon could make the Kessel Run in less than 12 parsecs. That was 1977 but, in 2015, as the franchise approaches its seventh big-screen instalment, interest in Star Wars shows no sign of abating – now, there is news of a new film about Han Solo and of a reappearance for Darth Vader. “Countless fans around the world are in a constant state of vigilance waiting for the release of new poster art, new trailers and other information,” said Paul Dergarabedian, senior media analyst at box-office monitor Rentrak. “It’s hard to imagine any other movie franchise that could evoke such a level of passion, enthusiasm and excitement.”
-The latest Star Wars mania dates from the Hollywood studio Disney’s purchase of Lucasfilm from the film’s creator, George Lucas, in 2012; the $4bn acquisition was accompanied by an announcement of three more sequential “episodes” – VII, VIII and IX – plus then unspecified plans for spin-off movies and “stand-alones” to fill the gaps in the release schedule. Details of the second spin-off have now been made public: an “origins story” about Han Solo, the intergalactic smuggler played by Harrison Ford in the first three films, which is scheduled to be released in May 2018.
-It will follow the release in December 2015 of Episode VII, directed by JJ Abrams and titled Star Wars: The Force Awakens, the unnamed Episode VIII due out in 2017 and the already announced spin-off, Rogue One, which will arrive in cinemas in 2016.
-That movie will outline a rebel mission to steal the plans of the Death Star, a key plot element of the first film in 1977. Levels of interest in the rumour that Rogue One will also feature the reappearance of Darth Vader, the black-clad villain of the original series, only confirmed the power of Star Wars nostalgia.
-In creating a multi-stranded, multi-character cinema “universe” around Star Wars, Lucasfilm-Disney are taking their cue from the phenomenally successful series of films produced by Marvel Studios, which Disney also acquired, in 2009.
-Disney has brought a whole new level of marketing savvy to an already popular product: Dergarabedian cites the decision to make all six existing Star Wars films available on streaming services as “a brilliant way to build the anticipation for the new film and reinvigorate the idea of Star Wars in the minds of the fans”.
-Whether it needs reinvigorating is questionable. The level of enthusiasm that has surrounded Star Wars for at least the last two decades is evidenced by what has become known as the “Expanded Universe”: the plethora of novels, comic books, video games and merchandising that Lucasfilm has created or licensed over the years.
-This extra material began emerging as far back as 1978 but was given a massive kick by the mushrooming of the internet in the 1990s. Role-play and fan participation show no sign of slowing: in the UK, event-cinema brand Secret Cinema have found considerable commercial success with their live staging of The Empire Strikes Back.
-Michael Rosser, news editor for Screen International, suggests that it is this “shared universe” of highly infectious nostalgia that keeps Star Wars in pole position among film franchises. “The great thing about the original films was that they created a huge universe of characters and possibility that sparked the imagination of viewers,” he said.
-“For years, people have been wondering how the different strands would play out. This new film, because it’s going back to Han Solo and Luke Skywalker, looks as though it will reconnect with the original Star Wars in a way that the prequels failed to.”
-Rosser is referring to the three films Lucas directed between 1999 and 2005 – The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith – which chronicled the life of Luke Skywalker’s father, Anakin, who transforms into Darth Vader. Despite being greeted with less-than-stellar reviews, the prequels took $2.5bn at the worldwide box office, shortly after the release of restored and augmented “special editions” of the first trilogy had netted $469m in 1997.
-“It shows the power of Star Wars that, although they were disappointing, the prequels still managed to make a lot of money,” said Rosser.
-In a film business where branding is all and a successful franchise the answer to everybody’s prayers, is there a risk that movie studios will simply become branding machines and lose their interest in cinema for its own sake?
-Rosser thinks not. “They are desperate to ensure the longevity of the franchise and make sure the quality is kept up. They are also trying to bring people into the cinema at a time when lots are staying home for entertainment. But you don’t want to watch Star Wars on your iPhone so I don’t think it’s going to run out of steam any time soon.”
-Meanwhile, Dergarabedian is anticipating massive business when The Force Awakens reaches cinemas in December 2015. “We are certainly looking at a record opening for December and it should go on to make at least a billion dollars worldwide. Truly, Star Wars is the ultimate movie brand.”",436
-"Vienna is the world’s best city to live in, Baghdad is the worst and London, Paris and New York do not even enter the top 35, according to international research into quality of life.
-German-speaking cities dominate the rankings in the 18th Mercer Quality of Life study, with Vienna joined by Zurich, Munich, Dusseldorf and Frankfurt in the top seven.
-Paris has dropped down the table – it has fallen ten places to 37th, just ahead of London at 39th, mostly because of the terrorist attacks on the city.
-The study examined social and economic conditions, health, education, housing and the environment. It is used by big companies to decide where they should open offices and factories and how much they should pay staff.
-Helena Hartlauer, 32, from Vienna, said she was not surprised at her city’s top position. The city’s social democratic government has a long tradition of investing money in high-quality social housing, which makes Vienna less expensive than other major cities.
-“I live in a 100sq-metre apartment in a good area about 20 minutes’ walk from the city centre. But my rent is just €800 (£625) a month.” A similar apartment in London would cost over £2,000 and even more in New York, ranked 44th in the table.
-US cities perform relatively badly in the study, mostly because of issues around personal safety and crime. The highest ranking city in the US is San Francisco, at 28th; Boston is 34th. Canadian cities, led by Vancouver, do much better than their US rivals in the table.
-“You don’t realize how safe Vienna is until you go abroad,” said Hartlauer. “We also have terrific public transport, with the underground working 24 hours at weekends and it only costs €1 per trip.”
-Vienna benefited enormously from the fall of the Berlin Wall, becoming the gateway to Eastern European countries that often have historic connections to the former Austro-Hungarian empire.
-“Our big USP (unique selling point) is our geographical location,” said Martin Eichtinger, Austrian ambassador to London, who lived in Vienna for 20 years. “The fall of the Berlin Wall helped make Vienna a hub for companies wanting to do business in Central Europe.”
-According to the World Bank, Austria has one of the highest figures for GDP (gross domestic product) per person in the world, just behind the US and ahead of Germany and Britain, although below neighbouring Switzerland.
-Mercer says Zurich in Switzerland has the world’s second highest quality of life but the Viennese say their city is far more fun. “There are more students in Vienna than any other German-speaking city,” said Hartlauer. “It’s a very fast growing, young and lively city,” she added.
-Vienna has long been overlooked by British weekend city break tourists, who instead go to Barcelona or Berlin and tend to think of Austria as somewhere for skiing, lakes and mountains.
-But, after an increase in budget flights from British cities such as Manchester and Edinburgh, Vienna is becoming a more popular destination. In 2015, there were 588,000 British visitors to Vienna, 18% more than the year before.
-“Vienna has ranked top in the last seven surveys,” said Mercer. “It scores highly in a number of categories; it provides a safe and stable environment to live in, a high standard of public transport and good recreational facilities.”
-London has never been in the quality-of-life top ten, says Mercer, damaged by its poor scores for air pollution, traffic congestion and climate. After London, Edinburgh is the next-ranking British city, in 46th place.
-Paris has suffered the biggest fall in the most recent rankings. “Paris has remained stable for several years but has, this year, dropped ten places,” said Mercer. “The drop was mostly due to the terrorist attacks in 2015 because safety is a very important factor in the survey.”
-Auckland in New Zealand was the highest ranking English-speaking city in the survey, in third place, followed by Vancouver in fifth. Australian cities also do well in the survey, with Sydney 10th and Melbourne 15th.
-War and political unrest are behind all the worstranked cities in the world. Surprisingly, Damascus is named as only the seventh worst, ranked better than Baghdad, Bangui in Central African Republic, Sana’a in Yemen, Port-au-Prince in Haiti, Khartoum in Sudan and N’Djamena in Chad.",437
-"There are many quirky solutions to help make our cities better places to live, such as glow-in-the-dark trees, underground bike sheds and solar-powered bins.
-City living is good in many ways but it is not always possible to lead a sustainable lifestyle in a city. Pollution, traffic and loss of green spaces are just some of the daily problems that people in cities have to live with.
-We look at ten quirky solutions that could make our cities better places to live.
-1 Pop-up parks
-Today’s cities sometimes look like they’re built for cars and not for people. The pop-up park is a simple idea. You need an empty car park, a small amount of money and a plant or two, and you can make your own private park. The PARK(ing) project started as an arts experiment in San Francisco. It has since spread across the world.
-2 Underground storage
-Not everyone in a city has a car. Bikes are in fashion but there is one problem: where to keep the bike safe? An engineering company in Tokyo has a solution: an underground bicycle park. Just seven metres wide, the bicycle park goes deep enough into the ground to keep 204 bikes.
-3 Glow-in-the-dark trees
-When most people think of trees that glow in the dark, they usually think of Christmas trees. Not Daan Roosegaarde. The Dutch designer-artist has invented a plant that is like a light. The technology joins DNA from glowing marine bacteria with a plant to create a glow like a jellyfish. Roosegaarde hopes that this technology could one day replace normal street lighting.
-4 Pedestrian electricity
-Every day, hundreds of people in the east London neighbourhood of West Ham cross a pedestrian walkway close to the underground station. They probably don’t notice the springiness of the walkway. And they probably don’t know that the springy rubber surface powers the streetlights above. The floor has tiles that capture the energy from pedestrians ’ footsteps and turn it into electricity. There is a similar system at London’s Heathrow Airport.
-5 Supertrees
-Singapore’s Gardens by the Bay has a group of man-made trees. Up to 50 metres high, these steel ‘supertrees’ have flowers growing up them. They collect rainwater and 11 of the 18 trees also have solar panels on their ‘branches’.",438
-"It is hard to tell exactly where the noise is coming from, but impossible to miss it from anywhere in Damascus. All day and all night you can hear the sound of guns, rockets or planes attacking rebel positions – the sound of war getting closer to Syria’s capital. Just over two years after the Syrian crisis began, the people of Damascus have learnt to ignore the sound of death and destruction just a few miles away.
-“Actually you do get used to it after a while,” said George, an IT technician. “But you never know exactly what they are hitting.” That usually becomes clear later from video clips posted by the opposition on YouTube.
-The constant background noise is more worrying because the government tries so hard to keep an atmosphere of business as usual. “As you can see, everything here is fine but we have to hit the terrorists, these extremists,” an army officer announced. One government official said: “If I was afraid, I would just shut my door and stay inside. I have to work and I am not afraid. If I don’t defend my country, who will?”
-In private conversation, ordinary people are less defiant. In the centre of town, a shopkeeper complained sadly that his baby daughter cries at the sound of explosions. Zeina, a twentysomething student, is afraid she might become desensitized to suffering – and perhaps to danger too. “In the beginning, when there started to be explosions, I used to have nightmares,” she reflected. “Now I can sleep through anything.”
-And, the risks are increasing even closer to home. In Sabaa Bahrat Square, in what was supposed to be the safest part of Damascus, a car bomb exploded, leaving the front of a building black, its windows broken and also damaging the imposing structure of the Syrian Central Bank next door. The square is often used for televised pro-regime rallies, with people chanting slogans under giant banners of President Bashar al-Assad.
-That bombing was not the worst Damascus has experienced as the situation has deteriorated. In February, reports say that 80 people, including schoolchildren, died near the ruling Ba’ath Party headquarters in Mazraa. You can still see the crater, marked by an enormous patch of fresh asphalt on the main road going north. “I live nearby but luckily I wasn’t there,” recalled Munir, a university lecturer.
-Mortar bombs, fired from rebel-held areas now very close to the city, have become a worrying new development. The bombs killed 15 students in a university cafeteria on 28 March. The intended target was probably a government building.
-There has been increased security since the bombing of the national security crisis cell in July 2012, when four of Assad’s most senior aides were killed. Concrete blast barriers – often painted in the Syrian flag’s black, red and white – now protect official buildings, not just the military or defence installations that are obvious targets. The Iranian Embassy in Mezze now looks like a fortress. “The regime did manage to set up a ring of steel round Damascus,” a foreign diplomat said. He added that there are now holes in that ring of steel and that brings home the reality of the war.
-All this means that moving around has become difficult, unpredictable and time-consuming – another part of life today in an understandably nervous city. Checkpoints on main roads stop traffic for ID checks and baggage searches with handheld explosive detectors – vital to stop future bombers. Only drivers with an official security clearance can use special fast lanes to avoid the wait.
-It is hard, however, to avoid the question on everyone’s mind: will there be a battle for Damascus – the world’s oldest continually inhabited city, as the guidebooks say – like the one that has so damaged Aleppo? Parts of the city already feel like a war zone: its most exclusive and expensive hotel is almost empty, although many rooms are being used as offices by international agencies with white UN vehicles parked behind the blast barriers outside. The streets empty soon after 9pm.
-One view is that the fight for Syria’s capital is coming, but not quite yet – in the summer perhaps, some predict, when the rebels have made further progress in the south. Others argue that a complete victory by either side is unlikely and hope for a political solution that comes from abroad. But few people here seem to expect things to get any better.",439
-"The High Court in London has ruled that three elderly Kenyans detained and tortured during the Mau Mau rebellion have the right to sue. Now the British government is afraid that thousands of legal claims may follow, from people who were imprisoned and who say they were treated badly during the final days of the British Empire.
-The government’s lawyers said that too much time had passed since the seven-year insurgency in the 1950s and it was no longer possible to hold a fair trial, but the court rejected these claims. In 2011 the same judge rejected the government’s claim that the three claimants should sue the Kenyan government because it had inherited Britain’s legal responsibilities on independence in 1963.
-Human rights activists in Kenya estimate more than 5,000 of the 70,000 people detained by the British colonial authorities are still alive. Many may bring claims against the British government. The ruling may also make it possible for victims of colonial atrocities in other parts of the world to sue.
-The Foreign Office said that the ruling had “potentially significant legal implications”, and said it was planning to appeal. “The normal time limit for bringing a civil action is three to six years,” a spokesman said. “In this case, that period has been extended to over 50 years despite the fact that the key decision makers are dead and unable to give their view of what happened.”
-The historic victory for Paulo Muoka Nzili, 85, Wambugu Wa Nyingi, 84, and Jane Muthoni Mara, 73, was the result of a three-year battle in the courts. Their lawyers said they had suffered “unspeakable acts of brutality”. In the Kenyan capital Nairobi, Nyingi and Mara, heard the news by mobile phone. They had been sitting silently with their supporters in a garden and reacted with joy when the word came, hugging, dancing and raising their hands to the sky to pray.
-Nyingi, who was detained for about nine years, beaten unconscious and still has the scars, said: “For me … I just wanted the truth to be out. Even the children of my children should know what happened. What should happen is that people should be compensated so they can begin to forgive the British government.” Mara said: “I’m very happy and my heart is clean.” When she was asked what she would tell her four children, she said simply: “I will tell them I won.”
-The judge said in 2011 that there was “ample evidence … that there may have been systematic torture of detainees”. On Friday he ruled that a fair trial was possible, and highlighted the fact that thousands of secret files from the colonial era appeared in 2011.
-The British government’s lawyers tried to have the claims rejected but they accepted that all three of the elderly Kenyans were tortured by the colonial authorities. The claimants’ lawyer said: “The British government has admitted that these three Kenyans were brutally tortured but they have been trying to avoid any legal responsibility. There will undoubtedly be victims of colonial torture from Malaya to the Yemen, from Cyprus to Palestine, who will be reading this judgment with great care.”
-A number of veterans of the insurgency in Cyprus in the 1950s watched the case closely. One has already met the Mau Mau claimants’ lawyers. Any Cypriot claimants could rely not only on British documents, but also on the archives of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva. Those files are kept secret for 40 years, and then opened to public examination. The Red Cross documented hundreds of torture cases in Cyprus.
-There may also be claims from Malaysia, where large numbers of people were detained during the 12-year war with communist insurgents and their supporters that began in 1948. Relatives of 24 unarmed rubber plantation workers who were killed by British troops are currently fighting through the British courts for a public inquiry. Many former prisoners of the British in Aden may also have claims against the British government, although Aden is now part of Yemen, and British lawyers may have problems making contact with possible clients there.",440
-"The tranquil chorus of the natural world is in danger of being lost to today’s generation as people screen out the noises that surround them, a senior US researcher warns.
-Rising levels of background noise in some areas threaten to make people oblivious to the uplifting sounds of birdsong, trickling water and trees rustling in the wind, which can often be heard even in urban centres, said Kurt Fristrup, a senior scientist at the US National Park Service.
-The problem was exacerbated by people listening to music through their earphones instead of tuning in to the birds and other sounds of nature that can easily be drowned out by traffic, music and other noises, he said.
-“This learned deafness is a real issue,” Fristrup told the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in San Jose. “We are conditioning ourselves to ignore the information coming into our ears.”
-“This gift that we are born with – to reach out and hear things hundreds of metres away, all these incredible sounds – is in danger of being lost through a generational amnesia,” he said.
-“There is a real danger, both of loss of auditory acuity, where we are exposed to noise for so long that we stop listening, but also a loss of listening habits, where we lose the ability to engage with the environment the way we were built to,” he added.
-For the past ten years, the US National Park Service has recorded sound levels at more than 600 sites across the US, including Yosemite in California, Yellowstone and Denali in Alaska. Not one was unaffected by some form of noise from human activity, be it over-flying aircraft, motorbikes, motorboats or tour buses.
-Fristrup’s team combined the sound levels recorded from national parks with similar data from urban settings to create a model of noise levels across the US. They predict that noise pollution is growing faster than the US population and more than doubles every 30 years.
-“It’s not surprising people are putting on earphones or even noise cancelling headphones to try and create a quieter or more congenial environment,” he said.
-“As you raise background sound levels, it has the same effect on your hearing that fog would have on your vision. Instead of having this expansive experience of all the sounds around you, you are aware of only a small area around you,” he said. “Even in most of our cities, there are birds and things to appreciate in the environment, and there can be very rich natural choruses to pay attention to. And that is being lost.”
-People quickly become accustomed to changes in their environments, including rising noise levels, and, over time, Fristrup fears that we will accept far worse environmental conditions than we should and forget how much quieter the world could be. “If finding peace and quiet becomes difficult enough, many, many children will grow up without the experience and I think it’s a very real problem,” he said.
-The warning came as other scientists reported beneficial health effects from listening to natural sounds. Speaking at the same meeting, Derrick Taff, a social scientist at Pennsylvania State University, described preliminary experiments which suggest that listening to recordings from national parks, of waterfalls, birdsong and wind, helped people recover from stressful events.
-In one experiment, Taff told participants who visited his lab to give an impromptu talk that would be judged by researchers standing behind a one-way mirror. Measurements of their heart rate and the stress hormone, cortisol, before and after the speech found that people calmed down faster when they listened to nature recordings than when the same audio tracks were interspersed with sounds from road traffic, aeroplanes and even normal conversation.
-“We know that natural sounds are very important to people. They are some of the main reasons people visit protected areas. They want to hear the natural quiet, the birdsong, and the wind and water,” Taff said. “We may be losing this as people are listening to iPods all the time but I do believe that the public is appreciative of these sounds. My advice is to go to your protected areas and experience what you are missing.”
-Why natural sounds might be calming to people is unclear but Fristrup speculates that, over millions of years of evolution, we may have come to associate the more tranquil sounds of the natural world with safety. “I suspect there’s something about these intact soundscapes that reminds our ancestral brains of a place that’s safe, where there’s no sense of a predator nearby, and that these more cluttered soundscapes are problematic for us because we know we’ve lost that surveillance capability,” he said.",441
-"It has charted the world’s highest peaks, the ocean floor, the Amazon rainforest and even provided a glimpse into North Korea. But Google’s mission to map the world has largely steered clear of the inhospitable Arctic.
-Now, however, the search-engine firm is embarking on what might be the most significant update to centuries of polar cartography – and one it hopes will help provide a better understanding of life on the permafrost for millions of web users. Google has flown a small team to Iqaluit, the largest town in the Canadian territory of Nunavut, armed with their warmest winter gear, a stack of laptop computers and an 18kg backpack- mounted telescopic camera.
-Helped by an Inuit mapping expert, and stalked by curious locals, the team spent four days trudging through the terrain and collecting the images and information that will give the isolated community on the tundra of Baffin Island what urbanites across the globe now take for granted.
-The town of 7,000 people will go on display via Google’s popular Street View application in July 2013.
-Aaron Brindle, project leader, said: “I live in Toronto and I absolutely take for granted that everything is where it should be and that this map is kind of my world, but for so long that hasn’t been the case in the north.”
-Unlike more populous and accessible parts of the world, which have been mapped using a special camera mounted on a car roof, the Iqaluit project had mappers hiking the town’s snow-packed roads and traversing little-known trails, some of which are made of ice and disappear in the brief summer months.
-The team also cut a path along part of a 15km cul-de-sac known as the Road to Nowhere, despite warnings about the risk from polar bears and other wildlife.
-Mayor John Graham said the digital cartographers were, however, hunted by a herd of excited and curious locals, or Google stalkers.
-Graham understands the enthusiasm. The Street View project, he said, follows in the footsteps of the English explorer Martin Frobisher, who in 1576 sailed into the bay where Iqaluit now sits while searching for the Northwest Passage, and the 1941 flight of Captain Elliott Roosevelt, a reconnaissance officer and son of the US President, which led to the site being chosen for a military airbase. His exploration led to the founding of the modern town of Iqaluit, which is the seat of government as well as a transport and communications hub for Nunavut.
-One of the initial challenges Google faced was gathering the raw data needed to fill in their existing map. What they had created using satellite images was fairly accurate, although the rapid pace of the town’s growth, which has been fuelled by a mining boom, meant they were missing one road that had been created in the past year, said Arif Sayani, the town’s Director of Planning.
-Another difficulty was how to situate many businesses and homeowners that have mail sent to the local post office rather than delivered to their address. Plotting the PO box addresses would result in a map with firms, banks and schools clustered around the Canada Post building in the centre of town.
-About 30 Inuit elders, entrepreneurs and high-school pupils turned out one night to help correct such problems. They were provided with a laptop computer and instructed how to ensure their homes, shops and meeting places would show up accurately on the map.
-The project is more than a novelty or cultural philanthropy. Sayani, 32, said the town would be able to use the maps as a promotional tool for those thinking of visiting or moving to the area. It may also speed up planning decisions that will affect Iqaluit’s growth.
-The test run for the Iqaluit mapping exercise occurred last summer in Cambridge Bay, a much smaller Nunavut town of about 1,500 people located 1,700km and a time zone west of Iqaluit.
-The gravel roads and muddy puddles that can now be seen online, however, give little sense of life in a land usually covered in snow, which is one reason why Google selected the less- hospitable month of March to travel to Iqaluit.
-Brindle said he hoped to see the work continue in other northern towns, though the high costs of shipping and airfares to move people and equipment around the vast Arctic territory appears to be weighing on Google’s ambitions.
-The next northern site has not yet been identified but, when it is selected, Brindle said the company might simply send one of its hi-tech backpacks and rely on volunteers to literally put themselves on the map.
-“I’m hoping that three, four, five years from now we’ll look back and see a very different map of Canada’s north,” Brindle added.",442
-"A mirror that sends heat into cold space has been designed by scientists to replace air-conditioning units that keep buildings cool on Earth.
-Researchers believe the mirror could slash the amount of energy used to control air temperatures in business premises and shopping centres because they won’t need to use cooling systems.
-Around 15% of the energy used by buildings in the US goes on air conditioning but the researchers’ say that, in some cases, the mirror could completely offset the need for extra cooling.
-In a rooftop comparison in Stanford, California, scientists found that a roof that had been painted black reached 60C more than the air temperature in sunlight and aluminium reached 40C more. However, the mirror was up to 5C cooler than the surrounding air temperature.
-“If you cover significant parts of the roof with this mirror, you can see how much power it can save. You can significantly offset the electricity used for air conditioning,” said Shanhui Fan, an expert in the study of light at Stanford University, who led the development of the mirror. “In some situations, you will be able to completely offset the air conditioning.”
-Buildings warm up in a number of different ways. Hot-water boilers and cooking areas release heat into their immediate surroundings. In hot countries, warm air comes in through doors and windows. Then, there is visible light and infrared radiation from the sun, which also heat up buildings.
-The Stanford mirror was designed to reflect 97% of the visible light that falls on it. But, more importantly, it works as a thermal radiator. When the mirror is warmed up, it releases heat at a specific wavelength of infrared light that passes easily through the atmosphere and out into space.
-To make anything cool, you need what engineers call a heat sink: somewhere to put unwanted heat. The heat sink has to be cooler than the object that needs cooling or it will not do its job. For example, a bucket of ice will cool a bottle of wine because it becomes a sink for heat in the liquid. The Stanford mirror relies on the best heat sink: the universe itself.
-The mirror is built from several layers of very thin materials. The first layer is reflective silver. On top of this are layers of silicon dioxide and hafnium oxide. These layers turn the mirror into a thermal radiator. When silicon dioxide heats up, it radiates the heat as infrared light at a wavelength of around ten micrometres and the heat passes straight out to space. The total thickness of the mirror is around two micrometres or two thousandths of a millimetre.
-“The cold darkness of the universe can be used as a renewable thermodynamic resource, even during the hottest hours of the day,” the scientists write in Nature. In tests, the mirror had a cooling power of 40 watts per square metre at outside temperatures.
-Writing in the journal, Fan says that the cost of the mirrors is between $20 and $70 per square metre. He calculates an annual electricity saving of 100MWh on a three-storey building.
-Fan said that the mirror could cool buildings but he said that the mirrors would not slow down global warming. “Roof space is only a small portion of the Earth’s surface so the mirror is not a solution to the problem of global warming. But our mirror will help limit greenhouse gas emissions by reducing electricity consumption,” he said.
-“I’m really excited by the potential it has,” said Marin Soljacic, a physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “You could use this on buildings and spend much less money on air conditioning or maybe you wouldn’t need it at all. You could put it on top of shopping malls.”",443
-"It is no longer legal to smoke a cigarette inside a bar in the world’s drinking capital, New Orleans, Louisiana. Many other cities have banned indoor smoking but New Orleans is different – it attracts tourists with a “let the good times roll” attitude. An indoor smoking ban in New Orleans could have unique consequences.
-Since Hurricane Katrina in 2005, New Orleans city government has begun trying to turn down the volume a bit. With the support of neighbourhood groups, the city has begun policing bars and nightclubs more strictly, while, at the same time, fighting to implement a new “noise ordinance”.
-“This is just the wrong time for something like this,” complains bar-owner William Walker, who hates the anti-smoking law. “Forcing people outside the bar to smoke is going to increase the tension that’s already there.”
-Many of New Orleans’s best bars and live music venues are in quiet residential neighbourhoods. This neighbourly coexistence is a big part of what makes New Orleans different and charming. But, recently, this unique social contract has become unacceptable for some people and the fate of New Orleans’s musical personality feels at risk.
-Martha Wood lives beside a loud bar that hosts live music. “I bought the house partly because of the bar so I won’t ever complain about the noise,” says Wood, who also manages a live-music bar. This bar became one of New Orleans’s first ever bars legally banned from serving drinks to go, after a series of noise issues in 2013 – including complaints about the loud smokers outside.
-The Maple Leaf club went smoke-free voluntarily in 2014. The same happened at another club where artists had been demanding smoke-free nights. “A lot of the performance venues were already starting to show that consideration to performers so I wish the city would have just let that happen instead of forcing the ban into every corner bar that doesn’t host music,” says Zalia BeVille, manager of the All Ways Lounge.
-Luckily, All Ways has an outdoor patio, unlike Lost Love Lounge, whose owner, Geoff Douville, loves the ban – he’d previously felt forced to live with smoke to keep his bar going. “There’s no way I could have banned smoking in my bar without a ban throughout the whole city,” says Douville. “People act like I have that choice, as a business owner. But, if I make that rule, customers walk down the block to a bar with smoking.”
-Many small business owners also fear smokefree revenue loss. Smoker Neil Timms owns an English pub and met the smoking ban before, in England. “Back home in England, every pub I knew closed within a year of the smoking ban,” remembers Timms of the UK’s ban, begun in 2007. He doesn’t want his pub to close so he’s spending money to build a patio.
-But Douville feels the ban could be a great business opportunity. “There are lots of people who would enjoy coming out to our bar, with our food, but would never come because they didn’t want to smell like smoke for the next seven days – we’re now an option for all those people.” Nor does Douville worry about noise complaints: “No court is going to say a bar is a ‘nuisance’ after the city has ratified a smoking ban that requires you to go outside!” he says.
-Councilwoman LaToya Cantrell, who introduced the ban, disagrees: “The responsibility is on the bar-owner to keep their customers respectful outside as well,” she says. “The owners and bartenders need to tell them to go and have a smoke but be respectful to their communities. The idea that we can’t have clean air because it will cause noise problems is ridiculous. We can have clean air without noise problems – I think it’s about communication and creating partnerships between the communities and the businesses.”
-Cantrell recognizes that the city is different. “How is New Orleans different from the rest of the country? New Orleans is known as a place where you can relax and have fun,” she says. “New Orleans needs to stand up and say ‘We care about our people.’ The most vulnerable people who are working in smoky conditions are the backbone of our hospitality industry, which drives the economy in the state of Louisiana.”
-Many were worried that the police would not have time to enforce the ban. So the health department will handle bar warnings and fines. Bar customers are encouraged to “fill out a form or call 311 and to include photographs of illegal smoking”. For this reason alone, Neil Timms says he’ll comply with the ban: “I don’t want someone to be sitting in the corner smoking and someone takes a photo and gets beaten up.”
-Unworried, Geoff Douville says that he’s used to noise complaints by now. “You will see: the nosy neighbours who complain about the noise now are going to be the same ones who wanted the smoking ban.” In the end, Douville shares Cantrell’s optimism. “Of course they’re going to complain,” he accepts. “But it doesn’t mean they’re going to win.”",444
-"Ever since he was diagnosed HIV positive, Moses King, 48, has had one major problem. He has been able to cope with the stigma of being HIV positive – widespread in Liberia – and he was able to access antiretroviral medication, provided by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and distributed by the Liberian government. But King and his family of six children could not get the right food to eat. A subsistence farmer, he grew vegetables and bought rice.
-But meat and fish – expensive, luxury products in Liberian markets but essential sources of protein – remained elusive. “Subsistence farming allowed us to survive, but we had so many problems,” said King. “We could not get any protein, and we were not getting the nutrients we needed to sustain ourselves.” Pate K Chon, a counsellor who works with HIV sufferers in Liberia, provided an unlikely solution. Since watching a documentary about a fish farm in Thailand several years earlier, she had thought of setting up a similar project in Liberia, enabling HIV sufferers to have work and also access a stable source of protein.
-“I saw this film about fish in a cement pool and I thought it was a good idea,” said Chon, herself diagnosed with HIV in 1992. “So many of the people I work with don’t have the means to have a balanced protein diet and fish is such a clean source of protein – it doesn’t cause health problems like other sources, and it is something we can farm.”
-Chon, founder of a faith-based NGO, began building a pool in which to farm fish. In June 2012, Chon met John Sheehy, a 'strategic philanthropist' and founder of consultancy Emerging Business Lab, who raised money for the non-profit fish farm in the northeast of Monrovia, Liberia’s capital, and set about learning aquaculture, doing an online course through Cornell University and speaking to other fish farmers in Africa.
-“I raised the money and built the farm, learned the proper tank layout and water flow system,” said Sheehy. “A lot of my knowledge was self-taught, and now I would love to be able to write a manual and share it with other people,” he added.
-The project has now grown into the Grow2Feed Liberia Fish Farm, with 12 tanks, which, when fully stocked, will each have 5,000 fish – providing up to 200,000 fish per year, serving a community of 1,200 predominantly HIV-positive people, including King and his family.
-In addition to the fish, waste from the tanks is collected and used to irrigate crops, also providing food and income for the community, made up of 503 women, 206 men and 346 children.
-“The members of the community live near the farm, and have agreed to be part of the co-operative,” said Sheehy. “Many work on the farm, or tending the crops, and what they get in return – when the fish are fully grown after 90 days – is fish. They can use those fish to feed themselves and to sell in the market so that they get money to buy other staple items.
-“The fish farm gives these people with HIV a way of getting back into society – now they are bartering and trading with people in the market every week.”
-According to Liberia’s demographic health survey, 1.5% of Liberia’s 3.5 million people are HIV positive, with 60% of those women or girls. Stigma and discrimination still surround the illness, and have led to around half of all cases in the country going untreated.
-Good nutrition is particularly important for people with HIV. Research has shown they need much higher levels of protein to prevent their health from deteriorating and to allow healthy growth. “Nutrition is one of the key things if you are taking antiretroviral drugs,” said Chon. “The drugs are toxic and, if you don’t have food to eat, they can make you very ill. But food in Liberia is very expensive. We buy expensive imported rice, even though we should be growing it ourselves and fish is difficult for most people to afford.”
-Sheehy says Grow2Feed is the first co-operative fish farm in Liberia to operate for the benefit of an HIV-positive community. The project has attracted the interest of the Liberian government, and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, which has worked with Grow2Feed to provide training, will also support teaching at the University of Liberia.
-Fish farming experts say the practice has huge potential in Africa.
-“Fish farming is absolutely viable in Africa,” said Paul White, owner of the HydroFish fish farm in Ivory Coast, which produces 3,000 tonnes of fish each year. “A lot of the fish on the market comes from China and is imported frozen. It is of a quality that could never enter Europe or America. There has been a serious lack of investment and a lack of know-how in fish production. It is all coming to the forefront now,” he added.
-Some critics are sceptical of farmed fish, citing inbred fish and high levels of toxins. But Sheehy said good practice mitigated these problems. “A lot of farmed fish is inbred, which does cause problems, but we are using a process with local fish sourced in Liberia, not fish from another region,” said Sheehy. “That means we can continue using local fish to bring in new broodstock. “And we are not using lakes that are cornered off, where the fish absorb all the toxins in the lake. We can control the environment using the tanks, and we test the water and monitor it constantly.”
-Sheehy hopes to replicate the model throughout Liberia and the region. “A rice-growing co-op in Sierra Leone asked us if we could do this on our property so that they can feed their workers and we have had interest from Nigeria and Central America,” said Sheehy. “But we operate 100% non-profit and we will never lose our social justice aspect.”",445
-"Scientists have implanted a false memory in the brains of mice in an experiment that they hope will shed light on the well-documented phenomenon whereby people ‘remember’ events or experiences that have never happened. False memories are a major problem with witness statements in courts of law.
-Defendants have often been convicted of offences based on eyewitness testimony only to have their convictions later overturned when DNA, or some other corroborating evidence, is brought to bear.
-In order to study how these false memories might form in the human brain, Susumu Tonagawa, a neuroscientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and his team encoded memories in the brains of mice by manipulating individual neurons. Memories of experiences we have had are made from several elements, including records of objects, space and time. These records, called engrams, are encoded in physical and chemical changes in brain cells and the connections between them.
-According to Tonagawa, both false and genuinememories seem to rely on the same brain mechanisms. In their work, Tonagawa’s team used a technique known as optogenetics, which allows the fine control of individual brain cells. They engineered brain cells in the mouse hippocampus, a part of the brain known to be involved in forming memories, to express the gene for a protein called channelrhodopsin. When cells that contain channelrhodopsin are exposed to blue light, they become activated. The researchers also modified the hippocampus cells so that the channelrhodopsin protein would be produced in whichever brain cells the mouse was using to encode its memory engrams.
-In the experiment, Tonagawa’s team placed the mice in a chamber and allowed them to explore it. As they did so, relevant memory-encoding brain cells were producing the channelrhodopsin protein. The next day, the same mice were placed in a second chamber and given a small electric shock, to encode a fear response. At the same time, the researchers shone light into the mouse brains to activate their memories of the first chamber. That way, the mice learned to associate fear of the electric shock with the memory of the first chamber.
-In the final part of the experiment, the team placed the mice back in the first chamber.
-The mice froze, demonstrating a typical fear response, even though they had never been shocked while there. “We call this ‘incepting’ or implanting false memories in a mouse brain,” Tonagawa told Science.
-A similar process may occur when powerful false memories are created in humans. “Humans are very imaginative animals,” said Tonagawa. “Independent of what is happening around you in the outside world, humans constantly have internal activity in the brain. So, just like our mouse, it is quite possible we can associate what we happen to have in our mind with bad or good high-variance ongoing events. In other words, there could be a false association of what you have in your mind rather than what is happening to you.”
-He added: “Our study showed that the false memory and the genuine memory are based on very similar, almost identical, brain mechanisms. It is difficult for the false memory bearer to distinguish between them. We hope our future findings along this line will further alert legislatures and legal experts to how unreliable memory can be.”
-Chris French, head of the Anomalistic Psychology Research Unit at Goldsmiths, University of London, is a leading researcher in false memories in people. He said that the latest results were an important first step in understanding their neural basis.
-“Memory researchers have always recognized that memory does not, as is often assumed, work like a video camera, faithfully recording all of the details of anything we experience. Instead, it is a reconstructive process, which involves building a specific memory from fragments of real memory traces of the original event, but also possibly including information from other sources.” He cautioned that the false memories created in the mice in the experiments were far simpler than the complex false memories that have generated controversy within psychology and psychiatry – for example, false memories of childhood sexual abuse, or even memories for bizarre ritualized satanic abuse, abduction by aliens, or “past lives ”. “Such rich false memories will clearly involve many brain systems and we are still a long way from understanding the processes involved in their formation at the neuronal level,” said Professor French.
-Mark Stokes, a neuroscientist at Oxford University, said the experiments were a “tour de force” but that it was important to put them into perspective. “Although the results seem to imply that new memories were formed by the artificial stimulation (rather than the actual environment), this kind of phenomenon is still a long way from most people’s idea of memory,” he said. Rather, he said, it was equivalent to implanting an association that perhaps someone cannot place but that makes them wary of a specific environment for no apparent reason. “It is unlikely that this kind of pairing could lead to the rich set of associations related to normal memories, although it is possible that, over time, such pairing could be integrated with other memories to construct a more elaborate false narrative.”
-The mouse models created by the MIT team will help scientists ask ever more complex questions about memories in people. “Now that we can reactivate and change the contents of memories in the brain, we can begin asking questions that were once the realm of philosophy,” said Steve Ramirez, a colleague of Tonagawa’s at MIT. “Are there multiple conditions that lead to the formation of false memories? Can false memories be artificially created? What about false memories for more than just contexts – false memories for objects, food or other mice? These are the once seemingly sci-fi questions that can now be experimentally tackled in the lab.”
-As the technology develops, said French, scientists need to think about its uses carefully. “Whatever means are used to implant false memories, we need to be very aware of the ethical issues raised by such procedures – the potential for abuse of such techniques cannot be overstated.”",446
-"Not nearly enough exercise classes have a tea break halfway through. But Margaret Allen’s does. After a gentle warm-up and a few pulse-raising numbers, the 93-year-old great-grandmother lets her charges rehydrate with a cup of tea and a quick sit down.
-Some of the eight-strong class look as if they need it more than others. Allen herself, wearing a thick turquoise shirt, navy knitted waistcoat, black slacks and sensible shoes, has not broken into a sweat. Despite an “excruciating” trapped nerve in one leg and a knee in need of replacement, she looks as though she could go on for hours.
-The general rule is that eating directly before sport is not the best idea, let alone part way through. But, on the afternoon I visit Allen’s class at a church hall in Saltburn-by-the-Sea near Middlesbrough, slices of fruitcake are being passed around during the break. The cake has been baked in honour of Allen’s recent birthday by her 89-year-old sister, Joan, known locally as the “scone queen of Saltburn”.
-The ladies have barely swallowed their last crumb when Allen is up again, leading the group through a jaunty Scottish number involving lots of toe pointing and leg kicking. Forty-five minutes later, the class is finally over.
-Allen, a former volunteer with the Red Cross, has been leading classes in the north-east seaside town for 45 years. Not particularly sporty at school, she started playing the piano for a keep-fit class during the second world war – “just for something to do during the blackouts, really” – and eventually took over in her 40s when the previous instructor retired. At its peak, Allen’s class had more than 18 regulars, each paying £1 a time. But, these days, her flock is diminishing fast – during the teabreak, the ladies discuss a funeral that most of them had attended that week for one of the younger members of the group who had just died, aged 68, from motor neurone disease.
-Allen is the oldest, followed by her sister. The baby of the group is 60-year-old Jean Cunion, who credits the group with supporting her through a difficult time when her mother died. She is somewhat embarrassed to admit that she is perhaps the least fit of the group. “I remember, the first time I came, Margaret said: 'Who’s that huffing and panting?' and I had to admit it was me.” Ruth Steere, 76, marvels at how Allen never misses a trick, despite always having her back to the class: “She always shouts at us if we go wrong. She’s remarkably good at knowing what we are doing.”
-Allen, a keen dancer, has never done any formal training to be a fitness instructor. Instead, she choreographs her own moves based on five tapes from the BBC’s first ever fitness guru, Eileen Fowler, who died in 2000 when she was 93, Allen’s age now. Allen thinks her good health is largely down to keeping busy, especially since her husband Joe died in 1997. She took up writing poetry when she was 80.
-“I write poems about everything. I’m a prolific writer. I just can’t stop,” she says, phoning me a few days after the interview to read out a ditty she has written about the joys of exercise. One of the class, 84-year-old former teacher Winnie Robertson, thinks the secret to staying fit is never letting yourself go: “Use it or lose it, that’s what I say.”
-Allen still plays the piano and gives speeches. She is president of the Women’s Fellowship at the local methodist church and is one of three 90-plus year olds at the scrabble club of the University of the Third Age. She did a computer course when she was 88 and tried to get online, but it didn’t work out.
-Ageing is no fun, she admits, reading me a few lines from a poem she has written called 'That Beast Called Age'. She happily recalls a doctor who saw her for the first time a few years back, who said she couldn’t possibly be more than 78: “I said, 'Thank you, doctor. You can go now.'”
-She also has a no-nonsense attitude to weight gain: “I just think people shouldn’t eat too much. Whenever I hear someone saying, 'Oh, I can’t lose weight’, I say:’ Sellotape.'” She mimes taping her mouth shut. “I said this just the other day to a big fat man. Everything in moderation is my motto.”
-Earlier in 2013, Allen was watching the news and saw a woman being given the British Empire Medal. I think she means Margaret Chartwood from Horley, who was given the honour in January, at the age of 77. “She was saying: 'I’m 80 and I’m the oldest fitness instructor in the country!' I was thinking: 'No, you’re not.' But I shan’t be writing to Buckingham Palace.”",447
-"When Pope Benedict XVI was elected in 2005, he said he was “a simple, humble worker in God’s vineyard”. And on a grey, cold, windy Monday in February, he resigned in the same way: like an old workman with pains in his back and no more strength in his arms. The first German Pope in modern times gave an exact departure time. “From 28 February 2013, at 20.00 hours”, he told a gathering of cardinals in the Vatican, “the see of Rome, the see of Saint Peter, will be vacant and there will be an election for a new Pope.”
-One of the cardinals at the gathering was a Mexican cardinal, Monsignor Oscar Sanchéz Barba, from Guadalajara. He was in Rome for an official meeting. “We were all in the Apostolic Palace,” he said. “The Pope took a sheet of paper and read from it.
-“We were all …” – Sanchéz Barba couldn’t find the word. The cardinals had just heard the man they believe is God’s representative on earth resign. “The cardinals were just looking at one another,” Sanchéz Barba said.
-Angelo Sodano, the Dean of the College of Cardinals, who probably already knew about the Pope’s decision, gave a short speech. He told the Pope that the cardinals would be loyal to him and added that he and the others present had listened to the Pope’s words with a feeling of confusion. At the end of his speech, the pope blessed the cardinals and left. “It was so simple; the simplest thing you can imagine,” said Sanchéz Barba. “Then we all left in silence. There was absolute silence … and sadness.”
-John Thavis spent 30 years reporting on the Vatican and has a book, The Vatican Diaries, that will be published soon. He said he had a feeling before that the Pope was going to resign. Thavis said that in the long interview Benedict gave to a German journalist in 2010, he had said he would resign if he felt he could no longer do the job. “I asked myself: if I were Pope and wanted to resign, when would I choose? He has completed his series of books and most of his projects. Also, there were no dates in his calendar of events he had to attend. I thought the most likely date was 22 February but I got it wrong.”
-Soon after the announcement, the Vatican was saying that the Pope’s decision was brave. Thavis agreed: “What I find particularly courageous is that he is going now, when he is not sick; and that he’s leaving because he’s tired and not because he’s ill.” But is that the whole story? Does the Pope know more about his state of health than the Vatican has so far made public?
-Benedict said that he is resigning not just for physical reasons but also for psychological reasons. He said that the position of Pope needed both strength of mind and strength of body, and in the last few months he felt that he was slowly losing that strength. There will no doubt be other theories in future days and weeks, just as there were following the death of Pope John Paul I in 1978, 33 days after his election. Already people are saying that there was a secret in Benedict’s past and that somebody was going to tell everyone. The Vatican will no doubt say those stories are nonsense. But we can understand why some people think there might be a secret, because Benedict’s decision is so historic.
-At St Peter’s Basilica, Julia Rochester, from London, still didn’t know what the Pope’s resignation meant. “If you’re God’s chosen person, how do you choose not be chosen?” she asked. It is a question many Catholics will be asking their priests in future weeks.",448
-"Much of BB King’s best work was blues but he was always open-minded about and interested in other kinds of music. He bridged musical and cultural differences with warmth and skill. Perhaps it is too early to speak of “the last of the bluesmen” but it is hard to imagine that any future blues artist will match King. He influenced thousands of musicians and millions of music fans in a career that lasted 65 years.
-Riley B King (the B did not seem to stand for a name) was born in Mississippi, the son of African-American farm workers. He learnt the basics of guitar from a family friend and perfected his singing with a quartet of gospel singers. In his early 20s, he moved to Memphis.
-Within a couple of years, he was playing regularly at a bar in West Memphis and he also became a disc jockey, presenting a show on a Memphis radio station. His billing, “The Beale Street Blues Boy”, was shortened to “Blues Boy King” and then to “BB”. After a single session in 1949 for a Nashville label, King began recording for the West Coast-based Modern Records in 1950.
-He had his first hit in 1952, with Three O’Clock Blues, which was number one in the R&B chart for 15 weeks; it was the first of many hits. On these and his dozens of other recordings, most of them his own compositions, King developed a style that was innovative but had its roots in blues history. He was always ready to praise the musicians who had influenced him – he would usually mention T-Bone Walker first. He would also cite the earlier blues guitarists Blind Lemon Jefferson and Lonnie Johnson and the jazz players Charlie Christian and Django Reinhardt.
-He once explained that his guitar technique was partly based on his lack of skill: “I started to bend notes because I could never play in the bottleneck style. I loved that sound but just couldn’t do it.” He was modest about his singing, too, a mixture of the style of ballad singers such as Nat King Cole and blues shouters such as Joe Turner and Dr Clayton. Probably his favourite composer and singer was Louis Jordan, whose music he commemorated in the 1999 album Let the Good Times Roll.
-Throughout the 1950s, King was the leading blues artist on an endless series of one-nighters. In 1956, he played 342 gigs. In 1962, he tried to change that working pattern by signing with a major label, ABC, but the first records under that contract were rather unsuccessful, both with his fans and with the record company.
-The 1965 album Live at the Regal, however, has become iconic, a turning point in the early listening of many younger musicians. He had further R&B hits with blues numbers including How Blue Can You Get and Paying the Cost to Be the Boss, and, in 1969, he got near the top of the pop charts – where no blues artist had been for many years – with The Thrill Is Gone.
-It took him a while to establish himself with a rock audience but he was brought to their attention by musicians who admired him. “About a year and a half ago,” he said in 1969, “all of a sudden, kids started saying to me, ‘You’re the greatest blues guitarist in the world.’ And I’d say, ‘Who told you that?’ And they’d say, ‘Mike Bloomfield’ or ‘Eric Clapton’. I owe my new popularity to these youngsters.”
-From then on, King was firmly established as a leading blues artist. Guided by his manager, Sidney Seidenberg, he went on international concert tours that took him to Japan, Australia, China and Russia. He also gave concerts to prisoners at the Cook County jail in Chicago and at San Quentin, which led to his long involvement in rehabilitation programmes.
-In 1990, King was diagnosed with diabetes and cut back his touring but his followers outside the US could still see him every year or two. He would now deliver most of his act sitting down but the strength of his singing and the fluency of his playing were almost as good as ever. The celebrations for his 80th birthday, in 2005, included an award-winning album of collaborations with Clapton, Mark Knopfler, Roger Daltrey, Gloria Estefan and others, tributes from musicians as diverse as Bono, Amadou Bagayoko and Elton John, and a “goodbye tour” that was not a goodbye at all.
-In 2009, King received a Grammy award, for best traditional blues album, for One Kind Favor. In 2012, he performed at a concert at the White House, where the US President, Barack Obama, joined him to sing Sweet Home Chicago. King was twice married and twice divorced. He is survived by 11 children by various partners; four others died before him.",449
-"Glastonbury Festival is declaring war on the plastic water bottle as part of a long-term plan to become the world’s most environmentally friendly outdoor music event.
-Festival organizers are targeting the disposable bottle, one of the most obvious symbols of the throwaway culture, that each year leaves the 900-acre festival site covered in plastic. An estimated one million plastic bottles are used during the festival.
-Stainless-steel reusable bottles will be given to 2,000 road crew and band members. Thousands more will go on sale to festival-goers to stop them relying on plastic bottles. The 140,000 ticketholders are also being asked to bring reusable bottles that they can fill at 400 drinking-water taps across the site.
-Lucy Smith, Glastonbury’s green issues organizer, said: “We have amazing water quality in the UK but everyone is obsessed with drinking bottled water.”
-She said that, in 2015, Glastonbury also plans to replace all plastic glasses and cutlery with reusable items.
-Environmentalists say that there is currently 150 million tonnes of plastic waste around the planet and oceans, poisoning ecosystems and killing wildlife.
-Ultimately, festival organizers hope to make Glastonbury the world’s greenest greenfield festival. They want to be like America’s Burning Man festival in the Black Rock Desert of Nevada, which is a “leave-no-trace” event, where people have to take away all that they bring.
-Glastonbury festival-goers are also being asked to travel to the site on public transport or to try car-sharing with friends. “We want to be as sustainable as we can. We do everything we can, but the litter of 140,000 people is a challenge. We can’t put bins everywhere,” added Smith.
-Plastic water bottles can take hundreds or even thousands of years to completely biodegrade. Their manufacture makes their negative ecological impact even worse. Millions of barrels of oil are used in the manufacture of plastic bottles and the transportation of mineral water across the planet produces even more carbon emissions.
-Around 13 billion plastic water bottles are sold in the UK every year, but only one in five is recycled.
-Smith said that, instead of buying bottled water, festival-goers should take advantage of the water on tap, which comes from huge underground reservoirs. The charity WaterAid will also set up water kiosks around the site, which will stock reusable bottles and cups and offer free refills.
-Organizers say that almost half of all the rubbish left on site was recycled in 2013 and add that there will be 15,000 bins for recycling across the festival grounds in 2014.
-Even though it is becoming more environmentally friendly, critics say that Glastonbury is becoming increasingly corporate. Iron Maiden’s Bruce Dickinson said he would never bring his band to Glastonbury Festival, which he called “the most bourgeois thing on the planet”.",450
-"A subway system has billions of inhabitants: the bacteria of Swiss cheese and kimchi, bubonic plague and drug-proof bugs and human skin. Now, for the first time, scientists have started to catalogue and map the bacteria in a city’s subway – and they have found many interesting results.
-Dr Christopher Mason, a geneticist at Weill Cornell Medical College, led a team that, for 18 months, tested the New York City subway system for the microscopic life forms that cover its turnstiles, seats, ticket booths and stations. His team found meningitis at Times Square, a trace of anthrax on the handhold of a train carriage and bacteria that cause bubonic plague on a rubbish bin and ticket machine at stations in uptown Manhattan.
-The team have strongly downplayed the findings of plague and anthrax. They say that there is only an extremely small trace of the latter, that rats likely carried the former and that no one has fallen ill with plague in or around New York for years.
-“The results do not suggest that plague or anthrax is prevalent,” the study says. “Nor do they suggest that New York residents are at risk.”
-In fact, most of the bacteria identified by the team are either harmless to humans or beneficial in the city’s thriving world of microorganisms.
-Some of the results were expected and “should be a gentle reminder for people to wash their hands”, Mason said. He also said that they found many bacteria of the same sort as those “that are beneficial and helpful, like the one used for making cheese.”
-Bacteria appeared to reflect the eating habits of various neighbourhoods. All around the subway, bacteria associated with cheeses – brie, cheddar, parmesan and the mozzarella found on New York pizza – appeared. The distinctive bacteria of Swiss cheese were more limited to midtown Manhattan and the financial district, and the bacteria used to ferment cabbage for kimchi and sauerkraut showed up in the financial district and Bay Ridge.
-Bacteria associated with illness and infections were extremely common. Species that cause diarrhoea and nausea, as well as E.coli, and the bacteria that can cause skin infections and urinary-tract infections were common all over the city. The species that produces tetanus appeared in Soho and bacteria that cause dysentery appeared at a station in the Bronx and another in Harlem.
-Mason and his team collected more than 1,000 samples at all of New York’s 466 open subway stations. They put the organic materials through a DNA sequencer and, then, through a supercomputer. They identified 15,152 distinct species, nearly half of which were bacteria.
-The good news, the researchers said, is that these “potentially infectious bacteria” are not spreading sickness or disease throughout New York. They seem to be “normal co-habitants of a city”.
-In short, the researchers conclude, the subway and city are about as safe as everyone thought.
-Mason said people should not be concerned about getting urinary-tract infections from subway seats. “You should wash your hands,” he said, “and probably get some sleep, eat salads and go to the gym, and that’s about the same today as it was yesterday.”
-“In fact,” he added, “I’ve become much more confident riding the subway.”
-Many findings made sense: stations like Grand Central and Times Square, where there are more people, had more bacteria and more diversity among them. The Bronx, with its diverse neighbourhoods and stations, had the greatest diversity of bacteria; Staten Island, with just three stops, had the lowest.
-The researchers found marine bacteria at South Ferry, a station that flooded during Hurricane Sandy – but they were surprised to note the species included some normally associated with Antarctica and fish.
-The next steps, Mason said, are studies of other cities, which have begun in Paris, São Paolo and Shanghai, and continued studies of New York, for instance to see how the results change with the seasons. He said he hoped the research would provide “a baseline” of research for health officials and geneticists, and could help health officials to prevent and track diseases and pathogens.",451
-"The controversial auction of a Banksy mural that disappeared from the wall of a north London shop in mysterious circumstances was dramatically halted just moments before it was due to go under the hammer.
-Slave Labour, a spray-painted artwork depicting a child making Union Flag bunting and seen as a critical social commentary on last year’s diamond jubilee, was expected to sell for about $700,000 in a sale of street and contemporary art in Florida.
-But auctioneer Frederic Thut, the owner of the Fine Arts Auction Miami art house, who had refused all week to divulge the identity of the seller or how it came to be listed for sale through his gallery, announced that the piece, along with a second work by the secretive British street artist, had been withdrawn.
-He would not give a reason, but community leaders in Haringey, who led a vocal campaign to stop the sale of the artwork that was prised from the wall of a Poundland in Wood Green, were jubilant.
-“One of our two demands was that it doesn’t sell and the other was that we get it back again, so we’re halfway there,” said Alan Strickland, a Haringey councillor.
-“I will be writing to the auction house as a matter of urgency to clarify what happened and what will happen next, but for now we are really pleased that because of the pressure and the strong views of the people of Wood Green, a community campaign in London has had an impact in the US. It’s a real victory for the people.”
-Claire Kober, Leader of Haringey Council, wrote to Arts Council England and the Mayor of Miami, Tomás Regalado, to ask them to intervene to stop the sale but it appears the decision to withdraw the item came from the gallery owners in consultation with their lawyers. The FBI refused to confirm reports they were asked to investigate.
-Several hours after the conclusion of the auction, the auction house issued a brief statement claiming it had persuaded the owners of the two Banksys to pull them from the sale. “Although there are no legal issues whatsoever regarding the sale of lots six and seven by Banksy, FAAM convinced its sellers to withdraw these lots from the auction.”
-About 30 potential buyers attended the sale of 106 lots listed in the catalogue for the modern, contemporary and street art sale in Miami’s trendy Wynwood neighbourhood. The three-hour auction continued with other early lots selling in excess of their asking prices.
-Critics have accused the auction house of dealing in stolen property but Thut insisted earlier in the week that the seller, who he described as a “well known collector ”, was the rightful owner and that the sale was legal.
-He added that his gallery had been inundated with emails and phone calls from the UK, saying that many of them were abusive or offensive, but said he supported the inclusion of the pieces in the sale because it would preserve them.
-The second Banksy due to be auctioned, a 2007 artwork entitled Wet Dog that was removed from a Bethlehem wall and is estimated to be worth up to $800,000, disappeared from the auction house’s online catalogue at lunchtime on Saturday, but Slave Labour was still listed for sale right up to the 3pm start time.
-Thut said the two pieces, supplied to him by separate owners, neither of them British, were important works in the street art scene and deserved buyers “whose first interest is in art and its preservation ”.
-He said he would maintain the privacy of the collector who put it up for sale. “We respect our clients and their confidentiality. It’s not our decision to have [the Banksy] returned. We only sell it. We do not have control of it.”
-A spokesperson for Poundland said it had no idea who removed the 4ft x 5ft slab from the side of the shop it rents in Turnpike Lane. Lawyers for the owner of the building, a company called Wood Green Investments Ltd, have refused to confirm if it had anything to do with the episode.
-Banksy himself has not commented on the Slave Labour furore, but has previously condemned those who have tried to sell his artwork, speaking out before the proposed sale of five of his pieces at a 2011 auction in New York. None found a buyer.
-Stephan Keszler, the dealer behind that auction, believes selling Banksy’s works without his permission is legitimate.
-“He does something on other people’s property without asking. The owner of the property can do whatever they want with it,” Keszler said.",452
-"It is not just the world’s biggest burger chain; it is also a global emblem of American consumer capitalism. But, these days, the golden arches of McDonald’s are looking a little tarnished. After a decade of expansion, customers around the world don’t seem to be 'lovin’ it' any more. McDonald’s has revealed that worldwide sales dropped by 3.3% on 2013 in a set of results that were described as atrocious.
-Problems are piling up almost everywhere. In China, sales plunged by 23% after a food scare when local media showed workers apparently caught on camera at a local supplier claiming to use out-of-date beef and chicken in products destined for McDonald’s and KFC. In Europe, sales are down by 4%, mostly because of unrest in Ukraine and the sour anti-western mood in Russia. Around 200 of McDonald’s 450 restaurants in Russia are being investigated by health inspectors in apparently politically motivated food-safety checks. Ten have been closed.
-But it is in the US, where McDonald’s has around 40% of its restaurants, where the crisis runs deepest. Almost 60 years after Ray Kroc opened his first restaurant in Des Plaines, Illinois, consumers are losing their appetite for a Big Mac and fries.
-McDonald’s has seen 12 straight months of declining sales in its massive home market, with sales down 4.1% in the latest quarter. Younger diners are deserting the restaurant in droves to eat out at rivals such as Chipotle Mexican Grill. The number of 19-to-21-year-olds visiting McDonald’s once a month has fallen by 13% since 2011, according to food analysts Technomic, while the number of 22-to-37-year- olds visiting has not grown.
-To add to the company’s problems, McDonald’s hamburgers were recently named the worst in America in a poll of more than 32,000 American diners, who said they would rather eat a burger at Five Guys, Smashburger or Fuddruckers. Fast-growing US-only chain Chick-fil-A was considered to be best for chicken. McDonald’s is also widely perceived as less healthy than most of its rivals, especially Chipotle, which trumpets its antibiotic-free meat and “locally sourced, seasonal produce” – although 'local' for Chipotle can mean 350 miles away.
-The depth of consumer mistrust of McDonald’s was exposed by a consumer outreach exercise the company launched in the US in October. “Have you ever used pink slime in your burgers?” was one question on the Our Food Your Questions website – referring to the controversial beef filler (gristle and fat) used for dog food that is sprayed with ammonia to make it “fit” for human consumption. The meat product, banned in Europe since the BSE crisis, was dropped by McDonald’s in 2012.
-But pink slime has left doubts in US consumers’ minds. “Does McDonald’s beef contain worms?” asked another person (“No. Gross. End of story,” replied the company). Others wanted to know whether it uses real eggs or whether the McRib is made with the same plastic contained in yoga mats. McDonald’s Chief Executive Don Thompson acknowledged the company had a job to do in addressing misconceptions about the freshness, quality and integrity of its ingredients.
-Yet, just as McDonald’s has been losing the customers who will pay a bit more for food perceived as fresher and healthier, it has also lost its edge in fast-food essentials: speedy service at low prices. Ever since it introduced $2 items on its dollar menu, it has gained a reputation for being more expensive than its rivals, while many consumers complain that service is slower.
-The “expensive” tag was unjustified, said Mary Chapman at Technomic. “Prices have indeed gone up but they haven’t gone up as quickly as the rest of the fast-service chains in the US.” Prices at McDonald’s have increased by 4.8% since 2009, well below the “quick service” sector average (up 19.4%), while the cost of “fast casual” eating, a category that includes the much-hyped Chipotle, is up 16.9%, according to Technomic’s menu monitor. US consumer prices rose 11% over the same period.
-But critics have a point when it comes to longer queues. McDonald’s has a bigger menu than some, with more complicated items – its chicken McWrap takes 60 seconds to make. “I think it is worth waiting but the guy behind me who wants his double cheeseburger for a dollar might not,” said Chapman.
-In the UK, McDonald’s has turned around its business, making Britain a rare bright spot for the company. A competitive breakfast menu, improved coffee and free wi-fi had given McDonald’s a broad appeal in the UK, said Peter Martin of consultancy CGA Peach whose figures show that 56% of British adults have visited a McDonald’s restaurant at least once in the last six months.
-Executives are promising to tackle misconceptions about its food in its home market. Thompson has promised more organic food and custom-made burgers but, to cut down queues, he also wants to introduce simpler menus. Analysts are scratching their heads about how the company can square the circle of simpler menus and greater choice over fillings.
-“They want to simplify the menu but enhance its ability to customize and that sounds tricky,” said Mark Kalinowski at Janney Capital Markets. Only four out of McDonald’s 14,000 US restaurants had so far tested “build your own burger”, he said, raising questions about how it could be scaled up. “Right now, we are sceptical; we would like to see more detail.”
-Meanwhile, despite the declining sales, the chain continues to expand globally: by the end of 2014, it expects to have opened 1,400 new restaurants. Kalinowski expects McDonald’s market share will continue to shrink but he, too, warned against writing off the company. “You can never really count McDonald’s out. We think it will be number one in terms of total sales for not just years but decades to come.”",453
-"A new scientific study says that global warming might make temperatures rise more than people think. The scientist who led the research said that, if emissions of greenhouse gases are not reduced, the planet will be at least 4C warmer by 2100. This is twice the level the world’s governments consider to be dangerous. The research shows that fewer clouds form as the planet warms. This means that less sunlight reflects back into space and this makes temperatures even higher. The way clouds affect global warming has been the biggest mystery in the study of future climate change.
-Professor Steven Sherwood, at the University of New South Wales in Australia, who led the research, said that their work was new in two ways. First, it found what controls the cloud changes and, second, it did not accept the lowest estimates of future global warming; it believed the higher, more damaging estimates.
-“4C would be catastrophic, not simply dangerous,” Sherwood said. “For example, it would make life difficult, if not impossible, in much of the tropics and it would guarantee the eventual melting of the Greenland ice sheet and some of the Antarctic ice sheet.” And, if the ice sheets melt, sea levels will rise by many metres.
-The research helps to show how much warming is caused by rises in carbon emissions, say scientists who have commented on the study, published in the journal Nature.
-Experts at Japan’s National Institute for Environmental Studies said the explanation of how fewer clouds form as the world warms was a good one. They also agreed that this showed future climate change would be bigger than people think. To measure the effect of greenhouse gases on the Earth’s climate, scientists estimate what the rise in temperature would be with twice as much CO in the atmosphere as in the pre-industrial age – and this will probably happen within 50 years. For twenty years, those estimates have been from 1.5C to 5C: a wide range. The new research has reduced that range to between 3C and 5C, by studying the biggest cause of uncertainty: clouds.
-Researchers use computer climate models to predict future temperatures and it was important to include the way clouds form in those models. When water evaporates from the oceans, the vapour can rise over nine miles to form rain clouds that reflect sunlight; or, it may rise just a few miles and fall slowly back down without forming clouds.
-In reality, both things happen and climate models that include the second possibility predict much higher future temperatures than the models that only include the nine-mile-high clouds. “Climate sceptics like to criticize climate models because they are sometimes wrong, and we know that they are not perfect,” said Sherwood. “But we are finding that the mistakes are being made by the models that predict less warming, not the models that predict more warming.” He added: “Sceptics may also point to the pause in the rise of temperatures since the end of the 20th century, but there is more and more evidence that we cannot see this pause in other measures of the climate system.
-And the pause is almost certainly temporary. ” The world’s average air temperatures have increased quite slowly since a high point in 1998, which the ocean phenomenon El Niño caused. But, greenhouse gases are trapping more and more heat and over 90% disappears into the oceans. Also, a recent study suggested that it may seem there is a “pause”, but this is only because we did not have temperature readings from polar regions, where there is the most warming. Sherwood accepts that his team’s work on the role of clouds does not mean for sure that temperature rises will be in the higher range. He added that a 4C rise in the world’s average temperatures would have a serious effect on the world and the economies of many countries if we do not reduce emissions.",454
-"An extraordinary press conference at Leicester University has revealed the identity of the man in the car park with the twisted spine. It has also revealed his appalling last moments and the humiliating treatment of his body in the hours after his death. There were cheers when Richard Buckley, leader of the team of archaeologists, finally announced that they were certain they had found the body of Richard III.
-The evidence was overwhelming. The scientists who carried out the DNA tests, those who created the computer-imaging technology to examine the bones in extraordinary detail, the genealogists who found a distant descendant with matching DNA, and the academics who investigated contemporary texts for accounts of the king’s death and burial all reported their findings.
-Work has started on designing a new tomb in Leicester Cathedral, only 100 yards from the excavation site, and a ceremony will be held to lay him into his new grave there, probably next year. Leicester’s Museums’ Service is working on plans for a new visitor centre in an old school building overlooking the site.
-Richard died at Bosworth on 22 August 1485, the last English king to die in battle, and, for the first time, the researchers revealed how. There was an intake of breath as a picture showed the base of his skull sliced off by one terrible hit, probably from a razor-sharp iron axe blade on a wooden pole. The blade probably went several centimetres into his brain and, experts say, he was certainly unconscious at once and dead almost as soon.
-The injury confirms the story that he died in the middle of the battle and without his horse – as in his cry in Shakespeare’s play: “A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!” Another cut from a sword, which also went through the bone and into the brain, would also have been fatal. But many of the other injuries were after death, suggesting that the king’s naked body was mutilated as it was brought back to Leicester.
-One terrible injury was certainly after death and could not have happened when his lower body was protected by armour. It suggests the story that his naked body was brought back on a horse and humiliated all the way is true. Bob Savage, a medieval weapons expert, said it was probably not a war weapon but the sort of sharp knife or dagger any workman might have carried.
-Michael Ibsen, the Canadian-born furniture maker proved to be the descendant of Richard’s sister, heard the confirmation on Sunday and listened to the evidence in shocked silence. “My head is no clearer now than when I first heard the news,” he said. “Many, many hundreds of people died on that field that day. He was a king, but just one of the dead. He lived in very violent times and these deaths would not have been pretty or quick.”
-It was Mathew Morris who first uncovered the body, in the first hour of the first day of the excavation. He did not believe he had found the king. The mechanical digger was still removing the tarmac from the car park, a place identified by years of research by local historians and the Richard III Society as the probable site of the lost church of Grey Friars. The priests of Grey Friars bravely took the body of the king and buried him in a hastily dug grave, probably still naked, but in a position of honour near the high altar of their church. The leg bones, which were just showing through the soil, were covered up again.
-Ten days later, on 5 September, when further excavation proved Morris had hit the crucial spot, he returned with Lin Foxhall, head of the archaeology department, to excavate the body. “We did it the usual way, lifting the arms, legs and skull first, and proceeding gradually towards the torso – so it was only when we finally saw the twisted spine that I thought: ‘My word, I think we’ve got him.’”
-For Philippa Langley of the Richard III Society, Richard was the true king, the last king of the north, a brave leader who became a victim of some of the most brilliant propaganda in history, in the hands of Shakespeare. There remains the dark shadow of the little princes in the tower, an infamous story even in Richard’s day: the child Edward V and his brother Richard were declared illegitimate when Richard III claimed the throne, imprisoned in the Tower of London and never seen alive again. Although it is not certain that the bones found at the tower centuries later are theirs, there may be more DNA detective work to be done there.",455
-"On the top of a hill, looking down on Northumberland’s beautiful Kielder Water reservoir, a group of people wait in a car park next to a strange wooden building. They are looking for darkness and this is Kielder Observatory, the centre of Britain’s latest industry – astrotourism. The people waiting outside are the lucky ones. Many more apply for a night of stargazing at the observatory but numbers are strictly limited.
-Inside, under a dim light, the observatory’s founder and lead astronomer, Gary Fildes, delivers a speech to his colleagues and volunteers. The team discusses the prospect of seeing the northern lights but Fildes is doubtful. Instead, they decide to use their powerful telescopes to observe Jupiter and Venus and, later, to pick out stars such as Capella and Betelgeuse. An additional attraction is the appearance of the International Space Station.
-Fildes, 49, is at the forefront of the UK’s growing astrotourism industry. The key moment for Northumberland came in 2013 when the entire national park, about 1,500 square kilometres in area, was awarded Dark Sky Park status, the only one in England. Dark Sky Parks are rare. The 2013 Star Count revealed that only 5% of the UK population can see more than 31 stars on a clear night.
-The Arizona-based International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) awards the status of Dark Sky Park only to places that take major steps to avoid light pollution. And those areas must also prove their night skies are dark enough. In Northumberland Dark Sky Park, as the area was renamed, it is so dark that Venus casts a shadow on the Earth.
-Duncan Wise, visitor development officer for the Northumberland National Park Authority, helped to lead the campaign for dark-sky status. “We tend to look at landscape as everything up to the horizon,” Wise said. “But what about what’s above it?” Wise and others spent years preparing their application to the IDA, collecting thousands of light readings and producing an exterior lighting master plan that influences the construction of new developments in the area.
-Their efforts have been rewarded. Many of the 1.5 million who visit Northumberland each year are now aware of its Dark Sky status. “We get a lot of people coming here to see the sky now,” says the man at the car-hire firm in Newcastle. “They come in autumn and winter, when it’s darkest. It’s good for the local hotels because they get business all year round now.” Local hotels now give guests night-vision torches and put out deckchairs at night.
-Wise agrees that Northumberland needs to do more to take advantage of its scarce resource. He believes the region needs a couple more observatories to ensure that visitors will see what they came for. A new £14m national landscape discovery centre will have an observatory when it is completed in a couple of years.
-Fildes has big ambitions. He is planning Britain’s first “astrovillage”, one that would contain the largest public observatory in the world and have a 100-seat auditorium, a 100-seat planetarium, a one-metre aperture telescope, and radiomagnetic and solar telescopes. The multimillion-pound project would also have a hotel and draw in 100,000 people a year, four times the number currently able to use the observatory. Fildes believes the astrovillage will be a reality by 2018.
-However, Northumberland has competition. Galloway Forest Park in Scotland also has Dark Sky Park status. Since Exmoor was designated Europe’s first International Dark Sky Reserve – one level below Dark Sky Park – in 2011, a range of local businesses offering stargazing breaks and safaris has sprung up. The UK has a long way to go to rival northern Chile, which has more than a dozen tourist observatories and some of the clearest skies in the world. The Teide National Park in Tenerife is also becoming a major astrotourism destination.
-So, why do people want to look up into the night sky? The media have helped. TV presenters like Brian Cox have attracted a new generation of stargazers. “Brian Cox has made astronomy accessible,” says Wise. “It’s no longer seen as something just for professors with telescopes.” Technology has also made astronomy more popular. Apps such as Stellarium now turn smartphones into pocket-size planetariums. But Fildes believes that, most importantly, people are starting to appreciate what lies above. “If you had to build a visitor attraction from scratch, what could be better than the universe?”",456
-"When Larry Pizzi first heard about electric bikes nearly 20 years ago, he asked: “Why would anyone want to screw up a bike by putting a motor and batteries on it?”
-It’s a question that still puzzles some people. Bicycle shops in the US do not usually sell e-bikes, even though they have been around since the late 1990s.
-Pizzi, who is now CEO of Currie Technologies, the number one seller of e-bikes in the US, believes that’s about to change. Others in the bike industry agree. Familiar brands including Trek, Raleigh and Specialized all offer electric models and they believe that the market is about to take off.
-The US is different from other countries when it comes to electric bikes. Nearly 32m e-bikes were sold in 2014, most of them in China, where they are mostly used for transportation. They are popular in much of Europe, too. They’re common in the Netherlands and Switzerland; German postal workers use them to get around and BMW offers one for about $3,000.
-Electric bikes are different from motorcycles or mopeds, which rely on motorized power; they are bicycles that can be pedalled with – or without – help from an electric motor. Riding an e-bike feels like riding a normal bike with a strong wind behind you; the motor just helps you go faster or climb hills. Unlike mopeds, e-bicycles are usually permitted on bike paths and they can’t travel faster than 20mph.
-To succeed, the electric bike business in the US must overcome legal, cultural and financial obstacles. E-bikes are banned in some states, including New York. Some people who own and work in bike shops don’t like putting motors on bicycles – one of the reasons is the extra weight. Some e-bikes weigh nearly 30kg.
-E-bikes are also expensive. While cheaper models sell for as little as $700, Court Rye, the founder and editor of ElectricBikeReview.com, a popular website, says riders should expect to pay at least $1,500 for a quality e-bike with a good battery. The best models cost more than twice that.
-The companies that make and sell e-bikes say they can overcome those obstacles. E-bike technology, particularly the batteries, is improving. “Batteries are getting smaller, they’re getting lighter, they’re getting more reliable and they are lasting longer,” says Don DiCostanza, the founder and CEO of Pedego, an electric bikemaker and retailer.
-Companies like Bosch, the German electronics giant, and Shimano, the leading manufacturer of bicycle gears, are entering the business. This should help lower the resistance from bike shops. “This has really caught the attention and the imagination of bicycle dealers,” says Currie’s Larry Pizzi. Pedego and startup ElectroBike aren’t waiting for the shops to come around; they are building their own stores.
-Perhaps most importantly, more cities are building cycling infrastructure including bike lanes so bicycle commuting has become more popular. As the US Census Bureau reported in 2014, the number of bike commuters grew from about 488,000 in 2000 to 786,000 in 2012. Electric bikes make commuting more practical – and fun – by reducing worry about hills, headwinds, tiredness and sweat.
-Most of our customers are “ageing baby boomers who want to have the cycling experience they had as a kid,” says Pedego’s Don DiCostanza. “The main reason they stopped riding bikes was because of hills.” Pedego has opened nearly 60 stores in the US and it has sold bikes to tour companies in San Francisco and Washington, DC.
-ElectroBike, which operates 30 stores in Mexico, opened its first American store in Venice Beach, California in the autumn of 2014 and hopes to grow to 25 US stores in a year. CEO Craig Anderson says: “We want to help reduce traffic, help reduce our carbon footprint and encourage a healthy lifestyle.” He tells customers: “Ride this once and try not to smile.”
-Startups like Pedego and ElectroBike will have to compete with big companies like Trek and Currie, which, in 2012, was acquired by the Accell Group, a public company based in the Netherlands that is Europe’s market leader in e-bikes. Accell owns the Raleigh brand, as well as Haibike, an award-winning German electric bike.
-“Accell has great hopes for e-bikes in North America,” Currie’s Larry Pizzi says. “While baby boomers are still very important, we’re finding that a lot of younger people are using e-bikes for transportation, instead of cars.”
-Accell’s Yuba brand even sells a cargo bike with a stronger motor and rear rack. “You can carry two children,” says Pizzi. “You can carry 45kg of shopping. It’s a minivan alternative.”",457
-"Angela Erdmann never knew her grandfather. He died in 1946, six years before she was born. But, on Tuesday April 8th, 2014, she described the extraordinary moment when she received a message in a bottle, 101 years after he had thrown it into the Baltic Sea. The bottle is believed to be the world’s oldest message in a bottle and it was presented to Erdmann by the museum that is now exhibiting it in Germany.
-“It was very surprising,” Erdmann, 62, said, describing how she found out about the bottle. “A man stood at my door and told me he had post from my grandfather. He then told me that a message in a bottle had been found and that the name that was on the card was that of my grandfather.” Her visitor was a genealogical researcher who had managed to find her in Berlin after the letter was given to a museum in the northern port city of Hamburg.
-The brown beer bottle, which had been in the water for 101 years, was found by a fisherman, who had been out in the Baltic Sea off the northern city of Kiel. Holger von Neuhoff, a curator at the museum, said this bottled message was the oldest he had come across. “There are documents that have been found without the bottle that are older and are in the museum,” he said. “But, with the bottle and the document, this is certainly the oldest at the moment. It is in extremely good condition.”
-Researchers believe Erdmann’s grandfather, Richard Platz, threw the bottle in the sea while on a hike in 1913. He was 20 years old at the time. A lot of the message on the postcard was impossible to read, although the address in Berlin on the front of the card was legible. Also legible was the author’s polite request that the person finding it should send it to his home address.
-He also included two stamps from that time that were in the bottle, so the finder would not have to pay for postage,” Erdmann said. “But he did not think it would take 101 years.”
-She said she was moved by the arrival of the message, although she had not known her grandfather because he died, at the age of 54, six years before she was born.
-“I knew very little about my grandfather, but I found out that he was a writer who was very open-minded, and believed in freedom and that everyone should respect each other,” she said. “He did a lot for the young and later travelled with his wife and two daughters. It was wonderful because I could see where my roots came from.”
-Erdmann said she also liked culture and travelling around the world, just like her grandfather. She described herself as open-minded, too. “What he taught his two daughters, my mother taught me and I have then given to my sons,” she said. She was very happy to receive the bottled message, she said, but she hoped other people would not do what her grandfather had done and throw bottles with messages into the sea. “Today, the sea is so full of so many bottles and rubbish that more shouldn’t be thrown in there,” she said.
-The message and the bottle will be on display at Hamburg’s Maritime Museum until the beginning of May 2014, after which experts will attempt to decipher the rest of the text. It is not clear what will then happen to the bottle, but Erdmann hopes it will stay at the museum.
-“We want to make a few photos available to put with the bottle and give it a face, so visitors can see the young man who threw the bottle into the water,” she said.",458
-"A car with a maximum speed of 25 miles per hour, two seats and no pedals or steering wheel does not sound very interesting. But Google, in the US, shocked the car and taxi industries when it unveiled the latest version of its driverless car.
-Google has begun testing the electric car at its headquarters in Mountain View, California. The car does not have all the normal car controls, such as foot pedals. Instead, it has a smartphone app that calls it and tells it the destination, and a STOP button between the two seats in case the passengers need to override the computer.
-The company is building about 100 prototypes for a two-year test. The company’s co-founder, Sergey Brin, said that the vehicle was still just a prototype. He says that they want to change the world for people who do not find it easy to travel around.
-Talking about the car, he said, “You’re just sitting there; no steering wheel, no pedals. For me, it was very relaxing. About ten seconds after getting into the car, I forgot I was there. I found it really fun.”
-Google says that the aim of the project is to improve safety. They say that the car is made with foam at the front and a plastic windscreen, so “it should be far safer than any other car for pedestrians”.
-The cars have been built specially by a company in Detroit. Google will now test the cars, which are not yet for sale.
-There need to be detailed scans of the roads before the cars can drive on them, because they cannot collect and process enough information in real time.
-So far, there are detailed maps of about 2,000 miles of California’s roads, but California has more than 170,000 miles of roads.
-Google says it wants to license the technology to traditional car makers when they have improved it.
-But the idea that driverless cars will replace taxis with human drivers has alarmed some people.
-Dennis Conyon from the UK National Taxi Association said that taxi drivers will become unemployed.
-London has about 22,000 black taxis and Conyon thinks that the total number of people who drive taxis in the UK is about 100,000.
-Other car makers, including Volvo, Ford and Mercedes, are going to make vehicles that will be different from Google’s version because they will have driver controls.
-But Chris Urmson, director of the driverless car project at Google, said that the new prototypes do not have a steering wheel or brakes because a human passenger might not be able to take control in an emergency. He said that it was simpler just to have an emergency stop button.
-Urmson said: “The vehicles will be very basic. But they will take you where you want to go at the push of a button. And, that’s an important step towards improving road safety and helping millions of people travel around more easily.”
-So far, the Google versions of the driverless cars have driven 700,000 miles without an accident caused by the computer. The company says that thousands of people die each year on the roads and that about 80% of crashes are caused by human mistakes.",459
-"The inventor of a state-of-the-art computer-assisted autopsy system that is increasingly being used in European hospitals has claimed the technique could eventually mean there is no such thing as a 'perfect murder'.
-The method, called 'Virtopsy', is now being used at selected forensic medical institutes in Europe, having been pioneered by a group of scientists at the University of Zurich. Instead of reaching for the scalpel and making the Y-shaped incision in the chest with which a traditional autopsy begins, pathologists are now able to examine the corpse in 3-D via computer screens.
-Michael Thali, the Director of Zurich’s Institute for Forensic Medicine in Europe, and one of the inventors of Virtopsy, said it had the potential to revolutionize criminal investigations. “Basically there will be no such thing as the perfect murder any more as a virtual autopsy allows you to find every piece of evidence,” he said.
-Virtopsies combine the images from high-powered magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) and surface scans of dead bodies. Combined, the devices are referred to as a 'Virtobot'. The technique allows the detection of injuries such as lesions and blows often undetectable during a traditional autopsy, as well as air pockets, heart attacks and even cancer.
-“The Virtopsy has the potential to replace the autopsy one day,” Richard Dirndorfer, one of the pioneers of DNA analysis in criminology, and a founder developer of Virtopsy, told the German science magazine PM . “I think we’ll see it happen gradually, just like DNA analysis gradually replaced blood group analysis,” he said.
-The computer imaging techniques allow doctors to gain in-depth insights into the deepest interiors of dead bodies. The method has already allowed the discovery of haemorrhages and fractures that were not picked up during conventional autopsies. The initial aim is to use the new method to complement the traditional autopsy.
-“It will enable forensic scientists to plan their autopsies far more efficiently,” Dominic Wichmann, an internal medicine specialist at Hamburg’s University Hospital, told Spiegel. Criminologists from around the world have been travelling to Switzerland over the past few years to see the development of the new method for themselves.
-The US forensic medical drama CSI has already twice featured Virtopsies. In one, the system was able to prove that a murder victim was killed by a bullet through the cheek; in another, a Virtopsy on a murdered man meant his wish to be cryogenically frozen could still go ahead as his body remained intact.
-The method has been under development for decades, with the scientists behind it first housed in an unheated laboratory on a university campus where they were considered a bit of a laughing stock. Later, a donation from a rich ophthalmologist enabled the project to take off. Even then it was initially rejected for its potential to undermine the traditional skills of forensic scientists and pathologists. But a new generation appears to be seeing it as less of a threat and rather as something that will complement and substantiate conventional methods and possibly even one day replace them, though probably not entirely.
-“In order to analyze the colour of the blood, the consistencies (of body fluids) or smells, we’ll need to keep on with the conventional cut,” said Lars Oesterhelweg, Deputy Director of the Institute of Forensic Medicine at the Charité Hospital in Berlin, which is using a version of the Virtopsy.
-He added that the new method was particularly helpful in re-examining cases where the cause of death was unclear. “It means that third opinions can be gathered, investigations can be re-examined and cases can be reopened,” he said.
-Scientists using the new method said that relatives of the dead, who are often reluctant for autopsies to be carried out because of the disfigurement they cause, were much keener on the non-invasive method.",460
-"Cathal Redmond was swimming off the Greek coast. He took some photos of colourful fish with his first underwater camera and he was sure they would be great. But, when he looked at the photos later, they were brown and murky. The photos were bad because he was holding his breath underwater so he didn’t have enough time to take the pictures. He thought that all he needed was a little more time to photograph the fish in their natural environment.
-To help with this problem, he has invented the Express Dive. It is a refillable air storage device, which you hold in your mouth. It lets you swim underwater for two minutes. It is somewhere between snorkelling, which is very limited, and scuba diving, which gives people the freedom to breathe underwater but needs heavy and expensive gear. The prototype of his invention looks like a combination of a scuba mouthpiece and a water bottle.
-“I wanted to let people to do more – not just get underwater and spend 30 seconds holding their breath,” says Redmond, 27. In 2006, the Irish designer completed a scuba-diving course and loved the feeling of being able to breathe underwater and watch fish in their natural environment. But all the equipment he needed was less enjoyable.
-“I didn’t like that I had about 50kg of equipment on me. And getting into the water was quite strange when you are used to trying to stay at the surface. It was a very surreal experience,” he says. “The real problem is that scuba diving limits what you can do. It allows you to stay underwater for longer but it takes a lot of planning. You have 20kg to 50kg of gear with you – you can’t just walk on the beach and decide you want to go in. Planning is a very big part of it.”
-It was during a final-year project for his degree that Redmond produced the Express Dive. The device has two main parts. When above the surface, the device takes in air through a vent in the mouthpiece. The air is compressed and stored in a tank, which has a light that flashes green when it is full. When it has finished taking in air, the vent closes and, when the person dives, air is fed back through the mouthpiece. The light turns from green to red when the air starts to runs out. The device can take in enough air for two minutes of diving and takes approximately the same amount of time to refill.
-Redmond says the mouthpiece feels similar to a snorkel. They have tested the prototype in parts. Redmond says he has shown that the motor can compress two minutes of air into the device and that a person can hold the device in their mouth.
-What he has not yet done is test the device on a diver, completely underwater for two minutes. But, with enough testing, Redmond is sure the device will work well and that it will not be dangerous for swimmers underwater. The device will probably cost £280, he says, and it will probably weigh from 1kg to 3kg.
-Perhaps some people think two minutes of air is not enough and is not much better than snorkelling. But, Redmond says two minutes can make all the difference underwater. The typical swimmer can hold their breath for about 40 seconds while underwater. “Two minutes is not a lot of time but it is a lot longer than that,” he says.",461
-"Hundreds of young Cubans are using a free, unrestricted internet service in the communist island nation. A small cultural centre in the capital city, Havana, has suddenly become a rare source of free wi-fi. The internationally known Cuban artist Kcho is providing the service. Perhaps more surprisingly, the state-owned telecommunications company, Etecsa, is allowing the service.
-People say the service is very slow, especially when the centre gets crowded. But, in a country where only about 5% of the population has open access to the internet, a facility that is both free and has no restrictions is very welcome.
-The chance to visit international news websites, communicate with friends and family overseas and use sites like Facebook and Twitter has created a lot of excitement. “I come as often as I can,” said Adonis Ortiz, 20. He is video-chatting with his father, who lives in the US and whom he has not seen in nine years.
-Diplomatic and trade relations between the US and Cuba are improving and American tech giants such as Google and Apple may soon enter the Cuban market. In the meantime, Cuba has installed a high-speed fibre-optic cable under the sea from Venezuela and internet users have some access to Chinese equipment.
-Another estimate is that a quarter of Cubans have access to the internet – still one of the lowest rates in the Western Hemisphere. But this estimate measures residents who use a restricted domestic intranet that only has certain websites and has limited email.
-Kcho, who has close relations with the Cuban government, said that his actions are allowed by the Ministry of Culture. The artist said he wanted to encourage Cubans to become familiar with the internet. “It’s only possible if you are determined and if you pay for it,” Kcho told the Associated Press. “It is expensive but the benefit is tremendous. I have something that is great and powerful. I can share it and I am doing so.”
-Kcho’s real name is Alexis Leiva Machado. He became famous internationally for his painting, sculpture and drawings when he won the grand prize at a festival in South Korea. Born on one of Cuba’s islands, he is known for contemporary art with rustic, seaside and patriotic themes and imagery.
-In the centre’s courtyard, tech-savvy young people relax throughout the day or just sit outside when it’s crowded. They use laptops and tablets or are glued to their smartphones.
-Cuba has some of the lowest internet-use rates in the world – dial-up accounts are restricted and at-home broadband is extremely rare. Only foreigners can pay for it because it costs hundreds of dollars a month for the service – in Cuba, the average salary is between $17 and $20 a month. Kcho pays $900 a month to provide the free wi-fi.
-Since 2013, Cuban authorities have opened hundreds of internet salons, where an hour online costs $4.50. The speeds are far lower than the speeds at Kcho’s studio, where they are about two megabytes per second (mbps). A 2014 report says that average internet connectivity speeds are about 10.5mbps in the US. South Korea has the fastest speeds in the world – 23.6mbps. The average speed in the world is about 3.9mbps.
-Lots of people usually use Kcho’s wi-fi at the same time so the signal strength is usually not strong. One user said he sometimes visits in the middle of the night, when nobody else is around, and, then, the speed is extremely fast.",462
-"Sometimes life just isn’t fair. Mark Zuckerberg created Facebook and is now worth an estimated $48bn. James Goodfellow also invented something used by millions of people around the world every day – the cash machine – but it didn’t make him rich. In fact, he earned just £10 from the patent and has not made a penny more from it since.
-“You can imagine how I feel when I see bankers getting £1m bonuses. I wonder what they contributed to the banking industry more than I did to merit a £1m bonus. It doesn’t make much sense to me but that’s the way of the world,” Goodfellow says.
-It also annoys him that he’s not seen as a good role model for inventors and engineers. He came up with a groundbreaking invention that generated billions of pounds “and I got nothing, so who’s going to want to follow in James Goodfellow’s footsteps and get £10 if they have a fantastic success?”
-There have been arguments for years over who should officially go down in history as “the inventor of the ATM” and, in 2005, a man called John Shepherd-Barron received a UK honour for services to banking as the “inventor of the automatic cash dispenser”. But, the UK government is now saying it was Goodfellow who invented the ATM – so it would seem that, after all the squabbling, his place in history is now assured.
-Back in the mid-1960s, Goodfellow was working as a development engineer and had been asked to devise a way to enable customers to withdraw cash from banks on Saturdays. “Most people working during the week couldn’t get to the bank. They wanted a solution. The solution was a machine which would issue cash on demand to a recognized customer,” he recalls. “I set out to develop a cash-issuing machine and, to make this a reality, I invented the PIN [personal identification number] and an associated coded token.”
-This token took the form of a plastic card with holes punched in it. The patent documents proposed a system incorporating a card reader and buttons mounted in an external wall of the bank and stated: “When the customer wishes to withdraw a pack of banknotes from the system, he simply inserts his punched card in the card reader of the system and operates the set of ten push-buttons in accordance with his personal identification number.”
-Aside from the cards with punched holes, that pretty much describes today’s ATM. After Goodfellow successfully demonstrated the methodology by producing a model, prototypes were built and the first machines were installed in 1967.
-At around the same time, Shepherd-Barron was developing a rival cash-dispensing device. His machine didn’t use plastic cards – instead, it used cheques impregnated with carbon-14, a mildly radioactive substance. The machine detected the carbon-14, matched the cheque against a PIN and paid out the cash.
-It is widely accepted that the Shepherd-Barron ATM was the “world’s first” when it comes to being installed and used by the public; the first one, at a bank in north London, was opened on 27 June, 1967 – a month before Goodfellow’s ATM made its public debut. However, the patent for Goodfellow’s machine was lodged on 2 May, 1966, 14 months before the London ATM machine came into service.
-The rivalry between the two men bubbled up when Shepherd-Barron received an official honour for his achievement. Goodfellow says: “My one big regret is that I never said anything about it until John Shepherd-Barron received the OBE in 2005. This honour was granted on the basis that he was the inventor of the automatic cash dispenser. That really stuck in my throat and I kicked up a bit of a fuss.” Shepherd-Barron is no longer alive to put his case but, in a 2005 interview, he was fairly withering about his rival: “I don’t know him but it’s clear that the difference between Goodfellow and us was that we thought through the whole system concept and that was important to the banks who bought it. His invention reminds me of the hovercraft, an elegant failure.”
-The cash machine has become a world-conquering piece of technology and nothing – the contactless revolution, bitcoin, wearable technology, etc – seems to be slowing its growth: there are now 3m ATMs worldwide, with the number forecast to hit 4m by 2020.
-Goodfellow accepts he didn’t invent the concept of a cash-issuing machine “but I did invent a way of doing it. When people talk about the Wright brothers, they didn’t invent the concept of flying – everyone was trying to do it – but they did it and got the credit for inventing the aeroplane so I think I should get the credit for inventing the cash dispenser.”
-The good news for Goodfellow is that this is now starting to happen. The website ATMInventor.com concludes: “Who invented the idea of an ATM? We believe it was Luther George Simjian. Who invented the ATM as we know it? We have to think it was James Goodfellow in Scotland for holding a patent date of 1966. Who invented the ATM design we recognize today? We think it was John D White for Docutel in the US.”
-Even better for Goodfellow, his achievement has been officially recognized in the latest edition of a 180-page guidebook called Life in the United Kingdom. In the section about “great British inventions of the twentieth century ”, it states: “In the 1960s, James Goodfellow (1937-) invented the cash-dispensing automatic teller machine (ATM) or 'cashpoint'.”
-So after all these years, Goodfellow finally finds himself being talked about in the same breath as John Logie Baird (the television), Alan Turing (the Turing machine), Sir Frank Whittle (the jet engine) and Sir Tim Berners-Lee (the World Wide Web). Asked what he did with the £10 he received back in the 1960s, Goodfellow says he thinks he blew it on a wild night out, adding: “It didn’t change my life.” But, he concludes, it’s been a good working life: “I was very happy doing the job I was doing.”",463
-"When Larry Pizzi, a veteran bicycle industry executive, first heard about electric bikes nearly 20 years ago, he asked: “Why would anyone want to screw up a bike by putting a motor and batteries on it?”
-It’s a question that still puzzles traditionalists. Bicycle shops have been slow to stock e-bikes, even though they have been around since the late 1990s. Sales in the US have been modest.
-Pizzi, who is now CEO of Currie Technologies, the number one seller of e-bikes in the US, believes that’s about to change. Others in the industry agree. Familiar brands including Trek, Raleigh and Specialized all offer electric models and they’re betting the market is about to take off.
-“We’re on the cusp of mainstream adoption,” Pizzi said. “There are more players entering the category, it seems, with every passing month.”
-The US is an outlier when it comes to electric bikes. Nearly 32m e-bikes were sold in 2014, the vast majority in China, where they are primarily used for transportation. They are popular in much of Europe, too. They’re common in the Netherlands and Switzerland; German postal workers use them to get around and BMW offers one for about $3,000.
-Electric bikes are different from motorcycles or mopeds, which rely on motorized power; they are bicycles that can be pedalled with – or without – assistance from an electric motor. Riding an e-bike feels like riding a conventional bike with a brisk tailwind; the motor helps you go faster or climb hills but it’s typically not the primary source of propulsion. Unlike mopeds, e-bicycles are usually permitted on bike paths and they can’t travel faster than 20mph.
-There’s debate about how many electric bikes are sold in the US and there is no official count.
-Estimates of annual sales range from about 50,000 to 175,000. That’s comparable to the number of electric cars sold in the US – 118,000 in 2014. Yet, while many people are aware of the Nissan Leaf, Chevy Volt and Tesla, few have heard of e-bike companies Currie, Pedego or ElectroBike.
-To succeed, the electric bike business in the US must clear legal, cultural and financial hurdles. E-bikes are banned in some states, including New York, although the law isn’t strictly enforced. Traditionalists who own and staff bike shops don’t like putting motors on bicycles, citing, among other things, the added weight. Some e-bikes are close to 30kg.
-E-bikes are also pricey. While low-end models sell for as little as $700, Court Rye, the founder and editor of ElectricBikeReview.com, a popular website, says riders should expect to pay at least $1,500 for a quality e-bike with a good battery. Top-of-the-line models cost more than twice that.
-The companies that make and sell e-bikes say they can overcome those obstacles.
-E-bike technology, particularly the batteries, is improving. “Batteries are getting smaller, they’re getting lighter, they’re getting more reliable and they are lasting longer,” says Don DiCostanza, the founder and CEO of Pedego, an electric bikemaker and retailer.
-Companies like Bosch, the German electronics giant, and Shimano, the leading manufacturer of bicycle gears, are entering the business, which should help erode resistance from bike shops. “This has really caught the attention and the imagination of bicycle dealers,” says Currie’s Larry Pizzi. Pedego and startup ElectroBike aren’t waiting for the shops to come around; they are building their own stores. In the meantime, lobbying efforts are underway to permit the use of e-bikes everywhere.
-Perhaps most importantly, as more cities build cycling infrastructure, including dedicated bike lanes, bicycle commuting has become more popular. As the US Census Bureau reported in 2014, the number of bike commuters grew from about 488,000 in 2000 to 786,000 in 2012. That’s a “larger percentage increase than that of any other commuting mode,” the report notes. Electric bikes make commuting more practical – and fun – by easing worry about hills, headwinds, fatigue and sweat.
-Most of our customers are “ageing baby boomers who want to rekindle the experience they had as a kid,” says Pedego’s Don DiCostanza. “The main reason they stopped riding bikes was because of hills.” Pedego has opened nearly 60 stores in the US and it has sold bikes to tour companies in San Francisco and Washington, DC.
-ElectroBike, which operates 30 stores in Mexico, opened its first American store in Venice Beach, California in the autumn of 2014 and hopes to grow to 25 US stores in a year. CEO Craig Anderson says: “We want to help reduce traffic, help reduce our carbon footprint and promote a healthy lifestyle.” He tells customers: “Ride this once and try not to smile.”
-Startups like Pedego and ElectroBike will have to compete with big companies like Trek and Currie, which, in 2012, was acquired by the Accell Group, a public company based in the Netherlands that is Europe’s market leader in e-bikes. Accell owns the Raleigh brand, as well as Haibike, an award-winning German electric bike.
-“Accell has great expectations about e-bikes in North America,” Currie’s Larry Pizzi says. “While baby boomers are still a very important segment, we’re finding that a lot of younger people are using e-bikes for transportation, instead of cars.”
-Accell’s Yuba brand even sells a cargo bike with a stronger motor and rear rack. “You can carry two children,” says Pizzi. “You can carry 45kg of shopping. It’s a minivan alternative.”",464
-"A major international row with wide-ranging implications for global drugs policy has erupted over the right of Bolivia’s indigenous Indian tribes to chew coca leaves, the principal ingredient in cocaine. Bolivia has obtained a special exemption from the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the framework that governs international drugs policy, allowing its indigenous people to chew the leaves.
-Bolivia had argued that the convention was in opposition to its new constitution, adopted in 2009, which obliges it to “protect native and ancestral coca as cultural patrimony” and maintains that coca “in its natural state … is not a narcotic”.
-South American Indians have chewed coca leaves for centuries. The leaves reputedly provide energy and are said to have medicinal qualities. Supporters of Bolivia’s position praised it for standing up for the rights of indigenous people. “The Bolivian move is inspirational and groundbreaking,” said Danny Kushlick, Head of External Affairs at the Transform Drug Policy Foundation, which promotes drug liberalization. “It shows that any country that has had enough of the war on drugs can change the terms of its engagement with the UN conventions.”
-However, the UN’s International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), which monitors implementation of the global drug treaties, has accused Bolivia of threatening the integrity of the international drug control regime. A number of countries – including the UK, the US, Italy, Sweden, the Netherlands and Russia – opposed Bolivia’s demands.
-The UK’s submission to the UN, which oversees the convention, said that it “acknowledges and respects the cultural importance of the coca leaf in Bolivia”, but it adds: “The United Kingdom is … concerned that the reservation could lead to increases in coca production and – crucially – the amount of coca diverted to the cocaine trade. As such, the reservation would weaken international law as it relates to the global effort to tackle the drugs trade and could weaken the international community’s response to that trade.”
-The right of indigenous communities in South America’s Andean region to chew coca leaf was removed in 1964 when Bolivia was under a dictatorship and it signed up to the convention. But, under the terms of the agreement, Bolivia was given 25 years to implement the ban. This expired in 1989 and since then the issue has been under dispute.
-In 2011, Bolivia – whose President, Evo Morales, is a former coca producer – formally notified the UN of its withdrawal from the convention. On Friday it reacceded to the convention, but with an exemption from the prohibition on the chewing of coca leaves.
-The move is the first of its kind in the history of UN drug-control treaties and has sparked concerns that other countries may apply for amendments. The Russian government has argued that the move will lead to “an increase in illegal circulation of cocaine” and warned that “it also sets a dangerous precedent that could be used by other states in creating a more liberal drug-control regime”.
-The British parliament’s Home Affairs Select Committee has recommended that Bolivia’s request should be backed by the UK government, arguing that it was important that countries remained within the single convention. Bolivia’s re-accession could be blocked only if a third or more of the 184 countries that have signed up to the convention opposed its request. There are suspicions that the US and UK are frantically lobbying other countries to gain sufficient numbers to block Bolivia’s request.
-Nancie Prud’homme, Projects Director at the International Centre on Human Rights and Drug Policy, criticized the co-ordinated opposition to Bolivia’s demands. “These objections are legally questionable,” she said. “They support an arbitrary and over-broad provision and apply international drug laws in a vacuum. This is not appropriate. No state has paid any attention to decades of developing international norms on cultural and indigenous rights, which support Bolivia’s efforts.”
-The decision to ban coca chewing was based on a 1950 report produced by the UN Commission of Inquiry on the Coca Leaf, which proponents of drug liberalization say was not based on supporting evidence. In an interview in 1949, the head of the Commission, Howard B Fonda, signalled his opposition to the chewing of coca leaves before his inquiry had begun. Fonda told an interviewer: “We believe that the daily, inveterate use of coca leaves by chewing … is not only thoroughly noxious and therefore detrimental, but is also the cause of racial degeneration in many centres of population, and of the decadence that visibly shows in numerous Indians … Our studies will confirm the certainty of our assertions and we hope we can present a rational plan of action … to attain the absolute and sure abolition of this pernicious habit.”
-The growing of coca leaves is legal and licensed in Bolivia. The policy has been credited with a fall in cocaine production in the country, leading some experts to see the Bolivian model as a way forward for other countries.",465
-"The roof is plastic held up by a crooked tree trunk and the desks just a jumble of cast-off chairs, but the students inside the Chemin des Dunes school are studying with the same intensity you would find in a seminar at Oxford University. At stake is the hope of a new life in France.
-“The French language is very difficult but we try hard. If we come every day, maybe we can touch our dreams,” says Kamal, a refugee from Sudan’s war-torn Darfur district who comes to three or four hours of classes every day. “It’s a good thing to keep your brain active.”
-The 29-year-old electrical engineer is one of dozens, perhaps hundreds, of refugees living in the “jungle” camp outside Calais who have applied for asylum in France and are eager to learn the language of what they hope will be their new home.
-Like many of his fellow students, he is frustrated that media coverage of the sprawling tent-village has focused only on those who use it as a staging post for risky nightly bids to sneak on board cross-Channel lorries or trains.
-“I need to tell people in the UK, they think that everyone wants to go there. But there are a lot of people here who want to stay in France,” Kamal said.
-France is already home to more than a quarter of a million refugees, according to United Nations data – the country has taken in more than twice as many as the UK, even though the countries have similar populations.
-There are a further 56,000 asylum seekers waiting for their claim to a French safe haven to be processed – the second highest number in Europe – while, in the UK, there are 36,000.
-While the applicants wait for an answer, though, France does not provide them with any financial support or allow them to work – and the slow process can take many months. The jungle camp offers a free meal a day and a plastic roof over their heads so many decide to endure the basic conditions for a few extra months, rather than potentially jeopardize their asylum bid by working illegally.
-The idea for the school was first touted by some of that group at the start of the summer, when they were bored with sitting around waiting and nervous about starting a new life in France totally unable to communicate. It was a reality within weeks, opening on 11 July.
-“We did it to reunite the 'brothers' and, at the same time, they can learn French,” said Zimarco Jones, the school’s Nigerian founder, who arrived in Calais in 2013 and is still waiting for his asylum claim to be processed. “Now, we need to build another one,” he says with a grin.
-At its busiest, the tiny classroom holds 30 pupils, crammed into five rows of desks in front of a big green chalkboard and pictures of cartoon animals for each letter of the French alphabet. There are also classes in English, art and t’ai chi but the biggest draw is the French lessons, provided by volunteers from Calais and beyond.
-“French is not as easy as English but, two weeks ago, I decided there was no way to get to the UK,” says George, another Darfur refugee and dedicated student. He wanted to cross the Channel because he speaks fluent English but, with language classes, he says he is happy to settle in France.
-“Anywhere there is peace, I can stay, no problem,” he says, already waiting at the classroom more than half an hour before his teachers arrive.
-He admits he doesn’t know much about France but says that the classes are slowly helping him understand the country as well as the language.
-Many of the volunteers at the jungle school are local teachers who are giving up their summer holidays.
-Jenny Flahaut, 33, who works at a children’s home, was inspired to volunteer after seeing an advertisement on Facebook. “I saw these people in Calais every day and I wanted to do something for them,” she said.
-She is particularly frustrated by the depiction of migrants in the media and by politicians who have never visited the camp, most recently David Cameron, the British prime minister, who in a much criticized speech talked about “swarms” of people trying to reach the UK.
-“They don’t know them and have a bad vision but they are not like that,” Flahaut said as she prepared for an afternoon lesson. “Most of them are very good people. They are welcoming and friendly. They want to improve their life and make it better, and learning is part of that.”
-The teachers and Zimarco are focused, now, on setting up a separate classroom to serve around 200 women and two dozen children. The women are outnumbered around ten to one by men in the Calais encampment and most feel uncomfortable attending classes with male students they don’t know, the volunteers say.
-When that is finished, the former hotel worker whose work getting the school off the ground is remembered in its unofficial name – everyone in the camp just calls it “Zimarco’s school” – has more dreams for making the camp a place to live, not just survive. He wants to set up a football team for migrants, he explains over an instant cappuccino in the immaculate tent he calls home, and even dreams of changing the camp name. He hates “the jungle” because he says it implies the residents aren’t people.
-“We have a discotheque, a house, a mosque, a school, shops,” he says. “We are not animals.”",466
-"Moses King, 48, is HIV positive. HIV is common in Liberia. King gets medicine for the disease from the Liberian government. But King and his family of six children cannot get the right food to eat. A poor farmer, he grew vegetables and bought rice. But he could not afford meat and fish – expensive, luxury products in Liberian markets but essential sources of protein.
-Pate K Chon, who works with HIV sufferers in Liberia, has found a solution. She watched a film about a fish farm in Thailand several years ago and had the idea of starting a similar project in Liberia, so that HIV sufferers could have work and also get a source of protein.
-“I saw this film about fish in a cement pool and I thought it was a good idea,” said Chon, who is also HIV positive. “So many of the people I work with don’t have the money to have a balanced protein diet and fish is such a clean source of protein – it doesn’t cause health problems like other sources and it is something we can farm.”
-Chon began building a pool in which to farm fish. In June 2012, she met John Sheehy. He raised money for the non-profit fish farm in the northeast of Monrovia, Liberia’s capital, and started learning about fish farming, doing an online course and speaking to other fish farmers in Africa.
-“I raised the money and built the farm, learned how to build the tanks and water flow system,” said Sheehy. “I learnt a lot on my own and now I would love to be able to write a book and share my knowledge with other people,” he said.
-The project is now a fish farm with 12 tanks, each with 5,000 fish – and will give up to 200,000 fish per year to a community of 1,200 mainly HIV-positive people, including King and his family. In addition to the fish, waste from the tanks is collected and used to water crops, also giving food and money to the community.
-“Many people in the community work on the farm,” said Sheehy, “and what they get in return is fish. They can use those fish to feed themselves and to sell in the market so that they get money to buy other food. The fish farm gives these people with HIV a way of getting back into society – now they are buying and selling with people in the market every week.”
-1.5% of Liberia’s 3.5 million people are HIV positive. Good nutrition is particularly important for people with HIV. They need much more protein to stop their health getting worse and to allow healthy growth. “Nutrition is one of the key things if you are taking drugs to treat HIV,” said Chon. “The drugs are toxic and if you don’t have food to eat, they can make you very ill. But food in Liberia is very expensive. We buy expensive rice from other countries and fish is difficult for most people to afford.”
-“Fish farming is absolutely possible in Africa,” said Paul White, owner of a fish farm in Ivory Coast, which produces 3,000 tonnes of fish each year. But some people criticize farmed fish – they say the fish can be inbred and have high levels of toxins. Sheehy says they do not have those problems. “A lot of farmed fish is inbred, which causes problems, but we are using a process with local fish from Liberia, not fish from another region. And we test the water and watch it all the time.”
-Sheehy hopes to open more fish farms throughout Liberia and the region. “A rice-growing co-operative in Sierra Leone asked us if we could do this on our property so that they can feed their workers and we have had interest from Nigeria and Central America,” said Sheehy.",467
-"A Canadian man who sprang to fame after offering a free round-the-world trip to a woman with the same name as his ex-girlfriend has returned from the jaunt with his chosen namesake, although, to the dismay of those following the story, love did not blossom between the pair. Jordan Axani, a 28-year-old Toronto real-estate developer turned charity founder, made it back to Canada with Elizabeth Quinn Gallagher but said the pair had “forged a brother-sister-like relationship”.
-Axani had made headlines in 2014 after offering an air ticket to any Canadian named Elizabeth Gallagher. He had booked a three-week vacation with his ex-girlfriend but, after they split up, he was unable to change the name on the flights.
-That’s where Axani’s new travelmate, a 23-year-old student from Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia, came in. Gallagher, who goes by the name Quinn, replied to a Reddit post Axani had submitted – along with other hopeful Elizabeth Gallaghers – and was selected. Gallagher had made it clear before the trip that she had a “pretty serious” boyfriend but that had not stopped romantics, and journalists, from hoping the globetrotters might fall for one another. Unfortunately, it was not to be.
-“It wasn’t easy and it certainly wasn’t immediate. It took us about a week to really figure each other out,” Axani said. There was a certain amount of “natural stumbling” around “the dos and don’ts of travelling together” as the pair got to know each other.
-“I’m going to be explicitly clear,” Axani said, shortly after the pair returned to Toronto. “This was never a romantic endeavour. It was strictly platonic. I do not think of Quinn in a romantic light in the least. There is no future for us romantically. She is a good friend. I think of her as a little sister but that will be it. And her feelings are entirely mutual in that regard.” It took work to establish that brother-sister, good-friend, no-future-for-us-romantically relationship, however. other. “At the end of it, we’d developed a really great rhythm of, one second, having really funny inside jokes, and, the next second, knowing when the other needed space.”
-Although the pair failed to fall for one another, Axani said the trip, which took in Milan, Venice, Vienna, Prague, Khao Lak (in Thailand) and Hong Kong, was “fantastic”. A favourite place was Prague, Axani said, where they “had the largest groundswell of people reaching out”.
-“Over the course of two and a half days, I think we met about two dozen people. So that’s a lot of stories, that’s a lot of individuals and that’s a lot of love for their home city of Prague.”
-People were following the pair on Twitter and Instagram, Axani said, and they were even recognized in the street in Hong Kong. “It was a real adventure. We had a blast. We learned a lot about ourselves and about each other. I think, coming out of it, I can’t imagine it going much better than it did.”
-Axani made it back to Toronto at 3am on Monday, 12 January, when the holiday came to an abrupt halt. He went straight into a board meeting with fellow board members at his charity, A Ticket Forward. Axani started the non-profit organization after his Reddit post went viral and intends to offer round-the-world-trips to survivors of abuse, cancer and war.
-Alongside that, Axani is also in talks to spin his story into a television show or film, although he would not comment on what form those productions might take. “Suffice to say there’s been significant interest from many production companies. We’re well advanced.” In terms of his love life, Axani said he was not looking for his next Elizabeth Gallagher just yet. “I’m not looking for anything, per se, but life happens and we’ll see,” he said. “As always, life’s a journey.”",468
-"You can see a thick layer of bird droppings inside one of Britain’s most expensive properties. Pigeon skeletons lie among shattered mirrors and water streams through broken walls. This is The Tower, a £30m palace in “Billionaires’ Row” in north London, whose spectacular ruin has been kept secret until now.
-It is one of ten mansions in the middle of The Bishops Avenue that have stood almost completely vacant since they were bought a quarter of a century ago, it is believed for members of the Saudi Arabian royal family. Their Grecian columns are cracking into pieces and mosaic-tiled swimming pools are filled with rubble. Nature has taken over and owls have moved in.
-It is a sad scene repeated up and down the avenue that Lloyds Bank has calculated is the second most expensive street in Britain. While more and more people struggle to get on to London’s property ladder as house prices rise at 11.2% a year, 16 mansions on the most expensive part of The Bishops Avenue are empty, many behind locked gates, their overgrown grounds guarded by dogs.
-Across the street stands another derelict mansion, worth £18m, with smashed windows and walls painted with anti-climb paint. Metal grilles block the windows of another, which has been sold for £20m.
-The sight of the derelict properties can be agonizing for people who are struggling to keep a roof above their heads in one of the world’s most expensive cities. One security guard who works on the avenue said it was exasperating to see so many properties – enough to house dozens of people – falling apart.
-Oil-rich royals from Nigeria and Saudi Arabia were among the first to come to this road near Hampstead Heath. Iranians fled here after the fall of the shah. Now, Chinese house hunters are following Russians and Kazakhs who have spent millions to get an address that estate agents tell them is as world famous as the Champs Elysées and Rodeo Drive. Recently, two mansions have been on sale for £65m and £38m, promising endless Italian marble, leather-padded lifts and luxury panic rooms.
-However, in the gardens of the empty mansions, stone fountains crumble. Inside one mansion, water drips through a huge crystal chandelier onto a thick carpet rotting under sections of collapsed ceiling. Moss grows through shattered bricks and mirrored tiles are lying on a bathroom floor. The swimming pool is filled with dirty water and has flowers growing through its tiles. The wood in the sauna is coming off the walls.
-But it is the ruin of The Towers, a grand mansion set among acres of trees, that is most dramatic. Its huge, high-ceiling halls are occupied by pigeons and its walls have been turned bright green by algae. Unopened wooden boxes marked “bullet-proof glass” show the security fears of the previous owners.
-Today, very few people live on The Bishops Avenue full time. A security guard patrolling the pavement outside one mansion said that the owners were not there. Another, outside Royal Mansion, would not say if anyone was home, while a member of staff at another mansion simply warned the Guardian about the guard dogs. Magdy Adib Ishak-Hannah, whose personal wealth is £45m, said he was in the minority of permanent residents.
-“It’s not a neighbourly place, where you can chat over the fence,” he said. “To be honest, I have never seen what my neighbours look like. Next door, a Saudi princess spent £35m on a new house and I’ve never seen her. There are about three houses that are lived in 24/7 and half of the properties are occupied three to six months a year. The other half, who knows if they come or not?”
-The multimillion-pound ruins are evidence of a property culture in which the world’s richest people see British property as investments.
-Nevertheless, the talk on the avenue is about building £5m apartments, instead of £50m mansions, in an effort to bring people back.
-Anil Varma, a local property developer, has decided to rebuild one of the most valuable sites on the avenue as a collection of 20 apartments with a concierge, maid service, 25-metre pool, spa and cinema.
-“If you build a big house and try and sell for £30m to £40m, it won’t sell,” he said. “Locals won’t buy and so you have to bring in overseas buyers.”
-But nobody plans to use the avenue’s empty property to help solve the housing crisis. Andrew Harper, a local Conservative politician, laughed when he was asked whether some of the derelict housing could become cheap homes. He said the price of the land is far too high.",469
-"Water scientists have given one of the strongest warnings ever about global food supplies. They say that the world’s population may have to change almost completely to a vegetarian diet by 2050 to avoid catastrophic shortages.
-Humans get about 20% of their protein from animal-based products now. However, this may need to decrease to just 5% to feed the extra two billion people expected to be alive by 2050, according to research by some of the world’s top water scientists.
-“There will not be enough water to produce food for the expected nine-billion population in 2050 if we follow current trends and changes towards diets common in western nations,” the report by Malik Falkenmark and colleagues at the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) said.
-“There will be just enough water if the proportion of animal-based foods is limited to 5% of total calories.”
-Warnings that water scarcity could limit food production come at the same time as Oxfam and the UN prepare for a possible second global food crisis in five years. Prices for items such as corn and wheat have risen nearly 50% on international markets since June. The price increase has been caused by severe droughts in the US and Russia, and weak monsoon rains in Asia. More than 18 million people are already facing serious food shortages across the Sahel.
-Oxfam says that the price increase will have a devastating effect in developing countries that rely heavily on food imports, including parts of Latin America, North Africa and the Middle East. Food shortages in 2008 led to fighting and riots in 28 countries.
-Changing to a vegetarian diet is one way to increase the amount of water available to grow more food in a world where the climate is becoming increasingly erratic, the scientists said. Animal protein-rich food uses five to ten times more water than a vegetarian diet. One third of the world’s arable land is used to grow crops to feed animals. Other options to feed people include stopping waste and increasing trade between countries that have a food surplus and countries that don’t have enough food.
-“Nine hundred million people already go hungry and two billion people are malnourished although per-capita food production continues to increase,” they said. “Seventy per cent of all water is used in agriculture, and growing more food to feed an extra two billion people by 2050 will place greater pressure on water and land.”
-The report is being released at the start of the annual world water conference in Stockholm, Sweden, where 2,500 politicians, UN groups, non-governmental groups and researchers from 120 countries meet to discuss global water supply problems.
-Competition for water between food production and other uses will increase pressure on essential resources, the scientists said. “The UN predicts that we must increase food production by 70% by mid-century. This will put additional pressure on our water resources, which are already stressed, at a time when we also need more water to satisfy global energy demand and to create electricity for the 1.3 billion people who are without it,” said the report.
-Overeating, malnourishment and waste are all increasing. “We will need a new recipe to feed the world in the future,” said the report’s editor, Anders Jägerskog.",470
-"The balls have dropped down the chute and all six numbers match, so it’s time to buy that Audi, book the holiday in the US and phone the estate agent. At least, that’s what most lottery millionaires do, according to an analysis of spending and investment by jackpot winners.
-Since its launch in 1994, the lottery has created 3,000 millionaires who have won more than £8.5bn in total, at an average of £2.8m each. The trickle-down effect means that between them they have created a further 3,780 millionaires among their children, family and friends, according to the authors of the study, Oxford Economics.
-Most winners (59%) give up work straight away, but 19% carry on doing the day job and 31% do unpaid voluntary work. The good news for the economy is that 98% of winners’ spending remained in the UK. Through their spending on property, vehicles and holidays, it is estimated that each winner keeps six people in a full-time job for a year.
-Winners have contributed almost £750m to gross domestic product (GDP), and generated more than £500m in tax receipts for the Exchequer. The bulk of the money went on property, with £2.72bn spent on winners’ main properties, and £170m in paying off existing debt and mortgages.
-Maintaining income was a priority, with £2.125bn spent on investments. Gifts to family and friends accounted for £1.17bn, and £680m was spent on cars and holidays.
-The study, commissioned by Camelot, the operators of the UK National Lottery, to mark the 3,000-winners milestone, was based on research from 100 £1m-plus winners. It found that in total the 3,000 winners have purchased 7,958 houses or flats in the UK, or 2.7 each, spending £3.3bn. Most winners (82%) changed their main residence, spending an average £900,000.
-The new home is likely to come with a hot tub, with almost a third (29%) putting that on their shopping list. A walk-in wardrobe was a must for 28%, almost a quarter (24%) opted for a property behind electric gates, and 22% had a games room, with 7% installing a snooker table.
-Larger properties need maintaining, and 30% of winners employed a cleaner and 24% a gardener. A small proportion (5%) employed a beautician.
-Audis were the favourite cars of 16% of winners, with Range Rovers and BMWs also popular purchases (11% each), as well as Mercedes (10%) and Land Rovers (5%). Winners spent £463m on 17,190 cars, with the average price of their favourite being £46,116.
-Holidays were also a priority. The majority (68%) choose five-star hotels overseas. The US was the favoured destination for 27%, followed by the Caribbean (9%). Closer to home, however, UK caravan sales have benefited. Over the past 18 years, 10% of millionaires have bought a caravan, generating sales worth about £7.4m.
-Some winners (15%) have started their own businesses, 9% have helped others to do so, and 6% have invested in or bought other people’s businesses. Businesses started or supported by lottery winners employ 3,195 people, according to the study.
-Andy Logan, author of the report, said: “The effect of a win spreads much further and wider than we anticipated. Not only does it transform the lives of friends and family, but each win has a measurable effect on the UK economy, especially with so much of it being spent in the UK. The use of each win creates a ripple effect across this generation and very often the next.”",471
-"Cities don’t often decide to pack their bags, get up and move down the road. But that’s exactly what Kiruna, an Arctic town in northern Sweden, has to do – to avoid being swallowed up into the earth.
-“It’s a terrible choice,” says Krister Lindstedt of White, the Swedish architects company that is managing the biblical task. They have to move this city of 23,000 people away from a gigantic iron-ore mine that is fast swallowing up the ground beneath its streets. “Either the mine must stop digging, creating mass unemployment, or the city has to move.”
-Founded in 1900 by the state-owned Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara mining company (LK), Kiruna has grown rich off the vast amount of iron ore that is below the town but it’s now facing destruction by exactly the thing that made it rich. “The town is here because of the mine,” says Deputy Mayor Niklas Siren. “Otherwise, no one would have built a city here.”
-Located 145km inside the Arctic Circle, Kiruna has a brutal climate. It has winters with no sunlight and average temperatures below -15C. But the iron ore has kept people here. It has become the world’s largest underground iron-ore mine. It produces 90% of all the iron in Europe, enough to build more than six Eiffel Towers a day. And demand continues to grow.
-In 2004, the mining company told the town that its days were numbered: digging its shafts towards the city at an angle of 60 degrees, subsidence would soon lead to buildings cracking and collapsing. Ten years later, cracks are starting to appear in the ground, and they are creeping closer and closer to the town.
-“The people of Kiruna have been living in limbo for ten years,” says Viktoria Walldin, a social anthropologist who works with the architects. “They have put their lives on hold, unable to make major decisions like buying a house, redecorating, having a child or opening a business.”
-After years of dithering, the city finally has a plan for how it will proceed. Lindstedt has a plan that shows the town’s streets and squares beginning to crawl eastwards along a new high street, until the whole place has moved safely away from the mine by 2033.
-A new town square is already being built, 3km to the east, with a circular town hall planned by Danish architect Henning Larsen. Twenty other key buildings will be dismantled and put together piece by piece in their new home – like an Ikea flatpack on a bigger scale. Kiruna’s red wooden church, built in 1912 and once voted Sweden’s most beautiful building, will take pride of place in a new park, and the bell tower will stand once again above the town hall. But not everything will be saved.
-“I spoke to an old lady who walks past the bench every day where she had her first kiss,” says Walldin. “It’s things like that – the hospital where your first child was born, for example – that are important to people and all that’s going to disappear.”
-Called “the most democratic move in history”, the project will get £320m from the mining company for building new facilities, including a high school, fire station, community centre, library and swimming hall. But the biggest worry for most people is where they will actually live and how they will get a house or flat.
-“People are used to very low rents and very high incomes but, in future, this will have to change” says Lindstedt. LK has agreed to compensate residents to the value of their homes plus 25% but many locals say this is not enough to afford a new-build house.
-A closer look at the plan shows the new town does not look like the original Kiruna at all. The current town has winding streets and detached houses with gardens. White’s plan has multi-storey apartment blocks around shared courtyards in long straight streets.
-It is an opportunity, say the architects, for Kiruna to “reinvent itself” into a town that will attract young people. There will be new cultural facilities and “visionary” things such as a cable car above the high street. But it is a vision that many of the existing residents will probably not be able to afford.",472
-"On an average day its outlets are a hive of social activity, hosting everything from business meetings to reading groups looking for that all-important morning caffeine rush. But Starbucks should be careful what it wishes for.
-The direct action group UK Uncut plans to turn dozens of the coffee empire’s UK branches into crèches, refuges and homeless shelters to highlight the chain’s tax avoidance tactics.
-The announcement of the action comes on the day a Starbucks executive faces questions from the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee over why the company paid no corporation tax in the UK during the past three years, despite senior US management trumpeting the company’s profitable operations in Britain.
-In his appearance before the committee, Starbucks’ Chief Financial Officer, Troy Alstead, will attempt to repair the company’s reputation, which continues to suffer because of the controversy.
-MPs accused HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) officials of having cosy relationships with big businesses. Speaking about the arrangements with Starbucks, the Conservative MP Richard Bacon said: “It smells. And it doesn’t smell of coffee – it smells bad.”
-The campaign group UK Uncut is attempting to draw a link between government cuts, in particular those that affect women, and tax avoidance by multinational businesses.
-Sarah Greene, a UK Uncut activist, said funding for refuges and rape crisis centres faced cuts unless companies paid their fair share of tax. HMRC estimates around £32bn was lost to tax avoidance in 2011.
-Greene said the government could easily bring in billions that could fund vital services by clamping down on tax avoidance.
-The group, which rose to prominence after staging a sit-in at Vodafone stores, Topshop and Fortnum & Mason, turned its attentions to Starbucks last month after an investigation by Reuters discovered the company had paid only £8.6m in corporation tax since launching in the UK in 1998, despite cumulative sales of £3bn.
-Longstanding Uncut campaigner Anna Walker said “We’ve chosen to really highlight the impact of the cuts on women. So there is going to be a real focus on transforming Starbucks into those services that are being cut by the government … [such as] refuges and crèches.
-“Starbucks is a really great target because it is on every high street across the country and that’s what UK Uncut finds really important: people can take action in their local areas,” she said.
-Several international organizations have faced criticism over their UK accounts, with Amazon, eBay, Facebook, Google and Ikea all paying little or no corporation tax despite large British operations.
-However, according to pollsters at YouGov’s BrandIndex, Starbucks has suffered the deepest damage to its image.
-The coffee store chain insists it pays the correct level of taxes. The group Chief Executive, Howard Schultz, has said in a statement: “Starbucks has always paid taxes in the UK despite recent suggestions to the contrary.
-“Over the last three years alone, our company has paid more than £160m in various taxes, including National Insurance contributions, VAT and business rates.”
-Margaret Hodge, who chairs the Public Accounts Committee, told parliament last month that Apple, eBay, Facebook, Google and Starbucks had avoided nearly £900m of tax. The Prime Minister, David Cameron, responded to the claim by saying: “I’m not happy with the current situation. I think [HMRC] needs to look at it very carefully. We do need to make sure we are encouraging these businesses to invest in our country as they are, but they should be paying fair taxes as well.”
-A spokeswoman for Starbucks said: “While the subject of tax law can be extremely complex, Starbucks respects and complies with tax laws and accounting rules in each of the 61 countries where we do business, including the UK – a market that we remain committed to for the long term. We’ve posted the facts about our tax practices in the UK on our website.
-“Starbucks’ economic impact in the UK goes far beyond our stores and partners [employees]. We spend hundreds of millions of pounds with local suppliers on milk, cakes and sandwiches, and on store design and renovations. When you take into account the indirect employment created by Starbucks’ investments in the UK, the company’s extended economic impact to the UK economy exceeds £80m annually.
-“We hope that UK Uncut will respect the wellbeing of our partners and customers, and recognize the value that we add to the economy, creating jobs and apprenticeships, as well as paying our fair share of taxes in the UK.”",473
-"Nelson Mandela, the towering figure of Africa’s struggle for freedom and a hero to millions around the world, has died at the age of 95.
-South Africa’s first black president died in the company of his family at home in Johannesburg after years of declining health, which had caused him to withdraw from public life.
-The news was announced to the country by the current president, Jacob Zuma, who, in a sombre televised address, said Mandela had “departed” around 8.50pm local time and was at peace.
-“This is the moment of our deepest sorrow,” Zuma said. “Our nation has lost its greatest son. What made Nelson Mandela great was precisely what made him human. We saw in him what we seek in ourselves.
-“Fellow South Africans, Nelson Mandela brought us together and it is together that we will bid him farewell.”
-Zuma announced that Mandela would receive a state funeral and ordered that flags fly at half-mast.
-Archbishop Desmond Tutu led a memorial service in Cape Town, where he called for South Africa to become as a nation what Mandela had been as a man.
-Barack Obama led tributes from world leaders, referring to Mandela by his clan name – Madiba. The US president said: “Through his fierce dignity and unbending will to sacrifice his own freedom for the freedom of others, Madiba transformed South Africa – and moved all of us.
-“His journey from a prisoner to a president embodied the promise that human beings – and countries – can change for the better. His commitment to transfer power and reconcile with those who jailed him set an example that all humanity should aspire to, whether in the lives of nations or our own personal lives.”
-UK prime minister David Cameron said, “A great light has gone out in the world,” and described Mandela as “a hero of our time”.
-FW de Klerk – the South African president who freed Mandela, shared the Nobel Peace Prize with him in 1993 and paved the way for him to become South Africa’s first post-apartheid head of state – said the news was deeply saddening for South Africa and the world.
-“He lived reconciliation. He was a great unifier,” de Klerk said.
-People gathered in the streets of South Africa to celebrate Mandela’s life.
-In Soweto, people gathered to sing and dance near the house where he once lived. They formed a circle in the middle of Vilakazi Street and sang songs from the anti-apartheid struggle. Some people were draped in South African flags and the green, yellow and black colours of Mandela’s party, the African National Congress (ANC). Mandela’s death sends South Africa deep into mourning and self-reflection, nearly 20 years after he led the country from racial apartheid to inclusive democracy.
-But his passing will also be keenly felt by people around the world, who revered Mandela as one of history’s last great statesmen, and a moral paragon comparable with Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Martin Luther King. It was his act of forgiveness, after spending 27 years in prison, 18 of them on Robben Island, that will assure his place in history. With South Africa facing possible civil war, Mandela sought reconciliation with the white minority to build a new democracy.
-He led the ANC to victory in the country’s first multiracial election in 1994. He then voluntarily stepped down after one term.
-Born Rolihlahla Dalibhunga in a small village in the Eastern Cape on 18 July, 1918, Mandela was given his English name, Nelson, by a teacher at his school.
-He joined the ANC in 1943 and became a co-founder of its youth league. In 1952, he started South Africa’s first black law firm with his partner, Oliver Tambo.
-Mandela was a charming, charismatic figure with a passion for boxing and an eye for women. He once said: “I can’t help it if the ladies take note of me. I am not going to protest.”
-When the ANC was banned in 1960, Mandela went underground. After the Sharpeville massacre, in which 69 black protesters were shot dead by police, he took the difficult decision to launch an armed struggle. He was arrested and eventually charged with sabotage and attempting to overthrow the government.
-Conducting his own defence in the Rivonia trial in 1964, he said: “I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities.
-“It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But, if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”
-He escaped the death penalty but was sentenced to life in prison, a huge blow to the ANC, which had to regroup to continue the struggle. But unrest grew in townships and international pressure on the apartheid regime slowly tightened.
-Finally, in 1990, FW de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC and Mandela was released from prison amid scenes of jubilation witnessed around the world.
-His presidency rode a wave of tremendous global goodwill but was not without its difficulties. After leaving frontline politics in 1999, he admitted he should have moved sooner against the spread of HIV and Aids in South Africa.
-Archbishop Desmond Tutu, who headed the truth and reconciliation committee after the fall of apartheid, said: “He transcended race and class in his personal actions, through his warmth and through his willingness to listen and to empathize with others. And he restored others’ faith in Africa and Africans.”
-Mandela continued to make occasional appearances at ANC events and attended the inauguration of the current president, Jacob Zuma. His 91st birthday was marked by the first annual “Mandela Day” in his honour.
-Married three times, he had six children, 17 grandchildren and 14 great-grandchildren.",474
-"The National Security Agency (NSA) has obtained direct access to the systems of Google, Facebook, Apple and other US internet giants, according to a top-secret document. The NSA access is part of a previously undisclosed program called PRISM, which allows officials to collect material including search history, the content of emails, file transfers and live chats, the document says.
-The Guardian has verified the authenticity of the document, a 41-slide PowerPoint presentation – classified as top secret with no distribution to foreign allies – which was apparently used to train intelligence operatives on the capabilities of the program. The document claims “collection directly from the servers” of major US service providers. Although the presentation claims the program is run with the assistance of the companies, all those who responded to a request for comment denied knowledge of any such program.
-In a statement, Google said: “Google cares deeply about the security of our users’ data. We disclose user data to government in accordance with the law and we review all such requests carefully. From time to time, people allege that we have created a government 'back door' into our systems, but Google does not have a back door for the government to access private user data.”
-Several senior tech executives insisted that they had no knowledge of PRISM or of any similar scheme. They said they would never have been involved in such a program. “If they are doing this, they are doing it without our knowledge,” one said. An Apple spokesman said he had “never heard” of PRISM.
-The NSA access was enabled by changes to US surveillance law, introduced under President Bush and renewed under Obama in December 2012. The program facilitates extensive, in-depth surveillance on live communications and stored information. The law allows for the targeting of any customers of participating firms who live outside the US, or those Americans whose communications include people outside the US. It also opens the possibility of communications made entirely within the US being collected without warrants.
-Disclosure of the PRISM program follows a leak to the Guardian on Wednesday of a top-secret court order compelling telecoms provider Verizon to turn over the telephone records of millions of US customers. The participation of the internet companies in PRISM will add to the debate about the scale of surveillance by the intelligence services. Unlike the collection of those call records, this surveillance can include the content of communications and not just the metadata. Some of the world’s largest internet brands are claimed to be part of the information-sharing program since its introduction in 2007. Microsoft – which is currently running an advertising campaign with the slogan “Your privacy is our priority” – was the first, with collection beginning in December 2007. It was followed by Yahoo in 2008; Google, Facebook and PalTalk in 2009; YouTube in 2010; Skype and AOL in 2011; and finally Apple, which joined the program in 2012. The program is continuing to expand, with other providers due to come online. Collectively, the companies cover the vast majority of online email, search, video and communications networks. The extent and nature of the data collected from each company varies. Companies are legally obliged to comply with requests for users’ communications under US law, but the PRISM program allows the intelligence services direct access to the companies’ servers. The NSA document notes the operations have the “assistance of communications providers in the US ”. The revelation also supports concerns raised by several US senators during the renewal of the FISA Amendments Act (FAA) in December 2012, who warned about the scale of surveillance the law might enable and shortcomings in the safeguards it introduces. When the FAA was first enacted, defenders of the statute argued that a significant check on abuse would be the NSA’s inability to obtain electronic communications without the consent of the telecom and internet companies that control the data.
-But the PRISM program renders that consent unnecessary, as it allows the agency to directly and unilaterally seize the communications off the companies’ servers.
-A chart prepared by the NSA, contained within the top-secret document, highlights the breadth of the data it is able to obtain: email, video and voice chat, videos, photos, voice-over-IP (Skype, for example) chats, file transfers, social networking details and more. The document is recent, dating to April 2013. Such a leak is extremely rare in the history of the NSA, which prides itself on maintaining a high level of secrecy.
-The PRISM program allows the NSA, the world’s largest surveillance organization, to obtain targeted communications without having to request them from the service providers and without having to obtain individual court orders. With this program, the NSA is able to reach directly into the servers of the participating companies and obtain both stored communications and perform real-time collection on targeted users.
-A senior administration official said in a statement: “The Guardian and Washington Post articles refer to collection of communications pursuant to Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). This law does not allow the targeting of any US citizen or of any person located within the United States. The program is subject to oversight by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, the Executive Branch and Congress. It involves extensive procedures, specifically approved by the court, to ensure that only non-US persons outside the US are targeted and that minimize the acquisition, retention and dissemination of incidentally acquired information about US persons.
-“This program was recently reauthorized by Congress after extensive hearings and debate. Information collected under this program is among the most important and valuable intelligence information we collect and is used to protect our nation from a wide variety of threats.”",475
-"SeaWorld’s profits fell by 84% and customers are staying away from the water theme park company because a film claimed that it mistreated orca whales.
-The company teaches dolphins and killer whales to do tricks in front of large crowds of people.
-It says fewer people are going to its parks and profits have reduced.
-SeaWorld has been in the news since the 2013 documentary film Blackfish, which said that SeaWorld mistreated orca whales – this made the whales act violently and caused the deaths of three people.
-Animal rights organizations say that orcas kept in tanks die at a younger age than wild whales. SeaWorld started a national marketing campaign to show this isn’t true.
-SeaWorld has reduced ticket prices and spent $10m on a marketing campaign. But SeaWorld CEO Joel Manby said that the company still finds it difficult to convince people that it treats its whales well.
-“We realize we have much work to do,” Manby said. Talking about the company’s reputation, he said, “Early feedback on our marketing campaign has been positive.”
-“We will continue to fight with the facts because the facts are on our side,” he said.
-Manby joined the company as CEO in 2015 to help the company recover. He will give a presentation about his ideas for the future of the company on 6 November.
-There are already plans for a new shark exhibition in Orlando and an attraction in San Antonio that will allow customers to swim with dolphins.
-The company’s financial report from 6 August showed that their profit in the second quarter dropped from $37.4 million in 2014 to $5.8 million in 2015. This is an 84% decrease. At the same time, the number of visitors dropped by more than 100,000 from 6.58 million to 6.48 million.
-People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is an organization that is against SeaWorld. Jared Goodman from PETA said: “SeaWorld has lots of problems. Animals are dying in its tanks and tens of thousands of people do not want it to build a new orca prison. Families don’t want to buy tickets to see orcas going insane inside tiny tanks and SeaWorld’s profits won’t increase until it closes its parks and builds sanctuaries by the coast.”
-SeaWorld’s shares, which were worth $39 in 2013, fell to just under $18 in August 2015.”",476
-"James Hamblin, senior editor of American magazine The Atlantic, recently joined the unwashed masses. As part of his series, ’If Our Bodies Could Talk’, Hamblin, a relatively sane- looking man, took on a no-showering challenge to examine the effect of over-cleansing the body. He reduced the number of showers he had and eliminated shampoo and soap when he did. In doing so, he discovered what thousands of others have: the more we fervently try to clean ourselves with soaps, body washes and those silly little body polishers, the harder our skin works to restore equilibrium, encouraging us to begin the whole bewildering process again. Showering strips the skin of its own oil and bacteria – which, many would argue, is the whole point of showering – but, apparently, this sometimes works a little too well, especially when you add hot water and cleansing products to the mix.
-You know that feeling after a shower when you feel like you’re stuck in a skin suit two sizes too small? That’s because much of your skin’s natural moisture has been washed down the drain. Additionally, our skin, much like our gut, plays host to millions of beneficial bacteria. Showering destroys these happy bacterial colonies; they’re completely wiped out by all of our frequent rubbing and scrubbing. And, when the bacteria washed off by soap repopulate, they tend to favour microbes which produce an odour – yes, too-frequent showering may actually make you smell more. When you stop showering and using soap, however, your skin goes through an initial (likely gross) adjustment period, after which the skin typically restores balance, oil production slows and healthy bacteria flourish.
-After everything was said and done, Hamblin realized what other no-soap/no-shower devotees have known for years: that the human body, functioning on its own, is actually quite lovely. It’s not just scent or aesthetics, either – although dermatologists suggest that slowing down on soap use can improve acne and eczema.
-Reducing the frequency of showers (and the number of cleansing products used) has very real implications for our environment. The average shower lasts seven minutes and uses 65 litres of water. That’s 65 litres of clean, drinkable water that we’re infusing with soap and washing down the drain each and every day – sometimes more than once.
-The vital importance of clean water is becoming harder and harder to ignore, as California enters another summer of drought. It’s becoming clear that clean water is one of the world’s most valuable commodities and one that will soon be in short supply. Add in the environmental effect of all those body wash bottles and you’ve got yourself a handful of very compelling reasons to let your body go au naturel.
-If this whole thing is giving you the heebie-jeebies as you recall the last time you were cheek by jowl with those who evidently already skimp on the showers – and have clearly not reached the scent-free stage yet – relax. Many cleansing- reduction enthusiasts still use deodorant if they find it necessary (everyone’s natural scent varies in intensity and can be affected by a host of factors including diet, hydration and exercise) and hand-washing with soap is still recommended as a vital way to reduce the spread of infectious diseases.
-You don’t need to go cold turkey, as Hamblin did, but in between thrice-daily disinfecting sessions and giving up showers altogether there lies room for our familiar, simple advice. Reduce. Skip a few showers, put down the soap and let those lovely little bacteria flourish a little, would you?",477
-"Galina Zaglumyonova was woken in her flat in central Chelyabinsk by a very big explosion that broke the balcony windows and broke pots containing her houseplants. When she jumped out of bed she could see a huge vapour trail in the morning sky and hear car alarms from the street below.
-“I didn’t understand what was going on,” said Zaglumyonova. “There was a big explosion and then lots of little explosions. My first thought was that it was a plane crash.” In fact, it was a ten-tonne meteorite that fell to Earth in lots of pieces.
-Almost 1,200 people were injured. More than 40 people were taken to hospital – most of them were hurt by flying glass. There were no deaths.
-The meteorite entered the atmosphere at a speed of at least 33,000 miles per hour and broke into pieces between 18 and 32 miles above the ground.
-The event caused panic in Chelyabinsk, a city of more than one million people to the south of Russia’s Ural mountains. People could see the vapour trail for hundreds of miles, even from neighbouring Kazakhstan.
-Tatyana Bets was at work in the reception area of a hospital clinic in the centre of the city when the meteorite hit. “First we noticed the wind, and then the room was filled with a very bright light and we could see smoke in the sky,” she said. Then, after a few minutes, the explosions came.
-At least three craters were found. One crater was more than six metres wide. Another piece of meteorite broke through the thick ice of a lake.
-In Chelyabinsk, schools and universities were closed and people were told to go home early. About 200 children were injured.
-Many people, mostly with cuts from flying glass, came into the clinic where Bets works. She said many of the students at a nearby college came to the hospital. “There were a lot of girls in shock”, she said.
-More than 100,000 square metres of glass were broken and 3,000 buildings were hit. The total cost of the damage in the city is probably more than one billion roubles (£20 million).
-The meteorite arrived a day before asteroid 2012 DA14 passed Earth very closely (about 17,510 miles). But experts said the two events were not connected.
-There were lots of rumours in the first few hours after the incident. Reports on Russian state television and in local media suggested that the Russian military blew apart the meteorite.
-The ultra-nationalist leader of Russia’s Liberal Democrat party, Vladimir Zhirinovsky, said it was not a meteorite. He said it was a weapons test by the United States.
-Some people were selling pieces of meteorite through internet sites within a few hours of the impact.
-Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev said that it shows us that the whole planet is vulnerable.",478
-"Pope Benedict XVI arrived in 2005 as “a simple, humble worker in God’s vineyard”. And on a grey, cold, windy Monday in February, he resigned in the same way: like an elderly labourer who can no longer ignore the pains in his back; who can no longer rely on the strength of his arms. A traditional Pope, he made his excuses in Latin. The first German Pope in modern times gave an exact departure time. “From 28 February 2013, at 20.00 hours”, he told a group of cardinals in the Vatican, “the see of Rome, the see of Saint Peter, will be vacant and a new pope will have to be elected.”
-Among those present was a Mexican cardinal, Monsignor Oscar Sanchéz Barba, from Guadalajara. He was in Rome for an official meeting. “We were all in the Sala del Concistoro … of the Apostolic Palace,” he said. “The pope took a sheet of paper and read from it.
-“We were all left …” – Sanchéz Barba looked around him in St Peter’s Square, looking for the word; he was as speechless as the “princes of the church” who had just heard the man they believe to be God’s representative on earth give up the job. “The cardinals were just looking at one another,” Sanchéz Barba said.
-Angelo Sodano, the Dean of the College of Cardinals, who must have known beforehand, gave a brief speech. Before going on to assure the Pope of the cardinals’ loyalty and devotion, he said he and the others present had “listened to you with a sense of confusion, almost completely incredulous”. At the end of his speech, the Pope blessed the people present, and left. “It was so simple; the simplest thing imaginable,” said Sanchéz Barba. “Then we all left in silence. There was absolute silence … and sadness.”
-John Thavis, who spent 30 years reporting on the Vatican and whose book, The Vatican Diaries, is soon to be published, said he had had a feeling the Pope might be about to resign and timed his return to Rome from the US accordingly. Thavis noted that in the long interview Benedict gave to a German journalist in 2010, he had made it clear he considered it would be right to go if he felt he could no longer do the job. “I asked myself: if I were Pope and wanted to resign, when would I choose? He has completed his series of books and most of his projects. What is more, there were no dates in his calendar of events he personally had to attend. I thought the most likely date was 22 February but I got it wrong.”
-Within hours of the announcement, Vatican officials were saying that the Pope’s decision was a brave one. Thavis agreed: “What I find particularly courageous is that he is prepared to say now, when he is not sick, that he is going; and that he’s doing it because he’s tired and not because he’s particularly ill.” But is that the whole story? Does he know more about his state of health than the Vatican has so far made public?
-Benedict’s own reasons make it clear that he took into account not only his physical, but also his psychological condition. He said that the position of pope required both strength of mind and strength of body, and in the last few months he felt that strength was gradually decreasing. There will no doubt be other theories in the days and weeks ahead, just as there were following the death of Pope John Paul I in 1978, 33 days after his election. Already there is speculation that some information was about to come out about Benedict’s past. The Vatican will no doubt dismiss any such stories. But they are understandable, for the transcendental importance of what Benedict has done cannot be overstated.
-Coming out of St Peter’s Basilica, Julia Rochester, from London, who described herself as a lapsed Catholic, was still considering the implications of the Pope’s resignation. “If you’re God’s chosen one, how do you choose not be chosen?” she asked. It is a question many Catholics will be asking their priests in the weeks ahead.",479
-"Male bosses are paid bonuses double the size of bonuses given to female colleagues in the same jobs. This means that men get bonuses of £141,500 more than women over their working lives.
-The numbers, released by the Chartered Management Institute (CMI), show that men in UK management jobs earned average bonuses of £6,442 in 2012 – compared with £3,029 for women.
-Female directors received bonuses of £36,270 over the past 12 months, compared with £63,700 received by male directors.
-The numbers show that pay in British business is still not equal. Campaigners believe we must do something to improve equality at work.
-Ann Francke, the CMI’s chief executive, said that there should be more flexibility and less masculine cultures, and that the good work people do should be more important than how much time they spend in the office.
-Also, there should be more transparency around performance and bonuses.
-“If we solve this issue, we will improve the performance of organizations and the well- being of people at work,” she said. “What are we waiting for?”
-Some of the numbers may be affected by women doing jobs where there is less of a culture of bonus payments. But the differences in the sizes of bonuses do make Britain’s pay gap worse. The government says the pay gap is closing but that full-time male employees still earn 10% more than women.
-Maria Miller, the Minister for Women and Equalities, said that the CMI numbers are another example from the world of work that shows that women still earn less than men doing the same job.
-“Changes in the workplace are happening and it’s good that the pay gap is closing – but there is still more to do before we see full equality in the workplace.
-“The government is trying to help. 120 companies have joined our Think, Act, Report scheme, which encourages companies to improve the way they recruit, promote and pay women.
-“We’ve also looked at other causes of the pay gap, such as having to juggle work and family.”
-Large companies such as Tesco, BT, Unilever and the international law firm Eversheds are some of the companies that have signed up to Think, Act, Report. The scheme has only attracted 120 companies in nearly two years.
-But the CMI’s numbers also showed that the pay gap is closing: the difference between the average salaries earned by male and female bosses appeared to be smaller than in 2012.",480
-"Brazil experienced one of its biggest nights of protest in decades as more than 100,000 people took to the streets to express their frustration at aggressive policing, poor public services and high costs for the World Cup.
-The major demonstrations in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Brasilia, Belem, Belo Horizonte, Salvador and elsewhere started peacefully, but several led to clashes with police and arson attacks on cars and buses.
-People complained, during previous, smaller protests against bus price increases, that police responded disproportionately with rubber bullets, tear gas and violent beatings.
-The rallies came at the same time as the start of the football Confederations Cup. The rallies brought together people who are frustrated with the rising costs and poor quality of public services, large amounts of money being spent on international sporting events, low standards of health care and wider unease about inequality and corruption.
-The vast majority of demonstrations were peaceful, but several police were injured, at least one car was overturned and burned, and windows were smashed.
-The unrest increased during the night as a large crowd set several fires outside a government office, smashed the building’s windows and painted graffiti on the walls that said “Revolution”, “Down with Paes, down with Cabral [the mayor and state governor]” and “Hate police”. Police inside responded with pepper spray.
-The reasons people were protesting varied widely. “We are here because we hate the government. They do nothing for us,” said Oscar José Santos, a 19 year old.
-“I’m an architect but I have been unemployed for six months. There must be something wrong with this country,” said Nadia al Husin.
-At a far smaller rally in Brasilia, demonstrators broke through police lines to enter the high-security area of the national congress. Several climbed onto the roof.
-In Belo Horizonte, police clashed with protesters who tried to get into a football stadium, which was hosting a Confederations Cup match between Nigeria and Tahiti.
-In Porto Alegre, demonstrators set fire to a bus and, in Curitiba, protesters tried to force their way into the office of the state governor. There were also rallies in Belem, Salvador and elsewhere.
-In São Paulo, large crowds gathered but reports said the marches were peaceful.
-Most protesters were young and, for many, it was their first experience of such a giant rally. “My generation has never experienced this,” said Thiago Firbida, a student. “Since the dictatorship, Brazilians never bothered to demonstrate like this. They did not believe they had a reason to. But now Brazil is once again in crisis, with a constant rise in prices, so people are finally reacting.”
-Comparisons have been drawn with rallies in Turkey and elsewhere. You could see another global link in the demonstrators who wore Guy Fawkes masks, associated with Anonymous and the Occupy Wall Street protests.
-Brazil’s demonstrations are being referred to as the “vinegar revolution” (after police arrested people for carrying vinegar to fight the effects of tear gas), as well as the “20-cent revolution” (due to the bus price rise) and the Passe Livre (after the demand for free public transport).
-Some said the protests felt un-Brazilian but liberating. “Our politicians need to see the strength we have as one people. Brazilians are too nice sometimes – they enjoy partying rather than protesting – but something is changing,” said Deli Borsari, a 53-year-old yoga instructor. 17 After people heard about the costs of new and refurbished stadiums on the news, the Confederations Cup football tournament has been one of the focuses of the protests. Before Saturday’s opening match in Brasilia, crowds of demonstrators were dispersed by riot police. Footage showed frightened Japanese supporters rushing from the area holding their children, as they heard the sound of shots – perhaps rubber bullets or tear gas.",481
-"The regulation eight hours in the office is over. The most important work of the day is done; whatever is left can wait until the morning. This is the point many workers would think about heading for the door.
-Yet, for millions of Japanese employees, the thought of clearing away their desks and being at home in time for dinner is enough to invite accusations of disloyalty.
-But, after decades of giving companies carte blanche to milk every last drop of productivity from their workforce, a challenge to Japan’s ingrained culture of overwork has come from the government, which is considering making it a legal requirement for workers to take at least five days’ paid holiday a year.
-Japanese employees are currently entitled to an average 18.5 days’ paid holiday a year – only two fewer than the global average – with a minimum of ten days, as well as 15 one-day national holidays. In reality, few come even close to taking their full quota, typically using only nine of their 18.5-day average entitlement, according to the labour ministry. While many British workers regard a two-week summer holiday as an inalienable right, workers in Japan have come to see a four-night vacation in Hawaii as the height of self-indulgence.
-The move, to be debated in the current parliamentary session, comes after companies started encouraging employees to nap on the job to improve their performance.
-By the end of the decade, the government hopes that, if passed, the law will push Japanese employees towards following the example set by British workers, who use an average of 20 days’ paid annual leave, and those in France, who take an average of 25.
-Japan’s unforgiving work culture may have helped turn it into an economic superpower, its corporate foot soldiers revered in the rest of the world for their commitment to the company, but this has often been to the exclusion of everything else.
-Japan’s low birth rate and predictions of rapid population decline are partly blamed on the lack of time couples have to start families. More employees are falling ill from stress, or worse, succumbing to karoshi, death through overwork.
-Despite studies suggesting that longer hours in the office or workshop or on the factory floor do not necessarily make people more productive, today’s workers are still nursing a collective hangover from the bubble years of the 1980s.
-About 22% of Japanese work more than 49 hours a week, compared with 16% of US workers and 11% in France and Germany, according to data compiled by the Japanese government. At 35%, South Korea’s workaholics are even worse off.
-In spending 14 hours a day at work and giving up many of her paid holidays, Erika Sekiguchi is not even an extreme example. The 36-year-old trading company employee used eight of her 20 days of paid vacation in 2014, six of which counted as sick leave. “Nobody else uses their vacation days,” Sekiguchi said.
-She faces the dilemma shared by her peers in companies across Japan: never to take time off to recharge or to risk inviting criticism for appearing to leave more committed colleagues in the lurch.
-Yuu Wakebe, a health ministry official overseeing policy on working hours, who admits putting in 100 hours of overtime a month, blames the irresistible pressure to match one’s colleagues, hour for hour. “It is a worker’s right to take paid vacations,” Wakebe said. “But working in Japan involves quite a lot of volunteer spirit.”
-That fear of being ostracized at work is being blamed for a rise in stress-related illness, premature death and suicide. According to official data, about 200 people die every year from heart attacks, strokes and other karoshi events brought on by punishing work schedules.
-The prime minister, Shinzo Abe, is not known for taking long vacations. Yet even he has spoken out against the unreasonable demands companies place on their employees as they struggle to stay afloat in a more complex globalized market. Japan’s working culture, Abe said recently, “falsely beatifies long hours”.",482
-"To tourists, Amsterdam still seems very liberal. Recently the city’s Mayor told them that the coffee shops that sell marijuana would stay open, although there is a new national law to stop drug tourism. But the Dutch capital has a plan to send antisocial neighbours to “scum villages” made from shipping containers, and so maybe now people won’t think it is a liberal city any more.
-The Mayor, Eberhard van der Laan, says his new plan to solve the problem of antisocial behaviour will cost £810,000. The plan is hopes to protect victims of abuse and homophobia. The camps, where antisocial families will live for three to six months, have been called “scum villages” because last year Geert Wilders, the far-right politician, said that offenders should go to “a village for scum”.
-Bartho Boer, a spokesman for the Mayor, says that the plans are not illiberal. “We want to defend the liberal values of Amsterdam,” he says. “We want everyone to be who he and she is – whether they are gay and lesbian or try to stop violence and are then victims of harassment. We want to defend them.” According to Boer, the villages are not for “a problem neighbour who has the stereo too loud on Saturday night” but “people who are very violent and in a clear situation where a victim is harassed again and again”.
-People found guilty of violent harassment will be evicted from their homes and put in temporary homes, including shipping containers in industrial areas of the city. “We call it a living container,” says Boer. The containers have showers and kitchens and have been used as student accommodation. They are going to use the containers because they want to show that if people are antisocial they do not get better accommodation.
-One Dutch newspaper wrote that in the 19th century antisocial people were moved to villages in Drenthe and Overijssel, which soon became slums. But Boer says that the government has learned from past mistakes and is not planning to put antisocial families together.
-They are “scum houses” not scum villages, says Boer, “because we don’t want to put more than one of these families in the same area”. After a maximum of six months in these houses, in different parts of the city, the families will get permanent homes. The city government expects to move about ten families a year, which starts in 2013.
-Police will watch the temporary accommodation, but antisocial families will also be able to see doctors and social workers. “We will take care of them so the whole situation is not going to repeat at the new house they are in,” says Boer.",483
-"George W Bush, Benedict Cumberbatch and Stephen Hawking have done it. David Cameron, Barack Obama and Pamela Anderson have refused to do it. The Ice Bucket Challenge began in the US in July and has raised $100m for the ALS Association, a US motor-neurone-disease charity, and £4.5m for a British one, as well as thousands more for charities in Hong Kong and Australia.
-However, not everyone is happy with the Ice Bucket Challenge. Commentators, animal-rights groups and environmentalists have all criticized it, for reasons ranging from the waste of water to the fact that some people enjoy the fun and then do not donate anything to charity.
-Meanwhile, the challenge continues to grow. For anyone who doesn’t know how it works, someone gives a short speech to camera about the charity, then dumps a bucket of ice cubes in water over their head or gets a friend to do it. Then, they nominate three other people to either do the same or donate.
-It was an unfortunate coincidence that 31 August to 5 September was World Water Week, with international delegates arriving in Stockholm to discuss the planet’s water crisis. The charity WaterAid is asking people to use recycled water from bathtubs or garden butts or to use sea water.
-Douglas Graham, the UK Motor Neurone Association’s fundraising director, said: “The criticism is to be expected but, really, this is just a wonderful windfall and we’re so grateful. We didn’t see it coming but, suddenly, the donations just started.” The boost is an enormous help to a small charity looking after sufferers of a debilitating, little-understood disease that has no cure and kills five people a day in the UK.
-Former Baywatch star Pamela Anderson, an animal-rights activist, wrote an open letter to the ALS Association, saying she could not support its record on animal experimentation. A few US stars have rejected the challenge because of California’s drought. Actor Matt Damon solved the problem by using water from his toilet. Actor Verne Troyer used milk, again saying it was for environmental reasons. And the challenge has been blamed for causing a water shortage on the Scottish island of Colonsay.
-In Australia, a TV anchorman apologized over his strong “no, thanks” response to being nominated. Lincoln Humphries had said: “Instead of pouring fresh water over your own head and wasting ice, here is a list of charities helping communities in desperate need of money across the world. I’d like to nominate everyone, everywhere, who has more than they need, to donate what they can to the people who need it most ... because that is what charity is about, not putting yourself through mild discomfort with a bucket of icy water.”
-Another criticism has been that small charities won’t be able to cope with the extra money, but the MND Association rejected this. “Oh, we can cope here,” said Graham. “We fund world-class research into the causes of the disease to find a treatment or cure. We provide care and support for 3,500 people and they need it because this is such a rapidly progressing disease and it’s expensive to manage. Over 50% die within two years of diagnosis. It’s heartbreaking to see the decline in people we work with over just a few months.”
-But, for many people with a connection to the disease, the awareness that the challenge has created is as valuable as the money. Graham says it is priceless. Normally, the MND Association gets around 300,000 hits a year on its website. On a single day recently, it had 330,000.
-“We couldn’t have created this if we’d tried. Charities are all worthwhile causes and I understand that some people might want to donate to a different one. In 2013, British people gave £62bn to charity – we should be proud of that. It’s fabulous for us to get this windfall. We’ll be sitting down over the next few weeks to work out how to spend it in the best way but, I assure you, every penny will count for good.”",484
-"Angry waiters are asking for public support in a battle to keep their tips. PizzaExpress branches are to be targeted by protesters, in an attempt to get the restaurant chain to stop taking a proportion of tips for staff that have been paid on credit and debit cards. Campaigners have also started an online petition in the hope that restaurant-goers will support their demands.
-PizzaExpress keeps, as an admin fee, 8p out of every £1 paid when tips are given by card. This is a policy that has made some employees angry. The chain, which has 430 branches around the UK and is particularly popular with families, makes around £1m a year from the practice, according to the union Unite.
-“We believe this 8% fee is unfair and that, if the chain values its staff, it should be paying them the total tips they are given by customers,” said Chantal Chegrinec of Unite. “We are starting with PizzaExpress but they are not the only ones and we will turn our attention to other companies after this.”
-The protests are being organized by local branches of Unite. The first is taking place at the British Museum branch of PizzaExpress in London. The union has also written to the restaurant chain’s CEO. Unite began the campaign following a survey of its PizzaExpress members after the chain was sold to a Chinese company in 2014. One of the top issues was the 8% deduction from their tips.
-One disgruntled PizzaExpress employee, who wants to remain anonymous, said that the admin fee was costing her £3 a night. “I have worked at PizzaExpress for 15 years,” she said in a letter to Unite. “After all this time, I’m still only paid the national minimum wage of £6.50 an hour. So you see my colleagues and I are very reliant on customer tips to top up our low wages. I work hard and am good at my job but, when PizzaExpress thinks it can get away with taking a percentage of our hard-earned tips left on a card, I get upset.”
-Ask and Zizzi, two other restaurant chains, also deduct 8% of the tips paid by card. But other chains deduct even more. Café Rouge, Bella Italia and Belgo deduct 10%; so do Strada and Giraffe.
-A spokesperson for PizzaExpress said that its admin charge was to cover the cost of running a “tronc” – a pay arrangement used to distribute tips among staff. “We made big efforts to set up this tronc system, which is run by staff. They independently decide how tips made by electronic card payment are distributed between the restaurant teams; it is a system run by employees for the employees,” she said.
-The chain, which sells 29m pizzas a year in its UK restaurants, denied that it profits from the admin fee. But other restaurant groups do not deduct an admin fee from tips. Wagamama, Pizza Hut and TGI Friday all take nothing. Frankie & Benny’s, Chiquitos and Garfunkels used to charge 10% but they stopped doing this several years ago.
-Unite recently targeted ten PizzaExpress restaurants in south London – they distributed leaflets to customers who were “shocked and disgusted” by the practice. PizzaExpress says the charge is mentioned in small print at the bottom of its menus. But the employee who wrote to Unite said that, when she mentioned the charge to customers, they were always surprised. Most customers would then pay the tip in cash. Almost 6,000 people have signed Unite’s online petition.
-One waiter, who doesn’t work for PizzaExpress but has worked for 11 years for another restaurant chain, said that at least a third of his income is from tips. He doesn’t want to be identified because he is scared there will be reprisals. “I work in a busy London branch and, on an average night, I serve 150 people and earn £40 to £50 in tips,” he says. “That might sound like a lot but that money is crucial to me because my basic pay is only £6.50 an hour.”
-Conservative MP Andrew Percy has asked for a change in the law that would give restaurant staff more control over tips. He said he plans to raise the issue in parliament.”",485
-"Robert Myslajek stops. Between two paw prints on a muddy mountain track, the scientist finds what he is looking for. “Droppings!’’ he says happily. It is so rare to see a wolf that seeing faeces makes it a good day.
-But it is getting easier. There are now about 1,500 wolves in Poland. The number has doubled in 15 years. Wolves are – along with the brown bear, the lynx and the wolverine – Europe’s last large predator carnivores. Conservationists from Britain, Germany and the Netherlands are coming here to find out how the country has saved wolves who are criticized even in fairy tales.
-Bits of bone and hair stick out from the black faeces. “It ate a red deer,’’ says Myslajek, the University of Warsaw biologist. “In my lab, I can tell you all about this wolf – not only its diet but its gender, sexual habits, age, state of health and family connections.’’
-DNA tests have shown that Polish wolves are travellers. “One wolf reached the Netherlands, where unfortunately it was hit by a car. They have a very big range. They need space. The average territory required by a Polish pack is 250 square kilometres,’’ says Myslajek.
-“Can we ever reintroduce wolves to Scotland?’’ asks student Alex Entwisle, 23, on a study trip to southern Poland from the UK. He and other animal science students have spent the day looking for droppings and paw prints in the Beskidy mountains of the Polish Carpathians.
-Their hot discussion topic is whether to reintroduce wolves to the British Isles for the first time since the 18th century.
-Myslajek toured the Scottish Highlands in 2015 for the Wolves and Humans Foundation and answered questions from villagers about the Polish experience. “The big difference between Scotland and Poland is that we eat pork. We do not have many sheep here.
-“The similarity is that we have a lot of animals – 300,000 red deer and more than 800,000 roe deer. In Poland, we also have too many wild boar – about 200,000 – and these are eating and destroying farmers’ cereal crops. Here, wolves are part of the solution,’’ he says.
-The scientist says wolves can move up to 30 kilometres during a single hunt. “The Beskidy pack is a strong unit, eight or nine animals. This year, we have recorded five cubs, two young wolves and two adults.
-“We track them using motion cameras in the forest and by following their prints in the mud and snow. In each family group, only one pair of adults has cubs each year. All pack members care for the young.’’
-Myslajek, the son of a shepherd, doesn’t understand wolves’ bad reputation. “Why did we have to have the fairy tale Little Red Riding Hood, with its big bad wolf?’’
-He is fascinated by these aloof animals who remained in the wild 33,000 years ago when others decided on a much more comfortable life as domestic dogs.
-Myslajek says only scientific arguments – the need to regenerate forests and control the wild animal population – can save Europe’s wild carnivores, especially the unpopular wolf. “Natural predators balance the ecosystem. They reduce the number of herbivores, which allows trees to grow tall for birds to nest in.’’
-The ban on wolf hunting in the western Carpathians became law in 1995 and in the whole of Poland in 1998. There are now wolf packs in nearly all the country’s major forests where the wolves coexist with humans.
-The Polish government pays compensation for farm animals killed by wolves. Myslajek advises farmers to put up electric fences. He has helped bring back the use of two deterrents that, for reasons no one understands, wolves find very scary: strings of small red flags (that you hang around sheep pens) and the Tatra Mountain Sheepdog.
-Poland’s wolves have been helped by the country’s late infrastructure development. In 1989, when the communists left power, Poland had only one motorway. Major road projects began after Poland joined the European Union in 2004 and they are required to consider wild animals. Attitudes have also changed. “For many years, hunting was cultural. In 1975, there were fewer than 100 wolves in Poland. From the 1950s, hunting wolves was encouraged by the authorities. They paid a reward for killing a wolf worth a month’s salary. It was carnage.’’
-Myslajek says that Polish wolves are much safer now but they are not completely safe. Packs of wolves cross country borders and hunting still happens in neighbouring Russia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Slovakia.
-He says Poland’s new government, elected in October 2015, doesn’t like wolves. “The Environment Minister, Jan Szyszko, is a hunter. There are 120,000 licensed hunters in Poland and they have a lot of influence.
-“Being a wolf advocate is not easy. You can’t argue to the politicians that wolves are a big tourist attraction. Most tourists want to see the animals but wolves stay away from humans. They have a very sensitive sense of smell.’’
-The 12 British animal science students leave the Polish Carpathians without seeing a wolf. Entwisle does not believe that Scotland will ever be able to match Poland’s success.
-“It would be amazing for the environment to have wolves back in Scotland because of the problem of too many deer. But it would just not be possible because of the roads and sheep.
-“There would be problems with farmers, too. In Britain, we like predators to be far away and to watch them on television,’’ said Entwisle.",486
-"Thousands of people protested on Australia’s beaches against a shark cull that is being carried out in Western Australia. They called on the state’s prime minister to end the policy, and RSPCA Australia and Virgin Atlantic owner Richard Branson spoke out against it. The catching and killing of sharks longer than three metres began after what the state government called an “unprecedented” number of shark attacks on Western Australia’s coast. A 35-year-old surfer, killed in November 2013, was the sixth person to die from a shark attack in two years.
-However, the whole of Australia has had an average of just one shark-related death a year for the last 50 years. Kate Faehrmann, of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, said from a protest in the state capital, Perth: “We’ve always said that this policy won’t work. Drumlines used to catch the sharks kill sharks whether they’re one, two, three metres or more, as well as dolphins, turtles and other things. That’s why the community doesn’t want it.”
-Thousands of people protested on beaches in the cities of Perth, Sydney and Adelaide, and at beaches in Victoria and Queensland. Faehrmann said the protests had shown that Australians wanted sharks protected: “What’s amazing is so many people in Australia love sharks. This has demonstrated something about the national psyche; that, despite all the fear, thousands of people are coming out across the country to say, ‘That’s their ocean. We respect them, we love them and we don’t want them killed.’” Anthony Joyce, a surfer who once had his foot caught in a shark’s mouth, said: “The number of sharks they are going to kill is going to make no difference.”
-The state government has refused to say how many sharks have been killed, though there have been reports of sharks smaller than three metres being released after getting caught on drumlines, floating drums fixed to the sea bed with bait hanging on hooks underneath them. Conservationists say there is no evidence the cull will reduce the number of shark attacks on humans, because no previous cull has only used drumlines. Researchers at the University of Western Australia say the increased number of shark attacks in the state is probably because the state has the fastest-growing population in Australia, not because of a rising number of sharks.
-Richard Peirce, of the UK-based conservation charity, the Shark Trust, said that the cull would be ineffective and could bring more predators towards the coast. “The activity in Western Australia is compounding the human tragedy of shark attacks. It is very sad that a government has ignored the best advice and chosen an approach that is ineffective and counterproductive,” he said. “People often don’t consider that that drumlines are indiscriminate – even if monitored through the day, leaving the lines in at night has the potential to attract other predators into the area, attracted by those sharks and other species hooked and injured.”
-Worldwide, in 2012, there were 80 attacks by sharks, seven of which were fatal, compared to nearly 100m sharks killed by humans each year. RSPCA Australia said in a statement that it believes the cull is unjustified. “There is no evidence that the increase in attacks is a result of increasing shark numbers. Instead, it is consistent with a changing population and human behaviour; that is, there are greater numbers of people in the water,” it said.
-Richard Branson said the policy was not working. “I’m sure one of the reasons Western Australia Premier, Colin Barnett, did it was because he was thinking it would encourage tourism. It’s going to do quite the reverse, I think. You’re advertising a problem that doesn’t exist in a major way and you’re deterring people from coming to Perth and your beautiful countryside around it. All you’re going to achieve, I think, is to worry people unnecessarily.”",487
-"Felix Baumgartner stood at the edge of space above New Mexico and paused slightly. It was a small step away from the capsule, but a 24-mile drop back down to Earth. “Our guardian angel will take care of you,” said mission control, and the man known as Fearless Felix jumped.
-Ten terrifying minutes later, the Austrian landed back on Earth. He had reached speeds of up to 725 miles per hour, and broken three world records, including becoming the world’s first supersonic skydiver by breaking the sound barrier at Mach 1.24. “We love you Felix,” cheered the control room. Baumgartner raised his arms in a victory salute.
-He was wearing a specially designed survival suit to protect him against the enormous pressure changes during the jump. Without it, his blood would have boiled and his lungs might have exploded. Baumgartner later told a press conference that all he could think about was getting back alive, but he added: “Sometimes you have to go up really high to see how small you are.”
-His other two records were for the highest altitude manned balloon flight and the highest altitude skydive. The jump happened on a sunny morning in good weather. Baumgartner was carried up into clear skies by a gigantic balloon – it measured 30 million square cubic feet and its skin was one-tenth the thickness of a sandwich bag. At the bottom of the balloon was a capsule, where Baumgartner sat in his suit.
-As he reached the correct height, Baumgartner went through a checklist of 40 things with his mentor Joe Kittinger. Kittinger was the previous holder of the highest altitude manned balloon flight.
-Baumgartner had a problem with his visor. “This is very serious, Joe,” he told Kitttinger. “Sometimes it’s getting foggy when I breathe out.” But they decided to go ahead, watched by a record 8 million people live on YouTube.
-After a two-and-a-half-hour journey up, during which the curvature of the Earth became visible and the skies gradually turned black, the descent was much quicker. Three cameras, which were attached to Baumgartner’s suit, recorded his free-fall of just over four minutes and then the parachute opening.
-The success of the mission, and of the suit, means that astronauts might be able to survive a high-altitude disaster, like on the space shuttle Columbia in 2003, by jumping out of their craft. Baumgartner’s top medical man in the stunt was Dr Jonathan Clark, whose wife Laurel Clark died in the Columbia accident. Clark is now working to help astronauts survive high-altitude disasters.
-Baumgartner has a reputation for daring stunts. The former paratrooper has parachuted off buildings and mountains and once into a 600 foot deep cave. He had already done two practice free-falls in preparation for this jump – one from 71,000 feet and a second from 97,000 feet. But nothing can compare with his jump above the town of Roswell, a place famous for its UFO sightings.
-He was trying to break five different records: the first human to ever break the sound barrier in free-fall; the highest free-fall altitude jump; the highest manned balloon flight; the longest free-fall; and his jump platform is believed to be the largest manned balloon in history. The stunt was planned for seven years, was sponsored by Red Bull drinks, and beat two of Kittinger’s records: before, the retired US air force colonel held the high altitude and speed records for parachuting. Kittinger jumped from a balloon 19 miles above the planet in 1960 and gave advice to Baumgartner during the ascent.
-Asked after the jump what he wanted to do next, Baumgartner said: “I want to inspire a generation. I’d like to be sitting in the same spot in the next four years as Joe Kittinger. There is a young guy asking me for advice because he wants to break my record.” He said the most exciting moment for him was when he was standing outside the capsule “on top of the world”. He added: “The most beautiful moment was when I was standing on the landing area and Mike Todd [the life support engineer who dressed Baumgartner in his suit] appeared and he had a smile on his face like a little kid.”
-Baumgartner said that he felt like Todd’s son, adding: “He was so happy that I was alive.” Earlier, Todd had told the press conference: “The world needs a hero right now, and they’ve got one in Felix Baumgartner.”
-This will be the last jump, Baumgartner said. He has promised to settle down and enjoy life with his girlfriend, Nicole Oetl, flying helicopters on rescue missions in the US and Austria.",488
-"On average, a girl born today in the UK will live to the age of nearly 82 and her brother will live to 78. They would have a longer life in Andorra (the girl 85 and the boy 79) but will live a little longer than in the US (81 and 76). If they lived in the Central African Republic, they would die in middle age (49 and 44). Almost everywhere in the world, except countries such as Lesotho, which have problems with HIV and violence, life expectancy is increasing. The best news is that small children die much less often than forty years ago. There has been a reduction in deaths of under-fives of nearly 60%, from 16.4 million in 1970 to 6.8 million in 2010.
-Over the past five years, the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) in Seattle has led a very big project to look at the global effects of disease. If we know how many children die and why, the world can try to keep them alive. The big IHME database will help global organizations and governments to better care for us all.
-The project has been controversial. IHME has been very radical in some of its methods. When they didn’t have death registries or medical records they decided the cause of death by an interview with the family – called a 'verbal autopsy'. The most surprising result has been with malaria. IHME said 1.2 million die of the disease every year – this is twice as many as people believed. The big increase is in adult deaths. It is commonly believed that malaria kills mostly children under five.
-“We are taught, as doctors, that in areas with malaria, you become semi-immune as an adult,” said Dr Christopher Murray, IHME Director. But he says the evidence tells them that may not be right. “African doctors write on hospital records that adults are dying of malaria a lot.” But their fever could be something different, he adds. The results have led to more studies.
-Although the Director General of the World Health Organization was happy about the IHME study, other people are not so sure. “We need to be very careful,” said Colin Mathers, a senior scientist. He thinks scientists need to find out if the numbers are correct. One of the most important things in the study, said Murray, was “the very fast change in the main causes of death and the speed of that change is a lot faster than we thought”.
-Reduced fertility and longer life have led to an increase in the average age of the world’s population in ten years from 26 years old to almost 30. The change has been dramatic in Latin America, for example, where countries like Brazil and Paraguay had life expectancy of below 30 in 1970 and almost 64 in 2010. That is a 35-year increase in the average age of death in forty years.
-Also important is the change outside Africa from communicable diseases to “lifestyle” diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer. That change is very obvious in Latin America, the Middle East and south-east and even south Asia, Murray said.
-The third big result was, he said, “a surprise to us”. The study showed that there are lots of people with disabilities and it has a big effect on people who are living longer but not healthier lives. “The main causes of disability are different from the ones that kill you,” he said. They were mental health problems, such as anxiety and depression, disorders, such as arthritis and lower back pain, anaemia, sight and hearing loss and skin disease. Also, there was drug abuse. “The number of people with these problems is not reducing over time,” he said. “We are making no progress in reducing these problems.”",489
-"Many of us know we don’t get enough sleep but imagine if we could fix it with a fairly simple solution: getting up later. In a speech at the British Science Festival, Dr Paul Kelley of the Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute at Oxford University said schools should stagger their starting times to work with the natural biological rhythms of their students. It would improve cognitive performance, exam results and students’ health (lack of sleep can cause diabetes, depression, obesity and immune system problems).
-In 2014, he published a paper in which he noted that, when children are around ten, their biological wake-up time is about 6.30am; at 16, this rises to 8am; and, at 18, someone you may think is just a lazy teenager actually has a natural waking hour of 9am. The normal school starting time works for 10-year-olds but not for 16- to 18-year-olds. For the older teenagers, it might be more sensible to start the school day at 11am or even later. “A 7am alarm call for older teenagers,” Kelley and his colleagues wrote in the paper, “is the equivalent of a 4.30am start for a teacher in their 50s.”
-He says the solution is not to persuade teenagers to go to bed earlier. “The body’s natural rhythm is controlled by a particular kind of light,” says Kelley. “The eye contains cells that report to a part of the brain that controls our circadian rhythms over a 24-hour cycle. It’s the light that controls it. It’s like saying: ‘Why can’t you control your heartbeat?’”
-But it isn’t just students who would benefit from a later start. Kelley says the working day should be more linked to our natural rhythms. Describing the average sleep loss per night for different age groups, he says: “Between 14 and 24, it’s more than two hours. For people aged between 24 and about 30 or 35, it’s about an hour and a half. That can continue up until you’re about 55 when it’s in balance again. The 10-year-old and 55-year-old wake and sleep naturally at the same time.”
-This might be why, he adds, the traditional nine to five is so ingrained; bosses control working hours and many of them are in their mid-50s and older so “it is best for them”. So, should workplaces have staggered starting times, too? Should those in their 50s and above come in at 8am, while those in their 30s start at 10am and the teenage apprentice be encouraged to start at 11am? Kelley says that synchronized hours could have “many positive consequences. The positive side of this is people’s performance, mood and health will improve. It’s very uplifting because it’s a solution that will make people less ill, and happier and better at what they do.”
-There would probably be fewer accidents because drivers would be more alert, he says. It could mean the end of rush hour as people staggered their work and school-run times. A later start to the day for many, says Kelley, “is something that would benefit all people, particularly families. Parents go and try to wake up teenagers who are waking up three hours too early. It creates tensions for everybody.”
-So, what time does Kelley start work? “I am 67 so that means I’m like a 10-year-old and I get up just after six. I wake naturally.” And, yes, he says he finds the start of his working day much easier now than he did when he was younger.",490
-"He was a normal millionaire. He had a gold and silver Rolex watch and lots of expensive cars. He liked to buy modern art. This Chinese businessman had many companies and a large villa in Madrid. But, he had almost no money in the bank. This interested the Spanish authorities.
-Gao Ping sold goods to 4,000 Chinese markets in Spain. But, authorities suspected he was not paying taxes on the clothes, furniture and other goods he was bringing in from China.
-When police went to his warehouses in 2012, they found lots of cash: €100, €200 and €500 notes. Police took away around €12m, the most cash ever found by Spanish police.
-Police have been worried about €500 notes for a long time. Small and easy to transport, they are the favourite banknotes of criminals. The sum of €1m in €500 notes fits easily into a small laptop bag. The same amount in €50 notes would need a small suitcase.
-The UK stopped using the €500 note in 2010 because they were used “almost entirely by criminals”. In 2009, Italy’s central bank said that mafia money launderers and terrorists used the notes. Canada got rid of its $1,000 note in 2000 because the police advised them to.
-These days, we have electronic payment systems and contactless cards so people are asking why it is still necessary to have these banknotes. Peter Sands, the former head of Standard Chartered Bank, said we should get rid of large notes, including the €500, the $100, the 1,000 Swiss Franc note and the £50. Sands said it was time to get rid of high-value notes that make life easier for “bad guys”. Criminals would instead use smaller banknotes, or gold or diamonds, but these are big so criminals cannot carry them easily”, he said.
-The purple €500 note was introduced in 2002: it replaced the 1,000 Deutschmark, the 10,000 Belgian franc and the 500,000 Italian lira. In Germany and Austria, people still pay with paper money and coins more than half the time.
-Europol would like central banks to take more responsibility for what happens with €500 notes. EU finance ministers have asked banks and authorities to look at whether countries should limit high-value notes or get rid of them.",491
-"Angela Erdmann never knew her grandfather. He died in 1946, six years before she was born. But, on Tuesday April 8th, 2014, she described the extraordinary moment when she received a message in a bottle, 101 years after he threw it into the Baltic Sea. The bottle is possibly the world’s oldest message in a bottle. It was presented to Erdmann by the museum that is now exhibiting it in Germany.
-“It was very surprising,” Erdmann, 62, said, when she described how she found out about the bottle. “A man came to my door and told me he had post from my grandfather. Then, he told me that someone had found a message in a bottle and that on the card was my grandfather’s name.” Her visitor was a family-tree researcher who found her in Berlin after someone gave the letter to a museum in the northern city of Hamburg.
-The brown beer bottle was in the water for 101 years. A fisherman found it. Holger von Neuhoff, a curator at the museum, said this bottled message was the oldest he had ever seen. “There are documents without the bottle that are older and they are in the museum,” he said. “But, with the bottle and the document, this is certainly the oldest at the moment. It is in very good condition.”
-Researchers believe that Erdmann’s grandfather, Richard Platz, threw the bottle into the sea when he was on a hike in 1913. He was 20 years old at the time. A lot of the message on the postcard was impossible to read, but the address in Berlin on the front of the card was legible. Platz asked the person who found it to send the postcard to his home address.
-“He also included two stamps from that time that were also in the bottle, so the finder would not have to pay for postage,” Erdmann said. “But he did not think it would take 101 years.”
-She said she was moved by the arrival of the message, but she did not known her grandfather because he died, at the age of 54, six years before she was born.
-“I knew very little about my grandfather. But I found out that he was a writer. He was very open- minded, and he believed in freedom and that everyone should respect each other,” she said. “He did a lot for the young and later travelled with his wife and two daughters. It was wonderful because I could see where my roots came from.”
-Erdmann said she also liked culture and travelling around the world, just like her grandfather. She described herself as open-minded, too. She was very happy to receive the bottled message, she said, but she hoped other people would not do what her grandfather did and throw bottles with messages into the sea. “Today, the sea is so full of bottles and rubbish that we shouldn’t throw more in there,” she said.
-The message and the bottle will be on display at Hamburg’s Maritime Museum until the beginning of May 2014. Then, experts will try to decipher the rest of the text. It is not clear what will happen to the bottle after that, but Erdmann hopes it will stay at the museum.
-“We want to find a few photos to put with the bottle and give it a face, so visitors can see the young man who threw the bottle into the water,” she said.",492
-"The Manchester United manager, Sir Alex Ferguson, will retire at the end of the season after 27 years. He will become a director of the club. He is the most successful manager in British football. He has won 13 Premier League titles, two Champions Leagues, the Cup Winners’ Cup, five FA Cups and four League Cups.
-“The decision to retire is one that I have thought a lot about,” Ferguson said. “It is the right time. It was important to me to leave an organization in the strongest possible condition and I believe I have done so.” He said that he thinks the quality of the team will bring continued success at the highest level. They also have lots of good young players, so Ferguson thinks the club has a very good future.
-“Our training facilities are some of the best in world sport,” he added. “Our stadium, Old Trafford, is one of the most important venues in the world. I am delighted to become both director and ambassador for the club. I am looking forward to the future.” He also thanked his family for their love and support.
-“I would like to thank all my players and staff, past and present, for an incredible level of professionalism and hard work that has helped to bring so many memorable triumphs. Without them, the history of this great club would not be as rich. In my early years, the support of the board of directors gave me the confidence and time to build a football club, not just a football team.
-“Over the past ten years, the owners of the club have made it possible for me to manage Manchester United to the best of my ability. I have been very lucky to work with David Gill, a talented and trustworthy chief executive. I am grateful to all of them.” He also thanked the fans for their support and said he had really enjoyed his time as manager of Manchester United.
-Joel Glazer, one of the owners of Manchester United, said: “Alex has shown us so often what a fantastic manager he is, but he’s also a wonderful person. His determination to succeed and his hard work for the club have been remarkable. I will never forget the wonderful memories he has given us, like that magical night in Moscow.”
-Avie Glazer, his brother, said: “I am very happy to tell you that Alex has agreed to stay with the club as a director. His contributions to Manchester United over the last 27 years have been extraordinary and, like all United fans, I want him to be a part of its future.”
-David Gill added: “I’ve had the great pleasure of working very closely with Alex for 16 unforgettable years. We knew that his retirement would come one day and we both have been planning for it. Alex’s vision, energy and ability have built teams that are some of the best and most loyal in world sport. The way he cares for this club, his staff and for the football family in general is something that I admire. We will never forget what he has done for this club and for the game in general. Working with Alex has been the greatest experience of my working life and it is a great honour to be able to call him a friend.”
-First-team coach René Meulensteen told everyone how Ferguson told his staff the news. “I found out this morning when I came to the club,” he said. “He asked us to go into his office and told us his decision. I’m sure he thought hard about it. I wish him well for the future. He’s been fantastic for this club and I hope all the fans give the new manager the same support.”",493
-"When two people on a remote Pacific island saw a small boat washed up on the beach, they decided to take a closer look. Inside the boat, they found a very thin man with long hair and a beard, who said he drifted for 16 months after leaving Mexico, more than 12,500km away.
-The man, who was wearing only underpants, told his rescuers that he drifted in the 7.3-metre boat since he left Mexico for El Salvador in September 2012. A friend died at sea several months before, he said.
-“His health isn’t good, but he’s getting better,” said Ola Fjeldstad, a Norwegian anthropology student doing research on Ebon Island, one of the Marshall Islands. The man said his name was José Ivan. He said he survived by catching turtles and birds. There was no fishing equipment on the boat, but a turtle was inside when it washed up. “The boat looks like it has been in the water for a long time,” Fjeldstad said.
-According to Fjeldstad, the people who found the man took him to a nearby island – which is so remote it has only one phone line and no internet – to meet the mayor. The mayor contacted the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Majuro, the Marshall Islands capital. People at the ministry said that they were waiting for more details and that the man will probably go to the capital.
-“He’s staying at the local council house and a family is feeding him,” said Fjeldstad. He also said that the man had a basic health check and had low blood pressure but no serious problems and was able to walk. “We’re giving him a lot of water and he’s getting stronger.”
-Fraser Christian, who teaches people how to survive at sea, said that if the man’s story was true, it would be amazing but not unique. It was possible to catch turtles or small fish by hand, he said, because “they will come close to a small boat to shelter underneath it”. Christian advises people who have to eat turtles to start with their eyes – “lots of fluid” – then drink the blood.
-The main dangers for castaways are cold and a lack of drinking water. “The basic rule is: no water, no food. You need water to digest protein. If you have no fresh water and it doesn’t rain for a few days, so you can’t collect rainwater, you will die.” Also, some people are more able to survive than others.
-Stories of survival in the Pacific Ocean are not rare. In 2006, three Mexicans made international headlines when they were found drifting near the Marshall Islands, also in a small boat. They said they survived for nine months at sea on a diet of rainwater, raw fish and seabirds. But Cliff Downing, who teaches sea survival to sailors, said he wasn’t sure about the latest story. “It just doesn’t sound right to me. There are 1,001 hazards that would make his survival for so long very unlikely.”
-More castaways Poon Lim, a Chinese sailor from a British ship that was sunk by a German submarine in 1942, survived 133 days on a wooden boat floating in the South Atlantic. Brazilian fishermen rescued him. In 1971, Scottish sailor Dougal Robertson and his family were sailing to the Galápagos Islands from Panama when their boat was sunk by killer whales. They survived 38 days on a lifeboat. A fishing boat rescued them. In 2006, three Mexican fishermen were found drifting in a small boat near the Marshall Islands, nine months after setting out on a shark-fishing trip. In 2011, two fishermen, aged 26 and 53, from the Republic of Kiribati drifted for 33 days. The US coastguard rescued them. A Panamanian fisherman sued Princess Cruises in 2012 after one of their ships ignored cries for help from him and two other people in their broken boat. He survived 28 days at sea, but his friends both died of thirst.",494
-"In typical bad-boyfriend style, Dan Sullivan was late to breakfast with the Guardian because he got pulled over on his motorcycle.
-Sullivan works too much, he says. He misses dinner dates. He forgets to give presents.
-And so, like many others in Silicon Valley, the 27-year-old venture capitalist has come up with a start-up: BetterBoyfriend.me, a service that sends girlfriends and wives a present every month for about $70.
-Sullivan, who works in finance, has been testing the service and has signed up about 350 boyfriends. Most members, he says, are his friends from Harvard and other friends who are either venture capitalists, founders of start-ups or employees of companies like Apple, Google and Facebook. The girlfriends of these friends have been getting presents from Sullivan for the last year.
-Each month, Sullivan’s members choose from a list of seven possible gifts (chocolate, tea sets, manicures). The package is sent to the boyfriend unbranded and unlabelled.
-He tests his ideas by buying Facebook ads to see what kind of interest they get. BetterBoyfriend.me took off. “People seemed to like BetterBoyfriend,” Sullivan said.
-Another start-up, called InvisibleBoyfriend, allows users “to design and build a believable partner who is everything you want and is always available to talk, whenever you want”. The end result is a “boyfriend” who can text with you all day.
-Founder Kyle Tabor launched it to give users a fake boyfriend to deter unwanted advances but has found people have grown attached to their imaginary partners: “Many more users are looking for companionship through conversation rather than external ‘proof’ of a relationship.”
-For Sullivan and Tabor, the surprise was the real relationships that they have formed with their customers. Sullivan says he has begun to see himself as a sort of relationship consultant for the boyfriends.
-Sullivan admits he’s made mistakes. Early on, the packages he sent included receipts that had his name on them, Dan Sullivan. “One of the boyfriends wrote to me and said, ‘Listen, she’s not mad but Cynthia found out’.”
-Of all the women BetterBoyfriend.me deliver packages to, about 50% know about Dan Sullivan’s involvement in their relationships: “It’s connected with age. I think, after you’ve been married for a while, you don’t keep many secrets.”
-And over the year, the young founder says he’s got to know the boyfriends really well. They’ve even sent a package to a hospital delivery room. The key, he said, is to remember that his relationship is with the boyfriend.
-When he first started his company, he attached tags that said BetterBoyfriend.me to flower bouquets and set off for Dolores Park in Mission District, San Francisco.
-“I looked for couples and gave the bouquet to the girl but the boyfriends didn’t like that. Not at all. I understood why. It was cool,” he said. “So I changed my idea and started handing out the bouquets to the boyfriends.”",495
-"What is it like to look at the last of something? Sudan is the last male northern white rhino on the planet. If he does not mate successfully soon with one of two female northern white rhinos at Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya, there will be no more rhinos like them, male or female, born anywhere. And there’s not much chance because Sudan is getting old at 42 and breeding efforts have so far failed. Apart from these three animals, there are only two other northern white rhinos in the world, both in zoos, both female.
-It seems an image of human tenderness that Sudan is lovingly guarded by armed men who stand with him. But, of course, it is an image of brutality. Sudan is under threat from poachers who kill rhinos and cut off their horns to sell them for medicine in Asia. Sudan is still in danger even though he has had his horn cut off to deter the poachers.
-Sudan doesn’t know how precious he is. His eye is a sad black dot in his massive wrinkled face as he wanders the reserve with his guards. His head is a marvellous thing. It is a majestic rectangle of strong bone and leathery flesh, a head of pure strength. How terrible that such a powerful head can, in reality, be so vulnerable.
-Sudan does not look so different from the rhinoceros that Albrecht Dürer portrayed in 1515. Dürer was a Renaissance artist picturing an exotic beast from exotic lands. In 1515, a live Indian rhinoceros was sent by the ruler of Gujarat in India to the king of Portugal. The king sent it to the Pope but, on the way, the ship sank and it died.
-Human beings – we always kill the things we love. We have been doing so since the Ice Age. There are beautiful pictures of European woolly rhinos in caves in France that were painted up to 30,000 years ago. These ancient relatives of Sudan share his power and his gentle appearance. A woolly rhino in Chauvet Cave seems agile and young, a creature full of life. But the same people who painted such sensitive portraits of Ice Age rhinos helped to kill them off.
-Today, many people really love rhinos but they are being killed in greater and greater numbers. The northern white rhino is the rarest species of African rhino. There are more southern white rhinos and black rhinos. But the demand in some countries for rhino horn as a traditional medicine is increasing the poaching. Many people believe that rhino horn can cure everything from flu to cancer. In 2007, 13 rhinos were killed by poachers in South Africa. In 2014, 1,215 rhinos were killed for their horns in South Africa.
-The vulnerable northern white rhino has been hunted very nearly to extinction – in spite of every precaution, in spite of the guards and their guns. Other varieties of African rhino are being hunted by poachers – the situation is totally out of control. The Javan rhinoceros is also on the verge of extinction. India has successfully protected the Indian rhinoceros but here, too, poaching is a problem. What a majestic creature Sudan is. Have we learned nothing since the Ice Age?",496
-"The right of Bolivia’s indigenous Indian tribes to chew coca leaves, the main ingredient in cocaine, has caused major international disagreement, which could have a significant effect on global drugs policy. Bolivia has received a special exemption from the 1961 Convention on Narcotic Drugs, which controls international drugs policy. The exemption allows Bolivia’s indigenous people to chew the leaves.
-Bolivia had argued that the convention was in opposition to its new constitution, adopted in 2009, which says it must “protect native and ancestral coca” as part of its cultural heritage and maintains that coca “in its natural state … is not a narcotic”.
-South American Indians have chewed coca leaves for centuries. The leaves are said to provide energy and have medicinal qualities. Supporters of Bolivia’s position said that defending the rights of indigenous people was the right thing to do. “The Bolivian move is inspirational and groundbreaking,” said Danny Kushlick, of the Transform Drug Policy Foundation, which supports drug liberalization. “It shows that any country that is fed up with the war on drugs can change its relations with the UN conventions.”
-However, the UN’s International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), which checks implementation of global drug treaties, says that Bolivia is threatening international drug controls. A number of countries – including the UK, the US, Italy, Sweden, the Netherlands and Russia – opposed Bolivia’s demands.
-The UK told the UN that it “respects the cultural importance of the coca leaf in Bolivia”, but it adds: “The United Kingdom is … worried that the exemption could lead to increases in coca production and – most importantly – the amount of coca that goes into the cocaine trade. As a result, the exemption would weaken … the global effort to tackle the drugs trade.”
-The right of indigenous people in South America’s Andean region to chew coca leaf was removed in 1964 when Bolivia was under a dictatorship and it signed up to the convention. But Bolivia was given 25 years to implement the ban. This arrangement came to an end in 1989 and since then the issue has been under dispute.
-In 2011, Bolivia – whose President, Evo Morales, is a former coca producer – formally told the UN that it did not want to be in the convention any more. It has now signed up to the convention again, but with an exemption so that its indigenous people can continue chewing coca leaves.
-The exemption is the first of its kind in the history of UN drug-control treaties and has led to concerns that other countries may apply for exemptions. The Russian government has argued that the exemption will lead to “an increase in illegal circulation of cocaine” and warned that “it also sets a dangerous precedent that could be used by other states in creating a more liberal drug-control regime”.
-The British parliament has recommended that Bolivia’s request should be supported by the UK government. It argues that it is important that countries stay in the convention. Bolivia’s return could be blocked only if a third or more of the 184 countries that have signed up to the convention opposed its request. There are suspicions that the US and UK are trying to persuade other countries to block Bolivia’s request.
-Nancie Prud’homme, of the International Centre on Human Rights and Drug Policy, criticized the co-ordinated opposition to Bolivia’s demands. “These objections are legally questionable,” she said. “They support an arbitrary and over-broad provision and apply international drug laws in a vacuum. This is not right. No state has paid any attention to decades of developing international norms on cultural and indigenous rights, which support Bolivia’s efforts.”
-The decision to ban coca chewing was based on a 1950 report produced by the UN Commission of Inquiry on the Coca Leaf, which supporters of drug liberalization say was not based on evidence. The growing of coca leaves is legal and licensed in Bolivia. Some believe this has led to a fall in cocaine production in the country. For this reason, some experts see Bolivia as a model for other countries.",497
-"American researchers say that a nasal spray containing the ‘Love hormone’ oxytocin could help children with autism behave more normally in social situations. Scans of autistic children showed that the chemical made the brain respond better to faces. This could make social interactions easierfor them.
-The researchers said oxytocin might help other treatments that are used to help people with autism in social situations. “Over time, there would be more normal social responding. Autistic people would be more interested in interacting with other people; there would be more eye contact and more conversation,” said Kevin Pelphrey, of Yale University.
-Autism is a disorder that one in 100 people have. It affects people in different ways, but causes difficulties in social interaction and communication. So far, there is no effective treatment for the social problems that autism causes.
-Researchers at Yale have studied the brain chemical oxytocin. They say it is a possible treatment for the social problems caused by autism because it plays an important role in bonding and trust. But not all results are positive: one recent study found no significant benefit for young people who took the chemical for several days. But Pelphrey said oxytocin might help the brain learn from social interactions; it would work best when used together with therapies that encourage people with autism to interact more socially, he said.
-Scientists tested 17 young people aged eight to 16 with autism. They gave them either oxytocin or a placebo through a nose spray. Then, the scientists scanned their brains while they looked at images of cars or the eyes of people expressing different emotions.
-The scans showed that some parts of the children’s brains behaved more normally after oxytocin: they were more active when the person was looking at faces and less active when the person was looking at the cars.
-“The study suggests that oxytocin might treat basic social motivation. This is something for which we don’t have a treatment in autism,” said Pelphrey. He said that it was too early to use oxytocin as a treatment for the social difficulties caused by autism and said people should not buy oxytocin online. “We don’t want them to try oxytocin at home. It is impossible to say what they are buying. This is not a treatment yet. It needs more research,” he said. But, the scientists were surprised to find that oxytocin did not help the children in social recognition tasks. It is also not known yet if oxytocin only has benefits for people with autism or has any bad side effects. Finally, oxytocin effects only last about 45 minutes, so it might be difficult to use it as a treatment.
-“This study has a lot of evidence from animal and human work to show that oxytocin helps, but we need more research.” Said Simon Baron-Cohen.
-Uta Frith, who studies autism at University College London, said: “According to this study, oxytocin may make faces more interesting. Disappointingly, this effect is seen only in brain activity and not in behaviour.” She said that, if we want oxytocin to become an important treatment for autism, we need to show that is has an effect on behaviour.",498
-"The US Senate Intelligence Committee recently agreed a bill to allow the National Security Agency (NSA) to continue to collect US phone records. But it would also make the NSA’s activities more transparent.
-The committee Chairwoman, Dianne Feinstein, introduced the bill. It allows the NSA to continue to collect the telephone metadata of millions of Americans. It also allows the government to keep the data. Eleven people voted for the bill and four people voted against it. The full Senate will now vote on the bill.
-The bill allows analysts to search through the data if they believe that someone may be involved in international terrorism. The bill also allows the NSA to continue to watch foreigners who come to the US if they enter the country for less than 72 hours.
-Senator Patrick Leahy introduced another bill (the USA Freedom Act). This bill would stop the collection of phone records in the US. Feinstein defended the NSA phone data collection programme, but said that people didn’t trust the NSA anymore. “The NSA programme is legal and I believe it makes us safer,” she said. “But we can, and should, do more to increase transparency and build public support for privacy protections.”
-Feinstein said the bill would also make a number of improvements to transparency and checks on the NSA – for example, if the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) gets some data and then somebody looks at that data without permission, they could spend up to ten years in prison.
-Feinstein says she strongly supports the NSA’s main US programme. “I think many people don’t understand this NSA database programme. It is very important and helps to protect this country,” she said. Independent legal experts said they were worried about the Intelligence Committee’s bill.
-Elizabeth Goitein of the Brennan Center for Justice said: “The Intelligence Committee bill and the USA Freedom Act are two opposing visions of the relationship between Americans who do not break the law and the national security state. The most important question is: should the government have some reason to suspect wrongdoing before collecting Americans’ most personal information? Leahy says yes; Feinstein says no.”
-Democratic committee member Ron Wyden said that recent worries about NSA spying on foreign leaders took attention away from the more important problem of the NSA checking the data of people in the US. “My top priority is ending the collection of data on millions and millions of innocent Americans.”
-Feinstein said that she completely disagreed with the foreign leader spying that the NSA does, for example on German Chancellor Angela Merkel. But Feinstein agrees with the NSA’s collection of Americans’ phone records.
-“Americans are making it clear, that they never – repeat, never – agreed to give up their freedom so that the country could appear to be safer,” Wyden said. “We’re just going to continue to fight this battle. It’s going to be a long battle.”",499
-"Dr Ben Brabon of Edgehill University teaches a MOOC – a massive open online course – in literature. The course is one of only two accredited MOOCs currently on offer in the UK. According to Brabon, many students enrol on MOOCs because they are free and they enjoy communicating with other students. MOOCs have no enrolment criteria and no fees, so students behave very differently from students on traditional higher education courses.
-MOOCs are the newest big idea to try to make higher education available to everyone. A lot of money is being invested in new online platforms that deliver sophisticated and interactive courses to tens of thousands of students. Investors hope to find a business model for MOOCs that will make them profitable – so far, courses have depended on universities funding their star lecturers’ course design and online teaching time. One way of making a return on the investment might be studying data about how, why and when millions of students sign up, interact with their material, submit their assignments, message each other and drop out of the course.
-One of the questions about the future direction of MOOCs is that nobody can yet say who exactly they benefit. Universities who want to attract fee-paying international students onto postgraduate courses by showing off their best programmes online? Students in developing countries who want access to first-world universities? Employees who wish to develop their professional knowledge? People without qualifications who want to use MOOCs as a bridge to higher education? Or hobby learners, who want to learn about a subject area in which they have an interest?
-MOOCs may be popular at the beginning, but they have very poor completion rates, says Brabon. His literature course had 1,000 enrolments and 31 completions. “And almost all of those had a first degree or had been educated to degree level,” he says. “So MOOCs may not be opening up higher education to sectors of the population it hasn’t reached yet.”
-“Learning online is a different thing and needs quite advanced learning skills,” confirms David Kernohan, progamme manager for eLearning Innovation at a charity that promotes the use of digital technologies in UK education and research. “With MOOCs, there’s very little support available: the student does not get any individual attention. Instead, they get peer support, such as online discussion forums.” Although this may mean that online study is unattractive or difficult for someone without high-level qualifications, it suggests, he says, that MOOCs could be “a really good tool for continuing education.”
-At a time when the number of part-time students has fallen sharply because the price of a degree is rising, could this type of open and free-to-access course provide a new path to university-level education? Could an entire degree be taught via MOOCs? “I don’t think that’s how MOOCs work,” says Brabon. Instead, he suggests “a blended approach that combines a campus experience with a MOOC; also, perhaps, using MOOCs to create a global degree, with students taking courses from across the world, might be possible.”
-But that’s a little way into the future. For now, MOOC completion certificates have no quality assurance on either the course content or its assessment standards, so employers will not be impressed by them. Accreditation is now essential for MOOCs if they want to gain credibility with academics and employers, says Brabon.
-Some people are idealistic about MOOCs – they want to bring the best of first-world teaching to students in less developed countries. But there’s cynicism, too, with the suggestion that universities could use MOOCs to advertise their on-campus courses to bigger numbers of lucrative students from outside the EU.
-Mike Sharples, chair of Educational Technology, doesn’t agree with that cynicism. MOOCs are mainly a way to publicize and share universities’ best teaching talent, as well as encouraging interaction and getting feedback from students around the world, he says. He believes that enrolling international students onto university courses is only a secondary objective of MOOCs – but they could certainly be a very clever marketing idea, as he observes that “if 20,000 people sign up to a MOOC – well, you only need 20 of those to enrol afterwards to run a master’s.”
-“In South America, China and countries in Africa, there is a huge appetite for learning and some of the world’s best courses are now offered online,” adds Sharples. “If people are genuinely fascinated by learning, then why not? The real challenge is to allow those countries not just to study MOOCs, but also to create them.”",500
-"He is the star of one of the world’s longest running and most successful film series, with 23 movies and more than $6bn amassed at the global box office, but James Bond shows no signs of slowing down. In fact, the Bond brand is stronger than ever, after the record-breaking performance of Skyfall, which became the biggest ever film at the UK box office on its release in 2012 and, with its total earnings of $1.1bn, currently stands in ninth place of all-time largest earners.
-Hence the intense interest that surrounded the announcement of a few more details of the 24th Bond film – not the least its official title, Spectre. The number one question is this: can Spectre repeat the Skyfall trick? Will Skyfall remain a high water mark for the Bond movie or can Spectre extend this winning run?
-Charles Gant, film editor for Heat magazine, says the indications are it is heading in the right direction.” Skyfall was a brilliant strategic move,” he says. “It was cleverly positioned as simultaneously modern and retro. It appealed to the Daniel-Craig-era fans, who are relative newcomers to the franchise, and it also managed to engage the older, more nostalgic elements of the audience, who may have lost interest over the previous few films. With the new title,” he adds, “they are already on to a winner. My feeling is that Spectre announces that they want to hang on to the nostalgic, more age-diverse Bond fan, as well as retaining the younger audience.”
-The initial signs are that Eon Productions, the company originally founded in 1961 to make Dr No and that is behind all the “official” Bonds, is doing its utmost to ensure lightning strikes twice by installing the key creative talent behind Skyfall on Spectre. Daniel Craig has been tied down at least until Bond 25, while the same writers have produced the script.
-But it’s the recapture of director Sam Mendes that gives Bondwatchers the most hope. A director principally known for character studies such as American Beauty and Revolutionary Road, Mendes has taken the Bond series to new heights. Gant says: “Mendes managed to engage with both the modern and the traditional Bond audience, and he also pulled in high-calibre actors like Ralph Fiennes. To get actors like Fiennes in, they have to be happy with the director.”
-Among other achievements, Skyfall virtually doubled the box office of its predecessor, Quantum of Solace, which managed a worldwide figure of $586m on its release in 2008. No one is expecting anything like that this time, but Eon will not be complacent.
-Though the Bond series was not in trouble before Mendes’s arrival – and Craig’s – there was the sense of a certain amount of staleness towards the end of Pierce Brosnan’s run. The series had survived the drying up of actual Bond stories to adapt, the movies having long since departed from any resemblance to the Ian Fleming originals, but it was lacking a certain dynamism.
-This cycle, however, was nothing new: the history of the Bond series has been one of ebb and flow, stasis and renewal, revolving most obviously around the lead actor: first, Sean Connery; then, successively, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Brosnan and, now, Craig. Each appointment has been a response to the state of the series and some have worked out better than others.
-Lazenby only lasted a single film, while Dalton’s two efforts, The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill coincided with a period in the late 80s when the 007 movie had been thoroughly eclipsed by more aggressive, slickly produced Hollywood action movies. According to Gant, “the period of Roger Moore’s last ones, going into Dalton, didn’t really excite audiences. Brosnan saw a bit of an upturn commercially, while Craig has taken it to new levels. On the other hand, the early Bonds were incredibly commercial films, sexy and exciting, and there was very little around like them.”
-It’s a point worth underlining that, although Skyfall’s actual receipts dwarf all the other Bond films, the performance of some of the 1960s entries in the series was almost as brilliant by comparison. With figures adjusted for inflation, the 1965 release, Thunderball , is only a hair’s breadth below Skyfall , while Goldfinger and You Only Live Twice both outperformed the other Craig films (as did the 70s Bonds, The Spy Who Loved Me and Live and Let Die ). By this reckoning, Licence to Kill is the worst-performing of all Bonds, with Moore’s final effort, A View to a Kill, in second-to-last place.
-Nevertheless, the Bond brand has remained immensely powerful over the decades, with Eon being forced to fend off attempts by rival outfits to capitalize on the series’s popularity. Through a quirk of rights ownership, adaptations of Casino Royale (in 1967) and Thunderball (as Never Say Never Again , in 1983) were released in competition with Eon productions. Although subject to legal disputes over several decades, Eon now has full control of both books.
-Casino Royale, whose rights had been individually sold off by Fleming in 1955, eventually passed to Eon in 1999 as a result of an agreement between Eon’s backers, MGM, and rival Hollywood studio Sony – thereby clearing the way for the 2006 version. Thunderball, on the other hand, owed its disputed status to writer-producer Kevin McClory, who helped Fleming outline the original story and who claimed ownership of the novel over subsequent decades, and produced Never Say Never Again as a result. After McClory’s death in 2006, his family eventually settled with MGM and Eon’s parent company in November 2013.
-If the initial surge of enthusiasm for Bond movies lasted through the 60s and into the 1970s, it’s fair to say that the series almost ground to a halt after Licence to Kill’s poor figures. Goldeneye, the first of Brosnan’s efforts, heralded a dramatic renewal: not simply because of a new actor but, more significantly, because of who was behind the camera.
-However, after a six-year break, Eon installed Martin Campbell in the chair: another experienced British director but one who was able to orchestrate one of the most elaborate stunts in Bond history. The justly renowned opening scene of Goldeneye – during which Bond freefalls into the cockpit of a pilotless light aeroplane – did much to reinvigorate and modernize the series on its own. Moreover, a whole new generation was reached through a hugely successful Goldeneye video-game spin-off, making a significant contribution to perceptions that the Bond film was no longer stale and old-fashioned.",501
-"Agios Efstratios is so remote, so forgotten by the banks, the government and most of the modern world that the mobile phone network can’t process data and there isn’t a single ATM or credit-card machine on the island. Before Greece was plunged into financial chaos, residents of this tranquil outpost in the northern Aegean managed quite well. They did their banking at the post office and the few dozen rooms to rent were booked out every summer with people who had heard – by word of mouth – of its spectacular empty beaches, clear seas and fresh seafood.
-But, because the island still runs on cash, the closure of banks nationwide has been devastating. Residents have been forced to make nine-hour round trips to the nearest big island to get cash and Greek visitors say they can’t get together enough money to come. “Tourist numbers are down 80% this year,” said Mayor Maria Kakali, in an office in the village where she grew up, home to around 200 people. “Even people born here and living in Athens, who have their own places on the island, aren’t coming.”
-Kakali has badgered the government and a major Greek bank into promising an ATM within weeks but she still feels it may come too late for this season on an island where tourism dwarfs the two other sources of income: fishing and agriculture: “We have almost no reservations in August, when usually we have people calling us up asking to find a room and we can’t help them.” A hard winter ahead may be slightly improved by 50 workers billeted in the village to expand the harbour but there is an even bigger crisis looming because the government has said it will end a decades-old tax break for islands.
-Created to help island communities survive when they were suffering mass emigration, a lower sales tax contained the costs of living in places where everything had to be imported and made tourism more affordable. Tourist favourites such as Mykonos fear that losing the tax breaks will make it hard for them to compete with Turkey but, for Agios Efstratios, it poses a far greater threat. “If we have to pay a tax of 23%, I’m sorry to say it but we will all die on the island,” says Kakali.
-Food and fuel are already more expensive than on the mainland, there are no economies of scale and little economic flexibility on an island which, even in summer, has only three shops, two restaurants and not a single official hotel. “This is an expensive island. Everything, even milk or bread, has changed hands three or four times before it gets to us and each middleman has to take a profit,” said Provatas Costas, a 58-year-old fisherman.
-For Agios Efstratios and its closest large neighbour, Lemnos, the timing of the crisis is particularly cruel. They were condemned to relative obscurity for years in part because they are served by slow and unreliable ferries. In 2015, the government had finally given the contract to a new, efficient company, drawing floods of new visitors to explore the islands’ largely overlooked charms, before the bank controls hit.
-“It started out as the best season in 30 years and, in one week, became the worst,” said Atzamis Konstantinos, a travel agent in Lemnos who used to earn €15,000 a month as a captain of petroleum tankers and other large ships but came home because he missed it so much. “I always loved this island, even when I was young. I would dock in Piraeus, the port in Athens, take my pay, then get the first boat over. People would say 'You’re crazy. You can go anywhere' but I only ever wanted to come here.”
-Lemnos has dozens of wild beaches, where even at the height of summer you can swim and sunbathe virtually alone, a small nightlife scene and numerous cultural sites. It is the eighth largest island in Greece so is in line for the first round of tax increases in autumn 2015 but far less wealthy than many smaller ones. It has just over 3,000 beds for visitors, compared with tens of thousands on an island such as Rhodes. Its councillors say that they will fight the tax rise, although none can say how. “We have been suffering economically in recent years and, now, we will suffer more,” said Lemnos Mayor, Dimitris Marinakis. “When there is not enough money, you reduce your consumption and therefore the whole economy declines.”
-The crisis has been particularly hard on people under 40, who often do two or three jobs to make ends meet and still feel they can’t afford a family. Young people fear they are losing their contemporaries in an exodus to match the one that scattered their grandparents’ friends to America, Australia and Canada. “What is the future for our generation?” said Katerina Fikari, who feels she is extremely lucky to work for the local government in Lemnos. “If you work only to pay your bills, how can you have dreams for your future?”
-If taxes go up, even more young people will leave, warns Mayor Kakali, who has devoted her year in office to improving education on the island to help keep it an attractive place for families. Because it is one of the smallest islands, Agios Efstratios has until 2017 before the rise is due to come in, so Kakali hopes that the roller coaster of Greek politics means it yet may be spared. If not, though, she plans to travel to Athens to remind the distant government what the tax rise would cost.
-“The truth is the government doesn’t pay much attention to the islands of the north Aegean,” she said, “so I would take all the kids from our school to the gates of parliament, to tell them: 'There is still life in these islands'.”",502
-"A car with a top speed of 25mph, two seats and no pedals or steering wheel might not make much of an impression at a motor show. But Google, in the US, sent a shock through the car and taxi industries as it unveiled the latest version of its driverless car.
-The electrically powered vehicle, which Google has begun testing around its headquarters in Mountain View, California, dispenses with all the normal controls, including foot pedals. Instead, it has a smartphone app that calls it and tells it the destination, and a single STOP button between the two front-facing seats in case the passengers need to override the computer.
-The car, in fact, does all the tasks of navigation, steering, acceleration and braking.
-The company is building about 100 prototypes for a two-year test. The company’s co-founder, Sergey Brin, told a conference in California that the vehicle was “still in the prototype stage” but that the project was about changing the world for people who do not have good transportation today.
-He said of the car: “You’re just sitting there; no steering wheel, no pedals. For me, it was very relaxing. About ten seconds after getting in, I forgot I was there. I found it really enjoyable.”
-Google says that the aim of the project is to improve safety and that, because the car is constructed with impact-absorbing foam at the front and a plastic windscreen, “it should be far safer than any other car for pedestrians”.
-The cars, which have been built specially by an unnamed company in Detroit, will be used to find out how best to make driverless vehicles work. Google will run a pilot programme using the cars, which are not yet for sale.
-One challenge is creating high-definition scans of the roads and surroundings before the cars can drive along them because they cannot collect and process enough information in real time.
-So far, there are high-detail maps of about 2,000 miles of California’s roads, but the state has more than 170,000 miles of public roads.
-Google says it is interested in licensing the technology to traditional vehicle manufacturers once it has been refined.
-But the idea of driverless cars replacing humandriven taxis has been the cause of some alarm.
-Dennis Conyon of the UK National Taxi Association says that drivers will become unemployed.
-London has about 22,000 licensed black cabs and Conyon estimates that the total number of people who drive taxis for hire in the UK is about 100,000.
-Other car makers, including Volvo, Ford and Mercedes, are working on driver-assisted vehicles, which, unlike Google’s version, do not dispense with the driver controls.
-But Chris Urmson, director of the self-driving car project at Google, said that the new prototypes dispensed with the steering wheel and brakes because a human passenger might not be able to take over in an emergency, and that it was simpler just to have an emergency stop button.
-Urmson said: “The vehicles will be very basic. We want to learn from them and adapt them as quickly as possible. But they will take you where you want to go at the push of a button. And, that’s an important step towards improving road safety and improving mobility for millions of people.”
-So far, the Google versions of the self-driving cars have driven 700,000 miles without an accident caused by the computer. The company says that thousands of people die each year on the roads and that about 80% of crashes are caused by human error.",503
-"The small room looks like a classroom. The posters on the walls show letters of the alphabet and a map of Bangladesh.
-But, it is hard to concentrate – there is the loud hammering and chemicals in the air that hurt the throat and eyes. But, the children who learn in this three-square-metre room are lucky. They have escaped working in the factories opposite.
-For 14 years, SOHAY, a non-governmental organization (NGO), has worked in slums in Dhaka to send child workers to school. It especially tries to help children who do dangerous work.
-The classroom is one of 23 centres that SOHAY has set up in Dhaka. The classes at the centres help children enter primary school. When they are in school, the children get extra help with their homework at the centres.
-Alamin, ten years old, used to work in a plastic factory. He now goes to one of the centres. His parents are happy that he’s now in school and not doing dangerous work. His friend Rabi says he wants to forget his past in the factory. “I like school,” he says.
-SOHAY also has classes for parents and managers to stop child labour. It can be very difficult for working children to go to school. They are not like other children. After they stop working, they sometimes find it difficult to make friends and adapt to school. It is also difficult to make sure they stay in school – lots of these children don’t finish school.
-Seven-year-old Zhorna Akter Sumayya has two older brothers – they both work (one at a restaurant, one at a local club). But, she went to a SOHAY centre and she now goes to school. Her family live in the slum and her parents need the money their sons make but they want their daughter to go to school.
-In 2015, SOHAY helped 1,540 children to leave dangerous work and helped 2,125 more children – those who would soon start work – to go to school. About 780 more children are preparing to start school in 2017.
-The Labour Law of Bangladesh 2006 does not allow children younger than 14 to work but UNICEF says that, in Bangladesh, 4.7 million children younger than 14 are employed and 1.3 million children aged five to 17 do dangerous work.",504
-"Valdevaqueros is one of the last unspoilt beaches in southern Spain. Currently the beach just has an access road filled with camper vans from Germany, France, Italy and Britain, which bring windsurfers and kitesurfers who are attracted by the strong winds in the area.
-For years it has been very different from the concrete-lined beaches of Torremolinos and Marbella along the coast, but earlier in 2012 the local council in Tarifa said ‘yes’ to plans to build a tourist complex next to the beach. Environmental and conservation groups have protested that the project will harm the habitats of protected species, but for most of the council the issue is simple: jobs. Tarifa has 18,000 inhabitants and 2,600 are unemployed as Spain experiences its worst economic crisis in at least half a century.
-“Traditional jobs such as fishing are dying out so tourism is the only solution, but it must be sustainable,” said Sebastián Galindo, a councillor from the Socialist party, which is in opposition in Tarifa but voted with the governing People’s Party support the project. Galindo says the complex meets environmental standards. There is a law that was designed to stop more ugly developments like those that spoilt a lot of Spain’s beaches when mass tourism first arrived in the 1960s and 1970s. This law says that the complex must be at least 200 metres from the coast; it will be much farther than that – it will be 800 metres.
-Opponents of the complex say more housing is not needed in a country that already has a million empty homes. The Socialist opposition in Madrid attacked the idea, and Galindo said it discriminated against migrant workers who came to Spain during the boom years, many of them from Morocco, whose coastline is just 14km away and can be seen from Tarifa.
-Surfers fear that new buildings in Valdevaqueros would reduce the strength of the famous local wind but fail to attract traditional package holidaymakers. “It’s not really a family spot. Just wait until they see what the wind is like,” said Henning Mayer, who has come here from Germany every year for 20 years. “Ten years ago they said they would build a new highway here. It didn’t happen, so I think it will be impossible to build new hotels.”
-At the southernmost point of Spain, Tarifa is where Africa and Europe meet, where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Atlantic. Campaigners say it also has a vital role for migrating animals.
-The campaign to save the beach was launched hours after the Tarifa council voted for the project. The campaign has a Facebook page and is supported by groups including Greenpeace, the World Wide Fund for Nature and the Spanish branch of conservation network Birdlife. Also joining the opposition to the project is the Andalusian College of Geographers, which says that the site would disturb two wildlife conservation areas and cross the border of a national park.
-“Money is once again more important than urban laws and European environmental directives,” said Raúl Romeva, a member of the European Parliament. In Romeva’s view, another problem with the project is that the site has too little water in a town that already suffers from shortages in the hot summer weather of Andalusía.
-Many locals are also wondering why a resort should be built 10km away, and not on wasteland near Tarifa’s picturesque old centre, with its typically Andalusian white walls and small streets, dominated by a 10th-century Moorish castle. “We agree with the complex as long as it creates jobs in the town, but we are against it if it only benefits a few,” said Cristóbal Lobato, who has worked at the same beachside bar in Tarifa for 30 years. “If they put it in the centre of Tarifa, where there is space, then clients could visit shops, tapas bars and restaurants.”
-Overlooking the green fields where the resort will be built, biologist Aitor Galán said, “Anywhere else in Europe, this place would have the utmost protection, but here they want to get rid of it all and cover it with buildings. What they want to do is turn this into Benidorm, but what attracts people here is wildlife and the wind. But by taking advantage of the current crisis and unemployment, builders and mayors who agree with them can justify any amount of destruction.”",505
-"According to a new survey, there are more tigers in Nepal than at any time since the 1970s. The number of big cats has been decreasing in south Asia for 100 years, but conservationists now hope that we can save them.
-The number of wild royal bengal tigers in Nepal has increased to 198 – a 63.6% increase in five years – the survey showed. “This is very good news,” said Maheshwar Dhakal, an ecologist with Nepal’s Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation.
-The survey looked at pictures from more than 500 cameras in five protected areas and three wildlife corridors. More than 250 conservationists and wildlife experts worked on the survey, which cost about £250,000. Dhakal said that there was a similar survey in India and the results from both countries will be published later in 2013. “It will take a few more months for India, which now has 1,300 big cats in several huge protected areas, to finish the survey,” he added. Nepal says it will double the population of tigers by the year 2022 from 121 in 2009 to 242.
-Some rich people want tiger skins. Tiger body parts are used in traditional Chinese medicine. International gangs pay poor local Nepali people large amounts of money to kill the cats. The skin and bones are taken through the border to India, where the big dealers are.
-One big problem is that some senior officials help the mafia who are involved in the illegal buying and selling. Conservation experts believe that tiger numbers have increased because the police are controlling national parks better, and because there is now better management of tiger habitats in Nepal, where forests cover 29% of the land. But they say Nepal must do more to protect the habitat and animals that tigers eat so the big cats have enough space to move around and food to eat.
-The number of tigers has increased but attacks on villagers have increased, too. Seven people were killed in attacks by tigers around national parks in 2012 compared to four in 2011, park officials said. Villagers also want better protection. “The government is making conservation plans for tigers. But it should also make plans to protect people from tigers,” Krishna Bhurtel, a village leader, told a Nepali newspaper. Recently, a tiger was captured after it killed two people, including a villager who was pulled from his bed in May.
-Thousands of tigers used to lived in the forests in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. But their numbers have decreased to about 3,000, a 95% decrease in one hundred years. Chitwan National Park in central Nepal has the most adult tigers, with 120, followed by Bardiya National Park (50) and Shukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve (17).
-Tiger skins are popular in Tibet, where rich people use them as festival costumes. In Nepal, kings used to stand on tiger skins for special occasions. Some rich Nepali have tiger heads on the walls of their living rooms. Tiger bones are in high demand for use in traditional Chinese medicine. People can make a lot of money selling tiger skins and bones illegally.",506
-"They may not know who Steve Jobs was or even how to tie their own shoelaces, but the average six-year-old child understands more about digital technology than a 45-year-old adult, according to a new report.
-The arrival of broadband in the year 2000 has created a generation of digital natives, Ofcom (which checks standards in the UK communications industries) says in its annual study of British consumers. Born in the new millennium, these children are learning how to operate smartphones or tablets before they are able to talk.
-“These younger people are shaping communications,” said Jane Rumble, who is head of media research at Ofcom. “As a result of growing up in the digital age, they are developing completely different communication habits from older generations, even compared to the 16-to-24 age group.”
-800 children and 2,000 adults took Ofcom’s “digital quotient”, or DQ, test, which attempts to gauge awareness of and self-confidence around gadgets from tablets to smart watches, knowledge of superfast internet, 4G mobilephone networks and mobile apps.
-Among 6- to 7-year-olds, who have grown up with YouTube, Spotify music streaming and online television, the average DQ score was 98, higher than for those aged between 45 and 49, who scored an average of 96. Digital understanding peaks between 14 and 15 years old, with a DQ of 113, and then drops gradually throughout adulthood, before falling rapidly in old age.
-People can now test their digital knowledge with a short version of the questionnaire that will give anyone a DQ score, along with advice on how to improve their understanding and protect themselves and their families online.
-The ways in which millennial children contact each other and consume entertainment are so different from previous generations that forecasters now believe their preferences to be a better indication of the future than the preferences of trendsetting young adults.
-The most remarkable change is in time spent talking by phone. Two decades ago, teenagers spent their evenings monopolizing the home telephone line, talking about love affairs and friendships in conversations that lasted for hours.
-For those aged 12 to 15, phone calls account for just 3% of time spent communicating through any device. For all adults, this rises to 20% and, for young adults, it is still three times as high at 9%. Today’s children do the majority of their remote socializing by sending written messages or through shared photographs and videos. “The millennium generation is losing its voice,” Ofcom claims.
-Over 90% of their device-time is message based, chatting on social networks like Facebook, sending instant messages through services like WhatsApp or even sending traditional mobilephone text messages. Just 2% of children’s time using devices is spent emailing, compared to 33% for adults.
-Away from their phones, 12- to 15-year-olds have a very different relationship with other media, too. A digital seven-day diary shows live television accounts for just half of viewing for this age group, compared to nearly 70% for all adults. They spend 20% of their time viewing short video clips, for example on YouTube, or news clips on Facebook and other social sites. The rest of their viewing is shared between DVDs, streamed content through Netflix or iTunes and recorded television programmes.
-Young adults aged 16 to 24 are big media consumers. However, they consume hardly any live radio or print-based media.
-Younger people are also moving away from live television and moving to streaming and catchup services. Even among adults, television is becoming less important. Television viewing among 16- to 24-year-olds has been dipping each year since 2010, but 2013 was the first year that researchers found that viewing fell in all age groups. The theory is that easy-to-use tablet computers with large screens have brought many older people online.",507
-"Apart from volcanoes, hurricanes and earthquakes, there are two key things that can make a city disintegrate or even totally disappear – water and sand.
-A century ago, Venice – one of the most beautiful and low-lying cities in the world – used to flood around ten times a year. Nowadays, its lowest point, Piazza San Marco (only three feet above sea level) is inundated with water approximately 100 times a year.
-But rising sea levels are not the only cause. In many parts of the world, the land is also sinking. In Venice, subsoil compaction (a result of industrial exploitation of the surrounding area) lowered the city by 20cm between 1950 and 1970. Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam is also sinking by about 2cm a year – but that’s nothing compared to Jakarta, which is dropping 10 to 20cm each year. In the past three decades, the city has sunk roughly four metres.
-Unfortunately for the Indonesian capital, it has pumped out so much groundwater to support its population that the land above is drying out and compacting – this has created a bowl. Rivers that used to flow through the city down to the sea have had to be diverted because they cannot drain uphill.
-While there are many plans to save Venice – and Ho Chi Minh City and Jakarta are taking the problem seriously – the same cannot be said for Miami, where politicians refuse to admit the city has a serious environmental problem.
-There are three problems in Miami. It is less than ten feet above sea level; an increasing number of tropical storms are inundating the city; and it is built on porous rock, which is absorbing the rising seawater. This water then fills the city’s foundations and comes up through drains and pipes, forcing sewage upwards and polluting its fresh water. It is possible that Miami may one day become uninhabitable.
-In the Maldives, the populations of whole islands are now considering abandoning their homes. The capital, Malé, population 153,379 and only four feet above sea level, has built a ten-foot sea wall at a cost of $63 million – but, long term, only a stabilization of rising sea levels will save it and the rest of the islands.
-In Africa, desertification is causing the Sahara to spread south at a rate of 30 miles per year, threatening settlements in northern Mauritania. Over the past 20 years, for example, the desert has grown by more than 260 acres around the trading and religious centre of Chinguetti, where the population has declined from 20,000 people in the mid-twentieth century to just a few thousand now. Trading has almost completely stopped as sand piles up in the streets.
-Likewise, the Californian resort of Rancho Mirage, near Palm Springs, may have to be abandoned in the next decade. This city is just one example of a problem caused not so much by global warming as human over-expansion. California’s dream of farming the desert made sense while its total population remained around half a million (in 1870) – but now the state is home to 38 million people, who own 32 million vehicles.
-The daily water use in Rancho Mirage is more than 200 gallons per person, which is causing a man-made drought. A 25% cut in water use has been implemented but this is unlikely to stabilize the resort, which is surrounded by sand and dust. The long-term answer in California’s desert is likely to be the abandonment of some cities.
-Fire is a growing threat to urban settlements in America – in fact, forest fires cause the most damage after severe storms, with 800 major fire disasters there between 1953 and 2014. A new report by the USDA Forest Service maps the increasing number of urban locations that are particularly vulnerable to wildfire.
-Similarly in Australia, some of Victoria’s resorts and several Melbourne suburbs have been placed on a list of the state’s 52 most vulnerable bushfire spots because long-term droughts are making trees highly combustible. It’s unlikely that a forest fire will ever destroy an entire city but a succession of fires could make it uninhabitable.
-Many cities are fighting a losing battle against nature but is it possible to identify the world’s most vulnerable city? Natural events are very difficult to predict – but Malé’s future looks particularly bad because, even if its new sea wall continues to be effective, the islands around the Maldives capital are going to disappear before too long. And, if they disappear, Malé’s raison d’être disappears, too.",508
-"More than one million British workers might be employed on zero-hours contracts, new figures reveal, suggesting that British business is using the controversial employment terms far more widely than previously thought.
-The figure – derived from a poll of more than 1,000 employers conducted by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) – prompted renewed calls for the government to launch a full inquiry into the use of the contracts, after a week in which a string of organizations – from retail chains to Buckingham Palace – have faced criticism for hiring staff but offering no guarantee of work and pay each week. Employees on zero-hours contracts often get no holiday or sick pay and have to ask permission before seeking additional work elsewhere. The CIPD found that 38% of zero-hours contract workers describe themselves as employed full-time, typically working 30 hours or more a week. One-third of voluntary sector employers use the contracts and one in four public sector organizations.
-The latest numbers also call into question the accuracy of official data on the topic. The Office for National Statistics has increased its estimate of the number of UK zero-hours workers by 25%, to around 250,000.
-Peter Cheese, the chief executive of the CIPD, said: “There does need to be a closer look at what is meant by a zero-hours contract, the different forms that they take and clearer guidance on what good and bad practice in their use looks like. And this needs to consider both the advantages and disadvantages in practice for businesses and employees.”
-Retailer Sports Direct recently became the focus of controversy on zero-hours when it emerged that the company employs around 20,000 of its 23,000 staff on the contracts. The retailer’s use of the contracts was followed by details of a string of other companies using the deals, including cinema chain Cineworld and Buckingham Palace, which uses them for its 350 summer workers.
-Pub group J D Wetherspoon has 24,000 of its staff – 80% of its workforce – on the terms.
-Vidhya Alakeson, from the Resolution Foundation, an independent think tank, added: “If it’s true that there are around one million people on zero-hours contracts, then that would be a substantial portion of the workforce – this could no longer be dismissed as an issue affecting only a tiny minority.
-“The new estimate underlines the urgent need for a deep and thorough review of zero-hours by the government, which takes into account not only the scale of the problem but the effect these contracts have on workers’ employment rights, earning capacity and personal well-being.”
-Unions and poverty campaign groups have accused employers of pressuring staff into signing the contracts as a way to evade their responsibilities and cut staff benefits.
-Dave Prentis, of the trade union Unison, said: “The vast majority of workers are only on these contracts because they have no choice. They may give flexibility to a few, but the balance of power favours the employers and makes it hard for workers to complain.”
-Workers on zero-hours contracts are often only told how many hours they will work when weekly or monthly rotas are worked out, but are expected to be on call for extra work at short notice. They should be entitled to holiday pay in line with the number of hours they work, but do not qualify for sick pay.
-The charity National Trust, which employs many of its seasonal workers on zero-hours contracts, said it offered the same pay and benefits to those workers, pro rata, as full-time staff, but needed some workers to be on a more flexible arrangement.
-“We believe zero-hours contracts are essential in our organization, as we are very weather- dependent,” a spokeswoman said. “Our properties have told us it’s important to be able to reorganize staff rotas quickly to respond to the weather and zero-hours contracts allow us to do this.”
-Politician Chuka Umunna said the contracts should be the exception to the rule. “While some employees welcome the flexibility of such contracts, for many, zero-hours contracts leave them insecure and unsure of when work will come,” he said.
-Some people have argued that the flexibility of zero-hours contracts may have allowed the UK to avoid higher levels of unemployment during the economic downturn, while the CIPD research suggests that only 16% of those on zero-hours contracts report that their employer frequently fails to provide them with sufficient hours each week.
-The institute’s figures also suggest that 17% of employers in the private sector made use of zero- hours contracts, considerably lower than the 34% of organizations in the voluntary sector and 24% in the public sector.
-Industries where employers were most likely to report at least one person on a zero-hours contract were hotels, catering and leisure (48%), education (35%) and healthcare (27%).",509
-"DNA taken from the wisdom tooth of a European hunter-gatherer has given scientists an unprecedented glimpse of modern humans before the rise of farming. The Mesolithic man, who lived in Spain around 7,000 years ago, had an unusual mix of blue eyes, black or brown hair and dark skin, according to analyses of his genetic make-up.
-He was probably lactose intolerant and had more difficulty digesting starchy foods than the farmers who transformed diets and lifestyles when they took up tools in the first agricultural revolution. The invention of farming brought humans and animals into much closer contact and humans likely evolved more robust immune systems to fend off infections that the animals passed on. But scientists may have overestimated the impact farming had in shaping the human immune system, because tests on the hunter-gatherer’s DNA found that he already carried mutations that boost the immune system to tackle various nasty bugs. Some live on in modern Europeans today. “Before we started this work, I had some ideas of what we were going to find,” said Carles Lalueza-Fox, who led the study at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology in Barcelona. “Most of those ideas turned out to be completely wrong.”
-The Spanish team started their work after a group of cavers stumbled upon two skeletons in a deep and complex cave system high up in the Cantabrian Mountains of northwest Spain in 2006. The human remains, which belonged to two men in their early 30s, had been extremely well preserved by the cool environment of the cave. Carbon dating put the remains at around 7,000 years old, before farming had swept into Europe from the Middle East. The timing fitted with ancient artefacts found at the site, including perforated reindeer teeth that were strung and hung from the people’s clothing.
-The scientists focused their efforts on the better preserved of the two skeletons. After several failed attempts, they managed to reconstruct the man’s entire genome from DNA found in the root of a third molar. It is the first time researchers have obtained the complete genome of a modern European who lived before the Neolithic revolution.
-The DNA threw up a series of surprises. When Lalueza-Fox looked at the genome, he found that, rather than having light skin, the man had gene variants that tend to produce much darker skin. “This guy had to be darker than any modern European, but we don’t know how dark,” the scientist said.
-Another surprise fi nding was that the man had blue eyes. That was unexpected, said Lalueza-Fox, because the mutation for blue eyes was thought to have arisen more recently than the mutations that cause lighter skin colour. The results suggest that blue eye colour came first in Europe, with the transition to lighter skin ongoing through Mesolithic times.
-On top of the scientific impact, artists might have to rethink their drawings of the people. “You see a lot of reconstructions of these people hunting and gathering and they look like modern Europeans with light skin. You never see a reconstruction of a Mesolithic hunter-gatherer with dark skin and blue eye colour,” Lalueza-Fox said.
-The Spanish team went on to compare the genome of the hunter-gatherer to those of modern Europeans from different regions to see how they might be related. They found that the ancient DNA most closely matched the genetic make-up of people living in northern Europe, in particular Sweden and Finland.
-The discovery of mutations that bolstered the immune system against bacteria and viruses suggests that the shift to a farming culture in Neolithic times did not drive all of the changes in immunity genes that Europeans carry today. At least some of those genetic changes have a history that stretches further back. “One thing we don’t know is what sort of pathogens were affecting these people,” said Lalueza-Fox.
-Martin Jones, professor of archaeological science at Cambridge University, said the immunity genes were the most striking result. “There is a no doubt oversimplified grand narrative that the move from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled farming was initially bad for our health. A number of factors contributed, particularly living closely together with other humans and animals, shrinking the food web and crowding out water supplies. The authors are drawing attention to the role of pathogens in pre-agricultural lives and that is interesting.”",510
-"There are about 50,000 mystery shopping trips every month in the UK. Mystery shoppers pretend to be a customer in a store but they are really collecting information on the store and how good or bad its service is.The demand for mystery shoppers is growing because online shopping is becoming more popular.
-“Retailers are becoming increasingly aware that shoppers who visit a physical store want a service and an experience they can’t get online,” says Simon Boydell, spokesman for Marketforce, which has more than 300,000 mystery shoppers. “Our clients want to know how well their stores are delivering on that experience.”
-“We assign different store locations to each shopper and rotate them so that they never go back to the same shop within three months,” says Jill Spencer of mystery shopping company ABa. “Each day, they spend up to eight hours visiting five to ten stores, plus another hour or two writing detailed reports on every part of their visit.” For that, the mystery shoppers can earn up to £155 a day. Their expenses are also paid. Mystery shoppers who film their visits with a hidden camera can earn even more – around £300 a day.
-Mystery shoppers are usually repaid any money they spend in the stores and may also be allowed to keep the products they buy. “They usually give me between £5 and £20 to spend at each store, to check the service I receive at the till,” says mystery shopper Laura. “I’m always given a specific task, such as buying something from a specific department or a new product range, but I can often buy whatever I want – and keep it.”
-Like most full-time mystery shoppers, Laura is self-employed. She earns around £30,000 to £40,000 a year and that doesn’t include all the freebies she gets on the job. “With the perks, it’s enough to live on.” She finds it satisfying to return to a store where she has previously been a mystery shopper and see standards have improved. “I know it must be because of my feedback or why would they pay me to give it? I feel I’m not just doing a service for my company; I’m doing a service for all shoppers everywhere.”
-More than 500,000 people have registered as mystery shoppers in the UK, but just 10% or less get regular work each month. This has led to a dramatic reduction in payment. Before, people were paid and got travel expenses, but now “you often just receive some money towards a purchase,” say Val, a 51-year-old former mystery shopper. Nowadays, mystery shopping companies mostly give freebies as an incentive. “Marketforce shoppers usually get a couple of pounds for a visit, for their time and effort,” says Boydell. “At the most, we’ll pay £15 to £25 plus expenses for a meal for two or a hotel stay, for example. We don’t directly employ any shoppers so we don’t have to pay them the minimum wage.” “I’d go on a cruise for nothing,” says Laura. “But I think mystery shopping companies that pay you a nominal fee to travel to a restaurant and eat a meal are exploiting people. I won’t do those jobs anymore.” But there are plenty of people who want to do those jobs.
-Hannah, a 41-year-old lawyer, has made nearly 500 visits or the Mystery Dining Company in her spare time without receiving pay or travel expenses. She has enjoyed £200 meals at Michelin- starred restaurants and overnight stays at expensive hotels.
-But, it can be hard work. Hannah says she spends two to four hours after each visit writing detailed reports on everything from the quality of the food to specific conversations with staff. And, she always needs to be able to name or describe the staff. She has to memorize all these details while eating her meal because she cannot openly write anything down.",511
-"Swedish prisons have long had a reputation around the world for being progressive. But are the country’s prisons a soft option?
-The head of Sweden’s prison and probation service, Nils Oberg, announced in November 2013 that four Swedish prisons are to be closed due to an “out of the ordinary” decline in prisoner numbers.
-Although there has been no fall in crime rates, between 2011 and 2012 there was a 6% drop in Sweden’s prisoner population, now a little over 4,500. A similar decrease is expected in 2013 and 2014. Oberg admitted to being puzzled by the unexpected dip, but expressed optimism that the reason was to do with how his prisons are run. “We certainly hope that the efforts we invest in rehabilitation and preventing relapse of crime has had an impact,” he said.
-“The modern prison service in Sweden is very different from when I joined as a young prison officer in 1978,” says Kenneth Gustafsson, governor of Kumla Prison, Sweden’s most secure jail, situated 130 miles west of Stockholm. However, he doesn’t think the system has gone soft. “When I joined, the focus was very much on humanity in prisons. Prisoners were treated well – maybe too well, some might say. But, after a number of high-profile escapes in 2004, we had to rebalance and place more emphasis on security.”
-Despite the hardening of attitudes toward prison security following the escape scandals, the Swedes still managed to maintain a broadly humane approach to sentencing, even of the most serious offenders: jail terms rarely exceed ten years; those who receive life imprisonment can still apply to the courts after a decade to have the sentence commuted to a fixed term, usually in the region of 18 to 25 years. Sweden was the first country in Europe to introduce the electronic tagging of convicted criminals and continues to strive to minimize short-term prison sentences wherever possible by using community-based measures, which have been proven to be more effective at reducing reoffending.
-The overall reoffending rate in Sweden stands at between 30 and 40% over three years – to compare that with another European country, the number is around half that of the UK. One likely reason for the relatively low reoffending rate and the low rate of incarceration in Sweden (below 70 per 100,000 head of population) is that the age of criminal responsibility is set at 15. In the UK, for example, children aged ten to 17 and young people under the age of 21 record the highest reoffending rates: almost three quarters and two thirds, respectively. A good proportion of these offenders go on to populate adult jails. In Sweden, no young person under the age of 21 can be sentenced to life – this is not the case in many other countries – and every effort is made to ensure that as few juvenile offenders as possible end up in prison.
-One strong reason for the drop in prison numbers might be the amount of post-prison support available in Sweden. A confident probation service – a government agency – is tasked not only with supervising those on probation but is also guaranteed to provide treatment programmes for offenders with drug, alcohol or violence issues. The service is assisted by around 4,500 lay supervisors – members of the public who volunteer to befriend and support offenders under supervision.
-Gustafsson talks about broader goals and objectives for the Swedish justice department: “In 2013 and 2014, the priority of our work will be with young offenders and men with convictions of violent behaviour. For many years, we have been running programmes to help those addicted to drugs. Now, we are also developing programmes to address behaviours such as aggression and violence. These are the important things for our society when these people are released.” I spoke to a former prisoner who now runs a social enterprise called X-Cons Sweden. Peter Soderlund served almost three years of a four-year sentence for drug and weapons offences before he was released in 1998. He was helped by a newly formed organization run by former prisoners called Kris (Criminals’ Return Into Society).
-“The big difference between Kris and us is that we are happy to allow people who are still taking addiction medications to join us,” he says. Both organizations work with the same goal: helping prisoners successfully reintegrate into society after they have been released. And what is life like for the prisoner in Sweden? “When I was inside, I was lucky. In Osteraker Prison, where I served my sentence, the governor was enlightened. We were treated well. But I knew that not all Swedish prisons were like that. I met so many people in there who needed help – after I received help from Kris, I knew I wanted to help others. With X-Cons, we meet them at the gate and support them into accommodation and offer a network of support.”
-“In Sweden, we believe very much in the concept of rehabilitation, without being naive of course,” says Gustafsson. “There are some people who will not or cannot change. But, in my experience, the majority of prisoners want to change, and we must do what we can to help to facilitate that. It is not always possible to achieve this in one prison sentence.
-“Also, it is not just prison that can rehabilitate – it is often a combined process, involving probation and greater society. We can give education and training, but, when they leave prison, these people need housing and jobs.”",512
-"A group of experts say that thousands of people are taking unnecessary medicines and have bad diets because of bogus allergy tests. Allergies and food intolerances are increasing very quickly but people do not understand the difference between an allergy and a food intolerance – this is causing problems, says the charity Sense About Science, who have written a guide to allergies.
-“It’s a big mess,” said Tracey Brown, director of Sense About Science. “There is unnecessary action for people who don’t really have allergies and not enough action for people who have allergies.”
-Lots of people tell the waiter or waitress in a restaurant that they have an allergy. But some of these people don’t have an allergy – that have a food intolerance, which is not dangerous. Experts fear that restaurants hear so many people say that they have allergies (when maybe that is not true) that they may not be careful enough when they give food to a person who has a real allergy.
-“It matters very much,” said Moira Austin of an allergy charity. “If a restaurant thinks somebody just doesn’t want to eat a food because it makes them feel uncomfortable, the restaurant may be less careful. There have been deaths where people have gone to a restaurant, told the waiter or waitress that they have an allergy to a food and the meal has been given to them containing that food.”
-The guide says most allergy tests bought on the internet or in shops do not work. They include a test people can use at home, which looks for specific antibodies against different foods in the blood. These antibodies are part of the body’s response to infections but “the best medical evidence has shown high antibody levels do not suggest an allergy”, the guide says. The test often shows people have an allergy or a food intolerance when this is not true.
-Another test also does not work. It uses a mixture of acupuncture and homeopathy. Testing hair is also pointless, the guide says. “Hair cannot show if you are allergic or not so testing hair cannot give any useful information on allergies.”
-“I often see children who are on very limited diets – their parents believe that they have allergies because they have taken 'allergy tests' that do not work,” said Paul Seddon, an allergy doctor for children. “This needs to stop, which can only happen if we prove these 'tests' do not work.”
-Allergies can cause tiredness, headaches and eczema in children. But you need to check if they have an allergy and this takes a long time and many tests. It may seem like a good idea to do just one test and get a quick answer. But, it will be a wrong answer.
-Allergies are increasing in developed countries. There are three times more children with certain allergies now compared to 30 years ago. The Sense About Science guide lists a number of myths about the sources of allergies, for example the myths that fast food or E numbers in food colourings cause allergies.",513
-"Why do it? Talking to the men earmarked to be the elite referees of the future, the question elicits a knowing smile. This season, criticism of referees has increased to the point where some former referees have felt compelled to complain about standards. That is quite striking because, the more you talk to referees, the more obvious it is that supporting each other through thick and thin is fundamental.
-So why do it? Why spend countless hours driving up and down the country to dole out rules, some of which are inevitably going to upset people, trying to climb the ladder until you get the chance to make decisions on television in front of millions who scrutinize you and your ability with the aid of umpteen different angles and slow-motion replays?
-A glimpse of an answer appears on the face of Lee Swabey moments after he blows the final whistle of a 2 –1 win for Grimsby over Woking, a match at level 5 of the English league system. He gets what all referees hope for every time they referee a match. “Twenty-two handshakes,” he explains afterwards, proudly. Symbolically, a full set of handshakes, plus a “well done” from both managers, represents maximum satisfaction. “The buzz,” as he calls it, of a game that passes smoothly, is something he loves. “I wouldn’t spend so much time away from my family if this didn’t mean the world to me.”
-As one of the group that is highly regarded by the Professional Game Match Officials Limited (PGMOL) for his potential, Swabey knew he was being watched at that match. PGMOL’s chief, Mike Riley, was in attendance, along with Steve Dunn, who is the coach for this level, armed with notes and stopwatch to catalogue every significant move the officials make.
-A few weeks earlier, Riley, Dunn and another former referee, Peter Jones, made their way to another level-5 match to monitor another referee tipped to progress – John Brooks. “I hope to have the opportunity to get promoted to the Premier League and officiate some of the top games in this country,” Brooks says.
-The most the PGMOL delegation got to observe, however, was the way Brooks handled the somewhat tricky situation of calling off the match because of a frozen pitch. It is all part of the experience Brooks needs to acquire before he is trusted with more high-profile games, the different problems that need dealing with – often, clubs are very reluctant to have a late postponement, particularly when they have to pay all the staff who have turned up but will not receive any gate money.
-Brooks phoned his coach for advice and made the difficult but correct decision. A little later, the football club secretary arrived with envelopes to pay the officials for their time – the match fee at level 5 is £95 so it is safe to assume these men do not do it for the cash.
-Brooks, like Swabey, has clear ambitions to progress. He is under no illusions that developing a thick skin and perfecting strategies to deal with disappointments is a big part of that. How does he feel watching football on TV when a referee gets vilified? “Erm … not great,” he admits. “I’ve been in that situation once where I have made an incorrect decision and it was a deciding goal that was just offside. Your heart sinks. You can’t stop thinking about it.
-“I do sometimes wish people understood the time and effort we put in. It is very easy to criticize a decision but we do everything to try to get these decisions right. In certain situations, you are going to be unpopular but, if you are uncomfortable with that, you are probably in the wrong job.”
-The former referees agree that the backup, education and tools that today’s referees have is a world away from what they experienced in their own days. Riley, as a young referee, went out and bought himself books on psychology and nutrition as there was no information on offer to him at all.
-Contrast this with Brooks, who has a coach at the end of the phone. They consult weekly, discuss how his games have gone, study footage of key decisions and work out how to improve. He also has the support of a sports psychologist, Liam Slack, for regular guidance and an exercise regime to help him handle the 11km he runs during a game.
-Brooks says psychology is vital in his development. “One of the things we have talked about is forgetting decisions and moving on,” he explains. “There may be a big decision to make in the first 30 seconds of the game. Once you have made that, you need to stay focused for the next 89 minutes and not be wondering whether that was correct or worrying about that decision. Liam has taught us some techniques for releasing that decision. Working with the sports psychologist is really important for mental toughness.”
-Jones believes the whole approach can only help. “I refereed in professional football but, looking back, I was an amateur,” he says. “I was going to work – I worked for British Telecom – and I might referee at Newcastle on a Wednesday evening and, 9am the next morning, I was in Leicester trying to speak to customers. I perhaps hadn’t slept. Training was ad hoc. We were amateurs in a professional environment compared to now.”
-When the subject of technology comes up, the three former refs are unanimous in their support of it. “We are all in favour of anything that makes the referee’s job better and makes them more effective on the field of play,” says Riley. Minimizing mistakes is the aim. After all, a bad decision can stick with you for a while. “The rest of your life,” notes Jones with a chuckle.",514
-"The vice-president of Google has warned that piles of digitized material – blogs, tweets, pictures, videos and official documents such as court rulings and emails – could be lost forever because the programs we need to view them will become defunct. Our first steps into the digital world could be lost to future historians, Vint Cerf told the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s annual meeting. He warned that we faced a “forgotten generation or even a forgotten century” because of what he called “bit rot”, where old computer files become useless junk.
-Cerf says we need to develop digital methods to preserve old software and hardware so that out-of-date files can be recovered even if they are really old. “When you think about the quantity of documentation from our daily lives that is captured in digital form, like our interactions by email, people’s tweets and all of the world wide web, it’s clear that we could lose an awful lot of our history,” he said. “We don’t want our digital lives to fade away. If we want to preserve them, we need to make sure that the digital objects we create today can still be viewed far into the future,” he added.
-What is ‘bit rot’ and is Vint Cerf right to be worried? Accessing digital content in the future could be less of a problem than Cerf thinks. His warning highlights an irony at the heart of modern technology, where music, photos, letters and other documents are digitized in order to ensure their long-term survival. But, while researchers are making progress in storing digital files for centuries, the programs and hardware needed to read the files are continually falling out of use.
-“We are throwing all of our data into what could become an information black hole without realizing it. We digitize things because we think we will preserve them. But what we don’t understand is that, unless we take other steps, those digital versions may not be any better, and may even be worse, than the artefacts that we digitized,” Cerf says. “If there are photos you really care about, print them out.”
-Ancient civilizations did not have these problems because histories written on clay tablets or sheets of papyrus needed only eyes to read them. To study today’s culture, future scholars would be faced with PDFs, Word documents and hundreds of other file types that can only be interpreted with special software and sometimes hardware, too.
-The problem is already here. In the 1980s, it was routine to save documents on floppy disks and buy computer games on cassettes. Even if the disks and cassettes are in good condition, the equipment needed to run them is now mostly found only in museums.
-Cerf warns that important political and historical documents will also be lost to bit rot. In 2005, American historian Doris Kearns Goodwin wrote Team of Rivals: the Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. She went to libraries around the US, found the physical letters of the people involved and reconstructed their conversations. “In today’s world, those letters would be emails and the chances of finding them will be incredibly small one hundred years from now,” said Cerf.
-He concedes that historians will take steps to preserve material considered important by today’s standards. But he argues that the significance of documents and correspondence is often not fully appreciated until hundreds of years later. Historians have learned how Archimedes, the greatest mathematician of antiquity, considered the concept of infinity and anticipated calculus in 3BC after his writings were found hidden under the words of a thirteenth-century prayer book. “We’ve been surprised by what we’ve learned about an earlier civilizations from objects that have been preserved only by chance,” he said.
-Researchers in Pittsburgh have made progress towards finding a solution to bit rot. Digital snapshots of computer hard drives are taken while they run different software programs. These can then be uploaded to a computer that copies the one the software ran on. The result is a computer that can read defunct files.
-Inventing new technology is only half the battle, though. It could be even more difficult to obtain the legal permissions to copy and store software before it dies. When IT companies go out of business, they may sell the rights to someone else, which makes it very difficult to get approval. “To do this properly, the rights of preservation might need to be incorporated into our thinking about things like copyright and patents and licensing. We’re talking about preserving them for hundreds to thousands of years,” said Cerf.",515
-"There are eyes on you, behind the bright lights and mirrored panels. Pick up a boot and a camera will make sure you don’t slip it into your bag. Enter a department store and you will be watched. But new technology is leading retailers to grow a different set of eyes – less focused on shoplifting and more interested in your age, sex, size, head, shoulders, knees and toes.
-A few months ago, IT firm Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) produced a report that claimed around 30% of retailers use facial recognition technology to track customers in-store. Facial recognition is a technology that can identify people by analysing and comparing facial features from a database, using devices such as Intel RealSense cameras, which are able to analyse everything from particular expressions to the clothing brands someone is wearing.
-Joe Jensen, of Intel’s Retail Solutions Division, says that the aim of bringing RealSense technology into shops is not to create databases of specific people’s lives but rather to build generalized models of people’s lifestyles and shopping habits. “It’s not so much that you need to know a particular customer. It’s that you need to know that this shopper has these characteristics and, in the past, that when those characteristics are present, this is what a person tends to do.”
-If you combine recognition technology with databases of previous customer patterns, you can start to predict a lot about what a person may or may not do in a shop. If, say, there’s a size-10 woman wearing a gold necklace walking quickly towards the sock aisle, you can use that data to predict she wants to, well, buy socks. That could allow a retailer to automatically put targeted ads on screens aimed specifically at that person. If she looks like the type of person who wants to buy socks, they will show her adverts for socks.
-If it sounds familiar, it’s because the online world has been using techniques like these for years.
-If you search for something on Amazon, you’ll be hounded by targeted banners for similar products on other sites. Express a vague interest in canoeing and you’ll get ads for canoes wherever you go. Yet bringing these systems into the physical world isn’t a simple case of copy and paste. It turns out that people do not react to cameras in the same way as they do to browser cookies.
-Hoxton Analytics, a London-based team of data scientists, has developed a technology that makes use of machine learning and artificial intelligence to categorize people based on the shoes they are wearing. By analysing the style and size of people’s footwear as they walk past the sensor, the system can identify a customer’s gender with between 75 and 80% accuracy.
-Owen McCormack, Hoxton Analytics CEO, says that the focus of the system came about in part as a reaction to facial recognition. “My idea was, why don’t we simply consider the clothes someone’s wearing to understand demographics?” he said. “If I just showed you a shot of someone’s body you could probably tell me what gender they are. However, it turns out pointing a camera at someone’s chest or hips feels just as creepy as facial recognition. The idea was – what about people’s shoes?”
-The word “creepy” comes up a lot during discussions of in-store tracking. For retailers and data scientists, the aim is to find a way of obtaining information without coming across as intrusive.
-For Hoxton Analytics and the retailers using the technology, the answer is to look downwards. This tactic of avoiding the face and staring at shoes says a lot about how we, as physical beings, react to being watched. It suggests there are boundaries that do not exist on the internet. Set sights on our torsos and we feel invaded. But is making calculated judgments about a person based on their footwear actually any less invasive?
-For McCormack, the argument hinges on the fact that personally identifiable information isn’t being collected. “Right now, shops are doing lots of incredibly invasive things but we just don’t know about it. The angle Hoxton Analytics is taking on that whole thing is, well, if you know someone’s a male or a female, then your advertising will be much more efficient. If you know that everyone in your shop right now is a male, you’ll be advertising PlayStations not hairdryers.”
-Keep it hidden and invisible monitoring lets shops optimize their output while keeping the customer unaware. Put adaptable monitors and targeted advertising into the mix, however, and it becomes harder to hide the fact that a machine is watching you. The argument from the retailers is that they do this to provide a personal shopping experience but it remains a grey area. It still feels creepy.
-From the perspective of retailers, it’s understandable that physical shops want some of the information online outlets collect. We allow this to happen online so why not offline? The thresholds of a shopping centre are different from those between websites and, when you can wander freely from one place to another without a pop-up asking you to accept cookies, the rules of consent change.
-Then again, for a generation growing up with online first, physical shop second, the modes of online play may not be quite so invasive. In the CSC report, a survey indicated that while 72% of respondents aged 55 and over said they were very uncomfortable with these types of technologies being used in physical shops, only 51% of 16-24 year olds said the same.
-Does this relative openness stem from a greater familiarity with digital technology or a blind belief in the goodwill of omnipresent organizations offering free services? Is the creepiness of a technology an unvarying, instinctive certainty or does it ebb and flow with degrees of social acceptance? Whatever the case, there are a growing number of eyes between the shelves and they care a lot about what you’re wearing.",516
-"JMW Turner, one of Britain’s greatest painters, will be on the new £20 note, after a national vote. It will be the first time an artist is on a British banknote. The governor of the Bank of England, Mark Carney, asked the public to say which deceased cultural person they wanted to see on the new banknote.
-Turner, who is famous for his paintings of the sea, won the vote. There was a list that included 590 painters, sculptors, fashion designers, photographers, film-makers and actors. Thirty thousand members of the public suggested the people on the list.
-The list included Alfred Hitchcock, Alexander McQueen, Derek Jarman, Laura Ashley, William Morris and Vanessa Bell.
-The final five – Barbara Hepworth, Charlie Chaplin, Josiah Wedgwood, William Hogarth and Turner – were chosen because of their importance to the visual arts and British society and because of their influence.
-They made the announcement about the new banknote at the Turner Contemporary gallery in Margate. Carney and the artist Tracey Emin, who grew up in the town, made the announcement together.
-Carney said that banknotes are not just practical – they “can be a piece of art in everyone’s pocket”.
-The note will show Turner’s 1799 self-portrait and also one of Turner’s most famous paintings, The Fighting Temeraire , a painting of a ship that had an important role in Nelson’s victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
-The note will also inlude a quote from the artist – “light is therefore colour” – and his signature. The signature is from his will, in which he left many of his paintings to Britain.
-Historical people first appeared on banknotes in 1970. Turner, and also Winston Churchill and Jane Austen, will appear on the new polymer notes – a plastic-type material. Churchill is on the £5 and Austen is on the £10 note. The new £20 note will appear by 2020.
-Turner was born in 1775 in London, the son of a barber, and he went to the Royal Academy Schools at the age of 14. In 1786, he went to Margate and there his love of painting and drawing the north-east Kent coast began. He returned to the Kent coast many times in his life and it was where he painted some of his most dramatic paintings. He said that, on the Kent coast, the skies were “the loveliest in all Europe”.
-Turner painted more than 550 oil paintings and 2,000 watercolours in his lifetime. A film about Turner was made in 2014, with Timothy Spall as the artist.
-Victoria Pomery, the director of Turner Contemporary, said: “The vote shows that Turner is Britain’s favourite artist.”",517
-"They call him the Robin Hood of the banks. He is a man who took out loans for almost half a million euros and never paid the money back. Enric Duran gave the money to projects that created and supported alternatives to capitalism.
-Duran has spent 14 months in hiding. He will not say he is sorry, even though he might go to prison for what he has done. “I’m proud of what I’ve done,” he said in an interview by Skype from a secret location.
-From 2006 to 2008, Duran took out 68 loans from 39 banks in Spain. He gave the money to social activists. They used the money to pay for speaking tours against capitalism and TV cameras for a media network. He said that these social activists didn’t have enough money but, at the same time, constant economic growth created money from nothing.
-The loans he took out dishonestly from banks were his way of showing that this situation was wrong, he said. He started slowly. He tried to take out bank loans using his real details. The banks said no.
-Then, he learnt how to get money from the banks. “I was learning all the time.” By the summer of 2007, he learnt how to make the system work – he took out loans under the name of a false television production company. This way, he got a lot of money. €492,000, to be exact.
-Duran was arrested in Spain in 2009. He spent two months in prison; then, they let him out on €50,000 bail. In February 2013, with the possibility of eight years in prison, he decided to run away.
-His actions in 2006 to 2008 made many people notice the anti-capitalist movement for the first time. This happened at a time when many Spanish people were looking for alternatives to a system that has caused problems in their lives.
-In today’s Spain, thousands of people support the anti-capitalist movement and groups such as the Indignados.
-Duran says he does not want to give back the money to the banks but he can offer them something. He learnt a lot in the years when he was taking loans out dishonestly, so he can show the banks how they can improve things for people in general and for bank workers.",518
-"The Chief Medical Officer for England compared the problem of antibiotic resistance to the risks of international terrorism. But, each year, the number of deaths around the world from bacterial resistance is far more than the number of deaths from terrorist attacks.
-The World Health Organization says that each year more than 150,000 people die from tuberculosis because of antibiotic resistance. This is now a war.
-A hundred years ago, life expectancy in the UK was about 47 years for a man and 50 years for a woman. Lots of young children died. About 30% of all deaths were in children under the age of five, mostly because of infectious disease.
-But a child born in Britain today has more than a 25% chance of reaching their 100th birthday. We can thank public health systems, vaccination and antibiotics for this.
-In intensive care, antibiotic resistant bacteria are most common. Here, powerful antibiotics are used very often. These drugs kill ordinary bacteria. But they cannot kill strong bacteria that have begun to learn how to survive antibiotic drugs.
-When I became a doctor in the 1990s, I learnt about Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is a bacteria that is resistant to methicillin and all other penicillins. There were just a few drugs that could kill it – for example, vancomycin and teicoplanin. But antibiotic resistant bacteria became more and more common.
-In our hospitals and our doctor’s surgeries we use antiobiotics too often.
-Also, we have put antibiotics into the food chain, when we grow food and when we put anti-bacterial drugs into food for farm animals.
-We thought that antibiotics were something we could use forever. We thought that companies would continue to make more and more antibiotics.
-But this is no longer true. We have found new, more resistant bacteria. The vancomycin that we used to treat MRSA infection no longer worked. We found Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (VRSA) in our hospitals. And other bacteria were becoming resistant too.
-Today, infections with organisms that are very resistant are common, but fewer and fewer new antibiotic drugs are made. It is more and more difficult to develop new drugs that can kill resistant bacteria. Antibiotics have become drugs that are expensive to develop, that are only used in short courses and that quickly stop working because of bacterial resistance.
-This war against bacteria is different from all other wars. There needs to be change in the way doctors give antibiotics and we need to use fewer antibiotics in farming. And we have to give companies good reasons why they should make new antibiotics, which will not make them lots of money.
-Today, antibiotic resistance has become a normal part of life. Less than a hundred years after the discovery of penicillin, we are beginning to lose the fight.",519
-"The world shares him and London claims him but Stratford-upon-Avon intends to spend 2016 celebrating William Shakespeare as their man: the bard of Avon, born in the Warwickshire market town in 1564, who died there 400 years ago.
-Stratford remained hugely important during Shakespeare’s life, says Paul Edmondson, the head of learning and research at the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. “People often see Shakespeare as someone who turned his back on Stratford and his family, went to London to earn his fortune and only came back to die,” he said. “But Stratford is where he bought land and property, where he kept his library, where he lived and read and thought. We are going to spend the year re-emphasizing the importance of Shakespeare, the man of Stratford.”
-The anniversary of the death of the man from Stratford, the most famous and the most performed playwright in the world, will be celebrated across Britain and the globe. Macbeth will open in Singapore, Romeo and Juliet in Brussels. Shakespeare’s Globe is completing the first world tour in the history of theatre. It has taken Hamlet to every country except North Korea. In London, they are also creating a 37-screen pop-up cinema, one screen to showcase each of Shakespeare’s plays.
-The National Theatre, the Royal Shakespeare Company and nearly every other theatre production company in the country will celebrate the anniversary. Interpretations of the plays will range from the highly traditional to the experimental. There will also be hundreds of lectures, recitals, international academic conferences, films, concerts, operas and major exhibitions.
-For a man famous in his own lifetime, there is little documentary evidence for Shakespeare’s life and times. The plays would probably not have survived if his friends and fellow actors had not gathered together every bit of every play they could find – drafts, prompt scripts, scribbled actors’ parts and 17 plays not known in any other version – into the precious First Folio published in 1623, seven years after Shakespeare’s death.
-The actor Mark Rylance has called it his favourite book in the world and most of the surviving First Folios will be on display – including those belonging to the British and Bodleian libraries, and a tattered copy recently discovered in France. Some of the most precious surviving documents will be collected together in an exhibition at Somerset House in London, including four of his six known signatures, which are all slightly different.
-The exhibition, By Me, William Shakespeare, will include his will, the court papers relating to the audacious move when Shakespeare and his fellow actors dismantled a theatre on the north side of the Thames and rebuilt it as the Globe on the South Bank, and accounts showing payments from the royal treasury for Boxing Day performances for James I and Queen Anne.
-The director of the Globe, Dominic Dromgoole, recently jokily claimed Shakespeare was a true Londoner. Stratford, however, will be insisting that the town made and educated Shakespeare. They are restoring his old school room. It will open as a permanent visitor attraction.
-Shakespeare bought the splendid New Place, the second best house in the town, where he died, according to literary legend, on St George’s Day,
-April, the same day as his birth. “You don’t buy a house like New Place and not live there,” Paul Edmondson said. “The general public and many academics have consistently underestimated the importance of Stratford to Shakespeare.”
-Edmondson believes that, after Shakespeare bought the house in 1597, all his thinking time was spent there and that the late plays, including The Tempest, were at least planned in his library and probably written there. The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust describes New Place as “the jewel in the crown of the 400th anniversary celebrations”.
-However, Shakespeare’s house was demolished 300 years ago and the house that replaced it was demolished in 1759 by a bad-tempered priest, Francis Gastrell, in an argument over taxes. He had already cut down Shakespeare’s mulberry tree, under which the writer is said to have sat and worked, because he was irritated by all the tourists peering into his garden.
-The gap where the house was has never been filled. But the news that Shakespeare’s kitchen had been found in the partly surviving cellars went round the world. The whole site is being displayed for the anniversary, with the foundations marked and the garden restored. “Without Stratford,” Edmondson said, “there would have been no Shakespeare.”",520
-"Coal is likely to rival oil as the world’s biggest source of energy in the next five years, with potentially disastrous consequences for the climate, according to the world’s leading authority on energy economics.
-One of the biggest factors behind the rise in coal use has been the massive increase in the use of shale gas in the US.
-New research from the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that coal consumption is increasing all over the world – even in countries and regions with carbon-cutting targets – except in the US, where shale gas has displaced coal. The decline of coal consumption in the US has helped to cut prices for coal globally. This has made it more attractive, even in Europe where coal use was supposed to be discouraged by the Emissions Trading Scheme.
-Maria van der Hoeven, Executive Director of the IEA, said: “Coal’s share of the global energy mix continues to grow each year and, if no changes are made to current policies, coal will catch oil within a decade.”
-Coal is abundant and found in most regions of the world, unlike conventional oil and gas, and can be cheaply extracted. As a result, coal was used to meet nearly half of the rise in demand for energy globally in the past decade. According to the IEA, demand from China and India will drive world coal use in the coming five years, with India likely to overtake the US as the world’s second biggest consumer. China is the biggest coal importer, and Indonesia the biggest exporter, having temporarily overtaken Australia.
-According to the IEA’s Medium-Term Coal Market Report the world will burn 1.2bn more tonnes of coal per year by 2017 compared with today – the equivalent of the current coal consumption of Russia and the US combined. Global coal consumption is forecast to reach 4.3bn tonnes of oil equivalent by 2017, while oil consumption is forecast to reach 4.4bn tonnes by the same date.
-With the highest carbon emissions of any major fossil fuel, coal is a huge contributor to climate change, particularly when burned in old-fashioned, inefficient power stations. When these are not equipped with special “scrubbing” equipment to remove chemicals, coal can also produce sulphur emissions – the leading cause of acid rain – and other pollutants such as mercury and soot particles.
-Van der Hoeven said that, without a high carbon price to discourage the growth in coal use and encourage cleaner technologies such as renewable power generation, only competition from lower-priced gas could realistically cut demand for coal. This has happened in the US, owing to the extraordinary increase in the production of shale gas in that market in the past five years.
-She said: “The US experience suggests that a more efficient gas market, marked by flexible pricing and fuelled by indigenous unconventional resources that are produced sustainably, can reduce coal use, carbon dioxide emissions and consumers’ electricity bills. Europe, China and other regions should take note.”
-That would mean producing much more shale gas, as conventional gas resources are running down in their easily accessible locations.
-In Europe, the Emissions Trading Scheme was supposed to discourage high-carbon power generation by imposing a price on carbon dioxide emissions. This was done through issuing generators and energy-intensive companies with a set quota of emissions permits, requiring them to buy extra permits if they needed to emit more than their allowance. But an over-allocation, coupled with the effects of the financial crisis and recession, has led to a large surplus of permits on the market, which has in turn led to a plunge in permit prices. At current levels – a few euros per tonne of carbon – there is little incentive to seek out lower carbon fuels, and coal is enjoying a renaissance in Europe.
-That means one of the world’s only regulatory market mechanisms aimed at cutting greenhouse gas emissions is failing in its key goals. The world faces the likelihood of an increased risk of climate change as a result of this runaway consumption of the highest carbon fossil fuel.",521
-"You’ve spent eight hours in the office. The most important work of the day is done; whatever is left can wait until the morning. This is the point many workers would think about heading for the door.
-But, for millions of Japanese employees, the thought of leaving their desks and being at home in time for dinner is enough to make people accuse them of disloyalty.
-For decades, the government has allowed companies to make sure their workforce is as productive as possible. But, now, it is challenging Japan’s culture of overwork. The government is considering making it a legal requirement for workers to take at least five days’ paid holiday a year.
-Japanese employees are currently entitled to an average 18.5 days’ paid holiday a year – only two fewer than the global average – with a minimum of ten days, as well as 15 one-day national holidays. In reality, very few employees take these days. Most use only nine of their 18.5-day average entitlement, according to the labour ministry. While many British workers see a two-week summer holiday as their right, workers in Japan think that a four-night vacation in Hawaii is complete self-indulgence.
-By the end of the decade, the government hopes that the law will push Japanese employees towards following the example set by British workers, who use an average of 20 days’ paid annual leave, and those in France, who take an average of 25.
-Japan’s tough work culture helped turn it into an economic superpower, its employees respected and admired in the rest of the world for their commitment to the company, but they have little time to do anything except work.
-Japan’s low birth rate and population decline are partly blamed on the lack of time couples have to start families. More employees are falling ill from stress, or worse, succumbing to karoshi, death through overwork.
-Japanese people continue to work hard, despite studies that suggest that longer hours in the office or workshop or on the factory floor do not necessarily make people more productive.
-About 22% of Japanese people work more than 49 hours a week, compared with 16% of US workers and 11% in France and Germany, according to data from the Japanese government. At 35%, South Korea’s workaholics work even more.
-Erika Sekiguchi spends 14 hours a day at work and gives up many of her paid holidays. But she is not even an extreme example. The 36-year-old trading company employee used eight of her 20 days of paid vacation in 2014, six of which were sick leave. “Nobody else uses their vacation days,” Sekiguchi said.
-Yuu Wakebe, a health ministry official overseeing policy on working hours, admits that he does 100 hours of overtime a month. He blames the pressure to match the number of hours your colleagues work. “It is a worker’s right to take paid vacations,” Wakebe said. “But working in Japan involves quite a lot of volunteer spirit.”
-That fear of being ostracized at work is the reason for a rise in stress-related illness, premature death and suicide. According to official data, about 200 people die every year from heart attacks, strokes and other karoshi events because of tough work schedules.
-The prime minister, Shinzo Abe, is not known for taking long vacations. But even he has said that companies ask too much of their employees and that working hours in Japan are too long.",522
-"Nobody knows which came first: the economic crisis in Greece or shisha, the drug now known as the “cocaine of the poor”. But what everyone knows is that shisha is a killer. And it costs only €2 or less a hit.
-“It is the worst kind of drug. It burns your insides, it makes you aggressive and makes you go totally mad,” said Maria, a former heroin addict. “But it is cheap and it is easy to get, and it is what everyone is taking.”
-This drug crisis has put Athens’s health authorities, already having to deal with large financial cuts, under further strain.
-The drug of preference for thousands of homeless Greeks forced on to the streets by poverty and despair, shisha is described by both addicts and officials as a drug that is related to crystal meth. The synthetic drug is frequently mixed with battery acid, engine oil and even shampoo. It has the potential to send users into a state of mindless violence. And, even worse, it is not only easily available, but also easy to make.
-“It is a killer, but it also makes you want to kill,” Konstantinos, a drug addict said. “You can kill without understanding that you have done it. And it is spreading faster than death. A lot of users have died.”
-For Charalampos Poulopoulos, the head of Kethea, Greece’s anti-drug centre, shisha symbolizes the crisis that has led to record levels of destitution and unemployment. It is, he said, an “austerity drug” – it is the response of dealers who have become more and more clever at producing synthetic drugs designed for those who can no longer afford more expensive highs from such drugs as heroin and cocaine.
-“The crisis has given dealers the possibility to promote a new, cheap drug, a cocaine for the poor,” said Poulopoulos at a centre for addicts in Exarcheia, in Athens. “Shisha can be sniffed or injected and it can be made in home laboratories – you don’t need any specialized knowledge. It is extremely dangerous.”
-Across Greece, six years of recession have been brutal and cruel. Depression, together with drug and alcohol abuse, has risen dramatically. Crime has soared as a result of austerity measures that have cut the income of ordinary Greeks by 40%. Prostitution – the easiest way of paying for drugs – has similarly skyrocketed.
-“Many women agree to have unprotected sex because that way they’ll make more money,” said Eleni Marini, a psychologist with Kethea. “Shisha has been linked to a very intense sexual drive but it attacks your ability to think clearly and we’re seeing a lot more pregnancies among drug addicts who engage in prostitution.” In 2012, two sex workers gave birth on the streets of Athens.
-As the number of suicides has also increased and HIV infections are spreading, drug addicts (a population believed to be around 25,000) have become increasingly self-destructive. And, experts say, young Greeks marginalized by record rates of unemployment – at 64% Greece has the highest youth unemployment in the EU – are leading the way.
-“The crisis has created a widespread sense of pessimism,” said Poulopoulos. “For those who might have stopped taking drugs, there is now no incentive. Instead, there’s an atmosphere of misery, where people who know they won’t find work are becoming a lot more self-destructive. In Athens, where the economic crisis has hit hardest, shisha is part of that.”
-Just when the need for help has never been greater, state-funded organizations such as Kethea have had their money cut by a third at the request of the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund. These organizations are trying to stop the Greek economy from sinking.
-Since the financial crisis began in 2009, Kethea has lost 70 of its 500 staff. The cuts come despite studies that show that, for every euro they spend on anti-drug programmes such as Kethea, the Greek state saves about €6 in costs to the criminal justice and healthcare systems. “The cuts we have witnessed are a false economy, a huge mistake,” said Poulopoulos.
-On the streets of Athens, where shisha is growing in popularity, there is a fear that austerity not only doesn’t work – it kills.",523
-"The brand and logo of Apple are the most valuable in the world. They are worth nearly $119bn, or more than the gross domestic product of Morocco, Ecuador or Oman.
-The brand value of the Silicon Valley firm, already the world’s biggest company, has increased by 21% in 12 months, according to the Interbrand Best Global Brands annual report.
-Apple, which is recognized all over the world by its simple “Apple with a bite missing” logo, led an increase of technology companies in the 2014 report, which has pushed more traditionally valuable brands – such as Coca-Cola, McDonald’s and Gillette – down the table.
-Google’s brand value rose by 15% to $107bn to take second place, followed by Coca-Cola, up 3% to $81.5bn, IBM ($72.2bn) and Microsoft ($45.5bn).
-Facebook is the biggest riser in the chart, increasing its brand value by 86% to $14.3bn and taking 29th place in the table, ahead of longstanding global corporate names such as Volkswagen, Kellogg’s and Ford.
-Jez Frampton, chief executive of Interbrand, said: “Benefitting immensely from the rise of digital and mobile technology, savvy brands like Apple grew stronger.”
-Apple, which former Chief Executive Steve Jobs founded in his Los Altos garage in 1976, only appeared in the top ten of the Interbrand annual study in 2011.
-Its logo, created by advertising executive Rob Janoff in 1977, was designed with a bite taken out of it to avoid confusion with a cherry. “Our logo is a symbol of lust and knowledge. It is an apple, bitten into, all crossed with the colours of the rainbow in the wrong order. You couldn’t dream of a more appropriate logo,” Janoff said.
-Graham Hayles, Interbrand’s chief marketing officer, said it was “not out of kilter” that Apple’s brand could account for a fifth of the company’s entire market value. “Apple makes a lot of money because it has a very strong brand,” he said. “There is a very strong connection between branding and profitability.”
-Many technology companies rose up the chart but some fell, too. Finnish mobile-phone company Nokia dropped 41 places to 98th at $4.1bn, just ahead of Nintendo in 100th place (down 33). “They’re both only just in the chart now,” Hayles said. “It shows the importance of getting innovation right.”
-A Chinese company has got into the top 100 for the first time, with mobile-phone and broadband firm Huawei entering the table in 94th place with a brand value of $4.3bn. Huawei has been partly banned by the US and Australian governments due to fears that its equipment could be used by the Chinese for cyber-espionage.
-Most of the brands in the top 100 are US-owned. The highest-placed non-US brands are South Korea’s Samsung (6th), Japan’s Toyota (8th) and Germany’s Mercedes-Benz (10th). The highest-placed British brands are HSBC (33rd), Shell (65th) and Burberry (73rd).
-Other fashion brands in the top 100 include Boss, Prada and Ralph Lauren. Designer label Louis Vuitton is the top fashion name, in 19th position, with a value of $23bn, just ahead of high-street clothing chain H&M, with a brand value of $21bn and ranked 21.
-Sports brand Nike is at place 22 with a brand value of nearly $20bn, ahead of its rival Adidas at place 59 with a value of $7bn.
-Frampton said consumers’ ability to interact with and criticize brands on Twitter and other social media means companies must react faster to keep and improve their brands’ reputations.
-“The customer, through the use of social media, now has more control than ever,” he said.
-“Customers expect interaction, responsiveness, 24/7 accessibility, customization options and high levels of personalization,” he said.",524
-"Cities don’t often decide to pack their bags, get up and move down the road. But that’s exactly what Kiruna, an Arctic town in northern Sweden, is having to do – to avoid being swallowed up into the earth.
-“It’s a dystopian choice,” says Krister Lindstedt of White, the Stockholm-based architects firm charged with the biblical task of moving this city of 23,000 people away from a gigantic iron-ore mine that is fast gobbling up the ground beneath its streets. “Either the mine must stop digging, creating mass unemployment, or the city has to move – or else face certain destruction. It’s an existential predicament.”
-Founded in 1900 by the state-owned Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara mining company (LK), Kiruna has grown rich off the vast seam of iron ore below the town, but it’s now facing destruction by the very phenomenon that created its wealth. “We are symbiotic: the town is here because of the mine,” says Deputy Mayor Niklas Siren. “Otherwise, no devil would have built a city here.”
-Located 145km inside the Arctic Circle, Kiruna is subject to a brutal climate, enduring winters with no sunlight and average temperatures below -15C. But the deep deposit of magnetite has proved a strong enough magnet to keep people here. Driven by the insatiable global appetite for construction, the mine has become the world’s largest underground iron-ore extraction site, producing 90% of all the iron in Europe, enough to build more than six Eiffel Towers a day. And demand continues to grow.
-In 2004, the mining company broke it to the town that its days were numbered: digging its shafts towards the city at an angle of 60 degrees, subsidence would soon lead to the widespread cracking and collapse of the town’s buildings. A decade on, fissures are starting to appear in the ground, creeping ever closer to the town.
-“The people of Kiruna have been living in limbo for ten years,” says Viktoria Walldin, a social anthropologist who works with the architects. “They have put their lives on hold, unable to make major decisions like buying a house, redecorating, having a child or opening a business.”
-After years of dithering, the city has finally unveiled a master plan for how it will proceed. “Imagine it like a walking millipede of a city,” says Lindstedt, unrolling a plan that shows the town’s streets and squares beginning to crawl eastwards along a new high street, until the whole place has moved safely out of the way of the mine by 2033.
-A new town square is already under way, 3km to the east, with a circular town hall planned by Danish architect Henning Larsen, while 20 key buildings have been identified to be dismantled and resurrected piece by piece in their new home – like an Ikea flatpack on a grand scale. Kiruna’s rust-red wooden church, built in 1912 in a form that recalls the indigenous Sami teepees, and once voted Sweden’s most beautiful building, will take pride of place in a new park, while the cast- iron bell tower will stand once again above the town hall. But not everything will be saved.
-“I spoke to an old lady who walks past the bench every day where she had her first kiss,” says Walldin. “It’s things like that – the hospital where your first child was born, for example – that are important to people’s sense of identity and all that’s going to disappear.”
-Billed as “the most democratic move in history ”, the project has been allocated the equivalent of £320m by the mining company for building new facilities, including a high school, fire station, community centre, library and swimming hall. But top of most people’s concerns is where they will actually live and what process will determine the housing allocation.
-“These details have yet to be determined,” admits Lindstedt. “People are used to very low rents and very high incomes but, in future, this will have to change.” LK has agreed to compensate residents to the value of their homes plus 25% but many locals say this is not enough to afford a new-build house at market rates.
-To aid the valuation process, the architects have monitored the housing lettings in nearby cities over a period of years, and “tagged” the homes in Kiruna with the assets they possess, from internal space and gardens to proximity to bus stops and the city centre. They have also proposed a “Kiruna Portal ”, a kind of mass salvage yard, where materials from the doomed homes can be brought and hopefully recycled in the construction of the new buildings – although, given that Sweden has no tradition of self-build, it’s hard to see this taking off.
-A closer look at the plan shows the new town bears little relation to the original Kiruna at all. The current town is a sprawling suburban network of winding streets, home to detached houses with gardens. White’s plan incorporates a much higher-density arrangement of multi-storey apartment blocks around shared courtyards, lining straight boulevards, down which the icy winds will surge.
-It is an opportunity, say the architects, for Kiruna to “reinvent itself” into a model of sustainable development, attracting young people who wouldn’t have stayed in the town before, with new cultural facilities and “visionary” things such as a cable car bobbing above the high street. But it is a vision that many of the existing residents seem unlikely to be able to afford.",525
-"Facebook has lost millions of users per month in its biggest markets. In the last six months, Facebook has lost nearly 9m monthly visitors in the US and 2m in the UK.
-Studies suggest that its expansion in the US, UK and other major European countries has peaked. In the last month, the world’s largest social network has lost 6m US visitors, a 4% fall, according to analysis firm Socialbakers. In the UK, 1.4m fewer users visited in March, a fall of 4.5%.
-Users are also turning off in Canada, Spain, France, Germany and Japan, where Facebook is extremely popular.
-“The problem is that, in the US and UK, most people who want to sign up for Facebook have already done it,” said new media specialist Ian Maude at Enders Analysis. People get bored, he says, and they “like to try something new”.
-Alternative social networks have seen surges in popularity with younger people. Instagram, the photo-sharing site, got 30m new users in the 18 months before Facebook bought the business.
-Path, the mobile phone-based social network founded by former Facebook employee Dave Morin, which only allows its users to have 150 friends, is gaining 1m users a week. It has recently topped 9m users, with 500,000 Venezuelans downloading the app in a single weekend.
-Facebook is still growing fast in South America. Monthly visitors in Brazil were up 6% in the last month to 70m, according to Socialbakers, whose information is used by Facebook advertisers. India has seen a 4% rise to 64m – still only a fraction of the country’s population, so there is room for more growth.
-But in developed markets, other people watching Facebook are reporting declines.
-Analysts at Jefferies bank saw global numbers of visitors to Facebook peak at 1.05bn a month in January, before falling by 20m in February. Numbers rose again in April. The network has now lost nearly 2m visitors in the UK since December, according to research firm Nielsen, with its 27m total the same as a year ago.
-The number of minutes Americans spend on Facebook appears to be falling, too. The total was 121 billion minutes in December 2012, but that fell to 115 billion minutes in February, according to comScore.
-As Facebook itself has warned, the time spent on its pages from those sitting in front of personal computers is decreasing fast because people now prefer to use their smartphones and tablets.
-Although smartphone minutes have doubled in a year, to 69 a month, that growth may not compensate for dwindling desktop usage.
-Facebook will tell investors about its performance for the quarter. Wall Street expects revenues of about $1.44bn, an increase from $1.06bn a year ago.
-Shareholders will want to know how fast the number of mobile Facebook users is growing, and whether advertising revenues are increasing at the same rate.
-Mobile usage represented nearly a quarter of Facebook’s advertising income at the end of 2012, and the network had 680m mobile users a month in December.
-The company said that it might be losing “younger users” to “other products and services similar to, or as a substitute for, Facebook”. 17 Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg has created a series of new initiatives designed to appeal to smartphone users. One initiative, Facebook Home, is software that can be downloaded onto Android phones to feed news and photos from friends – and advertising – directly to the owner’s locked home screen.",526
-"It is difficult to know exactly where the noise is coming from, but you can hear it everywhere in Damascus. All day and all night you can hear the sound of guns, rockets or planes attacking rebels – the sound of war is getting closer to Syria’s capital. The Syrian war began two years ago and now the people of Damascus try not to listen to the sound of explosions just a few miles away.
-“Actually you get used to it after a while,” said George, who lives in the city. “But you never know exactly what they are hitting.” That usually becomes clear later from videos that the opposition puts on YouTube.
-The constant noise of bombs is more worrying because the government tries so hard to pretend that life is normal. “As you can see, everything here is fine but we have to hit the terrorists, these extremists,” an army officer said. One government official said: “If I was afraid, I would just shut my door and stay inside. I have to work and I am not afraid. If I don’t defend my country, who will?”
-In private conversation, ordinary people say something different. In the centre of town, a shopkeeper complained sadly that his baby daughter cries at the sound of explosions. Zeina, a student, worries that she has learnt to live with suffering and danger. “In the beginning, when there started to be explosions, I used to have nightmares,” she said. “Now I can sleep through anything.”
-And, the dangers are increasing even closer to home. Sabaa Bahrat Square was the safest part of Damascus, but recently a car bomb exploded there and damaged the Syrian Central Bank. The square is often used for pro-government rallies, with people shouting slogans under enormous pictures of President Bashar al-Assad.
-That bombing was not the worst one in Damascus in recent months. In February, reports say that 80 people, including schoolchildren, died near the ruling Ba’ath Party headquarters in Mazraa. You can still see the crater. “I live nearby but luckily I wasn’t there,” says Munir, a university lecturer.
-Rebels, who are now very close to the city, have recently started to fire mortar bombs. The bombs killed 15 students in a university cafeteria on 28 March. They probably wanted to hit a government building.
-In July 2012, a bomb killed four of Assad’s senior aides. After that, security increased. Concrete barriers – often painted in the Syrian flag’s black, red and white – now protect official buildings, not just the military or defence installations that are obvious targets.
-Moving around the city has become difficult and takes a lot of time – another part of life today in a nervous city. Checkpoints on main roads stop traffic for ID checks and bags are searched for explosives. Only drivers with official permission can use special fast lanes to avoid the wait.
-There is one question on everyone’s mind: will there be a battle for Damascus – one of the world’s oldest cities – like the one that has badly damaged Aleppo? One view is that there will be a battle for Syria’s capital, but not yet – in the summer perhaps. Others argue that there will probably not be a complete victory for either side and hope for a political solution that comes from abroad. But most people here do not expect things to get better.",527
-"If the amount of food wasted around the world were reduced by just 25%, there would be enough food to feed all the people who are malnourished, according to the UN. Each year, 1.3bn tonnes of food, about a third of all that is produced, is wasted. This includes about 45% of all fruit and vegetables, 35% of fish and seafood, 30% of cereals, 20% of dairy products and 20% of meat. Meanwhile, 795 million people suffer from severe hunger and malnutrition.
-The UN identifies the problem of food waste as one of the great challenges to achieving food security. By 2050, food production will have to increase by 60%, compared to 2005 levels, to feed a growing global population. Reducing food waste would help to meet future demand.
-The problem is global but appears in very different ways. In developing countries, there is a lot of “food loss”, which is unintentional waste, often due to poor equipment, transportation and infrastructure. In wealthy countries, there are low levels of “food loss” but high levels of “food waste”, which means food is thrown away by consumers because they have purchased too much or by retailers who reject food because of strict standards of appearance.
-In developed countries, consumers and retailers throw away between 30% and 40% of all food purchased, whereas, in poorer countries, only 5% to 16% of food is thrown away.
-“In the developing world, food waste is almost non-existent,” says Robert van Otterdijk, coordinator of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s Save Food programme. “Food waste is happening in countries where people can afford to throw away food. But, on the other hand, there are a lot of food losses in developing countries because of the underdeveloped conditions they have.”
-The environmental impact of food loss and waste is high. The carbon footprint of food produced and not eaten is estimated at 3.3 gigatonnes of CO2 – this means that, if food waste were a country, it would be the third highest emitter of greenhouse gases after the US and China. About 30% of available agricultural land is used to grow or farm food that is subsequently wasted. And more surface and groundwater is used to produce wasted food around the globe than is used for agriculture by any single country, including India and China.
-“Climate change is caused by our economy of production and consumption because it is out of balance with what the Earth can provide,” says van Otterdijk. “Production of food is one of the biggest production sectors in the world and, if one-third of all this is wasted, you can imagine what a huge effect this has on the natural resources – on land, water, energy and greenhouse gas emissions.”
-The places that waste the most food are the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, where consumers waste 39% of all food purchased. Next is Europe, where about 31% of all food purchased by consumers is thrown away. In the UK, 15m tonnes of food is lost or wasted each year. British consumers throw away 4.2m tonnes of edible food each year. This means that 11.7% of all food purchased is wasted, which costs each family £700 a year.
-The foods most commonly found in British bins are bread, vegetables, fruit and milk. The most wasted food in the UK by weight is bread, with consumers throwing away 414,000 tonnes (22.4%) of all bread purchased. By percentage, the most wasted food is lettuce and leafy salads, of which consumers throw away 38% (64,000 tonnes) of all they buy.
-The UK has made progress in the past ten years after a campaign to reduce waste. Van Otterdijk says the UK has been very successful in combating food waste. Between 2007 and 2012, the amount of food waste produced by UK households decreased by 21%, from 5.3m tonnes to 4.2m tonnes, largely due to greater awareness.
-Van Otterdijk says there has been a “very encouraging, unexpected, continuing interest” in food waste and this enables campaigns around the world to gain momentum. “We have to do much more and it needs the participation of public and private sectors,” he says. “But, if it continues like this, maybe, after ten years, we’ll have globally significant results.”",528
-"The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has appealed to Washington to sort out its finances after the US pulled back from the brink of a debt default and hundreds of thousands of federal employees returned to work after a 16-day government shutdown.
-As the US President, Barack Obama, warned “We’ve got to get out of the habit of governing by crisis,” the IMF’s managing director, Christine Lagarde, appealed for more stability.
-“It will be essential to reduce uncertainty surrounding the conduct of fiscal policy by raising the debt limit in a more durable manner,” she said.
-“We also continue to encourage the US to approve a budget for 2014 and replace the sequester with gradually phased-in measures that would not harm the recovery, and to adopt a balanced and comprehensive medium-term fiscal plan.”
-A Senate-drafted peace deal that contained almost no concessions to the conservatives who had driven the country to the precipice of a new financial crisis was passed by the Republican-dominated House of Representatives just hours before a deadline to extend the US debt limit was to pass.
-The World Bank, too, expressed its relief that the global economy had “dodged a potential catastrophe ”, with its president, Jim Yong Kim, urging policymakers in all countries to “continue to focus on crafting and implementing policies that promote economic growth and boost jobs and opportunity for all ”.
-Stock markets in Japan, China, Hong Kong and South Korea initially reflected relief after the Republicans finally capitulated in their failed attempt to undermine Obama’s healthcare reforms. But, in Asia and Europe, stock markets overall displayed a muted reaction, with traders apparently expecting another battle in Washington early in 2014.
-The shutdown is estimated to have cost the US $24bn, according to the ratings agency Standard & Poor’s. China’s official Xinhua News Agency had accused Washington of jeopardizing other countries’ dollar assets. China is the US government’s largest creditor.
-Obama signed the necessary legislation to fend off a default shortly after midnight on Thursday after a Republican split in the House of Representatives. The bill had passed easily with broad bipartisan support in the Senate, where Democratic and Republican leaders forged the agreement. It offers a temporary fix, funding the government until 15 January and raising the debt ceiling until 7 February.
-But the president made clear he did not expect another bitter budget fight and shutdown in 2014.
-In brief remarks at the White House shortly before the House vote, Obama said he hoped the deal would “lift the cloud of uncertainty” that had hung over the country in recent weeks.
-“Once this agreement arrives on my desk, I will sign it immediately,” he said, in a statement delivered at the White House. “Hopefully, next time it won’t be in the eleventh hour. We’ve got to get out of the habit of governing by crisis.”
-As he left the lectern after his Wednesday night press briefing, the president was asked by a journalist whether the crisis would happen all over again in a few months. Speaking over his shoulder, Obama replied, “No.”
-Earlier, the Republican senator Mike Lee had struck a defiant tone, perhaps indicating more trouble ahead: “The media keeps asking: 'Was it worth it?' My answer is, it is always worth it to do the right thing.” He added: “This is not over.”
-However, the political deal was one of the worst of all possible outcomes for Republicans. None of their stated goals was achieved and polls showed that voters overwhelmingly blamed them for the crisis.",529
-"On the market square in Rjukan stands a statue of the person who created the town, a Norwegian engineer and businessman called Sam Eyde. The great man looks north across the square at the side of a mountain in front of him.
-Behind him, to the south, is the 1,800-metre mountain known as Gaustatoppen. Between the mountains, along the narrow Vestfjord valley, is the small town that Eyde built at the beginning of the last century for his factory workers.
-Eyde used the power of the 100-metre Rjukanfossen waterfall to make hydroelectricity in what was, at that time, the world’s biggest power plant.
-But one thing he couldn’t do was change the sun. Deep in its east –west valley, with high mountains all around, Rjukan and the 3,400 people who live there are in shadow for half the year. In the daytime, from late September to mid-March, the town, three hours north-west of Oslo, is not completely dark, but it’s certainly not bright.
-Now, high on the mountain opposite Eyde’s statue, 450 metres above the town, three large, solar-powered, computer-controlled mirrors follow the movement of the sun across the sky. They reflect the sunshine down on to the square and fill it in bright sunlight.
-“It’s the sun!” says Ingrid Sparbo – she lifts her face to the light and closes her eyes. Sparbo has lived all her life in Rjukan and says, “This is so warming. Not just physically, but mentally. It’s mentally warming.”
-Two young mothers bring their children into the square and stand in the sun. On a freezing day, an elderly couple sit on one of the new benches and they smile at the warmth on their faces. Children smile. Lots of people take photographs. A shop assistant, Silje Johansen, says it’s “awesome. Just awesome.”
-Electrical engineer Eivind Toreid says “It’s a funny thing. Not real sunlight, but very similar. Like a spotlight.”
-Heidi Fieldheim says she heard all about it on the radio. “This will bring much happiness,” she says.
-Across the road, in the Nye Tider café, sits the man who created this happiness. Martin Andersen is a 40-year-old artist who moved to Rjukan in the summer of 2001.
-Andersen had the idea for an artwork he calls the Solspeil, or Sun mirror , at the end of September one year: “Every day, we took our young child for a walk,” he says, “and, every day, I realized we had to go a little further down the valley to find the sun.” By 28 September, the sun completely disappears from Rjukan’s market square. It doesn’t reappear until 12 March.
-In the months between September and March, Andersen says: “We would look up and see blue sky above, and the sun high on the mountain, but the only way we could get to it was to go out of town.”
-Twelve years after he first dreamed of his Solspeil, a German company that specializes in CSP – concentrated solar power – brought in, by helicopter, the three 17-square-metre glass mirrors that are now high above the market square in Rjukan.
-And it really works. Some people were against the mirrors at first, but now even they agree that it works.
-“I was strongly against it,” says Nils Eggerud. Like many others, he felt they needed the money for other things – for extra carers to look after Rjukan’s old people, perhaps, or better schools, cycle paths and roads.
-“And I still don’t know about the maintenance costs,” he says. “What will they be, who will pay them? But ... well, it feels nice, standing here. And, really, you just have to look at the people’s faces.”
-In his office with a view of the square, Rjukan’s young mayor, Steinar Bergsland, is less interested in the cost and more interested in the benefits the mirrors might bring to the town. Already, Bergsland says, there are more visitors than usual and Rjukan’s shopkeepers are making more money than usual.
-The town had to pay just 1 million krone – £100,000 – of the mirror’s total 5-million krone cost. The rest came from the government and a local business. “And”, says Bergsland, “just look out of the window. Look at those happy faces. Now it’s here, people love it.”",530
-"Joseph Roche is on the shortlist of astronauts for Mars One, a private mission that plans to send humans to live on Mars from 2025. He is on the shortlist but he is sceptical about Mars One.
-The selection process, Roche says, did not “reach the standard of more traditional astronaut selection processes”. He also says the Dutch
-Mars One team are naive because they believe they can succeed alone in the $6 billion mission. He says they should now accept it will probably not happen.
-The group plans to send a lander and satellite to Mars in 2018, followed by a rover in 2020 and cargo missions starting in 2022. Humans will start arriving in 2025 and they will send more crews of four people every two years. The astronauts will not return to Earth.
-Gerard ’t Hooft is a Dutch Nobel laureate in physics. He is a supporter of the project but he says he does not believe the Mars One plans are realistic. He said: “It will take longer and be more expensive. When they asked me to be involved, I told them: ‘You have to put a zero after everything’.”
-Roche also said that there were not 200,000 people who applied to be astronauts, as Mars One said; there were only 2,761.
-He talked about the selection process in more detail: “I have not met anyone from Mars One. At first, they said there would be regional interviews; we would travel there, and they would interview and test us over several days. To me, that sounded like a proper astronaut selection process.
-“But it changed from a proper regional interview over several days to a ten-minute Skype call.”
-Roche says he does not want to give more interviews because he doesn’t want to sound negative about space travel.
-He said that being involved in the public debate about future missions is one of the most interesting and enjoyable things about his connection with Mars One. He then said that, “If a one-way mission to Mars ever became possible, I would always volunteer. For an astrophysicist, that is not a difficult decision to make.” But he does not think there will be a one-way mission in his lifetime.",531
-"When we talk about climate change, we usually just talk about the problem. We usually forget the many solutions. These solutions make recycling faster, reduce emissions and create alternatives to plastic, air conditioning, smartphones and fast fashion that are better for the environment.
-The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change met in Copenhagen to present its latest report. There is now climate change on all continents. We must increase our efforts to reduce emissions to make sure that climate change does not get out of control. Copenhagen looked at the risks and challenges but it also looked at the solutions.
-The Sustainia Award looked at ten best solutions to climate change. The solutions are used in 84 countries. From the areas of food, fashion, energy, transport, education and health, the awards showed that the future may not be so bad.
-From California, we saw how we can now produce plastics from greenhouse gases. These plastics are good quality and not too expensive. From Switzerland, we learned a better way to recycle and reuse old clothes and shoes. And from Canada, we learned how smartphones can make bike-sharing easier.
-The ten projects each offered unique solutions to the problem of climate change. The Nigerian project, Wecyclers, won the Sustainia Award 2014.
-Wecyclers makes it possible for poor communities to make money from the waste from their streets. Families in Lagos collect the rubbish on the streets. Then, bicycles come and collect the waste. Families get points for the garbage they collect. They can use these points to get things they need.
-Recycling companies buy Wecyclers’ waste. They make the waste into products such as mattresses, pillows and trash bags. Wecyclers helps to solve local waste problems in Lagos, where only 40% of the city’s rubbish is collected.
-Only 46% of town and city waste in Africa is collected. More than 5,000 families are involved in the Wecyclers scheme and there are plans to start the project in other cities in Nigeria.
-Solutions to climate change are often hi-tech. But, to solve all the different problems, we need different solutions. We can’t just reduce emissions – we must also use our natural resources more intelligently and create healthier lives for ourselves.",532
-"In Iceland, you can be called Aagot, Arney or Ásfríður; Baldey, Bebba or Brá. Dögg, Dimmblá, Etna and Eybjört are fine and so are Frigg, Glódís, Hörn and Ingunn. Jórlaug is OK and so are Obba, Sigurfljóð, Úranía and Vagna. But, if you are a girl in Iceland, you cannot be called Harriet.
-“The situation is silly,” said Tristan Cardew, a British cook who moved to Iceland in 2000. With his Icelandic wife, Kristin, Cardew is appealing against a decision by the National Registry in the capital Reykjavik – the registry decided not to renew the Cardew’s ten-year-old daughter Harriet’s passport because it does not recognize her first name.
-The registry does not recognize the name of Harriet’s 12-year-old brother Duncan either, so, until now, the two children have travelled on passports with the names Stúlka and Drengur Cardew, which mean Girl and Boy Cardew. But, this time, the registry has decided to apply the law. “And the law says no official document will be given to people who do not have an approved Icelandic name.”
-The situation meant the family were going to miss their holiday in France but they have applied to the British embassy for an emergency UK passport, which should now allow them to leave.
-Names are important in Iceland, a country of only 320,000 people. The law says that – unless both parents are foreign – the names of children born in Iceland must be submitted to the National Registry within six months of birth. If a name is not on a recognized list of 1,853 female and 1,712 male names, the parents must get approval from the Icelandic Naming Committee.
-About 5,000 children are born in Iceland each year and the committee receives about 100 applications. It rejects about half of these names because it wants to preserve the Icelandic language. There is a law that says names must be able to have Icelandic grammatical endings and should be written using the ordinary rules of Icelandic spelling.
-What this means is that names with letters that do not officially exist in Iceland’s 32-letter alphabet, such as “c”, are not permitted. Also, names that cannot be used with the case endings used in Icelandic are also rejected. “That was the problem with Harriet,” said Cardew.
-The country’s naming laws have been criticized in recent years: in 2013, Blær – “Light Breeze” – Bjarkardóttir Rúnarsdottir won the right to be officially called her name, not “Girl”. The former mayor of Reykjavik, Jón Gnarr, has also called Iceland’s naming law “unfair, stupid and against creativity”.
-The Cardews could solve Harriet’s problem by giving her an Icelandic middle name. “But it’s a bit late for that and much too silly,” said Cardew. “Are they saying they don’t want us here?”",533
-"Margaret Thatcher, the best known British prime minister since Winston Churchill in 1940 and a global supporter of free market economics, has died. The British government announced that she would receive a ceremonial funeral at St Paul’s Cathedral.
-The British prime minister, David Cameron, said: “It was with great sadness that l learned of Lady Thatcher’s death. We’ve lost a great leader, a great prime minister and a great Briton.” He added: “As our first woman prime minister, Margaret Thatcher succeeded against all the odds, and she didn’t just lead our country, she saved our country.” He added that he believed she would be remembered as the greatest British peacetime prime minister.
-In a statement, President Barack Obama said, “Here in America, many of us will never forget her standing shoulder to shoulder with President Reagan, reminding the world that we can shape the currents of history with our moral beliefs, courage and iron will.”
-The first woman elected to lead a major western state, Margaret Thatcher served 11 years at No 10 Downing Street before members of her own party removed her in 1990.
-Thatcher, who was 87, had been in poor health for some years, suffering from dementia. When they heard of her death, politicians from all parties sent tributes.
-Labour Party leader, Ed Miliband, said: “She will be remembered as a unique figure. She reshaped the politics of a whole generation. She was Britain’s first woman prime minister. She moved the centre ground of British politics and was a huge figure on the world stage. The Labour Party disagreed with a lot of what she did and she will always be a controversial figure. But we can disagree and also greatly respect her political achievements and her personal strength.”
-The deputy prime minister, Nick Clegg, said: “Margaret Thatcher was one of the most important figures in modern British politics. Whatever party you support, no one can deny that as prime minister she left a unique and lasting imprint on the country she served.”
-Describing her as a political phenomenon, the former Conservative prime minister Sir John Major said: “Her outstanding characteristics will always be remembered by those who worked closely with her: courage and determination in politics, and humanity and generosity of spirit in private.”
-The “Iron Lady” was a cold war ally of the US president Ronald Reagan in the final showdown with the Soviet Union, which broke up as a result of reformist pressures led by Mikhail Gorbachev, a Kremlin leader with whom Thatcher famously said she could “do business”. As a result, many ordinary voters in ex-Soviet bloc states saw her as someone who supported their liberty.
-Thatcher was an unremarkable Conservative until she unexpectedly became party leader in 1975. Within ten years, she had become known around the world – both admired and hated – for her pro-market reforms in the UK and her implacable attitudes in foreign policy, including her long battle with the IRA, which almost succeeded in murdering her with a bomb in 1984.
-At home, Thatcher was associated with denationalization of state-owned industry – the new word “privatization” became used in many countries – and defeat of militant trade unions, particularly the National Union of Miners, whose one-year strike (1984–85) was traumatic. With money from Britain’s North Sea oil fields, Thatcher was able to change the ageing industrial economy and she used the opportunity to defeat her enemies – including moderate members of her own party.
-In the European Union she got a rebate for Britain – “my money” as she called it. She was less successful in controlling the European Commission, who wanted to centralize power in Europe, especially in the years when it was led by the French socialist Jacques Delors.
-As the British economy recovered from the very bad recession that her policies had caused, she seemed invincible for a short time. But unlimited power and the defeat or retirement of allies led to mistakes and increasing unpopularity. When her deputy finally fell out with her – mainly on the subject of Europe – his damaging resignation speech led to a leadership challenge. After a vote among Conservative MPs failed to support her, John Major took control of the party.
-After she retired, she wrote highly successful memoirs and campaigned energetically for the Thatcher Foundation, which aimed to promote her values around the world.",534
-"Tigers are more numerous in Nepal than at any time since the 1970s, a new census has revealed, giving conservationists hope that the big cats, whose numbers have been dropping across south Asia for 100 years, can be saved.
-The number of wild royal bengal tigers in Nepal has increased to 198 – a 63.6% rise in five years – the government survey showed.” This is very encouraging,” said Maheshwar Dhakal, an ecologist with Nepal’s Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation.
-The census is based on the examination of pictures from more than 500 cameras placed in five protected areas and three wildlife corridors. More than 250 conservationists and wildlife experts worked on the survey, which cost about £250,000.
-Dhakal said that a parallel survey was conducted in India and the results from both countries will be published later in 2013.” It will take a few more months for India, which now has 1,300 big cats in several huge protected areas, to finalize the data,” he added.
-Nepal has pledged to double the population of tigers by the year 2022 from 121 in 2009 when the last systematic tiger count took place. Increasing prosperity in Asia has pushed up prices for tiger skins and the body parts used in traditional Chinese medicines. International gangs pay poor local Nepali significant sums to kill the cats. The skin and bones are handed to middlemen, who pass easily through the porous border to India, where the major dealers are based.
-One major problem is complicity between senior officials and mafia networks involved in the trade. Conservation experts credit the increase in numbers to the effective policing of national parks, stronger anti-poaching drives and better management of tiger habitats in Nepal, where forests cover 29% of the land. But they say Nepal needs to do more to protect the habitat and animals on which tigers prey so the big cats have enough space to roam and food to eat.
-As the number of tigers has increased over the years, so have incidents of conflict with villagers. Seven people were killed in attacks by tigers around national parks in 2012 compared to four in 2011, park officials said. Villagers are also seeking better protection.” The government is making conservation plans for tigers. But it should also come up with plans to protect people from tigers,” Krishna Bhurtel, a local village headman in Chitwan, told Nepali newspaper Nagarik.
-Wildlife authorities captured a tiger in Chitwan after it killed two people, including a villager who was pulled from his bed in May. Thousands of tigers once roamed the forests in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. But their numbers have dropped to about 3,000, a 95% drop over a century. Chitwan National Park in central Nepal has the highest number of adult tigers, with 120, followed by Bardiya National Park (50) and Shukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve (17).
-Diwakar Chapagain, who heads a World Wildlife Fund Nepal unit that monitors wildlife trade, said tiger skins were in demand in Tibet, where well-heeled people use them as festival costumes.
-In Nepal, kings used to stand on tiger skins in front of stuffed tigers for special occasions. Some affluent Nepali have mounted tiger heads on the walls of their living rooms. Tiger bones are in high demand for use in traditional Chinese medicines.” The trade in tiger parts is lucrative and fetches thousands of dollars in illegal markets,” Chapagain said, highlighting the threat tigers face.",535
-"Prince Harry has left Afghanistan at the end of a four-month tour. He spoke about the frustrations of being a royal who doesn’t want a lot of public attention.
-He also talked about his feelings for some parts of the media and described how his father constantly told him to behave more like a member of the royal family.
-As a commander of an Apache helicopter, the prince said he had shot at the Taliban. He said he was only doing his job.
-In interviews during his time based at Camp Bastion in Helmand Province, the prince, known as Captain Wales in the army, explained his 'three mes'. “One in the army, one socially in my own private time and one with the family.”
-He admitted he sometimes disappointed people and also himself with his silly behaviour. He said he was “probably too much army and not enough prince”, but he said he was entitled to privacy, too.
-In another interview, he criticized the media, especially the Sun, the Daily Mail and the Daily Telegraph. He said he was very annoyed by articles that compare his role as an Apache co-pilot gunner to Spitfire crews during the second world war. “No, it’s not like that at all,” he said.
-The prince said he didn’t like the media because of the treatment of his family when “I was very small”. He said that he read the stories written about him. “Of course I read them,” the prince said. “If there’s a story and somebody writes something about me, I want to know what they said. But it just upsets me and makes me angry that people can write those things. Not just about me, but about everything and everybody. My father always says, 'Don’t read it'.”
-When he was asked if he felt more comfortable being Captain Wales than Prince Harry, his reply was revealing. “Definitely. I’ve always been like that. My father’s always trying to tell me about who I am and things like that. But it’s very easy to forget about who I am when I am in the army. Everyone’s wearing the same uniform and doing the same kind of thing. I get on well with the lads and I enjoy my job. It really is as simple as that.”
-Before he went to Afghanistan, the prince was photographed naked in Las Vegas at a private party. Harry said he had disappointed himself and other people, but also blamed the media. “At the end of the day I was in a private area and there should be a certain amount of privacy that one should expect.”
-When he was asked why he and his brother liked helicopters, he said, “Probably because you can only fit a few people in a helicopter, so no one can follow us, like you guys.”",536
-"There are bird droppings in one of Britain’s most expensive houses. Pigeon skeletons lie among broken mirrors and water is coming through the walls. This is The Tower, a £30m palace in “Billionaires’ Row” in north London.
-It is one of ten mansions in the middle of The Bishops Avenue that have been empty for many years. The Saudi Arabian royal family bought it. Their Grecian columns are cracking into pieces and mosaic-tiled swimming pools are filled with broken stones. Nature has taken control and owls have moved in.
-You see the same thing again and again on the avenue. Lloyds Bank says The Bishops Avenue is the second most expensive street in Britain. House prices in London are rising at 11.2% a year. More and more people find it difficult to buy a house, but 16 mansions on the most expensive part of The Bishops Avenue are empty. Their gates are locked and there are guard dogs in their overgrown gardens.
-Across the street stands another empty mansion worth £18m. It has broken windows and its walls are painted with anti-climb paint. Metal bars block the windows of another mansion, which has sold for £20m.
-For people who find it very difficult to keep a roof above their heads in one of the world’s most expensive cities, seeing the empty houses can be painful. One security guard who works on the avenue said it was annoying to see so many mansions – enough for many people to live in – falling apart.
-Rich royals from Nigeria and Saudi Arabia came to this road near Hampstead Heath first. Iranians came here after the fall of the shah. Now, Chinese house hunters are following Russians and Kazakhs who have spent millions to get an address that estate agents tell them is as world famous as the Champs Elysées and Rodeo Drive. Recently, two mansions have been on sale for £65m and £38m.
-But in the grounds of the empty mansions, stone fountains crumble. Inside one mansion, the ceiling has collapsed and water drips through a huge crystal chandelier onto a thick carpet, which is rotting. Moss grows through bricks and mirrored tiles are lying on a bathroom floor. The swimming pool is filled with dirty water and has flowers growing through its tiles. The wood in the sauna is coming off the walls.
-But it is the ruin of The Towers, a grand mansion, that is most dramatic. There are pigeons in its huge, high-ceiling halls and its walls are bright green with algae.
-Today, very few people live on The Bishops Avenue all the time. A security guard outside one mansion said that the owners were not there. Another guard outside Royal Mansion would not say if anyone was home and a member of staff at another mansion warned the Guardian about the guard dogs.
-Magdy Adib Ishak-Hannah, who has £45m, said he is one of the few residents who lives there all the time.
-“I have never seen what my neighbours look like. Next door, a Saudi princess spent £35m on a new house and I’ve never seen her. There are about three houses that are lived in 24/7 and half of the houses are lived in three to six months a year. The other half, who knows if they come or not?” he said.
-The reason for the multimillion-pound ruins is that some of the world’s richest people see British houses as an investment.
-Anil Varma, who develops homes and then sells them, wants to build £5m apartments, instead of £50m mansions, to try to bring people back.
-He has decided to rebuild one of the most expensive sites on the avenue as a collection of 20 apartments with a concierge, maid service, 25-metre pool, spa and cinema.",537
-"Benjamin Carle is 96.9% made in France, right down to his underpants and socks. Unfortunately, six Ikea forks, a Chinese guitar and unsourced wall paint stopped him being declared a 100% economic patriot, but nobody is perfect.
-Carle, 26, set out, in 2013, to see if it was possible to live using only French-made products for ten months as part of a television documentary.
-The idea was triggered by the Minister for Economic Renewal Arnaud Montebourg’s call for the public to buy French to save the country’s industrial production sector.
-The experiment cost Carle his smartphone, television, refrigerator (all made in China); his spectacles (Italian); his underpants (Moroccan); morning coffee (Guatemalan) and his adored David Bowie music (British).
-Fortunately, his long-suffering girlfriend, Anaïs, and cat, Loon, (both French) stuck with him.
-“Politicians say all sorts of things and expect us to go along with it. I wanted to see if it was possible and feasible to do what the minister was asking us to do; to hold him to account for his words,” Carle told the Guardian over a non-French coffee in a Parisian café after finishing his documentary.
-He set just three rules: eat only foods produced in France, eliminate contact with foreign-made goods and do so on €1,800 a month (above the minimum wage of €1,430 to cover the extra expense of living in Paris).
-The journalist was shocked to find out at the start of the experiment that only 4.5% of the contents of his flat were made nationally – and that the rest would have to go, including the lightbulbs (China) and green beans (Kenya).
-The removal men left his home almost bare.
-Left without a refrigerator (none are made in France) or nail clippers, he was forced to chill his food on the window ledge and saw at his toenails with a penknife.
-His foreign-made clothes, down to his underwear, were replaced with more expensive alternatives: French-produced underpants (€26), socks (€9), polo shirt (€75), espadrille sandals ( €26), but no jeans as none are produced in France.
-During the experiment, Carle scoured supermarket shelves for 100% French-made products, learned to cook seasonal fruit and vegetables grown in France, proudly brushed his teeth with the last toothbrush made in France by a company in Picardie employing 29 people and hand-washed his smalls until he found the last French-made washing machine (which, being top opening, would not fit under the kitchen counter).
-Going out with friends was problematic – no American films, no Belgian beer, no sushi or pizza. Staying home, with no sofa for the first few months and no television, meant listening to crooner Michel Sardou and reading French novels. French wine was, of course, allowed and French-Canadian singer Céline Dion, but not, according to his advisers, French bands such as Daft Punk, who sing in English.
-Unable to use his British-made bicycle or even a French car after discovering the only affordable Peugeot, Renault and Citroën models are mostly made overseas, he invested in a fug-emitting orange Mobylette moped.
-The last things to go were the computer, replaced by a Qooq, a recipe tablet that connects – slowly – to the internet and the iPhone, swapped for an old Sagem mobile.
-The documentary shows Carle – realizing he is addicted to his iPhone – smashing it with a brand-new French-made Tefal saucepan, while his girlfriend shrieks: “Are you crazy? Those are new pans!”
-Carle tells viewers his aim is to “save the French economy. After all, I like Mission Impossible”. He admits the experiment was part serious and part jest. At one point, he consults a French language expert to check if he should be using “cool” and other Anglicisms – he was advised to swap it for the nearest French equivalent: “chouette”.
-On discovering France makes no refrigerators (apart from wine coolers) or televisions, but is big in aeroplane seats and windmills, he sighs and says: “Great. Nothing that will fit into my apartment.”
-At the end of the experiment, Carle takes out a bank loan to refurnish his home and clothe himself. A special “auditor” declares him 96.9% “made in France” and Montebourg visits to present him with a medal.
-Carle’s conclusion: “It’s not entirely possible or even desirable to live 100% made in France, particularly in terms of new technology. But that wasn’t the point.
-“This wasn’t about French nationalism or patriotism. It was trying to show that we should reflect about the way we consume and make different choices, and that applies in all countries. If we want to save jobs and industries, wherever we are, we might think about supporting them.
-“A T-shirt is more expensive in France but I can be sure it has been produced by workers who are correctly paid and have good working conditions. I cannot be sure about a cheaper T-shirt produced in Asia or Morocco.”
-He added: “It’s hypocrisy to go around blaming capitalists for a country’s economic decline when people could be doing more as consumers.”
-Carle says he hopes to continue supporting French industry and producers, but not 100%. “It is a full-time job just finding the stuff,” he said.
-The first thing he did when the experiment ended was invite his friends around for the evening to enjoy “a plate of cheese and listen to the David Bowie album Aladdin Sane”.
-“It was difficult not being able to invite people around because there was nowhere to sit ... but I’d choose the Bowie over a sofa any day.”",538
-"A report by the World Health Organization (WHO) says that 35.6% of all women around the world will experience physical or sexual violence in their lifetime, usually from a male partner. The report says that 30% of women are attacked by their partners. It also says that a large percentage of murders of women – 38% – are done by their partners.
-The highest levels of violence against women are in Africa, where nearly half of all women – 45.6% – will experience physical or sexual violence. In poor and middle-income Europe, the percentage is 27.2%. But, richer countries are not always safer for women – a third of women in rich countries (32.7%) will experience violence. 42% of the women who experience violence have injuries, which doctors and nurses may notice. The report says that injuries are often the first opportunity to discover violence in the home and to offer the woman help. Violence has a big effect on women’s health. Some come to hospital with broken bones and others have problems related to pregnancy and mental illness.
-The WHO has two reports – one report is on violence; the other report tells doctors and nurses how to help women. Dr Claudia Garcia-Moreno, of the WHO, and Professor Charlotte Watts, from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, wrote the reports.
-“For the first time we have compared data from all over the world on partner violence and sexual violence by non-partners and the effect of these sorts of violence on health,” said Garcia-Moreno. These included HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, depression, alcoholism, unwanted pregnancies and babies that are born too small.
-There were differences in the levels of violence against women in different regions of the world but, said Garcia-Moreno, “it is too high” everywhere. Data from 81 countries shows that, even in rich countries, 23.2% of women will experience physical and/or sexual violence from a partner in their lives. The global figure for women attacked by partners was 30%.
-Women report more sexual assaults and rapes by acquaintances or strangers in rich countries than elsewhere. The report says that 12.6% of women in wealthy countries will be sexually attacked by a non-partner in their lives. The percentage in Africa is 11.9%.
-The report says that their previous research shows that better-educated women and working women are less likely to experience violence, but not in all regions. There is a need to change some attitudes, said Watts. “In some societies, are certain forms of violence against women acceptable?” she asked. “In some societies, violence against women is not OK – but, in some societies, it is OK.”
-Garcia-Moreno said that the percentages show that we must pay more attention to this question. Over the past ten years, more people see that there is a problem, she said, but “it is a complex problem. We don’t have a vaccine or a pill”.
-The WHO now recommends teaching doctors and nurses to recognize the signs of domestic violence and sexual assault. But they do not recommend asking every woman who arrives in a clinic if she has been the victim of violence.
-“If a woman comes back several times with injuries she doesn’t mention, you should ask her about domestic violence,” said Garcia-Moreno.",539
-"On one day in August, one in seven people on Earth, 1 billion people, used Facebook, according to founder Mark Zuckerberg. In ten years, the social network has completely changed people’s relationships, privacy, their businesses, news media, helped to end regimes and even changed the meanings of common words.
-“A more open and connected world is a better world.
-It brings stronger relationships with those you love, a stronger economy with more opportunities and a stronger society,” wrote Zuckerberg.
-These are just some of the ways his company changed everything – for better or worse.
-1 Facebook has changed the definition of “friend”
-“To friend” is now a verb. And, unlike in real life, it is easy to “unfriend” someone, a word invented to describe ending a Facebook friendship when that person is no longer improving your Facebook newsfeed.
-Although the meanings of the words “share” and “like” are basically the same, Facebook has made the terms more important to us.
-School and university reunions are unnecessary – you already know whose career is going well, whether the perfect pair have split and you’ve seen pictures of your schoolmates’ babies. You won’t be surprised to see an ex in the street with a new girlfriend or boyfriend: you already know they’re dating someone else from the romantic selfies.
-But, unlike in real life, on Facebook, all your friends have the same importance. A classmate from university who you haven’t seen for 15 years, a friend-of-a-friend from a party or a colleague you’ve never actually spoken to in person – they are all Facebook friends in the same way as your closest friend or your spouse or your mum.
-It doesn’t necessarily mean we see them the same way. Professor Robin Dunbar is famous for his research that suggests a person can only have about 150 people as a social group. Facebook hasn’t changed that yet, he believes. But Dunbar says he fears it is so easy simply to end friendships on Facebook that, eventually, people may not need to learn to get on with each other.
-2 We care less about privacy
-The surprising thing is that Facebook users happily hand over their information.
-Pew Research Center found that most young people are more than willing to hand over their details. Ninetyone per cent post a photo of themselves, 71% post the city or town where they live, more than half give email addresses and a fifth give their phone number.
-But, because so much of a person’s life is shared online, Facebook gives people a way to create an image and a fanbase. Academics have described a new phenomenon: the “Facebook self”.
-More than 80% of Facebook users list their interests, which allows brands to target them effectively. But most younger users limit who can see their profiles, with 60% allowing friends only.
-3 Facebook has created millions of jobs – but not in its own offices
-Facebook provides indirect employment for people whose job it is to make Facebook work for their brand.
-“It is a tool like no other,” said Michael Tinmouth, a social media strategist who has worked with brands such as Vodafone and Microsoft. “Marketers have an understanding of a brand’s customers like they have never had before. The data available is extraordinary. You know who your customers are, who they are friends with and how they engage with your brand.” And advertisers pay a lot for that. Facebook reported advertising revenue had increased by 46%, reaching $3.32bn.
-Facebook is also a minefield for brands. Suddenly, customers don’t simply complain on the phone to a customer service representative or on a small specialist internet forum – angry customers can post their complaints for hundreds of their friends to see or even on the brand’s own page.
-4 Facebook has been the tool to organize revolutions
-Organizing demonstrations and direct action has been revolutionized by Facebook. Manchester University’s Olga Onuch found Facebook had been the key way for reaching half of all the Euromaidan protesters in Ukraine.
-Many of the people interviewed in Onuch’s research said they relied on Facebook for the truth about what was happening – they don’t trust traditional media.
-5 Facebook makes news, breaks news and decides what is news
-About 71% of 18- to 24-year-olds say the internet is their main news source and 63% of users overall, according to the Pew Research Center. About a third of Facebook users post about politics and government.
-Most people will first read an item of breaking news via Facebook or other social media, mostly on mobiles.
-Facebook has also changed the ways journalists write stories. It is a resource many reporters cannot now live without. For better or (often) worse, it is a place to find information on almost any ordinary person, who might suddenly find themselves at the centre of the day’s biggest news story.
-6 Users are changing Facebook
-It used to be a site for students of top US universities.
-In 2014, ten years after its launch, 56% of internet users aged 65 and older have a Facebook account.
-And 39% are connected to people they have never met in person.
-More than ever, the site is a gateway not just to your friends but to the rest of the internet.
-We may as well get used to it, said David Kirkpatrick, author of The Facebook Effect. “It might very well go away further down the road but something this big takes a long time to disappear,” he told BBC Radio 4’s Today programme. “Facebook has proven its ability to change and it will continue to be a very, very major player.”",540
-"What surprised researchers was not how hard people found the challenge but how far they would go to avoid it. The task? To sit in a chair and do nothing but think.
-Some found it so unbearable that they took the safe but alarming opportunity to give themselves mild electric shocks to break the tedium.
-Two-thirds of men pressed a button that gave them a painful shock during a 15-minute period of solitude.
-Under the same conditions, a quarter of women pressed the shock button. The difference, scientists suspect, is that men are typically more sensation-seeking than women.
-The report from psychologists at Virginia and Harvard Universities tries to answer the question of why most of us find it so hard to do nothing.
-In more than 11 separate studies, the researchers showed that people hated being left to think, regardless of their age, education, income or the amount of time they spent on smartphones or social media.
-Timothy Wilson, who led the work, said the findings were not necessarily due to the pace of modern life or the spread of mobile devices and social media. Instead, those things might be popular because of our constant need to do something rather than nothing.
-In the first experiments, students were taken – alone, without phones, books or anything to write with – into a room and told to think. The only rules were that they had to stay seated and not fall asleep. They were told that they would have six to 15 minutes alone.
-The students were questioned when the time was up. On average, they did not enjoy the experience. They struggled to concentrate. Their minds wandered even with nothing to distract them.
-In case the unfamiliar setting reduced the ability to think, the researchers did the experiment again with people at home.
-They got similar results. In fact, people found the experience even more miserable and cheated by getting up from their chair or checking their phones.
-To see if the effect was found only in students, the scientists tested more than 100 other people, aged 18 to 77, from a church and a farmers’ market. They also disliked being left to their thoughts.
-But, the most surprising result was yet to come. To check whether people might actually prefer something bad to nothing at all, the students were given the option of giving themselves a mild electric shock.
-They had been asked earlier to say how unpleasant the shocks were, compared to other options, such as looking at pictures of cockroaches or hearing the sound of a knife rubbing against a bottle.
-All the students chosen for the test said they would pay to avoid mild electric shocks.
-To the researchers’ surprise, 12 of 18 men gave themselves up to four electric shocks and six of 24 women did the same.
-The scientists said that the most surprising thing was that being alone with their thoughts was so hard for many people that they gave themselves an electric shock – something the participants had earlier said they would pay to avoid.
-Jessica Andrews-Hanna at the University of Colorado said many students would probably give themselves an electric shock to cheer up a tedious lecture. But, she says we need to know more about the motivation of the shockers in Wilson’s study.
-“Imagine – a person is told to sit in a chair with wires attached to their skin and a button that will deliver a harmless but uncomfortable shock, and they are told to just sit there with their thoughts,” she said.
-“As they sit there, their mind starts to wander and it naturally goes to that shock – was it really that bad?”",541
-"You probably know a vaper – someone who smokes e-cigarettes. But has vaping started to become less popular? Statistics suggest that smokers and recent ex-smokers (the majority of vapers) may already be using e-cigarettes less. The big e-cigarette companies will study the fi gures carefully because they have spent millions of pounds on a technology that they thought was becoming more popular.
-E-cigarettes do not contain tobacco and produce vapour, not smoke. In 2014, the health charity Action on Smoking and Health published fi gures that showed that the number of British users of electronic cigarettes has increased three times from 700,000 users in 2012 to 2.1 million in 2014.
-But fi gures from the Smoking Toolkit Study show vaping may be becoming less popular. The number of vapers who are smokers and exsmokers rose until the end of 2013, when 22% of smokers and ex-smokers were vaping. But this percentage stopped rising in 2014. Then, it dropped to 19% at the end of the year. Professor Robert West, who collected the data for the Toolkit, described the fi gures as statistically important.
-Smokers are the key group for e-cigarette companies because seven out of ten vapers are smokers. Only around 1% of people who have never smoked have tried an electronic cigarette. “The number of people who use e-cigarettes while continuing to smoke is going down,” West said. “We’ve only been studying vaping for just over a year, so it’s a short time period, but we are not seeing growth in the number of long-term ex-smokers or ‘never’ smokers using e-cigarettes. The number of people vaping might change but, at the moment, it looks like it’s staying the same.”
-Experts believe that vaping will probably not become fashionable with young non-smokers. Only 1.8% of children are regular e-cigarette users. But e-cigarettes seem to be most popular with adults who want to quit. “The fi gures published this month show that the use of electronic cigarettes by smokers has stopped rising. But the fi gures also show the huge increase in use since May 2011,” said James Dunworth, of ecigarettedirect.co.uk. “Our customers are still very happy with the product and technology is improving their experience and helping them to switch from traditional cigarettes.”
-“E-cigarettes are like a sort of nicotine patch,” West agreed. “They are more popular than nicotine patches but we do not know if they are more effective. One-third of people who want to quit smoking use e-cigarettes. They are the most popular method of stopping.”
-The European Commission (EC) wants to increase taxes on e-cigarettes, which could make them less popular. A new EC tobacco directive becomes law in 2016. It will limit the amount of nicotine in e-cigarettes to below their current levels. This may mean vapers will have to increase the number they smoke to get the same effect. This is another thing that may make e-cigarettes more expensive.
-West suggested that politicians should see e-cigarettes as something that helps people stop smoking. He doesn’t think they should follow the same laws as smoking. “Some local authorities and organizations treat e-cigarettes like cigarettes – they ban them in public places and outdoors,” he said. He thinks we should support vapers not attack them.",542
-"The beginning of the year is probably prime-time for feeling glum about work: it’s ages until the next holiday, and it’s dark in the morning and when you get home. And, if you’re stuck in a job you don’t like, it could be enough to have you reaching for your CV.
-But, before you start hunting through the job ads, try to put things in perspective. So, what else could you be doing instead? We asked five people doing some unusual jobs how much they are paid, what the worst parts are and why they enjoy their work.
-1. Dog-food taster
-The job: Tasting dog food to make sure it meets a premium brand’s quality standards
-What it involves: Opening sample tins of each freshly made batch of dog (or cat) food, smelling it and eating it. “Although dogs’ palates are different from ours, taste is an important quality check to ensure each different ingredient is perfectly balanced in just the right way,” says Philip Wells, the chief taster for Lily’s Kitchen pet food. “Trying the food is also a good way to pick up on the nuances of the cooking; this works especially well on the dry food.”
-Typical salary: £20,000 for an entry-level job in the quality department. However, Wells says £50,000 or more is “easily achievable” for an experienced technical director who, as well as tasting products, is also likely to be responsible for developing new recipes and advising the business on technical and regulatory matters. Worst part of the job: The deadlines, for Wells, who admits he quite likes the food. The meat used in pet food has to be derived from animals passed as fi t for human consumption, under the Animal Feed Regulations 2010, and he says the firm uses “human-grade freshly prepared raw food” in its recipes. He adds: “There are some pretty gruesome pet foods out there and, although I don’t taste them, the smell is enough to turn the stomach when I do a bit of market research.”
-Job satisfaction: “No two days are ever the same.” It’s rewarding, Wells says, that a project he has worked on will “help pets to become happier and healthier”. However, he acknowledges that some of the credit must go to another “key member” of the tasting team: Lily, the border terrier.
-2. Hygiene technician
-The job: Disinfecting areas that have potentially been exposed to bio-hazardous situations
-What it involves: Cleaning up crime scenes, road accidents and suicides. Clearing hoarders’ houses full of rubbish, rats and excrement … among other things. “The job is about keeping people safe,” says Richard Lewis, a hygiene technician for Rentokil. “We deal with some very disturbingly dirty sites.”
-Typical salary: The entry-level salary is usually around £14,500 and a top salary can be up to £22,000. Worst part of the job: Cleaning up after suicides. “You get used to the job being disgusting but the emotional side of it is still hard.” You learn not to take your work home with you, he says. “You also need to have a sense of humour, as some days can be tough.”
-Job satisfaction: Lewis finds the variety of tasks exciting. “One day, I’m cleaning up after a dead body; another day, I’m in a prison cell or 100 feet in the air being lowered down into a silo to clean it.” He also takes pride in the transformation he brings about: “It’s satisfying to return a potentially hazardous site back to a safe environment. And it bene fits society.”
-3. Biogas engineer
-The job: Setting up biogas plants in developing countries
-What it involves: Linking a system of digesters – which can be filled with human excrement, animal dung and other waste products – to toilets to produce a biogas that can be used for cooking and lighting. “You have to know what size and shape the mixing pit needs to be, how to create the optimum temperature for digestion and where to situate the biogas plant,” says Baburam Paudel, chief technical officer in Nepal for the charity Renewable World. “You also have to convince poor communities that poo can be productive – many are repelled by the idea of connecting their toilets to their kitchens.”
-Typical salary: An entry-level salary is around £10,000, while a typical salary for a chief technical officer is £30,000. Worst part of the job: For Paudel, it’s seeing people struggling to survive on very little income. But, he admits, anyone who won’t change a nappy would struggle. “You have to be willing to get your hands dirty during the build process and inspections. Unsurprisingly, the anaerobic digestion (the process that takes place when bacteria eat the decomposing waste and produce methane) smells like rotten eggs. It can be disgusting and there is no room for mistakes.”
-Job satisfaction: “I find it immensely satisfying to know that I am helping people to increase their incomes and allowing girls to attend school by replacing the need to collect firewood,” says Paudel. “My work improves the health and hygiene of whole communities.”
-4. Eel ecologist
-The job: Conserving the critically endangered European eel
-What it involves: To monitor the size of the endangered eels, ecologists wade into the Thames and other London rivers and marshes full of eels, sometimes up to their armpits, and reach into a net filled with up to 20 adult eels to grab one with their bare hands. “Adult eels can be a metre long, or even larger, and weigh up to 2kg. They’re not at all dangerous but they are almost pure muscle and they can be a little bit slimy,” says Stephen Mowat, an eel conservationist and ecologist for the Zoological Society of London. “We have to weigh and measure them, and they wriggle … a lot. It’s difficult to look professional while crawling on the ground chasing an eel across the grass.”
-Worst part of the job: “Eels are really tricky creatures to work with – and getting outsmarted by an eel can be quite embarrassing,” says Mowat. “You also have to be ready to jump from one project to the next. I once had to dissect a tub of dead eels to examine parasites living in them, moments before jumping into a suit for a meeting with government officials. I remembered to wash my hands.” But, for Mowat, the worst part of the job is definitely not handling the eels – he believes baby eels (known as elvers) are “as cute as pandas”: “The worst thing about the job is regularly learning how much damage we, the British population, are doing to the environment.”
-Job satisfaction: “Getting to work outdoors and seeing British wildlife up close is the best part of the job,” says Mowat. “Eels are beautiful creatures and working with eels doesn’t just bene fi t the eel: it helps whole river systems, estuaries and coastal habitats. That is something worth working on.”
-5. Shopping channel presenter
-The job: Selling and demonstrating a wide range of products on live TV
-What it involves: Presenting hours and hours of monotonous content, while simultaneously demonstrating the products and appearing to be enthusiastic and knowledgeable about everything that you’re selling. “I prepare and research as much technical and practical information as possible on every single product beforehand,” says Shaun Ryan, presenter for Ideal World TV. “But you also need the ability to relate to every genre of products and to every viewer.”
-Typical salary: A trainee presenter would start on a minimum of £30,000, while an experienced presenter can expect over £55,000.
-Worst part of the job: “The unsociable hours,” says Ryan. “An experienced presenter like myself generally gets to work prime-time hours, which means all weekends, bank holidays and very late evenings, plus the occasional 5am shift.” His worst task ever, he says, was singlehandedly having to sell some female slimming pants: “It was a very tricky hour and not my fi nest.”
-Job satisfaction: “I love the rush of live presenting and having to think on my feet every second,” says Ryan. “I also get an adrenaline rush from knowing that, at times, I have thousands of viewers ordering the product that I have just been presenting.”",543
-"Prince Harry has flown out of Afghanistan at the end of a four-month tour. During his time there he admitted killing insurgents while flying his Apache helicopter. He spoke about the frustrations of being a royal who wishes for a life out of the spotlight.
-He also told of his disdain for and distrust of some sections of the media and described how his father constantly reminded him to behave more like a member of the royal family.
-A commander of the army’s most sophisticated attack helicopter, the prince said he had shot at the Taliban during operations to support ground troops and rescue injured Afghan and NATO personnel. He said he was only doing his job.
-In a series of interviews during his time based at Camp Bastion in Helmand Province, he hinted at the difficulty of reconciling the different roles in his life. The prince, known as Captain Wales in the army, explained his ‘three mes’. “One in the army, one socially in my own private time and one with the family.”
-He admitted he sometimes ‘let himself down’ with his laddish behaviour, which he said was probably because he is “too much army and not enough prince”, but he said he was entitled to privacy, too.
-In another interview, he criticized the media, especially the Sun, the Daily Mail and the Daily Telegraph, three of the royal family’s strongest supporters. He said he was particularly annoyed by articles comparing his role as an Apache co-pilot gunner to Spitfire crews during the second world war. “No, it’s not like that at all,” he said.
-The prince said his suspicion of the media came from the treatment of his family when “I was very small”, but that he couldn’t stop reading the stories written about him. “Of course I read them,” the prince said. “If there’s a story and something’s been written about me, I want to know what’s being said. But all it does is just upset me and anger me that people can get away with writing the stuff they do. Not just about me, but about everything and everybody. My father always says, ‘Don’t read it’. Everyone says, ‘Don’t read it, because it’s always rubbish’.”
-Four years ago, the prince had to be taken out of Afghanistan during his first tour after a media silence was broken by mistake by an Australian magazine. This time, the Ministry of Defence chose to publicize his deployment on the understanding that newspapers and broadcasters would not give a running commentary on his life out there to allow him to do his job. Two-man crews from the BBC, Sky and ITN were sent once each to report on his visit.
-When he was asked whether he felt more comfortable being Captain Wales than Prince Harry, his reply was one of the most revealing he has given about his relationship with Prince Charles. “Definitely. I’ve always been like that. My father’s always trying to remind me about who I am and stuff like that. But it’s very easy to forget about who I am when I am in the army. Everyone’s wearing the same uniform and doing the same kind of thing. I get on well with the lads and I enjoy my job. It really is as simple as that.”
-Shortly before he went to Afghanistan, the prince was photographed naked in Las Vegas during a private party. Harry said he had let himself down, but also blamed the media. “I probably let myself down, I let my family down, I let other people down. But, at the end of the day, I was in a private area and there should be a certain amount of privacy that one should expect.”
-When he was asked where he and his brother’s fascination with helicopters came from, he said, “Probably the fact that you can only fit a certain number of people in a helicopter, therefore no one can follow us, like you guys.”",544
-"The Duchess of Cambridge gave birth to a son on Monday, 22 July. The baby is third in line to the British throne.
-Kensington Palace announced at 8.30pm that the baby was born at 4.24pm in the exclusive Lindo Wing at St Mary’s Hospital, Paddington, West London. “We could not be happier,” the Duke of Cambridge said.
-In a statement, Kensington Palace said: “Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Cambridge was safely delivered of a son at 4.24pm. The baby weighs 8lbs 6oz. The Duke of Cambridge was present for the birth.”
-The Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Prince of Wales, the Duchess of Cornwall, Prince Harry and members of both families were informed and were delighted with the news that Her Royal Highness and her child were both doing well.
-It is understood that the couple delayed making the announcement immediately so that they could enjoy some private time with their newborn. William telephoned his family to tell them the good news, speaking to the Queen, his father Charles and younger brother Prince Harry.
-The birth of the baby prince means the monarchy has three generations of heirs to the throne for the first time since 1894.
-The baby is the first Prince of Cambridge to be born for more than 190 years since Prince George of Cambridge, a grandson of George III and the only son of Prince Adolphus Frederick, the 1st Duke of Cambridge.
-In a statement, Prince Charles said: “Both my wife and I are overjoyed at the arrival of my first grandchild. It is an incredibly special moment for William and Catherine and we are so thrilled for them on the birth of their baby boy.
-“Grandparenthood is a unique moment in anyone’s life, as countless kind people have told me in recent months, so I am enormously proud and happy to be a grandfather for the first time and we are eagerly looking forward to seeing the baby in the near future.”
-The newest royal will be called HRH Prince George of Cambridge.
-Following tradition, a formal notice was posted on an easel – the same used to announce Prince William’s birth in 1982 – in the forecourt of Buckingham Palace shortly before 9pm. Within an hour, the numbers had swelled from hundreds to thousands outside the palace, with locals and tourists wanting to share in the historic moment.
-New Yorker, Sharon Surloff, was delighted with her phone picture of the royal bulletin. She, her niece and her mother had squeezed through crowds to take a photograph of the easel.
-“The police were just saying to everyone: ‘OK, 20 seconds and then the next person’. It’s just great to be here, though. We arrived this morning, at nine in the morning, so it has all worked out beautifully.”
-The palace announced the birth in a press release. Minutes later, as crowds of wellwishers outside cheered, “It’s a boy”, the formal medical bulletin was taken from the hospital to Buckingham Palace under police escort.
-The prime minister was one of the first to offer his congratulations. Speaking outside 10 Downing Street, David Cameron said: “It is wonderful news from St Mary’s, Paddington, and I am sure that, right across the country, and, indeed, right across the Commonwealth, people will be celebrating and wishing the royal couple well.
-“It is an important moment in the life of our nation but, above all, it is a wonderful moment for a warm and loving couple who have got a brand new baby boy. It has been a remarkable few years for our royal family: a royal wedding that captured people’s hearts, that extraordinary and magnificent jubilee and now this royal birth – all from a family that has given this nation so much incredible service.”
-Congratulations came from the White House, too, from Barack Obama and his wife. The president said: “Michelle and I are so pleased to congratulate the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge on the joyous occasion of the birth of their first child. We wish them all the happiness and blessings parenthood brings.”
-The Archbishop of Canterbury, the Most Rev Justin Welby, tweeted: “Delighted for the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. May God bless them all with love, health and happiness,” he said.
-The Labour leader, Ed Miliband, said: “Many congratulations to the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. I wish them and their son all happiness and good health.”",545
-"Police and intelligence agencies around the world have, for almost 100 years, used the polygraph, a lie-detector test, to help catch criminals and spies.
-But, now, researchers in Britain and the Netherlands have developed a new method, which is correct (in tests) over 70% of the time. Police stations around the world might begin using this new method within ten years. It doesn’t monitor movements in the face, talking too much or waving arms – all signs that someone is lying. The new method monitors movements in the whole body, which can show that the person is feeling guilty.
-The polygraph is often used in the US in criminal cases and by the FBI and CIA but is much less popular in Europe. Many people do not believe that it is reliable.
-The basic idea behind the new method is that liars fidget more and that an all-body motion suit – the kind used in films to create computer-generated characters – will record this.
-The new method is over 70% reliable – the polygraph is only 55% reliable. In some tests, the success rate of the new method was more than 80%.
-Ross Anderson, one of the research team, said: “Guilty people fidget more and we can now measure this.”
-The polygraph was created in 1921 by policeman John Larson. It records changes in pulse, blood pressure, sweating and breathing to find out if someone is lying.
-In movies, the polygraph is always correct but, in 1998, the US Supreme Court decided that there was no agreement that the polygraph was reliable. The US National Academy of Scientists said the same thing in 2003.
-The tests Anderson and his colleagues did involved 180 students and employees at Lancaster University. Half of the people were told to tell the truth and half to lie.
-The researchers interviewed some of the people about a computer game called Never End that they played for seven minutes. Others lied about playing it.
-The second test involved a lost wallet with £5 inside. Some people had to bring the wallet to a lost-and-found box. Others hid it and lied about it.
-The new body-suit method was correct 82.2% of the time. Researchers monitored how much the people moved their arms and legs, to decide if they were telling the truth or lying.
-All-body suits are expensive – they cost about £30,000 – and they can be uncomfortable, so Anderson and his colleagues are now looking at cheaper alternatives. These include using motion-sensing technology from computer games, such as the Kinect devices developed by Microsoft for the Xbox console.",546
-"Wales will become the first country in the UK that will assume that people agree to donate their organs, if they haven’t opted out.
-The Welsh Assembly voted to accept the opt-out scheme, which will allow hospitals to assume that people who die want to donate, if they have not registered an objection.
-“This is a very big day for Wales and, most importantly, for the 226 people in Wales who are waiting for an organ transplant,” said the Welsh Health Minister, Mark Drakeford.
-“I am proud that Wales will be the first nation in the UK to take this step. We have shown we are ready to take action to increase organ donation and to give hope to those people who wait every week for a transplant.
-“When family members know that organ donation is what the dead person wanted, they usually agree to the donation. The new law will make clearer people’s wishes about organ donation and so it will increase the number of donations.”
-The issue is controversial, but the government says they will protect the dead person’s and the family’s wishes. Relatives will have a “clear right of objection”, which will give them the chance to show that their relative did not want to be an organ donor.
-Wales has acted because it does “not have enough organs for people who need them,” said Drakeford. “About one person every week dies in Wales while on a waiting list.
-“About a third of the people who live in Wales are on the organ donor register, but more than two-thirds of people say they are happy to be organ donors. That other third is people who don’t find the time to put their names on the register.”
-The new law would apply to anybody over 18 who has lived in Wales for at least the year before his or her death. Donated organs would not only go to people in need of a transplant in Wales but to anybody in the UK.
-Doctors are delighted at the scheme. Big efforts have been made in recent years to increase the number of those who carry an organ donation card, with a lot of success. Hospitals have also become better at organizing transplants – for example, they have important discussions with relatives when no one knows what the wishes of the dead person were. But the increase in numbers of organs is still not enough.
-Some religious groups strongly oppose the scheme. Members of the Muslim Council of Wales and the South Wales Jewish Representative Council are not happy, while the Archbishop of Wales, Barry Morgan, said that “donation ought to be a gift of love, of generosity. If organs can be taken unless someone has explicitly registered an objection, that’s not an expression of love. It’s more a medical use of a body.”",547
-"The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge have won the first part of their fight for privacy. A French magazine was told to stop selling or reusing photos of the royal couple. The pictures show the duchess sunbathing topless while on holiday in the south of France.
-It is possible that the magazine editor and the photographer or photographers will also have to go to a criminal court.
-The French magazine Closer was told to give digital files of the pictures to the couple within 24 hours.
-Closer’s publisher, Mondadori Magazines France, was also told to pay €2,000 in legal costs. The magazine will have to pay €10,000 for every day it does not give the couple the files.
-The court decided that every time Mondadori – the publishing company owned by the ex Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi – publishes a photograph in the future in France, they will get €10,000 fine.
-The couple welcome the judge’s decision. “They always believed the law was broken and that they had a right to their privacy.”
-The royal couple are pleased with the decision, but they want to have a much more public criminal trial against the magazine and photographer or photographers.
-Under French law, if you do not respect someone’s privacy, you may have to spend a maximum of one year in prison and pay a fine of €45,000.
-This punishment would send a message to the world and, the couple hope, stop paparazzi taking photos like this in the future.
-On Saturday the Irish Daily Star also published the photos. And the Italian celebrity magazine Chi published a special edition of 26 pages with the photos of the future queen.",548
-"Low-income countries will continue to be the most affected by human-induced climate change over the next century. They will experience gradual sea-level rises, stronger cyclones, warmer days and nights, more unpredictable rainfall, and larger and longer heatwaves, according to a recent report.
-The last major United Nations (UN) assessment, in 2007, predicted temperature rises of 6°C or more by the end of the century. That is now thought unlikely by scientists, but average land and sea temperatures are expected to continue rising throughout this century, possibly reaching 4°C above present levels – enough to devastate crops and make life in many cities unbearably hot.
-As temperatures rise and oceans warm, tropical and subtropical regions will see sharp changes in annual rainfall, says the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, released in Stockholm and published online in September.
-East Africa can expect increased short rainfalls and west Africa should expect heavier monsoons. Burma, Bangladesh and India can expect stronger cyclones; elsewhere in southern Asia, heavier summer rains are anticipated. Indonesia may receive less rainfall between July and October, but the coastal regions around the south China Sea and Gulf of Thailand can expect increased rainfall extremes when cyclones hit the land.
-“In the long term, rainfall patterns will change. Northern countries, such as those in Europe or North America, are expected to receive more rainfall, but many subtropical arid and semi-arid regions will likely experience less rain,” said the report’s authors.
-They added that the monsoon season is likely to start earlier and last longer.
-Scientists in developing countries and commentators have welcomed the report, which they said supported their own observations.
-“The IPCC says that climate change is real and happening much more strongly than before. We are already seeing the effects of climate change in Bangladesh and across south Asia. It’s not news to us. Most developing countries are facing climate change now. They do not need the IPCC to tell them that the weather is changing,” said Saleemul Huq, director of the International Centre for Climate Change and Development.
-Scientists have also lowered their projections of sea-level rises. Depending on future greenhouse gas emissions, sea levels will rise an average of 40–62 cm by 2100. Nevertheless, there will be signifi cant geographical variations; many millions of people living in the developing world’s great cities, including Lagos and Calcutta, are threatened.
-Weather disasters are also more likely in a warmer world, the report suggests. Although the global frequency of tropical cyclones is expected to decrease or remain unchanged, they may become more intense, with stronger winds and heavier rainfall.
-Life in many developing-country cities could become unbearable, especially as urban temperatures are already far above those in surrounding countryside. Much higher temperatures could reduce the length of the growing period in some parts of Africa by up to 20%, the report said.
-The charity Oxfam predicted that world hunger would worsen because climate changes inevitably hurt crop production and reduce incomes. They said the number of people at risk of hunger might rise by 10% to 20% by 2050.
-“The changing climate is already jeopardizing gains in the fi ght against hunger, and it looks like it will get worse,” said Oxfam. “A hot world is a hungry world”.",549
-"In Iceland, you can be called Aagot, Arney or Ásfríður; Baldey, Bebba or Brá. Dögg, Dimmblá, Etna and Eybjört are fine and so are Frigg, Glódís, Hörn and Ingunn. Jórlaug is OK, as are Obba, Sigurfljóð, Úranía and Vagna. But you cannot, as a girl in Iceland, be called Harriet.
-“The whole situation,” said Tristan Cardew, “is really rather silly.” With his Icelandic wife, Kristin, Cardew is appealing against a decision by the National Registry in the capital Reykjavik not to renew their ten-year-old daughter Harriet’s passport because it does not recognize her first name.
-Since the registry does not recognize the name of Harriet’s 12-year-old brother Duncan either, the two children have, until now, travelled on passports identifying them as Stúlka and Drengur Cardew: Girl and Boy Cardew. “But, this time, the authorities have decided to apply the letter of the law,” Cardew, a British-born cook who moved to Iceland in 2000, said. “And that says no official document will be issued to people who do not bear an approved Icelandic name.”
-The situation meant the family, from Kópavogur, risked missing their holiday in France until they applied to the British embassy for an emergency UK passport, which should now allow them to leave.
-Names are important in Iceland, a country of only 320,000 people, whose phone book lists subscribers by their first name for the very sensible reason that most Icelandic surnames simply record the fact that you are your father’s (or mother’s) son or daughter. Jón Einarsson’s children, for example, might be Ólafur Jónsson and Sigríður Jónsdóttir.
-The law says that the names of children born in Iceland must – unless both parents are foreign – be submitted to the National Registry within six months of birth. If they are not on a recognized list of 1,853 female and 1,712 male names, the parents must seek the approval of a body called the Icelandic Naming Committee.
-For the 5,000 or so children born in Iceland each year, the committee reportedly receives about 100 applications and rejects about half under a 1996 law aimed mainly at preserving the Icelandic language. Among its requirements are that given names must be “capable of having Icelandic grammatical endings”, may not “conflict with the linguistic structure of Iceland” and should be “written in accordance with the ordinary rules of Icelandic spelling”.
-What this means in practice is that names containing letters that do not officially exist in Iceland’s 32-letter alphabet, such as “c”, are out. Similarly, names unable to accommodate the endings required by the different cases used in Icelandic are also routinely turned down. “That was the problem with Harriet,” said Cardew.
-The country’s naming laws have been criticized in recent years: in 2013, Blær – “Light Breeze” – Bjarkardóttir Rúnarsdottir won the right to be officially known by her given name, as opposed to “Girl”, when a court ruled that denying her was a violation of the Icelandic constitution. The former mayor of Reykjavik, Jón Gnarr, has also called Iceland’s naming law “unfair, stupid and against creativity”.
-The Cardews could get round Harriet’s problem by giving her an Icelandic middle name. “But it’s a bit late for that and way too silly,” said Cardew. “Are they saying they don’t want us here?”",550
-"An atmosphere of melancholy and changing times pervades the opening to the final series of Downton Abbey. The year is 1925 and there are already the first rumblings of the economic storms that will blight the end of the decade. The neighbours are selling up their own stately home, while Lord Grantham seeks to cut back on servants after declaring that under-butlers are no longer affordable.
-But at the real Downton Abbey, Highclere Castle – a stately home owned by George “Geordie” Herbert, 8th Earl of Carnarvon – the financial outlook has rarely been brighter. According to Lady Fiona Carnarvon, the huge global success of Downton has funded a rolling programme of building repairs aimed at safeguarding Highclere for the next generation.
-“It’s been an amazing magic carpet ride for all of us,” she said. “It’s given us a wonderful marketing platform, an international profile. I’m hugely grateful. My husband and I love the house, and the people here. Now, without doubt, it is loved by millions of other people.”
-Currently, only the ground and first floors of Highclere, on the borders of Hampshire, are used. But, a restoration project of derelict tower rooms has begun that will eventually allow visitors to climb up into the tower to an exhibition showcasing the work of the architect of the Houses of Parliament, Sir Charles Barry, who rebuilt the house between 1839 and 1842.
-When the Downton Abbey producers first approached Highclere in 2009, the family faced a near £12m repair bill, with urgent work priced at £1.8m. But, by 2012, the Downton effect had begun to take the pressure off. Lord Carnarvon said then: “It was just after the banking crisis and it was gloom in all directions. We had been doing corporate functions but it all became pretty sparse after that. Then, Downton came along and it became a major tourist attraction.”
-Visitor numbers doubled, to 1,200 a day, as Downton Abbey, scripted by Julian Fellowes, came to be screened around the world after becoming a hit in the UK in 2010 and, then, in the US. It is now broadcast in 250 countries. The formerly somewhat basic ticketing policy has become a computerized advance booking system, helping to guarantee foreign visitors admission. The accounts of Highclere Enterprises for 2014-15 show current assets have almost trebled to around £1m since 2012. Gareth Neame, the executive producer for the series, said: “I think Downton Abbey secured Highclere’s future.”
-Peter Fincham, ITV’s director of television, recalls the moment when Highclere was booked. “I thought, 'So what?', because I had never heard of Highclere Castle. One stately home looks much the same as another. How wrong I was. The castle has been one enormous character as well.”
-The Downton tourists are part of a growing phenomenon. VisitBritain estimates that nearly 30% of foreign visitors, or nearly nine million people, include castles and historic houses on their itineraries. Almost half of potential visitors to Britain now say they want to indulge in “set jetting ”, visiting places featured in films or on TV. More than a million embark on a tour of historic buildings each year, spending in excess of £1bn. From the biggest emerging tourist markets, 51% of Brazilians, 42% of Russians and Chinese, and 35% of Indian visitors are likely to include a visit to a site of interest in their trips. VisitBritain’s director, Patricia Yates, said: “The links between tourism, films and TV are potent ones.” She added that period dramas have also raised the popularity of regions outside of London.
-Neame is now an ambassador for the GREAT Britain campaign, which is backed by government departments and the British Council, using it to promote the UK around the world. Events include special Downton -themed receptions at British embassies.
-Neame said: “They approached me because of the reach. A lot of people here think of it as soapy entertainment. In other parts of the world, people revere our actors, our writing and production talent. It is something I am passionate about; I am a really strong believer in soft power. We are not nearly as proud of our achievements as we should be.
-“Downton Abbey is iconic for expressing Britishness. Really, it is a fantasy world, based in a particular time in history. It’s the first TV period drama that has really leapt out of the screen and become part of popular culture.”
-Lady Carnarvon is still keen to emphasize that the long-term future of Highclere is not necessarily secure. “The bottom line is quite thin,” she said. “The programme has allowed us to spend faster on the buildings, have the follies restored.”
-In the pipeline is a Tutankhamun centenary event in 2022, 100 years after the 5th Earl of Carnarvon, together with Howard Carter, discovered the tomb that revolutionized our understanding of Egyptology. Another opportunity to keep Highclere in the public mind is the 300th anniversary of the birth of Lancelot “Capability” Brown, who designed the grounds.
-“What you do is never sit on your laurels. Every single day, don’t take anything for granted,” said Lady Carnarvon. “For all these great houses, you have to invest in them. And, there has been a deficit since the 1930s. Perhaps, in the past, an estate and house defined and supported the family and their lifestyle but, today, it is quite the reverse: the challenge is how Geordie and I seek to support and look after Highclere.
-“From my point of view, I’ve tried to persuade people it is fun and have specific events they can engage with, not just a wander around a dusty house. We have to compete with attractions like the London Dungeon.”",551
-"As colourful fish were swimming past him off the Greek coast, Cathal Redmond was convinced he had taken some great photos with his first underwater camera. But, when he looked at the results on dry land, the images were brown and murky. Having taken the pictures while holding his breath underwater, he blamed the limited time he had to set up the shots. All he needed, the industrial designer thought, was a little more time to properly capture the fish in their natural environment.
-He vowed to make the little extra time needed a reality and the result is his invention of the Express Dive – a refillable air storage device, held in the mouth, that lets users swim underwater for two minutes. It is aimed at bridging the gap between snorkelling, with its limited scope, and scuba diving, which gives divers the freedom to breathe underwater but at the cost of using cumbersome and expensive gear. The prototype of the invention – which is still in the initial stages of testing individual parts – looks like a cross between a scuba mouthpiece and a water bottle.
-“I wanted to enable people to do more. So, rather than just get in underwater and spend 30 seconds holding their breath, I wanted to do a little bit more than they were able to do,” says Redmond, 27. In 2006, the Irish designer completed a scuba-diving course and loved the feeling of being able to breathe underwater and observe fish in their natural environment. Less enjoyable, however, were the fins, the weight belt, the wetsuit, air tank, mask and all the other equipment.
-“I was very keenly aware of the fact that I had about 50kg strapped to me and getting into the water was quite foreign when you are used to trying to keep yourself at the surface. It was a very surreal experience,” he says. “The real problem is that it is very limiting as to what you can do. Although it allows you to stay underwater for longer, you have to plan your whole day around it. You have 20kg to 50kg of gear with you – you can’t be walking on the beach and decide you want to go in. Planning is a very big part of it. It demands a lot. There is a lot of relearning required.”
-It was during a final-year project for his product design degree at the University of Limerick that Redmond produced the Express Dive. The device has two main parts. When above the surface, the unit uses a fan to suck in air via a vent in the mouthpiece. The air, accelerated around the motor-driven turbine, is compressed through a series of valves and stored in the attached tank, which has a display light that flashes green when it is full. When air is no longer being taken in, the vent shuts off and, as the user dives, air is fed back via the mouthpiece.
-That display, which is in the user’s eyeline, then acts as a health bar turning from green to red when the air runs low. The device can take in enough air for two minutes of diving and takes approximately the same amount of time to be refilled. “When you put the compressor into the unit with all of the rest of the stuff, the batteries and the electronics and the membranes for the scuba delivery, the big trick was to be able to get it small enough so that it would be able to be held through the teeth and out of the mouth,” Redmond says.
-The electrics are shielded from the water in the casing and are recharged using inductive power transfer – a system using an electromagnetic field, similar to the pads which can wirelessly charge mobile phones, so that there is no need for exposed wires.
-Redmond says the mouthpiece feels similar to using a snorkel. He likens it to an extension of the lungs in that the user is taking a deep breath and then using it underwater. “It is an extension of the body’s capacity to store air,” he says. The prototype, made from high-density foam, aluminium and silicone, has been tested in parts. Redmond says he has shown that the motor can compress two minutes’ worth of air into the unit and that the design can be effectively held in the diver’s mouth. What he has not yet done is test the device on a diver, fully submerged for two minutes. But, with enough testing, Redmond is confident he can get a fully functioning device that will not endanger swimmers underwater.
-Redmond recently came runner-up for the International James Dyson Award, which will give him £5,000 to further develop the project. Early indications are that the device would be priced at £280, he says, and it is likely to weigh anywhere from 1kg to 3kg depending on the safety features needed.
-To anyone who thinks two minutes of air is no more than a minor improvement on snorkelling, Redmond says it could make all the difference underwater. The typical swimmer can hold their breath for about 40 seconds while underwater, he says. “Two minutes is not a lot of time but it is a lot longer than that,” he says.",552
-"Benjamin Carle is 96.9% made in France, including even his underpants and socks. Unfortunately, six Ikea forks, a Chinese guitar and unsourced wall paint stopped him being declared a 100% economic patriot, but nobody is perfect.
-Carle, 26, decided, in 2013, to see if it was possible to live using only French-made products for ten months as part of a television documentary.
-He got the idea after the Minister for Economic Renewal, Arnaud Montebourg, asked the French people to buy French products to save the country’s industrial production sector.
-For the experiment, Carle had to give up his smartphone, television, refrigerator (all made in China); his glasses (Italian); his underpants (Moroccan); morning coffee (Guatemalan) and his favourite David Bowie music (British).
-Fortunately, his girlfriend, Anaïs, and cat, Loon, are both French.
-“Politicians say all sorts of things. I wanted to see if it was possible to do what the minister was asking us to do”, Carle said.
-He had just three rules: eat only food produced in France, remove any contact with foreign-made goods and do so on €1,800 a month (above the minimum wage of €1,430 to cover the extra expense of living in Paris).
-The journalist was shocked to find out, at the start of the experiment, that only 4.5% of the contents of his flat were made in France – and that the rest would have to go, including the lightbulbs (China) and green beans (Kenya).
-Left without a refrigerator (none are made in France), he was forced to chill his food on the window ledge.
-His foreign-made clothes, including his underwear, were replaced with more expensive alternatives: French-produced underpants (€26), socks (€9), polo shirt (€75), espadrille sandals (€26), but no jeans because none are produced in France.
-During the experiment, Carle hunted in supermarkets for 100% French-made products, learned to cook seasonal fruit and vegetables grown in France, proudly brushed his teeth with a toothbrush made in France and hand-washed his underwear until he found a French-made washing machine (which opened at the top and so would not fit under the kitchen counter).
-Going out with friends was a problem – no American films, no Belgian beer, no sushi or pizza. Staying home, with no sofa for the first few months and no television, meant listening to French singer Michel Sardou and reading French novels. French wine was, of course, allowed and French-Canadian singer Céline Dion, but not French bands such as Daft Punk, who sing in English.
-Unable to use his British-made bicycle or even a French car, because he discovered that the only affordable Peugeot, Renault and Citroën models are mostly made overseas, he bought an orange Mobylette moped.
-The last things to go were the computer, replaced by a Qooq, a recipe tablet that connects – slowly – to the internet and the iPhone, which he swapped for an old Sagem mobile.
-Carle said his aim was to “save the French economy”. He admits the experiment was part serious and part jest. At one point, he asked a French language expert to check if he should use “cool” and other English words – he was advised to swap it for the nearest French equivalent: “chouette”.
-When he discovered that France makes no refrigerators (apart from wine coolers) or televisions, but makes aeroplane seats and windmills, he sighed and said: “Great. Nothing that will fit into my apartment.”
-At the end of the experiment, Carle took out a bank loan to buy new furniture and clothes. A special “auditor” declared him 96.9% “made in France” and Montebourg visited to present him with a medal.
-Carle’s conclusion: “It’s not entirely possible or even desirable to live 100% ‘made in France’, particularly in terms of new technology. But that wasn’t the point.
-“This wasn’t about French nationalism or patriotism. It was trying to show that we should reflect about the way we buy and make different choices, and that applies in all countries. If we want to save jobs and industries, wherever we are, we might think about supporting them.
-“A T-shirt is more expensive in France but I can be sure it has been produced by workers who are correctly paid and have good working conditions. I cannot be sure about a cheaper T-shirt produced in Asia or Morocco. People could do more as consumers.”
-Carle says he hopes to continue supporting French industry and producers, but not 100%. “It is a full-time job just finding the stuff,” he said.",553
-"Robert Mysłajek stops dead. Between two paw prints on a muddy mountain track, the scientist finds what he is looking for. “Droppings!” he enthuses. Wolf sightings are so rare that the sighting of their faeces marks a good day, even for a seasoned tracker.
-But it is getting easier. There are now an estimated 1,500 wolves in Poland. The number has doubled in 15 years. Wolves are – along with the brown bear, the lynx and the wolverine – Europe’s last large predator carnivores. Conservationists from Britain, Germany and the Netherlands are beating a path here to find out how the country has saved this protected species, slandered even in fairy tales.
-Bits of bone and hair protrude from the precious black faeces. “It ate a red deer,” says the University of Warsaw biologist. “In my lab, I can tell you all about this wolf – not only its diet but its gender, sexual habits, age, state of health and family connections.”
-DNA tests have established that Polish wolves are travellers. “One wolf reached the Netherlands, where unfortunately it was hit by a car. They have a tremendous range. They need space. The average territory required by a Polish pack is 250 sq km,” said Mysłajek.
-“Is there any prospect of our ever being able to reintroduce wolves to Scotland?” asks student Alex Entwisle, 23, on a field trip to southern Poland from his college in the UK. The animal science students have spent the day observing droppings and paw prints in the spruce-clad Beskidy mountains of the Polish Carpathians.
-Their hot discussion topic is whether to reintroduce wolves to the British Isles for the first time since the 18th century.
-As the guest of a British charity, the Wolves and Humans Foundation, Mysłajek toured the Scottish Highlands in 2015 and took questions from villagers about the Polish experience. “The big difference between Scotland and Poland is that we eat pork. We do not have many sheep here.
-“The similarity is that we have a lot of animals – 300,000 red deer and more than 800,000 roe deer. In Poland, we also have a massive overpopulation of wild boar – about 200,000 – and these are ravaging farmers’ cereal crops. Here, wolves are part of the solution,” he says.
-The scientist, who is a familiar face on Polish television, says wolves are exceptional animals that are capable of moving up to 30km during a single hunt. “The Beskidy pack is a strong unit, eight or nine individuals. This year, we have recorded five cubs, two yearlings and two adults.
-“We track them using motion-activated cameras in the forest and by following their prints in the mud and snow. In each family group, only one pair reproduces, once a year. All pack members care for the young with solidarity and devotion.”
-Mys łajek, the son of a shepherd, is puzzled by wolves’ bad reputation. “Why does one speak of a 'lone-wolf gunman'? Why did we have to have Little Red Riding Hood?""
-He is fascinated by these aloof canines who remained in the wild 33,000 years ago when others decided on a much more comfortable existence as domestic dogs.
-Wolves are not pooches. Mysłajek says only scientific arguments – the need to regenerate forests and control the wild animal population – can save Europe’s wild carnivores, especially the unpopular wolf. “Natural predators balance the ecosystem. They keep herbivores in check, thus allowing trees to grow tall for birds to nest in.”
-Shoot the deer? “It is only a partial solution,” he says. “In a diverse environment, you have the so-called 'landscape of fear', where herbivores no longer spend all day grazing on the tender riverside grass. They move away, as a precaution, to avoid being trapped by a predator. This gives the vegetation a chance.”
-The ban on wolf hunting in the western Carpathians came into force in 1995 and nationwide in Poland in 1998. There are now resident packs in virtually all the country’s major forests. The predators coexist with humans rather than being fenced off, as they are in African safari parks.
-The Polish government pays compensation for livestock killed by wolves. Mysłajek advises farmers on erecting electric fences. He has helped revive the use of two deterrents that, for reasons no one quite understands, wolves find particularly scary: red bunting (hung around sheep pens) and the bark of the fluffy white Tatra Mountain Sheepdog.
-The survival and mobility of Poland’s wolves has been helped by the country’s belated infrastructure development. In 1989, when the communists relinquished power, Poland had only one motorway. Major road projects – requiring wildlife impact studies – began after Poland joined the European Union in 2004. The country now has one of the highest densities in the world of overhead crossings and underpasses for wild animals.
-Attitudes have also changed. “For many years, hunting was cultural. In 1975, there were fewer than 100 wolves in Poland. Beginning in the 1950s, hunting wolves had been encouraged by the authorities. They paid a reward for killing a wolf worth a month’s salary. It was carnage.”
-Mysłajek says the improvement in Polish wolves’ survival chances has been considerable but remains fragile. Packs are mobile across borders and hunting still goes on in neighbouring Russia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Slovakia.
-He claims Poland’s new government, elected in October 2015, is hostile to wolves. “The Environment Minister, Jan Szyszko, makes no secret of being a hunter. There are 120,000 licensed hunters in Poland and they are influential in parliament.
-“The hunters claim wolves are a pest and that there are 4,000 of them in Poland, which is a spurious figure based on an unscientific count. This government is capable of turning back the clock.”
-Being a wolf advocate is not easy. “It is not as if you can argue to the politicians that wolves are a big tourist attraction. Most tourists want to see the animals but wolves stay away from humans. They have a tremendously sensitive sense of smell.”
-The 12 British animal science students leave the Polish Carpathians without a wolf sighting; just photographs of paw prints and droppings. Entwisle is convinced that Scotland will never be able to match Poland’s success.
-“It would be amazing for the environment to have them back because of the problem of too many deer. But it would just not be viable because of the roads and sheep.
-“There would be problems with farmers. We had our industrial revolution too long ago. We ruined it for ourselves. In Britain, we like predators to be far away and to watch them on television, said Entwisle.",554
-"Introduction
-Did you know that, in the UK, there is no law that says restaurants have to pass on tips to staff?
-A new government report asked workers, employers and customers what they thought about tipping. After reading the report, the UK government says it wants to change the rules to make sure that low-paid workers get the tips that customers leave for them.
-The report said that some waiters are made to pay a 15% administration fee on tips that customers pay by credit or debit card.
-The government said that it wants customers to know that tips are voluntary. They want the tipping process to be made clearer so that everyone can understand it.
-We asked waiters around the UK what they think of tipping, including how much money they get from tips and if it’s fair.
-2. Elle, 22, Edinburgh: ‘We never know whether it’s fair’
-Average tips: £20 per eight-hour shift
-I think they treat waiters best in ... France
-I have three part-time jobs. My day job is in a café where the staff work both in the café and in the kitchen so all our tips go in a pot and we all get the same. My evening job is at a restaurant where we don’t get our tips but we get the minimum wage plus an extra £2.50 per hour. My third job is events catering and nobody ever tips.
-In restaurants, because a lot of customers add tips by card, the staff never see how much the tip is – so we don’t know if what we get is fair or not. The system seems better in France, where they don’t tip much but being a waiter is seen as a proper job with job security and good wages.
-3. Ashley, 22, London: ‘Tips go towards customer breakages’
-Average tips: £10-15 per eight-hour shift
-I think they treat waiters best in ... Australia
-I work in a London pub in the evenings and I do day shifts at a local restaurant. In both places, all the tips are collected and shared out at the end of the night. Money is taken from the tips to pay for breakages by staff and customers.
-It is very unfair that our tips are shared out, especially when one member of the team doesn’t work hard enough. It’s really unfair that money from our tips is taken for breakages by customers. The managers should have ways to pay for broken glasses and plates without taking our tips. I make around £20 a shift in tips but often I only get £10-15 of that money.
-I really need tips because I am only paid £7 an hour. I’d prefer to get a good basic wage (like in Australia) and not have to rely on tips.
-4. Tom, Manchester: ‘A big night of tips can help pay the rent’
-Average tips: £40 per eight-hour shift
-I think they treat waiters best in ... Italy
-Where I used to work, waiters kept 80% of cash tips and 40% of card tips. The rest went to the other staff in the restaurant.
-It’s hard to say how much I earn in a shift; maybe about £40. It can make a big difference. Sometimes, waiters need a good night to be able to pay their rent.
-They have got tipping right in Italy, where customers don’t add a big tip but usually round up their bill so, if their meal is €19, they leave a €20 note and don’t ask for change.",555
-"McDonald’s is the world’s biggest burger chain and a global emblem of American consumer capitalism. But, these days, the golden arches of McDonald’s are looking a little tarnished. After a decade of expansion, customers around the world don’t seem to be ‘lovin’ it’ any more. McDonald’s has revealed that worldwide sales dropped by 3.3% from 2013. The set of results were described as awful.
-The company has problems almost everywhere. In China, sales fell by 23% because local media showed workers at a local supplier claiming to use out-of-date beef and chicken in McDonald’s and KFC products. In Europe, sales are down by 4%, mostly because of problems in Ukraine and the anti-western mood in Russia. Around 200 of McDonald’s 450 restaurants in Russia are being investigated by health inspectors and ten have been closed.
-But it is in the US, where McDonald’s has around 40% of its restaurants, where the crisis is deepest. Almost 60 years since Ray Kroc opened his first restaurant in Des Plaines, Illinois, consumers are losing their appetite for a Big Mac and fries.
-McDonald’s has seen 12 straight months of falling sales in its massive home market, with sales down 4.1% in the latest quarter. Younger diners are deserting the restaurant in droves to eat out at rivals such as Chipotle Mexican Grill. The number of 19-to-21-year-olds visiting McDonald’s once a month has fallen by 13% since 2011.
-To add to the company’s problems, McDonald’s hamburgers were recently named the worst in America in a poll of more than 32,000 American diners, who said they would rather eat a burger at Five Guys, Smashburger or Fuddruckers. McDonald’s is also widely perceived as less healthy than most of its rivals, especially Chipotle, with its antibiotic-free meat and “locally sourced, seasonal produce” – although ‘local’ can mean 350 miles away.
-The depth of consumer mistrust of McDonald’s was exposed by a consumer outreach exercise the company launched in the US in October. “Have you ever used pink slime in your burgers?” was one question on the Our Food Your Questions website – this refers to the controversial beef filler used for dog food that is sprayed with ammonia to make it “fit” for human consumption. McDonald’s has not used the meat product since 2012 but Chief Executive Don Thompson acknowledged the company had a job to do in addressing misconceptions about the freshness and quality of its ingredients.
-Yet, just as McDonald’s has been losing the customers who will pay a bit more for food they think is fresher and healthier, it has also lost its edge in fast-food essentials: speedy service at low prices. Ever since it introduced $2 items on its dollar menu, it has gained a reputation for being more expensive than its rivals, while many consumers complain that service is slower.
-The “expensive” tag was unjustified, said Mary Chapman at food analysts Technomic. “Prices have indeed gone up but they haven’t gone up as quickly as the rest of the fast-service chains in the US.” Prices at McDonald’s have increased by 4.8% since 2009, well below the fast-food average (up 19.4%), and the cost of “fast casual” eating, a category that includes Chipotle, is up 16.9%. US consumer prices rose 11% over the same period.
-But critics are not wrong about the longer queues. McDonald’s has a bigger menu than some, with more complicated items – its chicken McWrap takes 60 seconds to make. “I think it is worth waiting but the guy behind me who wants his double cheeseburger for a dollar might not,” said Chapman.
-In the UK, McDonald’s has turned around its business, which makes Britain a rare bright spot for the company. A competitive breakfast menu, improved coffee and free wi-fi have given McDonald’s a broad appeal in the UK, said consultant Peter Martin, adding that 56% of British adults have visited a McDonald’s restaurant at least once in the last six months.
-Executives are promising to fight misconceptions about its food in its home market. Thompson has promised more organic food and custom-made burgers but, to cut down queues, he also wants to introduce simpler menus. Analysts are not sure how the company can solve the problem of simpler menus and greater choice over fillings.
-“They want to simplify the menu but enhance its ability to customize and that sounds tricky,” said Mark Kalinowski at Janney Capital Markets. Only four out of McDonald’s 14,000 US restaurants had so far tested “build your own burger”, he said. “Right now, we are sceptical; we would like to see more detail.”
-Meanwhile, despite the declining sales, the chain continues to expand globally: by the end of 2014, it expects to have 1,400 new restaurants. Kalinowski expects McDonald’s market share will continue to shrink but he, too, warned against writing off the company. “We think it will be number one for not just years but decades to come.”",556
-"The problem with Google Glasses, says Takahito Iguchi, is that they’re not cool. He may be right. There’s already a website dedicated to people wearing them looking either ridiculous or smug or, more often, both. Search Google Images and one of the first hits is a picture of a large, naked man wearing them in the shower. And it’s this that Iguchi, a Japanese entrepreneur, hopes may be Google’s Achilles’ heel. He is launching a competitor that is a bit more stylish. A bit more Blade Runner. A bit more Japanese.
-Iguchi’s augmented reality glasses aren’t really glasses – they are more a single piece of metal with a camera and a tiny projector. They are called Telepathy One and, since they were presented to the public for the first time in Austin, Texas, they have attracted $5m of venture capital. Like Glass, Telepathy One is due to launch in 2014.
-It’s a simplified version of Google Glass. Glass has a range of uses – you can surf the internet, read emails, take photographs – but Telepathy will be “more of a communication device”. Connected via Bluetooth to your phone, it will focus on real-time visual and audio sharing. You’ll be able to post photos and videos from your line of vision on Facebook or send them as an email, or see and speak to a video image of a friend.
-“It will help bring you close to your friends and family. We are very focused on the communication and sharing possibilities,” says Iguchi, who has worked in the Japanese technology industry for 20 years.
-Of course, not everyone wants to get closer to the man in the futuristic headset, I tell him. Iguchi shakes his head. “I’m a visionary. I have a dream that people will understand other people. When I go to London, I am a stranger. Sometimes I feel fear. But I believe that everyone wants to be understood and to understand each other. And, with this device, you can know more information about people before you even speak to them.”
-Compared to Google, Telepathy is a minnow, but Iguchi doesn’t seem to worry. In his shared office space in San Francisco – a cool, converted warehouse – he quotes Sun Tzu’s The Art of War and says that even tiny armies can sometimes beat powerful forces. When he was growing up, Japanese technology ruled the world: the Sony Walkman was the iPhone of its day. Now, to compete, he’s had to leave Tokyo and go to Silicon Valley.
-“Tokyo is very rich in fashion and culture but it’s still an island. It’s isolated. There is not any way to expand. Whereas, in Silicon Valley, everyone is from everywhere. It’s where you come to connect globally.” The hardware will be made in Japan, and he is putting together a team of software engineers in the US to develop its applications.
-Building the prototype of Telepathy One was easy, Iguchi says. “We have every sort of technology in Tokyo. It is presenting it to the world that is the challenge.” The top manufacturers all want to work with him, he says, because they have the technology, they just struggle to sell it. “There needs to be a story to the product. Like Apple did with the iPod – 1,000 songs in your pocket. And Steve Jobs was inspired by Akio Morita, the co-founder of Sony, and he inspired me, so maybe it will come in a circle.”
-Maybe. He certainly has the confidence of Jobs, but, with a thick Japanese accent, he sometimes struggles to make himself understood, a fact that may have contributed to his idea for Telepathy One. When he went to London to present the headset, he stayed in an Airbnb. “The house owner was not my friend but I talked with him for three hours, and now he is my friend. That is how long it takes to understand each other, to share our feelings, and background, and career. Maybe Telepathy makes that quicker. If you are getting info from the cloud and social networks, that will happen more easily.”
-Iguchi hopes that seeing somebody else’s literal point of view will help you to see their metaphorical point of view. As a student, he explains, he studied philosophy by day and taught himself how to code by night. “And, one day, I opened the door of my apartment and I suddenly realized that everything is code. Everything is coded and is shareable between humans. And everything can be encoded and decoded. And, if code is exchangeable between humans, that will end all war.”",557
-"n 2005, BlackBerry brought instant messaging to the mobile phone and the company was just entering its period of success. Then, the iPhone was still just an idea and BlackBerry’s innovations made its smartphone one of Canada’s biggest exports.
-Six years later, in the summer of 2011, there were riots in London and other UK cities. Rioters used BlackBerry Messenger (BBM) and politicians wanted the service to shut down. But, two years later, the users themselves are leaving BBM.
-Fewer and fewer people want BlackBerry phones. There are now many alternative products, from Facebook’s and Apple’s instant messaging applications to independent apps such as WhatsApp and Kik (which is also Canadian). They are free to download and use, and they use the internet to swap text messages, pictures, voice clips, 'stickers' and even videos between most types of phones.
-BBM is trying to keep its customers and you can now use it on Android and Apple phones. There are many other apps people can use, but lots of people want to use the BBM app – more than 20 million people downloaded it. But many people believe BBM will not survive. “The move to bring BlackBerry to the iPhone is four or five years too late,” says James Gooderson, a technology blogger. “WhatsApp has made BlackBerrys unnecessary for young people.”
-BBM says it has 80 million monthly users after its upgrade, but WhatsApp has 300 million. Other services show BBM’s weaknesses: Skype and Viber have video or voice calls, but BBM doesn’t; Path does location sharing, but BBM doesn’t; there is no video sharing, as on iMessage; and the stickers (a more sophisticated version of the smiley face), that kids around the world adore, are also absent. Even the contacts and calendar sharing that BBM made possible on BlackBerry phones are not on the Apple and Android versions.
-Messaging is now becoming visual. Photos that are uploaded to Instagram get instant comments and Snapchat’s pictures have opened a world of other possibilities. Like BBM, all of these services are free for any phone with an internet connection. But, in 2011, BBM was so powerful that it helped to start a revolution in Egypt; and at the time of the London riots, people used BBM, not their televisions, to find out quickly what was happening.
-Nearly 80% of young smartphone owners regularly use a social networking application but two-thirds use more than one. 60% of 16- to 24-year-olds use Facebook every day, but 46% use alternatives. “It’s much more complex,” says Benedict Evans, a digital media specialist. “All of these apps use your smartphone. Apps rise and fall like fireworks. Some, like Instagram, last; others just disappear.”
-Thirteen-year-old Bennett has three phones. He keeps his BlackBerry for messaging, he uses an iPhone to play games, and he makes phone calls on an Android phone. His friends are still on BBM. At the touch of a few buttons, you can send a single BlackBerry message to several hundred people; on WhatsApp, the limit is 50. But, for Bennett, Instagram is now a major social network. “Instagram is Facebook without parents,” he says. “Facebook is now for older people.” The low cost of buying and using a BlackBerry is still an advantage. Anyone with a second-hand phone and a £7-a-month deal from a telecoms company can use unlimited BBM messages. But people no longer trust the privacy of BBM. Business people, revolutionaries, demonstrators and rioters used to believe that their messages were secret. The arrests that followed the riots showed that wasn’t true.
-In the rich London district of South Kensington, the older pupils at one school all have Apple phones. They all use WhatsApp. For many, BBM is a distant memory. “I still have a Blackberry, but I’m the only one,” says one teenager. And how does that make him feel? “Isolated,” he says.",558
-"He arrived – in his own words, in 2005 – as “a simple, humble worker in God’s vineyard”. And on a grey, cold, blustery Monday in February, Pope Benedict XVI signed off in the same fashion: like an elderly labourer who can no longer ignore the pains in his back; who can no more count on the strength of his arms. Characteristically for this most traditionally minded of pontiffs, he made his excuses in Latin. The first German pope in modern times timed his departure to the minute. “From 28 February 2013, at 20.00 hours”, he told a gathering of cardinals in the Vatican, “the see of Rome, the see of Saint Peter, will be vacant and a conclave to elect the new supreme pontiff will have to be convoked by those whose competence it is.”
-Among those present was a Mexican prelate, Monsignor Oscar Sanchéz Barba, from Guadalajara. He was in Rome to be told the date for a canonization in which he has played a leading role. “We were all in the Sala del Concistoro in the third loggia of the Apostolic Palace,” he said. “After giving the date for the canonization, the twelfth of May, the Pope took a sheet of paper and read from it.
-“We were all left …” – Sanchéz Barba looked around him in the Bernini colonnade that embraces St Peter’s Square, grasping for the word, as speechless as the “princes of the church” who had just heard the man they believe to be God’s representative on earth give up on the job. “The cardinals were just looking at one another,” Sanchéz Barba said.
-Angelo Sodano, the Dean of the College of Cardinals, who must have been forewarned, delivered a brief and perhaps hurriedly composed speech. Before going on to assure the Pope of the cardinals’ loyalty and devotion, he said he and the others present had “listened to you with a sense of bewilderment, almost completely incredulous ”. At the end of his address, the Pope blessed those present, and left. “It was so simple; the simplest thing imaginable,” said Sanchéz Barba. “Then we all left in silence. There was absolute silence … and sadness.”
-John Thavis, who spent 30 years reporting on the Holy See and whose book, The Vatican Diaries, is soon to be published, said he had had an intuition the Pope might be about to resign and timed his return to Rome from the US accordingly. A fellow-Vatican watcher confirmed this to be the case. Thavis noted that in the book-length interview Benedict gave to a German journalist, published as Light of the World in 2010, he had made it clear he considered it would be right to go if he felt he were no longer up to the job. “I asked myself: if I were Pope and wanted to resign, when would I choose? He has completed his series of books and most of his projects are off the ground. What is more, there were no dates in his calendar of events he personally had to attend. I thought the most likely date was 22 February, which is the Feast of the Chair of St Peter. So I got it wrong.”
-The line emerging from the Vatican within hours of the announcement was that the Pope’s decision was a brave one. By this account, Benedict – never one to shrink from utterances and decisions that shocked – had taken it upon himself to bring his church face to face with reality: the reality that contemporary medicine can keep men alive far beyond the age at which they are up to grappling with the demands of running a vast global organization. Thavis agreed: “What I find particularly courageous is that he is prepared to say now, when he is not sick, that he is going; and that he’s doing it because he’s tired and not because he’s particularly ill.” But is that the whole story? Does he know more about his state of health than the Vatican has so far made public?
-Benedict’s own account of his reasons makes it clear that he took into account not only his physical, but also his psychological condition: “In order to govern the bark of Saint Peter and proclaim the Gospel, both strength of mind and body are necessary, strength which in the last few months has deteriorated in me to the extent that I have had to recognize my incapacity to adequately fulfil the ministry entrusted to me.” Other theories will no doubt swirl around the Vatican in the days and weeks ahead, just as they did following the death of Pope John Paul I in 1978, 33 days after his election. Already there is speculation that something was about to come out about Benedict’s past. The Vatican will just as predictably dismiss such notions with contempt. But they are understandable all the same, for the transcendental importance of what Benedict has done cannot be overstated.
-Emerging from St Peter’s Basilica, Julia Rochester, from London, who described herself as a lapsed Catholic, was still turning over the implications of the Pope’s resignation. “If you’re God’s chosen one, how do you choose not be chosen?” she mused. It is a question many practising Catholics will be asking of their priests in the weeks ahead. In his first speech as Pope – humbly disclaiming his fitness for the task – Benedict said: “I am consoled by the fact that the Lord knows how to work and how to act, even with insufficient tools.” At some point in the last eight years, it would seem, he ceased to believe that was true.",559
-"From glow-in-the-dark trees to underground bike sheds and solar-powered bins, we look at some of the more leftfield solutions to help make our cities more livable.
-City living has many upsides but a sustainable lifestyle is increasingly not among them. Pollution, traffic and loss of green spaces are just some of the daily trials that city-dwellers have to deal with.
-Step forward the inventors. We consider ten of the wackier solutions to making our cities more livable.
-1 Pop-up parks
-Today’s cities sometimes look like they’re built more for cars than people. The pop-up park is a simple idea. Take an empty car park, a pocketful of change and a pot plant or two, and make yourself your own private park. The PARK(ing) project kicked off as an arts experiment in San Francisco and has since spread across the world. Temporary urban farms and ecology demos are just some of the ideas to have emerged out of the movement, which celebrates a day of action every September.
-2 Subterranean storage
-Not all urban dwellers are hooked to the car. Bikes are ever more in vogue. The question is: where to keep it safe? Tokyo-based engineering firm Giken has come up with a concept for a solution: an “ecocycle, anti-seismic underground bicycle park”. At just seven metres wide, the cylindrical storage facility buries deep enough into the ground to house 204 bikes. Owners can retrieve their bike at the touch of a button, with the automated system delivering it back above ground in around 13 seconds.
-3 Glow-in-the-dark trees
-When most people think of trees that glow in the dark, Christmas baubles and fallen pine needles usually come to mind. Not Daan Roosegaarde. The Dutch designer-artist has comes up with a “bioluminescent” plant. The experimental technology splices DNA from luminescent marine bacteria with the chloroplast genome of a plant to create a jellyfish-type glow. Trials are underway to create an industrial-scale version of the biomimicry-inspired technology that Roosegaarde hopes could one day replace conventional street lighting.
-4 Footfall harvesting
-Every day, hundreds of commuters and shoppers in the east London neighbourhood of West Ham cross the elevated pedestrian walkway close to the underground station. Few probably notice the springiness beneath their feet. Fewer still connect that five-millimetre flex in the rubber surface to the powering of the streetlights above. The paved flooring is decked with smart tiles that capture the kinetic energy from pedestrians’ footsteps and convert it into electricity. Pavegen, the UK firm behind the innovation, has installed a similar system at London’s Heathrow Airport, among other international locations.
-5 Supertrees
-It had to happen eventually: man-made trees. Singapore’s Gardens by the Bay has a small copse of them. Up to 50 metres high, these steel-framed 'supertrees' not only have flowers and ferns growing up them but their metallic canopies act to absorb and disperse heat too. They’re equipped to harvest rainwater, too, as well as provide air ventilation for two “climate-controlled biomes” (large conservatories, in other words) below. Eleven of the 18 trees also boast solar panels along their ’branches’.
-6 Water-producing billboard
-We live in a consumer world. And, so we don’t forget it, advertisers wallpaper our cities and highways with banks of billboards. Researchers at Lima’s University of Engineering and Technology have come up with a billboard with a difference. Using a system of condensers and filters, it traps the humidity in the air and extracts the water vapour to produce around 96 litres of drinking water a day. The public can help themselves to it for free.
-7 Neo-walled gardens
-Gardens stopped being just the preserve of people’s front lawns long ago. For a while, roof gardens were all the rage. Now, it’s all about walls. Drawing on advances in hydroponics (growing plants without soil), the facades of a growing number of libraries and offices, shops and hotels are bursting into flower. One of the companies at the forefront of the “living wall” boom is UK-based firm Biotecture. The company’s “vertical gardens” can be seen gracing the Taj Hotel in central London and the exit wall of Edgware Road Tube Station, among other locations. Aesthetics aside, green walls are credited with reducing air pollution and improving air quality.
-8 Algae-powered building
-To prove the dynamism of the “living wall” concept, look no further than Hamburg’s International Building Exhibition. Instead of sweet-smelling flowers, the south-facing facades of the zero-carbon apartment complex are laced with green-tinged algae. The walls’ external fabric includes a “bio-skin” of hollow grass panels on which the algae photosynthesizes and grows. Periodically, the algae is harvested from the walls and fermented in a biogas plant to produce electricity.
-9 Smart rubbish bins
-Forget gas-guzzling dumper trucks and smelly skips. City authorities around the world are now turning to solar-powered “trash compactors” to keep litter off the streets. The 150-gallon-capacity rubbish bins are equipped with a motor that pushes down the rubbish when it nears the top. The motor is powered by solar panels embedded in the lid. The newest BigBelly bins include a wireless monitoring system that notifies rubbish collectors when the bins are full.
-10 Spray paint
-Finally, desperate times may sometimes call for desperate measures. That’s clearly what was going through the minds of authorities in Chengdu, one of China’s fastest growing cities. To brighten up the place, the municipal landscaping department has taken to spraying the yellowing grass green. Use of the non-toxic green spray has now spread to Tianjin and a host of other cities in China’s north-west.",560
-"In Canada’s Arctic, summers are marked by a bright light that bathes the treeless tundra for more than 20 hours a day. For some, it’s a welcome change from the unrelenting darkness of winter. But, for the small but growing Muslim community of Iqaluit, Nunavut, life in the land of the midnight sun poses a real challenge during the month of Ramadan, during which Muslims typically fast from sunrise to sunset.
-“I haven’t fainted once,” said 29-year-old Abdul Karim, one of the few in the city who has carefully timed his Ramadan fast to the Arctic sun since moving from Ottawa in 2011. This year, that means eating at about 1.30am before the sun rises and breaking his fast at about 11pm when the sun sets. “The only reason to stop would be if it hurts my health,” Karim said. Pointing to his sizable frame, he laughed as he added: “But, looking at my condition, I don’t think fasting will hurt me.”
-As the end of Ramadan draws near for Muslims around the world, much of the holy month’s focus on community work, prayer and reflection has been a constant in communities around the world. But in Iqaluit and the other Muslim communities in the Arctic, the long days have forced a shift in how the element of fasting is approached.
-Most in Iqaluit adhere to the timetable followed by Muslims in Ottawa, some 1,300 miles south of the city – following the advice of Muslim scholars who have said Muslims in the far north should observe Ramadan using the timetable of Mecca or the nearest Muslim city. It still means fasting for some 18 hours a day, said Atif Jilani, who moved to Iqaluit from Toronto in 2015. “It’s long days, but more manageable.”
-Many in the 100-strong community break their fast together, gathering in the city’s brand new mosque – completed in February amid temperatures that dropped as low as -50C with wind chill – for nightly suppers. As they tuck into traditional foods such as dates and goat or lamb curries, the sun shines brightly through the windows.
-It’s a scene that plays out across Canada’s northernmost mosques during Ramadan, as Muslim communities wrestle with the country’s unique geography. The 300 or so Muslims in Yellowknife, in the Northwest Territories, have several options when it comes to fasting during Ramadan, said Nazim Awan, president of the Yellowknife Islamic Centre, with exceptions made for those who are pregnant or ill. “There might be some superhumans who want to fast for 23 hours, but the other option is to follow the intent and spirit of fasting by following nearby cities or they can follow the times of Mecca and Medina.” In recent years, much of the community has opted to follow the Ramadan timetable of Edmonton, in Alberta. Some, such as Awan – a father of two young children, including a 12-year-old who recently started fasting – follow the timings of Mecca. He hopes to encourage his son with the more manageable timetable of about 15 hours of fasting as compared with about 18 hours in Edmonton.
-“If I fast Yellowknife or Edmonton times, my son might say, 'Papa, you are really insane. What are you doing?'” he said. Faced with the impossibility of following the local movements of the sun, the 100 or so Muslims in Inuvik, a small town that sits 125 miles north of the Arctic Circle, have also been following Edmonton’s timetable. “We currently have 24 hours a day of sun,” said Ahmad Alkhalaf. “There’s no sunrise or sunset.”
-The adherence to Edmonton’s schedule was already in place in 2001 when he moved from Toronto to the small northern community of 3,500 people. “My first Ramadan here was in December. There’s no sun at that time; it’s dark all day and night. So we used Edmonton time.” At times, it can be psychologically challenging to follow the clock rather than what is happening outside, Alkhalaf said. “You’re supposed to break your fast when it’s dusk and we eat when the sun is out. It’s not usual to have iftar [the meal breaking the fast] when the sun is up,” he said. In Inuvik, where much of the population is Inuit, the Muslim community has sought to strike a balance between Ramadan and the local culture and traditions. The iftar meal includes dates and rich curries – as well as local game such as reindeer, prepared in accordance with Islamic law. “We make a soup or curry … but instead of using beef, we use reindeer.”
-In Iqaluit, as the Muslim community prepares to mark the end of Ramadan, some reflect that 2016’s timing – stretching across some of the longest days of the year – has made it one of the more challenging of recent years. It’s particularly true for those like Karim who have determinedly followed the local sunrise and sunset. But, his efforts will be rewarded years from now, said Karim, thanks to the lunar calendar. Ramadan will eventually fall during winter, which, in Iqaluit, sees the sun rise and set within a few hours each day. “I’ll follow those hours, too,” he said with a laugh. “Oh yes, definitely.”",561
-"wo mothers in South Africa have discovered they are raising each other’s daughters after they were mistakenly switched at birth in a hospital in 2010.
-But, while one of the women wants to correct the error and reclaim her biological child, the other is refusing to give back the girl she has raised as her own, posing a huge legal dilemma.
-Henk Strydom, a lawyer for one of the mothers, who cannot be identified because of a court order, described the inadvertent swap as a travesty and tragedy that is unlikely to have a happy ending.
-Both mothers gave birth at the Tambo Memorial Hospital in Boksburg, east of Johannesburg, on the same day in 2010. “Nobody suspected anything,” Strydom said.
-But, in 2013, one of the mothers, who is 33 and unemployed, sued her ex-partner for maintenance for her daughter. Strydom continued: “The man denied he was the father. A DNA test was done and it was found it was not his baby and not her baby. She was devastated. She didn’t know what to do.”
-Eventually, she met the other mother and, since December 2013, they have been attending joint counselling sessions, arranged by the hospital. This has included meeting their biological daughters.
-Strydom said of his client: “She said there are resemblances to herself. She conveyed to me that it was traumatic. You can see it’s not easy for her. She has to care for a child that is not hers on her own while her child is with someone else.”
-The woman reportedly became unhappy with the process and approached the children’s court in a bid to gain custody of her biological child, but the other mother refused. Strydom agreed to represent the woman, who has one elder child, pro bono.
-“It’s a tragedy. She wants the baby back but it seems the other mother is reluctant. It’s four years later: you can understand she doesn’t want to give up her baby.”
-The High Court in Pretoria has appointed the University of Pretoria’s Centre for Child Law to investigate what will now be in the best interests of the children, which is the guiding principle under South African law. It must report back within 90 days.
-Strydom added: “Your guess is as good as mine what the court may decide. It’s a travesty. How do you rectify it after four years? The longer you wait, the more traumatic it will be. But, whatever happens, someone won’t be happy.”
-He said at this point, he and his client do not want to sue the hospital or government health department, which is currently helping with the case and providing counselling.
-The Centre for Child Law will now interview the mothers and fathers, as well as any other person with a “significant relationship” with either of the girls. The children and mothers will undergo “full and thorough” clinical assessments and may be seen by a psychologist.
-Karabo Ngidi, a lawyer with the centre, said “What’s going to happen must be in the best interests of the children. Biology is an important aspect but not the only one.”
-The families are of Zulu ethnicity and so Zulu tradition, culture and customary law will be a factor, she added. It is also still possible the ex- partner of the mother taking legal action could be the biological father of the girl who was switched.
-It is not the first child-swap case to come to light in South Africa. In 1995, two mothers were awarded damages after their sons, born in 1989, were accidentally switched at the Johannesburg hospital where they were born.
-In 2009, in Oregon in the United States, Dee Ann Angell and Kay Rene Reed discovered that they had been mistakenly mixed up at birth in 1953 when a nurse brought them back from bathing. In 2013, in Japan, a 60-year-old man swapped at birth from his rich parents to a poor family was given compensation. He grew up on welfare and became a truck driver, whereas his biological siblings – and the boy brought up in his place – attended private secondary schools and universities.
-Bruce Laing, a clinical psychologist in Johannesburg, said the long-term effects of a baby swap could be “profound”, “terrifying” and “incredibly traumatizing”. He told The Times of South Africa: “An increasingly complicated situation is that some resentment towards a child that is not yours might occur. The parents might always be thinking 'What if?'”",562
-"According to a report by the World Health Organization (WHO), 35.6% of all women around the world will experience physical or sexual violence in their lifetime, usually from a male partner. The report reveals the shocking extent of attacks on women from the men with whom they share their lives, with 30% of women being attacked by partners. It also finds that a large proportion of murders of women – 38% – are carried out by their partners.
-The highest levels of violence against women are in Africa, where nearly half of all women – 45.6% – will suffer physical or sexual violence. In low- and middle-income Europe, the proportion is 27.2%. However, wealthier nations are not always safer for women – a third of women in high-income countries (32.7%) will experience violence at some stage in their lives. 42% of the women who experience violence suffer injuries, which can bring them to the attention of healthcare staff. That, says the report, is often the first opportunity for violence in the home to be discovered and for the woman to be offered help. Violence has a significant effect on women’s health. Some arrive at hospital with broken bones, while others suffer pregnancy-related complications and mental illness.
-The two reports from the WHO – one is on the extent of violence, the other offers guidelines to healthcare staff on helping women – are the work of Dr Claudia Garcia-Moreno, lead specialist in gender, reproductive rights, sexual health and adolescence at WHO, and Professor Charlotte Watts, an epidemiologist who specializes in gender, violence and health, from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
-“For the first time, we have compared data from all over the world on the extent of partner violence and sexual violence by non-partners and the impact of these sorts of violence on health,” said Garcia-Moreno. These included HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, depression, alcoholism, unwanted pregnancies and lowbirthweight babies.
-There were variations in the rates of violence against women in different regions of the world but, said Garcia-Moreno, “in whatever region we looked at, it is unacceptably high”. Data from 81 countries shows that, even in high-income countries, 23.2% of women will suffer physical and/or sexual violence from a partner in their lives. The global figure for women attacked by partners was 30%.
-More sexual assaults and rapes by acquaintances or strangers are reported in high-income countries than elsewhere – the report says that 12.6% of women in wealthy countries will be sexually attacked by a non-partner in their lives, which is higher than the African rate of 11.9%. But, the data on such crimes is not well collected in all regions.
-The authors say that their previous research shows that better-educated women and working women are less likely to suffer violence, although not in all regions. There is a need to question social norms, said Watts. “What is society’s attitude concerning the acceptability of certain forms of violence against women?” she asked. “In some societies, it is not OK – but not all.”
-“I think the numbers are a wake-up call for all of us to pay more attention to this issue,” said Garcia-Moreno. Over the past ten years, there has been increasing recognition of the problem, she said, but “we have to recognize that it is a complex problem. We don’t have a vaccine or a pill”.
-The new WHO clinical and policy guidelines recommend healthcare staff should be trained to recognize the signs of domestic violence and sexual assault, but they do not recommend general screening – that is, asking every woman who arrives in a clinic whether she has been subjected to violence.
-“But, if you see a woman coming back several times with injuries she doesn’t mention, you should ask about domestic violence,” said Garcia-Moreno. “When I was training in medical school, it wasn’t something you learned or knew about. Years later, I was sometimes in a situation where I could tell there was something else wrong with the woman I was interviewing, but didn’t know that domestic violence was the issue. Now, I think I would do the interview very differently.”",563
-"At the beginning of the final series of the TV programme, Downton Abbey, there is a feeling of sadness and everyone knows things are changing. The year is 1925 and Downton Abbey’s neighbours are selling their stately home. At Downton Abbey, Lord Grantham wants to reduce the number of servants.
-The real Downton Abbey is Highclere Castle – a stately home owned by George Herbert, 8th Earl of Carnarvon. At Highclere Castle, they have more money than before. Lady Fiona Carnarvon says that the huge success of Downton all around the world has paid for building repairs at the castle.
-“It’s been an amazing magic carpet ride for all of us,” she said. “I’m very grateful. My husband and I love Highclere Castle. Now, millions of other people love it.”
-At the moment, they only use the ground floor and first floor of Highclere, on the borders of Hampshire. But, a restoration project of tower rooms has begun. When it is finished, visitors will be able to climb up into the tower to an exhibition of the work of the architect of the Houses of Parliament, Sir Charles Barry, who also rebuilt Highclere Castle between 1839 and 1842.
-In 2009, when the Downton Abbey producers first asked about filming at Highclere Castle, the castle needed £12 million of repairs. “It was just after the banking crisis and we were worried. Then, Downton began and Highclere became a major tourist attraction.”
-The number of visitors doubled, to 1,200 a day, after Downton Abbey, written by Julian Fellowes, was shown around the world. It was a hit in the UK in 2010 and, then, in the US. It is now shown on television in 250 countries.
-The Downton tourists are part of a growing phenomenon. The organization, VisitBritain, says that nearly 30% of foreign visitors, nearly nine million people, visit castles and historic houses. Almost half of visitors to Britain now say they want to visit places from films or TV.
-More than a million tourists take a tour of historic buildings each year and they spend more than £1 billion. Fifty-one per cent of Brazilians, 42% of Russians and Chinese, and 35% of Indian visitors will probably include a visit to a site of interest in their trips.
-VisitBritain’s director, Patricia Yates, said: “The links between tourism, films and TV are strong.” She added that period dramas, like Downton Abbey, have also made places outside of London more popular.
-“Downton Abbey expresses a certain view of Britain. It is a fantasy world, based in a particular time in history. It’s the first TV period drama that everyone knows and talks about.”
-Lady Carnarvon says that the long-term future of Highclere might not be secure. But, she says, “The programme has allowed us to spend faster on the buildings.”
-Highclere Castle plans a Tutankhamun event in 2022, 100 years after the 5th Earl of Carnarvon went to Egypt with Howard Carter and discovered Tutankhamun’s tomb. Another event is the 300th anniversary of the birth of Lancelot “Capability” Brown, who designed the grounds.
-“Every single day, don’t take anything for granted,” said Lady Carnarvon. “You have to invest in these great houses. I’ve tried to show people it is fun. We have special events, not just a walk around a dusty house.”",564
-"Like veins carrying the lifeblood of a city, a subway system teems with billions of inhabitants: the bacteria of Swiss cheese and kimchi, of bubonic plague and drug-proof bugs and of human skin. Now, for the first time, scientists have started to catalogue and map the bacteria coursing through a city’s subway – and they have found a wealth of curious results.
-Dr Christopher Mason, a geneticist at Weill Cornell Medical College, led a team that, for 18 months, swabbed the New York City subway system for the microscopic life forms that cover its turnstiles, seats, ticket booths and stations. In what Mason called “the first city-scale genetic profile ever”, his team found meningitis at Times Square, a trace of anthrax on the handhold of a train carriage and bacteria that cause bubonic plague on a rubbish bin and ticket machine at stations in uptown Manhattan.
-In research published in the journal Cell Systems, the team strongly downplayed the findings of plague and anthrax, noting the extremely small trace of the latter, that rats likely carried the former and that no one has fallen ill with plague in or around New York for years.
-“The results do not suggest that plague or anthrax is prevalent,” the study says. “Nor do they suggest that New York residents are at risk.”
-In fact, most of the bacteria identified by the team are either harmless to humans or beneficial in the city’s thriving world of microorganisms, many of which process toxic hazards and waste in the same way that bacteria inside every human help with digestion and bodily functions.
-Some of the results were expected, Mason said, including some bacteria associated with fecal matter, which he said “should be a gentle reminder for people to wash their hands”. He also said that many bacteria of the same genus as those “that are beneficial and helpful, like the one used for making cheese,” also turned up around New York.
-Bacteria appeared to reflect the eating habits of various neighbourhoods. All around the subway, bacteria associated with cheeses – brie, cheddar, parmesan and the mozzarella of ubiquitous New York pizza – turned up. The distinctive bacteria of Swiss cheese were more localized to midtown Manhattan and the financial district, and the bacteria used to ferment cabbage for kimchi and sauerkraut showed up in the financial district and Bay Ridge. The computer also identified cucumber DNA all over the city, Mason said.
-Bacteria associated with illness and infections were extremely common. Species that cause diarrhoea and nausea, both benign and bad E.coli (mostly benign), and the bacteria that can cause skin infections and urinary-tract infections were common all over the city. The species that produces tetanus appeared in Soho and bacteria that cause dysentery appeared at a station in the Bronx and another in Harlem.
-With more than 1,000 samples collected at all of New York’s 466 open subway stations, Mason and his team ran the organic materials through a DNA sequencer and, then, through a supercomputer armed with genetic databases. They identified 15,152 distinct species, nearly half of which were bacteria.
-The good news, the researchers wrote, is that these “potentially infectious agents” are not spreading sickness or disease throughout New York but rather seem to be “normal co-habitants” and “may even be essential”. They “represent a normal, 'healthy' metagenome profile of a city”.
-In short, the researchers conclude, the subway and city are about as safe as everyone thought.
-Mason said people should not be concerned about getting urinary-tract infections from subway seats. “You should wash your hands,” he said, “and probably get some sleep and eat salads and go to the gym, and that’s about the same today as it was yesterday.”
-“If anything,” he added, “I’ve become much more confident riding the subway.”
-Many findings made sense: heavily trafficked stations like Grand Central and Times Square had more bacteria and more diversity among them; the subway was most enriched for bacteria associated with skin. The Bronx, with its diverse neighbourhoods and stations, had the greatest diversity of bacteria; Staten Island, with just three stops, had the lowest.
-The researchers found marine bacteria at South Ferry, a station that flooded during Hurricane Sandy – but they were surprised to note the species included some normally associated with Antarctica and fish.
-The next steps, Mason said, are studies of other cities, which have begun in Paris, São Paolo and Shanghai, and continued studies of New York, for instance to see how the microbiome changes with the seasons. He said he hoped the research would provide “a baseline” of research for health officials and geneticists, and could help health officials to be better prepared to prevent and track diseases and pathogens.",565
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-"For 85 years, it was just a grey blob on classroom maps of the solar system. But, on 15 July, Pluto was seen in high resolution for the first time. The images show dramatic mountain ranges made from solid water ice as big as the Alps or the Rockies.
-The extraordinary images of the former ninth planet and its large moon, Charon, were sent back 4bn miles to Earth from the New Horizons spacecraft. They are the climax of a mission that has been quietly underway for nearly ten years.
-Alan Stern, the mission’s principal investigator, said “New Horizons is returning amazing results. The data look absolutely gorgeous, and Pluto and Charon are just mind-blowing.”
-One of the biggest surprises was the discovery that “there are mountains in the Kuiper belt”, the solar system’s mysterious “third zone” where Pluto is, with about 100,000 smaller icy objects. John Spencer, a mission scientist, said the mountains appear to be around 3,000 metres high and several hundred miles across.
-The detailed image of one edge of the dwarf planet showed not a single crater. This tells scientists that there has been recent geological activity on the surface, which could include dramatic geysers throwing ice into the atmosphere or cryo-volcanoes that erupt in explosions of ice.
-Pluto used to be the ninth planet but, since 2006, it has been known as a dwarf planet. The NASA press conference began with spectacular images of the sun and the eight official planets. “We’ve brought what was previously a blurred point of light into focus,” said Dwayne Brown, NASA spokesman, as scientists and journalists waited for the image to be shown.
-Stern said that there would be many more images and that we would learn a lot more about the planet during the coming year. The images have already produced some surprises. Scientists believe the mountains are made from water ice with just a thin cover of “exotic” ices, methane and nitrogen.
-“Water ice is strong enough to hold up big mountains and that’s what we think we can see here. This is the first time we’ve seen this. The methane and nitrogen are just a coating.” The mountains on Pluto probably formed no more than 100m years ago – extremely recently in the 4.56bn-year-old solar system. This suggests the region, which covers about 1% of Pluto’s surface, may still be geologically active. The images are the first to show ice mountains, except those found on the moons of giant planets.
-The images are so detailed that, if the craft were flying over London, we would be able to see the runways at Heathrow airport.
-The distance to Pluto – 5bn km – means it takes New Horizons hours to send back a picture and it will take 16 months to send back all the data. The team also announced that the heart-shaped feature visible on Pluto will now be known as the Tombaugh Regio, after Clyde Tombaugh, who discovered the dwarf planet in 1930.
-The new view of Charon reveals an area of cliffs stretching about 1,000km. This suggests cracks in Charon’s surface, which could also be the result of geological activity. The image also shows a dramatic canyon about 7 to 9km deep.
-Cathy Olkin, a mission scientist, said: “Charon just blew our socks off when we saw the new image today. The team has just been abuzz. There is so much interesting science in this one image alone.” Scientists think that Pluto is two thirds rock surrounded by a lot of ice, with surface temperatures of about minus 230C. As the £460m mission continues into the Kuiper belt, scientists hope that it will help us to see and understand more of the ancient solar system and the origins of planets. It may even help to explain the formation of the Earth itself.
-Andrew Coates, head of planetary science at the Mullard Space Science Laboratory, said: “These Kuiper belt objects are the building blocks of the outer solar system. They’re all very cold – it’s like a cosmic deep freeze. It’s the best way of preserving solar system history. That is what is so fascinating about this. It’s a really thrilling time for solar system exploration.”
-In August 2015, mission scientists will choose which of two objects to visit next. NASA estimates that the spacecraft will be able to keep recording and sending back data until the mid-2030s. Then, its plutonium power source will run out and it will drift outwards towards the edge of the solar system and deep space.
-New Horizons also observed the smaller members of the Pluto system, which includes four other moons: Nix, Hydra, Styx and Kerberos. “New Horizons is a true mission of exploration, showing us why basic scientific research is so important,” said John Grunsfeld, associate administrator for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate.
-The images also suggest that Hydra’s surface is probably coated with water ice. Future images will reveal more clues about the formation of this, and the other moon, billions of years ago.”",intermediate,0
-"He had the tastes of a typical millionaire. He owned a gold and silver Rolex and a fleet of expensive cars. He liked to dabble in modern art. But, although this Chinese businessman had several companies and a palatial villa in the Madrid suburbs, he had almost no money in the bank, a detail that piqued the interest of Spanish authorities.
-Gao Ping, who had lived most of his adult life in Spain, had a monopoly on supplies to 4,000 Chinese bazaars across the Mediterranean country. But, authorities suspected he was not paying taxes on the clothes, furniture and other goods he was importing from China.
-When police swooped on his warehouses in 2012 they found piles of cash: wads of €100, €200 and €500 notes were wrapped in elastic bands. Around €12m was wheeled away in trolleys, the largest ever cash seizure by Spanish police. The gang, with Gao the alleged ringleader, stands accused of laundering up to €300m a year, as well as selling counterfeit goods and toys with fake safety marks. The government prosecutor said Gao’s illegal business was so big it was damaging the competitiveness of Spain. Gao is on bail; the case has not yet come to trial.
-Law enforcement officials have long had concerns about €500 notes. Small and easy to transport relative to their value, they are the payment method of choice for tax dodgers, money launderers and drug barons. The sum of €1m in €500 notes fits easily into a small laptop bag, where the same amount in €50 notes would require a small suitcase. Cash mules have been known to fold the notes into plastic pellets and swallow them. A less dangerous method of concealment is to stuff the banknotes into a car chassis.
-The UK stopped distribution of the €500 note in 2010 on the grounds that demand for it was “almost entirely for criminal purposes ”. In 2009, Italy’s central bank warned that the notes were widely used by mafia money launderers and terrorists. Other countries have limited their own high- denomination notes due to links to organized crime – Canada scrapped its $1,000 note in 2000 on the advice of law enforcement officers.
-In an age of electronic payment systems and contactless cards, more are questioning whether printing these notes can be justified. Peter Sands, the former head of Standard Chartered Bank, has called for the abolition of high-denomination notes, including the €500, the $100, the 1,000 Swiss Franc note and the £50. In a report for the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Sands argued it was time to get rid of high-value notes that make life easier for “bad guys” pursuing tax evasion, financial crime, terrorist finance and corruption. Although criminals would switch to smaller- denomination bills, or gold or diamonds, these substitutes are bulkier and more traceable, making it more likely they will get caught, he said.
-At a conference on terrorist financing in London, the Head of Europol, Rob Wainwright, called on the European Central Bank (ECB) to look at whether it “should continue to produce and circulate these notes that make it easier for criminals and terrorists to hide their business and to fund illegal activities”. According to Europol, the purple €500 note accounts for 30% of the value of all the euro notes in circulation, although most people have never seen one.
-The €500 note was introduced in 2002 when the euro was born: it replaced the 1,000 Deutschmark, the 10,000 Belgian franc and the 500,000 Italian lira. Several European countries favoured high- value banknotes. “It is definitely a preference that has been there for a long time,” says Pia Hüttl, an affiliate fellow at the Bruegel thinktank. “The preference is based on the idea that cash has a lower cost and is accepted everywhere.”
-Cash remains king in Germany and Austria, where more than half of all transactions are made with paper money and coins. The former president of Germany’s constitutional court, Hans-Jürgen Papier, told Germany’s Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung that restrictions on cash were at odds with individual freedom, while tabloid newspaper Bild has launched a petition in defence of paper money, including the €500 note – “hands off my cash ”.
-Law enforcement authorities are less convinced, amid a steady stream of reports of suspicious bundles of cash. In one case that has caught the attention of police, two men walked into a bank and tried to deposit €200,000 of torn and muddy €500 notes. In the same week, €1.3m in €500 notes was found stuffed in the false bottom of suitcase. But, a suspicion of criminality is not enough to keep people in custody. “Our frustration from a law enforcement perspective is that, in many jurisdictions, it is impossible to provide sufficient evidence to satisfy judicial authorities of a link between suspicious cash detections and criminality,” says Jennifer MacLeod, a specialist in Europol’s financial intelligence group. “The search for these links is complicated further through time constraints and fragmented cooperation and information exchange.”
-The agency would like to see central banks take more responsibility for the “striking anomalies” in the use of €500 notes. Luxembourg, for example, issued more than twice its annual GDP in banknotes in 2013 alone, despite being one of the most cash-averse countries in Europe. Europol asked Luxembourg’s central bank to explain. “The reply we had from Luxembourg is that they simply issue the notes requested and have no explanation for the reasons behind the demand,” MacLeod says. “I find it surprising that a central bank does not consider itself to have a responsibility in this area.”
-This could be changing. Mario Draghi, the head of the ECB, has said he is determined that the income the bank generates from issuing the notes should not be “a comfort for criminals”. Other members of the ECB’s top team, such as Yves Mersch, contend there is no evidence about the criminal uses of the €500 note. But, amid heightened fears about terrorism, this argument may no longer cut any ice. EU finance ministers have called on policymakers to explore “appropriate restrictions” on high-value notes and report back by 1 May 2016.",advanced,1
-"The Moroccan city of Ouarzazate is used to big productions. On the edge of the Sahara Desert and at the centre of the North African country’s “Ouallywood” film industry, it has played host to big-budget location shots in Lawrence of Arabia, The Mummy, The Living Daylights and even Game of Thrones.
-Now, the trading city, nicknamed the “door of the desert”, is the location for another blockbuster – a complex of four linked solar mega-plants, which, alongside hydro and wind, will help provide nearly half of Morocco’s electricity from renewables by 2020 with, it is hoped, some spare to export to Europe. The project is a key plank in Morocco’s ambitions to use its untapped deserts to become a global solar superpower.
-When the full complex is complete, it will be the largest concentrated solar power plant in the world and the first phase, called Noor 1, will go live in November 2015. The mirror technology it uses is less widespread and more expensive than the photovoltaic panels that are now familiar on roofs the world over but it will have the advantage of being able to continue producing power even after the sun goes down.
-The potential for solar power from the desert has been known for decades. In the days after the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986, the German particle physicist Gerhard Knies calculated that the world’s deserts receive enough energy in a few hours to provide for humanity’s power needs for a whole year. The challenge, though, has been capturing that energy and transporting it to the population centres where it is required.
-As engineers put the finishing touches to Noor 1, its 500,000 crescent-shaped solar mirrors glitter across the desert skyline. The 800 rows follow the sun as it tracks across the heavens, whirring quietly every few minutes as their shadows slip further east.
-When they are finished, the four plants at Ouarzazate will occupy a space as big as Morocco’s capital city, Rabat, and generate 580 mega-watts (MW) of electricity, enough to power a million homes. Noor 1 itself has a generating capacity of 160MW.
-Morocco’s Environment Minister, Hakima el-Haite, believes that solar energy could have the same impact on the region this century that oil production had in the last. But the $9bn project to make her country’s deserts boom was triggered by more immediate concerns, she said.
-“We are not an oil producer. We import 94% of our energy as fossil fuels from abroad and that has big consequences for our state budget,” el-Haite told the Guardian. “We also used to subsidize fossil fuels, which have a heavy cost, so when we heard about the potential of solar energy, we thought, 'Why not?'”
-Solar energy will make up a third of Morocco’s renewable energy supply by 2020, with wind and hydro taking the same share each.
-“We are very proud of this project,” el-Haite said. “I think it is the most important solar plant in the world.”
-Each parabolic mirror is 12 metres high and focused on a steel pipeline carrying a 'heat transfer solution' (HTF) that is warmed to 393C as it snakes along the trough before coiling into a heat engine. There, it is mixed with water to create steam that turns energy- generating turbines.
-The HTF is made up of a synthetic thermal oil solution that is pumped towards a heat tank containing molten sands that can store heat energy for three hours, allowing the plant to power homes into the night. The mirrors are spaced in tier formations to minimize damage from sand blown up by desert winds.
-Technicians say that the Noor 2 and 3 plants, due to open in 2017, will store energy for up to eight hours – opening the prospect of 24/7 solar energy in the Sahara and the surrounding region.
-“The biggest challenge we faced was being able to finish the project on time with the performance level we needed to achieve,” said Rashid al-Bayad, the project director.
-But, even as the first phase of the project nears completion, Morocco is eyeing grander international ambitions. “We are already involved in high tension transportation lines to cover the full south of Morocco and Mauritania as a first step,” says Ahmed Baroudi, manager of Société d’Investissements Energétiques, the national renewable energy investment firm. But he says the project’s ultimate impact will go far wider – even as far as the Middle East. “The ultimate objective given by his majesty the king is Mecca.”
-Whether that ambition is achieved remains to be seen but exporting solar energy could have stabilizing effects within and between countries, according to the Moroccan solar energy agency (Masen). Talks are ongoing with Tunisia and energy exports northwards across the Mediterranean remain a key goal.
-“We believe that it’s possible to export energy to Europe but, first, we would have to build the interconnectors which don’t yet exist,” said Maha el-Kadiri, a Masen spokeswoman. “Specifically, we would have to build interconnections, which would not go through the existing one in Spain, and, then, start exporting.”
-Spain has itself prohibited new solar projects because of a lack of interconnectors to transmit the energy to France. The EU has set a target of ensuring that 10% of each member country’s power can be transported abroad by cable by 2020.
-In the meantime, Morocco is focused on using solar to meet its own needs for resource independence. This could, one day, include water desalination, in a country that is increasingly being hit by drought as the climate warms. Officials are keenly aware of the running they are making in what is the most advanced renewable energy programme in the Middle East and North African region. “We are at the avante-garde of solar,” el-Kadiri says.
-About $9bn has been invested in the Noor Complex, much of it from international institutions such as the European Investment Bank and World Bank and backed by Moroccan government guarantees. Undisclosed energy subsidies from Morocco’s unelected ruler, King Mohammed VI, have prevented the cost from being transferred to energy consumers.
-One month before launch, over a thousand, mostly Moroccan, workers are still racing to fix electric wires, take down scaffolding and wrap rockwool insulation around steel pipelines. They bustle past in yellow and orange bibs, working 12-hour shifts against a backdrop of the Atlas Mountains. Harnesses with hammers and gloves strapped to their belts swing by their sides. Ubiquitous hard hats, safety shoes and ear plugs give the scene an air of theatrical camp.
-For Hajar Lakhael, a 25-year-old environment and security manager from Meknes, rehearsals are almost over and the blockbuster production is nearly ready for action.
-“We’ve done the construction and, now, we will see how these projects look when they start,” she says. “It is exactly like the preparation for a grand performance.”
-A global audience will be watching with interest.",advanced,2
-"SeaWorld has suffered an 84% collapse in profits – customers have deserted the controversial aquatic theme park company because of claims that it mistreated orca whales.
-The company trains dolphins and killer whales to perform tricks in front of stadiums full of people. They have suffered declines in attendance, sales and profits because people think they don’t treat their animals well.
-SeaWorld has been in the news since the 2013 documentary Blackfish said that its treatment of orca whales made the whales act violently and that this caused the deaths of three people. After the documentary was shown, attendance collapsed and the company lost more than half of its market value on Wall Street. Its former CEO also had to leave the company.
-Animal rights activists say that orcas kept in tanks die at a younger age than wild whales. SeaWorld started a marketing campaign to show that this isn’t true.
-It cut ticket prices and spent $10m on marketing but SeaWorld CEO Joel Manby had to admit that the company is still struggling to convince the public that it treats its whales well.
-“We realize we have much work ahead of us,” Manby said. Talking about the company’s reputation, he said, “Early feedback on our campaign has been positive. However, we recognize that solving our image problems in California will be challenging.”
-“We will continue to fight with the facts because the facts are on our side,” he said.
-Manby, who joined the company as CEO in 2015 to help the company recover, said he would give a presentation on his vision for the future of the company at a special event on 6 November.
-There are already plans for a new shark exhibition in Orlando and an attraction in San Antonio that will allow customers to swim with dolphins in a “naturalistic” setting.
-The company’s financial report, released on 6 August, showed profits in the second quarter dropped from $37.4m in 2014 to $5.8m in 2015. This is an 84% decrease. Revenue fell from $405m to $392m. Attendance dropped by more than 100,000 from 6.58 million to 6.48 million.
-Analysts will now be closely watching SeaWorld’s sales and attendance numbers in the third quarter, which is traditionally the company’s most profitable and covers the summer holiday season. Attendance may suffer from a fresh scandal in July 2015 – it was alleged that a SeaWorld employee had infiltrated animal rights protest groups against the company.
-Jared Goodman, director of animal law for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), said: “SeaWorld has a spying scandal, animals are dying in its tanks and tens of thousands of people are against its plan to build a new orca prison. Families just don’t want to buy tickets to see orcas going insane inside tiny tanks. SeaWorld’s orcas won’t recover and SeaWorld’s profits won’t recover either until it empties its tanks and builds sanctuaries by the coast.”
-SeaWorld’s shares, which were worth $39 in 2013, fell to just under $18 in August 2015.",intermediate,3
-"There are worse things to do in life than stroll along Rio’s Copacabana beach in the sunshine on the way to watch a World Cup match. So it was not surprising that England fan Anthony McDowell from Liverpool was in a good mood. “The place is lovely. The people are great. There’s a party atmosphere,” said McDowell. “The only thing that could be better is the England team.”
-He and six friends were among the thousands of supporters from around the world who have made the beach into a party zone. Some danced, some took photos, some drank, but mostly they just walked and talked about football, waiting for the next game to begin on the big screen nearby.
-The friendly, mostly peaceful mood was very different from the protests, transport chaos and stadium problems during the preparations for the World Cup. But, now the football has started, visiting supporters want to enjoy the experience. “If I knew, when I started planning, how complicated and expensive it would be, I wouldn’t have come. But, now that we’re here, it’s great,” said Brian Hill, another England fan.
-The trip has not been without its problems. Hill travelled for more than 20 hours to get to Rio. His son’s sunglasses were stolen almost as soon as he sat on the beach. And, they have been surprised that many bars do not have big screens for the games. But, like many fans, they said they loved the atmosphere of this tournament, which has had a spectacular start.
-Everyone enjoyed Robin van Persie’s extraordinary diving header for the Netherlands against Spain. And, there have been lots of goals: 28 in the first eight games – almost three times as many as at the same stage in South Africa in 2010. Latin-American teams have been very successful so far and, as most fans are from neighbouring countries, this has added to the carnival atmosphere.
-Up to now, the tournament has avoided the problems many people predicted, though it is not trouble free. The stadiums were delivered late and – in some cases – not fully finished, but there have been no structural problems or difficulties entering the grounds.
-As at previous World Cups, ticketing has been a problem, with many empty seats at several games. FIFA spokesman Saint-Clair Milesi said that only 48,000 of the 51,900 seats were filled at the game between the Netherlands and Spain.
-The Globo newspaper listed a number of problems in the 12 host cities. Almost all had worse traffic jams than usual. The worst transport problems were in Natal, where bus drivers were on strike. In Salvador, some journey times were five times longer than usual. “Traffic was already bad but this week it is chaotic,” said Jecilda Mello, a local person.
-But, protests have happened less often since the opening day, when small demonstrations took place in several cities and police used pepper spray. Since then, the only security problem has been petty theft and overexcited fans. Police used pepper spray on Argentinian fans when they started a spontaneous street party and blocked roads.
-The huge distances have created some very different World Cup experiences. The tournament has had only a small effect on São Paulo, South America’s biggest city. But, far away in Manaus – the remote Amazonian city where England played Italy – visitors said there was World Cup fever with brightly decorated streets and flags on many cars.
-The English Football Association chairman, Greg Dyke, said there was a big difference in atmosphere. “We’ve had a really warm welcome in Manaus. It’s a big thing for them. But we were in São Paulo for four or five days before the first match and it was hard to see until the last day that the World Cup was happening. It was weird.”",elementary,4
-"Poorer countries will be most affected by climate change in the next century.
-Sea levels will rise, there will be stronger cyclones, warmer days and nights, more rainfall, and larger and longer heatwaves, says a new report.
-The last big United Nations (UN) report, in 2007, said there would be temperature rises of 6°C or more by the end of the century. Scientists now think this will not happen, but average land and sea temperatures will probably continue rising during this century, possibly becoming 4 °C hotter than now. That rise would ruin crops and make life in many cities too hot.
-As temperatures rise and oceans become warmer, there will be big changes in annual rainfall in tropical and subtropical regions, says the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, released in Stockholm and published online in September 2013.
-East Africa can expect more short rainfalls and west Africa should expect heavier monsoons. Burma, Bangladesh and India can expect stronger cyclones; elsewhere in southern Asia, there will probably be heavier summer rainfalls. Indonesia may receive less rainfall between July and October, but the coastal regions around the south China Sea and Gulf of Thailand can expect more rainfall when cyclones hit the land. 'Rainfall patterns will change. Northern countries, for example in Europe or North America, will probably receive more rainfall, but many subtropical, dry regions will likely get less rain,' said the report.
-The report also said that the monsoon season will probably start earlier and last longer.
-Scientists in developing countries are happy with the report. “The IPCC says that climate change is real and happening much more strongly than before. We are already seeing the effects of climate change in Bangladesh and across south Asia. It’s not news to us.
-Most developing countries are experiencing climate change now. They do not need the IPCC to tell them that the weather is changing,” said Saleemul Huq, director of the International Centre for Climate Change and Development.
-Scientists have also lowered their predictions for sea-level rises. Sea levels will probably rise an average of 40 –62 cm by 2100. But many millions of people living in the developing world’s great cities, including Lagos and Calcutta, are in danger.
-Weather disasters are also more likely in a warmer world, the report says. The number of tropical cyclones will probably not change, but they may become more intense, with stronger winds and heavier rainfall.
-Life in many developing country cities could become very difficult, especially because city temperatures are already higher than those in the countryside. Much higher temperatures could reduce the length of the growing period in some parts of Africa by up to 20%, the report said.
-The charity Oxfam said that world hunger would get worse because climate changes hurt crop production. They said the number of people at risk of hunger might increase by 10% to 20% by 2050.
-“The changing climate is already hurting the fight against hunger, and it looks like it will get worse,” said Oxfam. “A hot world is a hungry world”.",elementary,5
-"The Canadian tennis player Frank Dancevic criticized the people who organize the Australian Open because they forced players to play tennis in terrible conditions.
-Dancevic collapsed during the second set of his match against France’s Benoît Paire on the uncovered court six at Melbourne Park. He said conditions were dangerous for the players. He also said the heat caused him to hallucinate: “I was dizzy from the middle of the fi rst set and then I saw Snoopy and I thought, 'Wow, Snoopy – that’s weird.'”
-“I don’t think it’s fair to anybody – to the players, to the fans, to the sport – when you see players passing out,” he added. “Passing out with heat stroke, it’s not normal.
-“I, personally, don’t think it’s fair and I know a lot of players don’t think it’s fair.”
-Other players agreed. The British number one, Andy Murray, said: “It’s de fi nitely a problem. It only takes one bad thing to happen. And it looks terrible for the whole sport when people are collapsing, ball kids are collapsing, people watching are collapsing. That’s not great.
-“I know the conditions at 2.30 –3pm were very, very hard. If it’s safe or not, I don’t know. There have been some problems in other sports with players having heart attacks.”
-Caroline Wozniacki said: “I put the water bottle down on the court and it started melting a little bit. So, you know it was warm.”
-John Isner said: “It was like an oven when I open the oven and the potatoes are ready. That’s what it’s like.”
-Victoria Azarenka said, “It felt pretty hot, like you’re dancing in a frying pan or something like that.”
-Organizers said the highest temperature was 42.2C in the early evening on Tuesday but it was never hot enough to stop the matches.
-“The weather was hot and uncomfortable, but the humidity was quite low, so play could continue,” tournament director Wayne McKewen said.
-Dancevic, who said he felt dizzy from the middle of the second set, unsurprisingly lost 7 –6, 6 –3, 6 –4. “I nearly stopped completely,” he said. “I wasn’t really running too much towards the end. I wasn’t tired; I just felt my body temperature was too high.”
-A ball boy needed help from doctors when he collapsed during Milos Raonic’s 7 –6, 6 –1, 4 –6, 6 –2 victory over Daniel Gimeno-Traver on exposed court eight.
-China’s Peng Shuai also said the heat had made her cramp up and vomit, and someone had to help her leave the court after her 7 –5, 4 –6, 6 –3 defeat to Japan’s Kurumi Nara.
-Organizers said most matches were completed without anyone needing help from doctors.
-“Of course, there were a few players who had heat-related illness or discomfort, but none needed much help from doctors after their match,” Tim Wood, the tournament’s chief medical of fi cer, said.
-Roger Federer said that the weather was hot, but it was the same for both players.
-“It’s just a mental thing,” the Swiss said. “If you’ve trained hard enough all your life, or the last few weeks, and you believe you can do it and come through it, there’s no reason. If you can’t deal with it, you throw in the towel.”
-Dancevic disagreed. “Some players are used to the heat – their bodies can deal with the heat and others’ can’t,” Dancevic said. “It’s dangerous. It’s an hour and a half since my match and I still can’t pee.”",elementary,6
-"A girl born today in the UK can expect to live nearly to the age of 82 on average, while her brother will live to 78. They would have a longer life in Andorra (85 and 79 respectively) but are marginally better off than in the US (81 and 76), while if they lived in the Central African Republic, they would barely make it out of middle age (49 and 44). Nonetheless, almost everywhere in the world, with the exception of countries such as Lesotho, which have been hit by HIV and violence, lifespans are lengthening and the best news is that small children are substantially less likely to die than they were four decades ago. There has been a drop in deaths among under-fives of nearly 60%, from 16.4 million in 1970 to 6.8 million in 2010.
-That in itself is justification for the enormous project that the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) in Seattle has led over the past five years, involving nearly 500 researchers, to assess the global burden of disease. Knowing how many children die and from what cause enables the world to focus its efforts and resources on keeping them alive. There are many lessons to be gleaned from the vast database they have put together, which will help global organizations and individual governments to better care for us all – from a renewed focus on diet to tackling alcohol to keeping up the efforts against HIV in Africa.
-The seven papers published by The Lancet represent a big undertaking and are not without controversy. IHME has been ambitiously radical in some of its methods. In the absence of death registries or medical records, they have been willing, for instance, to take evidence from verbal autopsies – deciding the cause of death by an interview with the family. The most startling result has been the malaria figure, released earlier in 2012. IHME said 1.2 million die of the disease every year – twice as many as previously thought. The big increase is in adult deaths. Conventional wisdom has it that malaria kills mostly children under five.
-“The way I was taught as a doctor and everybody else is taught is that, in malarial areas, you become semi-immune as an adult,” said Dr Christopher Murray, IHME Director and one of the founders of the Global Burden of Disease project. “We originally went with the prevailing opinion but there has been a shift as we have become more empirical. African doctors write on hospital records that adults are dying of malaria a lot.” But, he adds, their fever could be something else. The findings have prompted further studies.
-Although Margaret Chan, Director General of the World Health Organization, gave the IHME study a warm official welcome, some of the staff are cautious. “We need to be very careful in assessing the validity [of the figures],” said Colin Mathers, a senior scientist in the Evidence for Information and Policy Cluster. “We need to wait to be persuaded by evidence.” His colleague Dr Tiers Boerma, Director of the WHO Department of Health Statistics and Informatics, added: “People should understand that some of the numbers are very different and the WHO can’t jump with any academic publication that states a different number.” However, said Mathers, “the fact that IHME has pushed the envelope with some of these analyses is stimulating”. One of the main themes, said Murray, was “incredibly rapid change in the leading causes of death and the pace of that change is a lot faster than we expected it to be”.
-Reduced fertility and longer life expectancies have meant a rise in the mean age of the world’s population in a decade, from 26 years old to almost 30. It has been dramatic in Latin America, for instance, where countries like Brazil and Paraguay had life expectancy of below 30 in 1970 and almost 64 in 2010. That is a 35-year increase in the mean age of death over four decades. “In a place like Brazil, the speed of change is so fast that most institutions are ill-equipped to deal with it,” Murray said.
-The second theme, entwined with it, is the shift outside Africa from communicable diseases and the common causes of mother and baby deaths to what are sometimes termed “lifestyle” diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer – some of which have significant genetic triggers. That shift has been particularly marked in Latin America, the Middle East and south-east and even south Asia, he said.
-The third big finding was, Murray said, “a surprise to us”. That was the sheer extent of disability and the toll it took on people who were living longer but not healthier lives. “The main causes of disability are different from the ones that kill you,” he said. They were mental health problems such as anxiety and depression, musculoskeletal disorders such as arthritis and lower back pain – complained of in every country in the world – anaemia, sight and hearing loss and skin disease. In addition, there was substance abuse. “The rates for these are not going down over time,” he said. “We are making no progress in reducing these conditions.”",advanced,7
-"Loneliness has finally become a hot topic. The Office for National Statistics has found Britain to be the loneliest place in Europe. British people are less likely to have strong friendships or know their neighbours than people anywhere else in the European Union. And research at the University of Chicago has found that loneliness is twice as bad for older people’s health as obesity and almost as great a cause of death as poverty.
-This is shocking but such studies do not examine the loneliness epidemic among younger adults. In 2010, the Mental Health Foundation found that loneliness was a greater concern among young people than among the elderly. The 18- to 34-year-olds surveyed were more likely to feel lonely often, to worry about feeling alone and to feel depressed because of loneliness than the over-55s.
-“Loneliness is a recognized problem among the elderly and there are day centres and charities to help them,” says Sam Challis, of the mental health charity Mind, “but, when young people reach 21, they’re too old for youth services.” This is problematic because of the close relationship between loneliness and mental health – it is linked to increased stress, depression, paranoia, anxiety, addiction and it is a known cause of suicide.
-But what can young people do to prevent loneliness? One researcher at the Oxford Internet Institute points out that social media and the internet can be both a good thing and a problem. They are beneficial when they enable us to communicate with distant loved ones but not when they replace face-to-face contact. “People present an idealized version of themselves online and we expect to have social lives like those we see in the media,” says Challis. Comparing the perfect lives of our friends with our own lives can lead us to withdraw socially.
-Meditation techniques and apps such as Headspace are trendy solutions frequently recommended for a range of mental health problems, but they’re not necessarily helpful for loneliness, as they actively encourage us to be alone with our thoughts. “It is better to address the causes of your loneliness first – what’s stopping you going out and seeing people?” says Challis.
-Indeed, a study of social media at the University of Michigan in 2013 found that using technology to help you meet new people can be beneficial. And, if you are unable to go out for some reason, the internet can help you. For example, Mumsnet, an online network for parents, can help you feel less alone when bringing up young children.
-Helplines can also reduce loneliness, at least in the short term. One in four men who call the emotional support charity Samaritans mention loneliness or isolation and Get Connected is a free confidential helpline for young people, where they can get help with emotional and mental health problems often linked to loneliness. There are also support services on websites such as Mind’s that can remind you you’re not alone.
-At work, it can be beneficial to tell your employer how you’re feeling. John Binns advises businesses on mental health and well-being. He was admitted to hospital for stress-related depression in 2007 and took two months off work. He felt as if there was no one to talk to and wasn’t close enough to colleagues for them to notice the changes in his behaviour. More openness with his employer and colleagues made his return to work easier. Office chit-chat may seem like a waste of time but it helps to protect us from the emotional and psychological effects of work strain.
-“We treat the networks we have as incidental but they’re fundamental to our well-being,” says Nicky Forsythe, a psychotherapist and the founder of Talk for Health, an organization that trains people to give and receive support in groups. “The most important thing is to have a regular time and place to reflect on your life and to have an empathetic listener.”
-If we believe recent research, loneliness is killing the elderly and, with an ageing population, we should aim to reduce our isolation before it is too late. “Getting older doesn’t have to mean getting lonelier,” says Ruth Sutherland, the chief executive of the relationship counselling service Relate. “But it is very important to lay the foundations to good-quality relationships earlier in life.”",intermediate,8
-"1 Passing clouds
-One of the good things about flying is seeing clouds very close. They seem to be light, but they carry a lot of water – around 500 tonnes in a small cloud. And water is heavier than air. So why don’t clouds fall out of the sky like rain? They do, but they take a very long time. An average cloud would take a year to fall one metre.
-2 On cloud nine
-Most of us are happy to call clouds “fluffy ones” or “nasty black ones”, but there are more than 50 cloud types. The 50 cloud types fit into nine categories. Cloud nine is the very big cumulonimbus, so to be “on cloud nine” means that you are on top of the world or very,
-very happy.
-3 Around the rainbow
-The best place to see a rainbow is from a plane. Rainbows are made when sunlight hits raindrops. We see a bow because the Earth is in the way, but, from a plane, a rainbow is a complete circle.
-4 Mr blue sky
-Sunlight is white. It includes all the colours of the spectrum. As it passes through air, some of the light is scattered. Blue light scatters more than other colours, so the blue looks like it comes from the sky.
-5 There’s life out there
-We usually only see clouds and other planes from a flying aircraft’s window, but the air is full of bacteria – 1,800 different types of bacteria.
-6 Turbulence terror
-Even someone who flies all the time can feel sick because of turbulence. The good news is that no modern airliner has ever crashed because of these sudden and violent movements of air. People have been hurt when they are not strapped in or falling luggage may hit them – but the plane is not going to fall out of the sky.
-7 You can’t cure jet lag
-The world is divided into time zones. When you take a long flight, the difference between local time and your body’s time causes jet lag. But jet lag can be reduced if you keep food bland for 24 hours before travel, drink a lot and live on your destination time from the moment you get on the aircraft.
-8 Supersonic 747s
-Many of us have travelled faster than sound. There are many jet streams in the air around the Earth, especially on the journey from the US to Europe. A jet stream can move as fast as 250 miles per hour. If an airliner flying at 550mph enters a jet stream, the result can be that the plane flies at 800mph. That’s faster than the speed of sound.
-9 Flying through time
-Flying across time zones means that we travel through time. But this time travel is so small that crossing the Atlantic every week for 40 years would only move you 1/1,000th of a second into the future.
-10 Terrible tea
-Don’t blame the cabin attendant if your tea isn’t great. Water should be just under 100°C when you pour it on to tea leaves – but that isn’t possible on a plane. It’s impossible to get water hotter than 90°C during flight – so choose coffee.
-11 I can’t hear my food
-People often say that airline food is bland and without taste. But some of the problem may not be bad food. A plane is a noisy place and food loses some of its taste when there are loud noises.
-12 Needle in a haystack
-With modern technology, it seems strange that Malaysian flight MH370 could disappear – but finding a missing aircraft is a needle-in-a- haystack problem. The plane knows where it is but it does not send this information anywhere. The problem is not technology – the problem is that there is no law that says that planes must send this information.
-13 Volcanic fallout
-Air travel can be cancelled by volcanic activity. Ash melts in the heat of the engine, then solidifies on the rotors. It is very dangerous to ignore the volcanic ash.
-14 The wing myth
-For many years, we taught the wrong explanation for the way wings keep planes in the air. But now we know that a plane stays in the air because of Newton’s Third Law of Motion. The shape of the wing pushes air down. As the air is pushed down, the wing gets an equal and opposite push up, and this lifts the plane.",elementary,9
-"Scientists have connected the brains of two rats and allowed them to share information. Researchers say this is an important step towards creating the world’s first “organic computer”.
-The US team put electronic brain devices on two rats. The devices let the animals work together on simple tasks to earn rewards, such as a drink of water. In one important demonstration of the technology, the scientists used the internet to connect the brains of two rats thousands of miles away from each other. One in North Carolina, USA, and the other in Natal, Brazil.
-The head of the research team was Miguel Nicolelis, who has made devices that allow paralyzed people to control computers and robotic arms with their thoughts. The researchers say their latest work could make it possible to connect many brains to share information. “These experiments showed that we have created a direct communication connection between brains,” Nicolelis said. “We are creating an organic computer.”
-The scientists have shown that rats can share information and respond to that information. The scientists do this by electrically connecting the rats’ brains.
-They trained the rats to press a lever when they saw a light above it. When they did the task correctly, they got some water.
-To test the animals’ ability to share brain information, they put the rats in two separate compartments. Only one compartment had a light above the lever. When the rat pressed the lever, an electronic version of its brain activity was sent directly to the other rat’s brain. In tests, the second rat responded correctly to the first rat’s brain signals and pressed the lever 70% of the time.
-Incredibly, the communication between the rats was two-way. If the rat that received the information failed the task, the first rat did not get the reward of a drink. It then seemed to change its behaviour to make the task easier for its partner. In further experiments, the rats worked together on a task where they had to tell the difference between narrow and wide openings using their whiskers.
-In the final test, the scientists connected rats on different continents and used the internet to send their brain activity. “The animals were on different continents, but they could still communicate,” said Miguel Pais-Vieira, the first author of the study. “This tells us that we could create a network of animal brains, with the animals in many different locations.”
-Nicolelis said the team is now trying to find ways of linking many animals’ brains at once to solve more difficult tasks. “We do not know what might happen when animals begin interacting as part of a 'brain-net',” he said. “In theory, you could imagine that a combination of brains could find solutions that individual brains cannot find alone.” Anders Sandberg, of Oxford University, said the work was “very important” in helping to understand how brains process information. But the possible future uses of the technology are much wider, said Sandberg. “The main reason humans control the planet is that we are very good at communicating and coordinating. Without that, although we are very clever animals, we would not control the planet.”
-“I don’t think these experiments will create very smart rats,” he added. “There’s a big difference between sharing information through the senses and being able to plan. I’m not worried about clever rats taking control of the world.”
-We know very little about how people process thoughts and how they could be sent to another person’s brain, so that will not happen any time soon. And much of what is in our minds is what Sandberg calls a “draft” of what we might do. “And we change a lot of those drafts before we do anything. Most of the time, I think it’s very good that our thoughts are not in someone else’s head.”",elementary,10
-"“I got a Dyson vacuum cleaner but I don’t even know if I want it. I just picked it up,” Louise Haggerty, a 56-year-old hairdresser and waitress, said of her 1am trip to the Black Friday sales. “It was mental in there. It was crazy. It was absolutely disgusting, disgusting.”
-Haggerty had ventured out to the 24-hour Sainsbury’s supermarket in Harringay, north-east London with a friend in the hope of snapping up a bargain flat-screen TV. “But so many people pushed in the queue we didn’t have a chance,” she said. “The poor woman who was second in the queue was pushed out by a crowd of youths. She didn’t get anything. People were behaving like animals – it was horrible,” she said. “I only saw two security guards.”
-Frustrated with not being able to buy a Blaupunkt 40” TV reduced from £299.99 to £149.99, Haggerty rushed to pick up a Dyson Animal Vac, down from £319.99 to £159.99. “I don’t even know how much it costs; I don’t know even know if I’m going to buy it. I just wanted something,” she said. “There are lads in there with three, four, five tellies. It’s not fair.”
-One of those lads was Andy Blackett, 30, an estate agent, who had two trolleys full of bargains. “I got two coffee makers, two tablets, two TVs and a stereo,” he said. “I couldn’t tell you the prices but I know they’re bargains.” But his mate Henry Fischer, a 19-year-old student, wasn’t as successful. “Someone snatched my telly from me – it’s cos I’m the smaller one.”
-Blackett, Fischer and some mates had driven to Sainsbury’s at 12.45am after retreating from the “bedlam” of Tesco’s 24-hour Lea Valley supermarket, where the Black Friday sale started at midnight. “Tesco was scary so we came here instead,” Blackett said.
-More than a dozen police officers attended the Tesco store on Glover Drive, Upper Edmonton, as scuffles broke out between eager and frustrated shoppers. Customers were seen tearing down cardboard hoardings put in place to hold back sale items until the stroke of midnight. Tesco delayed the sale of its most popular sale items – TVs – for almost an hour until police brought the situation under control. One officer was overheard criticizing the manager for failing to ensure adequate security and suggested the sale should be suspended altogether. The Tesco store is across the road from an IKEA furniture store that was the scene of riots when it opened with a midnight sale in 2005.
-Police intervened at other stores, including Tesco in Willesden and Surrey Quays, just before the doors opened at midnight. Greater Manchester Police said at least two people had been arrested at Black Friday sales events already that morning. The force said on its Twitter feed: “Keep calm, people!” South Wales Police also reported receiving a number of calls from staff at Tesco stores after they became “concerned due to the volume of people who had turned up to sale events”.
-One of the first purchasers of a flat-screen TV, when TV sales began just before 1am, was James Alled, 30, a businessman, who bought two and was already negotiating to sell one of them to someone further down the queue. “I bought them for £250. I’ll sell it to you for £350, £300 cash,” he said. Further back in the queue, Christine Ball, 62, wasn’t impressed. “I got here at 10.15pm and I’m further back now than when I got here,” she said. “None of that lot know what a queue is.”
-Ball, who, like most of the shoppers, had not heard of the US-inspired Black Friday sales until now, said she had come out especially to buy her grandson a TV for Christmas. “Not one of those massive ones; just a normal one at £100 or so,” she said. In her basket was a pint of semi-skimmed and a loaf of bread. “Telly, milk and bread – the necessities,” she said.
-Mel Mehmet, 23, had been to Black Friday sales in 2013 and had expected queues but said the atmosphere in Tesco scared her this time. “It’s crazy, really, having it at midnight – the police must have more important things to do at night than be called to sales. We’re going to PC World first thing – their sale starts at 8am.”",advanced,11
-"Is this the moment when streaming goes mainstream?
-According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), only 41 million subscribers used music streaming services around the world in 2014. In the record business, it is the area that is growing the fastest but it is still quite small. Also, many subscribers have streaming as part of a mobile phone package so nobody knows if they use the service or not. Apple hopes to reach 100 million subscribers. The subscription fee would be $120 per year so Apple would earn $12 billion a year. By comparison, the entire global worth of recorded music in 2014 was just under $15 billion. Apple is good at making products go mainstream but it’s not that good.
-Is this the end of downloading?
-The iTunes Store arrived in 2003 (2004 in Europe). Apple was able to persuade consumers to pay for downloads and it grew a really big business with an estimated 70% market share. Downloads were still 52% of total digital income in 2014, according to IFPI. Apple has most of this – this means it is the biggest music retailer in the world. But download earnings reached their highest point in 2013 in the UK at £283 million and fell to £249 million in 2014.
-Download sales fell in the US in 2013 so Apple bought Beats in 2014 because it wanted to move from music ownership (downloads) to music access (subscription streaming). Apple, and the record industry, cannot afford to get rid of the download market yet – so streaming and downloading will have to coexist under the Apple brand. Most people like music but don’t love it enough to pay $120 a year to listen to it. On average, people in the UK, for example, spent just £39.52 on music in 2014. Even Apple will find it very difficult to make people triple the money they spend on recorded music.
-Has Apple Connect made Apple the most artist-friendly service?
-Apple Connect is somewhere in the middle of YouTube, Facebook and SoundCloud. It allows artists to post music, videos, photos and more to their profile pages. Apple has good relations with the music industry and, also, with artists. It has a good reputation among artists. This is a bit different from Spotify – artists from Radiohead’s Thom Yorke to Taylor Swift have criticized Spotify. There is probably going to be a revolution and Apple is trying to make sure it has the support of artists.
-Where are the artist exclusives?
-Artist exclusives is going to be the interesting bit when Apple Music opens. It will be very important for streaming to have exclusive rights to big albums. Spotify paid a lot of money to get Led Zeppelin and Metallica exclusively. Apple already has the music of AC/DC and the Beatles for download on iTunes but it is uncertain if these two will want to move to streaming. It was an easy decision for artists to give iTunes the download exclusive on an album because most people download music using iTunes. But trying to do that in streaming is not the same thing.
-Is this going to kill Spotify?
-Some people already believe that Apple Music will destroy competitors like Spotify. But it’s not that simple. Other companies have been offering music streaming for many years but Apple hasn’t – it has no experience of music streaming. The winner of this battle will not be the company with the best service; it will be the company with the most money. Apple’s competitors have an advantage but they are losing a lot of money. Spotify, for example, lost €93.1 million in 2013. But Apple is different – it started 2015 by becoming the most profitable company in business history. It had $178 billion in the bank.",elementary,12
-"As soon as the children at one primary school in Stirling hear the words “daily mile”, they down their pencils and head out of the classroom to start running laps around the school field. For three-and-a-half years, all pupils at St Ninian’s Primary have walked or run a mile each day. They do so at random times during the day, apparently happily, and, despite the rise in childhood obesity across the UK, none of the children at the school are overweight.
-The daily mile has done so much to improve these children’s fitness, behaviour and concentration in lessons that scores of nursery and primary schools across Britain are following suit and getting pupils to get up from their desks and take 15 minutes to walk or run round the school or local park.
-Elaine Wyllie, headteacher of St Ninian’s, said: “I get at least two emails a day from other schools and local authorities asking how we do it. The thought of children across the country running every day because of something we’ve done is phenomenal.”
-One in ten children are obese when they start school at the age of four or five, according to figures from the Health & Social Care Information Centre, and, in the summer of 2015, a study found that schoolchildren in England are the least fit they have ever been. Primary schools have therefore been quick to note the benefits of the daily mile. It has been introduced in schools in London, Gateshead, Wales and other parts of Scotland, while others are planning to launch the initiative during the 2015-6 academic year. In Stirling alone, 30 schools have already started or are to start the daily mile.
-“It’s a common-sense approach to children’s fitness, which is free and easy. The most important thing is that the children really enjoy it; otherwise, you couldn’t sustain it. They come back in bright-eyed and rosy-cheeked, how children used to look. It’s joyous to see,” said Wyllie. At St Ninian’s, teachers take their pupils out of lessons on to a specially built circuit around the school’s playing field for their daily mile whenever it best suits that day’s timetable. Only ice or very heavy rain stop them.
-The extent of the benefits have yet to be determined but researchers from Stirling University have launched a comparative study to look for quantitative evidence of the physical, cognitive and emotional benefits of the daily mile. Dr Colin Moran, who is leading the study, said: “The children at St Ninian’s don’t seem to have problems with obesity; they seem happier and staff say they settle into lessons faster so we designed a study that would test all of these things. There is a lot of anecdotal evidence about the benefits but there aren’t any scientific facts yet.” St Ninian’s pupils will be compared with children from another school in Stirling that has yet to start the scheme.
-Kevin Clelland, a primary school teacher from Leeds, visited St Ninian’s before convincing his colleagues it was a great idea. He said: “It’s such a simple thing to do but seems to have such an amazing impact. We’re really committed to improving the fitness of our pupils beyond the two-hour statutory PE that we are expected to deliver.” His school is now constructing a track.
-Active Cheshire, a strategic body for sports and fitness in Cheshire and Warrington, is taking a group of senior figures from the local authority up to Scotland to assess the results of the daily mile. The hope is to introduce it across the 450 schools in the region if a pilot is successful.
-Paralympian, Tanni Grey-Thompson, chair of ukactive, the UK’s leading not-for-profit health body for physical activity, said: “All children need to achieve 60 active minutes every day, whether in a lesson, on the walk to school or in the playground. It’s fantastic to see initiatives like the daily mile be established, showing real leadership from the education sector to improve children’s fitness levels and their cognitive behaviour, and make a real difference to schools, teachers, parents and young people’s lives. We know sitting still kills; not sitting still helps children build skills that will stay with them for life.”
-The Scottish government is also supportive. A spokesperson said: “Learning in PE is enhanced by initiatives like the daily mile, which can encourage and support parents in fostering healthy habits with their children from a young age. We are pleased to see so many Scottish schools are taking part or planning to do so.”",advanced,13
-"John Lewis’s 2015 Christmas advert shows a lonely old man who lives on the moon.
-Department store John Lewis’s Christmas ad, which, for many people, shows that the Christmas shopping season has begun, aims to raise hundreds of thousands of pounds for the charity Age UK. John Lewis will also encourage staff and customers to care for elderly people who might be alone over the holiday.
-The department store has spent £7 million on a campaign that includes the TV ad, a smartphone game and merchandise, including glow-in-the- dark pyjamas. It has also built areas that look like the surface of the moon in 11 of its stores.
-After two years of successful ads with cute animals – a bear and hare, then a penguin – this time, the story is about a young girl, Lily, who sees an old man living in a small wooden house on the moon through her telescope. The girl tries to send him a letter and a note via bow and arrow. Then, she floats him a present of a telescope tied to balloons. This helps them to make contact.
-The ad’s message is: “Show someone they’re loved this Christmas”. This is similar to Age UK’s campaign: “No one should have no one at Christmas”. Profits from three products – a mug, gift tag and card – will go to the charity.
-Rachel Swift, head of marketing at John Lewis, said that people talk about charities at Christmas and the ad makes you think about someone who lives on your street that might not see anybody.
-The campaign features the Oasis track Half the World Away sung by Norwegian singer Aurora.
-The ad cost £1 million to make. The moon scenes were shot at the Warner Bros Studios, where the Harry Potter films were made, and the specially built set was created by one of the team behind the latest Star Wars film, The Force Awakens.
-As in the last few years, John Lewis showed a short film on TV and social media using the hashtag #OnTheMoon before it showed the full advert. There will be a full moon on Christmas Day 2015 – a complete coincidence, says Swift.
-In 2014, the department store also spent £7 million on a campaign with a penguin and a young boy playing together. It had 22 million views on YouTube by the first week of January – more than the 16.6m views of Sainsbury’s ad with First World War soldiers sharing a bar of chocolate, the UK’s second most popular ad of 2014.
-Swift said that John Lewis wants to just get “something right for the company at this time of year and do something we hope customers really love.”
-Sarah Vizard, from Marketing Week, said “There are a lot more companies doing Christmas ads this year but I think a lot of those companies just show what you can buy in store. John Lewis does the emotional piece the best. I think people will think the ad is really cute.”",elementary,14
-"At Addis Ababa airport, visitors see pictures of golden grains, tiny red seeds and a group of men around a giant pancake. The words say: “Teff: the best gluten-free crop!”
-Ethiopia is one of the world’s poorest countries, well known for its difficult food situation. But it is also the home of teff, a highly nutritious grain that you can now buy in health-food shops and supermarkets in Europe and America.
-Teff’s tiny seeds – the size of poppy seeds – are high in calcium, iron and protein, and also amino acids. You can use the gluten-free grain instead of wheat flour in anything from bread and pasta to waffles and pizza bases.
-In Ethiopia, teff is a national obsession. It is grown by about 6.3 million farmers – fields of the crop cover more than 20% of all farmland. They make it into flour and use it to make injera, the flatbread that is basic to Ethiopian cooking. The grain is also important in many religious and cultural ceremonies. Across the country, people meet around large pieces of injera. They use it to scoop up stews and to feed one another as a sign of loyalty or friendship – a tradition known as gursha.
-Teff is now called Ethiopia’s “second gift to the world”, after coffee.
-Ethiopia’s growing middle class want more teff. This has increased the price of teff, so it is now too expensive for the poorest people. Today, most small farmers sell most of what they grow to people in Ethiopian cities.
-Teff is the most nutritionally valuable grain in the country. In urban areas, people eat up to 61kg of teff a year. In rural areas, they eat 20kg. The type of teff people eat is different, too: the rich eat the more expensive magna and white teff; poorer people usually eat less-valuable red and mixed teff. They also mix it with cheaper cereals such as sorghum and maize.
-The Ethiopian government wants to double teff production by 2015. It says that the grain could play an important role in school meals and emergency aid programmes, and help reduce malnutrition – particularly among children.
-In Ethiopia, around 20% of children under five are malnourished.
-The government does not allow the export of raw teff grain, only of injera and other processed products. But this could change: the goal is to produce enough teff for Ethiopia and for export.
-Mama Fresh is a family company that sells injera to top restaurants and hotels in the Ethiopian capital. It also exports the flatbread to Finland, Germany, Sweden and the US, mostly for Ethiopians who live there. But the company wants to double exports to America in 2014 and will soon start producing teff-based pizzas, bread and cookies.
-Regassa Feyissa, an Ethiopian agricultural scientist, says that, without careful planning, growing more teff for export may mean that farmers do not grow other important crops.
-There is not much Ethiopian teff on the international market, so farmers in the US have started planting the crop. Farmers in Europe, Israel and Australia have also experimented with growing it.",elementary,15
-"Nobody knows which came first: the economic crisis in Greece or shisha, the drug that is called the “cocaine of the poor”. But everyone agrees that shisha is a killer. And it costs only €2 or less.
-“It is the worst drug. It burns your insides, it makes you aggressive and makes you go mad,” said Maria, an ex-heroin addict. “But it is cheap and it is easy to get, and everyone is taking it.”
-This drug crisis is making problems for Athens’s health authorities, who already have the problem of large financial cuts.
-Thousands of homeless Greeks, who live on the streets because of poverty and a loss of hope, are taking shisha. The drug is related to crystal meth. It is often mixed with battery acid, engine oil and even shampoo. It can make users become aggressive. And, even worse, it is easy to buy and easy to make.
-“It is a killer, but it also makes you want to kill,” Konstantinos, a drug addict, said. “You can kill without understanding that you have done it. A lot of users have died.”
-Charalampos Poulopoulos, the director of Kethea, Greece’s anti-drug centre, said shisha is an “austerity drug” – it is made by dealers who have become clever at making drugs for addicts who can no longer afford heroin and cocaine.
-“The crisis has given dealers the possibility to sell a new, cheap drug, a cocaine for the poor,” said Poulopoulos. “You can sniff or inject shisha and you can make it at home – you don’t need any special knowledge. It is extremely dangerous.”
-In all parts of Greece, there is a lot of depression, and drug and alcohol abuse. Crime has increased because austerity measures have cut the income of ordinary Greeks by 40%. Prostitution – the easiest way to pay for drugs – has also increased.
-There are more suicides and HIV infections, and drug addicts (around 25,000 people) have become more and more self- destructive. Sixty-four per cent of young people in Greece are unemployed – this is the highest youth unemployment in the EU.
-At the time when organizations such as Kethea need extra help, the Greek state has cut by a third the money it gives them. The European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund asked them to do this to help save the Greek economy.
-Since the economic crisis began in 2009, Kethea has lost 70 of its 500 staff. They get less money, but studies show that for every euro the Greek state spends on anti-drug programmes such as Kethea, it saves about €6 because there is less crime and fewer health problems. “The cuts are a huge mistake,” said Poulopoulos.
-On the streets of Athens, there is a fear that austerity not only doesn’t work – it kills.",elementary,16
-"Scientists have created an “atlas of the brain” that reveals how the meanings of words are arranged across different regions of the organ. Like a colourful quilt laid over the cortex, the atlas displays in rainbow hues how individual words and the concepts they convey can be grouped together in clumps of white matter.
-“Our goal was to build a giant atlas that shows how one specific aspect of language is represented in the brain, in this case semantics or the meanings of words,” said Jack Gallant, a neuroscientist at the University of California, Berkeley.
-No single brain region holds one word or concept. A single brain spot is associated with a number of related words. And, each single word lights up many different brain spots. Together, they make up networks that represent the meanings of each word we use: life and love, death and taxes, clouds, Florida and bra. All light up their own networks.
-Described as a “tour de force” by one researcher who was not involved in the study, the atlas demonstrates how modern imaging can transform our knowledge of how the brain performs some of its most important tasks. With further advances, the technology could have a profound impact on medicine and other fields.
-“It is possible that this approach could be used to decode information about what words a person is hearing, reading or possibly even thinking,” said Alexander Huth, the first author on the study. One potential use would be a language decoder that could allow people silenced by motor neurone disease or locked-in syndrome to speak through a computer.
-To create the atlas, the scientists recorded people’s brain activity while they listened to stories read out on The Moth Radio Hour, a US radio show. They then matched the transcripts of the stories with the brain activity data to show how groups of related words triggered neural responses in 50,000 to 80,000 pea-sized spots all over the cerebral cortex.
-Huth used stories from The Moth Radio Hour because they are short and compelling. The more enthralling the stories, the more confident the scientists could be that the people being scanned were focusing on the words and not drifting off. Seven people listened to two hours of stories each. Per person, that amounted to hearing roughly 25,000 words – and more than 3,000different words – as they lay in the scanner.
-The atlas shows how words and related terms exercise the same regions of the brain. For example, on the left-hand side of the brain, above the ear, is one of the tiny regions that represents the word “victim”. The same region responds to “killed”, “convicted”, “murdered” and “confessed”. On the brain’s right-hand side, near the top of the head, is one of the brain spots activated by family terms: “wife”, “husband”, “children”, “parents”.
-Each word is represented by more than one spot because words tend to have several meanings. One part of the brain, for example, reliably responds to the word “top”, along with other words that describe clothing. But, the word “top” activates many other regions. One of them responds to numbers and measurements, another to buildings and places. The scientists have created an interactive website where the public can explore the brain atlas.
-Strikingly, the brain atlases were similar for all the participants, suggesting that their brains organized the meanings of words in the same way. The scientists only scanned five men and two women, however. All are native English speakers and two are authors of the study published in Nature. It is highly possible that people from different backgrounds and cultures will have different semantic brain atlases.
-Armed with the atlas, researchers can now piece together the brain networks that represent wildly different concepts, from numbers to murder and religion. “The idea of murder is represented a lot in the brain,” Gallant said.
-Using the same data, the group has begun work on new atlases that show how the brain holds information on other aspects of language, from phonemes to syntax. A brain atlas for narrative structure has so far proved elusive, however. “Every time we come up with a set of narrative features, we get told they aren’t the right set of narrative features,” said Gallant.
-Uri Hasson, a neuroscientist at Princeton University, praised the work. Unlike many studies that looked at brain activity when an isolated word or sentence was spoken, Gallant’s team had shed light on how the brain worked in a real- world scenario, he said. The next step, he added, was to create a more comprehensive and precise semantic brain atlas. Ultimately, Hasson believes it will be possible to reconstruct the words a person is thinking from their brain activity. The ethical implications are enormous. One more benign use would see brain activity used to assess whether political messages have been effectively communicated to the public. “There are so many implications and we are barely touching the surface,” he said.
-Lorraine Tyler, a cognitive neuroscientist and head of the Centre for Speech, Language and the Brain at Cambridge University, said the research was a “tour de force in its scope and methods”. But, the brain atlas in its current form does not capture fine differences in word meanings. “While this research is path-breaking in its scope, there is still a lot to learn about how semantics is represented in the brain.”",advanced,17
-"Music subscription services, including Spotify and Deezer, have broken through the $1bn sales barrier worldwide, as increasing numbers of fans choose to pay for music online.
-Streaming and subscription revenues rose by more than 50% in 2013 to reach $1.1bn, helping overall sales of recorded music in Europe grow for the first time in 12 years, according to figures published in March 2014.
-There are now an estimated 450 music-rental services around the world, and, while many people still listen for free, a desire for more choice is persuading more music lovers to part with their cash. In a three-year period, the number of paying subscribers rose from 8 million to 28 million, according to the 2014 digital music report from the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI).
-Easily accessible from smartphones and tablets, subscription services are popular with people looking to try out new music without committing to buying a download or a CD. Consumers say they are attracted by a cheap, user-friendly and legal alternative to pirated downloads. “It is now clear that music streaming and subscription is a mainstream model for our business,” said IFPI Chief Executive, Frances Moore. There are signs that, in Britain and America, streaming may soon generate more revenue for the music industry than downloads from online stores such as Apple’s iTunes. Subscription services now account for a third of all digital sales globally, with downloads making up the balance, but the IFPI data shows that the two formats are growing at different rates.
-In the US, the percentage of people claiming to use subscription and streaming rose from 19% in 2012 to 23%, while the percentage of people downloading fell from 28% to 27%. In Britain, downloaders remained static, at exactly one third, while subscribers grew from 19% to 22%. In Sweden, France and Italy, streaming is already more popular than downloading.
-Digital formats now account for 39% of all music sales, or nearly £5.9bn out of £15bn, and, while sales of CDs and vinyl declined steeply in 2013, they still contribute just over half the industry’s income. A recent crash in music sales in Japan, which accounts for one fifth of music industry sales and where physical formats remained popular for longer than elsewhere, meant sales across all formats globally fell 3.9%.
-However, vinyl continued to make a comeback in some markets. Sales increased by 32% in America and by 101% in the UK in 2013.
-The IFPI also said that One Direction were the biggest-selling artists of 2013, with 4m physical and digital sales for their Midnight Memories album. Katy Perry’s Prism was the best-selling album by a female artist, in sixth place behind Eminem, Justin Timberlake, Bruno Mars and Daft Punk.
-Consumer-technology companies have been racing to join the music-streaming trend, with Apple launching iTunes Radio and Google promoting its Play Store, with smaller players like Beats Music, created by the team behind the Beats headphones brand, also joining the fray.",advanced,18
-"Music subscription services, including Spotify and Deezer, have broken through the $1bn sales barrier worldwide, as fans choose to pay for music online.
-Streaming and subscription revenues rose by more than 50% in 2013 to reach $1.1bn, and sales of recorded music in Europe grew for the first time in 12 years, according to figures published in March.
-While many people still listen for free, a desire for more choice is persuading more music lovers to part with their cash. In a three-year period, the number of paying subscribers rose from 8 million to 28 million, according to the 2014 digital music report from the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI).
-Easily accessible from smartphones and tablets, subscription services are popular with people who want to try out new music without buying a download or a CD. They like this cheap, user-friendly and legal alternative to pirated downloads. “It is now clear that music streaming and subscription is a mainstream model for our business,” said IFPI Chief Executive, Frances Moore.
-The IFPI also said that One Direction were the biggest selling artists of 2013, with 4m physical and digital sales for their Midnight Memories album. Katy Perry’s Prism was the best-selling album by a female artist, in sixth place behind Eminem, Justin Timberlake, Bruno Mars and Daft Punk.
-Consumer-technology companies are joining the music-streaming trend. Apple has its iTunes Radio and Google its Play Store. Smaller companies like Beats Music are also joining the trend.
-In Britain and America, streaming may soon generate more revenue for the music industry than downloads from online stores such as Apple’s iTunes. Subscription services now account for a third of all digital sales globally, with downloads making up the rest, but the IFPI data shows that the two formats are growing at different rates.
-In the US, the percentage of people using subscription services and streaming rose from 19% in 2012 to 23%, while the percentage of people downloading fell from 28% to 27%. In Britain, downloaders remained static at exactly one third, while subscribers grew from 19% to 22%. In Sweden, France and Italy, streaming is already more popular than downloading.
-Digital formats now account for 39% of all music sales, or nearly £5.9bn out of £15bn, and, while sales of physical formats, such as CDs and vinyl, declined steeply in 2013, they still contribute just over half the industry’s income.
-Vinyl continued to make a comeback in some markets. Sales increased by 32% in America and by 101% in the UK in 2013.",intermediate,19
-"Standing at the edge of space above the deserts of New Mexico, Felix Baumgartner paused slightly. It was a small step away from the capsule, but a 24-mile drop back down to Earth. “Our guardian angel will take care of you,” said mission control, and the man known as Fearless Felix jumped.
-Ten heart-stopping minutes later the Austrian landed back on Earth, after reaching speeds of up to 725mph, and breaking three world records, including becoming the world’s first supersonic skydiver by breaking the sound barrier at Mach 1.24. “We love you Felix,” cheered the control room as his mother, Ava Baumgartner, wept. Baumgartner, who claimed the records for the highest altitude manned balloon flight and the highest altitude skydive, raised his arms in a victory salute to thank his team.
-He was wearing a specially designed survival suit that kept his body intact against the hugely varying pressures that marked his drop back to Earth. Without it, his blood would have boiled and his lungs might have exploded. Baumgartner later told a press conference: “When I was standing there on top of the world, you become so humble, you don’t think about breaking records.” He admitted all he could think about was getting back alive, but added: “Sometimes you have to go up really high to see how small you are.”
-After two aborted attempts the week before, the mission was given the go-ahead on Sunday morning with the cooperation of the weather. Baumgartner was carried up into crystal clear skies by a gigantic balloon, which measured 30 million square cubic feet and whose skin was one-tenth the thickness of a sandwich bag. At the bottom of the balloon was a capsule, in which Baumgartner sat in his suit.
-As he reached the desired height, Baumgartner went through a checklist of 40 items with his mentor Joe Kittinger, the previous holder of the highest altitude manned balloon flight.
-There was some concern that a heater for his visor was not working, causing his visor to fog. “This is very serious, Joe,” he told Kitttinger. “Sometimes it’s getting foggy when I exhale. ... I do not feel heat.” But they decided to go ahead, watched by a record 8 million people as the jump was streamed live on YouTube.
-The two-and-a-half-hour journey upwards, during which the curvature of the Earth became visible and the skies gradually turned black, was matched with a rather more rapid descent.
-Three cameras attached to Baumgartner’s suit recorded his free-fall of just over four minutes – which failed to break the existing free-fall record for duration – and then the parachute opening.
-The success of the mission, and of the suit, raises the prospect that astronauts might be able to survive a high altitude disaster of the type that struck the space shuttle Columbia in 2003 by actually bailing out of their craft. Baumgartner’s top medical man in the stunt was Dr Jonathan Clark, whose wife Laurel Clark died in the Columbia accident. Clark is now dedicated to improving astronauts’ chances of survival in a high-altitude disaster.
-Baumgartner has made a name for himself with acts of daring. The former paratrooper has parachuted off buildings and mountains and once into a 600 foot deep cave. He had already done two practice free-falls in preparation for this attempt – one from 71,000 feet in March and a second from 97,000 feet in July 2012. But no feat can possibly have matched his jump above the town of Roswell, a suitably chosen place famed for its connections to UFO sightings.
-He was chasing five different records: the first human to ever break the sound barrier in free- fall; the highest free-fall altitude jump; the highest manned balloon flight; the longest free-fall; and his jump platform is believed to be the largest manned balloon in history. The stunt, which was seven years in the planning and sponsored by Red Bull drinks, beat two of Kittinger’s records: the retired US air force colonel previously held the high altitude and speed records for parachuting. Kittinger jumped from a balloon 19 miles above the planet in 1960. Suitably, the only voice in Baumgartner’s radio earpiece guiding his ascent was that of Kittinger, now 84.
-Asked after the jump what he wanted to do next, Baumgartner said: “I want to inspire a generation. I’d like to be sitting in the same spot in the next four years as Joe Kittinger. There is a young guy asking me for advice because he wants to break my record.” He said the most exciting moment for him had been when he was standing outside the capsule “on top of the world”. To laughter, he added: “The most beautiful moment was when I was standing on the landing area and Mike Todd [the life support engineer who dressed Baumgartner in his suit] showed up and he had a smile on his face like a little kid.”
-Baumgartner said that he had come to feel like Todd’s son, adding: “He was so happy that I was alive.” Earlier, Todd had told the press conference: “The world needs a hero right now, and they got one in Felix Baumgartner.” To further laughter at the press conference, Kittinger said: “I would like to give a special one-fingered salute to all the folk who said that he [Baumgartner] was going to come apart when he went supersonic.”
-This will be the last jump, Baumgartner said. He has promised to settle down and enjoy his post-jump years with his girlfriend, Nicole Oetl, flying helicopters on rescue missions in the US and Austria.",advanced,20
-"Is this the moment when streaming goes truly mainstream?
-According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), there were just 41m subscribers using music streaming services globally in 2014. It might be the biggest revenue growth area for the record business but it is still incredibly niche. Not only that, but a significant number of those subscribers come from bundled deals with mobile phone operators so it is debatable just how “active” its users are. Apple’s greatest conjuring trick is to take something that already exists in the market – downloads (iTunes), digital music players (the iPod) and smartphones (the iPhone) – and adapt it to make it irresistible to the mainstream consumer. Leaked information recently suggested that Apple is aiming to reach 100m subscribers, which, based on a subscription fee of $120 per year, would generate $12bn annually. To put that in context, the entire global worth of recorded music in 2014 was just under $15bn. Apple is good at mainstreaming products but it’s not that good.
-Is this the end of downloading?
-The iTunes Store arrived in 2003 (2004 in Europe) at a time when MP3 piracy seemed insurmountable. Apple managed to persuade consumers to pay for downloads and grew a huge business, which it dominated, with an estimated 70% market share. Downloads still hold the biggest share of digital income for recorded music, making up 52% of total digital income in 2014 according to IFPI numbers. Apple holds the lion’s share of this, making it the single biggest music retailer in the world. But download revenue peaked in 2013 in the UK at £283m and fell to £249m in 2014. The decline in download sales hit the US in 2013 so Apple bought Beats in 2014 for $3bn, not only to get into the premium headphone market, but also to make the transition from music ownership (downloads) to music access (subscription streaming). Apple, and the record industry, cannot afford to get rid of the download market just yet – so streaming and downloading will have to coexist under the Apple brand, one representing the future as the other gets progressively slower and sicker. The vast majority of people out there like music but don’t love it enough to pay $120 a year to listen to it; a sporadic download purchase here and there will suit them just fine. The average spend of a music buyer in the UK in 2014, for example, was just £39.52, according to research. Expecting most of them to triple their annual spend on recorded music is something that even Apple will seriously struggle with.
-Has Apple Connect made Apple the most artist-friendly service?
-Apple have previously tried to build an artist-friendly platform via iTunes. They called it Ping and it didn’t work. Apple Connect is something very different, somewhere in the middle of YouTube, Facebook and SoundCloud, letting artists post music, videos, photos and more to their profile pages. It couldn’t be any more 2015 if it tried. Apple, partly because of its scale and also partly because it treats music as “art” rather than “content”, has generally had strong relations with not just the music industry but artists themselves and, generally, it has a good reputation among artists. Compare that to Spotify, which has been criticized by artists from Radiohead’s Thom Yorke to Taylor Swift. In contrast, Apple comes across as a benevolent uncle. There is the smell of revolution in the air and Apple is making sure it’s on the right side of the battle lines when they are drawn up.
-Where are the artist exclusives?
-This is going to be the interesting bit when the service actually goes live. Getting exclusives for big albums is going to become crucial to streaming. Spotify paid a lot of money to get Led Zeppelin and Metallica exclusively. Apple will have been watching this carefully and making its own notes. It already has AC/DC and the Beatles’ catalogues exclusively for download on iTunes but it remains to be seen if it can persuade these two to make the jump into streaming. It also managed to get the surprise Beyoncé album in 2013 before anyone else so it is inevitable that it will want more like that. There is plenty of speculation about Apple looking to get exclusive rights to the new Adele album.
-Giving iTunes the download exclusive on an album was not that big a leap of faith for acts given just how much of the download market it controls but trying to do that in streaming is not the same thing. Add into this the fact that streaming now counts towards the album chart in markets like the UK and US and artists, who still see the chart as a measure of success, will not want to limit their audience by restricting themselves to one service.
-Is this going to kill Spotify?
-Some people are already saying that Apple Music will destroy rivals like Spotify. However, it’s not that simple. Apple is entering a market where others have been working and gaining experience for many years. It has a lot of catching up to do. The winner of this battle will not be the company with the best service; it will be the company with the most money. Apple’s competitors have a head start in the market but they are losing huge amounts of money. Spotify, for example, lost €93.1m in 2013. Apple, on the other hand, started 2015 by becoming the most profitable company in corporate history, with $178bn in the bank. If Apple Music loses Apple money, the company will not continue it for long but it will not stop investment without at least trying to beat the competition.",advanced,21
-"DNA taken from the wisdom tooth of a European hunter-gatherer has given scientists a glimpse of modern humans before the rise of farming. The Mesolithic man, who lived in Spain around 7,000 years ago, had an unusual mix of blue eyes, black or brown hair and dark skin, according to analyses of his genetic make-up.
-He was probably lactose intolerant and had more diffi culty digesting starchy foods than the farmers whose diets and lifestyles changed in the fi rst agricultural revolution.
-The invention of farming brought humans and animals into much closer contact and humans probably evolved stronger immune systems to fi ght infections from the animals. But scientists may have overestimated the impact farming had on the human immune system, because tests on the hunter-gatherer’s DNA found that he already carried genes that boost the immune system. Some of these gene mutations still exist in modern Europeans today.
-“Before we started this work, I had some ideas of what we were going to fi nd,” said Carles Lalueza-Fox, who led the study at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology in Barcelona. “Most of those ideas turned out to be completely wrong.”
-The Spanish team started their work after a group of cave explorers found two skeletons in a deep and complex cave system high up in the Cantabrian Mountains of northwest Spain in 2006. The human remains, which belonged to two men in their early 30s, had been extremely well preserved by the cool environment of the cave.
-Carbon dating put the remains at around 7,000 years old, before farming arrived in Europe from the Middle East. Other things were found at the site, including reindeer teeth that were strung and hung from the people’s clothing.
-The scientists managed to put together one man’s entire genome from DNA found in the root of a third molar. It is the fi rst time researchers have got the complete genome of a modern European who lived before the Neolithic revolution.
-The DNA brought some surprises. When Lalueza-Fox looked at the genome, he found that the man had gene variants that produce dark skin. “This guy had to be darker than any modern European, but we don’t know how dark,” the scientist said.
-Another surprise was that the man had blue eyes. The results suggest that blue eye colour came fi rst in Europe and that the change to lighter skin happened throughout Mesolithic times.
-On top of the scientifi c impact, artists might have to rethink their drawings of the people. “You see a lot of reconstructions of these people hunting and gathering and they look like modern Europeans with light skin. You never see a reconstruction of a Mesolithic hunter-gatherer with dark skin and blue eyes,” Lalueza-Fox said.
-The Spanish team compared the genome of the hunter-gatherer to those of modern Europeans from different regions to see how they might be related. They found that the ancient DNA most closely matched the genetic make-up of people living in northern Europe, in particular Sweden and Finland.
-Martin Jones, professor of archaeological science at Cambridge University, said the immunity genes were the most interesting result. There has been the idea that the move from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to farming was bad for our health. There were a number of reasons for that, particularly living closely together with other humans and animals, which meant they competed for the same water supplies, he said.",intermediate,22
-"What is it like to look at the last of something? Sudan is the last male northern white rhino on the planet. If he does not mate soon with one of two female northern white rhinos at Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya, there will be no more rhinos like them, male or female, born anywhere. And they probably won’t mate because Sudan is 42 so he is old. There are only two other northern white rhinos in the world, both in zoos, both female.
-The image seems to show that humans are gentle – armed men guard Sudan and stay with him. But, of course, it shows that humans are cruel. Sudan is in danger from poachers. The poachers kill rhinos and cut off their horns to sell them for medicine. Sudan has had his horn cut off to stop the poachers but he is still in danger.
-Sudan doesn’t know how precious he is. His eye is a sad black dot in his big face as he walks around the reserve with his guards. His head is a marvellous thing. It is a majestic rectangle of strong bone, a head of pure strength. How terrible that such a powerful head can be so vulnerable.
-Sudan does not look so different from the artist Albrecht Dürer ’s rhinoceros from 1515. Dürer was a Renaissance artist. He drew an exotic beast from an exotic place. In 1515, the ruler of Gujarat in India sent a live Indian rhinoceros to the king of Portugal. The king sent it to the Pope but the ship sank and it died.
-Human beings – we always kill the things we love. This hasn’t changed since the Ice Age. There are beautiful pictures of European woolly rhinos in caves in France that were painted up to 30,000 years ago. These ancient relatives of Sudan were gentle and powerful, like Sudan. A woolly rhino in Chauvet Cave seems young, an animal full of life. But the same people who painted such sensitive pictures of Ice Age rhinos helped to kill them all.
-Today, people love rhinos. But, at the same time, people are killing more and more rhinos. The northern white rhino is the rarest kind of African rhino. There are more southern white rhinos and black rhinos. But, in some countries, more and more people want rhino horn to use as a traditional medicine. And this increases the poaching. In 2007, 13 rhinos were killed by poachers in South Africa. In 2014, 1,215 rhinos were killed for their horns in South Africa.
-The vulnerable northern white rhino has nearly been hunted to extinction – in spite of the guards and their guns. The poaching is totally out of control. The Javan rhinoceros is also nearly extinct. India has successfully protected the Indian rhinoceros but here, too, poaching is a problem. Sudan is such a majestic animal. Have we learned nothing since the Ice Age?",elementary,23
-"Illegal downloading is morally wrong, and it is theft, the same as putting your hand in someone’s pocket and stealing their wallet is theft, says author Philip Pullman. In an article for magazine Index on Censorship, Pullman, who is president of the Society of Authors, strongly defends copyright laws. He criticizes internet users who think it is OK to download music or books without paying for them.
-“The technology is so dazzling that people can’t see that what they’re doing is wrong,” he writes. “It is outrageous that anyone can steal an artist’s work without punishment. It is theft, just as putting your hand in someone’s pocket and taking their wallet is theft.”
-His article comes after music industry leaders met British Prime Minister David Cameron in Downing Street to discuss the issue of web piracy.
-Pullman, writer of the His Dark Materials trilogy, says authors and musicians work in poverty for years to bring their work to the level “that gives happiness to their audiences and, when they achieve that, the possibility of making money from it is taken away from them”. He concludes: “If we want to enjoy the work that someone does, we should pay for it.”
-“Existing copyright laws don’t work in the digital age and they criminalize consumers. We need new ideas for how artists, writers and musicians can earn a living from their work.”
-Pullman is writing in the next issue of the campaign group’s magazine in a dialogue with Cathy Casserly, chief executive of Creative Commons. Casserly argues that there is a lot wrong with copyright, which was created a long time ago. She writes: “Copyright closes the door on the many ways that people can share, build upon and remix each other’s work, possibilities that we could not imagine when those laws were made.” She says artists need to think reatively about how they earn money from their work.
-Index on Censorship agrees. The magazine’s editor, Rachael Jolley, said: Illegal downloading is a very big problem. Between November 2012 and January 2013 in the UK, 280 million music tracks were digitally pirated along with 52 million TV shows, 29 million films,18 million ebooks and 7 million software or games files.
-18% of internet users aged over 12 say they have pirated items, and 9% say they are afraid they will get caught. Pullman writes in his article: “The ease and speed with which people can get music in MP3 is still very surprising to people like me who have been building up their iTunes list for some time.”
-After the Downing Street meeting, Cameron asked the Conservative MP Mike Weatherley to be his adviser on the subject. The BPI, an organization that supports music companies, said: “Mike Weatherley is a strong supporter of copyright and the artists and creative producers it’s there to protect. We hope his influence and the prime minister’s support for copyright will change how we see illegal downloading in the UK.”",elementary,24
-"According to a new scientifi c study, temperature rises caused by uncontrolled global warming could be at the high end of current estimates. The scientist who led the research said that, unless emissions of greenhouse gases are reduced, the planet will heat up by a minimum of 4C by 2100. This is twice the level the world’s governments consider to be dangerous.
-The research indicates that fewer clouds form as the planet warms, which means less sunlight is refl ected back into space. This forces temperatures up even higher. The way clouds affect global warming has been the biggest mystery in the study of future climate change.
-Professor Steven Sherwood, at the University of New South Wales in Australia, who led the new work, said that the study broke new ground in two ways. First, it identifi ed what controls the cloud changes and, second, it rejected the lowest estimates of future global warming and favoured the higher and more damaging estimates.
-“4C would be catastrophic rather than simply dangerous,” Sherwood said. “For example, it would make life diffi cult, if not impossible, in much of the tropics and would guarantee the eventual melting of the Greenland ice sheet and some of the Antarctic ice sheet”, with sea levels rising by many metres as a result.
-The research reduces the uncertainty about how much warming is caused by rises in carbon emissions, according to scientists commenting on the study, published in the journal Nature. Experts at Japan’s National Institute for Environmental Studies said the explanation of how fewer clouds form as the world warms was “convincing” and agreed that this indicated future climate change would be greater than expected.
-Scientists measure the sensitivity of the Earth’s climate to greenhouse gases by estimating the temperature rise that would be caused by a doubling of CO2 in the atmosphere compared with pre-industrial levels – which is likely to happen within 50 years. For two decades, those estimates have run from 1.5C to 5C: a wide range. The new research narrowed that range down to between 3C and 5C, by closely examining the biggest cause of uncertainty: clouds.
-Computer climate models are the only tool researchers have to predict future temperatures and it was important to make sure that the way clouds are formed was represented accurately in those models. When water evaporates from the oceans, the vapour can rise over nine miles to form rain clouds that refl ect sunlight; or, it may rise just a few miles and drift back down without forming clouds. In reality, both processes happen and climate models that included the second possibility predicted signifi cantly higher future temperatures than models that only included the nine-mile-high clouds.
-“Climate sceptics like to criticize climate models for getting things wrong and we are the fi rst to admit they are not perfect,” said Sherwood. “But what we are fi nding is that the mistakes are being made by the models that predict less warming, not those that predict more.” He added: “Sceptics may also point to the ‘hiatus’ of temperatures since the end of the 20th century, but there is increasing evidence that this hiatus is not seen in other measures of the climate system and is almost certainly temporary.”
-Global average air temperatures have increased quite slowly since a high point in 1998, which was caused by the ocean phenomenon El Niño. But, observations show that heat is continuing to be trapped in increasing amounts by greenhouse gases, with over 90% disappearing into the oceans. Furthermore, a study in November 2013 suggested the “pause” may be mainly an illusion – a result of the lack of temperature readings from polar regions, where warming is greatest.
-Sherwood accepts his team’s work on the role of clouds cannot defi nitely rule out that future temperature rises will be at the lower end of projections. But, for that to be the case, there would need to be some major missing ingredient for which there is currently no evidence. He added that a 4C rise in global average temperatures would have a serious impact on the world and the economies of many countries if emissions were not reduced.",intermediate,25
-"Cities don’t often move. But that’s exactly what Kiruna, an Arctic town in northern Sweden, has to do. It has to move or the earth will swallow it up.
-“It’s a terrible choice,” says Krister Lindstedt, who works for the Swedish architect company that is moving the city. They will move this city of 23,000 people away from a gigantic iron-ore mine that is swallowing up the ground beneath its streets. “Either the mine must stop digging, and then there will be no jobs, or the city has to move.”
-Kiruna was founded in 1900 by the state-owned Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara mining company (LK). The city became rich thanks to the very large amount of iron ore that is below the town. But the mine that made it rich is now going to destroy it. “The town is here because of the mine,” says Deputy Mayor Niklas Siren.
-Located 145km inside the Arctic Circle, Kiruna has a very difficult climate. It has winters with no sunlight and average temperatures of -15C. But the iron ore has kept people here. Kiruna is the world’s largest underground iron-ore mine. It produces 90% of all the iron in Europe. That is enough to build more than six Eiffel Towers every day.
-In 2004, the mining company told the town that it would have to move. Underground digging would soon cause buildings to crack and collapse. Ten years later, cracks are starting to appear in the ground, nearer and nearer to the town.
-“The people of Kiruna have waited for ten years,” says Viktoria Walldin, a social anthropologist whoworks with the architects. “They have put their lives on hold, unable to make major decisions like buying a house, redecorating, having a child or opening a business.”
-At last, the city finally has a plan. Lindstedt has a plan that shows the town’s streets and squares beginning to move east along a new high street. By 2033, the whole city will be far away from the mine.
-They are already building a new town square, 3km to the east, with a circular town hall planned by Danish architect Henning Larsen. They will take apart and put together again 20 other important buildings in their new home. Kiruna’s red wooden church was built in 1912 and once voted Sweden’s most beautiful building – it will be in the centre of a new park. But they will not save everything.
-“I spoke to an old lady who walks past the bench every day where she had her first kiss,” says Walldin. “It’s things like that – the hospital where your first child was born, for example – that are important to people and all that’s going to disappear.”
-The project will get £320 million from the mining company to build new buildings, including a high school, fire station, community centre, library and swimming hall. But most people worry about where they will live and how they will get a house or flat.
-“People here pay very low rents and have very high incomes but, in future, this will change” says Lindstedt. LK has agreed to pay the people of Kiruna the value of their homes plus 25% but many people say this is not enough to buy a new house.
-If you look more closely, the plan shows that the new town does not look like the old Kiruna at all. The old town has detached houses with gardens. The White architects’ plan shows multi-storey apartment blocks around shared courtyards in long straight streets.
-It is an opportunity, say the architects, for Kiruna to become a town that will attract young people. There will be new cultural places and wonderful things such as a cable car above the high street. But many of the people in Kiruna will probably not have enough money to live there.",elementary,26
-"Illegal downloading is a kind of “moral squalor” and theft, as much as putting your hand in someone’s pocket and stealing their wallet is theft, says author Philip Pullman. In an article for Index on Censorship, Pullman, who is president of the Society of Authors, strongly defends copyright laws. He criticizes internet users who think it is OK to download music or books without paying for them.
-“The technical brilliance is so dazzling that people can’t see the moral squalor of what they’re doing,” he writes. “It is outrageous that anyone can steal an artist’s work and get away with it. It is theft, just as putting your hand in someone’s pocket and taking their wallet is theft.”
-His article comes after music industry leaders met British Prime Minister David Cameron in Downing Street to discuss the issue of web piracy.
-Pullman, writer of the His Dark Materials trilogy, says authors and musicians work in poverty and obscurity for years to bring their work to the level “that gives delight to their audiences and, as soon as they achieve that, the possibility of earning a living from it is taken away from them”. He concludes: “The principle is simple, and unaltered by technology, science or magic: if we want to enjoy the work that someone does, we should pay for it.”
-Pullman is writing in the next issue of the campaign group’s magazine in a dialogue with Cathy Casserly, chief executive of Creative Commons, which offers open content licences “that lets creators take copyright into their own hands”. Casserly argues that there is a lot wrong with copyright, which was created “in an analogue age”. She writes: “Copyright closes the door on the many ways that people can share, build upon and remix each other’s work, possibilities that were unimaginable when those laws were made.”
-She says artists need to think creatively about how they distribute and earn money from their work, quoting the science fiction writer Cory Doctorow, who said: “My problem is not piracy, it’s obscurity.” Index on Censorship agrees. The magazine’s editor, Rachael Jolley, said: “Existing copyright laws don’t work in the digital age and risk criminalizing consumers. We need new models for how artists, writers and musicians earn a living from their work.”
-The debate is a lively one and the scale of illegal downloading is enormous. Data collected by Ofcom (the independent regulator and competition authority for the UK communications industries) suggests that between November 2012 and January 2013 in the UK, 280 million music tracks were digitally pirated, along with 52 million TV shows, 29 million films, 18 million ebooks and 7 million software or games files.
-Ofcom says 18% of internet users aged over 12 admit that they have recently pirated content, and 9% say they fear getting caught. Pullman writes in his article: “The ease and speed with which music can be acquired in the form of MP3 downloads is still astonishing to those of us who have been building up our iTunes list for some time.”
-Following the Downing Street meeting, Cameron appointed the Conservative MP Mike Weatherley to be his adviser on the subject. A spokesman for the BPI, the record industry trade body, said: “Mike Weatherley is a strong champion of copyright and the artists and creative producers it’s there to protect. We hope his influence and the prime minister’s support for copyright will influence the approach of the UK’s intellectual property office.”",intermediate,27
-"BB King was most famous for blues music but he was always interested in other types of music and different cultures. Perhaps it is too early to say he is “the last of the bluesmen” but it is hard to imagine that any future blues artist will have the influence as BB King. He influenced thousands of musicians and millions of music fans in a career that lasted 65 years.
-Riley B King was born in Mississippi, the son of African-American farm workers. He learnt the guitar from a family friend and learnt to sing with a quartet of gospel singers. In his early 20s, he moved to Memphis.
-He was soon playing regularly at a bar in West Memphis and he also became a disc jockey, with a show on a local radio station. He was known as “The Beale Street Blues Boy” but this was shortened to “Blues Boy King” and then to “BB”. In 1950, King began recording for Modern Records.
-He had his first hit in 1952 with Three O’Clock Blues. It was number one in the R&B chart for 15 weeks; it was the first of many hits. King developed a style that was new and different but had its roots in blues history. He often praised the musicians who influenced him and he usually mentioned T-Bone Walker first. He also mentioned the earlier blues guitarists Blind Lemon Jefferson and Lonnie Johnson and the jazz players Charlie Christian and Django Reinhardt.
-He once explained that his guitar technique was partly the result of his lack of skill: “I started to bend notes because I could never play in the bottleneck style. I loved that sound but just couldn’t do it.” During the 1950s, King was the leading blues artist in many series of concerts. In 1956, he played 342 concerts. In 1962, he tried to change that working pattern by signing with a major label, ABC. But the first records under that contract were not very successful with his fans or with the record company.
-But his 1965 album, Live at the Regal, has become famous and influenced many younger musicians. He had more R&B hits with blues songs and, in 1969, he was near the top of the pop charts – where no blues artist had been for many years – with a song called The Thrill Is Gone.
-It was a long time before he became known to a rock audience but musicians who admired him brought him to the attention of rock fans. “About a year and a half ago,” he said in 1969, “kids suddenly started saying to me, ‘You’re the greatest blues guitarist in the world.’ And I’d say, ‘Who told you that?’ And they’d say, ‘Mike Bloomfield’ or ‘Eric Clapton’. These young musicians made me popular again.”
-From then on, King was well known as a leading blues artist. He went on international concert tours to Japan, Australia, China and Russia. He also gave concerts to prisoners in Chicago and at San Quentin.
-In 1990, doctors told King he had diabetes and he reduced his touring. He now had to play sitting down but his singing and playing were almost as good as ever. The celebrations for his 80th birthday, in 2005, included an award-winning album with Clapton, Mark Knopfler, Roger Daltrey, Gloria Estefan and others, tributes from Bono, Amadou Bagayoko and Elton John, and a “goodbye tour” that was not a goodbye at all.
-In 2009, King received a Grammy award, for best traditional blues album, for One Kind Favor. In 2012, he performed at a concert at the White House, where the US President, Barack Obama, joined him to sing Sweet Home Chicago. King was twice married and twice divorced. He is survived by 11 children by various partners; four others died before him.",elementary,28
-"A degree in Spanish got me my fi rst job as a journalist, with an international press agency in Mexico City, but it didn’t stop me from making mistakes as a young reporter.
-I had just arrived in the Mexican capital after a Greyhound bus journey all the way from New York and the job interview was a test of my language skills. In my new role, day shifts were spent on the streets in political rallies and nights were spent alone in the offi ce, coordinating the news from areas of fi ghting in El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala and the rest of Central America. But, I also had to report on occasional disasters: fi res, fl oods and explosions at fi rework factories.
-It was as a reporter that I soon found out that I was as bad at understanding numbers in Spanish as I was at calculating them in English. Once, when I meant to call the police, I got a Mexican grandmother out of bed at 2am because I had misunderstood a number and dialled a wrong digit. Even worse, there were too many victims in my stories – almost 83 dead in a fi re at 6pm turned out to be as few as 38 by 7pm; 12 people injured in a coach crash soon became two and so it went on. Finally, I got a call from the main offi ce in Washington. “I don’t know what training you have had,” an editor shouted, “but has no one ever told you a death toll can’t go down?!”
-Why are numbers in another language such a problem? It may be because of different numbering systems. In German, for example, which belongs to the same Indo-European language family as English, 2.30pm becomes halb drei (half of three) and 21 becomes einundzwanzig (one and twenty). Different number systems can clearly cause confusion.
-Some experts believe there is a link between dyscalculia – the diffi culty in understanding arithmetic – and problems learning foreign languages, particularly if languages are learnt by rote. But, some students who struggle to learn languages with a grammar textbook may thrive in a foreign-language setting, where learning is more natural and less reliant on sequences of adjectives, prepositions and so on. In my case, I have always found languages quite easy, apart from the numbers.
-But, perhaps it’s also because you often hear numbers in a non-native language out of context or in isolation. The listener might have switched off from the foreign language and be unable to suddenly tune in. I talked to multilingual friends and found that many can be fl uent in French or Italian when ordering from a restaurant menu, for example, but freeze if they have to communicate numbers, especially over the phone. Numbers seem to be taxing, but no one could really say why.
-In my case, my problems with numbers in a foreign language followed me from Mexico to other countries and from Spanish to German and Portuguese. But, in that fi rst journalism job, getting the numbers wrong didn’t always add up to failure.
-One night, a Mexican colleague learnt that the American consul in the port city of Veracruz was being held hostage at gunpoint in his offi ce. With no senior English-speaking reporter in the offi ce, I had to try to reach the consulate by phone. I got the phone number wrong and I was put through to an extension elsewhere in the building. The identity of the person who took my call was unmistakable: I chatted for 15 minutes to the gunman. I didn’t persuade him to put away his gun – but my reputation as a reporter rose overnight.",intermediate,29
-"The roof is plastic and the desks just old chairs, but the students inside the Chemin des Dunes school are studying hard. They want a new life in France.
-“The French language is very difficult but we try hard. If we come every day, maybe our dreams will come true,” says Kamal, a refugee from Sudan. He comes to three or four hours of classes every day. “It’s a good thing to keep your brain active.”
-The 29-year-old electrical engineer is one of many refugees who live in the “jungle” camp outside Calais who have applied for asylum in France. They want to learn the language of their new home.
-“I want people in the UK to know that not everyone wants to go there. There are a lot of people here who want to stay in France,” Kamal said.
-France already has more than a quarter of a million refugees. There are also 56,000 asylum seekers who are waiting to see if they can stay in France.
-While they wait for an answer, France does not give them any money or allow them to work. The wait can take many months. The jungle camp offers a free meal a day and a plastic roof over their heads. So, many people decide to live there and not work illegally because then they will not be allowed to stay in France.
-Some of the asylum seekers suggested the idea for the school at the start of the summer.
-They were bored with waiting and nervous about starting a new life in France totally unable to communicate. The school opened on 11 July.
-“We did it so people can learn French,” said Zimarco Jones, the school’s Nigerian founder. He arrived in Calais in 2013 and is still waiting to hear if he will be allowed to stay in France. “Now, we need to build another school,” he says with a grin.
-The tiny classroom can hold 30 pupils. There are five rows of desks in front of a big green chalkboard and pictures of cartoon animals for each letter of the French alphabet. There are also classes in English, art and t’ai chi. But the French lessons are the most popular. The teachers are volunteers from Calais and other places.
-“French is not as easy as English but, two weeks ago, I decided there was no way to get to the UK,” says George, another refugee and student. He wanted to cross the Channel because he speaks fluent English but, with language classes, he says he is happy to stay in France.
-“Anywhere there is peace, I can stay, no problem,” he says. He is already waiting at the classroom more than half an hour before his teachers arrive.
-He says he doesn’t know much about France but the classes are slowly helping him understand the country and the language.
-Many of the volunteers at the jungle school are local teachers who are giving up their summer holidays.
-Jenny Flahaut, 33, who works at a children’s home, volunteered when she saw an advertisement on Facebook. “I saw these people in Calais every day and I wanted to do something for them,” she said.
-“Most of them are very good people. They are welcoming and friendly. They want to improve their life and make it better, and learning is part of that,” Flahaut said as she prepared for an afternoon lesson.
-The teachers and Zimarco now plan a separate classroom for around 200 women and 20 children. There are ten times more men than women in the Calais camp. Most of the women feel uncomfortable going to classes with male students they don’t know, the volunteers say.
-Zimarco has more dreams for making the camp a place to live, not just survive. He wants to start a football team for migrants and dreams of changing the camp name. He hates “the jungle” because he says it sounds like the residents aren’t people.
-“We have a discotheque, a house, a mosque, a school, shops,” he says. “We are not animals.”",elementary,30
-"The age of the big British summer music festival, including Glastonbury, is drawing to a close, according to the leading rock promoter and manager Harvey Goldsmith.
-Goldsmith has produced and worked with most of the western world’s biggest music stars, from the Who, the Rolling Stones and Queen to Madonna, Bob Dylan and Luciano Pavarotti. He says the biggest problem is a serious lack of major new bands to follow on from the old ones.
-“The age of the festival peaked about two years ago,” he said, speaking at the Hay Festival of Literature and Arts in Wales. “There are too many festivals and there are not enough big acts to headline them. That is a big, big problem in our industry. And we are not producing a new generation of these kind of acts – like the Rolling Stones, Muse, even the Arctic Monkeys – that can headline.”
-There were about 900 music festival events in the UK between May and September 2014, he said, and there is no way they can all continue. “There is going to be a growth in events where it isn’t just music but with poetry or books or magic shows. There will be lots of small combination festivals that give something extra – not people standing around in a big field unable to go to the toilet because they might miss the band.”
-Clearly, the way music is delivered has changed, he said. “People don’t seem to want to listen to an album any more. And, most rock bands built their reputation on albums – they might take three albums to become really good at their art, to become great, but young people don’t want that.”
-Goldsmith, 69, also revealed that he is working with Robin de Levita, the Dutch producer of the Who’s 1970s rock musical Tommy, at a new 1,100-seat theatre in Wembley, London, where the first stage adaptation of the teen book and movie series The Hunger Games will be performed in June 2016.
-Talking at Hay, Goldsmith also revealed some of the secrets from his long career in the music industry. He said that Keith Moon put dynamite down a Sydney hotel room toilet to unblock it. And, he said that John Lennon had stage fright just before an appearance at Madison Square Garden in 1974 – he was pulled, vomiting, out of his dressing room and pushed out on stage. “It’s bizarre how common that is among artists. It’s odd how afraid they get but, as soon as the first chord is hit, they’re fine,” he said.
-He also gave the answer to a long-running rock ’n’ roll mystery: why Elvis Presley never performed outside North America. Presley’s long-time manager, Colonel Tom Parker, admitted to him, he said, that the real reason why Goldsmith’s attempts to bring the singer to London had failed was Parker’s own uncertain immigration status.
-“He explained that it was because he was an illegal Dutch immigrant. He didn’t want to risk leaving the US – it was him, not Elvis,” said Goldsmith.
-And, his ultimate rock ’n’ roll performer? “Freddie Mercury had to be our most powerful stage performer, the best live performer we’ve ever had. At Live Aid, he went out and saw that audience and just grabbed it.”
-But, nobody has found the next Queen yet, he said. “We’re not producing a new generation of this kind of act. Coldplay is probably the last one and that was ten years ago.
-“So, with no big acts to headline, there are no big shows. Glastonbury has got to the point where it can’t find any more big acts and that’s the pinnacle of the festivals. They are really over.”",intermediate,31
-"You can be Aagot, Arney or Ásfríður; Baldey, Bebba or Brá. Dögg, Dimmblá, Etna and Eybjört are fine; likewise Frigg, Glódís, Hörn and Ingunn. Jórlaug works OK, as do Obba, Sigurfljóð, Úranía and – should you choose – Vagna. But you cannot, as a girl in Iceland, be called Harriet.
-“The whole situation,” said Tristan Cardew, with very British understatement, “is really rather silly.” With his Icelandic wife, Kristin, Cardew is appealing against a decision by the National Registry in the capital Reykjavik not to renew their ten-year-old daughter Harriet’s passport on the grounds that it does not recognize her first name.
-Since the registry does not recognize the name of Harriet’s 12-year-old brother, Duncan, either, the two children have, until now, travelled on passports identifying them as Stúlka and Drengur Cardew: Girl and Boy Cardew. “But, this time, the authorities have decided to apply the letter of the law,” Cardew, a British-born cook who moved to Iceland in 2000, said. “And that says no official document will be issued to people who do not bear an approved Icelandic name.”
-The impasse meant the family, from Kópavogur, risked missing their holiday in France until they applied to the British embassy for an emergency UK passport, which should now allow them to leave.
-Names matter in Iceland, a country of barely 320,000 people, whose phone book lists subscribers by their first name for the very sensible reason that the vast majority of Icelandic surnames simply record the fact that you are your father’s (or mother’s) son or daughter. Jón Einarsson’s offspring, for example, might be Ólafur Jónsson and Sigríður Jónsdóttir.
-The law dictates that the names of children born in Iceland must – unless both parents are foreign – be submitted to the National Registry within six months of birth. If they are not on a recognized list of 1,853 female and 1,712 male names, the parents must seek the approval of a body called the Icelandic Naming Committee.
-For the 5,000 or so children born in Iceland each year, the committee reportedly receives about 100 applications and rejects about half under a 1996 act aimed mainly at preserving the language of the sagas. Among its requirements are that given names must be “capable of having Icelandic grammatical endings”, may not “conflict with the linguistic structure of Iceland” and should be “written in accordance with the ordinary rules of Icelandic orthography”.
-What this means in practice is that names containing letters that do not officially exist in Iceland’s 32-letter alphabet, such as “c ”, are out. Similarly, names unable to accommodate the endings required by the nominative, accusative, genitive and dative cases used in Icelandic are also routinely turned down. “That was the problem with Harriet,” said Cardew.
-The country’s naming laws have come under increasing fire in recent years: in 2013, Blær – “Light Breeze” – Bjarkardóttir Rúnarsdottir won the right to be officially known by her given name, as opposed to “Girl”, when a court ruled that denying her was a violation of the Icelandic constitution. The former mayor of Reykjavik, Jón Gnarr, has also called Iceland’s naming law “unfair, stupid and against creativity”.
-The Cardews could get round Harriet’s problem by giving her an Icelandic middle name. “But it’s a bit late for that and way too silly,” said Cardew. “Are they saying they don’t want us here?”",advanced,32
-"A day that began with a fresh round of dawn raids on the Baur Au Lac hotel in Zurich ended with 16 football officials being indicted on corruption charges in the US, including five current or former members of FIFA’s executive committee. They included the notorious former Brazilian federation chief Ricardo Teixeira and his successor, Marco Polo Del Nero, who has recently stepped down from the FIFA executive committee.
-They were among 16 individuals accused of fraud and other offences by the US Department of Justice as it set out a series of kickback schemes in a new 240-page indictment that superseded the previous one in May 2015. It takes to 27 the number of defendants charged by the US with a further 24 unnamed 'co-conspirators' including former FIFA executive committee members. “The betrayal of trust set forth here is outrageous,” the US Attorney General, Loretta Lynch, said. “The scale of corruption alleged herein is completely unacceptable.”
-On a day when FIFA’s executive committee had hoped to present new reforms in the midst of an ongoing corruption crisis, Swiss police led away the president of the South American football confederation, the Paraguayan Juan Ángel Napout, and Alfredo Hawit, the head of the North and Central American and Caribbean governing body. Hawit only succeeded Jeffrey Webb in May 2015, after Webb was arrested as part of the US operation that threw FIFA into crisis and precipitated the downfall of Sepp Blatter. Webb’s predecessor, the controversial Jack Warner, was also seized in May.
-The Swiss Federal Office of Justice said of the latest arrests: “They are being held in custody pending their extradition. According to the US arrest requests, they are suspected of accepting bribes of millions of dollars”. Webb and the Colombian former executive committee member Luis Bedoya were among those whose guilty pleas were entered in the US. Lynch said that eight individuals, five of them unnamed in the original indictment, had come forward with guilty pleas since May.
-Eleven current and former members of FIFA’s executive committee have now been charged in the investigation, which alleges $200m in bribes, mainly as kickbacks from TV and marketing contracts but also FIFA’s development programmes. The last three presidents of the regional bodies CONCACAF and Conmebol have all been indicted.
-“The message from this announcement should be clear to every culpable individual who remains in the shadows, hoping to evade our investigation: you will not escape our focus,” said Lynch. Teixeira, the former son-in-law of the longstanding FIFA president João Havelange, was charged alongside Del Nero and his predecessor, José Maria Marin, who was charged in May.
-Fourteen men had been charged in May 2015, when four additional guilty pleas were entered. Days later, Blatter won a fifth term as president but later agreed to step down as the crisis grew. He was then provisionally suspended alongside the UEFA President, Michel Platini, over an alleged £1.3m “disloyal payment” to the Frenchman. Both men face possible life bans when their case is heard by the FIFA ethics committee in December if they are found guilty of the charges.
-Among those also charged on Thursday were Rafael Salguero, a Guatemalan who left the executive committee in May; the former South American Confederation Secretary General, Eduardo Deluca; Peru’s former football federation president, Manuel Burga; and Bolivia’s football president, Carlos Chaves, already jailed in his own country.
-Lynch said: “The Department of Justice is committed to ending the rampant corruption we have described amidst the leadership of international football – not only because of the scale of the schemes alleged earlier and today, or the breadth of the operation required to sustain such corruption, but also because of the affront to international principles that this behaviour represents.”
-The acting FIFA President, Issa Hayatou, refused to comment on the detail of the latest arrests. But he maintained neither he nor the organization was corrupt. Appearing for the first time before the media since taking the role in September 2015, when Blatter was suspended, Hayatou responded in a similar way to his predecessors in improbably claiming the current crisis was down to a handful of errant individuals.
-“FIFA is not corrupt. We have individuals that have shown negative behaviour. Do not generalize the situation,” said Hayatou, president of the Confederation of African Football for more than 25 years. “There are lots of people who have been in FIFA for more than 20 or 30 years that have not been accused of anything.”",advanced,33
-"Writing in the journal Nature, former president of the Royal Institute of Navigation Roger McKinlay argues that our reliance on GPS (global positioning system) technology is misplaced and could be eroding our innate way-finding abilities. “If we do not cherish them, our natural navigation abilities will deteriorate as we rely ever more on smart devices,” he wrote.
-McKinlay believes huge investment will be needed before navigation systems will be good enough to allow technologies such as autonomous vehicles to take off. In the meantime, he argues, we need better research into systems for navigation while children should be encouraged to learn how to find their way around by more traditional means. “Schools should teach navigation and map reading as life skills,” he wrote.
-According to Ofcom (the Office of Communications), around 66% of adults in the UK owned a smartphone in 2015, up from 39% in 2012, making GPS technology widely available. But McKinlay, a satellite communication and navigation consultant, believes that we should be wary of leaving our navigational needs to our devices. “Navigation is a use-it-or-lose-it skill,” he wrote.
-While few scientific studies have explored the issue, research from 2009 supports the notion. “What we did was to look at a set of current London taxi drivers and a set of London taxi drivers that had been retired for about four years,” said neuroscientist Dr Hugo Spiers, head of the Spatial Cognition Group at University College London, who is an author of the study. The results showed that the retired taxi drivers performed worse on navigation tests than those still behind the wheel. “We were able to show that their abilities did drop away if they weren’t using their knowledge on that particular test.”
-Spiers also believes there is a danger in relying on technologies like GPS but he is quick to point out that the biggest risk lies in users being unwittingly led into perilous situations. Among the fatalities blamed on satnavs (satellite navigation devices) was the death of a driver who, in 2010, plunged into a reservoir in Spain. “There is a genuine potential for risk in relying on a satnav,” said Spiers. “But the actual health risk of not using your brain effectively is not known.”
-The way in which navigational technology is used could also affect its impact on our own abilities, says Spiers. While audio instructions to drivers remove the need to think about navigation, he says, the use of smartphone apps as digital maps is very different. “In the old days, you had to print out or take an A to Z map in your pocket – what we are doing now is just using computer- aided information and you are having to think really quite hard about where you are going and interact with this device,” he said. “The modern technology isn’t just dumbing us down completely.”
-McKinlay remains convinced that navigation technologies have a long way to go before futuristic scenarios involving driverless cars and smart cities become a reality. “For really critical applications – safety applications like landing aircraft or navigating aircraft – GPS is still not good enough,” he said.
-Though Spiers believes the development of artificial intelligence based on machine learning could lead to a new wave of navigational aids, McKinlay remains sceptical. “We will see ever- smarter machines which are very, very task specific, but the big breakthrough will be when they are able to tune in to what you might be thinking and what you might be wanting to achieve,” he said.
-Ultimately, McKinlay believes, it’s essential that humans remain able to take control of their navigation. “Do you really want to encourage people to get to a point where, when it disappears or when the battery goes flat, they are in total shock and can do nothing?” he said. “Technology isn’t magic – it is just a tool.”",advanced,34
-"The bestselling book on Amazon in the US is a colouring books for adults by Scottish illustrator Johanna Basford.
-Basford’s pictures of animals and plants in Secret Garden have sold more than 1.4 million copies around the world and her next book, Enchanted Forest , has sold 226,000 copies already. The books have celebrity fans like Zooey Deschanel, who shared a link about the book with her Facebook followers, and the South Korean pop star Kim Ki-Bum, who posted an image on Instagram for his 1.6 million followers.
-“It’s been crazy. The last few weeks have been madness, but fantastic madness,” said Eleanor Blatherwick, head of sales and marketing at the books’ publisher, Laurence King. “We knew the books would be beautiful but we didn’t realize they would be such a big success.” and calm”.
-And it is not just Basford’s books that adults want to colour in. In the UK, Richard Merritt’s Art Therapy Colouring Book is in fourth place on Amazon’s bestseller lists, Millie Marotta’s Animal Kingdom – detailed pictures of animals to colour – is in seventh place and a mindfulness colouring book is in ninth place. Basford’s books are in second and eighth place – so half of Amazon. co.uk’s top ten is filled by colouring books for adults.
-Independent UK publisher Michael O’Mara has sold around 340,000 adult colouring books. Ana McLaughlin works for them. She says the craze has happened because they are telling people that the books will help them to relax. “The first book we did was in 2012, Creative Colouring for Grown-Ups . It sold well but it was in 2014 that adult colouring books became really popular with Art Therapy . We tell people they are anti-stress books so people are allowed to enjoy something they thought was childish before,” she said.
-The Mindfulness Colouring Book says that it is filled with beautiful scenes and intricate, sophisticated patterns. This makes you relax “as you fill these pages with colour”. The book suggests that people “take a few minutes, wherever you are, and colour your way to peace
-“I think it is really relaxing to unplug,” said Basford. “And it’s creative. For many people, a blank sheet of paper is very daunting; with a colouring book you just need to bring the colour. Also, people do it because they feel nostalgia for their childhoods. So many people have said to me that they used to do secret colouring in when their kids were in bed. Now, people don’t feel silly. These are books for adults. The art in my books is super intricate.” The illustrator, who lives in Aberdeenshire, is creating a third book.
-“The pictures are all over Twitter and Instagram. People are really proud of them – they are so intricate,” she said. “People send us pictures of them,” said McLaughlin.",elementary,35
-"Maria is sitting on a black plastic chair in a community centre on a cold Tuesday afternoon waiting for someone to call her number. She is number 34.
-When it’s her turn, Maria goes to pick up a brown paper bag filled with essentials including pasta, eggs and cornflakes, and can choose between butternut squash or carrots as this week’s vegetables.
-Maria is the 34th “client” so far today at East Hampton Food Pantry, just streets away from some of the most expensive houses in the world.
-Each day at this time of year, more than 400 families collect their weekly food parcel from the food pantry. This food helps them survive the cold, dark Long Island winter.
-The Hamptons are historic oceanfront towns and villages 100 miles from Manhattan. In the summertime, they are a billionaires’ playground. But, in early September, when the rich and famous shut up their mansions and go back to Manhattan or Beverly Hills, the glamour ends and the gritty reality of life begins for the mostly immigrant community who live here all year.
-“The people who come here are rich and famous but we who live here are not,” says Maria, who works 14-hour days in the summer cleaning mansions but often has no work at all in the winter.
-Maria laughs when asked if she has enough money. “There is no work in the winter, only in the summertime,” says Maria, who is from Latin America, like many of the workers in the Hamptons. “Here, lots of people live in a single room because they can’t pay the rent.”
-She says some families with up to five children have to live in basements and still pay more than $1,000 a month in rent. “People come here looking for work but, in the winter, there is nothing.”
-Lots of her friends can’t pay for heating or medication and many would go hungry if the East Hampton Food Pantry didn’t exist, she says. It is just one of several food pantries in the town.
-Vicki Littman is chairperson of the East Hampton Food Pantry, which provided more than 31,000 food parcels in 2015. She says there are more and more people coming to the food pantry.
-Littman says that, when she talks to the people who come for the summer about the food pantries, they are always shocked because they know only the glamorous side of the Hamptons where there are big parties and the beaches and mansions.
-“But, what people don’t realize is that there is that service industry. It’s the landscapers, the nannies, the waitresses – they all rely on what they earn in the summer to survive the winter.”
-Littman says the town has lost too many people who do important jobs – such as teachers, police officers and even doctors and dentists – because they can’t afford to live in the community.
-Housing is the biggest cost in the Hamptons. Larry Cantwell, who has lived in East Hampton all his life, says homes regularly change hands for more than $25m. “Finding your first home is a challenge in an area like this,” Cantwell says. “If you can find a home to buy anywhere in East Hampton for $500,000, you’re very lucky.”
-Cantwell says more than half the town’s homes are empty for most of the year – this causes the population to go from 80,000 in August to 10,000 in the winter months.
-“There’s certainly a lot of wealth here but almost all of that wealth is in second homes only used in the summer,” says Cantwell, the son of a fisherman father and a house-cleaner mother. “But, the rest of us live here year round.
-“There are famous and very wealthy people but also hard-working and poor people who struggle to get by. You’ve got to remember that this community used to be a farming and fishing community of people who lived off the land and the water – a real working-class community.”
-Eddie Vallone, 22, says, “People see the Hamptons as some sort of rich town but there are a lot of problems here, especially drugs. It’s hard to grasp – ‘OK, the summer is ending. What am I going to do for the winter?’” Vallone says. “I want to work but there’s no work to do.”
-Vallone, who works cleaning pools and doing odd jobs on luxury estates, says that, if he saves well, his summer earnings can last until November. “But, work doesn’t start again until May or the beginning of June.”",intermediate,36
-"he Senate Intelligence Committee has approved a bill that would provide for increased transparency of the National Security Agency’s bulk collection of US phone records but allow the controversial practice to continue. Sponsored by Chairwoman Dianne Feinstein, the bill lets the NSA continue to collect phone metadata of millions of Americans for renewable 90-day periods and allows the government to retain it. Some legislators have alternatively proposed letting phone companies hold the metadata. It passed the committee by an 11-4 vote, paving the way for a full Senate vote.
-The bill allows analysts to search through the data if they suspect there is a 'reasonable suspicion' that a suspect is associated with international terrorism. Additionally, the bill allows the NSA to continue surveillance begun on foreigners outside the US if they enter the country 'for a transitory period not to exceed 72 hours'.
-The bill is a direct challenge to one introduced by Senator Patrick Leahy that would end domestic phone-records collection. It was also opposed by leading Intelligence Committee member Mark Udall, who said it did not go far enough. “The NSA’s invasive surveillance of Americans’ private information does not respect our constitutional values and needs fundamental reform, not incidental changes. Unfortunately, the bill passed by the Senate Intelligence Committee does not go far enough to address the NSA’s overreaching domestic surveillance programmes,” Udall said.
-Another Democratic member of the committee, Ron Wyden, said the bill maintains “business as usual” and “remains far from anything that could be considered meaningful reform”. Feinstein defended the NSA bulk collection programme, but said there was a need to rebuild public trust. “The NSA call-records programme is legal and subject to extensive congressional and judicial oversight, and I believe it contributes to our national security,” she said in a statement. “But more can, and should, be done to increase transparency and build public support for privacy protections in place.”
-In her statement, Feinstein said the bill would also make a number of improvements to transparency and oversight on the NSA, including: requiring an annual public report of the total number of queries of NSA’s telephone metadata database and the number of times the programme leads to an FBI investigation or probable cause order; requiring that the foreign intelligence surveillance court impose limits on the number of people at NSA who may authorize or query the call-records database; establishing criminal penalties of up to ten years in prison for intentional unauthorized access to data acquired under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) by the United States; mandating the FISA court impose a limit on the number of contacts an analyst can receive in response to a query of bulk communication records.
-After the committee’s hearing had ended, Feinstein strongly endorsed the NSA’s main domestic programme. “I think there’s huge misunderstanding about this NSA database programme, and how vital it is to protecting this country,” she told reporters.
-Concern over the Intelligence Committee’s bill was expressed by independent legal experts, who said the stage was now set for a showdown with the USA Freedom Act, a bill introduced by Leahy and Jim Sensenbrenner that would prohibit bulk collection of Americans’ telephone records.
-Elizabeth Goitein of the Brennan Center for Justice said: “The Intelligence Committee bill and the USA Freedom Act present two opposing visions of the relationship between law-abiding Americans and the national security state. The fundamental question is: should the government have some reason to suspect wrongdoing before sweeping up Americans’ most personal information to feed into its databases? Leahy and Sensenbrenner say yes; Feinstein says no.” Wyden suggested that recent concern about NSA spying on foreign leaders had distracted from the real focus on mass domestic surveillance in the US. “The statements that American intelligence officials have made about collecting on the intentions of foreign leadership, that’s consistent with the understanding I’ve had for years, as a member of the Intelligence Committee,” he said. “That has implications for foreign policy. My top priority is ending the mass surveillance, digital surveillance, of millions and millions of law- abiding Americans.”
-Feinstein unexpectedly announced that she was “totally opposed” to the foreign leader spying of the sort the NSA conducts of German Chancellor Angela Merkel. Feinstein has been a staunch supporter of the NSA’s bulk collection of Americans’ phone records.
-“Americans are making it clear, that they never – repeat, never – agreed to give up their constitutional liberties for the appearance of security,” Wyden said. “We’re just going to keep fighting this battle. It’s going to be a long one.”
-Separately, Feinstein said that James Clapper, the Director of National Intelligence, had agreed to provide her in writing with a statement about a Washington Post story that alleged the NSA had intercepted data in transmission between Google and Yahoo data centres. She said she was withholding judgement on the story until she saw Clapper’s rebuttal. Her strong endorsement of the domestic phone records collection indicates that the powerful Senate Democrat is not yet prepared to expand the criticism of the NSA that she has launched, “totally opposing” its surveillance of foreign allied leaders – a more traditional intelligence activity than bulk phone metadata surveillance.
-Wyden would not comment on the Washington Post report on the Google and Yahoo intercepts. But the senators suggested it had implications for the privacy of Americans’ communication. “Decades ago, countries had their own kinds of communication systems. Now that you’ve had the merger of global communications, I think you’re going to have a lot more challenges spying on foreigners with implications for US citizens,” Wyden said.",advanced,37
-"The huge fortunes made by the world’s richest 100 billionaires are making inequality worse and stopping the world from being able to reduce poverty, says Oxfam.
-Oxfam said the world could end poverty several times over if the richest 100 billionaires would give away the money they made in 2012.
-The charity said that the $240bn made in 2012 by the richest 100 billionaires would be enough to end extreme poverty four times over.
-It is unusual for charities to attack the wealthy, because they are usually seen as a source of money. Bill Gates and Warren Buffett are among a group of 40 US billionaires who have said they will give much of their money to aid projects, but there is little information about how much money they give each year.
-Russian, Middle Eastern and Chinese billionaires do not give away money to charity in the same way that US billionaires do.
-In the report, the charity asks world leaders to end income extremes and reduce inequality.
-The report said that the richest 1% of people have increased their incomes by 60% in the past 20 years.
-Barbara Stocking, Oxfam’s Chief Executive, said: “We can no longer pretend that wealth for a few people will benefit many people – too often the opposite is true.”
-The report said the problem affected all parts of the world. “In the UK, inequality is returning to levels not seen since the nineteenth century. In China, the top 10% now earn nearly 60% of the income. Chinese inequality levels are now similar to those in South Africa, which is now the most unequal country on Earth.”
-In the US, the share of national income that goes to the top 1% of people has doubled since 1980 from 10% to 20%, the report says.
-The richest 1% are estimated to cause 10,000 times more pollution than the average US citizen.
-Oxfam said world leaders should learn from countries such as Brazil, which has grown quickly and reduced inequality at the same time.
-Stocking said that world leaders should agree to reduce inequality to the levels seen in 1990.
-She said closing tax havens, which hold as much as $31 trillion, or as much as a third of all global wealth, could collect $189bn in additional taxes.",elementary,38
-"Rare mountain gorillas live in the Virunga National Park in DR Congo. The country could earn $400 million a year from tourism, hydropower and carbon credits, said a WWF report. But a British company want to look for oil there.
-If they look for oil at the UNESCO World Heritage Site that crosses the equator, as the Congolese government and exploration firm SOCO International hope, it could lead to terrible pollution and conflict, says the WWF.
-SOCO say that they would look for oil in a part of the park called Block V, and that their work would not affect the gorillas.
-SOCO Chairman Rui de Sousa said that SOCO knows about the environmental importance of the Virunga National Park. He also said that oil companies have a central role in today’s global energy supply and that a successful oil project could help a whole country.
-But Raymond Lumbuenamo, country director for WWF Democratic Republic of the Congo, based in Kinshassa, said that security in and around the park would get worse if SOCO started looking for oil.
-“Security is already bad. The UN is involved with fighting units and the M23 rebel force is inside the park. Oil would be a curse. It always makes conflict worse. The park might become like the Niger Delta. Developing Virunga for oil will not make anything better.”
-Many people live in the park – over 350 people per square kilometre. Oil would not create many jobs, and many more people would come looking for work, Lumbuenamo said.
-One danger is that another eruption of one of the volcanoes in the park could damage oil company buildings and machines and lead to oil spills in the lakes. “Virunga’s rich natural resources are for the Congolese people, not for foreign oil companies,” Lumbuenamo said.
-But Raymond accepted that, although the gorillas were safe now, the park would probably not be able to make $400 million. “It would be difficult to make the kind of money that the report talks of.”
-The WWF report says that ecosystems in the park could support fishing and ecotourism, and play an important role in providing water and stopping soil erosion.
-The park is Africa’s oldest and most diverse. It is home to over 3,000 different kinds of animals. “Virunga is a valuable asset to DR Congo,” the report says. “Plans to look for oil put Virunga’s future in danger,” it says.",elementary,39
-"runchy, full of protein and to be found under a rock near you. Insects have long been overlooked as food in all but a handful of places around the world – but now they are crawling closer and closer to our plates. Spring 2013 will see a drive towards removing the yuck factor and putting insects not just on experimental gastronomic menus but also on supermarket shelves.
-In April, there will be a festival in London, Pestival 2013 – a Wellcome Trust-backed insect appreciation event where the consumption of creepy-crawlies comes high on the agenda. It will feature a two-day “pop-up ” restaurant by the Nordic Food Lab, the Scandinavian team behind the Danish restaurant Noma, which brought ants to the table for a sellout ten-day run at Claridge’s hotel in Mayfair in 2012.
-Noma has been named the world’s best restaurant by Restaurant magazine for three years running. Its chef, René Redzepi, says that ants taste like lemon, and a purée of fermented grasshoppers and moth larvae tastes like a strong fish sauce. Bee larvae make a sweet mayonnaise used in place of eggs and scientists are constantly coming up with new ways to use little creatures.
-In March, a BBC documentary will feature food writer Stefan Gates searching out and eating deep-fried locusts and barbecued tarantulas. But, behind all the gimmicks and jokes about flies in the soup there is a deeply serious message. Many experts believe there is a clear environmental benefit to humans eating creepy-crawlies.
-The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has been funding projects since 2011 aimed at promoting the eating and farming of insects in south-east Asia and Africa, where an estimated two billion people already eat insects and caterpillar larvae as a regular part of their diet. In 2012, the FAO published a list of 1,909 edible species of insect and, with sponsorship from the Dutch government plans a major international conference on “this valuable food source” in 2013.
-Insects are plentiful – globally, for every human there are 40 tonnes of insects – so there is not too much chance of them being endangered, and they are unlikely to have been dosed with chemicals. “I know it’s taboo to eat bugs in the western world, but why not?”, Redzepi has said. “You go to south-east Asia and this is a common thing. You read about it from all over the world, that people are eating bugs. If you like mushrooms, you’ve eaten so many worms you cannot imagine. But also we eat honey, and honey is the vomit of a bee. Think of that next time you pour it into your tea.”
-He said that the basic premise behind Nordic Food Lab was: “Nothing is not edible.” Insects are critical to life on Earth and, with more than a million species, are the most diverse group of creatures on the planet, yet they are misunderstood, hated and often put to death by humans just because they are there.
-Over the next 30 years, the planet’s human population will increase to nine billion. Already one billion people do not get enough food. The increase will mean more pressure on agricultural land, water, forests, fisheries and biodiversity resources, as well as nutrients and energy supplies.
-The cost of meat is rising, not just in terms of hard cash but also in terms of the amount of rainforest that is destroyed for grazing or to grow feedstuff for cattle. There is also the issue of methane excreted by cows. The livestock farming contribution, in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, is enormous – 35% of the planet’s methane, 65% of its nitrous oxide and 9% of the carbon dioxide.
-Edible insects emit fewer gases, contain high-quality protein, vitamins and amino acids, and have a high food-conversion rate, needing a quarter of the food intake of sheep, and half of pigs and chickens, to produce the same amount of protein. They emit fewer greenhouse gases and less ammonia than cows and can be grown on organic waste. China is already successfully setting up huge maggot farms. Zimbabwe has a thriving mapone caterpillar industry and Laos was given nearly $500,000 by the FAO to develop an insect-harvesting project. It’s already big business in the UK, though not always official: a man was recently detained by Gatwick customs as he stepped off a flight from Burkina Faso with 94 kilos of mapone, worth nearly £40,000, in his luggage.
-A study by FoodServiceWarehouse.com suggested that swapping pork and beef for crickets and locusts could help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 95%. But perhaps the fairest thing about eating worms and insects comes when we are dead – then they get a chance to nibble their own back.",advanced,40
-"At Addis Ababa airport, visitors are greeted by pictures of golden grains, minute ochre-red seeds and a group of men gathered around a giant pancake. Billboards boast: “Teff: the ultimate gluten-free crop!”
-Ethiopia is one of the world’s poorest countries, well known for its precarious food security situation. But it is also the native home of teff, a highly nutritious ancient grain increasingly finding its way into health-food shops and supermarkets in Europe and America.
-Teff’s tiny seeds – the size of poppy seeds – are high in calcium, iron and protein, and boast an impressive set of amino acids. Naturally gluten free, the grain can substitute for wheat flour in anything from bread and pasta to waffles and pizza bases. Like quinoa, the Andean grain, teff’s superb nutritional profile offers the promise of new and lucrative markets in the west.
-In Ethiopia, teff is a national obsession. Grown by an estimated 6.3 million farmers, fields of the crop cover more than 20% of all land under cultivation. Ground into flour and used to make injera, the spongy fermented flatbread that is basic to Ethiopian cuisine, the grain is central to many religious and cultural ceremonies. Across the country, and in neighbouring Eritrea, diners gather around large pieces of injera, which doubles as cutlery, scooping up stews and feeding one another as a sign of loyalty or friendship – a tradition known as gursha.
-Outside diaspora communities in the west, teff has flown under the radar for decades. But a growing appetite for traditional crops and booming health-food and gluten-free markets are breathing new life into the grain, increasingly touted as Ethiopia’s “second gift to the world”, after coffee.
-Sophie Kebede, a London-based entrepreneur who owns a UK company specializing in the grain, says she was “flabbergasted” when she discovered its nutritional value. “I didn’t know it was so sought after. I am of Ethiopian origin; I’ve been eating injera all my life.”
-Growing demand for so-called ancient grains has not always been a straightforward win for poor communities. In Bolivia and Peru, reports of rising incomes owing to the now-global quinoa trade have come alongside those of malnutrition and conflicts over land, as farmers sell their entire crop to meet western demand.
-Ethiopia’s growing middle class is also pushing up demand for teff and rising domestic prices have put the grain out of reach of the poorest. Today, most small farmers sell the bulk of what they grow to consumers in the city.
-This may have helped boost incomes in some rural areas but it has had nutritional consequences, says the government, as teff is the most nutritionally valuable grain in the country. Estimates suggest that, while those in urban areas eat up to 61kg of teff a year, in rural areas, the figure is 20kg. The type consumed differs, too: the wealthy almost exclusively eat the more expensive magna and white teff varieties; less well-off consumers tend to eat less-valuable red and mixed teff, and more than half combine it with cheaper cereals such as sorghum and maize.
-The Ethiopian government wants to double teff production by 2015. Its strategy, published in 2013, argues that the grain could play an important role in school meals and emergency aid programmes, and help reduce malnutrition – particularly among children and adolescents.
-Though Ethiopia has a fast-growing economy, it remains on the UN’s list of least-developed countries. An estimated 20% of under-fives are malnourished or suffer stunted growth.
-The government’s Agricultural Transformation Agency aims to boost yields by developing improved varieties of the grain, along with new planting techniques and tools to reduce post-harvest losses.
-Government restrictions, instituted in 2006, forbid the export of raw teff grain, only allowing shipments of injera and other processed products. But this could change: the goal is to produce enough teff for domestic consumption and a strong export market, according to the government’s strategy.
-Mama Fresh is a family firm that has been selling injera to top restaurants and hotels in the Ethiopian capital for years. It also ships the flatbread to Finland, Germany, Sweden and the US, primarily for consumption by diaspora communities. But, the company has its eye on the gluten-free market. It aims to double exports to America in 2014 and will soon start producing teff-based pizzas, bread and cookies.
-“Typically, these products are going to go through many hands before they reach the shelves of Sainsbury’s or wherever. There are profit margins at every step and small farmers are not necessarily well placed to bargain with the bigger traders,” says David Hallam, trade and markets director at the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization. He sees quinoa’s popularity as a cautionary tale of how export opportunities can be a mixed blessing for poor countries.
-Regassa Feyissa, an Ethiopian agricultural scientist and former head of the National Institute for Biodiversity, warns that, without careful planning, increased teff production for export may displace other important crops for farmers. And, efforts to boost production could benefit business interests at the expense of small farmers.
-With little Ethiopian teff on the international market, farmers in the US have started planting the crop. Farmers in Europe, Israel and Australia have also experimented with it.
-Kebede says she gets her grain from farms in southern Europe, though she would prefer to source it from Ethiopia. “Teff is second nature to an Ethiopian, so who better to supply it? We have this sought-after grain being grown in the country, so why can’t an Ethiopian farmer benefit from this?”",advanced,41
-"The vice-president of Google has warned that digitized material from blogs, tweets, pictures, videos and official documents such as emails could be lost forever because the programs we need to view them will no longer exist. Our first steps into the digital world could be lost to future historians, Vint Cerf told the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s annual meeting. He said that we might become a “forgotten generation or even a forgotten century” because of “bit rot”, where old computer files become useless junk.
-Cerf said we should develop digital methods to preserve old software and hardware to read old files. “So much of the information about our daily lives is in digital form, like our interactions by email, people’s tweets and all of the world wide web. So it’s clear that we could lose a lot of our history,” he said. “If we want to keep it, we need to make sure that people can still see the digital objects we create today in the future,” he added.
-What is ’bit rot’ and is Vint Cerf right to be worried? His warning highlights an irony about modern technology: we digitize music, photos, letters and other documents so that they survive for centuries but the programs and hardware people will need to read those files don’t survive.
-“We are throwing all of our data into an information black hole. We digitize things because we think we will preserve them. But what we don’t understand is that, if we don’t do something, those digital versions may not be any better than the things that we digitized. In fact, they may be worse,” Cerf says. “If there are photos you really care about, print them out.”
-Ancient civilizations did not have these problems because people wrote histories down and we need only eyes to read them. To study today’s culture, future historians will have to read PDFs, Word documents and hundreds of other file types, using special software and sometimes hardware, too.
-The problem is already here. In the 1980s, it was normal to save documents on floppy disks and buy computer games on cassettes. Even if the disks and cassettes are in good condition, we can now only find the equipment to view them in museums.
-Cerf warns that we will also lose important political and historical documents because of bit rot. In 2005, American historian Doris Kearns Goodwin wrote a book about Abraham Lincoln. She went to libraries around the US and found the paper letters of the people involved. “In today’s world, those letters would be emails and it will be almost impossible to find them one hundred years from now,” said Cerf.
-He admits that historians will try to preserve important material. But he says that people often don’t understand the importance of documents until hundreds of years later. Historians have learned how Archimedes thought about infinity in 3BC because they found his writings hidden under the words of a thirteenth-century book. “We’ve been surprised by what we’ve learned from objects that have been preserved by accident,” he said.
-Researchers in Pittsburgh are trying to find a solution to bit rot. They are creating a computer that can read old files.
-Inventing new technology helps but it is only part of the solution. It could be even more difficult to get the legal permissions to copy and store software before it dies. “To do this properly, we might need to think about things like copyright. We’re talking about preserving documents for hundreds to thousands of years,” said Cerf.",elementary,42
-"It is hard to tell exactly where the noise is coming from, but impossible to miss it from anywhere in Damascus: all day and night you can hear the dull thud and boom of artillery, rockets or planes pounding rebel positions – the sound of war getting closer to Syria’s capital. But just over two years into the Syrian crisis – the longest and bloodiest of the Arab uprisings – ignoring the sound of death and destruction nearby has become the new normal for Damascenes.
-Over the weekend, men could be seen puffing on water pipes in a palm-shaded park, children playing between the flowerbeds and couples chatting on benches as the unmistakable thunderclap of high explosive could be heard a few miles away – smoke rising between the minarets of a nearby Ottoman-era mosque. No one seemed to notice.
-“Actually you do get used to it after a while,” said George, an IT technician from a village on the coast. “But you never know exactly what they are hitting.” That usually becomes clear later from video clips posted by opposition media outlets on YouTube.
-The sinister background noise is doubly disturbing because the government tries so hard to preserve a jaunty air of business as usual. “As you can see, everything here is fine but we have to hit the terrorists, these extremists,” an army officer announced. An official, whose route home has come under attack from rebels in Daraya, said: “If I was afraid, I would just shut my door and stay inside. I have to work and I am not afraid. If I don’t defend my country, who will?”
-Ordinary citizens, in private conversation, are less defiant. In the centre of town, a shopkeeper complained sadly that his baby daughter cries at the sound of shelling. Zeina, a twenty-something student, fears becoming desensitized to suffering – and perhaps to danger too. “In the beginning, when there started to be explosions, I used to have nightmares,” she reflected. “Now I can sleep through anything.”
-And, the risks are multiplying even closer to home. In Sabaa Bahrat Square, in what was supposed to be the safest part of Damascus, a car bomb detonated, leaving a blackened concrete facade, broken windows and mangled metal as well as blast damage to the imposing structure of the Syrian Central Bank next door. Mourning notices for two of the 15 victims – Muhammad al-Sufi and Manal al-Tahan – are stuck to the wall opposite. Scruffy, machine-gun toting militiamen mill around the square, often used for televised pro-regime rallies with civil servants bussed in en masse to chant slogans under giant banners of President Bashar al-Assad.
-That bombing was not the worst Damascus has experienced as the situation has deteriorated. In February, 80 people, including schoolchildren, reportedly died near the ruling Ba’ath Party headquarters in Mazraa. The crater is still visible, marked by an enormous patch of fresh asphalt on the main road going north. “I live nearby but luckily I wasn’t there,” recalled Munir, a university lecturer.
-Mortar bombs, fired from rebel-held areas now within easy range of the city, have become an ominous novelty. The bombs killed 15 students in a university cafeteria on 28 March. The intended target is thought to have been a government building.
-Security measures have intensified since the devastating bombing of the national security crisis cell in July 2012, when four of Assad’s most senior aides were killed. Concrete blast barriers – often painted in the Syrian flag’s black, red and white – now protect official premises, not just the military or defence installations that are obvious targets. The Iranian Embassy in Mezze, its turquoise mosaic front giving an exotic glimpse of Isfahan or Shiraz, looks like a fortress. “The regime did manage to set up a ring of steel round Damascus,” a foreign diplomat said. “But for whatever reason the perimeter is starting to be punctured and that brings home the reality of the war.”
-All this means that moving around has become difficult, unpredictable and time-consuming – another aspect of the new normal across an understandably nervous city. Checkpoints on main roads funnel traffic for ID checks and baggage searches with handheld explosive detectors – vital to stop future bombers. Only drivers with an official security clearance can use special fast lanes to avoid the wait.
-It is hard, however, to avoid the question on everyone’s mind: will there be a battle for Damascus – the world’s oldest continually inhabited city, as the guidebooks say – like the one that has so damaged Aleppo? Parts of the city already feel like a war zone: its ritziest hotel is eerily deserted though many rooms are being used as offices by international agencies drawn by the deepening crisis – blue helmets and flak jackets piled up on Persian carpets in an ornate reception room, white UN vehicles parked behind the blast barriers outside. The streets empty soon after 9pm.
-One view is that the fight for Syria’s capital is coming, but not quite yet – in the summer perhaps, some predict, when the rebels have consolidated their gains in the south. Others argue that outright victory by either side is unlikely and hope for a political solution imposed from abroad. But few here seem to expect things to get any better.",advanced,43
-"Two mothers in South Africa have found out that they are raising each other ’s daughters after someone switched them at birth by mistake in a hospital in 2010.
-One of the women wants to get her biological child back; the other refuses to hand back the girl she has raised as her own daughter.
-Henk Strydom, a lawyer for one of the mothers, said the switch was a tragedy that will probably not have a happy ending.
-Both mothers gave birth at the Tambo Memorial Hospital in Boksburg, east of Johannesburg, on the same day in 2010.
-In 2013, one of the mothers, who is 33 and unemployed, wanted her ex-partner to pay maintenance for her daughter. The man said he was not the father. Strydom says, “A DNA test was done. They found that it was not his baby and not her baby. She was devastated. She didn’t know what to do.”
-She met the other mother and now they go to joint counselling sessions, organized by the hospital. Here, both mothers met their biological daughters.
-Strydom said about the mother: “You can see it’s not easy for her. She has to care for a child that is not hers on her own while her child is with someone else.”
-The woman became unhappy and asked the children’s court to give her custody of her biological child, but the other mother refused.
-“It’s a tragedy. She wants the baby back, but it’s four years later: you can understand that the other mother doesn’t want to give up her baby, ” Strydom said.
-The High Court in Pretoria has asked the University of Pretoria’s Centre for Child Law to find out what will be best for the children.
-Strydom added: “Whatever happens, someone won’t be happy. ”
-Karabo Ngidi, a lawyer with the centre, said: “We must do what is best for the children. Biology is important but it is not the only important thing.”
-It is not the first time babies have been switched by mistake in South Africa. In 1995, two mothers were paid damages after their sons, born in 1989, were switched by mistake at the Johannesburg hospital where they were born.",elementary,44
-"When two islanders spotted a small fibreglass boat washed up on a remote Pacific atoll, they decided to take a closer look. What they found inside was a tale of adventure and unlikely survival to rival the blockbuster book and film Life of Pi: an emaciated man with long hair and a beard, who claimed to have been drifting for 16 months after setting out from Mexico, more than 12,500km away.
-The man, dressed only in a ragged pair of underpants, told his rescuers that he had been adrift in the 7.3-metre fibreglass boat, whose engines were missing their propellers, since he left Mexico for El Salvador in September 2012. A companion had died at sea several months earlier, he said.
-“His condition isn’t good, but he’s getting better,” said Ola Fjeldstad, a Norwegian anthropology student doing research on the isolated Ebon Atoll, part of the Marshall Islands archipelago. The man had said his name was José Ivan and he had indicated that he survived by catching turtles and birds with his bare hands, but, because he spoke only Spanish, further details were sketchy. There was no fishing equipment on the boat, but a turtle was inside when it washed up. “The boat is really scratched up and looks like it has been in the water for a long time,” Fjeldstad told reporters.
-According to the researcher, the islanders who found the man took him to the main island in the atoll – which is so remote it has only one phone line and no internet – to meet the mayor, Ione de Brum, who contacted the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Majuro, the Marshall Islands capital. Officials at the ministry said that they were awaiting more details and expected the man to be taken to the capital.
-The government airline’s only plane that can land at Ebon is currently undergoing maintenance and is not expected to return to service for several days. Officials are considering sending a boat to pick up the castaway. “He’s staying at the local council house and a family is feeding him,” said Fjeldstad, who added that the man had a basic health check and was found to have low blood pressure, but did not appear to have any life-threatening conditions and was able to walk with the aid of men on the island. “We’ve been giving him a lot of water and he’s gaining strength.”
-Fraser Christian, who teaches maritime survival courses at his Coastal Survival School in Dorset, said the man’s story, if true, would be remarkable but far from unique. It was entirely possible to catch turtles or small fish by hand, he said, since “they are inquisitive and they will approach a small boat to shelter underneath it”. Christian advises clients who find themselves forced to eat turtles to start with their eyes – “lots of fluid” – then move on to the blood.
-he major problems the man would have faced were exposure and dehydration. “The basic rule is: no water, no food. You need water to digest protein. If you have no fresh water and it doesn’t rain for a few days, so you can’t collect rainwater, you have basically had it.” Individual physiology also plays a part, he said, with some people better suited to survival than others. “The mental thing is key and that’s often down to people’s situation in life and how used they are to dealing mentally with hardship.”
-Stories of survival in the vast Pacific Ocean are not uncommon. In 2006, three Mexicans made international headlines when they were discovered drifting, also in a small fibreglass boat near the Marshall Islands. They claimed to have survived for nine months at sea on a diet of rainwater, raw fish and seabirds, with their hope kept alive by reading the Bible. But Cliff Downing, who teaches sea survival to sailors, said he was sceptical about the latest tale. “It just doesn’t sound right to me. There are 1,001 hazards that would make his survival for so long very unlikely. One would want to know a lot more.”
-More castaways: Poon Lim, a Chinese sailor from a British ship sunk by a German submarine in 1942, survived 133 days on a wooden raft floating in the South Atlantic before being rescued by Brazilian fishermen. In 1971, experienced Scottish sailor Dougal Robertson and his family were sailing to the Galápagos Islands from Panama when their boat was sunk by killer whales. They survived 38 days on a lifeboat before being rescued by a passing fishing trawler.
-In 2006, three Mexican fishermen were discovered drifting in a small boat near the Marshall Islands, nine months after setting out on a shark-fishing expedition. They apparently survived on a diet of rainwater, raw fish and seabirds. Before being rescued by the US coastguard, the men stayed alive by eating tuna. A Panamanian fisherman sued Princess Cruises in 2012 after one of their ships ignored cries for help from him and two companions who were stranded in their broken boat. He survived 28 days adrift, but his friends both died of thirst.",advanced,45
-"It began with a bogus scallop, but a menu scandal that has affected some of Japan’s top hotels and department stores now threatens the international reputation of the country’s food.
-Since one luxury hotel chain admitted lying about ingredients on its menus, Japanese media have written stories of similar incidents in restaurants run by well-known hotels and department stores.
-The story began when the Hankyu-Hanshin hotel chain, based in Osaka, admitted it had given false descriptions of dozens of menu items at some of its restaurants between 2006 and October 2013, which affected an estimated 78,000 diners.
-One of the worst menu misdemeanours was a red salmon ‘caviar’ dish that was actually the less luxurious eggs of the flying fish.
-The hotel group’s president, Hiroshi Desaki, went on television to announce a 20% pay cut for himself and 10% for other executives but this did not make consumers any less angry.
-Days later, Desaki resigned, saying that the hotel group had “betrayed our customers.” One of the hotel’s head chefs later declined a medal of honour he was going to receive from the government.
-The company has so far refunded 20 million yen to more than 10,000 consumers. The final bill is expected to reach 110 million yen.
-Consumers who believed they had eaten expensive kuruma shrimps were told they had in fact eaten the much cheaper black tiger version.
-The scandal started when a diner complained in a blogpost that a ‘scallop’ dish he had ordered at the Prince Hotel in Tokyo contained a similar, but cheaper, type of shellfish.
-The hotel started an investigation and as a result corrected more than 50 menu items at dozens of its restaurants. Its report scared Hankyu-Hanshin and other hoteliers into admitting that they, too, had hoodwinked diners who believed they were paying high prices for top ingredients.
-The Hotel Okura chain – whose guests have included Barack Obama – said they had also injected beef with fat to make it juicier and incorrectly described tomatoes as organic.
-“We deeply apologize for betraying the expectations and confidence of our clients,” it said in a statement.
-The list of fraudulent ingredients continues to grow: orange juice from cartons sold as freshly squeezed; Mont Blanc desserts topped with Korean chestnuts instead of the promised French ones; shop-bought chocolate cream that the menu said was home-made; imported beef sold as expensive wagyu.
-Even the government’s top spokesman, Yoshihide Suga, commented on the scandal. “This inappropriate labelling has resulted in the loss of trust among consumers,” he told reporters.
-The fraudulent menu scandal has exploded at just the wrong time. Japan is trying to persuade South Korea and other countries to lift a ban on food imports that began after the Fukushima nuclear accident. And UNESCO is considering a request to add Japanese cuisine to its cultural heritage list.
-One local newspaper had the headline, “Japan’s proud food culture in tears,” while the newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun said it was “shocked by the industry’s lack of morals”.
-Industry experts said the global financial crisis in 2008 had forced luxury hotels to cut costs while attempting to woo diners with detailed menu descriptions.
-“Menu descriptions were created to meet consumers’ preferences, and, when they couldn’t get the ingredients on the menu, hotels just used food from different places,” Hiroshi Tomozawa, a hotel and restaurant consultant, told Kyodo News.
-The industry’s biggest problem will come from Japan’s demanding consumers. In 2009, 72% of diners in Japan said that, when they were choosing from a menu, where the food is from was the most important thing for them, followed by the amount of calories and other nutritional details.",intermediate,46
-"t has been called 'the hotel of mum and dad' but few guesthouses have such favourable terms. As the housing crisis bites, a fifth of young adults are staying in the family home until they are at least 26 and the same proportion are not paying a penny towards their keep. A recent survey found that the proportion of adults living at home varied around the country, from just under 9% in the East Midlands to more than double that in London, where house prices and rents are highest. While many around the country contributed financially, the survey found that 20% were paying nothing at all.
-Young adults are being squeezed by low wages and rents, which have hit record highs, while those who want to buy a property are finding the monthly cost of renting is preventing them from saving enough to get on the housing ladder. Research published by the homeless charity Shelter showed half of tenants were unable to save a penny towards a deposit, while a quarter could only put by £100 or less each month. Mortgages are cheaper than ever before thanks to record low interest rates but the best deals are still reserved for borrowers with large deposits.
-Faced with this, young adults are increasingly returning to the family home in order to save money and parents who cannot afford to offer their offspring a lump sum seem willing to help. The survey found that 28% of adults were living at home because they were trying to save for a deposit. However, it also found that 30% were not saving any money.
-A spokesman for the company conducting the survey commented: “The hotel of mum and dad is often staying open for longer than many anticipated, our latest research shows. Rental costs and deposits or the need to save for a mortgage deposit mean that some children understandably have to wait before flying the nest. And, for some, moving out may never be an option.”
-Michael Day, 30, who lives with his parents in Bristol, says he has been caught between paying high rents and saving for a mortgage deposit. Rents for a one-bedroom home in the city are between £500 and £800 a month, while buying a similar property would cost about £130,000. “I don’t really want to move out to rent as it’s more than a mortgage but you need such a big deposit to get a mortgage so it’s been a bit of a vicious circle.”
-Day does not want to share with strangers so his options are limited. At home, he pays a nominal rent to cover bills and is able to keep the rest of his earnings from his job at a candle retailer. He plays golf at county level and he admits that, instead of saving, he spends his spare cash on golf and holidays. “You need so much money that I will have to save for the foreseeable future,” he said. “Because it’s been so difficult, I’ve been going on holiday and enjoying it.”
-Sue Green, of Saga, a business that sells insurance and products to the over-50s, said the majority of parents may not have planned to have their children living with them well into their 20s or 30s. “Most will be more than happy to house them in the family home rent-free because it might help their kids get on the property ladder sooner,” she said. “Children who don’t pay rent may contribute in other ways like buying groceries, family takeaways or doing odd jobs around the home.”
-Angus Hanton, co-founder of a thinktank called the Intergenerational Foundation, said older generations were “the architects of the housing crisis” and children should not be blamed for staying at home. “The under-30s have suffered a fall in average incomes of about 20% since the 2008 downturn. Rents and car insurance have never been so high and mortgage lending rules have been tightened for the young but not for older buy-to-let investors, who squeeze out the young,” he said. “Student-fee debt is rising rapidly yet many jobs on offer – zero- hour and short-term contracts – are turning younger workers into second-class citizens. Rather than blaming the young, we should be standing up for their interests so they can afford to build lives of their own.”
-Jenna Gavin, 29, lives in Southport, Merseyside, in the family home where she grew up. She moved out for a year to go to university but has been living with her parents ever since. She works as a medical receptionist nearby so she wants to stay in the area. But renting a one-bedroom flat would cost more than £420 a month before bills, which would take up a lot of her earnings. “I don’t want to rent – I don’t want to spend all that money and have nothing at the end,” she said. “I’ve looked at buying and seen mortgage advisers but I just can’t borrow enough to get on the property ladder.”
-Gavin is trying to save but is struggling to amass the necessary funds. “You don’t really see it building up as much as you need – even a 5% deposit is such a lot of money and I would like to put down more,” she said. Her parents are happy not to charge her rent. “They want me to try to save up and I contribute in other ways – I bring food in and I do things around the house.”
-Gavin gets on with her parents and has her own space in a room that she moved into when she was 14 but she said she had always imagined she would have her own place by the time she was 30. “I don’t see that happening as it’s next year. But, hopefully, in a couple of years, I’ll have moved out.”",advanced,47
-"The view from the visitors’ centre in the Doñana National Park in southern Spain is a bird- watcher ’s dream: 200,000 hectares of wetlands vital for the birds of western Europe. Many of Britain’s most loved migratory birds rest here every year on their migrations from Africa. Doñana is also home to some of Europe’s rarest birds, including the Spanish imperial eagle.
-It is a beautiful landscape but it is under threat. In 1998, almost two billion gallons of toxic water, full of acid and waste metals, poured into the park from the Los Frailes mine 45km away. They collected more than 25,000 kilos of dead fish afterwards and nearly 2,000 adult birds, chicks, eggs and nests were killed or destroyed.
-It was Spain’s worst environmental disaster and the clean-up cost €90 million. Spain realized that Doñana is the nation’s most important natural site, so the country decided to spend an extra €360 million on restoring the landscape to its original wetland state.
-It has been an expensive process. And Doñana is still under threat from the pressures of modern life. There are plans to build an oil pipeline through Doñana and there is also an idea to build new hotels and golf courses, which would use a lot of local water. Sand and soil washed from nearby farms is also blocking the channels that cross the park.
-But, the biggest shock has been the recent decision of the Andalucían government to reopen the Frailes mine that nearly destroyed Doñana in 1998. “This is Europe’s most important bird sanctuary, ” says Laurence Rose of the RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds). “Doñana already faces a lot of threats but now they want to bring back the cause of the disaster 16 years ago. It is extremely worrying.”
-If you look at the state of the local economy, you quickly see why the government has made this decision. The crash of Spain’s banks in 2008 had a very bad effect on the region. Unemployment in some parts of Andalucía is now more than 30%. If they reopen the mine, it would create more than 1,000 jobs.
-“There are riches here, riches that the local inhabitants badly need,” said energy spokesman Vicente Fernández Guerrero. “We think mining is a good way to make it possible to allow local people to continue to live in the area. This is a mining area. People have mined metals here since Roman times.”
-Fernández said that the mine licence would only allow modern mining techniques, which do not create poisonous wet waste. “They will use the best technology in the world here,” Fernández said. “They will not use liquid. We will not allow that.”
-Some people agree with the idea, but a lot of people disagree with it. Carlos Dávila, who works for the Spanish Ornithological Society in Doñana, was also alarmed at the idea. “This is a very, very bad idea,” he said. “They say the new mine will be safe, but they said it was safe in 1998 and look what happened. We got the worst ecological disaster in the history of Spain.”
-Almost every visitor at a local restaurant had a camera and telescopic lens or a pair of binoculars. Lots of tourists come to Doñana because of the birdlife. This is not surprising for this is a truly special place. A big sky hangs over this flat but dramatic landscape. Birds of every shape and size fill the air and sometimes the road. At one point on my visit, a stork calmly stood in front of our car until it felt ready to fly off.
-“The trouble is that Spain does not have the public resources it had 16 years ago. A repeat of the disaster today would have a much, much more damaging impact,” said Rose. Dávila agrees. “After the disaster, Spain realized that it had a place of real ecological importance and did a lot to clean it up and protect it,” he added. “Now, it seems we have forgotten that lesson. It is very depressing.”",elementary,48
-"Back in 2005, when BlackBerry brought instant messaging to the mobile phone, the company was just entering its boom times. While the iPhone was still just an idea, BlackBerry’s innovations ensured its smartphone was one of Canada’s biggest exports.
-Six years later, in the summer of 2011, when there were riots in London and other UK cities, BlackBerry Messenger (BBM) was so effective at mobilizing the rioters that politicians wanted the service to be temporarily shut down. But, two years later, it is the users themselves who are pulling the plug.
-Demand for BlackBerry phones is falling. Dozens of alternatives have sprung up to take its place, from Facebook’s and Apple’s instant messaging applications to independent apps such as WhatsApp and Kik (which is also Canadian). They are free to download and use, and they use the internet to swap text messages, pictures, voice clips, ‘stickers’ and even videos between most types of phones.
-In an attempt to keep its customers, BBM has been released on Android and Apple phones. Despite the competition from other apps, the response has been extraordinary, with more than 20 million downloads. But, despite this interest, many people believe BBM’s wider release will not save the service. “The move to bring BlackBerry to the iPhone is four or five years too late,” says James Gooderson, an 18-year-old student who blogs on technology. “WhatsApp has made BlackBerrys unnecessary for young people.”
-BBM says it has 80 million monthly users after its upgrade, but WhatsApp has 300 million. Other services show BBM’s limitations: unlike Skype and Viber, it does not yet offer video or voice calls; unlike Path, it does not do location sharing; there is no video sharing, as on iMessage; and the stickers (a more sophisticated version of the smiley face), adored by kids all over the world, are also absent. Even the contacts and calendar sharing that BBM made possible on BlackBerry phones are not on the Apple and Android versions.
-Messaging is moving from verbal to visual. Photos uploaded to Instagram get instant comments and Snapchat’s pictures, which selfdelete after ten seconds, have opened a world of other possibilities. Like BBM, all of these services are free for any phone with an internet connection. But as recently as 2011, BBM was so powerful it helped to start a revolution in Egypt; and at the time of the London riots, it was a more immediate source of news than the television screen.
-“We could see on our BlackBerry messages where the rioters were going next; TV news would catch up four hours later,” said Jean- Pierre Moore, 28. He manages a youth club in Stockwell, south London, an area with some of the highest levels of crime and poverty in Britain. Moore mainly communicates on an iPad now. He does not agree with the idea that a shutdown of BBM would have stopped the looting. “The social networking wasn’t the reason,” he says.
-Nearly 80% of young smartphone owners regularly use a social networking application but two-thirds use more than one. Among 16- to 24-year-olds, 60% use Facebook every day, but 46% use alternatives. “It’s a much more complex, multifaceted environment,” says Benedict Evans, a digital media specialist. “All of these apps use your smartphone – they plug into your phone book and your photo library. Apps rise and fall like fireworks. Some, like Instagram, last; others just disappear.”
-Thirteen-year-old Bennett has three phones. He keeps his BlackBerry for messaging, uses an iPhone to play games, and makes phone calls on an Android phone. His friends are still on BBM. At the touch of a few buttons, a single BlackBerry message can be sent to the phone owner’s entire contacts book – several hundred people, in some cases; on WhatsApp, the limit for a broadcast message is 50. But, for Bennett, Instagram is now a major social network. “Instagram is Facebook without parents,” he says. “Facebook has been taken over by the older generation. When I saw my mum on Facebook, I deleted my account.”
-The low cost of buying and communicating on a BlackBerry is still an advantage. Unlimited BBM messages are available to anyone with a secondhand phone and a £7-a-month deal from a telecoms company. But people no longer trust the privacy of BBM. Part of the attraction to business people, revolutionaries, demonstrators and rioters was a belief that encrypted words sent over the company’s secure servers could not be traced back to their writers. Arrests and prosecutions after the riots put an end to that belief.
-Across town from Stockwell, outside the gates of a private school in the rich district of South Kensington, the older pupils all have Apple logos on their phones. They all use WhatsApp. For many, BBM is a distant memory. “I still have a Blackberry, but I’m the only one,” says a teenager standing with a circle of friends. And how does that make him feel? “Isolated,” he replies.",intermediate,49
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-Sentence,ID
-we overrule this holding based upon our conclusion that review by the court of appeals under section 22-63-117(11) is predicated upon a final order of the school board resulting from proceedings conducted under section 22-63-117.,50
-"and as a creature of state law, bbghad may exercise a portion of the state's police power.",51
-"ecause we find such an approach contradicts the logical underpinning of arbuckle, we decline to follow rosaia.",52
-the majority now overrules modesto insofar as it holds that failure to instruct upon a lesser included offense is prejudicial per se.,53
-we affirm without additional comment the trial court's rulings on the propriety of notice and adjudication regarding graves' status as an hfo.,54
-##note: brock was reversed not overruled.,55
-" """"phoenix"""" presumably refers to phoenix v. pennsylvania board of probation and parole (pa. cmwlth., no. 1243 c.d. 2017, filed april 5, 2018), 2018 wl 1630602.",56
-"because the rule announced in downs was in effect for only about a year, petitioner contends we should overrule that case as having been wrongly decided.",57
-"to the extent that the holding ingraves v. commonwealth, 21 va. app. 161, 462 s.e.2d 902 (1995), aff'd on reh'g en banc, 22 va. app. 262, 468 s.e.2d 710 (1996), is in conflict with our decision here, we overrule that holding.",58
-"the progressive concrete court contrasted the language of section 2673.1, subdivision (g), which deals with claims for unpaid wages in the garment manufacturing industry and adopts the same appeal procedures as section 98.2. section 2673.1 used different language regarding an appeal bond requirement, providing in relevant part that """"[a]s a condition precedent to filing an appeal, the contractor or the guarantor, whichever appeals, shall post a bond with the commissioner in an amount equal to one and one-half times the amount of the award.""""",59
-"as the court explained, the state has the """" 'duty . . . to protect the people's common heritage of streams, lakes, marshlands and tidelands, surrendering that right of protection only in rare cases when the abandonment of that right is consistent with the purposes of the trust.'",60
-2011) (quotation omitted).,61
-"to the extent that wright suggests or holds to the contrary, it is hereby overruled.",62
-"be that as it may, to the extent that our present opinion is inconsistent with ryles and heath, the latter are hereby overruled.",63
-"to the extent the result in any of these cases may have been correct under the law as set forth in today's opinion, that result is irrelevant to the question before us.",64
-"this case bears no resemblance to cordis, where """"academic norms gave rise to an expectation that disclosures will remain confidential.""""",65
-"we now affirm the district court and overrule acorn, but only to the extent it is inconsistent with our en banc decision in this case.",66
-"united states v. lewis, 467 f. app'x 298, 299 (5th cir. 2012) (unpublished).",67
-"we conclude that we are required to hold that the specific offense designated as the object of the conspiracy in a 371 indictment does constitute an element of the offense, and we therefore overrule our opinion holding to the contrary, united states v. alerta, 96 f.3d 1230, 1239 (9th cir. 1996), overruled on other grounds by united states v. nordby",68
-we rejected the application of the collateral order doctrine set forth in cohen v. beneficial industrial loan corp.,69
-"2. discussion. ordinarily, a guilty plea """"by its terms waives all nonjurisdictional defects.""""",70
-iv. referencing prior lawsuits.,71
-appellant now appeals from his two convictions for the felony offense of aggravated assault against a public servant and his conviction for the felony offense of aggravated assault against a family or household member and the resulting concurrent sentences of seventy years for each conviction.,72
-"youngkin v. hines, 546 s.w.3d 675, 680 (tex. 2018).",73
-"crim. app. sept. 25, 2012), perm. app. denied (tenn.",74
-the issue of preservation of a challenge to a jury instruction has developed over time in this commonwealth.,75
-"on appeal, mr. young asserts the district court erred by determining the minor victim, fh, was competent to testify.",76
-any expressions in the earlier cases to the contrary are overruled.,77
-[citation omitted].,78
-"see anderson v. state, 18 so.3d 501, 520 (fla.2009) (rejecting a claim of cumulative error when appellant's claims, addressed individually, did not establish ineffective assistance of counsel or that appellant's constitutional rights were violated) (citing israel v. state, 985 so.2d 510, 520 (fla.2008)); suggs v. state, 923 so.2d 419, 441 (fla.2005) (stating the cumulative effect of evidentiary errors and allegations of ineffective assistance of trial counsel will be considered together).",79
-"the reiterations of statements from the city of pasadena case in water users etc. assn. v. railroad com., 188 cal. 437, 443 [3] [ 205 p. 682] and baldwin v. railroad com., 206 cal. 581, 587 [3] [ 275 p. 425], also are disapproved.",80
-"in reaching this conclusion, the court stated that it believed the sequence of events as documented in kinney's arrest report that the officer was beginning to pat down defendant when defendant dropped the backpack.",81
-"moreover, the confrontation.",82
-"""""stated differently, relief may be granted only where there 'is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome,' i.e., there is a 'substantial, not just conceivable, likelihood of a different result.'""""",83
-"pt today, inc v comm'r of office of fin & ins servs, 270 mich app 110, 127; 715 nw2d 398 (2006) (quotation marks, citations, and brackets omitted).",84
-"to the extent they are inconsistent with our analysis, we disapprove darden v. general motors corp., supra, 40 cal.app.4th 342, and its progeny, barr v. acands, inc. (1997) 57 cal.app.4th 1038.",85
-"see bernhardt v. state, 684 n.w.2d 465, 476-77 (minn.",86
- 28 the first requirement of the tacit admission rule actually has two parts: that the statement was incriminating and that the natural reaction of an innocent person would be to deny it.,87
-see id. at 847-850.,88
-"both anderson, supra, and page, supra, are now expressly overruled.",89
-"moreover, here, it was not only foreseeable that the co-employees would negligently fail to install the guardrails, it had actually occurred many times in the past.",90
-aclu pretrial justice manual at 42.,91
-"because c.o.'s responses to the district court's questions during the competency inquiry independently supported the court's on-the-record competency ruling, the district court's purported reliance on c.o.'s trial testimony in making its ruling was inconsequential.",92
-"given the supreme court's decision in gaudin, we conclude that beuttenmuller's holding that materiality under section 1006 is a question of law for the court has been overruled.",93
-"to the extent that the holding in travelers ins. co. v. fancher, supra, is inconsistent with our holding here, it is overruled.",94
-"cases in which it has been held or assumed that those rules apply to reinstated appeals are disapproved insofar as they are inconsistent with the views expressed herein (e.g., people v. jaquish (1966) 244 cal.app.2d 444, 448 [ 53 cal.rptr. 123]; people v. boyden (1965) 237 cal.app.2d 695, 697 [ 47 cal.rptr. 136]; people v. garner (1965) 234 cal.app.2d 212, 215, fn. 1 [ 44 cal.rptr. 217]; people v. benavidez.",95
-"after carefully weighing considerations of stare decisis against the persuasive criticisms of the dupuy rule, we conclude that this artificial and potentially harmful rule must be abandoned.",96
-a close reading of the record in this case shows that applicant has established that he has significant deficits in his adaptive functioning so as to support the habeas court's determination that he is intellectually disabled under current medical standards.,97
-"although the jury could have concluded appellant was in some state of fear, """"a mere claim of fear"""" by a defendant does not, standing alone, establish the existence of sudden passion arising from an adequate cause.",98
-"for the reasons that follow, we overrule the simpson decision.",99
-"having concluded that the statutory analysis set forth in shannon, part ii was fundamentally flawed, we now depart from its holding that krs 503.120 (1) precludes the assertion of self-protection and the other krs chapter 503 justifications as defenses to charges of wanton murder, second-degree manslaughter, or reckless homicide (as well as to charges of wanton or reckless assault), and reinstate the holdings in thompson v. commonwealth, supra, and kohlheim v. commonwealth.",100
-a majority of the active judges of this court have voted to dissolve the en banc court.,101
-"to the extent that foster holds otherwise, it is overruled.",102
-"for the reasons that follow, we approve the fourth district's decision below, reversing the trial court's dismissal of respondents' title ix claim, and disapprove the line of cases that establishes a bright-line rule that an amendment asserting a new cause of action cannot relate back to the filing of the original complaint.",103
-our supreme court held the trial court's order did not violate separation of powers principles despite the fact that a legislative committee deleted a line-item appropriation for this particular fee award.,104
-"upon the authority of odom, we hereby recede from our inadvertent comment in singleton.",105
-"2 k. o'malley, j. grenig, & w. lee, federal jury practice and instructions: criminal 31:03, p. 225 (6th ed. 2008) (emphasis added); see also id., 31:02, at 220 (explaining that a defendant must """"intend to agree and must intend that the substantive offense be committed """" (emphasis added)).",106
-id. at 133.,107
-"wheeler points to no state statute that would authorize appointed counsel for his 1983 claims, and his constitutional claims find no support in our precedent.",108
-"any statements in decisions of the district courts of appeal contrary to the rule announced in this decision are disapproved, e.g., cherry v. hayden, 100 cal.app.2d 416 [ 223 p.2d 878]; popcorn equipment co. v. page, 92 cal.app.2d 448 [ 207 p.2d 647]; olds v. peebler, 66 cal.app.2d 76 [ 151 p.2d 901]; liberty mut. ins. co. v. superior court, 62 cal.app.2d 601 [ 145 p.2d 344]; johnston v. ota, 43 cal.app.2d 94 [ 110 p.2d 507]; estate of fulton, 8 cal.app.2d 423 [ 48 p.2d 120]; plum v. indian valley bank, 118 cal.app. 13 [ 4 p.2d 543].",109
-husband contends that recitation of the terms of an agreement into the record is sufficient to satisfy section 31-15-2-17(a)'s writing requirement.,110
-"the decision in southwestern bell tel. co. v. nelson, supra, no longer should be considered as expressive of law applicable to the issue.",111
-"see maples v. state, 758 so. 2d 1, 25 (ala. crim. app. 1999) (holding that, although the police were armed with guns at the time of the search, there was no indication that they used the guns to coerce the appellant into consenting to the search).",112
-"we now disavow that part of the opinion in apple which takes into account only the former ""commencement"" date.",113
-"in light of the unmistakable language in lincoln savings loan that ""the presence of an ensuing benefit ... is not controlling,"" we conclude that such parts of richmond television, darlington-huntsville, and georator as may be interpreted as establishing a one-year standard for distinguishing between capital and current costs, are no longer authoritative.",114
-"in reviewing the evidence for legal sufficiency, we determine whether all of the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the challenged finding, is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that the challenged finding is true.",115
-"##coito v. superior court, reversed not overruled",116
-and we therefore disapprove of wyche to the extent it holds to the contrary.,117
-"to the extent that this court's decision in harris is inconsistent with this opinion, it is expressly overruled.",118
-"the assistant state's attorney's actions may or may not have been inadvertent; however, it is still the role of the prosecutor to present the pertinent law to the grand jury. di vincenzo, 183 ill.2d at 254, 233 ill.dec. 273, 700 n.e.2d 981. subjecting a defendant to criminal prosecution in this case based on the state's incorrect presentation of the law to the grand jury deprived him of his right to due process, whether the assistant state's attorney's actions were intentional or not.",119
-"in re t.p., 12th dist. butler no. ca2015-08-164, 2016-ohio-72, 19.",120
-"our decisions in moreno v. nelson, supra, baskerville v. nelson, supra, turner v. lloyd, supra, and conway v. wilson, supra, to the extent that they are inconsistent with this opinion, are overruled.",121
-"to the extent that lee v. state, 490 p.2d 1206, 1210 (alaska 1971), holds otherwise, we hereby overrule that case.",122
-"to the extent inconsistent with today's decision, lyman v. national mortgage bond corp. is overruled",123
-"again, a couple of times, gdowski seemed to loosely reference a two-year opportunity given to russell at the lapeer store with assurance pay.",124
-"see holbrook, 475 us at 569-571.",125
-"to the extent that our writing in hilltop village is inconsistent with what is said here, the former opinion is overruled.",126
-"siewe v. gonzales, 480 f.3d 160, 170 (2d cir. 2007) (""""[a] single false document or a single instance of false testimony may (if attributable to the petitioner) infect the balance of the alien's uncorroborated or unauthenticated evidence."""").",127
-"an """"advertising structure"""" """"means a structure of any kind or character erected, used, or maintained for outdoor advertising purposes, upon which any poster, bill, printing, painting or other advertisement of any kind whatsoever may be placed . . . ."""" ( 5203.)",128
-"in din, justice kennedy reiterated that """"respect for the political branches' broad power over the creation and administration of the immigration system"""" meant that the government need provide only a statutory citation to explain a visa denial.",129
-"because we find that the crane case was wrongfully decided, we overrule that decision and reverse the trial court's order dismissing muhammad's claims.",130
-"thus, the record reflects the prosecutor permissibly commented on what the evidence was expected to show at trial, and we find no error as alleged by defendant.",131
-"""""a defendant is entitled to a jury trial . . . only if he can demonstrate"""" that those penalties - which consist of """"the maximum authorized period of incarceration"""" together with """"any additional statutory penalties"""" - """"are so severe that they clearly reflect a legislative determination that the offense in question is a 'serious' one.""""",132
-"we simply stated that """" '[i]n its discretion, a reviewing court """"may reduce the degree of an offense to a lesser[-]included offense when the evidence fails to prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the greater offense.""""",133
-"see united states v. houston, 813 f.3d 282, 296 (6th cir. 2016).",134
-"the majority's holding that """"a police officer being 'familiar with' a resident of an area where the officer works does not, by itself, reasonably imply a prior bad act by that person"""" is contrary to this well-established case law.",135
-"to the extent that this court's opinion in doseck held otherwise, it is hereby overruled.",136
-id. at 78-79 (3).,137
-"the court found that the assault occurred while children were present, causing them emotional trauma.",138
-"because brown is inconsistent with both the plain language of the mail fraud statute and precedents of the supreme court, we overrule brown and hold that the district court did not err when it gave the pattern jury instruction for mail fraud.",139
-"in determining whether a complaint has alleged a plausible claim for relief, we """"consider the complaint in its entirety, as well as other sources courts ordinarily examine when ruling on rule 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss, in particular, documents incorporated into the complaint by reference, and matters of which a court may take judicial notice.""""",140
-"insofar as brachbill is read to mean pecuniary inducement alone will suffice without proof of intimidation, it is disapproved.",141
-"finally, sandoval relies on boget v. state, 74 s.w.3d 23 (tex. crim. app. 2002), for the proposition that the key inquiry in evaluating whether the law of self-defense applies in a case is whether the defendant directed his force against another.",142
-"finally, clifford sought to initiate a mortgage fraud complaint, and in connection with that he gave a written statement to mary jones in which it appears that he lied when he claimed that neither he nor mary had attended the nautica property closing and when he claimed that he got $312,500 to purchase the nautica property """"[f]rom the proceeds from the farmington hills purchase.""""",143
-"elliot podhorzer, esq., court attorney for the subject child, having moved on the child's behalf for leave to respond, as a poor person, to the appeal taken from two orders of the family court, new york county, entered on or about april 26, 2018 and may 2, 2018, and for assignment of counsel, a free copy of the transcript, and for related relief, now, upon reading and filing the papers with respect to the motion, and due deliberation having been had thereon, it is ordered that the motion is granted to the extent of (1) assigning, pursuant to 1120 of the family court act, hani m. moskowitz, esq., 225 broadway, suite #715, new york, ny 10007, telephone no. (212) 227-8208, as counsel for purposes of responding to the appeal; (2) permitting movant to respond to the appeal upon a reproduced respondent's brief, on condition that one copy of such brief be served upon the attorney for respondent-appellant and 8 copies thereof are filed with this court.",144
-the majority wisely corrects our mistake in mendiola by overruling that case's interpretation of these rules.,145
-"second, the district court may also measure the defendant's role against other participants, to the extent they are discernable, in that relevant conduct.",146
-we disapprove orange county v. sealy to the extent that it conflicts with this decision.,147
-"to the extent that jennings is inconsistent with our holding herein, it is hereby disapproved.",148
-"barclay's rule 60(b) motion was a """"true"""" one, and not a second or successive habeas petition, because it alleged """"a defect in the integrity of the federal habeas proceeding.""""",149
-"until those fact findings are made in a bench trial, it cannot be determined what is or is not necessary under the ada.",150
-"an abuse of discretion occurs if the court """"'fails to apply the proper legal standard or to follow proper procedures in making the determination, or bases an award upon findings of fact that are clearly erroneous.'""""",151
-"therefore, we overrule the case of martin v. vapor honing company insofar as it conflicts with this decision.",152
-"for the same reason, we disapprove dictum in people v. rivera (1985) 41 cal.3d 388 [ 221 cal.rptr. 562, 710 p.2d 362] to the effect that the rule of burton, supra, 6 cal.3d 375, survives the high court's holding in fare, supra, 442 u.s. 707, as a ""component of the state constitutional privilege against self-incrimination.""",153
-"in nomura, the defendant was charged with physically abusing his wife, the complaining witness.",154
-"however, we now specifically overrule the holdings in the case of city of kingfisher v. altizer, 13 okla. 121, 74 p. 107, and other cases of similar import of effect that plaintiff in an action for personal injury need not in any case submit to a physical examination.",155
-"to the extent larabee is contrary to this opinion, it is overruled.",156
-"in accordance with the above principles, we overrule bates v. donnafield, supra, insofar as it denied a woman a cause of action for loss of consortium.",157
-"we disapprove cristich v. allen engineering, inc., 458 so.2d 76 (fla. 5th dca 1984), to the extent it conflicts with the present opinion.",158
-"with regard to the conflict cases, we disapprove the decisions in israel and miller to the extent that they rejected the inherent authority of the trial court as a basis for awarding attorneys' fees.",159
-we granted certiorari in light of disagreement among the circuits.,160
-"to the extent doneff v. treasurer of state of missouri , 965 s.w.2d 255 (1998), and brown are contrary to this opinion, they are overruled.",161
-we thus disapprove of the language of these court of appeals cases to the extent that they hold or suggest otherwise.,162
-"in re carrington h., 483 s.w.3d 507, 522 (tenn.",163
-"as such, la.civ. code art. 2365 is not applicable to the matter before us, and we specifically overrule this holding in nash.",164
-"however, standing, a component of a court's subject-matter jurisdiction, cannot be conceded or waived.",165
-"rivera was eighteen at the time and living under the care of her mother, correa, and her stepfather, julio escobar. rivera was taken to a hospital, where she was treated for seizure disorder.",166
-"specifically, we explained:",167
-"thus, we reverse such a denial """"only if the evidence points so strongly and so overwhelmingly in favor of the nonmoving party that no reasonable juror could return a contrary verdict.""""",168
-"the case of state ex rel. city of st. louis v. public service commission, 362 mo. 977, 245 s.w.2d 851, which the principal opinion overrules, was, in my opinion, soundly ruled and should be followed.",169
-"busby, 253 s.w.3d at 663.",170
-"rather, the court would consider it an action for """"recovery"""" of property under article 2934, which is exempt.",171
-"however, our analysis is contrary to the rationale, if not the holding, of in re estate of gainer, 579 so.2d 739, which stressed the lack of proof of a gift inter vivos in concluding that the statutory presumption had been rebutted.",172
-any language in the crouch opinion contrary to this opinion is disapproved.,173
-"accordingly, we now overrule hall v. state, supra, and its progeny, to the extent these cases hold that it is not error for a trial court to refuse to give a requested instruction on accomplice corroboration so long as the state relies in part on other evidence connecting the defendant to the crime.",174
-"to the extent that the miller case may be construed as declaring unlawful the picketing of a business by non-employees, it is no longer authoritative.",175
-"""""sitting in equity, the district court is a 'court of conscience.'""""",176
-fww raises essentially the same argument here.,177
-"""""however, before projected earnings from other employment opportunities not sought or accepted by the discharged employee can be applied in mitigation, the employer must show that the other employment was comparable, or substantially similar, to that of which the employee has been deprived; the employee's rejection of or failure to seek other available employment of a different or inferior kind may not be resorted to in order to mitigate damages.",178
-"to the extent the holdings in glick, contestible, moreland and sunshine realty are in conflict with the requirements of due process, they are overruled.",179
-"unlike the situation where there is no forum-selection clause, the plaintiff """"must bear the burden of showing why the court should not transfer the case to the forum to which the parties agreed.""""",180
-"turning first to the most important factor, we already have seen that the cursory analysis in division 2 of harrison and its progeny is unsound and inconsistent with the proper interpretation of statutes similar to ocga 5540 (a).",181
-"to the extent that tracy v. macintyre, 29 cal.app.2d 145 [ 84 p.2d 526], is inconsistent with the views expressed herein, that case is disapproved.",182
-"see, e.g., united states v. coven, 662 f.2d 162, 176 (2d cir. 1981).",183
-"because kibria's claims were all based on the same factual predicate, the adverse credibility ruling is dispositive of asylum, withholding of removal, and cat relief.",184
-"id. (quoting riyaz a. kanji, the proper scope of pendent appellate jurisdiction in the collateral order context, 100 yale l.j. 511, 530 (1990)).",185
-"davis' attempt to limit the holding of johnson to only those future creditors who have """"parted with money in favor of a property owner"""" is unpersuasive.",186
-"based on the holding in mitchell, the primary basis for the holding in osorio no longer remains sound.",187
-"insofar as it is inconsistent with this conclusion the opinion of this court in people v. ruef, supra, 14 cal.app. 576, 623-632, is overruled.",188
-"the court must grant a directed verdict if, after construing the evidence most strongly in favor of the nonmoving party, it finds that reasonable minds could come to but one conclusion on any determinative issue and that conclusion is adverse to the nonmoving party.",189
-"to the extent that this ruling is inconsistent with thomas v. state, 824 so.2d 1 (ala.crim.app. 1999), davenport v. city of birmingham, 570 so.2d 1298 (ala.crim.app. 1990), ex parte williams, 468 so.2d 99 (ala. 1985), and howard v. state, 108 ala. 571, 18 so. 813 (1895), those cases are overruled.",190
-"debilitating medical condition means cancer, glaucoma, positive status for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids), hepatitis c, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als), crohn's disease, parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis or other conditions for which a physician believes that the medical use of marijuana would likely outweigh the potential health risks for a patient.",191
-"to the extent that fiscal court of jefferson county v. ogden, ky.app. 556 s.w.2d 899 (1977) conflicts with the opinion in this case, it is overruled.",192
-"we therefore recede from our opinion in clark v. muldrew, supra.",193
-"to the extent that our previous opinion in state of louisiana, and ralph slaughter, secretary, department of revenue and taxation v. bp exploration oil inc., 95-2031 (la.app. 4 cir. 1/31/96), 667 so.2d 1219 conflicts with this decision, it is overruled.",194
-"as the comments to the nca suggest, this approach to calculating deficiencies is """"the more equitable approach"""" that properly balances the concerns of creditors left with large unpaid balances when a consumer defaults after purchase and the interest in shielding consumers from unnecessary or unnecessarily inflated deficiency claims.",195
-"therefore, to the extent that swindle is inconsistent with ely and this decision, it is overruled.",196
-the question in katzenbach had nothing to do with stand-alone judicial power under the fourteenth amendment.,197
-"mass transit admin. v. granite constr. co., 57 md. app. 766, 773-74 (1984).",198
-"to the extent davies is read to give a purchaser who is not also the judgment creditor the unilateral right to withdraw their bid before confirmation, we reject this reading.",199
-68 and yet the court's analysis unmistakably demanded of mr. talley something more than notice-pleading.,200
-"the memorandum highlights that, for the first time, this court held that """"whether something is well-understood, routine, and conventional to a skilled artisan at the time of the patent is a factual determination.""""",201
-"wages are considered """"due"""" within the meaning of section 206 either when the employer concedes they are due or, when following investigation and hearing, the labor commissioner rules they must be paid.",202
-"insofar as the givens case holds contrary to our original opinion herein or to the rule expressed in the carr case and the cases there cited, it is expressly overruled.",203
-"there is substantial evidence to support the trial court's findings that garcia was present for the signing of the subcontract, garcia helped mata run fast & neat, and the plaintiffs were employees of and paid by fast & neat.",204
-"tex. r. civ. p. 166a(c); margetis v. frost nat'l bank, no. 02-12-00027-cv, 2012 wl 4936611, at *2 (tex. app.fort worth oct. 18, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.). here, palacios is not arguing that patel failed to establish her entitlement to summary judgment as a matter of law.",205
-"we expressly disapprove and overrule the procedure of converting the appeal from a non-final judgment to a supervisory writ and then considering the merits, as was done in karim v. finch shipping co., ltd., and walker, bordelon, hamlin, theriot and hardy, etc. v. dowe.",206
-"whatever may be said for the proposition that vines was overruled sub silentio by spears, we conclude that insofar as it stands for the proposition that a utility company owes no duty to persons who may, through foreseeable negligence, come in contact with its poles, vines must be overruled.",207
-ordering the parties to recalculate was not erroneous burden-shifting.,208
-we now expressly overrule the bowers and braden courts and hold that the plaintiff's minority does not toll the medical malpractice statute of repose.,209
-"in fenelon v. state, 594 so.2d 292 (fla. 1992), the supreme court disapproved the giving of the flight instruction on the ground that it constitutes an impermissible comment upon the evidence.",210
-"to the contrary, it forms the basis of his ineffectiveness claim.",211
-"statements in the following cases inconsistent with this holding are disapproved: allen v. department of personnel administration, supra; phillips v. state personnel bd., supra; harris v. state personnel bd., supra; goggin v. state personnel bd., supra; zike v. state personnel bd., supra; curia v. civil service com., supra; armistead v. state personnel bd., supra; and willson v. state personnel bd., supra",212
-but there is little basis for this belief.,213
-"we take this opportunity to announce a consistent, if not always clear-cut rule to be followed in future cases: both victim impact and victim character evidence are admissible, in the context of the mitigation special issue, to show the uniqueness of the victim, the harm caused by the defendant, and as rebuttal to the defendant's mitigating evidence.",214
-"to the extent our opinion in boxx v. long warrior, 265 f.3d 771, 776 (9th cir. 2001), states that montana's first exception is limited to ""commercial dealing, contracts, leases, or other arrangements"" and that ""such [other] arrangements also must be of a commercial nature,"" we disapprove the statement.",215
-"examples of parties that have been """"preclude[d] from intervening in a proceeding"""" per this agrico """"substantial interest"""" test are mid-chattahoochee river users, 948 so. 2d at 797, and city of sunrise, 615 so. 2d at 748two cases where the petitioners lacked standing for alleging mere economic injury, and not the kind of injury for which the proceeding was designed to protect, namely, the protection and conservation of water and related land sources.",216
-"to the extent that any of these cases may be read for the proposition that the issue of a trial court's compliance with ocga 19615 is never subject to waiver, they are hereby disapproved.",217
-"morris v. bank one, ind., n.a., 789 n.e.2d 68, 73 (ind. ct. app. 2003), trans.",218
-precedent authorizing such inference is overruled.,219
-"to the extent our statements in bullfrog marina, inc., eie, spears, and hall suggest that extrinsic evidence of a separate oral agreement is admissible where the contract contains a clear integration clause, we disavow them.",220
-"see g. l. c. 131, 91. an appeal from a decision by an agency, pursuant to g. l. c. 30a, 14, must be filed in the superior court within thirty days of the issuance of the agency's determination.",221
-"olson's plea colloquy reflects confusion; he admitted to both soliciting a minor whom he believed was 15 years old and a minor who was """"over the age of 16."""" due to this discrepancy, the district court concluded that olson had not provided a sufficient factual basis to support his guilty plea.",222
-"in bassil v. united states, 517 a.2d 714, 717 n. 5 (d.c. 1986), the court acknowledged that van arsdall effectively overruled its decision in springer.",223
-"however, insofar as that case may be in conflict with the opinion in the present case it is overruled.",224
-"to the extent that delaney suggests otherwise, it is disapproved.",225
-we hold that carter and earlier decisions declaring that a motion for reconsideration of a summary judgment constitutes a motion for a new trial were incorrectly decided.,226
-"roberts express v. bauman, 6th dist. lucas no. l-89-197, 1990 ohio app. lexis 1513 (apr. 20, 1990).",227
-"therefore, we reverse the decision of the commonwealth court and remand to that court for further proceedings in this matter not inconsistent with this opinion.",228
-"and, on each occasion, the defense took issue with the reasons offered by the prosecutor in support of the strike.""""",229
-"we reject the ""rule of completeness"" articulated in mcrae and expressly overrule that decision.",230
-"18 a.l.r. fed. 2d 223 (originally published in 2007, continuously updated) (citing 28 u.s.c. 1332(d)(2)).",231
-7. child custody: appeal and error.,232
-"but see state v. parks, 265 kan. 644, 649, 962 p.2d 486 (1998) (noting victim impact statements could be used by sentencing judge in assessing extent of harm caused by defendant's conduct; and although statement contained information not bearing on that, record did not show court improperly considered it).",233
-i am troubled by the majority's decision to overrule these cases without first balancing the reliance interests that will be disturbed by overruling these cases against the costs of adhering to the holdings in smith and tatum in order to determine whether the dictates of stare decisis justify overruling those cases.,234
-"miranda is inconsistent with the earlier issued opinion in garcia, we decline to follow it based on this circuit's rule that one panel may not overrule a prior panel opinion and the earlier precedent controls.",235
-"while this course of action was proper under our earlier precedent, the supreme court's holding in glenn directly repudiated the application of any form of heightened standard of review to claims denials in which a conflict of interest is present.",236
-"but that is a very narrow slice of the pie; we have said the term """"'questions of law' refers to those issues that were historically reviewable on habeasconstitutional and statutory-construction questions, not discretionary or factual questions.""""",237
-"to the extent that they are inconsistent with our ruling here united states gypsum co. v. shaffer, supra, 7 cal.2d 454, is overruled and bernstein v. rubin, supra, 152 cal.app.2d 51; bank of america v. gesler, supra, 252 cal.app.2d 565 and estate of vose, supra, 4 cal.app.3d 454, are disapproved.",238
- { 31} we find that the contempt in this case was criminal in nature.,239
-"in what almost amounts to an afterthought, we employ a footnote to partially overrule more than fifteen published opinions of this court decided within the last six years.",240
-"in light of the above described development of the law of sanctions, the persuasive reasoning of commentators, the combined wisdom of several other courts of appeals, and the fact that the supreme court significantly undercut gamble in roadway, we now most respectfully overrule gamble.",241
-"accordingly, the relevance of ossorio's testimony with respect to the prejudice prong of strickland is substantially less than is typically the case with credible alibi evidence.",242
-"thus, given the lack of meaningful analysis in gonzalez, that the gonzalez court misconstrued watson, and, critically, that the decision was at odds with well established case law, we now come to the conclusion that it must be overruled.",243
-certified for partial publication.,244
-"further, the prosecutor's closing arguments consistently tied the current incident to defendant's purported state of mind in 1991.",245
-we disapprove of those statements in brooks and green because deterrence is directed at persons who have committed wrongful acts.,246
-"the louisiana supreme court in cichirillo, clarified difference in considering evidence in support of a motion for summary judgment, as opposed to evidence in support of a peremptory exception of prescription.",247
-the court of appeals affirmed.,248
-" aguilar's distinction between inherently and noninherently deadly weapons is reflected in calcrim no. 875's definition of """"deadly weapon,"""" which states: """"a deadly weapon other than a firearm is any object, instrument, or weapon that is [1] inherently deadly or [2] one that is used in such a way that it is capable of causing and likely to cause death or great bodily injury.""""",249
-"a court of equity can refuse to require removal of an encroachment where """"the cost of removal by the defendant[s] would be greatly disproportionate to the injury to the plaintiff from [the] continuation"""" of the encroachment.",250
-"after the evidence was presented at the denial hearing, the court ruled that it would enter a """"true finding as to the sole count of criminal trespass.""""",251
-the spouse to whom a liability is allocated is responsible for paying that debt.,252
-"we reject the defendant's contention that the marriage relationship and the right of consortium deriving therefrom preclude the state from ever establishing the nonconsensual entry requisite to the crime of burglary, and we disapprove the third district's contrary ruling in vazquez.",253
-"1998), implicitly overruled that line of cases when it held that c.a.r. 26(a) ""guides the computation of time in determining whether a person has complied with the jurisdictional requirement; it does not alter the jurisdictional effect of a statutory deadline for taking an appeal.",254
-we disapprove these cases.,255
-"the speedy trial clock tolled from february 28 until march 1, 2017, while martin was without counsel.",256
-"[4] balser remained in jail after this arrest, but the task force continued its investigation.",257
-"having decided that united states v. hartley is no longer the law of this circuit, we remand to the original panel in this case all other matters to be resolved in this appeal.",258
-"however, in in re taylor, 84 b.r. 159, 160 (bankr.e.d.mo. 1988), judge barta distinguished wallace and concluded that because the debtor made required contributions pursuant to a collective bargaining agreement and had no control over the amount contributed or the manner or time of distribution, the debtor's pension plan was not self-settled.",259
-"plunkett v. spaulding, supra, 52 cal.app.4th 114, is disapproved to the extent it is inconsistent with this opinion.",260
-"because we determine that plaintiff's combined rule 52, 59, and 60 motion was not timely served on defendant as to the 10 january orders, which in turn rendered plaintiff's appeal from those underlying orders untimely, we decline to grant plaintiff's petition for writ of certiorari in coa17-1119 to address the merits of his appeal, see infra.",261
-our holding overruling this aspect of copelin and similar cases has been circulated to and approved by the full court and thus constitutes the law of the circuit.,262
-"also, to the extent that colvin, green, and other cases are in conflict with our holding today, they are overruled.",263
-we overrule part of norman and hold that alaska foods' action should not have been dismissed.,264
-"accordingly, we approve amisub and ventimiglia and disapprove leikensohn, argonaut, north miami general hospital, and teperson to the extent they are inconsistent with this opinion.",265
-"the court of appeals panel erred in anderson, and we overrule that decision.",266
-28. contracts: proof.,267
-"however, to the extent either decision may be inconsistent with the analysis herein, it is disapproved.",268
-"finally, to the extent that schenck holds that there is no fiduciary duty on the part of the introducing broker in circumstances similar to those presented in the case at bar, we reject the holding.",269
-"(in re aurora p. (2015) 241 cal.app.4th 1142, 1154, fn. 7.)",270
-"because the decision arguably departs from this circuit's prior decision in united states ex rel. starr v. mulligan, 59 f.2d 200 (2d cir. 1932), and explicitly overrules united states v. brothman, 191 f.2d 70 (2d cir. 1951), this opinion has been circulated among the active members of the court.",271
-"rush's remaining claim that the courtroom was closed during jury voir dire, in violation of her sixth amendment right to a public trial, is without merit and partially unpreserved.",272
-"as discussed in state v. dejesus, this interpretation of tiedemann is erroneous, and we disavow it.",273
-"thus, in cases presenting factual scenarios like that before us, we can no longer adhere to our decision in johnson, and to the extent it thus conflicts with our holding today, it is overruled.",274
-"in light of the above discussion, therefore, we overrule in re oberkoetter.",275
-"alternatively, the state argues that there is no evidence that the police engaged in an """"ask first, warn later"""" interrogation in violation of seibert, and so at least his second statement, which he made after receiving miranda warnings, was admissible.",276
-father's remaining issues challenge various provisions of the trial court's modification order.,277
-"id. at 354, 775 s.e.2d at 331.",278
-"1981), and sandefer v. reynolds securities, inc., 44 colo. app. 343, 618 p.2d 690 (1980), are overruled to the extent inconsistent with this opinion.",279
-"in that 1) brashier has engendered confusion on attorney fee recoverability in um/uim litigation by an insured against his/her insurer; 2) brashier does support insurer's argument that the attorney fee issue should have been submitted to the jury for resolution as an element or item of damage under barnes' tort theory of recovery; 3) brashier misinterpreted the import of christian, supra as to the potential for the recovery of attorney fees in um/uim litigation between an insured and his/her insurer; and 4) brashier, in our view, exhibited an unwarranted deviation from the american rule concerning the allowance of attorney fees, we decide in this case that brashier, to the extent it held a um/uim insured plaintiff is entitled to recover attorney fees as a common law element of damage for an insurer's bad faith refusal to settle a um/uim loss, should be overruled.",280
-the following is a partial listing of the cases which are overruled insofar as they hold an expert witness cannot testify as to bodily position at the time of a homicide:,281
-"""""[t]he administrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.""""",282
-"any language in people v. harrison, 176 cal.app.2d 330, 335 [ 1 cal.rptr. 414], which could be understood as being in conflict with the views expressed herein is disapproved.",283
-"we have concluded the district court of appeal properly held in this cause that a lessee for a term of years is, for the purpose of the statute, an owner and, as such, is entitled to recover business damages under the provisions thereof, any holding of gross, supra, to the contrary notwithstanding.",284
-"therefore, we overrule all cases contrary to this holding.",285
-"according to the court, the categorical approach is unconstitutionally vague.",286
-"accordingly, the majority opinion in city of new orleans v. state, 364 so.2d 1020 (la. 1978), which was already undermined, is disapproved to the extent that it is inconsistent with the present opinion and other decisions of this court.",287
-i. dish's appeal,288
-"under these circumstances we must conclude that the contrary holdings of darlington v. owen county recc, ky., 299 s.w.2d 599; aetna life ins. co. v. bethel, 140 ky. 609, 131 s.w. 523; and madison coal corp. v. altmire, 215 ky. 283, 284 s.w. 1068, are out of harmony with the present view, and to the extent of their conflict with the rule here approved, are overruled.",289
-"the portion of anderson v. calderon, 232 f.3d 1053, that reached a contrary conclusion is overruled.",290
-"in doing so, we recede from jackson, russman and our other cases holding that unpronounced, but otherwise unobjectionable, conditions of probation contained in probation orders must be stricken and cannot be reimposed.",291
-the board and two judges of this court would evidently abolish the long-established principle of old monk which in this case dictates dismissal of the petition for cancellation.,292
-"in muhammad, this court rejected a similar claim by an inmate that the clemency process was flawed and amounted to a denial of due process.",293
-"rompilla v. beard, 545 u.s. 374, 387, 125 s. ct. 2456, 162 l. ed. 2d 360 (2005).",294
-"as mentioned earlier, local government units can be held liable for 1983 claims only if a constitutional violation has occurred.",295
-tex. civ. prac. & rem. code ann. 150.002(f) (west 2011).,296
-"suffice it to say, that most prior oklahoma authority which would prevent a spouse's free and voluntary consent to be used to validate a warrantless search is, in our opinion, distinguishable; in any case, to the extent prior cases are contra to our present holding, they are hereby expressly overruled.",297
-we hereby recede from anything said in conyers contrary to the views expressed herein.,298
-"to the extent that these cases improperly place the burden of showing or proving sudden heat on the defendant, and to that extent only, these cases are overruled.",299
-"see hubbell, 530 u.s. at 43.",300
-" therefore, joshua v. state should be overruled, and we expressly do so now.",301
-i thought the principle of new york times v. sullivan secure.,302
-"[2] father and t.b. (""""mother"""") are the parents of child, who was born october 7, 2014. three months later, on january 16, 2015, the indiana department of child services (""""dcs"""") filed a petition alleging child was a child in need of services (""""chins"""") because mother had tested positive for various drugs at child's birth.",303
-"the cases of in re brown, supra, and lee v. mckay, supra, are disapproved in so far as their holding is in conflict with this opinion.",304
-"it apply describes our action in these appeals as we overrule our prior holding in in re natta, 388 f.2d 215 (3d cir. 1968), which erroneously gave a broad interpretation to 35 u.s.c. 24 (1952).",305
-the only semblance of moderation associated with today's writing is the strategic decision to overrule st. elizabeth hospital while apparently leaving all related law in place.,306
-our legislature has also expressly carved out appeals challenging search and seizure rulings.,307
-"in affirming the defendant's convictions and sentence, the court of appeals generally disapproved trial court consideration of the lsi-r as ""contrary to the essential function of the trial court in sentencing.",308
-"id. """"if the trial court's findings of fact are upheld, the appellate court must decide whether the dispositive ruling was fair and equitable in light of those facts.""""",309
-"he was never present for the court to ask him whether he could pay the forfeiture, nor did kerr ever ask for an indigency hearing.",310
-"to the extent that they may be said to be in conflict herewith, our prior holdings in gardner and carnation, supra, are hereby specifically overruled.",311
-"to the extent that in re mapes, d.c. s.d.cal. 1954, 120 f. supp. 316, is inconsistent with this holding, it is hereby overruled.",312
-"finally, the sixth trac factor goes directly to a primary dispute regarding the costanza standard.",313
-"parker vi, 873 so.2d at 283.",314
-the policy does not provide deadlines.,315
-"any suggestion that our case presents a new phenomenon, then, risks overlooking this long history.",316
-"five of the other partieswells fargo, lehman brothers, aurora, bnc mortgage, and sascare in privity with u.s. bank and sailt through various contracts or arrangements.",317
-"lopez asks that we reconsider dennis in light of studies that """"conclude children are highly susceptible to suggestive questioning techniques like repetition, guided imagery, and selective reinforcement.""""",318
-"{2} counsel for defendant-appellant, rick thomas fehrenbach, has filed a brief with this court pursuant to anders v. california, 386 u.s. 738, 87 s.ct. 1396 (1967), which (1) indicates that a careful review of the record from the proceedings below fails to disclose any errors by the trial court prejudicial to the rights of appellant upon which an assignment of error may be predicated; (2) lists two potential errors """"that might arguably support the appeal,"""" anders, at 744, 87 s.ct. at 1400; (3) requests that this court review the record independently to determine whether the proceedings are free from prejudicial error and without infringement of appellant's constitutional rights; (4) requests permission to withdraw as counsel for appellant on the basis that the appeal is wholly frivolous; and (5) certifies that a copy of both the brief and motion to withdraw have been served upon appellant.",319
-"davis v. davis, 360 n.c. 518, 523, 631 s.e.2d 114, 118 (2006) (citing sink v. easter, 288 n.c. 183, 198, 217 s.e.2d 532, 541 (1975)).",320
-see id. 232.116(2)(b).,321
-"to the extent that fortier, supra, and adkison, supra, hold otherwise, they are hereby overruled.",322
-"s.c. code ann. 29-3-660 (2007) (""""[i]f the mortgage debt be secured by the covenant or obligation of any person other than the mortgagor the plaintiff may make such person a party to the action and the court may adjudge payment of the residue of such debt remaining unsatisfied after a sale of the mortgaged premises against such other person and may enforce such judgment as in other cases.""""",323
-"western wireline services, inc. v. pecos western corp., 377 so.2d 892 (la.app. 4th cir. 1979), and c-craft marine services, inc. v. llog exploration co., 470 so.2d 241 (la.app. 4th circ.), writ denied, 472 so.2d 921 (1985) are contrary, or may be contrary, they are overruled.",324
-we therefore hold that diamond ii must be overruled.,325
-"because courts of appeals have reached differing conclusions about what the due process clause requires of the united states when it seeks to provide notice to a federal inmate of its intention to forfeit property in which the inmate appears to have an interest, we granted certiorari to consider the adequacy of the fbi's notice to petitioner of its intended forfeiture of the cash.",326
-"to the extent it is inconsistent with this analysis, we disapprove",327
-"accordingly, i would proceed to address the merits and reverse as a genuine issue of fact exists.",328
-"the district court specifically considered and rejected appellant's argument that the county's action of failing to initiate termination proceedings involving s.j. after that child's birth in 2014, and of allowing appellant to parent a.s. and t.s. after their father became unavailable to parent them in 2015, provides sufficient evidence to overcome her presumption of unfitness.",329
-"in an important footnote to its opinion, the culligan court disapproved language in several court of appeal decisions ""indicating that the proper scope of review of such litigating positions of the board (announced either in tax bulletins or merely as the result of an individual audit) is to determine whether the board's assessment was arbitrary, capricious or had no reasonable or rational basis.",330
-the circuit court vacated harris's mandatory sentence of life without parole and remanded for resentencing.,331
-"j.a. 9013, 9072-73.",332
-"we find no relevant distinction between a spouse and a nonrelated third party, so long as the evidence supports compensability under the three-part test set out in currier v. roman l. hruska u.s. meat animal res. ctr. for compensability of in-home care, our focus is on the nature of the service provided, not the status or devotion of the provider of the service.",333
-"in the event the trial court cannot, for reasons of fairness, enter the order within the forty-day window rodgers is overruled.",334
-"these factors distinguish the case from the strawn and atkinson cases, supra, relied upon by plaintiff, and insofar as the duley case, supra, conflicts with the instant ruling on cause and effect it is no longer to be followed.",335
-we therefore overrule schoebel as the law of this circuit.,336
-"to the extent that this language in atwood is inconsistent with our holdings today and in thomas ii, it is disavowed.",337
-"see rosenberg v. north bergen, 61 n.j. 190, 199 (1972) (""""the function of [a] statute [of repose] is thus rather to define substantive rights than to alter or modify a remedy""""); cronin v. howe, 906 s.w.2d 910, 913 (tenn.",338
-"we further held that unliquidated debts could be acknowledged, overruling jurisprudence to the contrary.",339
-"wachter v. united states, 689 f. supp. 1420, 1422 (d. md. 1988) (applying maryland law); hales v. pittman, 576 p.2d 493, 499 (ariz.",340
-"a person who intentionally and with premeditation """"causes the death of another human being"""" is guilty of first-degree murder.",341
-"in orpustan, we disapproved rodgers v. state farm mutual auto. ins. co., 13 cal.app.3d 641 [ 91 cal.rptr. 678]; and pacific automobile ins. co. v. lang",342
-"however, the extent and effect of that autonomy remains in dispute, particularly in light of the other ways in which dha was in control of simpkins' work and employment.",343
-"because there was admissible evidence to support the accusation that beavers possessed a firearm while he was a convicted felon in violation of north carolina law, which constituted a violation of the conditions of his probation, we disagree that the evidence was insufficient to support the trial court's revocation of his probation.",344
-"he further noted that martin and unger modified basf's off-the-shelf liquids with additives, parameters, and plating processes claimed as novel in the '371 application.",345
-in re rubottom is incorrect and must be overruled.,346
-". on direct appeal, this court reversed the trial court and ordered a new trial.",347
-"voisine and armstrong filed a joint petition for certiorari, and shortly after issuing castleman , this court (without opinion) vacated the first circuit's judgments and remanded the cases for further consideration in light of that decision.",348
-"[9.] south dakota's version of the uniform arbitration act, found in sdcl chapter 21-25a, also fails to provide a right of appeal from the circuit court's order compelling arbitration.",349
-"it further found that his statement midway through the interview was not a clear, unequivocal, unambiguous invocation of the right to remain silent.",350
-similarly overruled is the extension of the hopkins rule and rationale as the basis for naming the mspb respondent in appeals of its decisions dismissing for lack of jurisdiction.,351
-"first national bank of hollywood v. markham, 342 so.2d 1016 (fla. 4th dca 1977), is disapproved.",352
-"estate of pepper, supra, 158 cal. 619, is therefore overruled.",353
-"arguably, if campbell intended to be bound, then one should just read any gaps in the draft contribution agreement against him, when he signed a document that, on issues that the court of chancery found unresolved when looking at the parol evidence, tended to be highly unfavorable to him, if one ignores those gaps and the parol evidence, and solely focuses on the language of the draft contribution agreement.",354
-"when asked what happened and who stabbed him, the defendant answered, """"i'm depressed.",355
-"this court disagrees with the rationale of the court of appeals in city of springfield, finding the rationale of loving v. city of st. joseph more persuasive.",356
-"father raises two issues for our review, which we restate as:",357
-"we disapprove of miller v. miller, 848 s.w.2d 344 (tex.app. texarkana 1993, no writ), el paso sharky's billiard parlor, inc. v. amparan, 831 s.w.2d 3 (tex.app. el paso 1992, writ denied), and any other authorities in which the court of appeals has dismissed an appeal when the appellant has made a bona fide attempt to invoke the appellate court's jurisdiction by filing a bond within the fifteen days of the date the bond was due.",358
-"accordingly, to the extent that texas trading conflicts with our holding today that foreign states are not ""persons"" entitled to rights under the due process clause, it is overruled.",359
-"while this is a correct statement of law, adams also incorrectly holds that the trial court must make written findings of fact when ordering restitution, a proposition that we overruled in mccart v. state, 289 ga.app. 830, 831(1), 658 s.e.2d 465 (2008), prior to deciding adams.",360
-the language to the contrary in perez is disapproved.,361
-"nabors drilling, u.s.a., inc. v. escoto, 288 s.w.3d 401, 404 (tex. 2009).",362
-"neither has the [l]egislature seen fit to modify the law as expressed in [martin].""""",363
-4. people's return,364
-the court's discussion fails to adequately account for the origin of the specific intent element that both section 2(a) and 2(b) contain.,365
-we disapprove this holding in bignotti insofar as it conflicts with our present decision.,366
-"leson has argued that plaintiff's admission in her deposition that the water on the service bay floor was """"open and obvious"""" defeats her claim.",367
-"after careful and deliberate study of each of the cases and treatises cited by counsel for the respective parties, as supplemented by own independent research, we are constrained to overrule collins and adopt justice (later chief justice) gardner's dissent in that case.",368
-"to the extent that these cases conflict with our decision today, such language and holdings are disapproved.",369
-"""""economic benefit"""" is not an act or forbidden conduct.",370
-"today we overrule these cases and hold, consistent with rule 32(e), that the ""fair and just"" standard applies to any motion for plea withdrawal that is made prior to the defendant's sentencing.",371
-"to the extent that jackson is inconsistent with this holding, it is overruled.",372
-"to the extent that stalvey, 25 fla. l. weekly at d961, hoffman, 745 so.2d at 987, siddal, 728 so.2d at 364, whiting, 711 so.2d at 1214, andharrell, 691 so.2d at 46, held that as a matter of law a trial court is precluded from considering the applicability of section 921.0016(4)(f) to crimes involving sexual conduct with minors, we disapprove those decisions.",373
-"although some cases stressed the basic statutory purpose of protecting the integrity of prisons ( in re haines (1924) 68 cal.app. 522, 526-527 [ 229 p. 984]; people v. mackie (1929) 100 cal.app. 292, 293 [ 279 p. 821]; people v. serrano (1932) 123 cal.app. 339 [ 11 p.2d 81]; see in re haines (1925) 195 cal. 605 [ 234 p. 883]) others assumed that the statute applied at the moment a person was lawfully arrested.",374
-we conclude remand is necessary given the unique questions involved and the limited facts available to us as an appellate court.,375
-"by this determination, i conclude that in re fenstermacher, supra, is not good law and should be and hereby is overruled.",376
-id. perry has not identified any out-of-court statements he gave under compulsion.,377
-"we accordingly overrule our holding in the gilmartin case and hold that while the time spent as a cadet in the military academy may not be counted in computing length of service, such service is service in the military forces of the united states.",378
-"the cases of us diagnostic v. shelby radiology, p.c., 793 so.2d 714 (ala. 2000), wilma corp. v. fleming foods of alabama, inc., 613 so.2d 359 (ala. 1993), hinkle v. cargill, inc., 613 so.2d 1216 (ala. 1992), dean v. myers, 466 so.2d 952 (ala. 1985), and caron v. teagle, 408 so.2d 494 (ala. 1981), are overruled to the extent, but only to the extent, that they conflict with this holding.",379
-"because the judgment in the taxpayer action is an illinois judgment, we would look to the law of illinois to determine whether claim preclusion bars the claim.",380
-we note that silence of the district court in a judgment on any assignment of error that has been placed before it is deemed a rejection of the claim.,381
-"accordingly, we approve the fifth district's decision below, and disapprove robbins v. yusem to the extent it is inconsistent with this opinion.",382
-"adoption of leland, 65 mass. app. ct. 580, 584 (2006), quoting from care & protection of bruce, 44 mass. app. ct. 758, 761 (1998).",383
-"to the extent warren and stolz disavow the second definition in queen, we reject their holdings.",384
-we therefore disavow the wording in the willys jeep case and similar wording in other cases and decline to address plaintiffs' argument that idaho code section 391392b is patently absurd when construed as written.,385
-"resolving this conflict in prior panel decisions of this court, we overrule both the holding and the reasoning in constant and its progeny (including pascarella and barron), and conclude that a homosexual parent bears no special evidentiary presumption in a child custody case.",386
-"miller v. hotel savoy co. is out of line with the rationale of other cases above cited; it should not be followed, and it is therefore overruled.",387
-"id. subsequently, the beneficiaries filed an amended petition, seeking raymon's immediate removal as trustee and a """"demand for damages of $1,500,000 for fraudulent misappropriation and intentional dissipation of trust funds.""""",388
-"a rational compromise on the initial allocation was not invidious 'discrimination' of the kind prohibited by the duty of fair representation.""""",389
-"nevertheless, to the extent that any or all of these opinions conflict with our holding herein that violation of a federal regulatory scheme will support a claim of negligence per se, they are expressly overruled.",390
-any language to the contrary in prendiville or other cases is overruled.,391
-"under those circumstances, the defendant waived any claim that the court lacked personal jurisdiction over him in this action (see american home mtge. servicing, inc. v arklis, 150 ad3d at 1182).",392
-"to the extent that we have equated the summary judgment and directed verdict standards, see, e.g., cameron v. changcraft, 251 p.3d 1008, 1017 & n. 16 (alaska 2011); braund, inc., 486 p.2d at 53, we disavow those misleading statements.",393
-"2003), to the extent that it indicates that such a hearing is unnecessary.",394
-mr. henderson makes much of the fact that the district court applied 2b1.1(b)(15)(a) contrary to the recommendation of the probation officer.,395
-"i, therefore, conclude that my earlier decision in in re tallo was in error and i hereby reverse the effect of that decision by concluding that the household mortgage cannot be modified since it encumbers nothing but the real property that constitutes the debtors' residence.",396
-"the admissions office also undertakes regular """"reliability analyses"""" to """"measure the frequency of readers scoring within one point of each other.""""",397
-"daugherty v. hershberger, 386 pa. 367, 126 a.2d 730 (1956), was wrongly decided and must be overruled.",398
-"in vacating the circuit court's suppression order, we overrule our prior decision in state v. endo, 83 hawaii 87, 924 p.2d 581 (app.1996), where we held under similar circumstances that a misdated search warrant was invalid.",399
-"he therefore contends that he should have received only a 14-level enhancement, as without the losses from renue therapy, the intended loss amount would be more than $550,000 but less than $1,500,000.",400
-2. evidence of the defendant's prior bad acts.,401
-that prompt assertion of rights hurt no one.,402
-"to the extent that payne v. state, supra,smith v. state, supra, 304 ga.app. 708, 699 s.e.2d 742, or any other case rejects the use of two standards of review as set forth above, they are hereby overruled.",403
-"because this understanding is inconsistent with the approach of nutall, we have circulated this opinion to all active judges under circuit rule 40(e).",404
-this sentence is hereby overruled so that the liability between banks involving payment of an item on a forged or unauthorized endorsement will be clearly governed by the decision in the instant case.,405
-"people v. suarez, 224 ill. 2d 37, 47, 862 n.e.2d 977, 982 (2007).",406
-"to the extent that other cases may be in conflict with this rule, we would now disapprove demars v. hickey, 13 wyo. 371, 80 p. 521, reh. denied 81 p. 705 (1905); sidlo, simons, day co. v. phillips, 48 wyo. 390, 49 p.2d 243 (1935); and tibbals v. graham.",407
-""""" ' """"punitive damages are appropriate if the defendant's acts are reprehensible, fraudulent or in blatant violation of law or policy.",408
-"many of respondent's acts of misconduct, taken alone, would probably warrant no more than a public censure.",409
-"richard e. odoms, hamburg, minnesota (pro se relator) gregory s. paulson, brodeen & paulson pllp, minneapolis, minnesota (for respondent) lee b. nelson, minnesota department of employment and economic development, st. paul, minnesota (for respondent department)",410
-"the rule propounded in reese, to the extent that it conflicts with this holding, is overruled.",411
-"the holding in farnsworth, supra, is overruled.",412
-"we also have determined that the doctrine of legislative acquiescence in the wake of that decision does not command us, or persuade us, to adhere to that rule.",413
-"we now adopt the rule tentatively ascribed to us by the prestin court, and disapprove the holdings in richard v. degen brody, inc., supra, 181 cal.app.2d 289 and hamilton v. dixon.",414
-"zhong v. u.s. dep't of justice, 480 f.3d at 107, 120.",415
-"we, therefore, overrule trahan, supra, to the extent that it conflicts with this holding and modify the cases listed in footnote six to conform to our holding here.",416
-in so doing we disapprove the contrary interpretation of the statute announced in honeycutt.,417
-"in so holding, we approve the second district's decision in thompson and disapprove the third district's decision in higgs.",418
-"that distinction does not affect our holding, however, because we overrule the primary holding of huss on the basis of koon.",419
-it argued that it had made timely assessments and that those assessments were presumptively correct.,420
-"similarly, the published opinion of the court of civil appeals in metcalf v. oklahoma state board of licensure and supervision, 1992 ok civ app 174, 848 p.2d is also expressly disapproved to the extent that it might be construed to support the argument that district courts lack jurisdiction to hear appeals from a decision of the board denying an application for a medical license.",421
-"to the extent that a contrary rule is expressed in terry v. state, 540 so.2d 782, 783-84 (ala.cr.app. 1988), cert. denied, 540 so.2d 785 (ala. 1989), it is expressly overruled.",422
-"note: martin v. szeto is the current case, therefore not overruled.",423
-"baroid div. of nl indus., inc., 660 f.2d at 446; accord dep't of labor v. occupational safety & health review comm'n, 938 f.2d 1116, 1117-18 (10th cir. 1991).",424
-"see state v. santos, 770 so.2d at 321 (per curiam ) (citing godinez v. moran, 509 u.s. 389, 399, 113 s.ct. 2680, 2687, 125 l.ed.2d 321 (1993)).",425
-douglas also requests a 28 u.s.c. 2254(e) evidentiary hearing on the question of whether the state disclosed the cad report before trial.,426
-"language to the contrary which we used in duehay v. acacia mutual life ins. co., infra, was unnecessary for decision in that case and is overruled.",427
-"we overrule vasquez, under which innocent possession of a worn or altered autoloader can result in jail time",428
-"while williams' pending claim was not affected by this 1999 legislation, this new legislation is relevant, as explained below, in that it further supports overruling boutte.",429
-"to the extent that stewart or macone suggest that a ""should have known"" standard is sufficient, they should no longer be followed.",430
-we also overrule our prior decisions adopting the corpus delicti rule.,431
-"accordingly, we will apply the same standard of review to all of appellant's sufficiency complaints.",432
-"see smith v. babcock & wilcox constr. co., 913 s.w.2d 467, 468 (tex. 1995) (per curiam).",433
-"in addition, nollmeyer explained that the county normally checks contractor status on the l&i website prior to awarding bids, but in this case, he admitted to checking only specialty's status.",434
-"in concluding that in situations not subject to a specified exclusion, section 3051 supersedes section 1170.1, subdivision (c), trejo invoked the statutory maxim of construction, """"expressio unius est exclusio alterius, if exemptions are specified in a statute, [a court] may not imply additional exemptions unless there is a clear legislative intent to the contrary.""""",435
-"346 n.w.2d 128, 130 (minn.",436
-"see ocga 5-6-48 (b) (""""where the questions presented have become moot"""" the appeal """"shall be dismissed."""").",437
-"halley v. birbiglia, 390 mass. 540, 545 (1983).",438
-"but where a state statute criminalizes more conduct than the removable offense, it is overbroad and does not categorically make the offender removable.",439
-a party may file with the supreme court a petition to review an adverse decision by the court of appeals.,440
-"because we find the trial court erred in holding wife in contempt for refusing to cooperate with husband and his lender between the date of the approval until the closing of the loan, we reverse all damages resulting from that ruling.",441
-"suppose a defendant misrepresented her travel history to convey she had met that requirement, when in fact she had not.",442
-today that decision has been overruled.,443
-we recede from lyles and williams to the extent that they declined to apply ree retrospectively to nonfinal cases.,444
-"stowers had a full and fair opportunity to litigate his contempt in those proceedings, all the way through appeal to our court.",445
-we disapprove herzog to the extent that it is inconsistent with this opinion.,446
-" early, 330 ga. app. at 655 (1) (a) (punctuation omitted); accord hardy, 239 ga. app. at 596 (1).",447
-"for the reasons stated, the rule of swain v. alabama is not to be followed in our courts and the cases applying it are disapproved to that extent.",448
-a further reason for wiping the rule enunciated in united states v. feinberg off the books is that in practice it is no longer followed in this circuit when reviewing the denial of motions for acquittal for insufficiency of the evidence.,449
-"we do not think the reasoning in elkins is persuasive, however, and to the extent that the holding in that case conflicts with this opinion, it is disapproved.",450
-"we disapprove the conflicting battle and mccullers decisions on this point, as well as the conflicting decision in nelson v. state, 157 so.2d 96 (3d dca fla. 1963), cert. denied, 165 so.2d 178 (fla. 1964).",451
-"and, to the extent dennis v. william penn life assur. co. of america, 714 f. supp. 1580 (w.d. okla. 1989), expresses a contrary interpretation of section 3609, it is disapproved.",452
-we overruled two cases [t]o the extent ... [that they] rely on 143330 to permit the appeal of interlocutory orders of the alc or an administrative agency.,453
-"it concluded that the tolling rule we announced in hughes v. mahaney higgins, 821 s.w.2d 154 (tex. 1991), was modified by our later decision in murphy v. campbell, 964 s.w.2d 265 (tex. 1997), and did not toll limitations in this case.",454
-"and in so far as wright v. state, supra, is in conflict with the rule in stephens, it is overruled.",455
-"to the extent that mardanlou suggests otherwise, we overrule it.",456
-"to the extent pharr is inconsistent with this opinion, we disapprove of pharr.",457
-"r.m. v. swearingen, 510 s.w.3d 630, 633 (tex. app.el paso 2016, no pet.); see tex. code crim. proc. ann. art. 7a.01(a)(1)-(2) (west, westlaw through 2017 1st c.s.).",458
-"to the extent clay holds otherwise, it is hereby overruled.",459
-"to the extent morning fresh farms can be read as holding that the mere presence of a building, without more, provides sufficient connection to meet the requirement that the product ""originate from the land's productivity,"" we decline to follow it.",460
-"""""[a] prima facie case of good faith purpose is achieved by the mere allegation . . . that the information sought is for a proper purpose.""""",461
-"in so holding, we must necessarily recede, in part, from our prior decision in orlando regional healthcare system, inc. v. alexander.",462
-"see luton, 272 or app at 490-91.",463
-"in so holding, we overrule newsome v. state, 197 miss. 797, 20 so.2d 708 (1945), in which this court held the dangerous character of the victim could not be proven by his prior acts of violence, although the defendant had knowledge thereof.",464
-hence he is not entitled to relief on this ground either.,465
-"citing """"the inflexible policy of the yavapai county attorney . . . to automatically seek capital punishment in every case where evidence of at least one statutory aggravating factor was present,"""" the dissent would have """"treat[ed] [the prosecutors'] failure to exercise . . . discretion as a non-statutory mitigating circumstance.""""",466
-"cf. ammons v. okeechobee county, 710 so. 2d 641, 645 (fla. 4th dca 1998) (rejecting a claim of violation of substantive due process based on allegedly wrongful revocation of occupational license, as """"[t]he denial of such a license does not prevent a business owner from pursing a lawful occupation,"""" but """"merely prevents the business from operating at a particular location"""") appellants' allegations do not support a claim that they were prohibited from engaging in their chosen trade or profession or that they were unable to operate the club at another location.",467
-"it is obviously inconsistent with our more recent cases, and is hereby overruled.",468
-"in so doing, we realize that we are departing from hinckle v. state, del",469
-"to the extent that lee suggests a hard-and-fast rule that there can be no claim for negligent display of merchandise, the suggestion conflicts with the general rule of landowner liability that we have described, and we disavow it.",470
-"to the extent that state v. martin, 285 kan. 994, 179 p.3d 457,cert.",471
-"the second implies that the matter is not constitutionally entrusted to another branch, but that for prudential reasons we should not decide it anyway, leading to the inevitable consequence that another branch of government will decide the constitutional limits of its own power.",472
-"id., at 216.",473
-crossroads also has offender rules consistent with the smoking policy.,474
-"in conclusion, we approve the result in boecher and disapprove the third district's contrary opinions in carrera and adair.",475
-"this rebuttable inference stands even when the [s]tate offers no evidence of how the defendant came to possess the vehicle in which drugs were found."""" (quoting lee v. state, 835 so. 2d 1177, 1179 (fla. 4th dca 2002))).",476
-"in sum, we hold that peck did not refuse to perform the duties of his employment with the company when he declined to assume the different duties of a different position in a different location.",477
-"spokeo does not hold otherwise; although it focuses on injury-in-fact, it reiterates that all three elements form the """"'irreducible constitutional minimum' of standing.""""",478
-"we disapprove britton, supra, 156 cal.app.3d 689, sedillo, supra, 135 cal.app.3d 616, and palmquist, supra, 123 cal.app.3d 1, to the extent they suggest otherwise.",479
-"less than two years ago, this court decided webb v. sowell, 387 s.c. 328, 692 s.e.2d 543 (2010), which held that ordering a non-custodial parent to pay college expenses violates equal protection, thus overruling thirty years of precedent flowing from risinger v. risinger.",480
-"according to napa auto parts, the straws drove the vehicle """"for approximately six [] weeks and [] for between 500 to 600 miles prior to the accident with no incidents.""""",481
-we therefore overrule mathis to the extent it adopted the presumption doctrine.,482
-"because all presumptions are in favor of the constitutionality of a statute, the burden is on the party claiming that the law is unconstitutional to prove it.",483
-"accordingly, we recede from that portion ofhenderson which conflicts with our ruling here, affirm washington's convictions, and certify conflict withcrawford.",484
-the legislative history informs our interpretation of 1498.,485
-"see commonwealth v. sadberry, 44 mass. app. ct. 934, 936 (1998) (gun's location near defendant in car was proper consideration on question of dominion and control).",486
-"we conclude, as did jacobs, that webb changes the analysis, and that besendorfer should no longer be followed.",487
-"on appeal, the government argues that: """"[t]he specification contains a detailed description of a best mode embodiment of the invention with every reference to power being expressed in the [i]mperial units of 'horsepower' or 'hp,'"""" cross-appellant's br. 55 (footnote omitted); see '032 patent col.",488
-"likewise, we have relied on the framework of that section in recognizing the principle that even when an actor's conduct does not create a risk of physical harm, the actor may still owe an affirmative duty of care based on a special relationship.",489
-"under tennessee rule of evidence 801, """"'hearsay' is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.""""",490
- id. 2679(d)(5).,491
-"to the extent that copper liquor inc. v. adolph coors co., 684 f.2d 1087 (5th cir. 1982), modified on other grounds en banc, 701 f.2d 542 (5th cir. 1983), held otherwise, it is overruled.",492
-"therefore, the position previously stated in watson v. state, supra, and robinson v. state, supra, is hereby, overruled.",493
-"hudson, justice.",494
-"to the extent reasoning in in re rachael c., supra, 235 cal.app.3d 1445, implies the contrary, it is disapproved.",495
-"see crowell constructors, inc. v. state ex rel. cobey, 328 n.c. 563, 563-64, 402 s.e.2d 407, 408 (1991); mckinney v. duncan, ___ n.c. app. ___, ___, 808 s.e.2d 509, 512 (2017) (""""the order is devoid of any stamp-file or other marking necessary to indicate a filing date, and therefore it was not entered.",496
-the court may instruct jurors regarding victim impact evidence or other sections of the final instructions (#7.11) as part of the preliminary instruction.,497
-"to the extent the motions to dismiss raised the issue, it is apparent plaintiffs' subsequent summary judgment motion explicitly waived and abandoned this issue.",498
-"although white testified that gladys herself called him to discuss the preparation of her 2008 will, clara disputed whether her mother could have looked up the number in the phone book. according to clara, gladys's eyesight had become so poor that gladys had difficulty reading or even seeing a glass of water in front of her. clara further testified that gladys needed help dialing phone numbers and would ask clara to dial the numbers for her. 33.",499
-writ denied on the showing made.,500
-"third, the district court's sanction was not an abuse of discretion.",501
-"thus, the texas supreme court held that the reports were deficient because they did not adequately show a causal relationship.",502
-"id.; see also carey v. piphus, 435 u.s. 247, 248 (1978) (holding that section 1983 plaintiffs were """"entitled to recover only nominal damages"""" """"in the absence of proof of actual injury.""""). ",503
-"in that regard, the legislature expressly declared: ""it is the intent of this legislation to provide that all objections to the form and substance of the moving and opposing papers shall be first made in the trial court and not on appeal by the parties or by the appellate court and to expressly overrule the rules stated in witchell v. dekorne [(1986)] 179 [cal.app.3d] 965 [ 225 cal.rptr. 176] and zuckerman v. pacific savings bank.",504
-"however, to the extent that that case is in conflict with our present holding, it is hereby overruled.",505
-i also look to the more recent case of,506
-"(city of industry v. gordon (1972) 29 cal.app.3d 90, 94; see also county of los angeles v. ortiz (1971) 6 cal.3d 141, 148.)",507
-"we disapprove harris, karcher, and philips to the extent they are in conflict with this decision.",508
-"in addition, we overrule our prior precedent in ferreira v. sec'y for the dep't of corr., 183 fed.appx. 885 (11th cir.2006) and rainey v. sec'y for the dep't of corr., 443 f.3d 1323 (11th cir.2006), to the extent they are inconsistent with the supreme court's holding in burton v. stewart,",509
-"whether to grant an award under 97-88.1,",510
-"the court of criminal appeals resolved the certified question by holding that the badt fee statute violates """"due process principles.""""",511
-"on reconsideration in light of feola, newson and other recent opinions, we are convinced that the holdings in findley and baltrunas requiring knowledge of the jurisdictional facts cannot be sustained and should be overruled.",512
-"as i explained previously in this opinion, the majority opinion relies on the exercise of its supervisory authority and, to the extent it may be interpreted as holding contrary to the majority opinion, overrules chyung v. chyung, supra, 86 conn.app. at 665, 862 a.2d 374, the case on which the appellate court relied.",513
-"however, in view of our more recent decisions cited above, it is our opinion that any language in spence inconsistent with such decisions should be overruled, and we so hold.",514
-we do not reinstate other portions of davis that have been subsequently overruled.,515
-"in that vein, the sharp court reexamined the five-part test from bird , ultimately disapproving of the third part of the test requiring that the hearsay statement must have been made outside the presence of the accused.",516
-lapeyrouse and terry are overruled to the extent that they differ from the views expressed in this opinion.,517
-"therefore, for the reasons discussed above, we approve the fifth district's decision in this case and disapprove the second district's decision in estrada to the extent it is inconsistent with this opinion.",518
-"the result of this appeal, however, has caused me to revisit the court's decision in alvear i. see ex parte alvear, 524 s.w.3d 261 (tex. app.waco 2016, no pet.).",519
-on this point casey overruled the holdings in two cases because they undervalued the state's interest in potential life.,520
-"seepersad's criminal conviction limits our jurisdiction to constitutional claims and colorable questions of law, 8 u.s.c. 1252(a)(2)(c), (d), for which our review is de novo, pierre v. holder, 588 f.3d 767, 772 (2d cir. 2009).",521
-"state v. carrawell, 481 s.w.3d 833, 837 (mo.banc 2016).",522
-"thus, to the extent that the decisions of this court in carney v. moody, supra and in fireman's fund ins. v. government emp. ins., ky., 635 s.w.2d 475 (1982), are in conflict with our decision in this case, they are overruled.",523
-". . . the connection between the cause of death and the burglary . . . must involve more than just their occurrence at the same time and place.""""",524
-"to the extent that dorgan v. dorgan, 811 so.2d 552 (ala.civ.app. 2001), held to the contrary by indicating that a trial court's determination of a parent's underemployment requires a written finding that application of the child-support guidelines would be unjust or inappropriate, its holding is inconsistent with rule 32(b)(5), ala. r. jud. admin., and dorgan is hereby overruled to that extent.",525
-"ultimately, the court found the probative value of the other-crimes evidence outweighed the prejudicial impact.",526
-"see also the progeny of the williams decisions, likewise overruled as to this holding: state v. fisher, 362 so.2d 553 (la. 1978); state v. proctor, 354 so.2d 488 (la. 1977); state v. dickerson.",527
-"shannon v. commonwealth, supra, at 548-51 (shannon, part i) readdressed this reasonable/unreasonable belief analysis, overruled baker and gray, and reinstated blake v. commonwealth.",528
-we therefore overrule clouthier to the extent that it identified a single deliberate indifference standard for all 1983 claims and to the extent that it required a plaintiff to prove an individual defendant's subjective intent to punish in the context of a pretrial detainee's failure-to-protect claim.,529
-we now apply these principles of appellate review for the sufficiency of evidence for the armed robbery in this case.,530
-the cases set forth in footnote 1 are overruled.,531
-father contends that there was substantial evidence presented regarding the parties' incomes that would have enabled the trial court to make a determination regarding child support.,532
-"because jones/walker relates only to sufficiency of the evidence, we hereby disavow the language holding otherwise in sandoval.",533
-we reverse the duncan cases to the extent that they hold that pending motions to suppress do not become preliminary pleas after prosecution has been instituted.,534
-we therefore reverse the order denying the motion to suppress and recede from any language in moskowitz which could be interpreted contrary to our holding in this case.,535
-we here merely recede from prior cases in order to establish a rule which we are convinced will be productive of results more nearly consonant with the demands of justice and the dictates of ethics and morality.,536
-the intention of the parties or their own beliefs as to what state is the child's home state are irrelevant.,537
-"we therefore overrule j.w.j. v. p.k.r., supra, and reaffirm the holdings in m. u., supra, and heller.",538
-"to the extent that the decision in succession of suggs, supra, is contrary to the view expressed herein, it is expressly overruled.",539
-"in day v. united states, supra, 390 a.2d at 970, which was decided more than 2 years before the pretrial appeal in this case, we disapproved such inaction.",540
-"he appealed, and in united states v. ferguson, 831 f.3d 850 (7th cir. 2016), we vacated his sentence and remanded the case to a new judge, who imposed a 35-year sentence.",541
-"the contrary conclusion of some lower courts rests on the following logic: the term ""information"" in subparagraph (b) must be read in tandem with the term ""information"" in sub-paragraph (a), and the term ""information"" in subparagraph (a) refers to the information on which the publicly disclosed allegations are based.",542
-"to this extent, the majority opinion in cooper is in error and is overruled.",543
-thus the reasoning of the court of appeals in trulock was unsound.,544
-we therefore overrule the barker decision and adopt the economic interest rule as the test for determining the tax treatment of income derived from hard mineral extraction agreements.,545
-"having considered the present appeal in banc in order to clarify our precedents with respect to the scope of the government's navigational servitude, we now reverse the judgment of the claims court, overrule those portions of pitman and ballam which are inconsistent with the following opinion, and remand this case for further proceedings not inconsistent herewith.",546
-kopera testified for the state at mcghie's trial.,547
-"we also disapprove thompson, moorer, and burrell to the extent that they are inconsistent with this opinion.",548
-we now overrule st. john's interpretation and affirm the sentence imposed by the district court.,549
-"as previously noted, we overrule in re hayes, supra, 70 cal.2d 604, 75 cal.rptr. 790, 451 p.2d 430, and disapprove people v. harrison, supra, 1 cal.app.3d 115, 81 cal.rptr. 396.",550
-"we therefore disapprove of the holding to the contrary in san juan 1990-a, l.p. v. meridian oil inc.",551
-"see garrett v. garrett, 111 nev. 972, 973-74, 899 p.2d 1112, 1113-14 (1995) (explaining that the statutory cap is the amount that is established by the nrs 125b.070 formula and serves as the starting point from which the court must begin its calculations when allowing any deviations).",552
-"ordinarily, dismissal for failure to state a claim is without prejudice, and the court has discretion to permit a party to amend the pleading to allege additional facts in an effort to state a claim.",553
-"further, in adler v dormio, 309 mich app 702, 708; 872 nw2d 721 (2015), this court set forth the legal principles that govern the trial court's decision concerning whether relief from judgment is appropriate pursuant to mcr 2.612(c)(1)(f):",554
-"to the extent that our decision in united states v. albertini, 830 f.2d 985 (9th cir. 1987), conflicts with rodgers, we overrule albertini.",555
-we conclude that the neff and ward holdings are inconsistent with the limitations on the maintenance and cure remedy imposed by the supreme court and must be overruled to the extent of such inconsistency.,556
-"16 u.s.c. 1532(6), (20).",557
-"a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the subject matter jurisdiction of the courtif the trial court does not have subject matter jurisdiction, the court does not have authority to consider the matter.",558
-we conclude that the reasons for overruling plair and its progeny are sufficiently weighty.,559
-"accordingly, we approve in part and quash in part the district court's decision in this case; we disapprove liu v. mandina, 396 so.2d 1155 (fla. 4th dca 1981); and we direct that this cause be remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.",560
-"to the extent the court of appeals decision in blossom chevrolet holds otherwise, it is disapproved.",561
-"in sum, we found the court's sentence substantively unreasonable in morgan because the court considered impermissible factors and failed to consider an important factor: general deterrence.",562
-"id.; see also state v. gabert, 152 vt. 83, 85, 564 a.2d 1356, 1358 (1989) (quoting kasper, 145 vt. at 120, 483 a.2d at 610 for proposition that """"the record must reveal that the elements of each offense were explained to the defendant"""").",563
-we disapprove of this language in l.c.,564
-"accordingly, we disapprove huang to the extent it is inconsistent with the views set out in this opinion.",565
-"while in many cases the calculation may, as a matter of fact, run from the date the complaint was filed (because the person making service received the summons and complaint on the same day) or run from expiration of the statute of limitation (because the complaint was filed on the last day of the limitation period and the complaint and summons was received by the person making service on the same day), to the extent these cases misstate the proper rule to be applied generally, they must be overruled.",566
-"in its opinion in sanchez-gomez, the supreme court rejected the concept that the previously shackled defendants had shown a sufficient stake in the outcome to avoid mootness because they """"sought relief from the restraint policy not merely for themselves, but for all in-custody defendants in the district.""""",567
-"see in re mission consol. indep. sch. dist., 990 s.w.2d 459, 461 (tex. app.corpus christi 1999, orig. proceeding [mand.",568
-"however, we disapprove angelus to the extent that it holds section 733.212(3) does not bar objections that a personal representative was never qualified to serve.",569
-"for the reasons set forth above, we now overrule skov, o'neal and pettigrew.",570
-this defendant was hands-on.,571
-"in that case, at least two other property owners had an interest in the purported easement, because their properties abutted the easement, but were not named in the suit.",572
-the opening statement was based on what the prosecutor intended to prove by the evidence.,573
-we then explain why we conclude that smothers clearly erred in tying the remedy clause to the common law in 1857 and should be overruled.,574
-"on this record, the trial court had no reason to know defendants objected to the limitation imposed by its ruling, and the court had no opportunity to prevent or correct the purported misconduct that defendants assert now on appeal.",575
-the circumstances here are similar.,576
-id. 4 cmt.,577
-"in conclusion, we have overruled mcginn and held that the trial court should inform the jury of the effect of apportioning 50% or more of the negligence to the plaintiff.",578
-"the matter is remanded to the district for an award of a precise and certain amount of damages and specific declaratory judgment relief, without reference to an extrinsic source.",579
-"defendant is unable to demonstrate that he was prejudiced as a result of the trial court's alleged error because the record reveals that defendant's retained counsel was added as cocounsel on the first day of his trial, indicating defendant was able to move forward with counsel of his choice.",580
-"reilly, judge ramsey county district courtfile no. 62-cr-17-1420 lori swanson, attorney general, st. paul, minnesota; and john choi, ramsey county attorney, thomas r. ragatz, assistant county attorney, st. paul, minnesota (for respondent) cathryn middlebrook, chief appellate public defender, john donovan, assistant public defender, st. paul, minnesota (for appellant) considered and decided by bjorkman, presiding judge; larkin, judge; and reilly, judge.",581
-"##note: armistead v. state personnel bd. is the case at bar, reversed.",582
-"at the time the trial court entered its final judgment of dismissal in march 2016, the case law in this area was arguably in a state of flux, but that is no longer the situation.",583
-"therefore, the language in crawford that is in conflict with our holding here is expressly disapproved.",584
-"we, therefore, overrule that portion of smith v. simpson that limits the act's definition of a pedestrian.",585
-"gallagher was actually a subcontractor with dyntek, which was a contractor with nychh.",586
-"the administrator must then review the petition within 60 days and object if the petitioner """"demonstrates"""" a permit applicant's noncompliance with caa requirements. nypirg, 321 f.3d at 333; 42 u.s.c. 7661d(b)(2).",587
-the issues raised on the appeal from the order are brought up for review and have been considered on the appeal from the judgment (seecplr 5501[a][1]).,588
-another case in which a new rule was created by overruling precedent is state v. ikezawa.,589
-"nor did ms. shahin offer any authority interpreting rule 59(e), or any legal argument to persuade this court that the motion for reconsideration was incorrectly decided.",590
-"we therefore overrule tomco and el farra on this point, and hold that a district court, when presented with a 10(j) petition, need not determine whether there is reasonable cause to believe that an unfair labor practice has been committed.",591
-"because of this, and because the johnson remedy also independently relied on coram nobis principles, we deem it inappropriate to continue to rely on the johnson remedy, and conclude that the restoration of a denied direct appeal through resentencing to establish a new appeal time frame is no longer feasible.",592
-"we now over-rule barnes, french, and tucker to the extent that they conflict with the requirements and provisions of the mississippi rules of civil procedure and subsequent decisions of this court.",593
-"accordingly, we approve the third district's decision in this case and disapprove gill to the extent that it is inconsistent with this opinion.",594
-"of course, public corporations are not invariably regarded as units of the government for purposes of the government speech doctrine.",595
-"dr. hunter used the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2 to diagnose stacie with """"major depressive disorder, recurrent, moderate.""""",596
-"we recede from columbia casualty co. v. zimmerman, 62 so.2d 338 (fla. 1952), and the cases which relied upon it to the extent that the columbia casualty decision is in conflict with our answer to the certified question.",597
-"those narrow circumstances, however, only include an action for mandamus to compel a court's performance or nonperformance of a ministerial or clerical act, see green v. ingrassia, 665 n.y.s.2d 577, 577 (2d dep't 1997), or a prohibition action to restrain a judicial officer from acting without jurisdiction or in excess of jurisdiction.",598
-a trial court should grant the state's motion for a dismissal if the request meets the good cause and open court requirements of crim.r. 48(a).,599
-the court then denied both of mr. denzmore's motions.,600
-"for the reasons set forth below, we quash the fourth district's decision in alcorn because the fourth district incorrectly analyzed the prejudice prong, but we also disapprove the conflict cases revell and lewis because their analysis is inconsistent with the united states supreme court's decisions in frye and lafler.",601
-"""""'this result only follows, however, if the misrepresentation relates to the very nature of the proposed contract itself and not merely to one of its nonessential terms.'"""" brumley, 945 n.e.2d at 779 (quoting restatement (second) of contracts 163 (1981)).",602
-"this presumption, however, is not conclusive, and any statement to the contrary in lahn v. structural pest control board, 135 cal.app.2d 289 [ 287 p.2d 17], and any inferences to the contrary in any other case or cases are disapproved.",603
-"after careful consideration, we have decided to resolve this conflict by receding from g.d.w. and gainer to the extent they hold that an improper transfer order renders all proceedings following such an order null and void.",604
-"there was no evidence that any worker had experienced any problems with the safety policy as practiced on the bargei.e., either chocking or chaining.",605
-"the fact that plaintiff had present, albeit inconvenient, access to his land at the time of trial was of no effect in the evans decision, and insofar as curtman is inconsistent therewith, it must be overruled.",606
-"in other words, in lieu of trapping an unwary defendant, see tr. of oral arg. 29, i would rank the clerk's transmission of the amended judgment to the court of appeals as an adequate substitute for a second notice of appeal.",607
-"nevertheless, if the mover will not bear the burden of proof at trial on the issue that is before the court on the motion for summary judgment, the mover's burden does not require that all essential elements of the adverse party's claim, action, or defense be negated.",608
-"schmidt v. skolas, 770 f.3d 241, 248 (3d cir. 2014).",609
-"see also williams v. state, 268 ga. 488, 490 (491 se2d 377) (1997).",610
-"we think the case is distinguishable on the facts but to the extent that it holds, if it does, that written findings of fact are not required of administrative agencies, it is hereby overruled.",611
-"and although thompson arguably expressed a desire to have fewer pregnant subordinates, she didn't suggest that fassbender's pregnancy somehow made her unqualified for her position.",612
-"tellingly, among her original claims against respondents were claims for fraud and nondisclosure that substantially overlap with those she seeks to assert here.",613
-"but abatie held that district courts may take additional evidence whenever ""[procedural] irregularities have prevented full development of the administrative record,"" abatie, 458 f.3d at 973, and to the extent that our earlier cases conflict with abatie, a later en banc decision, those cases are no longer good law.",614
-"and, porter's cited authority, walton gen. contractors, inc. v. chicago forming, inc., 111 f.3d 1376, 1385 (8th cir. 1997) is inapposite.",615
-"aekins, 447 s.w.3d at 278; vick v. state, 991 s.w.2d 830, 833 (tex. crim. app. 1999).",616
-"winter v. wolnitzek, 834 f.3d 681, 691 (6th cir. 2016) (quoting webster's third new international dictionary 749 (3d ed. 2002)).",617
-"we disagree that these considerations establish an injury in fact to the tippinses, i.e., a concrete and particularized injury that is actual or imminent and not merely hypothetical.",618
-"see minn. r. evid. 801(d)(1)(b) (""""a statement is not hearsay if . . . [t]he declarant testifies at the trial or hearing and is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement, and the statement is . . . consistent with the declarant's testimony and helpful to the trier of fact in evaluating the declarant's credibility as a witness."""").",619
-and it would enable state courts to blame the unpopular death-sentence reprieve of the most horrible criminals upon the federal constitution when it is in fact their own doing.,620
-"frazee remains good law, and howell's statement to the contrary should no longer be followed.",621
-"loudermill, 470 u.s. at 546.",622
-"no other third floor workers, who also worked without breathing apparatus, complained of respiratory symptoms.",623
-"to the extent jensen suggests an inadvertent delay is per se unreasonable, it is disapproved.",624
-id. a judgment is clearly erroneous if the findings do not support the trial court's conclusions or the conclusions do not support the judgment.,625
-the court today provides no assurance that plea deals negotiated in good faith with guilty defendants will remain final.,626
-"insofar as this court's decision in lamb v. page, 482 p.2d 615 (okla.",627
-"see montgomery v. louisiana, 577 u.s. , , 136 s.ct. 718, 737738, 193 l.ed.2d 599 (2016) (scalia, j., dissenting) (recounting history).",628
-"applying the holdings in brown and green in light of caudillo, the facts of this case do not satisfy the simple kidnapping asportation standard.",629
-"that is because """"if counsel has failed to conduct a reasonable investigation to prepare for sentencing, then he cannot possibly be said to have made a reasonable decision as to what to present at sentencing.""""",630
-"to the extent that they state that the appropriate standard is the preponderance standard, britt, buness, j.w., and todd are disapproved of.",631
-"to the extent the following cases, and any others, are inconsistent with this holding, they are hereby overruled:",632
-"to the extent that our holding on this point overrules this court's prior analyses of the exhaustion requirement in tinsley v. united parcel service, 635 f.2d 1288 (7th cir. 1980), vacated and remanded, 452 u.s. 934, 101 s.ct. 3072, 69 l.ed.2d 948 (1981); baldini v. local 1095, uaw, 581 f.2d 145 (7th cir. 1978); battle v. clark equip. mfg. co., 579 f.2d 1338 (7th cir. 1978); harrison v. chrysler corp., 558 f.2d 1273 (7th cir. 1977); and newgent v. modine mfg. co., 495 f.2d 919 (7th cir. 1974), this result is mandated by clayton.",633
-"with these constitutional principles in mind, it is clear the minimal dictates of due process have been satisfied in this case.",634
-"insofar as any language in clarke v. united states, d.c.mun.app., 160 a.2d 97 (1960) or in yankovitz v. united states, d.c.mun.app., 182 a.2d 889 (1962), could be construed to establish a local community standard or to relieve the government of its duty to prove prevailing community standards, it is overruled.",635
-"the majority overrules the recent decision of ex parte trisler, 605 s.w.2d 619 (tex.cr.app. 1980), and the long line of decisions it represents, without regard to the doctrine of stare decisis.",636
-"we disapprove of people v. aris, supra, 215 cal.app.3d 1178, and people v. day, supra, 2 cal.app.4th 405, to the extent they are inconsistent with this conclusion.",637
-that case is hereby overruled.,638
-the court stated that failure to cure the deficiencies identified in its order would result in dismissal with prejudice.,639
-"writ denied on the showing made in part and denied in part. relator failed to include a copy of the bill of information, the district court's ruling, the state's answer, if any, the boykin transcript, and any other documents from the district court record that might support his ineffective assistance of counsel claim.",640
-"we have concluded that it is erroneous and to the extent that sutton v. commonwealth, supra, indicates that a person may be prosecuted both for theft and knowingly receiving the same stolen article, it is overruled.",641
-"defense counsel objected on the ground that the second-degree depraved heart murder instruction was more appropriate in cases in which the state had charged multiple levels of homicide, e.g., murder and manslaughter.",642
-lack of a sua sponte self-defense instruction.,643
-"however, for the reasons already stated, appellate courts should look to the evidence presented at the consolidation or severance hearing, and to the extent that hoyt can be read to permit appellate review of severance issues based only upon the offenses actually elected at the close of the evidence, it is overruled.",644
-the prosecutor effectively withdrew the question.,645
-we disapprove of those cases in which courts of appeals have held differently.,646
-"see id.; see also meyer v. jones, 696 n.w.2d 611, 614 (iowa 2005) (""""when a state action threatens to deprive a person of a protected liberty or property interest, a person is entitled to procedural due process.""""). procedural due process requires notice and the opportunity for hearing appropriate to the nature of the case.",647
-##note: people v. davis was affirmed not overruled.,648
-"insofar as our case of dean v. dean, supra, is contrary to the holding in this case, it is overruled.",649
-"however, we overrule the vitale case insofar as it is in conflict with our reasoning herein.",650
-"approximately one hour after beginning deliberations, the jury asked the following question: """"which one of proof need only one to be true?""""",651
-"##people v. smith is reversed, not overruled (same line of cases).",652
-"chavers, 991 s.w.2d at 460",653
-"to the extent that either naifeh or dimauro might be construed to stand for the proposition that the district courts lack jurisdiction to consider appeals from refusal by the board to grant a medical license, those opinions are expressly overruled.",654
-a hypothetically correct charge would also include an instruction on the law of parties.,655
-this court overrules its holding in red to the extent that decision may be construed as authority for the proposition that exempt income should be excluded from disposable income regardless of whether the time limitation of 1325(b)(1)(b) or the provisions of 1325(b)(2) apply.,656
-"see id. (""""the secretary had authority to promulgate regulations to carry out these powers, . . . and he did so in 27 c.f.r. part 55. . . . the regulations authorized '[a]ny atf officer' to 'inspect the site of any accident or fire in which there is reason to believe that explosive materials were involved.'""""",657
-""""" this """"expansive statutory language"""" has been interpreted to require the juvenile court """" 'to consider the totality of the circumstances of the child and his or her sibling in determining whether the child is at substantial risk of harm, within the meaning of any of the subdivisions enumerated in [section 300,] subdivision (j).' """" (in re ashley b. (2011) 202 cal.app.4th 968, 982-983.)",658
-"to the extent that plant economy, inc. v. mirror insulation co., supra, holds otherwise that case is overruled.",659
-"8 u.s.c. 1357(a)(4); cf. sessions v. dimaya, 138 s. ct. 1204, 1212-13 (2018) (plurality opinion) (explaining that removal proceedings in some ways resemble criminal actions); mateo v. att'y gen., 870 f.3d 228, 232 (3d cir. 2017) (same).",660
-"nenno is overruled to the extent it decides article 38.22, section 6, applies only to custodial statements.",661
-"to the extent that our ruling may conflict with state v. becker, 364 mo. 1079, 272 s.w.2d 283, that case should no longer be followed.",662
-"texas osage co-operative royalty pool v. sullivan, tex.civ.app., 93 s.w.2d 566, an opinion of this court, is not in point on the facts, but statements in that opinion conflicting with our own conclusion, if any there be, are overruled to the extent of the conflict.",663
-"as stated above, this issue was properly preserved for appeal, and thus, we must determine whether the trial court erred by overruling",664
-"to the extent that mcsheridan holds section 502(b)(6) to be a limit on tort claims other than those based on lost rent, rent-like payments or other damages directly arising from a tenant's failure to complete a lease term, it is overruled.",665
-"gaines, 292 f.3d at 1224.",666
-diaz-diaz contends that the government failed to prove venue and that he was prejudiced by the district court's rejection of his proposed jury instruction on venue.,667
-"because of our holding here, we recede from our prior decisions on this issue to the extent that they do not conform to the procedure outlined herein.",668
-"because here, as in workman and in contrast to ex parte new york, the defendant was an entity generally within the jurisdiction of the district court, ex parte new york is inapposite, and workman compels the conclusion that the county is unprotected by sovereign immunity.",669
-"lopez also argues that, as a procedural matter, the bia should have remanded the case so the ij could consider his request for cancellation in light of the new evidence.",670
-"{19} in state v. underwood, 124 ohio st.3d 365, 2010-ohio-1, 922 n.e.2d 923, the ohio supreme court held that """"[a] sentence is 'authorized by law' and is not appealable within the meaning of r.c. 2953.08(d)(1) only if it comports with all mandatory sentencing provisions.""""",671
-1976) (internal quotation marks omitted).,672
-"this rule has received the strictest scrutiny and withstood repeated attacks; but the time has come, and we now abolish the cobb standard for appellate review of orders granting new trials on the sole ground that the verdict is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence, and we overrule that line of cases following the cobb standard.",673
-"see pearson v. wendell, 2015 me 136, 45, 47, 125 a.3d 1149.",674
-the issue is not preserved for our review.,675
-"see id., at 134135, 75 s.ct. 623.",676
-the parties agree that the issue in this case requires us to determine the applicable unit of prosecution.,677
-"see 6th cir. (""""published panel opinions are binding on later panels.",678
-defendant raises a series of challenges to california's death penalty statute on grounds that we have repeatedly rejected.,679
-"to the extent that gentry is inconsistent with this rule, we overrule it.",680
-"to the extent mccoy and mccracken implied that the only right to counsel under the act was a statutory one, they are hereby modified.",681
-"indeed, the legislature was aware that certain sensitive material must be carefully reviewed and anticipated that some of the information under review may never reach the public's eyes. statement to third official copy reprint of a. 1030 12 (""""[n.j.s.a. 10:4-13] requires that whenever a public body seeks to meet in private it must first pass a resolution . . . [that] must also state the general nature of the matters to be discussed and approximately when, if ever, the matters discussed can be made public.""""",682
-he alleges only that counsel was tardy in passing on the revised plea offer.,683
-"we have jurisdiction, article v, section 3(b)(3), florida constitution, and we approve in part and quash in part the decision of the fourth district.",684
-the city decided that the training would include the milwaukee police citizen academy and the ride along with both of these training components being subject to the recommendations of the board's executive director.,685
-"based on a comparison between inmates inside and outside disciplinary segregation, the state's actions in placing him there for 30 days did not work a major disruption in his environment.",686
-the trial court's finding is neither defendant's stated salary amount nor the amount to which defendant testified at trial.,687
-"the officers took a """"small .22 pistol,"""" which was loaded and had a shell in the chamber, from the right pocket of his jacket.",688
-"filed, which appears to hold to the contrary, is hereby overruled.",689
-"on reviewing the relevant statutory and case law, however, we are compelled to revisit our previous interpretation.",690
-"in addition, cancel challenges his composite sentence for the three counts of first-degree sexual abuse of a minor: 60 years' imprisonment with 20 years suspended (i.e., 40 years to serve).",691
-"see, e.g., r.j. griffin & co. v. beach club ii homeowners ass'n, 384 f.3d 157, 160-61 (4th cir. 2004) (""""in the context of arbitration, the doctrine [of equitable estoppel] applies when one party attempts 'to hold [another party] to the terms of [an] agreement' while simultaneously trying to avoid the agreement's arbitration clause.""""",692
-the superior court reasoned that four justices in l.b.m. would have permitted the gal to represent the child in the tpr hearing when the child's best interests and legal interests did not conflict.,693
-we reverse and remand for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.,694
-"to the extent they are to the contrary, wright v. state ex rel. patchin, 994 s.w.2d 100 (mo.app. 1999), and state ex rel. mather v. carnes, 551 s.w.2d 272 (mo.app. 1977), are overruled.",695
-"based on our holding today, we disapprove the contrary holding in texas department of public safety v. levinson.",696
-"silbernagel v. silbernagel , 2011 nd 140, 11, 800 n.w.2d 320. """"a party may not collaterally attack a final decision, that was not appealed, in subsequent proceedings.""""",697
-"for h0031 ha claims, notwithstanding that """"tcc did not bill these claims to medicaid.""""",698
-"in people v king, 384 mich 310, 312-313; 181 nw2d 916 (1970), the supreme court did not find it unduly suggestive when, after the witness made his identification, it was indicated to him that he had identified the individual whom the police suspected.",699
-a subsequent search of the vehicle revealed the presence of an additional syringe that had been hidden inside a purse located on the passenger side of the vehicle.,700
-##note: in re chavez was reversed not overruled.,701
-"we hold that w.s. 35-10-205 does not grant counties the authority to enact more stringent regulations of the use, sale and possession of fireworks, and we overrule our decisions in haddenham ii and gueke to the extent those decisions hold to the contrary.",702
-"inasmuch as the supreme court of the united states has directly held that a geographical term which was descriptive of the place where the articles were manufactured was not registrable even though it had acquired a secondary meaning, we must follow our decision in the overhead door case, supra, which is in harmony with the views of the supreme court, and in so far as the opinion in the case of in re plymouth motor corporation, supra, expresses a contrary view, it must be considered as overruled.",703
-"edwards v. firemen's retirement system of st. louis, mo.app., 410 s.w.2d 560; mitchell v. city of springfield, mo. app., 410 s.w.2d 585; and heusmann v. priest, mo.app., 366 s.w.2d 42, are disapproved insofar as they hold that in this situation a reviewing court may not weigh the evidence and make its own findings of fact.",704
-"affirmed in part and remanded schellhas, judge ramsey county district courtfile no. 62-cr-16-7992 lori swanson, attorney general, st. paul, minnesota; and john j. choi, ramsey county attorney, peter r. marker, assistant county attorney, st. paul, minnesota (for respondent) cathryn middlebrook, chief appellate public defender, steven p. russett, assistant public defender, st. paul, minnesota (for appellant) considered and decided by ross, presiding judge; schellhas, judge; and kirk, judge.",705
-the court's decision today overrules a fundamental holding in conkle.,706
-"at the january 29, 2014 wcj coholan hearing, claimant identified """"records from [university of pittsburgh medical center (]upmc[)] in june and july of 2012."""" r.r. at 144a.",707
-"{ 19} in support of his argument, runions cites the ohio supreme court case of fabe. fabe, however, was a declaratory judgment seeking an interpretation of r.c. 3905.01(b) and 3905.04.",708
-"to the extent it is contrary to this opinion, george pepperdine foundation v. pepperdine, 126 cal.app.2d 154 [ 271 p.2d 600], is disapproved.",709
-"this court has previously considered and rejected this exact claim in hall v. state, 820 so.2d 113 (ala.crim.app.1999), stating: use of the word you, without more, in relationship to a jury charge on mitigating evidence does not imply that the finding of a mitigating circumstance must be unanimous.",710
-"state v. reyes, 744 n.w.2d 95, 101 (iowa 2008) (quoting united states v. lovasco, 431 u.s. 783, 790 (1977)).",711
-"(jeske v. maxim healthcare servs., inc. (e.d. cal. 2012) 2012 u.s. dist. lexis 2963, at p. 37 [plaintiff """"need not have suffered all paga violations for which she seeks to pursue civil penalties.""""];",712
-"insofar as they would prevent a trial judge from acting in an appealed case on any matter not reviewable under the appeal and granting any proper relief (including forma pauperis authority if entitlement is established), creel v. creel and kliebert v. kliebert are now overruled.",713
-the same standard applies when a defendant fails to raise a timely objection under brady.,714
-"the jury reasonably could have inferred that appellant purchased the rugs, obtained the department number and uline number from the receipt, returned the rugs, wrote the department number and uline number from the original rugs on inferior rugs that did not belong to the chain store, and then presented the inferior rugs and a receipt that did not pertain to those two rugs to the second store, seeking a refund.",715
-"austero v. national cas. co. (1978) 84 cal.app.3d 1, 24-25 [ 148 cal.rptr. 653], is disapproved.",716
-"this proposal ignores the fact that the university tried, and failed, to increase diversity through enhanced consideration of socioeconomic and other factors.",717
-"our decision in hudson v. blanchard, supra, more narrowly interpreting the waiver clause of subsection 6, 12 o.s. 1961 385[ 12-385], is overruled.",718
-"for that reason, it is more consistent with mcdonnell douglas than matthews, which we now overrule.",719
-"accordingly, we overrule state v. layne, 623 s.w.2d 629 (tenn.",720
-"183, 205 (1810) (""""[a] statute is to be so construed, that no clause, sentence or word shall be void, superfluous, or insignificant."""").",721
-"accordingly, we overrule zepeda v. bulleri,",722
-"accordingly, and to the extent it differs from the holding herein, duncan v. beck is overruled.",723
-"we overrule people v. johnson (1989) 47 cal.3d 1194, 255 cal.rptr. 569, 767 p.2d 1047 to the extent it is inconsistent with this opinion.",724
-the situation here was different.,725
-a habeas petition is not a second appeal.,726
-although we consider that the issue whether vrns are negotiable instruments is not controlled by either dillard or lexington in the interest of clarity we disapprove of the holdings in dillard and lexington to the extent they may be construed to conflict with our holding today.,727
-"but here, the district court denied leave to amend based on futility.",728
-"paul points out that the vocational expert concluded that lauren was very professional and bright and is capable of earning a salary of up to $40,000.",729
-"however, i now agree with the decision of the majority to overrule lewis.",730
-ramirez has shown that reasonable jurists would debate whether the district court erred in dismissing his 2255 motion without prejudice as premature based on a finding that he had a pending direct appeal.,731
-"a more in-depth summary of the factual history underlying this lawsuit can be found in hunter v. town of mocksville, 789 f.3d 389 (4th cir. 2015), our earlier opinion in this case.",732
-"holds otherwise, it is hereby overruled.",733
-"we disapprove sarasota county, jenkins, and relyea to the extent they conflict with the decision here.",734
-"(miratti's inc., supra, 132 nlrb at p. 701.)",735
-"the record also reflects that in a separate cause number, and prior to his robbery trial, parker pleaded guilty to the crime of receiving stolen property.",736
-"jackson, 177 so. 3d at 932 (quoting inmin v. state, 668 so. 2d 152, 155 (ala. crim. app. 1995), citing in turn bamberg v. state, 611 so. 2d 450, 452 (ala. crim. app. 1992)).",737
-we overrule it.,738
-all judges have expressed agreement with the conclusions herein respecting overruling long.,739
-"at a december 14, 2015 hearing on the parties' motions and exceptions, the trial court maintained the exception of res judicata as to all claims for rescission, avoidance, or nullity of the option agreement, with the caveat that it denied the exception as it related to any claims of termination, reformation, or any other claims not dismissed by the trial court or this court.",740
-"""""if a statute is susceptible of more than one meaning, one of which is constitutional and the other not, we interpret the statute as being consistent with the constitution.""""",741
-"as noted in vesely v. sager, supra, most of the recent decisions have rejected the no-proximate-cause rubric.",742
-no further acknowledgment of hampton's effect on those cases needs to be recited hereafter.,743
-"given that petitioner's due process rights were violated and that this situation is comparable to the outright denial of the constitutional right to call witnesses, expungement is the proper remedy (see matter of doleman v prack, 145 ad3d at 1290-1291; cf. matter of texeira v fischer, 26 ny3d at 234-235).",744
-"to the extent that kenney, supra, requires the defendant to plead the absence of actual malice, it is overruled",745
-"in other words, villodas-rosario's miscarriage-of-justice claim attempts to reargue the plea colloquy error that we have already addressed.",746
-"recently, this court receded from hallman to the extent that we held that all newly discovered evidence claims should now be brought in a motion pursuant to florida rule of criminal procedure 3.850 and that such claims would not be cognizable in an application for writ of error coram nobis unless the defendant was not in custody.",747
-"cases suggesting the contrary are, to that extent, overruled.",748
-"to the extent mattias and subsequent cases suggest otherwise, we disavow them.",749
-"to the extent that the language in johnson supports the plaintiff's position, we now expressly disavow any suggestion that the decision of the statewide bar counsel not to refer a grievance complaint to a screening panel pursuant to 232(a)(2) is essentially unreviewable.",750
-"we disapprove the statements in the opinion on rehearing in day that implied the contrary, and (like the author of those statements) we disapprove the decisions that have held the contrary.",751
-the hobson opinion is overruled to the extent that it may be inconsistent with our opinion in this case.,752
-"people v chambers, 430 mich 217, 222; 421 nw2d 903 (1988).",753
-"insofar as those cases hold that the testimony of a witness given at a former trial, and read at the instant trial, because of the nonavailability of the witness cannot be impeached by contradictory statements made subsequent to the former trial, or by statements made prior thereto but where the impeacher clearly shows that he had no knowledge of such contradictory statements, they are, and each of them is, overruled.",754
-"for the foregoing reasons, we expressly overrule ehman and now hold that, in order for employees to receive only a 50% pension offset, there must be a line-item deduction appearing on the pay stub or a specific provision in the pension plan indicating a contribution to the pension fund has been made by the employee.",755
-"r., 254 s.w.2d 394 (1953) and other cases are in conflict with our holding today, they are overruled.""",756
-"with this ruling, the court necessarily abandons as unworkable the overly complex standards employed in cases such as cline and adkins.",757
-"saint v. bledsoe, 416 s.w.3d 98, 112 (tex. app.texarkana 2013, no pet.); see also montalvo v. vela, no. 13-14-00166-cv, 2016 wl 192063, at *4 (tex. app.corpus christi jan. 14, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.).",758
-"moreover, the consent order mandated that the father was to have skype contact with the child one time per week, and the mother failed to comply with that directive.",759
-3. closing argument.,760
-the court therefore did not abuse its discretion in finding the existence of a material change in circumstances affecting the best interests of the children.,761
-"id. (citing in re marriage of frederici, 338 n.w.2d 156, 158 (iowa 1983)).",762
-"see s.c. dep't of soc. servs. v. headden, 354 s.c. 602, 613, 582 s.e.2d 419, 425 (2003) (declining to address additional grounds for tpr when clear and convincing evidence supported tpr on another ground).",763
-"defense counsel then stated, """"it [presumptively referring to the evidence to be elicited] would relate to prior bad acts under 404(b)"""", after which defense counsel informed the court that 404(b) requires only notice from the prosecutor.",764
-"even as such practices can help employers ensure their workers are compensated for regularly worked minutes that might have once been treated as """"off the clock,"""" they also highlight the need for subsequent line drawing to implement existing law.",765
-we overrule norris to the extent that it allows such use.,766
-"considering defendant's lack of any prior criminal record, that he apparently had never done anything like this before, and other circumstances of this case, we do not believe defendant is typical of sexual offenders who receive the maximum sentence.",767
-"accordingly, we are compelled to declare la.civ. code art. 160 unconstitutional as violative of the equal protection clauses of the state and federal constitutions and to overrule loyacano v. loyacano",768
-"it also explicitly precludes review of """"whether the alien is actually inadmissible or entitled to any relief from removal,"""" id. 1252(e)(5), and of """"any other cause or claim arising from or relating to the implementation or operation of"""" the removal order, id. 1252(a)(2)(a)(i).",769
-163 ill. app. 3d at 103.,770
-"on march 14, 2018, the district court filed a notice in this court certifying that, in light of the nevada supreme court's recent decision in williams v. state department of corrections, 133 nev. ___, 402 p.3d 1260 (2017), it would reconsider appellant's petition for a writ of habeas corpus if appellant sought a remand to the district court.",771
-"kelly is disapproved to the extent that it stands for the proposition that any judicial division of community property necessarily precludes the subsequent litigation of community property rights in an asset known to exist at the time of the earlier proceedings, and which could have been adjudicated at that time.",772
-"id., 43. similar to our review of a suppression motion, we uphold the circuit court's findings of historical fact unless clearly erroneous, then independently apply constitutional principles to those facts.",773
-we do so now and overrule part iii of montenegro.,774
-"and to the extent that dicke is inconsistent with any of today's analysis, it is accordingly overruled.",775
-""""" gratz v. bollinger, 539 u.s. 244, 270, 123 s.ct. 2411, 156 l.ed.2d 257 (2003) (quoting adarand constructors, inc. v. pe, 515 u.s. 200, 224, 115 s.ct. 2097, 132 l.ed.2d 158 (1995) ); see also miller, supra, at 904, 115 s.ct. 2475 (""""this rule obtains with equal force regardless of the race of those burdened or benefited by a particular classification """" (quoting croson, supra, at 494, 109 s.ct. 706 (plurality opinion of o'connor, j.))). """"thus, any person, of whatever race, has the right to demand that any governmental actor subject to the constitution justify any racial classification subjecting that person to unequal treatment under the strictest of judicial scrutiny.",776
-"there is a natural overlap between what the photographs show and how the prosecution uses the photographs, and any resulting prejudice.",777
-"any contrary holding inwillswood plantation, inc. v. foret, 391 so.2d 1389 (la.app. 4th cir. 1980) is expressly overruled.",778
-"accordingly, flowal, ramirez, strayhorn and all other cases before this circuit in which we have held that apprendi applies to mandatory minimum sentences, are overruled to the extent they conflict with harris and this opinion.",779
-we therefore overrule webb and find that risinger and its progeny do not violate the principles of equal protection.,780
-"""""summary judgment is warranted only if the record shows that 'there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.'"""" wenk v. o'reilly, 783 f.3d 585, 593 (6th cir. 2015) (quoting celotex corp. v. catrett, 477 u.s. 317, 322 (1986)).",781
-richard's attempts to rely on the circumstances of his injury and medical treatment to undermine the validity of his miranda waiver and statement to weirauch are unavailing.,782
-"however, we overrule our prior exclusive reliance on the absolute disparity test in fair cross-section and equal protection cases, and permit district courts to analyze fair cross-section and equal protection cases using the most appropriate methods applicable to the particular challenge.",783
-"although the factual scenario set forth in bridgewater is similar to the present case, because the rooker-feldman analysis in bridgewater is drawn from moccio v. new york state office of court administration, 95 f.3d 195, 198 (2d cir. 1996), which was overruled by the supreme court in exxon mobil corp. v. saudi basic indus. corp., 544 u.s. 280, 284, 125 s.ct. 1517, 161 l.ed.2d 454 (2005), it no longer reflects the law of this circuit.",784
-"the statute concerns the admission of """"evidence of a statement made by a witness,"""" so that """"the witness"""" in the statute who """"narrates, describes, or explains an event or condition of which the witness had personal knowledge"""" is the person who gave the prior inconsistent statement that a party seeks to admit.",785
-"we overrule any suggestion in beam that there may be an inevitable constitutional barrier to the use of dual juries in capital cases, experimentally or otherwise.",786
-"i have found no case that explains why a criminal defendant cannot pursue alternative defense theories that are both supported by the evidence, and why such an admission cannot be one simply for purposes of raising and presenting his affirmative defense.",787
-we recede from adams and quash the decision below to the extent that it conflicts with this opinion.,788
-"but having now fully considered these irreconcilable principles, we have concluded that smith must be overruled.",789
-"so that the law is free from ambiguity in this area, empire star mines is overruled to the extent that it conflicts with this opinion.",790
-"therefore, to overcome summary judgment, a party must not only make """"general allegations or conclusory assertions,"""" that do not detail the facts a party believes are in dispute.",791
-we hereby modify garcia and hold that the first procedure wherein the jury is informed of the amount of settlement is not acceptable.,792
-"to the extent that lantz is inconsistent with our holding today, it is overruled.",793
-"pub. l. no. 96-192, 29, 94 stat. 35, 48-49 (1980).",794
-chevron has been overruled.,795
-"id., 77. we observed further that """"the involvement of a police officer in the interview does not automatically preclude a statement from falling within the medical diagnosis and treatment exception.""""",796
-we therefore disapprove the holding in l.w. to the extent it conflicts with this holding.,797
-"once more, commenters challenged the cost inflation factor, calling it """"unnecessarily complicated.""""",798
-"however, after careful examination of the development and purpose of rule 296, we feel compelled to go further and overrule lassiter and all other decisions after 1957 which have required separate presentment of the initial request for findings and conclusions.",799
-"to the extent that owen is inconsistent with this opinion, it is overruled.",800
-"however, for the reasons assigned by judge (now justice) lemmon in his dissent to the original opinion of this court and judge redmann in his dissent to the opinion on remand in seavey we overrule the seavey case.",801
-"to the extent that state ex rel. nixon v. belt stands for the proposition that a trial court can never stay a judgment of ouster of a public official, it is overruled.",802
-"now that the issue is presented, we reject the hall/sherren dicta suggesting that the prior conviction requirement of section 666 is an ""element"" of a section 666 ""offense.",803
-"consequently, once proof is made that the judgment is void based on extrinsic evidence, the judgment is said to be equally ineffective and unenforceable as if the judgment were void on its face because it violates constitutional due process.",804
-"those remaining charges proceeded to trial on march 28, 2008, in philadelphia municipal court.",805
-"and, the persuasive impact of floyd's confessions must be scrutinized in the light of all the evidence, presented at trial and new.",806
-we specifically overrule johnson to the extent it approves the use of this instruction in the trial courts.,807
-held: courts are not required to analyze the doe factors each time a party asserts that a privacy interest exists.,808
-"to the extent this was the rationale for the holdings in foothill and jabola, they would appear to be inconsistent with a line of cases which have upheld the constitutionality of similar regulations.",809
-"see allred v. exceptional landscapes, inc., 227 n.c. app. 229, 232, 743 s.e.2d 48, 51 (2013) (""""unchallenged findings of fact are presumed to be supported by competent evidence and are binding on appeal."""" (citation omitted)).",810
-appellant must show that the trial court would have erred in overruling the objection to show ineffective assistance for a failure to object.,811
-"he filed a """"motion to suppress and motion to dismiss vindictive prosecution"""" in which he argued that the trial court should exclude """"all evidence resulting from [his] detention and arrest"""" because the arrest and the search of his person violated his constitutional rights.",812
-"it is not actionable under section 1983; the contrary suggestion in williams v. city of chicago, 525 f. supp. 85 (n.d.ill. 1981), is disapproved.",813
-that average is set based on existing structures that lie within 250 feet of the applicable measuring point.,814
-"our review of the record reveals that white did not argue the capabilities of the recording device were inadequate in his motion to suppress, nor did white make any argument regarding its capabilities during the pre-trial hearing.",815
-"unpublished presque isle circuit court family divisionlc no. 15-084025-ds after remand before: m. j. kelly, p.j., and ronayne krause and boonstra, jj. per curiam.",816
-"1969), and the subsequent cases based on walton.",817
-"##note: i cannot find rose v. sears, roebuck co. in the snippet or full text.",818
-"the court of appeals holding to the contrary in state v. gray, 45 kan.app.2d 522, 524, 249 p.3d 465,rev.",819
-"marley's testimony that gurino called himself the """"suncruz kid"""" was admissible as a statement against penal interest.",820
-"he then estimates that """"at least 960 brake linings were blown out in marcantoni's garage"""" during that period of time. he arrives at that figure by multiplying the number of brake linings per wheel (2) by the number of wheels per tandem dump truck (10) by the number of brake replacements per year (2), which comes to 40 brake linings being blown out per truck per year.",821
-"to the extent deal v. madison can be read to hold that section 2(e) applies only at the option of the defendant, it conflicts with the statute and this opinion, and it is disapproved.",822
-"while a warrant was obtained in that case, to the extent that burnstad can be said to stand for the proposition that the warrant requirement of flack and roaden is rendered unnecessary by a defendant's own pejorative characterization of the material it is hereby disapproved.",823
-"today's adjudication does not require that the holding of porter be overruled, only its rationale.",824
-"now that this court is reexamining that question, i am satisfied with the conclusion that under our statutory law, the husband has no such right and that gist v. french, supra, should be disapproved.",825
-"to the extent that language in chiles v. state employees attorneys guild, 734 so.2d 1030, 1034 (fla. 1999), may be read as endorsing use of the ""clearly erroneous"" standard in this regard, we recede from that language",826
-"all prior holdings to the contrary on this point are overruled, including the two roselle opinions, supra.",827
-any implication of floyd contrary to our decision in the case at bar is disapproved.,828
-"to the extent that it conflicts with this opinion, we disapprove alexander ranch v. central appraisal dist.",829
-"id., citing barnes v",830
-statements such as this did not violate defendants' fifth amendment rights.,831
-the cases were all decided prior to the cases cited above in the text.,832
-"carmen and fugate, to the extent that they conflict with this opinion, are overruled.",833
-"""""intoxication may be proven by the defendant's behavior including: loss of balance, slurred speech, lack of body coordination, and impairment of motor reflexes.""""",834
-"to the extent it has any vitality left, we disagree with perumal.",835
-"however, to the extent that these decisions stand for such a proposition, we recede and adopt the procedure set forth in rule 9.140(b) and section 924.06(3), florida statutes (1995).",836
-"given domond, it is clear that this ground is contrary to current precedent, and cannot stand.",837
-"boykin v. george p. morehead living tr., no. m2014-00575-coa-r3-cv, 2015 wl 3455433, at *2 (tenn. ct. app. may 29, 2015) (quoting burgess v. tie co. 1, llc, 44 s.w.3d 922, 923 (tenn.",838
-"first, a.p.'s prior statements were admitted as evidence of the material fact that appellant committed the charged offenses.",839
-"instead, they clandestinely and deceitfully listed derek as bobby's father.",840
-"to the extent that our prior holding in aetna is in conflict herewith, the same is hereby expressly overruled.",841
-reyes also appears to assert the district court improperly did not permit him to file a reply after the state filed its opposition to his petition.,842
-the trial court denied both motions.,843
-"as discussed elsewhere, the absence of that language in the mlssa supports overruling boutte.",844
-"walker process, 382 u.s. at 174.",845
-to the extent that our nance decision is to the contrary it has been overruled.,846
-"whether or not the court intended to convey this meaning in clark v. barney, and because the ruling in that case has lost much of its applicability under later modifications, our previous holding in clark v. barney is hereby expressly overruled insofar as it conflicts with the following rule, which we deem to be controlling in this case:",847
-"the principle underlying gaines, however, leads us to now reject the instruction we once approved in tolkow and to overrule that holding.",848
-applicant was convicted of solicitation of capital murder and sentenced to life years' imprisonment.,849
-"insofar as tucker suggests that a maximum-sentence agreement forecloses such issues, and thus provides support for the notion that a certificate of probable cause is necessary to raise them on appeal, tucker, like stewart, should be disapproved",850
-"thus far, the resolution of the question before us seems simple.",851
-"fletcher v. univ. hosps. of cleveland, 120 ohio st.3d 167, 2008-ohio-5379, paragraph one of the syllabus.",852
-"four of the articles were commentaries predicting that the 2016 election could turn violent, and of these four, two were based on a report of the same election observer.",853
-"{19} to prove ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must satisfy a two-prong test: first, counsel's performance has fallen below an objective standard of reasonable representation and second, appellant was prejudiced by counsel's performance.",854
-"accordingly, we overrule zinsmeyer to the extent it is inconsistent with this opinion.",855
-"when the question of illegality of the present sentence was raised by one of the judges on the panel in this appeal, the author referred this case to the court en banc, which (with judges barry, byrnes, ciaccio, ward, and williams dissenting) disapproves liddell on this point as erroneously decided.",856
-the trial court denied state farm's motion.,857
-"more recently, in williams, the reviewing court also held that no conflict exists between section 115-4.1(g) and supreme court rule 606(b).",858
-"as such, we find that the specific test set forth in cruz has been eliminated by section 777.201.",859
-any statements in the following decisions which are inconsistent with the views expressed herein are hereby disapproved:,860
-"if i were to color match the facts, i might make the statement that i find the new york and new mexico courts more persuasive.",861
-"for reasons elaborated in jones, 795 s.w.2d 199, we reject the premises upon which this reasoning is based and, to the extent it suggests that a judgment may not be corrected nunc pro tunc when its recitations are factually erroneous, we overrule bryan.",862
-"after full reconsideration of the issues involved, we now reject our earlier position in part vii of fowler and adopt the view taken by the fourth circuit in douglas.",863
-"accordingly, we approve the decision below and disapprove saunders, ansel and employee benefit claims to the extent that they authorize relief pursuant to rule 1.540 when a judgment for damages is entered non-jury after a jury trial was demanded and not waived but the parties were given notice of the proceedings.",864
-"that is true of the present case; and, due to intervening supreme court precedent, we reject our recent characterization in mosser, followed as binding precedent in this court in a number of cases, see qualchoice, inc., 367 f.3d at 642, 647, that a federal court has no subject-matter jurisdiction over an action ostensibly brought under 29 u.s.c. 1132(a)(3) apparently for solely legal relief.",865
-"accordingly, we overrule broadnax and its progeny, and we reaffirm the holdings of cases like craft v. craft, 647 so.2d at 783; pilgrim v. pilgrim, 596 so.2d at 944; and whitehead v. whitehead, 494 so.2d at 458, that a request for an award of alimony after the reservation of the issue must be based upon a material change of circumstances.",866
-"accordingly, we overrule alfree and abrogate the doctrine.",867
-"contrary to the petitioner's contention, alcoholic beverage control law 118(3) and rule 36.1(q) of the rules of the state liquor authority (9 nycrr) 53.1(q) are not unconstitutionally vague (see matter of kaur v new york state urban dev. corp., 15 ny3d 235; goldberg v corcoran, 153 ad2d 113).",868
-we therefore disapprove of baird and rotello to the extent that they hold otherwise.,869
-"we thus overrule marcum, american surety co. of n.y. and harrod, supra, to the extent that they approve submitting the issue to the jury, and other cases that leave this question to the jury.",870
-we have here given effect to the legislative definition of 'ministry of such church' in art. 7150b which cannot be reconciled with the rationale of the south park baptist church case; it is accordingly overruled.,871
-"to the extent that these cases are inconsistent with our conclusion herein, they are disapproved.",872
-"because aspects of the analysis in kuha are inconsistent with our opinion today, and are likely to sow confusion if left undisturbed, we abandon part ii.c of our opinion in kuha as circuit precedent.",873
-"the state maintains that the compassionate use act is broader than the act, """"does not involve any of the same oversight,"""" and there """"are no safeguards to prevent abuse.""""",874
-"williams co. v. director of revenue, 799 s.w.2d 602 (mo.banc 1990), is overruled to the extent it holds that the fifty-percent threshold requirement of section 143.431.3(1) is constitutionally valid.",875
-the case of gehman v. superior court (1979) 96 cal.app.3d 257 [ 158 cal.rptr. 62] is disapproved to the extent that it is inconsistent with this conclusion.,876
-"for example, in the well-known case of harris v. balk, 198 u.s. 215 (1905), epstein, a resident of maryland, had a claim against balk, a resident of north carolina. harris, another north carolina resident, owed money to balk.",877
-"we therefore disapprove people v. bullwinkle (1980) supra, 105 cal.app.3d 82, 86-90, and a dictum in people v. longwill (1975) 14 cal.3d 943, 948 [ 123 cal.rptr. 297, 538 p.2d 753].",878
-"thus, we overrule any contrary dicta in hurst to the extent that it may be read as conflicting with this opinion.",879
-a trial court has plenary power to reinstate a case on its own motion within thirty days after it signs an order of dismissal for want of prosecution.,880
-"to the extent that lopez is inconsistent with this rule, it is hereby overruled.",881
-"{8} after the interview was played, defense counsel asked wittich on cross-examination, """"when you were talking to mr. steelman, you were trying to get him to * * * implicate * * * third parties?"""" wittich answered, """"if that was the truth, yes.""""",882
-ocga 19-7-3 (c) (1).,883
-"see jones, 759 p.2d at 567-68.",884
-"insofar as the following opinions are inconsistent with this opinion, they are expressly overruled.",885
-"state v. schaller, 975 s.w.2d 313, 318 (tenn.",886
-while we believe that we have distinguished the kelly and godfrey cases it should perhaps be said that to the extent those cases may be considered as conflicting with this opinion they should no longer be followed.,887
-the result the court reaches follows inexorably from roberts and its progeny without any need for overruling that line of cases.,888
-"to the extent that extant oklahoma case law may be construed to reach a contrary conclusion, it is hereby disapproved and withdrawn.",889
-"to sustain the position of appellant under the doctrine of the koch case would, in effect, license elderly men under the guise of kindness and charity to take indecent liberties with young girls.",890
-""""" (alterations in original) (quoting drd pool serv., inc. , 416 md. at 64, 5 a.3d 45 )).",891
-"t.h.-s. (""""mother"""") appeals from the december 19, 2017 order granting her and m.l.s. (""""stepfather"""") joint legal custody of k.m.h. (""""child"""").",892
-see id. a trial court may decree an unequal division of an estate as long as a reasonable basis for doing so exists.,893
-"norquay, 905 f.2d at 1158-59; see also 18 u.s.c. 1153(b).",894
-"because the issues in this case are legal in nature, our review is for legal error.",895
-we provide the following explanations of this construction's application.,896
-"therefore, to the extent mckinney and civella are inconsistent with this proposition, they are overruled.",897
-"that language, unlike 114, does not limit the safe harbor to infringements of federal copyright.",898
-"in light of the fact that ducote represented a significant departure from the interpretation of pollution exclusion clauses in louisiana, and, more importantly, because ducote runs counter to the true intent of the exclusion, we overrule it at this time.",899
-"so, to the extent that wilkinson holds otherwise, it is overruled.",900
-the language and structure of t.r. 75(a) dictate that these cases were wrongly decided.,901
-"rather, as discussed, the board separately set out why it would be appropriate to bring employee picketing within that frameworkincluding by reasoning that picketing can be noncoercive and nondisruptive, as the board found was true of the peaceful, stationary holding of picket signs in this case.",902
-"there is no law or legal precedent specifically directing that a transit authority must control the schedules and work hours of transit employees to provide safe public transit, and the cta cannot show a well-defined and dominant public policy that prevents collective bargaining of the type of scheduling and work hour matters at issue here.",903
-movement across a room to facilitate a robbery might be essential to the commission of the robbery but be incidental thereto within the meaning of daniels. insofar as such cases are inconsistent with the views expressed herein they are disapproved.,904
-"in re a.s., 7th dist. no. 11 je 29, 2012-ohio-5468, 10.",905
-"because of that conflict, we overrule rollins cause of that conflict, we overrule rollins and reverse the district court's judgment.",906
-"holland v. arthur andersen & co., 212 ill. app. 3d 645, 650 (1991).",907
-"defense counsel objected, but was overruled by the trial court.",908
-see ibid .,909
-"we hold that the denial of appellants' motion for summary judgment is not appealable under section 1292(a)(1), and as our result here is inconsistent with the result reached in the above cases we are reversing the rule set forth therein which until now has settled the matter in this circuit in favor of appealability, peter pan fabrics, inc. v. dixon textile corp.",910
-(id.; r.r. at 260a-66a.),911
-"while the court of appeals' decision in brooks was very effective in advancing kentucky law on the issue of dissenters' appraisal rights, to the extent it is inconsistent with this opinion it is overruled.",912
-accordingly cochran and similar past holdings are hereby expressly overruled insofar as they collide with the enlightened view now here adopted.,913
-"to the extent our previous decisions in duckett, tate, lovelady, and andrews are in conflict with this decision, they are expressly overruled.",914
-"accordingly, the decision of the district court is approved, state ex rel. gore newspapers company v. tyson, supra, is overruled, and the writ heretofore issued is discharged.",915
-"see zannino, 895 f.2d at 17.",916
-"during the bench trial, appellants also objected to a question by adams bank during cynthia mcvay's testimony.",917
-"although we are reluctant to abandon settled precedent, a majority of this court is now convinced that our decision in federal kemper was improvident and should be overruled.",918
-the magistrate judge recommended that the district court sua sponte dismiss the action under 28 u.s.c. 1915(e)(2)(b),919
-"id. msha acknowledged that """"the nearest mine opening may not always be the safest route to the surface"""" and different """"factors affect whether or not the safest, most direct, practical route has been selected,"""" such as """"roof conditions, travel height, fan location, physical dimensions of the mine opening, and similar considerations.""""",920
-we overrule marcum and owens to the extent that they are inconsistent with this opinion.,921
-"as the u.s. supreme court has stated, judicial rulings alone almost never constitute a valid basis for a bias or partiality motion directed to a trial judge.",922
-it is well settled that the court can award restitution even in the absence of such a request by the public prosecutor.,923
-the minnesota legislature similarly limited the lewis court's holding.,924
-"it follows that there was no valid judgment against defendant bond; that the execution and garnishment issued thereon was properly quashed; and that williams v. shrout, mo.app., 294 s.w.2d 640, relied on by garnishor, must be and is overruled.",925
-"however, farley was overruled by ex parte airhart, 477 so.2d 979 (ala. 1985), in which the alabama supreme court held that there was a fatal variance between an indictment charging theft of currency and proof of the theft of a check.",926
-we are constrained to respectfully disagree with that approval and overrule that particular aspect of the myers case.,927
-"we hereby overrule alexander, supra, 22 cal.2d 198, and hold that, subject to limitations imposed by statute, the right to petition for judicial review of a final decision of an administrative agency is not necessarily affected by the party's failure to file a request for reconsideration or rehearing before that agency.",928
-"47 although defendant likens the testimony at his trial to that of people v. sample, 326 ill. app. 3d 914 (2001), we disagree.",929
-"thus, to the degree that olivieri suggests that the present version of the pfa act imposes a common residency requirement, it is expressly overruled.",930
-judge dickler is thus immune from suit.,931
-"the third article pryce offered into evidence was published on august 8, 2016, on the website of the custer county chief newspaper.",932
-we hereby reject that portion of ferguson which is not in accord with this opinion.,933
-"texas defines """"bodily injury"""" as """"physical pain, illness, or any impairment of physical condition.""""",934
-"to the extent that they conflict with this holding, chase, supra, and hill, supra, are overruled.",935
-"consequently, the proposed claims against clay would be futile, and we conclude that there was no abuse of discretion in denying the plaintiff's motion to amend.",936
-"it was the day after this incident that the defendant called a friend and said, """"[t]hank god [the victim] didn't open the door because i would have kill[ed] her because i had a knife in my hand.""""",937
-"my colleagues argue that their imposition of sua sponte estoppel avoids """"unnecessary judicial waste.""""",938
-"because the defendant had agreed not to attempt to enforce either provision against the plaintiff, the court did not determine whether either was enforceable.",939
-we disapprove the following cases to the extent they are to the contrary:,940
-"plaintiffs established their prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law on this issue by demonstrating """"that [wellington], while exposed to an elevation-related hazard, was hit and injured by a falling object, i.e., a load that required securing, because of the absence of adequate safety devices, which hazard was a proximate cause of the accident"""" (jock v landmark healthcare facilities, llc, 62 ad3d at 1072).",941
-see section iii(a)(3)(b)(i)(2)(c); see also bnsf app'x at 931-32.,942
-the holding of the court in the goldman case was error and it is now specifically overruled.,943
-"dr. o'brien testified that banks understands he is in prison, and that he is in prison for the multiple murders.",944
-"to the extent that east montgomery water, sewer fire protection authority v. water works sanitary sewer bd. of city of montgomery, 474 so.2d 1088 (ala. 1985), conflicts with this holding, it should no longer be followed.",945
-we therefore overrule brice and hold that equitable tolling applies to the vaccine act.,946
-"it demonstrates a conscious desire to accomplish an unlawful act, denotes a lack of virtually all personal characteristics we deem important to law practice, threatens to bring significant misfortune on the unsuspecting client and severely impugns the integrity of the profession.""""",947
-"to the extent that connor v. farmer, 382 so.2d 1069 (la.app. 1980) may be contrary to this opinion, it is overruled.",948
-we disapprove the following cases to the extent they are inconsistent with our opinion today.,949
-"accordingly, we overrule davis insofar as it holds that the prosecution can never meet its burden of proving a valid waiver of miranda rights if it fails, without explanation, to call as corroborating witnesses all officers who witnessed the defendant's interrogation.",950
-"the district court considered multiple factors, and the risk assessment information was not determinative.",951
-also overruled are any cases purporting to follow burrage.,952
-"accordingly, to the extent that our decision suggested that the economic loss doctrine bars a cutpa claim arising from the breach of a promise to deliver goods even when the breach was accompanied by aggravating circumstances, we conclude that we must overrule it.",953
-"in the hrs get chapter, hrs 237-22 provides that payments for sales, gross receipts, or use taxes paid out of state will be offset.",954
-"however, to the extentfesmire, supra, and cases following it require a trial judge, without exception, once an allegation of abuse has been made, to make a finding on the record as to whether ""domestic abuse"" has in fact occurred, they are in error and are hereby overruled.",955
-"in re estate of baca, 1980-nmsc-135, 9-10, 95 n.m. 294, 621 p.2d 511 (upholding collateral attack on a 1950 judgment in an estate proceeding stating """"[a] judgment which is void is subject to direct or collateral attack at any time"""").",956
-"we cannot conclude that counsel's error, if any, was so serious as to deprive appellant of a fair trial.",957
-"thus, the statements in these older cases merely reflected the prevailing law at the time, a rule abrogated by the present version of section 634",958
-"to the extent that the decisions in general motors corp. v. ramsey, allis-chalmers mfg. co. v. coplin, ford motor co. v. lemieux lumber co., ford motor co. v. revert, and pierce v. ford motor co. hold or imply that an automobile dealership is the agent or representative of the manufacturer if the dealership performs warranty or recall work, they are disapproved.",959
-"franks and wingfield, supra, are overruled as far as their inconsistency with this holding.",960
-"id. at 143 n.612, j.a. 1192.",961
-"contrary to the grandmother's contention on appeal, under the circumstances of this case, there was a binding and effective waiver by her of the right to counsel (cf. matter of soto v willis, 143 ad3d 728, 729-730).",962
-"to the extent any language in herman suggested otherwise, we disavow it.",963
-"nevertheless, according to doe, wherever one draws the line between battlefield captive and long-term detainee, he falls on the latter side.",964
-id. at 135 (16).,965
-"we do recede from rotenberry v. state, 468 so.2d 971 (fla. 1985), to the extent that it may be read to be in conflict with this decision.",966
-"toward the end of its analysis, the court again, in the context of analyzing the spectrum of laws and cases establishing limits on punitive awards, observes ... the upper limit is not directed to cases like this one, where the tortious action was worse than negligent but less than malicious, ... the 3:1 ratio ... applies to awards in quite different cases involving ... malicious behavior and dangerous activity carried on for the purpose of increasing a tortfeasor's financial gain.",967
-"however, this statement in boland ii is inconsistent with dodds.",968
-all appellate decisions of our state conflicting with this decision are receded from or are overruled and in particular burke v. o'brien,969
-"(in-home supportive services, supra, 152 cal.app.3d at p. 733.)",970
-"as a detainee, enriquez claims, sheriff villanueva wrongfully and unlawfully imprisoned him when sheriff villanueva transferred him back to the penitentiary to continue serving a sentence that did not exist under furman. enriquez asserts that as a result, he was subjected to false imprisonment and cruel and unusual punishment in violation of his constitutional rights.",971
-"in sheldon appel, our supreme court clarified that the question of probable cause in a malicious prosecution case is a question of law. (sheldon appel co. v. albert & oliker, supra, 47 cal.3d at p. 875.)",972
-"42 pa.c.s.a. 6302 (1). under the common law rule, the child thus reaches the age of 18 years the day before his or her birthdate.",973
-"we hold that an order granting or denying a motion for new trial may be freely rescinded so long as such action occurs within the 75 days provided by the rules (i.e., current rule 21.8(a) (c)); to the extent that matthews and its progeny were held to apply during this time period, they are overruled.",974
-"on appeal, bailey contends that the trial judge abused his discretion in not finding that bailey had presented a prima facie case concerning his batson challenge and that the judge failed to follow proper procedure once bailey had made his prima facie showing.",975
-arana v. koerner is overruled to the extent it indicates otherwise.,976
-"to the extent that marshall-silver can be read to hold otherwise, it is overruled.",977
-"(shoemaker v. myers (1990) 52 cal.3d 1, 7.)",978
-"for clarity, we overrule bruce's interpretation that escalation clauses must be tied to all four factors.",979
-"where a trial court sustains an objection to the admission of evidence, in order to preserve the issue for appeal, there must be a proffer.",980
-"we disagree, and expressly reject the reasoning of mid-continent and utica square.",981
-"to the extent state v. mckrackern, 1945, 141 me. 194, 41 a.2d 817, may hold that aggravation, even in general terms, need not be alleged in the indictment, it is overruled.",982
-we conclude that we should.,983
-"to the extent they are inconsistent herewith, the cases of procunier v. superior court (losoya) (1973) 35 cal.app.3d 207 [ 110 cal.rptr. 529], and procunier v. superior court (herth) (1973) 35 cal.app.3d 211 [ 110 cal.rptr. 531], are disapproved.",984
-"ct. app. 1992), and state ex rel. department of pub. safety v. 1989 ford probe, vin # 1zvbt21c3k5182641, ok tag # icw579, 854 p.2d 386 (okla.",985
-"the issue before the supreme court was """"whether the imposition of the death penalty in these cases constitute cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the eighth and fourteenth amendments?"""" id.",986
-"accordingly, we similarly disapprove the decisions in vanderbilt inn on the gulf v. pfenninger, __ so.2d __, 2002 wl 459252 (fla. 2d dca february 8, 2002), bomemann v. ure, 778 so.2d 1077 (fla. 4th dca 2001), and silva v. lazar, 766 so.2d 341 (fla. 4th dca 2000), to the extent that they adopt the erroneous due diligence principle of tejada which is disapproved here.",987
-"pockman v. leonard, supra, 39 cal.2d 676, holding to the contrary, is overruled.",988
-"the false statement must point to the plaintiff and """"to no one else."""" newspapers, inc., 339 s.w.2d at 894; houseman, 242 s.w.3d at 525.",989
-"we therefore disapprove the discussion in russell v. roberts, supra, 39 cal.app.3d at pages 394-395, and the dicta in goodyear v. mack, supra, 159 cal.app.3d at pages 659-660, and shepherd v. robinson, supra, 128 cal.app.3d at page 626.",990
-"martin v. twp enterprises inc., 227 md. app. 33, 49 (2016) (quoting baltimore luggage co. v. holtzman, 80 md. app. 282, 290 (1989).",991
-"over a year later, debora filed a pro se motion for release (satisfaction) of judgment based upon a release entered into between ryan and brewer, prior to the entry of judgment against debora.",992
-see general statutes 51-199 (c).,993
-"it is true, as the district court noted, r. 356 (dist.",994
-"c.v. stated that after r.s. brought him back into the room, j.s. held his arms again.",995
-"the relevant court order did not ask dr. goff or anyone else to provide the defense with help in evaluating, preparing, and presenting its case.",996
-"to the extent that the decision in wilson v. united states, 669 f.supp. 563 (e.d.n.y. 1987), is inconsistent with our holding here, we overrule it.",997
-"for these reasons, the district court did not err in determining that appellant did not overcome the presumption that she was palpably unfit to parent her four children.",998
-"furthermore, when objecting to the result, which was the trial judge's announcement of a judgment of acquittal and that he would dismiss the jury, the prosecution still failed to identify that article 778 provided no direct support for the acquittal.",999
-"the federal immigration judge and the board of immigration appeals (bia) found respondent removable, but the ninth circuit summarily remanded in light of its earlier penuliar decision holding that ""aiding and abetting"" a theft is not itself a crime under the generic definition of theft.",1000
-"wood v. starko, 197 s.w.3d 255, 257 (tenn.",1001
-"we have reconsidered the rule of those cases in light of our decisions in law and adams, and we today overrule those cases to the extent that they allow parole revocation to be made effective upon the completion of a sentence imposed for an offense while the prisoner was on parole, or to be made effective in futuro upon similar future occurrence or condition.",1002
-"this was the legislative intent and in so far as arnold, supra, holds to the contrary it is specifically overruled.",1003
-"we quash the decision of the first district in this case and disapprove its decisions in lundy, wood, and campbell.",1004
-"the en banc court unanimously votes to overrule morin v. helfrick, 930 s.w.2d 733, 738 (tex.app. houston [1st dist.] 1996, no writ), as set out in part a, footnote 4, of the opinion.",1005
-"to the extent people v. gallegos, 789 p.2d 461 (colo.app. 1989), is inconsistent with the views expressed herein, that decision is disapproved.",1006
-"criminal appeal from the court of common pleas of mahoning county, ohiocase no. 16 cr 810 before: carol ann robb, gene donofrio, kathleen bartlett, judges. judgment: affirmed. atty. paul j. gains, mahoning county prosecutor, atty. ralph m. rivera, assistant prosecuting attorney 21 west boardman street, 6th floor, youngstown, ohio 44503, for plaintiff-appellee and atty. edward a. czopur, degenova & yarwood, ltd, 42 north phelps street, youngstown, ohio 44503 for defendant-appellant. robb, p.j.",1007
-we overrule himont to the extent that it permitted such a remedy.,1008
-"sheley v. fla. parole comm'n, 720 so. 2d 216, 218 (fla. 1998).",1009
-"southern reporter. (madison circuit court, dr-17-3415) per curiam.",1010
-"he asserts that the jury saw deputies escorting him to the lock up, which he contends is the equivalent of visible shackling.",1011
-"to the extent that barnes v. blue haven pools (1969) 1 cal.app.3d 123, which was decided under summary judgment law as it stood prior to the 1992 and 1993 amendments, is to the contrary, it is no longer vital inasmuch as such law as it stands now is materially different.",1012
-"see, e.g., in re paulson, 346 or 676, 713, 216 p3d 859 (2009), adh'd to as modified on recons, 347 or 529, 225 p3d 41 (2010) (quoting aba standards at 7).",1013
-"the second cause of action asserted that the liquidated damages clause of the leases was void as a penalty banned by civil code section 1671, or, in the alternative, should be construed as authorizing termination of the lease prior to its expiration.",1014
-"in sheppard, the fourth district court of appeal disagreed, expressly rejecting sagaert, and stating that to allow the provision's application to repayment proceedings would be an inappropriate invasion by the judiciary into the legislative arena, contrary to the constitutional mandate which separates the two respective governmental powers.",1015
-we disapprove gamez to the extent it conflicts with our decision in this case.,1016
-bonnell at 29.,1017
-but the government in jones never took a position as to plain error review (because the challenge to the firearms and toolmark examiner's testimony was preserved).,1018
-"to the extent that don hill holds that a derivative claimant can perfect a lien without timely supplying all of the notices required by section 53.056 of the texas property code, it is overruled.",1019
-the court of appeals reversed the district court's decision and remanded to the district court to engage in a quantum meruit analysis by applying a set of factors that it listed in the opinion.,1020
-"those cases (cavarly and clark) and such cases as estate of blake, 157 cal. 448 [ 108 p. 287], and estate of hamon, 136 cal.app. 517 [ 29 p.2d 326], are disapproved insofar as the question herein decided is concerned.",1021
-all other amendments require the court's permission or a stipulation of the parties.,1022
-defendant sent four letters to counsel between january 2011 and november 2014. he received no response from counsel and waited four years before contacting the clerk's office.,1023
-thus both precedent and established principles of judicial construction dictate the conclusion that hurst erred in holding the notice and hearing provisions of the zoning act of 1917 applied to zoning ordinances enacted by initiative.,1024
-"accordingly, we hereby recede from the statement referred to above in barr v. state, supra, and the judgment and sentence for contempt is",1025
-"the petitioner has not demonstrated that the absence of an evaluation by a mental health expert had any effect on the outcome of the proceeding, and he is not entitled to relief.",1026
-"to the extent that our opinions in baker v. mayor and city council of baltimore, 894 f.2d 679, 682 (4th cir.), cert. denied, 498 u.s. 815 (1990), and schlitz v. commonwealth of virginia, 854 f.2d 43, 45-46 (4th cir. 1988), can be read to confer legislative immunity on municipalities from suits brought under section 1983, those decisions are overruled.",1027
-"to the extent that the williams and perkins court of appeal opinions held as a matter of law, either implicitly or explicitly, that prescription cannot begin to run under la.r.s. 23:1031.1.e",1028
-"to the extent that these cases are inconsistent with our opinion today, they are disapproved.",1029
-no such authority is required to be shown in cases involving the forgery of a check and the contrary holding in fain v. commonwealth is overruled.,1030
-"therefore, we specifically reject our prior cases which rely on an ""ultimate objective"" or ""primary offense"" test.",1031
-"although the fines and fees order provides for offset of these fines, it does not state the number of days' credit defendant should receive or reflect the credit was actually awarded.",1032
-"thus, tompkin and amendola are overruled to the extent that they provide that ohio common law negligence claims arising prior to the 2005 amendment of the ohio products liability act are abrogated by the act.",1033
-"thus, to the degree that procon suggests that udot waives a contract's written notice provisions if the udot board of review resolves a claim against udot on other grounds, we disavow that interpretation.",1034
-"""""the supreme court has made 'clear that reckless conduct is not measured by whether a reasonably prudent [person] would have published [or spoken], or would have investigated before publishing [or speaking].'",1035
-"id. 2255(f)(3). dodd v. united states clarifies that this limitation period begins when the supreme court declares a new right, not when courts first acknowledge that right to be retroactive.",1036
-"awards of enhanced damages under the patent act over the past 180 years establish that they are not to be meted out in a typical infringement case, but are instead designed as a """"punitive"""" or """"vindictive"""" sanction for egregious infringement behavior.",1037
-"heard complied, """"but she did not stop hollering.""""",1038
-"in the wake of hohn, we must overrule beeler and kelly iii's holding that a habeas corpus ""case"" is not pending until the habeas petition itself has been filed.",1039
-in that case the biological mother gave her consent to adoption and then sought to withdraw it.,1040
-". to the extent they conflict with this holding, we disapprove dameshghi, supra, 3 cal.app.4th 1262, and renfrew, supra, 175 cal.app.3d 1105.",1041
-"because the result reached in state v. murdock, 299 kan. 312, 323 p.3d 846 (2014), modified by supreme court order september 19, 2014, was dictated by williams, we also overrule murdock.",1042
-" actually, in his appellate briefing, mr. havens argues that he is entitled to compensatory damages under both title ii and 504.",1043
-"see 691 n.w.2d 726, 729 (iowa 2005).",1044
-"to the extent of conflict roy v. state, supra, is overruled.",1045
-"we now hold that zauderer in fact does reach beyond problems of deception, sufficiently to encompass the disclosure mandates at issue here.",1046
-any language in the bleuer case in conflict with or contrary to the opinion expressed herein is withdrawn and disapproved.,1047
-"and to the extent that tichenor relied on united states v. demaree, 459 f.3d 791 (7th cir.2006), to distinguish the guidelines from criminal statutes, that is the very ex post facto case that peugh abrogated.",1048
-"the various mitigating factors are unavailing because by virtue of his felony conviction, the respondent was automatically disbarred and ceased to be an attorney pursuant to judiciary law 90(4)(a) (see matter of ginsberg, 1 ny2d 144).",1049
- and the village's argument on this point.,1050
-"qualified immunity protects """"all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.""""",1051
-"in reaching this result, we will also overrule our decision in auer.",1052
-"wayman argued that in ogle this court expressly overruled strickland v. mobile towing wrecking co., 293 ala. 348, 303 so.2d 98 (1974), upon which, wayman argues, downtown nursing home relied, thereby effectively overruling downtown nursing home.",1053
-"""""the odor of raw marijuana - especially an overwhelming odor of raw marijuana - creates probable cause to believe that a large quantity of raw marijuana will be found.""""",1054
-"bu does not even suggest that these results were accomplished by following the specification's teachings, or that achieving these results was within an ordinary artisan's skill as of the patent's effective filing date.",1055
-"lyons, special justice (concurring specially in case no. 1130184).",1056
-there is no expression by congress here of a waiver of sovereign immunity where the irs acts reasonably and in good faith to collect tax debts it reasonably believes do not fall within the scope of a discharge injunction.,1057
-"on october 4, 2012, the defendant filed a sora registration form at the swansea police department listing his current address.",1058
-"it is unlikely that similar circumstances will often be replicated, but where a judge does come to have no matter how extrajudicial """"personal knowledge"""" of a """"disputed evidentiary fact[],"""" as we conclude was the case here, the trial judge is required to recuse herself under subsection (a) of canon 3(e)(1); model judicial code, rule 2.11(a)(1).",1059
-"because our case law does not support the approach set forth in cobarruvias, we affirm division two and hold that a trial court need not expressly state the presumption against waiver, nor must it begin its analysis of voluntariness anew when evaluating the third prong of the thomson analysis.",1060
-the court's order concluded that plaintiff's complaint was time-barred.,1061
-"to the extent united states v. king, 521 f.2d 61 (10th cir. 1975), holds to the contrary, it is overruled.",1062
-"thus, we now overrule cooper stevedoring co., inc.",1063
-"in accord with robbins, we overrule turner in part and implement the following procedure to govern cases where appellate counsel represents an indigent criminal defendant and does not believe his or her client's case presents any arguable issues on appeal:",1064
-we further disapprove the decision in d.f.,1065
-"in order to bring harmony both within and among the circuits, we now overrule the portion of lee dealing with the treatment of theft and hold that theft from a person is a violent felony under the armed career criminal act.",1066
-"to the extent farmers suggests that the partridge analysis applies in the coverage determination, we disapprove of that decision.",1067
-in that respect the opinion in the webb case is in error and is in conflict with what we have said in this opinion.,1068
-"accordingly, we overrule those appellate decisions which employ the abuse of discretion standard in an appeal from the trial court's denial of a motion to recuse because it did not meet the criteria of uscr 25.3.",1069
-"we overrule courier-journal v. mcdonald, ky., 524 s.w.2d 633 (1974) to the extent that it is in conflict with this opinion.",1070
-"43 but standing is not a prerequisite to subject matter jurisdiction; it is the state's burden to demonstrate lack of standing, and that argument may be forfeited if not timely raised.",1071
-"in the instant case, since the subject matter of the cross-examination did not concern prior crimes, acts or misconduct of the accused, a johnson hearing was not required.",1072
-"accordingly, we now adopt that rule and disapprove the court of appeal decision in glende motor, supra, 159 cal.app.3d 389, to the extent that it is contrary to our conclusion.",1073
-the commission further held that the swb could rely upon earlier reprimands in issuing future discipline.,1074
-"thus, we disapprove that case to the extent that it is inconsistent with this opinion.",1075
-"the defendant has the burden of showing that the testimony would have been both favorable and material to his defense.""""",1076
-easiest way to see the majority's error is to take its own example: an airline passenger who rejects a $300 voucher for taking a later flight.,1077
-"under the circumstances, we conclude that it is appropriate to overrule casey, 6 harvey, and subsequent decisions holding that the venue guarantee of article i, section 11, requires the state to prove venue beyond a reasonable doubt as a material allegation of every criminalcase.",1078
-"o the extent to which people v. kimbley (1961) 189 cal.app.2d 300 [ 11 cal.rptr. 519], and people v. berner (1938) 28 cal.app.2d 392 [ 82 p.2d 617], are inconsistent with the views expressed herein, they are disapproved.",1079
-2016) (quoting minn. sent. guidelines 2.d.1 (supp.,1080
-"a, c s, aligning itself with east river, expressly rejects pennsylvania glass, which, as we have stated, provided the basis for vaughn's damage to the product itself tort recovery.",1081
-"taken in light of the parties' contentious history, the evidence did not so clearly preponderate against the trial court's decision as to render it erroneous.",1082
-"indeed, in the same year we decided latimer we overruled a different sentencing precedent in people v. king (1993) 5 cal.4th 59 ( king).",1083
-"any statements to the contrary in johnson v. county of fresno, 64 cal.app.2d 576 [ 149 p.2d 38]; klimper v. city of glendale, 99 cal.app.2d 446 [ 222 p.2d 49]; brown v. sequoia union high school dist., 89 cal.app.2d 604 [ 201 p.2d 66]; and slavin v. city of glendale, 97 cal.app.2d 407 [ 217 p.2d 984], are disapproved.",1084
-the timeliness of bradshaw's attempt to obtain a pdr rehearing determines when his conviction became final and when the limitations period began to run.,1085
-j.a. 113-15.,1086
-"we have assumed that the anticompetitive conduct here independently caused foreign injury; that is, the conduct's domestic effects did not help to bring about that foreign injury.",1087
-"rather, nalwafar from disagreeing with knight referenced it as the """"seminal decision explicating and applying primary assumption of risk in the recreational context.""""",1088
-"see 1 j. kalinowski, antitrust laws and trade regulation 12.02[1] (2d ed. 2017) (kalinowski); p. areeda & h. hovenkamp, fundamentals of antitrust law 15.02[b] (4th ed. 2017) (areeda & hovenkamp); capital imaging assoc., p. c. v. mohawk valley medical associates, inc., 996 f. 2d 537, 543 (ca2 1993).",1089
-"he also left the scene of the crime, wrote a note to his mother under the apparent belief that he would be going to prison, and proclaimed a plan to commit suicide.",1090
-the accident report contains no reference to a low back injury.,1091
-"to the extent that syllabus point 3 of state v. caudill, 170 w.va. 74, 289 s.e.2d 748 (1982) is inconsistent, it is hereby modified.",1092
-"as discussed above, those tribunals have been found to operate consistently with the constitution and their judgments bar subsequent civilian prosecution for charges resolved therein.",1093
-"insofar as it is inconsistent with our holding in this case, mullane v. industrial acc. com., supra, is disapproved.",1094
-"a rereading and rethinking of victor in relation to douglas v. california, supra, and our discussion in the instant opinion, convinces us that victor was not correct and should be overruled.",1095
-"in light of the caswell decision, the rule expressed in loschiavo, that a federal regulation alone may create a right enforceable through 1983, is no longer viable.",1096
-"we specifically recede from salley v. city of st. petersburg, 511 so.2d 975 (fla. 1987), to the extent that it suggests that appellate fees may be awarded, even if a party fails to comply with the substantive requirements of florida rule of appellate procedure 9.400(b).",1097
-"as salerno observed, the bail reform act required individualized hearings in which """"the government [had to] convince a neutral decisionmaker by clear and convincing evidence that no conditions of release can reasonably assure the safety of the community or any person."""" 481 u.s. at 750.",1098
-we disapprove of other courts of appeals' decisions to the extent that they applied the particularized need/risk analysis to claims brought by suspects injured during an arrest.,1099
-"to the extent that samaniego-meraz conflicts with our holding today, it is overruled.",1100
-"on this point, insofar as montgomery v. state, supra, and cases cited therein, state a different rule, we overrule them, and hold that such questions are questions of fact, not law, and that it is up to the trier of fact to weigh those factors and determine whether the defendant was intoxicated and, if so, whether the intoxication was a result of alcohol consumption prior to or after the commission of an offense.",1101
-"see golden eagle archery, inc. v. jackson, 116 s.w.3d 757, 761 (tex. 2003).",1102
-[appellant risner br. at 18-19].,1103
-"however, to the extent the case was not dismissed on procedural grounds, the johnson case is contrary to the supreme court's opinion in foremost insurance company v. shepard, supra.",1104
-"ibid. """"race is not assigned an explicit numerical value, but it is undisputed that race is a meaningful factor.""""",1105
-"moreover, our analysis of the decisions of the united states supreme court now requires us to recede from that portion ofgrossman which relied upon the interlocking nature of the confession to provide the requisite indicia of reliability.",1106
-"to the extent it is inconsistent with this conclusion, tabucchi, supra, 64 cal.app.3d 133, is disapproved.",1107
-we therefore recede from dania to the extent that it conflicts with heggs.,1108
-"initially, in opposition to petitioner's motion for class certification, respondent relied primarily on the governmental operations rule, which provides that class actions are not a superior method for resolving multiple claims against administrative agencies because stare decisis will protect the potential class members by ensuring prospective application of a favorable judgment.",1109
-"williams disapproved of people v. morris (1987) 192 cal.app.3d 380, 237 cal.rptr. 402 ( morris ) to the extent it is inconsistent with our conclusion that defendant's miranda arguments are without merit.",1110
-"however, we do not read section 58-37-13 to require a showing of a profit motive on the part of the person involved in the transportation and distribution of drugs; to the extent one porsche is contrary it is overruled.",1111
-" see terry v. ohio, 392 u.s. 1, 30 (1968) (holding that police may stop and briefly detain a person for purposes of investigation if the officer has a reasonable suspicion supported by articulable facts that criminal activity may be afoot).",1112
-"this decision typically can be made without a hearing because eligibility is often obvious on the incontrovertible written record.""""",1113
-see id. 154.128(a)(3).,1114
-it further quoted commissioner norris as saying:,1115
-"defendant having moved for leave to prosecute, as a poor person, the appeal taken from a judgment of the supreme court, bronx county, rendered on or about may 15, 2017, for leave to have the appeal heard upon the original record and a reproduced appellant's brief, and for related relief, now, upon reading and filing the papers with respect to the motion, and due deliberation having been had thereon, it is ordered that the motion is granted to the extent of permitting the appeal to be heard on the original record, except that a certified copy of the indictment(s) shall be substituted in place of the original indictment(s), and upon a reproduced appellant's brief, on condition that appellant serves one copy of such brief upon the district attorney of said county and files 8 copies of such brief, together with the original record, pursuant to rule 600.11 of the rules of this court.",1116
-we reject wilder's arguments and affirm.,1117
-"in howard, we rejected the appellant's sixth amendment claim because we found the chemist's reports were """"sufficiently trustworthy to satisfy the purpose of the confrontation clause."""" 473 a.2d at 839.",1118
-"in any event, if they are contrary to the result we have reached, we overrule them.",1119
-"in sum, hernandez is modified as follows: double credit should not be awarded where a defendant is sentenced to consecutive sentences under separate indictments and receives the optimal benefits of jail credit for time spent in pre-sentence custody.",1120
-that view has been disapproved.,1121
-"therefore, to the extent that cases in this jurisdiction imply that misconduct must be intentional before it constitutes reversible error, they are disapproved.",1122
-"11 here, the bondsman tracked durfey to montana.",1123
-"to the extent they are inconsistent with this conclusion, we disapprove jue v. patton, supra, 33 cal.app.4th 456, and ryder v. peterson, supra, 51 cal.app.4th 1056.",1124
-"in accord then with the numerous considerations discussed throughout this opinion, and on the basis of the legislature's amendment of alabama's homicide statute to include protection for an unborn child in utero at any stage of development, regardless of viability, 13a61(a)(3), we overrule lollar and gentry, and we hold that the wrongful death act permits an action for the death of a previable fetus.",1125
-"an alj may discount the opinion of an """"other source,"""" such as a qualified mental health practitioner like daneke, if he provides a reason """"germane to [the] witness for doing so."""" popa v. berryhill, 872 f.3d 901, 906 (9th cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted); see 20 c.f.r. 416.913 (2013).",1126
-"thus, florida has always required jury verdicts to be unanimous on the elements of criminal offenses.",1127
-"he also admitted that, before he confessed, he requested that the police charge him with manslaughter in exchange for his statement.",1128
-"to the extent that busot v. busot, 354 so.2d 1255 (fla.2d dca 1978); clemons v. morris, 350 so.2d 519 (fla. 4th dca 1977); hall v. air force finance center, department of the air force of the united states, 344 so.2d 1340 (fla. 1st dca 1977); and decastro v. decastro, 334 so.2d 834 (fla.3d dca 1976), are inconsistent with this decision, they are disapproved.",1129
-"having reviewed the issue en banc, we overrule mckenzie and reverse the award of a contingency enhancement to ms. king.",1130
-we have held that a district court's failure to give a heat-of-passion manslaughter charge to the jury does not prejudice a defendant when the jury is presented with second-degree intentional murder and first-degree premeditated murder and finds the defendant guilty of first-degree premeditated murder.,1131
-"we stated, """"employers owe certain nondelegable and continuous duties to employees acting in the course and scope of their duties, including the duties to warn about the hazards of employment, to supervise activities, to furnish a reasonably safe workplace, and to furnish reasonably safe instrumentalities with which to work.""""",1132
-"limiting the assertion to the facts of this case, the respondent actually did propose that i rely on the unaffected market price.",1133
-"because bluebonnet express, inc. v. employers ins. of wausau, 655 s.w.2d 327 (tex.app. houston [14th dist.] 1983, no writ) held to the contrary, it is disapproved.",1134
-"the rationale behind the principle that a """"defendant may not receive a harsher sentence solely, or even partially, because he refuses to plead guilty and proceeds to require the prosecution to prove his guilt"""" """"is that the coercion or inducement casts a chill over the exercise of guaranteed fundamental constitutional rights.""""",1135
-"although the result would not have been different in that case under the standard articulated here, we disapprove of the standard as presented in robinson.",1136
-"the third district certified conflict with the decisions in hoenstine v. state farm fire casualty co., 736 so.2d 761 (fla. 5th dca 1999), and florida farm bureau casualty insurance co. v. sheaffer.",1137
-trial court's findings were not against manifest weight of evidence.,1138
-the court of appeals adopted a somewhat more moderate construction of the regulation.,1139
-"any brief that appellant files must comply with the applicable provisions of the texas rules of appellate procedure, including rule 38.1, which sets out the requirements for an appellant's brief.",1140
-"years later, the defendant perjured himself in front of a grand jury when he was called to testify as part of a renewed investigation into the alleged counterfeiting.",1141
-"as an intermediate appellate court, we are required to follow the holdings of the ohio supreme court, which is the ultimate authority on matters of state law.",1142
-"we are thus persuaded that it is time, indeed past time, to overrule hicks and the cases relying upon it and to recognize iaac claims premised upon appellate counsel's alleged failure to raise a particular issue on direct appeal.",1143
-"the decision in jopes v. salt lake county, 9 utah 2d, 297, 343 p.2d 728 (1959), is hereby overruled.",1144
-"we hold that indiana code section 32-24-1-13(a) exempts the transportation department from any such requirement, thereby over-ruling decker v. state.",1145
-"moreover, the herbsts seek only to affirm the judgment of the court of appeals remanding the case to the trial court.",1146
-"accordingly, we answer the certified question in the affirmative, disapprove deruyter, and approve the decision of the court below.",1147
-"the error was quickly discovered, however, and the defendants' answer was thereafter filed, albeit eight days late.",1148
-"the victim went into the bedroom and when she hesitated, the defendant pushed her down on the bed.",1149
-"to the extent that they are inconsistent with this opinion, haines, 428 so.2d 590 (miss.",1150
-"however, our discussion above of the supreme court cases indicates that the jurisdictional label has often been used loosely, and sometimes interchanged in the same opinion with statute of limitations terminology.",1151
-"to the extent that stewart indicates that a defendant may be convicted of and sentenced for both of those offenses involving the death of the same victim, that case is disapproved.",1152
-"to the extent that this dictum is inconsistent with our holding here, we expressly overrule it.",1153
-mcl 450.1209(1)(c)(ii).,1154
-"appellate review that is not founded upon any factual findings made at the trial court level, but is based upon an independent review and analysis of the contract within the four corners of the document, is not subject to the manifest error rule of law.",1155
-"(fsor at p. 20; see also id. at p. 8 [noting standards board's belief that """"requiring all employers with employees working outdoors to determine the wbgt [wet bulb globe temperature] on a continuous, or even intermittent, basis would not substantially contribute to control of employee risk of heat illness while at the same time consuming resources that could have a greater effect implementing control measures, such as providing readily available drinking water along with shade and other means of cooling""""].)",1156
-"on this record we are unable to conclude with any degree of certainty that finneman received a fair trial on the charge of possession with intent to deliver, and we exercise our discretion and notice the obvious error on the charge of possession of 500 grams of marijuana with intent to deliver.",1157
-"to the extent that cox v. state, 1986 ok cr 154, 3-7, 726 p.2d 909, 910-11, in fact, applies the 742 corroboration requirement to the conspiracy conviction at issue in that case (in addition to the presenting a false insurance claim conviction), it is hereby overruled.",1158
-"today, in line with the united states supreme court precedent in macdonald and our court of appeals' admonitions, we hereby overrule our decisions in callaway and in boseman.",1159
-there is a rational connection between its impoundments of prison legal news based on the magazine's ad content and prison security and public safety interests.,1160
-"this case is similar to norred, in which we overruled prior precedent to hold that ocga 9372, which tolls the limitations period for medical malpractice case where a foreign object has been left in a patient's body, is not limited to cases in which the object is left unintentionally.",1161
-"3 (2011); accord sanchez, 770 n.w.2d at 526.",1162
-"the contrary holding in prendiville v. contemporary homes, inc., 32 kan.app.2d 435, 83 p.3d 1257, rev. denied 278 kan. 847 (2004), is overruled.",1163
-"given the trial judge's vast discretion in awarding damages, we cannot find that the trial court's award is unsupported by the record or clearly wrong.",1164
-"further, bradshaw repeatedly followed up on the motion he said he mailed and then filed a second motion after he found out the first one was not filed.",1165
-"[24] the michels argue the district court should have held an evidentiary hearing and rely on britton, 2013 mt 30, 27, 300 p.3d 667, in which the montana supreme court held due process requires an evidentiary hearing in partition actions under certain circumstances.",1166
-"accordingly, we approve the decision under review and disapprove thomas and johnson to the extent of conflict with this opinion.",1167
-"while we reject the rigid zone of danger approach set forth in shelton, that rejection serves only to dissolve rigid, often nonsensical, physical injury and contemporaneous fear requirements.",1168
-the court's decision to abandon durham-mcdonald in favor of ali- mcdonald does nothing to obsolete these questions or the court's responses to them.,1169
-"we hold, therefore, that 537.080 does provide a cause of action for the wrongful death of a viable fetus.",1170
-"state v. stephen j. r., 309 conn. 586, 605-606, 72 a.3d 379 (2013); see also state v. ciullo, 314 conn. 28, 56, 100 a.3d 779 (2014); state v. campbell, 141 conn. app. 55, 63, 60 a.3d 967, cert. denied, 308 conn. 933, 64 a.3d 331 (2013).",1171
-"as a result, the davis court overruled the holding in sablatura and dismissed the appeal.",1172
-both of those exhibits were admitted without objection.,1173
-"to the extent that our statement in griffin suggests that the jury could not have found parker guilty of both intentional and reckless assault because the two crimes require proof that a defendant simultaneously acted intentionally and recklessly with respect to the same result, we disavow any such suggestion because, as we have explained, the state's evidence may establish that the defendant acted intentionally and recklessly with regard to a different result.",1174
-"in so doing, we have decided this case as a full court to recede from lopez v. state, 805 so.2d 41 (fla. 4th dca 2001), which held that it is fundamental error to instruct a jury in burglary cases where the ""remaining in"" language of the standard instruction is erroneously included.",1175
-"plaintiff's motion should have been denied, since the new evidence that plaintiff submitted in support of renewal, a loan document purporting to reduce the interest rate to the legal rate in the event of a finding of usury, would not change the prior determination that the loan was criminally usurious (see bakhash v winston, 134 ad3d 468 [1st dept 2015]; cplr 2221[e][2]).",1176
-"the holding of travelers express co., inc. v. rener, 493 s.w.2d 549 (tex.civ.app. 1973, no writ) is disapproved.",1177
-"to the extent that aggers v. bridges, supra, and state v. parks, supra, are inconsistent with this holding, they are hereby overruled.",1178
-"in so agreeing, we overrule our holding in the matter of t r w , 533 s.w.2d 139, 142 (tex.civ.app. dallas 1976, no writ) insofar as we left to the discretion of the trial court whether to hear additional evidence or to render a different disposition, rather than render a proper order.",1179
-"on that issue too, the court of appeals noted a division among the circuits.",1180
-"accordingly, buian is hereby overruled.",1181
-the district court found that visitation with rohmiller and clayton was in b.h.'s best interests because b.h. would likely suffer emotional harm if ties to the maternal family were severed.,1182
-"because we agree with the defendant's alternative claim that smith must be overruled to the extent that it applies to cases in which the state has conducted a first time in-court identification, we need not address this claim.",1183
-"given its reasoning, i do not believe that the d.c. circuit would have reviewed the district court's order on interlocutory appeal.",1184
-"it is hereby ordered that the motion is granted to the extent that enforcement of the order entered february 6, 2018 is stayed until july 16, 2018, or until 10 days after supreme court affixes the amount of the undertaking for an automatic stay pursuant to cplr 5519 (a) (4), whichever occurs first (see wilkinson v sukiennik,120 ad2d 989 [4th dept 1986]).",1185
-id. at 248-49.,1186
-"in 1995, the county adopted an ordinance banning billboards in the area where lamar's billboard was located.",1187
-"gipson-jelks v. gipson, 468 s.w.3d 600, 604 (tex. app.houston [14th dist.] 2015, no pet.).",1188
-"to the extent that it suggests the defense of alibi invariably and necessarily creates a material issue as to ""identity"" so as to dispense with further analysis as to the admissibility of extraneous offense evidence, cameron, supra, is overruled.",1189
-"however, in smith v. state, 918 so.2d 141 (ala.crim.app. 2005), an opinion released today, we expressly overrule our previous holdings in kelley v. state, 911 so.2d 1125 (ala.crim.app. 2004); coleman v. state, 911 so.2d 1099 (ala.crim.app. 2004); and thornton v. state, 859 so.2d 458 (ala.crim.app. 2003), that a circuit court lacks jurisdiction to rule on a rule 32 petition that has not been properly verified, and we hold that the lack of verification of a rule 32 petition is not a defect of subject-matter jurisdiction; rather, it is a defect that is waived if not properly objected to the state did not object in this case to the lack of proper verification of presley's petition; therefore, that issue is deemed to be waived.",1190
-"the 2011 amendment, however, applies only to an acknowledgment that became effective on or after the effective date of the act, september 1, 2011. act of may 27, 2011, 82nd leg., r.s., ch. 1221, sec. 11, 2011 tex. gen. laws 2356, 2359.",1191
-"the writ remains ancillary in nature, as often stated in previous application of the constitutional writs provision, but our decision here represents a departure from, and effectively overrules, such pronouncements as in state ex rel. watson v. lee that the ""all writs"" provision may not be invoked ""until jurisdiction is acquired"" over the cause by means of independent appellate proceedings.",1192
-"in the sixth circuit, """"[i]f a defendant fails to rebut a race-neutral explanation at the time it was made, the district court's ruling on the objection is reviewed for plain error, and the movant in this setting is in no position to register a procedural complaint that the district court failed to give a specific reason on the record for accepting the government's race-neutral explanation.",1193
-"moreover, the legislature asserts that good enough or close enoughas only the legislature has the power to define those termssuffice when asking the people to consent to the adoption of a constitutional amendment.",1194
-to the extent that johnson implies that the rule controls over section 510.150,1195
-"because rigazio's tax returns were not relevant to whether defendant committed theft, defendant cannot show that he was prejudiced by her counsel's failure to subpoena them.",1196
-"because county boards of education are local agencies of the state, they are clothed in constitutional immunity from suit, and we overrule sims and kimmons, 204 ala. at 387, 85 so. at 777 (""the county board of education is given the right to sue, and the implied right to be sued. . . .""), to the extent that they and their progeny impose an implied ""right to be sued"" on county boards of education.",1197
-"in its holding, the third district adopted the reasoning of the fifth district's opinion in spilman, while certifying conflict with the fourth district's opinion in hamilton.",1198
-we also recede from scott v. state and sweeting v. state insofar as they hold that the limits of a court's inherent power over the subject matter are defined by the extent to which its actions are lawful.,1199
-the ij's conclusion that baba's testimony was too vague to meet his burden of proof raises concern.,1200
-"see bagnara, 189 so. 3d at 172 (counsel's failure to properly move for joa when state did not prove value element of grand theft constituted ineffective assistance of counsel on the face of the record); gordon v. state, 126 so. 3d 292, 295-96 (fla. 3d dca 2011) (counsel's failure to properly move for joa when state did not prove all of the elements of charged crime constituted ineffective assistance of counsel on the face of the record).",1201
-"to the extent that these decisions advance this reasoning, they are disapproved.",1202
-we agree with emery and disapprove people v. osorio,1203
-"should the conclusion we have reached appear to be in conflict with what has heretofore been said by this court in state ex rel. landis v. city of hollywood, 130 fla. 364, 178 so. 412, the holding in such previous case is hereby overruled and receded from to the extent of such conflict.",1204
-"since mcburney was erroneously decided, that interpretation of the statute was also incorrect.",1205
-(quotations and citations omitted).,1206
-"further, we no longer adhere to the view of ianniello and its progeny that relationship and continuity are necessary characteristics of a rico enterprise.",1207
-"had juror c.b. revealed her prior experiences and disposition toward those experiences, any competent counsel would have struck her from the jury with a peremptory challenge.",1208
-"2017) (citations, internal quotation marks, and brackets omitted), cert. denied, 138 s. ct. 983 (2018).",1209
-"the apa provides that judicial review is available for """"final agency action[s] for which there is no other adequate remedy in a court.""""",1210
-"attorney for appellant rory gallaghermarion county public defenderindianapolis, indiana attorneys for appellee curtis t. hill, jr.attorney general of indiana ian mcleandeputy attorney generalindianapolis, indiana appeal from the marion superior court the honorable david hooper, magistrate trial court cause no. 49g12-1610-cm-39839 bailey, judge.",1211
-"we respectfully disagree with our colleague's finding on this point, though our decision is based on the trial record rather than the summary judgment record.",1212
-"accordingly, we overrule turner to the extent it holds that intent to kill is an element of the multiple-murder special circumstance, and adopt the following reading of the relevant statutory provisions: intent to kill is not an element of the multiple-murder special circumstance; but when the defendant is an aider and abetter rather than the actual killer, intent must be proved.",1213
-"nonetheless, we must recede from williams v. state, 427 so.2d 768 (fla. 2d dca 1983), and matthews v. state, 584 so.2d 1105 (fla. 2d dca 1991), to the extent that these opinions engraft a ""fair trial"" standard upon the faretta test, and we disapprove steps four through six of the faretta inquiry in jones v. state, 658 so.2d 122 (fla. 2d dca 1995) (altenbernd, j., specially concurring), which relied upon williams and matthews.",1214
-"to the extent that walsh v. local board 10, 305 f.supp. 1274 (s.d. n.y. 1969), construed ""academic year"" to mean the 12 month period following the beginning of the registrant's course of study, we disapprove that construction.",1215
-"rather, discrimination results from denying an available and reasonable accommodation.",1216
-"to the extent that the court of appeals held in hart v. state, 319 ga.app. 749, 738 s.e.2d 331 (2013), that a paraprofessional is a ""teacher"" for purposes of ocga 16-6-5.1",1217
-"it seems clear that in this respect the act was meant to and did overrule such cases as ree v. state, 565 so.2d 1329 (fla. 1990) and pierre v. state.",1218
-"to the extent that it is inconsistent with this opinion, state v. werner, 810 s.w.2d 621, 626 (mo.app. 1991) is overruled.",1219
-"consistent with this reasoning a number of jurisdictions have abandoned the acceptance rule in favor of what has been described as the so-called ""modern rule"" or ""foreseeability doctrine.""",1220
-the court of appeals therefore erred when it employed a treating physician rule lacking department of labor endorsement in holding that nord was entitled to summary judgment.,1221
-we therefore overrule brady to the extent that it is inconsistent with this opinion.,1222
-"therefore, our holding in chaney is overruled.",1223
-"to the extent they are inconsistent with views expressed in this opinion hamm v. city of santa ana, supra, 273 cal.app.2d 84 and people v. marsh, supra, 30 cal.app. 424 are disapproved.",1224
-we disapprove of statements in two opinions of this court that the limitations for sexual assault of a child is five years.,1225
-"to the extent that these decisions may support the proposition for which they are here cited, i.e., that a final rejection of claims in a parent application for lack of supporting disclosure therein is res judicata upon the question of whether different claims, rejected on a different basis in a continuation application, are entitled under the conditions specified in 35 u.s.c. 120 to the benefit of the earlier filing date of the parent application, they are expressly overruled.",1226
-"applying that standard, i am convinced that fenton erred.",1227
-"as such, he was entitled to immunity as previously discussed.",1228
-"the record reflects that defendant asserted his innocence at the outset, ultimately rejecting an offer from the prosecution for him to plead guilty to second-degree murder and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), mcl 750.227b(1).",1229
-insofar as davis conflicts with this opinion it is overruled.,1230
-"by agreeing with labonte, we implicitly overruled that portion of r.w. roberts that cited approvingly the new york case of arcata graphics corp. v. silin, 59 a.d.2d 1007 (1977), which held an arbitration provision void for lack of mutuality of obligation.",1231
-"state v. brown (1988), 38 ohio st.3d 305, 308.' * * * state v. coley (2001), 93 ohio st.3d 253, 261."""" state v. griffiths, 11th dist. trumbull no. 2000-t-0131, 2002 wl 5307, *2 (dec. 28, 2001).",1232
-"accordingly, we overrule united states v. steele, 413 f.2d 967 (1969) to the extent that it holds that the plea must be vacated rather than remanding the case for a hearing where it appears that the necessary finding might be made by the district court.",1233
-"any contrary statements in keller v. key system transit lines, 129 cal.app.2d 593, 598 [ 277 p.2d 869], and people v. graney, 48 cal.app. 773 [ 129 p. 460], are disapproved.",1234
-"bank of the united states v. bank of georgia, 10 wheaton, 347; thompson v. riggs, 5 wallace, 678; robinson v. noble, 8 peters, 198; wright v. reid, 3 term, 554; snow v. perry, 9 pickering, 542; 2 greenleaf on evidence, 601.",1235
-"the court of appeal's statement that an acknowledgment must be coupled with a clear declaration of intent to interrupt prescription is apparently culled without attribution from stagni, supra, which in turn cites to marathon, supra, the case that was expressly overruled by this court in lima.",1236
-"id. at 581, citing pappas, supra at 431.",1237
-"in shapiro, the seventh circuit stated, 383 f.2d at 685, that it preferred the ali rule to other possible formulae on the ground that it resulted in a charge shorter, simpler, and more congruent to the expert testimony than the charge based on davis v. united states, 165 u.s. 373, 17 s.ct. 360, 41 l.ed. 750 (1897), which was a traditional test and itself based on m'naghten; it found the ali test more comprehensible than durham and more helpful to the jury.",1238
-"we expressly overrule baird v. cincinnati, new orleans texas pacific r. co., ky., 368 s.w.2d 172, and our cases cited therein to the extent they hold that a wife has no cause of action for loss of consortium of her husband resulting from injury to him due to the negligent act of another.",1239
-"to the extent that apodaca can be read to suggest otherwise, it should not be followed.",1240
-he also complains that siriani did not warn him that he could be personally liable for those fees if they were not paid by the estate.,1241
-nor does simply having not yet had occasion to exercise one's authority under a power of attorney equate to a declination to serve.,1242
-"see bentley v. bunton, 94 s.w.3d 561, 581 (tex. 2002); see also isaacks, 146 s.w.3d at 156-57.",1243
-"as the united states supreme court has observed, the crawford rule is flatly inconsistent with the prior governing precedent, roberts, which crawford overruled.",1244
-payne is disapproved for two reasons.,1245
-"a later case, blackwell v. hustler magazine, inc., 633 f. supp. 870, 871 (s.d.miss.",1246
-we disapprove the contrary view expressed by the third district court of appeal in fontainebleau hotel corp. v. united filigree corp.,1247
-"to the extent those decisions can be read as being in tension with our holding, they necessarily are disapproved.",1248
-"although the majority did not address the continued viability of vogel, it has effectively been overruled.",1249
-"we reject gaskill's facial constitutional challenges based on due process and ex post facto grounds on the same basis we rejected these challenges in state v. harris, 284 neb. 214, 817 n.w.2d 258 (2012), generally for the reasons that his due process challenge is not before us and the statutes at issue were either prospective or not punitive and thus not violative of ex post facto principles.",1250
-"the department need not prove all of the holley factors as a """"condition precedent"""" to termination, and the absence of some factors does not bar the factfinder from finding by clear and convincing evidence that termination is in a child's best interest.",1251
-"id. 8(f)(i); see also br. in support of ans. to pet. to open, 1/21/16, at 1-2 (unpaginated) (alleging that on december 30, 2014, chief julian tried to """"persuade and bully [mr. burrelli] into filing a 'settlement paper' in return for copies of [the department's] 'investigation'"""").",1252
-insofar as they are so inconsistent they are overruled.,1253
-"because it needed only to """"briefly set forth"""" the draft permit's factual and theoretical underpinnings, see 40 c.f.r. 124.8(a), the fact sheet's comparative brevity cannot alone be indicative of any illegitimate additions to the response to comments.",1254
-"when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we apply the well-established standards of review.",1255
-"since the last time we considered the rule in trig electric, other jurisdictions, including the ninth circuit court of appeals, have consistently held that these types of state claims are not preempted by erisa.",1256
-"state v. saldierna, 242 n.c. app. 347, 353, 775 s.e.2d 326, 330 (2015) (saldierna i). in addition, defendant contended that the trial court had failed to """"appropriately consider his juvenile status in determining that his waiver of rights was knowing and voluntary.""""",1257
-"moreover, our conclusion today is not intended to alter an insured's ability to assign his or her right to past or presently due benefits to a healthcare provider.",1258
-we hereby abrogate our expression of the malicious prosecution elements set out in raine v. drasin in favor of the following articulation.,1259
-"""""based on these medical reports and the testimony before it, the board of appeals was unable to conclude or find as a matter of fact that eberle's permanent disability"""" was the natural and proximate result of his workplace accidents required for him to receive accidental disability retirement benefits.",1260
-our analysis of the merger issue requires us to disapprove one of our published opinions because it is irreconcilable with a subsequent opinion of our supreme court.,1261
-id. at 259-60.,1262
-"however, we now take the opportunity to overrule lumpkin and carr and their progeny, to the extent that these cases characterize the notice requirements set out in section 11-46-11 as jurisdictional requirements.",1263
-bradford and hollingsworth are overruled to the extent that they hold that 5g1.2(d) is discretionary and that remand is necessary where the apprendi violation can be cured by running sentences consecutively under that section.,1264
-"in light of the test set forth in brown, supra, it is readily apparent that the language in branch and draper is no longer valid, therefore we expressly overrule the aforementioned language contained in branch and draper.",1265
-"the mother did not respond, and the maternal grandmother picked up the children and kept them """"all summer.""""",1266
-we overrule abril to the extent that it relied on the abrogated common law principle of inherent jurisdiction to correct illegal sentences.,1267
-"however, in a footnote, the district court certified conflict with the third district's decision in gevertz, stating that ""[t]o the extent thatgevertz . . . holds that the contract rate of interest is applicable to both prejudgment and post-judgment interest rates, with respect, we believe that gevertz is wrongly decided.",1268
-"spencer's case, supra, is overruled.",1269
-"in the instant case, defendant filed a motion requesting, inter alia, primary custody of lauren and modification of the existing visitation terms and provisions, due to issues that had arisen following entry of the first modification order. after a hearing, the trial court concluded, in relevant part:",1270
-people v. laiwa is not overruled (same line of cases).,1271
-we disapprove of those courts of appeals' decisions holding that this error is harmless if any evidence supports a properly submitted liability theory.,1272
-"rather, by en banc opinion, we recede from a portion of our earlier decision in allstate insurance co. v. sutton, 707 so.2d 760 (fla. 2d dca 1998), and deny mr. king's motion for attorneys' fees.",1273
-"thus, given our determination that the evans per se rule of error offends the deference traditionally accorded the trial court's conduct of voir dire and is virtually unlimited in its application, we hereby overrule evans and subsequent cases extending its holding.",1274
-in accordance with the court's internal rules this opinion was circulated to the court en banc and a majority have approved overruling the roberts case.,1275
-"we reject this per se rule as inconsistent with strickland's holding that ""the performance inquiry must be whether counsel's assistance was reasonable considering all the circumstances.",1276
-"1980) was to the contrary, it was overruled.",1277
-"here, the analyst statement provides an example of how forgery and identity theft convictions must have been made """"in connection with"""" each other to preclude relief under proposition 47. ",1278
-"to the extent the plaintiffs had suggested there must be a defect because of the """"high"""" incidence of repair, """"they allege[d] no facts that give meaning to the term 'high.'""""",1279
-"erie repudiated the holding of swift v. tyson, 16 pet. 1 (1842), that federal courts were free to ""express our own opinion"" upon ""the principles established in the general commercial law.",1280
-a trial court must give an instruction sua sponte on an uncharged lesser offense that is necessarily included in a greater charged offense if the evidence warrants the instruction.,1281
-"having previously granted certiorari, we overrule the opinion of the court of appeals rendered in mullins v. john zink co., 733 p.2d 888 (okla.app. 1986), and affirm the opinion of the court of appeals herein.",1282
-we disapprove that decision to the extent it implies that parties to all dissolution proceedings involving minor children have an absolute privacy right to seal the file.,1283
-"accordingly, we expressly overrule any cases that hold to the contrary.",1284
-this rule is a by product of the hands-on approach to reviewing jewell cases we eschew today and does not survive our opinion.,1285
-he also claims that the district court erred when it rejected his ineffective assistance of counsel claims.,1286
-"we disapprove any implication in nerell v. superior court (1971) 20 cal.app.3d 593, 597 [ 97 cal.rptr. 702]; people v. malich (1971) 15 cal.app.3d 253, 265, footnote 4 [ 93 cal.rptr. 87]; and people v. vega (1970) 12 cal.app.3d 970, 972 [ 91 cal.rptr. 167], that section 1538.5 evidences a legislative intent that a defendant who applies for pretrial writ review of a denial of his motion to suppress evidence alleged to be wrongfully obtained forgoes his right to ""seek further review of the validity of a search or seizure on appeal from a conviction.""",1287
-"e.d. tenn. 2013); in re crosby, 261 b.r. 470, 472 (bankr.",1288
-"we therefore disapprove wickersham's inaccurate assertion that ""unreasonable self-defense"" is a ""defense.",1289
-"we conclude that these decisions were erroneous and must be overturned, but that tracts of land granted by the board that have been improved or filled are, to the degree hereinafter described, free of the public trust.",1290
-"we overrule taylor v. knox county board of education, 292 ky. 767, 167 s.w.2d 700 (1942), and board of education of rockcastle county v. kirby, 926 s.w.2d 455 (ky. 1996), to the extent that they hold that krs 161.310 provides a waiver of a board of education's governmental immunity.",1291
-"to the extent any georgia court of appeals opinions hold that the municipal ante litem notice statute applies to claims other than negligence claims, they are overruled.",1292
-"for the reasons explained here, our decision in echols is overruled, and riley's conviction and sentence are affirmed.",1293
-we disagree with the state's contentions and disapprove williams to the extent that it conflicts with this decision.,1294
-"higgins v. am. nat'l gen. ins. co., 01-193 (la. app. 5 cir. 9/25/01); 798 so.2d 1078, 1083.",1295
-"heinhuis v. venture assoc., 558 so.2d 1244 (la.app. 1st cir. 1990), is expressly overruled.",1296
-"however, in our opinion, the loustalot case should be overruled for the reason that it misinterprets the decision of the supreme court in edwards v. royal indemnity company, 182 la. 171, 161 so. 191, where a different result was reached.",1297
-"even if we interpret lockhart wrongly, we find that lockhart was overruled, albeit sub silentio, by the supreme court's adoption of the commission of appeals' judgment in kennerly.",1298
-this case provides an illustrative example of exactly why we erred in brown and an opportunity for us to align firearm enhancements with the rest of our sentencing jurisprudence.,1299
-we disapprove miller to the extent it is inconsistent with this opinion.,1300
-"blue diamond coal co. v. meade, supra, is overruled to the extent that it implies that an award or settlement may be reopened on the ground of mistake in every case where a claimant is able to demonstrate that he was entitled to more compensation than he actually got at the time of his settlement or award.",1301
-453 md. at 198.,1302
-"1984); colvin v. state , 431 so.2d 1134, 1136 (miss.",1303
-"see state v. white (white i), 815 p.2d 869 (ariz.",1304
-"in this connection, to the extent that our holding conflicts with this court's decision of dugard v. state, 688 s.w.2d 524 (tex.cr.app. 1985), dugard is expressly overruled.",1305
-"to the extent hays v. arave, 977 f.2d 475 (9th cir. 1992), on which the panel relied in reaching the opposite conclusion, is inconsistent with our analysis, it is hereby overruled.",1306
-"in re billie y., supra, 220 cal.app.3d 127, in re francisco n., supra, 186 cal.app.3d 175, in re richard t., supra, 175 cal.app.3d 248, and shortridge v. municipal court, supra, 151 cal.app.3d 611, are disapproved to the extent they are inconsistent with our decision in this case.",1307
-"here, the misdemeanor and felony convictions are intertwined to the point that the interests of justice may be better served by considering the matters together.",1308
-"accordingly, insofar as any statement in mcnemar relative to faline may be irreconcilable with our conclusions herein, such statement is hereby overruled.",1309
-"accordingly, we overrule white v. stewarts dry goods co., reaffirm palmore v. jones, supra, and hold that the reasoning expressed in palmore applies as well to krs 342.750 as to krs 342.730(3).",1310
-"the report showed that, in cook county, the average lapse of time between the date of filing to the date of verdict, was 37.5 months, and that the average time between the date of filing to the date of verdict in st. clair county was 36.6 months.",1311
-"the judgment also declared that if that amount was not paid by january 27, 2017, the home would be sold at a judicial auction.",1312
-his case overruled an earlier california case of long-standing which had distinguished pension rights on the basis of whether the rights had vested,1313
-"language in people v. oxnam, supra, 170 cal. 211, people v. keyes, supra, 178 cal. 794, and people v. fisher, supra, 49 cal.app.3d 174, inconsistent with this opinion is disapproved.",1314
-"people v. reid, 136 ill. 2d 27, 38 (1990).",1315
-"the process begins with an application for involuntary admission made by an interested person, accompanied by certifications of two health care providers that the individual meets the statutory criteria, and ends with a hearing before an impartial hearing officer to determine whether the criteria are in fact satisfied.",1316
-"to the extent hanley suggests abatement of a california action is mandatory rather than discretionary, where there is a prior action pending between the same parties in a foreign jurisdiction, we disavow it.",1317
-"to the extent that they are inconsistent with the supreme court's holding, thus overruled is a line of decisions by this court which had previously upheld the validity of the cited court of appeal rule on the question, including:",1318
-"in response to hughes , we have overruled the killingsworth procedure and substituted the following procedure:",1319
-"however, we take this occasion to disapprove of our decision in kenai peninsula insofar as it would bar the rule 60(b) motion in the case at bar.",1320
-"the rps sent a letter to ms. holman, dated october 29, 2013, notifying her of the medical board's decision and informing her that she may submit a written request for reconsideration within 30 days or else it would close her file and terminate her disability claim pursuant to code of maryland regulations (""""comar"""") 22.06.03.03c(4).",1321
-"see n.c. gen. stat. 7b-201(a) (2017); see also n.c. gen. stat. 7b-1000(b) (""""in any case where the court finds the juvenile to be . . . dependent, the jurisdiction of the court to modify any order or disposition made in the case shall continue during the minority of the juvenile, until terminated by order of the court, or until the juvenile is otherwise emancipated.""""). respondent-father was and is free to file a motion in the cause to modify the conditions of his visitation with diana.",1322
-"therefore, we approve the decision under review and disapprove the holding in in re forfeiture of 1978 bmw that an innocent co-owner's interest in property is forfeited along with the guilty co-owner's interest.",1323
-"see id., at 1683-1685, and n. 44; bottomley, patent cases in the court of chancery, 1714-58, 35 j. legal hist. 27, 36-37, 41-43 (2014).",1324
-"two courts of appeals have concluded that an appeal should not be allowed in this situation, and to that extent, we disapprove them.",1325
-"further, for the sake of clarity and consistency, we overrule earthgrains v. cranz",1326
-"we now recede from the language in blacker stating that a minimum mandatory sentence cannot be imposed upon a defendant, initially sentenced as a youthful offender, who later substantively violates probation or community control.",1327
-"as we explained earlier, md. rule 8-131(a) requires a party to make """"'timely objections in the lower court,'"""" or """"'he[/she] will be considered to have waived them and he[/she] cannot now raise such objections on appeal.'"""" breakfield, 195 md. app. at 390, 6 a.3d at 388 (quoting caviness, 244 md. at 578, 224 a.2d at 418).",1328
-"see abelesz v. magyar nemzeti bank, 692 f.3d 661, 671, 678-86, 694-95 (7th cir. 2012).",1329
-the evidence supporting termination under one of the grounds listed in section 161.001(b)(1) can also be considered in support of a finding that termination is in the best interest of the child.,1330
-. hacker,1331
-appellant did not commit the completed offense of human trafficking of a minor because the alleged victim of this crime was not a person under the age of 18.,1332
-"thus, to the extent the language in baltins v. james, supra, 36 cal.app.3d 1193, can be read as implying that ""actual injury"" is determined by any bright line rule, we disapprove that language.",1333
-"at the more general level, we must examine the disjunctive list of drug types - e.g., cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine - covered by california law.",1334
-"another court even ruled """"that a man acquitted for stealing the horse hath yet been arraigned and convict for stealing the saddle, tho both were done at the same time."""" 2 hale, supra, at 246.",1335
-"this analysis is not inconsistent with dudewicz v norris-schmid, 443 mich. 68, 78-80; 503 nw2d 645 (1993).",1336
-we disapprove the decision in mierzwa.,1337
-"it necessarily follows that our holding in the flye case on the point now under consideration was incorrect, and we now hereby recede therefrom.",1338
-"in this case, like winnebago and contrary to tyson foods, employer's admission played a substantial role in the case's disposition.",1339
-"accordingly, hance v. haun, supra, is overruled.",1340
-"any language contained in snyder, supra, however, which might be read as indicating that rezoning is not legislative for the purpose of exercising the constitutional powers of referendum and initiative is hereby expressly overruled.",1341
-"lori swanson, attorney general, st. paul, minnesota; and jonathan d. frieden, hubbard county attorney, park rapids, minnesota (for respondent) cathryn middlebrook, chief appellate public defender, sara j. euteneuer, assistant public defender, st. paul, minnesota (for appellant)",1342
-"however, in both these cases, the children had a permanent, stable home with their biological mothers, and there was """"no expectation that they would ever be put up for adoption""""; thus, termination of these fathers' parental rights was not warranted.",1343
-"in any event, to the extent lee suggested that the statute authorizes the state to conduct ex parte interrogations after charges have been brought, that case is disapproved.",1344
-"bennett v. appaloosa horse club, 201 ariz. 372, 375, 11 (app. 2001).",1345
-"therefore, 39-17-417 is divisible among the various subsections with respect to drug type and quantity, and the record documents further make clear that petitioner was convicted of violating subsections (a)(4) and (g)(2), see ar 821-825, which only apply to possession with intent to manufacture, deliver, or sell between ten and seventy pounds of marijuana.",1346
-"when asked by the court if she wanted to testify, light answered: """"yeah - i mean - all i want to say is he didn't do it.""""",1347
-"we are aware of govan v. state, 682 s.w.2d 567 (tex.cr.app. 1985), holding an objection such as the instant one to be sufficient to preserve error, but govan appears to be an aberration, and is overruled to the extent of any conflict.",1348
-we therefore overrule leonard and palmer.,1349
-"for the reasons assigned, the judgment of the court of appeal maintaining the plea of prescription in favor of american home assurance company as the state's insuror is reversed and the prescriptive plea is overruled.",1350
-"to the extent that cases such as in re chabot, supra, 100 b.r. 18, take an approach in contradiction to that expressed here, they are disapproved by the panel.",1351
-"to the extent that the main opinions in edwards, giardina, and similar cases hold to the contrary, they are overruled.",1352
-"although she could not recall exactly where he put his penis, she explained it happened so frequently that it was either her vagina or butt.",1353
-"see also figgins v. cochrane, 403 md. 392, 409 (2008) (""""if any competent material evidence exists in support of the trial court's factual findings, those findings cannot be held to be clearly erroneous."""")",1354
-"to the extent that this opinion conflicts with kilpatrick v. state, 622 so.2d 1032 (fla. 2d dca 1993), we recede from kilpatrick.",1355
-"o whatever other extent the language in jahoda conflicts with our decision herein or that rendered by the district court of appeal, first district, at 265 so.2d 425, it is hereby expunged.",1356
-"as justice donohue points out, several non-expert witnesses testified at trial that they saw or heard gunshots.",1357
-"app. 1985), is overruled.",1358
-"accordingly, we disavow language in brace and gallagher suggesting that because a public employee's claim of immunity is not a claim of sovereign immunity, its determination is not subject to interlocutory review.",1359
-"we therefore disapprove the second district's failure to distinguish determinate and indeterminate commitments in requiring credit in e.r., but approve the fourth district's requirement of credit on determinate sentences in l.k., j.b., and c.c.",1360
-"capital argues that the board erred in relying on its previous decision in town & country supermarkets, which, in capital's view, was inadequately reasoned and materially distinguishable in its treatment of picketing.",1361
-"id. at 359-60; see also bukowski v. city of akron, 326 f.3d 702, 710 (6th cir. 2003).",1362
-"see in re patillo, 32 s.w.3d 907, 910 (tex. app.corpus christi 2000, orig. proceeding) (striking portions of contempt order requiring relator to remain incarcerated until he pays costs that relator was not actually held in contempt for failing to pay).",1363
-"accordingly, lee v. peerless insurance company is overruled.",1364
-"see grimes, 804 a.2d at 266 (holding that """"to the extent such transactions obligate the board concerning stock issuance, the board must approve them in writing"""") (emphasis added).",1365
-"for the reasons detailed here and to the extent auxier is inconsistent with this opinion, we overrule it.",1366
-"we therefore disapprove people v. bullwinkle (1980) supra, 105 cal.app.3d 82, 86-90, and a dictum in people v. longwill",1367
-"specifically, the state argued the construct distorted the meaning of ""proof beyond a reasonable doubt,"" and continued the distinction between direct and circumstantial evidence which we disavowed in hankins v. state.",1368
-"furthermore, because a victim of statutory rape cannot be charged with that offense, and thus does not qualify as an accomplice under the general accomplice rule, we specifically overrule all decisions of our court of criminal appeals requiring corroboration of the testimony of victims of statutory rape.",1369
-"thus, to the extent that rodgers holds that the trial court must enter a nunc pro tunc order to extend the time to appeal for ten days under cr 73.02(1)(d)",1370
-we find that the failure of the trial court to enter the necessary affirmative finding as to the use or exhibition of a deadly weapon is a clerical error; we overrule creeks to the extent of any conflict,1371
-b,1372
-"exxon corp. v. department of conservation & natural res., 859 so.2d 1096, 1102 (ala.2002) (quoting bolden v. slosssheffield steel & iron co., 215 ala. 334, 340, 110 so. 574, 580 (1925) (somerville, j., dissenting)).",1373
-"it has been claimed, for instance, that the predictions of experts are little better than chance.",1374
-"suarez-quilty also clearly acknowledged her unauthorized use of the credit card in her stipulation, admitting she violated rule 32:8.4(c) by committing the acts alleged in count vii (unauthorized use of credit card) of the board's complaint.",1375
-"respondent clark failed to timely file a brief on appeal within the mandatory time limits of rule 84.05. pursuant to rule 84.05(a), clark was required to file a responsive brief on april 30, 2018, thirty days after the filing of kinsey's brief.",1376
-we thus overrule bellard.,1377
-"see generally lancaster cty. bar ass'n v. s.c. comm'n on indigent def., 380 s.c. 219, 222, 670 s.e.2d 371, 373 (2008) (stating the appellate court will reject a construction of a statute that leads to an absurd result not intended by the legislature).",1378
-"while the chappells acknowledge that the note stated that the monthly payments would increase after 60 months, they emphasize that the note further specified that the bank would provide notice of the increase as a condition precedent to instituting foreclosure proceedings.",1379
-"accordingly, we disapprove of thomas to the extent it is inconsistent with watson.",1380
-"in which the court of appeals erroneously applied the reasoning of millette, incorrectly applying the three-year statute where a plaintiff sought to recover land he allegedly was fraudulently induced to convey.",1381
-"we overrule division 2 in ghrist v. fricks and division 2 in matthews v. dukes, 314 ga.app. 782, 726 s.e.2d 95 (2012), to the extent they determined that the superior court had jurisdiction to sever parental rights because the termination issue was ancillary to the biological father's petition to legitimate.",1382
-"bego v. gordon, 407 n.w.2d 801, 804 (s.d. 1987).",1383
-"the court also specifically ordered defendant to """"be subject to all administrative or judicial enforcement remedies available to the plaintiff as prescribed by state and federal law in a title iv-d case[.]""""",1384
-##note: people v. segura reversed not overruled.,1385
-"we determine whether a person has a legitimate expectation of privacy on a """"case-by-case basis, considering the facts of each particular situation.""""",1386
-"courts must construe briefs """"reasonably yet liberally.""""",1387
-"id. at 17-18, citing douglas, 135 ohio st. at 647-48, 22 n.e.2d 195; stone v. phillips, 9th dist. summit no. 15908, 1993 wl 303281, *3 (aug. 11, 1993); and de garza v. chetister, 62 ohio app.2d 149, 155, 405 n.e.2d 331 (6th dist.1978).",1388
-"see tr., vol. 2 at 99.",1389
-"since the holding in dade federal is to the contrary, that decision is overruled.",1390
-"we agree with the district court that the political question doctrine bars the servicemembers' suit. therefore, we need not reach the ftca preemption issue.",1391
-"consequently, failing to perform, or failing to perform competently, under a contract cannot itself give rise to tort liability, but if the same conduct violates an independently existing duty, the fact that it constitutes a breach of contract does not preclude tort liability.",1392
-"the components of the second inquirycompetency and complexityare """"necessarily intertwined,"""" id. at 655, but the district court must still address both elements, id. at 649, 55. though """"we have resisted laying down categorical rules regarding recruitment of counsel,"""" id. at 656, (and we continue to do so in this case), we have previously held that a district court abuses its discretion when it does not take note of """"certain circumstances [that] demand particular judicial consideration.""""",1393
-"based on the foregoing reasoning, we approve the second district's holding in c.e.l. and disapprove of the third district's opinion in d.t.b.",1394
-"""""our court has repeatedly noted the doctrine of equitable tolling does not apply to section 822.3."""" larimer v. state, no. 17-0276, 2018 wl 739301, at *1 n.1 (iowa ct. app. feb. 7, 2018) (application for further review seeking recognition of equitable tolling denied apr. 4, 2018).",1395
-"whether or not """"under"""" and """"arising out of"""" carry different meanings, neither supports the """"but for"""" construction.",1396
-on these principles the holding of the guidry case cannot be approved.,1397
-we disagree with the premise of knowles's argument suggesting that the ptab's claim construction conflicts with mems technology.,1398
-"this action is premised on smythe's activities driving for lyft, and has nothing to do with his """"identity"""" as a driver for uber.",1399
-"further, we hereby overrule state v. harbert, 758 p.2d 826 (okla.",1400
-"but a rule in which this court """"ma[de] a certain fact essential to the death penalty ... would be substantive""""; it would change the range of conduct warranting a death sentence.",1401
-"the dissent contends that ""the majority has chosen to recede from johnson without conducting a stare decisis analysis and without acknowledging that it is receding from our precedent.",1402
-"7 here, in 2010, the mpo policy committee adopted a long-range metropolitan transportation plan, which apparently also encompassed a short-range forecast, called the """"go to 2040"""" plan, which the chicago metro planning agency board likewise determined would serve as its comprehensive regional plan. according to a federal report, the """"go to 2040"""" was chicago's first comprehensive regional plan in more than 100 years, addressing an array of issues like transportation, housing, economic development, open space, the environment, and quality-of-life matters in the region's 284 communities.",1403
-"crim. app. june 18, 1999).",1404
-"if the defendant is a natural person at least 18 years of age or emancipated by court order, by:",1405
-"(citing friend, 375 f. app'x at 551)).",1406
-"for example, disposition reports routinely set forth the circumstances of the offense as described in the police report including witness statements and the minor's statement.",1407
-"after considering the aba's standards for imposing lawyer sanctions, the committee determined that the baseline sanction is suspension.",1408
-"we therefore find that the cases relied on by the defense, state v. adams, 533 so.2d 1060 (la.app. 4th cir. 1988), and state v. porter, 615 so.2d 507 (la.app. 3d cir. 1993) (dictum only), are overruled.",1409
-"we therefore overrule our decision in jones v. wfyr radio/rko general, supra, and hold in this case that an order denying a motion for appointment of counsel is not immediately appealable, but may be reviewed only on appeal from a final judgment.",1410
-"to the extent it is inconsistent with our opinion in the present case, we disapprove the court's decision in in re phelon.",1411
-{27} appellant's assignments of error are overruled.,1412
-"to date, appellant has neither filed a brief nor communicated with the court regarding the appeals.",1413
-prior cases holding otherwise are hereby overruled.,1414
-"to the extent this court's decisions in jones and bun suggested otherwise, they are hereby disapproved.",1415
-"according to deposition testimony from a staff member of the harrison county assessor's office, the mineral interest had been previously assessed on the personal property books rather than the landbooks and was made based on a gas producer's report of income paid to the harry p. cross estate from production of the oil and gas. new landbook assessments were made in 1990 for """"richard andrews, agent"""" of """".0764% int. 150 ac leased o & g (alamco) a-774;"""" """"andrews, richard snowden hrs."""" of """" int. leased o&g eastern american (8243 c andrews); and """"saunders, phyllis fletcher"""" of """"0.2244 int. 271.67 as leased o&g sycamore (cng dev 2088).",1416
-"horne was then hired for the position and began on september 29, 2014.",1417
-we recede from beaver to the extent that it holds that once any aspect of an insurance controversy is before a court that no other aspect of the controversy may be decided by arbitration.,1418
-"for that reason, we will assume that trial counsel performed unreasonably when they failed to object to these statements.",1419
-"now, en banc, we overrule bailey and hold that lumpkin does not apply retroactively.",1420
-"we consider this case en banc in order to recede from this court's opinion in williams v. state, 409 so.2d 253 (fla. 4th dca),rev. denied, 417 so.2d 331 (fla. 1982) to the extent that it conflicts with our decision here.",1421
-the court held that the fifth amendment due process clause gave her a damages remedy,1422
-. rognrud,1423
-they argue that the beard case was exceptional because it involved maximum security inmates and that the prison's regulations were motivated by its rehabilitative goals.,1424
-"see jaghory v. new york state dep't of educ., 131 f.3d 326, 329 (2d cir. 1997).",1425
-"the state objected to this statement, and the trial court sustained the objection, but the state never requested that the jury be instructed to disregard her testimony.",1426
-we disapprove the cases that have reached a contrary result.,1427
-"accordingly, the holdings on this point in state ex rel. nelson v. sims and state ex rel. west v. kivett are overruled to the extent that they are inconsistent with this opinion.",1428
-"further, the easement is silent with regard to its use for commercial purposes; it does not expressly permit or prohibit them.",1429
-"child support calculations """"are ordinarily based upon recent past circumstances because past circumstances are typically a reliable indicator of future circumstances, particularly circumstances concerning income.""""",1430
-"to the extent that notarfonzo v. kline, 464 so.2d 656, 657-58 (fla. 4th dca 1985), can be read for the proposition that the uccja does not apply to custody and shared parental responsibility issues in a paternity action, we recede from it.",1431
-"to the extent that the huffman opinion may be in conflict herewith, it is overruled.",1432
-we disapprove cooper and craven to the extent that they may be read to conflict.,1433
-we disapprove the cases that have reached conflicting decisions.,1434
-federal rule 33(d) is normally discussed in the context of a party's invocation of the rule in response to an interrogatory and a subsequent challenge to the sufficiency of that response by the requesting party through a motion to compel discovery.,1435
-"however, on occasion the court has declined to adopt legislative changes to the evidence code because of significant concerns about the amendments, including concerns about the constitutionality of an amendment.",1436
-"e.g., farmers ins. exchange v. adams (1985) 170 cal.app.3d 712, 722 [216 cal.rptr. 287] (dicta); premier ins. co. v. welch (1983) 140 cal.app.3d 720, 728 [189 cal.rptr. 657]; safeco ins. co. of america v. guyton (9th cir. 1982) 692 f.2d 551, 554-555.",1437
-we disapprove of rollenhagen to the extent that it states a public-interest privilege applicable against private figures.,1438
-"we believe, to the contrary, that the supreme court silently retracted the anderson dictum in ennis v. state, 95 so.2d 20 (fla. 1957), cert. den., 355 u.s. 868, 78 s.ct. 117, 2 l.ed.2d 74 (1957) and held, as did state v. yarboro, 194 n.c. 498, 140 s.e. 216 (1927) and state v. avery, 111 kan. 588, 207 p. 838 (1922) under comparable statutes, that a conviction under section 832.05 may be had absent proof of an intent to defraud.",1439
-"on the contrary, what impresses me is the obduracy of high-minded state courts, like that of new york under the leadership of judge cardozo, in refusing to adopt the federal rule of exclusion.",1440
-"id. 717f(e). once ferc makes that required finding and issues a """"certificate of public convenience and necessity"""" (""""certificate""""), a pipeline company can begin construction.",1441
-and the warrant also clearly authorized the officers to perform a forensic search of the cell phones.,1442
-"to the extent larose is inconsistent with this holding, it is overruled.",1443
-"1987), it is overruled.",1444
-"balow is in direct conflict with at least two recent court of appeals cases, brown v. state, 810 s.w.2d 716, 718 (mo.app. 1991), and rogers v. state, 810 s.w.2d 125 (mo.app. 1991).",1445
-"we have concluded that sheehan should be overruled and that the opinion of the court of appeal prepared by justice bray and concurred in by presiding justice pierce and justice regan, as modified, correctly treats and disposes of the constitutional question presented.",1446
-"because we agree with gordon that the rule of lenity applies, we reverse the trial court's ruling, and in doing so overrule reese, which was wrongly decided on this issue.",1447
-"but we disavow jose m.'s reasoning with respect to (1) its distinguishing the significance of adoption in private versus state-initiated severance cases, and (2) its assessing the benefits of adoption solely in terms of whether the child's ""day-to-day"" living arrangement will change.",1448
-"for further criticism of the opinion in the gobitis case by persons who do not share the faith of the witnesses see: powell, conscience and the constitution, in democracy and national unity (university of chicago press, 1941) 1; wilkinson, some aspects of the constitutional guarantees of civil liberty, 11 fordham law review 50; fennell, the """"reconstructed court"""" and religious freedom: the gobitis case in retrospect, 19 new york university law quarterly review 31; green, liberty under the fourteenth amendment, 27 washington university law quarterly 497; 9 international juridical association bulletin 1; 39 michigan law review 149; 15 st. john's law review 95.",1449
- 14 a trial court's sentencing decision is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard.,1450
-"to the extent that barnes can be read to permit a direct appeal from an adjudicative agency decision reviewed by the superior court within the meaning of 5-6-35 (a) (1), it is hereby disapproved.",1451
-"to the extent that warren is inconsistent with this opinion, it is overruled.",1452
-"insofar as dictum in landau v. fording (1966) 245 cal.app.2d 820, 824, 830 [ 54 cal.rptr. 177], affd. per curiam (1967) 387 u.s. 456 [ 18 l.ed.2d 1317, 87 s.ct. 2109], suggests a contrary reading of the california statutes, it is hereby disapproved.",1453
-"we overruled his assignments of error and affirmed in state v. beverly, 2016-ohio-8078, 75 n.e.3d 847 (2d dist.).",1454
-we recede from these cases to the extent that they suggest that postconviction relief is appropriate where the record does not demonstrate that an actually biased juror served on the jury.,1455
-"as this holding departs to greater or less degree from the decisions listed in the second paragraph of this opinion, the latter must be deemed to that extent no longer controlling.",1456
-"see, e.g., n. y. c. rules & regs., tit. 1, 27-01 (2018) (requiring signs by elevators showing stair locations); san francisco dept. of health, director's rules & regs., garbage and refuse (july 8, 2010) (requiring property owners to inform tenants about garbage disposal procedures).",1457
-32 for a time we articulated a standard formulation of waiver that did not mention any requirement of proof of prejudice.,1458
-we quash the decision below and remand for entry of a judgment consistent with this opinion.,1459
-"in any case, mhs rests its personal jurisdiction assertion against collins on the """"conspiracy theory"""" of jurisdiction, which requires the plaintiff to plead an unlawful act and a conspiracy to commit that unlawful act.",1460
-"finally, agerbrink argues that the contract is unenforceable because msa is an illegal employment agency under new york law. but, as noted above, the court has already rejected this claim in a prior opinion.",1461
-"to the extent that the plaintiffs intended to raise a different claim, it is not readily discernible from their brief, and, therefore, we decline to engage in further review on the basis of an inadequate brief.",1462
-"in state v. berber, 48 wash. app. 583, 584-85 (wash.",1463
-"to the extent graham, in re s.h. (1),and in re s.h. (2) are in conflict with this decision, they are overruled.",1464
-"el apple i, ltd. v. olivas, 370 s.w.3d 757, 761 (tex. 2012); blackstone medical, inc. v. phoenix surgicals, l.l.c., 470 s.w.3d 636, 657 (tex. app.dallas 2015, no pet.).",1465
-"in part, because of such considerations, the basis on which that rule was originally founded has, in the short space of twenty years, fallen into jurisprudential disrepute and is disapproved in the better-considered recent cases and in the authoritative scholarly writings.",1466
-"specifically, the commission determined that claimant was entitled to ttd benefits only from october 5, 2011, through october 19, 2011.",1467
-"the parties' dueling contentions turned on intricate issues about those groups' membership policies (e.g., could harris's payment of dues to the national naacp, or bowser's financial contribution to the mecklenburg county naacp, have made either a member of the state branch?).",1468
-"following the hearing on the exceptions, the trial court concluded that the peremptory exception of no right of action should be overruled, and therefore the dilatory exception of prematurity is moot.",1469
-"plaintiff, individually and on behalf of the prodigy corporations, instituted this action against fowlkes, barger, amanda smith, cody smith, and united spirit, inc. plaintiff brought individual claims against defendants for, inter alia, facilitation of fraud, civil conspiracy, unfair and deceptive trade practices, and usurping a corporate opportunity.",1470
-"(cal. const., art. xiii c, 2, subds.",1471
-changes in custody or parenting time may be modified only if the moving party demonstrates that modification is justified by proper cause or because of a change of circumstances.,1472
-"to the extent that our opinion in goldstein v. navarro, 590 so.2d 20 (fla. 4th dca 1991), can be read to indicate that habeas corpus relief is not available in this court to remedy a civil contempt confinement in violation of due process, we recede from it.",1473
-"thereafter, on june 14, 2017 during the pendency of this restricted appeal this court withdrew its opinion and order from the original proceeding dated december 6, 2016 and substituted a new opinion and order, ultimately denying rph's request for mandamus relief.",1474
-"xtreme lashes, 576 f.3d at 228.",1475
-no fiduciary relationship exists here.,1476
-"{57} however, even if he did not waive the issue by withdrawing the request, he did waive the kastigar issue when he entered a guilty plea. united states v. gaffney, 469 f.3d 211, 215 (1st cir.2006), citing united states v. lujan, 324 f.3d 27, 30 (1st cir.2003) (a guilty plea waives an appeal based on a kastigar claim based on the fifth amendment.).",1477
-##note: people v. jones was reversed not overruled.,1478
-"we, therefore, overrule the application of that decision to cases when the complained error is readily apparent from the argument briefed.",1479
-"we expressly reject the personal, firsthand, direct knowledge standard formulated by the court of appeals in eckler and allen.",1480
-"we disapprove of all portions of prior opinions of this court to the extent the court concluded otherwise, including, but not limited to, the rule 45 analysis in the following cases:",1481
-"n.d. ill. 1992), and in re lawrence paperboard corp., 52 b.r. 907 (bankr.",1482
-"accordingly, we overrule our contrary holding, on this specific point, in petitto, 767 f.2d at 610.",1483
-"to the extent that they are inconsistent with this conclusion, people ex rel. dept. of transportation v. superior court (clark), supra, 60 cal.app.3d 352, and its progeny are disapproved.",1484
-"because we now overrule that line of cases which would operate to grant workers' compensation benefits to a surviving spouse in such a situation, the trial court's order is reversed.",1485
-"see, e.g., thomas v. city lights sch., inc., 124 f. supp. 2d 707, 713 (d.d.c. 2000) (holding school for at-risk youth owed duty under 319 to supervise its students while on a school field trip).",1486
-"the child lived with hensch and mysak from the time of his birth until november 2015, when mysak moved out of the shared residence.",1487
-"to the extent that it may be found inconsistent with this opinion, box stands overruled.",1488
-"the decisions in hunt, fuller, and lary are overruled to the extent that they conflict with the modified vehicle-damage rule set forth in this opinion.",1489
-"we therefore overrule taber and hicks insofar as they erroneouslyapplied cr 41, 02(3) to criminal cases.",1490
-"schambach v. afford-a-pool & spa, 7th dist. no. 08 be 15, 2009-ohio-6809, 8, quoting juhasz v. costanzo, 144 ohio app.3d 756, 762, 761 n.e.2d 679 (7th dist.2001).",1491
-we overrule appellants' first point of error to the extent appellants challenge the legal sufficiency of the evidence of causation.,1492
-"as is relevant here, in the united states a ship can be liable in rem for cargo damage, the idea being that the ship impliedly ratified the shipping contract when the carrier loaded the cargo onboard.",1493
-"therefore, because this claim is without merit, it is summarily dismissed.",1494
-"in sum, tomlin's per se approach to rule 60(b) is no longer good law.",1495
-"r., 331 s.w.2d 314, was overruled to an extent in judge woodley's opinion in wilkerson, supra",1496
-"we now reexamine the issue as an en banc court, overruling any implications in hance inconsistent with this opinion.",1497
-"id. (citing malik v. state, 953 s.w.2d 234, 240 (tex. crim. app. 1997)).",1498
-"the case of garrison v. street harper furniture carpet company, supra, is expressly overruled.",1499
-"at the very latest, the plaintiff knew in 2012 that dial was unjustly enriched by the plaintiff's work product.",1500
-"and because 1367(b) contains no exception for joinder of plaintiffs under rule 20 or class actions under rule 23, the court concludes, clark and zahn have been overruled.",1501
-we overrule this point.,1502
-to that extent chetkovich v. united states must be overruled.,1503
-"moreover, here, as in ankrom, hicks followed the denial of her motion to dismiss the indictment with the entry of a guilty plea.",1504
-"id. at 49,400-02.",1505
-we agree with the fourth district.,1506
-"however, we acknowledge that during his testimony, james denied sending the text messages.",1507
-"on the contrary, we hold that forcing green to defend title to cargill's cattle cannot be characterized as an interference with green's property as we have defined such an injury today, and we disapprove of the anomalous holding in bridgers to the extent that it expands the reach of special injury to include the incidental effects of an injunction on those who were not directly targeted by the injunction.",1508
-"accordingly, christensen is disapproved.",1509
-"to the extent that some texas courts have recognized an exception to attorney negligence based on the subjective good faith of the attorney, those cases are disapproved.",1510
-"repko moved for reconsideration and argued, among other things, that because the county simply pled it was entitled to immunity under subsection (12), the gross negligence standard contained in subsection (12) must be read into the immunity provisions contained in subsections (4), (5), and (13).",1511
-"(pen. code, 1203.1, subd. (a)(3) [in granting probation, court """"shall provide for restitution in proper cases""""]; people v. giordano (2007) 42 cal.4th 644, 652.)",1512
-"therefore, we hold today that a maintenance award in a fixed amount to be paid out over a definite period of time is subject to modification under krs 403.250(1), thereby overruling dame.",1513
-"after agreeing to have the parties' dispute resolved on a paper record, at oral argument lively argued that cooper """"forgot"""" to process the payment or became distracted, and the court should so conclude by drawing inferences in favor of lively as the """"non-moving party.""""",1514
-casey is overruled.,1515
-the forest preserve foreclosed and then bought the property at the foreclosure auction.,1516
-"because the trial court acted under its discretionary authority, as authorized by statute, to order the defendant to serve his original sentence in confinement, the trial court did not abuse its discretion, and we affirm its judgment.",1517
-we note that the supreme court has expressly disapproved of the practice of relying on statements in separate opinions to determine whether a case has been overruled.,1518
-"treating """"the judgment rendered in the first action . . . now as it was in the beginning,"""" we held that the people's claim was barred.",1519
-evans must therefore be overruled.,1520
-"but an inference of a participation in a conspiracy based on presence must be accompanied by evidence that the defendant """"supported, assisted, encouraged, cooperated with, advised, or incited the principal in the commission of the crime, and that the defendant shared the criminal intent of the principal.""""",1521
-"this appeal compels us to revisit our decision inhenderson v. state, 727 so.2d 284 (fla. 2d dca 1999), from which we now recede to the extent that it conflicts with our decision here.",1522
-"id., at , 134 s.ct., at 2535 (internal quotation marks omitted).",1523
-"we recognize that today's holding is in tension with a line of decisions in the commonwealth court, including decisions handed down after this court's non-binding explication in stewart.",1524
-"see franchise tax board v. construction laborers vacation trust, 463 u.s. 1, 13-14, 103 s.ct. 2841, 2848, 77 l.ed.2d 420 (1983); williams v. caterpillar tractor co., 786 f.2d 928, 931-32 (9th cir. 1986) ( williams).",1525
-"in both the adjudicatory and dispositional orders, the court found that the children's presence in the parents' home remained contrary to their welfare and ordered that they remain in an out-of-home placement.",1526
-"the decisions in coffey and kleeman misinterpret the nonuse provision of section 228.190.1 and, on that point, no longer should be followed.",1527
-"to the extent that adame v. hernandez, 327 ga.app. 869, 874(3)(b), 761 s.e.2d 402 (2014), holds that the trial court must support, with written findings, its exercise of discretion and consideration of the best interest of the child for whom child support is being awarded when applying a theoretical child support order under ocga 19615(f)(5)(c), it is hereby overruled.",1528
-we overrule any language in bryant that suggests that the proper inquiry for assessing prejudice is whether a jury could have convicted the petitioner of the lesser-included offense instead of the charged offense.,1529
-"insofar as the following opinions are inconsistent with this opinion, they are expressly overruled:",1530
-"first, the plaintiff must establish """"a prima facie case of retaliation.""""",1531
-"""""every robber or burglar knows when he attempts to commit his crime that he is inviting dangerous resistance.""""",1532
-"to the extent that people v. otis, 33 cal.app.3d 893 [ 109 cal.rptr. 444], is contrary to the views expressed herein, it is disapproved.",1533
-"westminster, colorado justice hood delivered the opinion of the court. 1 an underinsured motorist struck a car driven by dale fisher, causing fisher injuries requiring over $60,000 in medical care.",1534
-. balliette,1535
-"beck v. city of muskogee police dep't, 195 f.3d 553, 557 (10th cir. 1999) (citing smith v. city of enid ex rel. enid city comm'n, 149 f.3d 1151, 1154 (10th cir. 1998)).",1536
-"in his first assignment of error, appellant contends that the trial court plainly erred when it failed to advise him of the information required by ors 426.100(1).",1537
-"##note: r.j. reynolds tobacco co. v. ciccone is the current case that is being dealt with, therefore it is not being overruled.",1538
-"it is therefore, to that extent, overruled.",1539
-"under this standard, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling, and we will uphold the trial court's ruling so long as it was within the zone of reasonable disagreement.",1540
-##bauguess v. paine is not ovveruled (same line of cases).,1541
-"reed lodges several other challenges to the constitutionality of california's capital sentencing scheme, all of which he concedes we have previously rejected.",1542
-i would not have issued this order since i would not have known what [physician's] needs would be for the procedure to remove the battery.,1543
-"in so holding, we recede from our decision in koch v. kimball",1544
-"we therefore disapprove the court of appeal's decision in diaz, supra, 13 cal.app.4th 1755, insofar as it is inconsistent with the views expressed in our opinion in the present case.",1545
-"for this reason we choose to follow it, and disapprove santos, supra, 171 cal.app.3d 67, as an aberration.",1546
-"with this understanding of solatium damages, we turn now to plaintiffs' challenges to the district court's decision in this case.",1547
-"the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is facially sufficient on sosataquechel's assertion that he would not have entered a plea of guilty, and instead would have chosen to go to trial, had counsel informed him of the claimed defense of self-defense.",1548
-"[20] thus, in the context of his due process challenge, davis was required to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the suggestive out-of-court identification was orchestrated by """"improper state conduct.""""",1549
-"we overrule seales and its progeny to the extent that they allow admission of testimonial statements when found to be reliable under the ""indicia of reliability"" test in the absence of cross-examination.",1550
-"to the extent that prior opinions of the court of appeals are inconsistent with our holding today, we disapprove those decisions.",1551
-"to the extent that cooper may be read to permit proof only by probable cause, it is overruled.",1552
-"see schaffer by schaffer, 74 f.3d at 731.",1553
-"but to the extent the court of appeal's implication might be read to suggest that the magistrate's failure cannot deny a defendant a substantial right affecting the legality of the commitment even when the failure is prejudicial as well as erroneous, the appellate court's opinion is unsound under the analysis set out above and is hereby disapproved.",1554
-"but """"not every potential loss of liberty requires the full panoply of procedural guarantees available at a criminal trial.""""",1555
-"the district court instructed the jury on the lesser included offense of simple battery, yet the jury found green guilty as charged on knowing aggravated battery.",1556
-"we expressly overrule nightclubs on this issue and hold that, as a general matter, 23a.010(4) satisfies the first amendment.",1557
-"specifically, the trial court blocked appellants from putting on production and drilling cost testimony from kenneth hill, victory's ceo, when it sustained oz's objections to untimely disclosure of the witness and failure to provide access to voluminous records underpinning a summary report hill had prepared for trial.",1558
-"hi-tech points to fawcett v. grosu, 498 s.w.3d 650, and sloat v. rathburn, 513 s.w.3d 500 (tex. app.austin 2015, pet. dism'd), in support of this argument.",1559
-"the public safety officer shall be entitled to a transcribed copy of any notes made by a stenographer or to any reports or complaints made by investigators or other persons, except those which are deemed by the investigating agency to be confidential.""""",1560
-"finding a portion of electronic power wrongly decided, the en banc court overrules it to the extent it holds that a request for findings of fact and conclusions of law extends the trial court's plenary power.",1561
-"hyatt, 316 mich app at 415.",1562
-"intervening defendants argue that stand up does not apply here because the language of const 1963, art 2, 9, which was at issue in stand up, is substantially different from the language of const 1963, art 12, 2, at issue here.",1563
-"see, e.g., frechette, 583 f.3d at 378-79 (16 months); morales-aldahondo, 524 f.3d at 119 (three years).",1564
-"today, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and overrule that decision.",1565
-"see vardaman, 711 so.2d at 732-733.",1566
-"to the extent the court of appeal decisions in ashford v. culver city unified school dist., supra, 130 cal.app.4th 344, 29 cal.rptr.3d 728, sierra club v. contra costa county., supra, 10 cal.app.4th 1212, 13 cal.rptr.2d 182, newman v. state personnel bd., supra, 10 cal.app.4th 41, 12 cal.rptr.2d 601, and resource defense fund v. local agency formation com., supra, 191 cal.app.3d 886, 236 cal.rptr. 794, are inconsistent with the views expressed herein, those decisions are disapproved.",1567
-we disapprove of the line of cases from the courts of appeal allowing attorney's fees in the case of executory process.,1568
-"insofar as they hold to the contrary, brown and ray should no longer be followed.",1569
-"plaintiffs rejected the deal, at which point it was dead.",1570
-contrary statements in our opinions are disapproved.,1571
-"our previous construction of the statute, krs 189.070(2),",1572
-"to the extent that the shumaker and howard cases are inconsistent with the views expressed herein, they are disapproved.",1573
-"we consider the reeves opinion unsound, and with it ream, its progeny.",1574
-"on january 18, 2011, the appellees apparently each wrote a letter to the director of the mississippi bureau of investigation.",1575
-the louisiana supreme court's remand of the instant case for review under our supervisory jurisdiction overrules by implication certain dicta of the jackson opinion that is inconsistent with such supervisory review.;,1576
-"for these reasons, we overrule rosenstein and wilson to the extent that they incorrectly hold that an appellate court has no authority to grant an extension of the time to file a discretionary application under ocga 5639.",1577
-"we overrule people v. montoya, 251 p.3d 35, 43 (colo.app.2010), to the extent that it suggests that the amended rule modified the requirements for a defendant's waiver of his right to a jury trial.",1578
-"to the extent it is in conflict with this viewpoint, southern ry. co. v. feldhaus, ky., 261 s.w.2d 308 (1953), is overruled.",1579
-"in this regard, we return to and adopt judge sullivan's conclusion in hiscapes opinion, 615 n.e.2d at 455 (which we originally disapproved in our capes opinion",1580
-"under such circumstances, notwithstanding the language used in hicks v. hamilton, supra, which case in so far as same is in conflict with our holding herein is overruled, we cannot subscribe to the contention that it is an absolute requisite to good and valid service that defendants actually receive a copy of the summons and petition in order to vest jurisdiction in the courts of this state, out of which the summons was issued, as to do so would destroy the intent and purpose of the law.",1581
-see gtech (wherein gtech had an exclusive remedy in the procurement code's bid protest procedure - which was litigated to a final determination and was on appeal to this court - but had no other remedy at law to challenge the department of revenue's refusal to act in accordance with the procurement code's bid protest procedures).,1582
-"wilson was disapproved on other grounds in kellett v. superior court (1966) 63 cal.2d 822, 827 [ 48 cal.rptr. 366, 409 p.2d 206], but the court in kellett nonetheless agreed that the flight from the officer constituted a separate offense from the procurement and threatened use of the gun.",1583
-"by our holding today, we recede from this court's previous opinions in robertson, jimenez, and raleigh, a decision which we do not undertake lightly.",1584
-"id. nor would the transaction undermine the commission's ability to exercise its """"full regulatory powers"""" over utilities.",1585
-"therefore, to the extent that those cases are in conflict with today's holding they are overruled.",1586
-"but samia did not produce any of those third parties as witnesses, and the jury was not required to credit samia's second-hand and uncorroborated account.",1587
-"gonzalez-lopez, 548 u.s. at 150.",1588
-we do not read lang to have overruled hoben.,1589
-this standard of review affords considerable deference to the trial court provided that the court acted in accordance with the governing rules of law.,1590
-this assignment of error is accordingly overruled.,1591
-we agree with clements and the court of special appeals that cjp 12-302(c) does not authorize the state's appeal in this case.,1592
-we overrule national loan investors to the extent it is inconsistent with this approach.,1593
-"consistent with our discussion in floyd concerning congress's authority to regulate court procedures, and pursuant to the directives of the rules enabling act, we must abandon our holding in floyd that once the district court has certified that an appeal from a non-prisoner would not be taken in good faith, the litigant may not proceed in forma pauperis on appeal.",1594
-"for this reason, we hold that kikumura is no longer valid as long as the guidelines are advisory.",1595
-"any implications to the contrary in people v. cox, 156 cal.app.2d 472, 477 [ 319 p.2d 681], and people v. gonzales, 136 cal.app.2d 437, 440-441 [ 288 p.2d 588], are disapproved.",1596
-"the government and the dissent argue that rule 11(a)(2) means that """"a defendant who pleads guilty cannot challenge his conviction on appeal on a forfeitable or waivable ground that he either failed to present to the district court or failed to reserve in writing.""""",1597
-ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims are an exception to the error preservation requirement.,1598
-"the supreme court said that the paroline factors are """"rough guideposts for determining an amount that fits the offense.""""",1599
-"in sum, the court's holding in massachusetts mutual life ins. co. v. city and county of san francisco, supra, 129 cal.app.3d 876, is unsupported and unpersuasive, and we disapprove it.",1600
-the dioceses' position that private attorneys are not required to take a secrecy oath -- which they carry into the present briefing -- was and is particularly confounding.,1601
-"for all the foregoing reasons, friesen v. city of glendale, supra, 209 cal. 524, is overruled and lombardy v. peter kiewit sons' co., supra, 266 cal.app.2d 599, is disapproved to the extent that they are inconsistent with the views herein expressed.",1602
-"therefore, we disapprove of hagar to the extent that it holds that the term 'charge' includes unilaterally placing on an account an amount due as interest without any other action.",1603
-"his prejudice arguments necessarily depend on his argument that his mental state was compromised at the time of his pleas, which we determined was not borne out by the record in the context of his due process claim.",1604
-"fernandes v. dar dev. corp., inc., 222 n.j. 390, 403-04 (2015) (citing townsend v. pierre, 221 n.j. 36, 51 (2015)).",1605
-monge holds to the contrary and overrules these four decisions (but not the general rule that insufficiency of the evidence on any element precludes retrial).,1606
-"in the may 2017 order, the district court asserts that the march 2013 order was not temporary, but the may 2017 order itself then goes on to state that, """"[christopher] was then to offset the cost of the unlv class for [kathy] for 2 months by dropping the monthly amount down to $200.00 ",1607
-634 f.3d at 870.,1608
-"we have concluded that the holdings in wyman, spillers, evangelical, supra, and their progeny, should be overruled and a new sense of direction established.",1609
-we believe this is an appropriate opportunity to overrule apollo and to establish a new standard and procedure for handling the admissibility of coconspirator statements in criminal conspiracy trials.,1610
-"in peteja, the court of appeals incorrectly held that whether the investigation involves a felony offense depends upon whether the evidence that was destroyed, altered, or concealed would have tended to demonstrate the commission of a felony.",1611
-"19 it is well settled that where the legislature has delegated the authority to exercise the power of eminent domain, such power includes the authority to determine the necessity of exercising the right.",1612
-"to the extent of conflict herewith, we disapprove of the opinion in halpin.",1613
-we therefore recede from that part of rivera holding that the form of the objection was facially insufficient to trigger an inquiry under abshire- melbourne as to whether a peremptory challenge was being improperly exercised.,1614
-neither pilothouse 60 itself nor the way in which it was discussed in conjunction with the motions in limine establishes that the trial court erred by excluding trimet's proffered evidence.,1615
-"we do not read rofkar as relying on any distinction between whitton and dunlop, and we disavow the dicta in rofkar that indicates that different tests for multiple punishment apply in different contexts.",1616
-"however, in his briefing, hanson discusses his injuries on several occasions.",1617
-"therefore, to the extent that the ica in prior decisions has applied harmless error analysis to violations of the principles set forth in grindles , 70 haw. 528, 777 p.2d 1187, these decisions are overruled",1618
-"the federal circuit has concluded that, in such cases, the declaratory judgment is ""moot"" in a jurisdictional sense, a conclusion that it considers dictated by two of our earlier opinions, electrical fittings corp. v. thomas betts co., 307 u.s. 241 (1939), and altvater v. freeman.",1619
-our review is therefore limited at most to whether any errors caused a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice.,1620
-"indeed, in marsh, the prosecutor made the following statement during closing argument regarding the defendant's testimony: """"use your common sense, ladies and gentlemen.",1621
-"caselaw which has expanded that definition to include ""substantial protections"" to which the defendant would have otherwise been entitled under the law as it existed at the time of commission of the offense was overruled.",1622
-"to the extent that gregg, places the initial burden upon the state to prove that a warrantless search or seizure took place, it is overruled.",1623
-"see commonwealth v. dennis, 164 a.3d 503, 512 (pa. super. 2017).",1624
-"the alternative holding in heaps v. toy, supra, finding the contract in that case contrary to good morals, is inconsistent with the numerous california decisions upholding contracts between nonmarital partners when such contracts are not founded upon an illicit consideration, and is therefore disapproved.",1625
-"to the extent, however, that reasoning in the opinion in m.l. foss in inconsistent with our holding in this case, we disapprove it.",1626
-"people v. superior court, supra, 202 cal. 165, and people v. superior court, supra, 240 cal.app.2d 90, which permitted the issuance of mandate where there was a danger of retrial, are disapproved.",1627
-"therefore, we decline to follow the courts that have reasoned that only acts that have an affirmative element of misrepresentation or false statement are probative of truthfulness, because these holdings create an unduly narrow category of acts that reflect on one's character for truthfulness.",1628
-"indeed, this court has recognized that a party may make allegations on information and belief in the fraud context when """"(1) the facts constituting the fraud are not accessible to the plaintiff and (2) the plaintiff provides the grounds for his suspicions.""""",1629
-"therefore, the entire july 31, 2013 invoice is within the scope of the award.",1630
-"the texas health and safety code, in turn, defined intellectual disability as """"significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning that is concurrent with deficits in adaptive behavior and originates during the developmental period.""""",1631
-"therefore, assuming without deciding whether the expert's testimony concerning the tagging incident was inadmissible hearsay, there was sufficient evidence to show that gmc is a group that engages in criminal gang activity.",1632
-"the presumption of donative intent in carter, lalime, and weeks is not applicable after long.",1633
-"to the extent that our holdings in patman v. state, 244 ga.app. 833, 537 s.e.2d 118 (2000), shivers v. state, 258 ga.app. 253, 573 s.e.2d 494 (2002), state v. fossett, 253 ga.app. 791, 560 s.e.2d 351 (2002), state v. charles, 264 ga.app. 874, 592 s.e.2d 518 (2003), boldin v. state, 282 ga.app. 492, 639 s.e.2d 522 (2006), and martinezvargas v. state, 317 ga.app. 232, 730 s.e.2d 633 (2012), could be interpreted as support for the premise that the odor of raw marijuana emanating from a particular location cannot be the sole basis for the issuance of a search warrant for that location, such interpretations are hereby disapproved.",1634
-"the simple fact is that this board does not have jurisdiction to consider the merits of a claim once we determine that an appeal is untimely, as it was here. . . . legally, we can do nothing but dismiss this appeal.""""",1635
-we disapprove any language of dillingham or campbell that may be interpreted to support or compel a requirement that the pre-existing disability be manifest at the time of hiring.,1636
-"given that the question of whether the accused acted in self-defense is a fact issue for the trier of fact's determination and that ""beyond a reasonable doubt"" is the required level of proof, we disavow this language in the sufficiency of the evidence context.",1637
-"prominent among the chavez and garmon rulings which are disapproved and overruled is the holding that it is unlawful for an employer to make a contract with a labor ""organizer"" who represents none of the affected employes whereby the employer agrees that he will compel his workmen, on pain of discharge, to join the organizer's union and to ""consent"" that the employer shall deduct ""dues"" from the employes' pay checks for remittance to their ""organizer"" their unchosen and unwanted ""representative.""",1638
-we overrule our prior cases which have authorized use of the concurrent sentence doctrine.,1639
-"evidence not properly and officially offered and introduced cannot be considered, even if it is physically placed in the record.",1640
-"those decisions are overruled,",1641
-id. at 207-08.,1642
-"id., 596.",1643
-"see, e.g., estate of redden v. redden, 179 n.c. app. 113, 117, 632 s.e.2d 794, 798 (2006) (concluding that an order for partial summary judgement requiring the defendant to pay the sum of $150,000.00 and costs affected a substantial right).",1644
-876 f.3d at 1306.,1645
-tex. civ. prac. & rem. code ann. 18.001(e)(1).,1646
-"city of pasadena's assertion that a municipally owned utility is not a ""public utility"" within the meaning of article xii (see 183 cal. at pp. 530-532), although not expressly disapproved by los angeles met. transit authority v. public util. com., supra, 59 cal.2d 863, is clearly inconsistent with the holding in the transit authority case sustaining puc jurisdiction over a municipally owned common carrier.",1647
-therefore the turlock and laguna beach cases are overruled.,1648
-"collin v. connecticut valley arms, inc., supra, 137 cal.app.3d 815 and united farm workers of america v. superior court, supra, 111 cal.app.3d 1009, 1119, are disapproved insofar as the former holds and the latter states that jurors who did not join in the negligence special verdict may not vote on the proximate cause special verdict.",1649
-20. an ineffective assistance of counsel claim based on the failure to file a suppression motion is without merit if trial counsel lacked a legal or factual basis to do so.,1650
-"jones, slip op. at 16 (citing stinson v. united states, 508 u.s. 36, 45 (1993)).",1651
-johnson testified at trial that the man holding the gun was one of the two men wearing a blue sweater.,1652
-"for clarity, we pause to note that by overturning winter storm, we also abrogate any decision insofar as it has relied on winter storm, specifically, consub delaware llc v. schahin engenharia limitada.",1653
-"thus, the presence of an ambiguity in a contract does not always indicate a structural failure; it could just as easily mean that the parties intended to be bound to arbitrate and that the trial court, as the outside interpreter of the contract, should admit parol evidence to shed light on that contract's limits.",1654
-"to the extent that di suvero and gould are inconsistent with this rule, they are hereby disapproved.",1655
-"instead, we choose to overrule quintana, based on the supreme court's subsequent decision in monge and the many court decisions tracking monge.",1656
-"so, we will evaluate the evidence presented at trial with the jury's accreditation of the state's witnesses in mind.",1657
-"accordingly, we disapprove of our statement in chhom, 128 wash.2d at 741, 911 p.2d 1014, defining the criminal result of rape of a child as sexual intercourse alone.",1658
-"to the extent that vaughan v. harvard indus., inc., 926 f. supp. 1340, 1348 (w.d. tenn. 1996) followed the myers rule and held that the ada does not require re-assignment when a disabled employee cannot be reasonably accommodated in his current position, it is overruled.",1659
-"we approve the decision of the court below and disapprove mayberry v. state, 561 so.2d 1201 (fla. 2d dca 1990), to the extent it conflicts herewith.",1660
-"insofar as the language in magezis v. municipal court, supra, 3 cal.3d at p. 58 and in grimes v. municipal court, 5 cal.3d 643, 646 [ 97 cal.rptr. 9, 488 p.2d 169] requires a more substantial showing by appellants than is required under mayer, they are disapproved.",1661
-"finally, although thomas did not appear to have a possessory interest in the taxi, we have held that a permissible inference may be drawn that people who know each other and are traveling together in a vehicle """"in circumstances indicating drug use or selling activity are operating together, and thus are sharing knowledge of the essentials of their operation.""""",1662
-"to the extent that double view ventures can be construed as adopting a categorical rule requiring a full retrial as the result of any apportionment errora reading we do not necessarily adopt, given the absence of any analysis of the issue in the opinionit is overruled as to this issue.",1663
-"we announced a clear rule in kloeckner : """"[m]ixed cases shall be filed in district court.""""",1664
-"although we are reluctant to do so, we must overrule gibson to the extent that it applies structural error review to an instructional error that affects only an element of the offense, a permissible evidentiary inference, or a potential theory of conviction, as opposed to an instructional error that affects the overarching reasonable doubt standard of proof.",1665
-"1993) (en banc)); see also perry, 408 u.s. at 601-02 (holding that mutually explicit understanding could give rise to protected property interest).",1666
-"because on the date vetri ny applied for the 2016 koz benefits, march 24, 2016, vetri ny was not actively conducting a business within the navy yard koz, dced argues vetri ny could not be certified as a qualified business for any of 2016 and the application for koz benefits for january 2016 was properly denied.",1667
-"in griffith the court explicitly overruled linkletter and held that in criminal cases, all newly declared rules of law must be applied retroactively to all criminal cases pending on direct review or not yet final ""with no exception for cases in which the new rule constitutes a `clear break' with the past.",1668
-"like morning fresh farms, to the extent any of the del mesa farms cases can be read to stand for the proposition that a building, without more, provides sufficient connection to meet the requirement that the product ""originate from the land's productivity,"" we decline to follow them.",1669
-"because that proposition is contrary to the restatement rule as adopted in gross, barber and joe cooper are, to that extent, overruled.",1670
-"thus, to the extent inconsistent herewith, omni ins. co. v. kentucky farm bureau mut. ins. co., 999 s.w.2d 724, state farm mut. auto. ins. co. v. register, 583 s.w.2d 705, and royal-globe ins. companies v. safeco ins. co. of america, 560 s.w.2d 22, are overruled.",1671
-"in hall, for example, a capital murder case, we evaluated the prosecutor's statements that """"the only thing colder than the grave of [the victim] is [the defendant's] heart"""" and that, after shooting a store clerk in the head, the defendant """"walked out coolly, calmly, and collected, with a .357 revolver waving at patrons in the store.""""",1672
-"1989), can be read to conflict with our holding herein, and is to that extent overruled, we note that the petitioner in that case was not indigent and had already obtained an investigator at his own expense.",1673
-board op. at *37.,1674
-section 3553(c) and this court's cases make clear that a sentencing court cannot merely take into account the 3553(a) factors and the defendant's arguments related thereto.,1675
-"however, appellant's defensive theories strengthened the state's need for this evidence.",1676
-"we disapprove of jensen construction co. v. dallas county, 920 s.w.2d 761 (tex.app.-dallas 1996, writ denied), to the extent that it holds otherwise.",1677
-"language in people v. harrison, 176 cal.app.2d 330 [ 1 cal.rptr. 414], inconsistent with this holding, is disapproved.",1678
-"d. del. 2006); accord, pls. d.i. 92, ex. a (letter from chetan bachale, consumer account analyst, ocwen loan servicing llc, to daniel tabb (mar. 9, 2016) (""""as the bankruptcy has been discharged, you are no longer personally liable for the debt.",1679
-"as the issue of judge loo's rulings has been addressed in previous appeals, and we decline to reexamine the issue in the instant appeals, even if the motion was erroneously denied, it was harmless.",1680
-"for all the foregoing reasons, the decision in woodlake, supra, 230 cal.app.3d 1058, is erroneous, and it is hereby disapproved.",1681
-"see potter v. state dep't of human res., 511 so.2d 190, 192 (ala.civ.app.1986); see also c.l. v. d.h., 916 so.2d 622, 62526 (ala.civ.app.2005).",1682
-(emphasis supplied); u.s. const. amend.,1683
-"to the extent that this conclusion is inconsistent with in re e.t . , 2008 vt 48, 184 vt. 273, 959 a.2d 544, or in re l.g. , 158 vt. 639, 603 a.2d 381 (1992) (mem.), those cases are overruled.",1684
-"for these reasons, we conclude that the constructions of the conduct rules in harrington and cicchetti are unsustainable, and we accordingly overrule those decisions.",1685
-"although the district court recognized the ""general rule"" that "" rooker-feldman may not be invoked against a federal-court plaintiff who was not actually a party to the prior state-court judgment,"" 379 f. supp. 2d, at 1123, it nevertheless followed tenth circuit precedent in allowing application of rooker-feldman against parties who were in privity with a party to the earlier state-court action.",1686
-"in so holding, we overrule moore v. skiles and the cases that have followed it.",1687
-"however, even accepting that the initial stop was justified and the decision to impound the vehicle was not pretext for searching miller's vehicle without a warrant, i believe the mere existence of a police department policy is insufficient to satisfy the state's burden of proving the applicability of the inventory search exception to the fourth amendment.",1688
-"therefore, we hereby expressly overrule hollis.",1689
-"relying on article i, 2, of the constitution, the court required that congressional districts be drawn with equal populations.",1690
-"therefore, lynch does not support the sweeping statement made by the haywood court; and because the haywood court clearly contradicts beaver in flatly stating that the state criminal judgment of a court not elected in accordance with the tennessee constitution is ""wholly void,"" 195 tenn. at 273, 259 s.w.2d at 162, haywood is overruled to that extent.",1691
-"wife received from husband on august 28, 2014, as the buyout amount based upon their then-current equity in the family residence.",1692
-"individuals enjoy a non-trivial privacy interest in their booking photos, and we overrule free press i 's contrary holding.",1693
-"schulte v. venture stores, inc., 832 s.w.2d 13 (mo.app. 1992), and hoskin v. younger cemetery corp., 838 s.w.2d 476 (mo.app. 1992), to the extent that they conflict, are overruled.",1694
-"to the extent that any dicta therein may impliedly suggest that intent is a necessary ingredient of the element of concealment, we decline to follow it, in light of our en banc holding today.",1695
-"see knight v. jewett, 834 p.2d 696, 704-05 (cal. 1992).",1696
-"14 after darby was convicted, he filed a postconviction motion arguing that his constitutional right to self-representation was violated because he had invoked his right during this exchange with the trial court.",1697
-"to the extent the previous decisions in ex parte talley, brown, ex parte green, roberts, in re williams, harrell, akers, coffer, stucker, sam and edens conflict with the court's decision herein, they are expressly overruled.",1698
-"on july 10, 2014, the state charged martin by amended information with one count of sale of cocaine within 1,000 feet of a public park or a publicly owned recreational facility and one count of unlawful use of a two-way communication device. martin proceeded to trial and was found guilty as charged.",1699
-"to the extent that ross v. commonwealth, supra, holds to the contrary, it is hereby overruled.",1700
-"the plaintiff, whose marriage to the defendant previously had been dissolved, appealed to this court from the judgment of the trial court denying his motion to modify the dissolution judgment by terminating his alimony obligation because of the defendant's alleged cohabitation with her boyfriend.",1701
-"in my view, appellant adhered to the explicit requirements of our rules of civil procedure, and nothing more was required of her to preserve her claim.",1702
-"cases on which defendant relies for sustaining the limited scope of the arbitrable issues and the necessity for preliminary court hearings on ""jurisdictional facts"" are hereby disapproved: pacific automobile ins. co. v. lang, supra, 265 cal.app.2d 837; rodgers v. state farm mutual auto. ins. co., supra, 13 cal.app.3d 641.",1703
-this aspect of huf needs to be re-examined in light of blakely.,1704
-"10 the restatement further views as irrelevant whether the mortgagee had actual or constructive notice of the intervening lien. according to the restatement, a mortgagee is entitled to subrogation provided that it reasonably expected to receive the security and priority of the lien it paid, and provided subrogation will not materially prejudice the rights of the intervening lien holders.",1705
-##note: yamaha corp. v. state bd. of equalization is the current case that is being dealt with therefore it is not being overruled.,1706
-"i agree with judge kerner's opinion to the extent that it affirms the judgment appealed from and that victor v. lane, 394 f.2d 268, a previous decision of this court, should be overruled.",1707
-"the agency may base a credibility finding on an asylum applicant's """"demeanor, candor, or responsiveness""""; the """"inherent plausibility"""" of his account; the consistency among his written statements, oral statements, and other record evidence; and """"any inaccuracies or falsehoods in such statements, without regard to whether an inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood goes to the heart of the applicant's claim, or any other relevant factor.""""",1708
-"as the tenth circuit recognized, however, other courts of appeals have held that the limitations period for a constructive-discharge claim does not begin to run until the employee resigns.",1709
-"tobey filed his complaint on april 1, 2016.",1710
-"see, e.g., hyland v. homeservices of am., inc., 771 f.3d 310, 323 (6th cir. 2014) (affirming district court's holding that """"plaintiffs have not pled an alter ego or piercing the corporate veil claim in their fourth amended complaint and cannot now, when faced with summary judgment, assert this new theory of liability"""" (citation omitted)); counts v. mk-ferguson co., 680 f. supp. 1343, 1347 n.3 (e.d. mo.) (""""plaintiff has not pleaded alter ego liability against this defendant and it would not be possible to hold it liable on this basis given the claims advanced in the second amended complaint.""""),",1711
-"to the extent that langley, supra, supports the conclusion that a reasonable inference of guilt may be drawn from neutral, orderly courtroom demeanor, it is overruled.",1712
-"i disagree, however, with the majority's decision to overrule state v. smith, 200 conn. 465, 512 a.2d 189 (1986), and state v. tatum, 219 conn. 721, 728, 595 a.2d 322 (1991).",1713
-"district of columbia, and the dicta in sims v. rives, and wood v. united states, are in conflict with the foregoing statement they are, to that extent, hereby repudiated.",1714
-"to the extent that state v. hinton, 680 p.2d 749 (utah 1984) (per curiam) is inconsistent with this rule, it is overruled.",1715
-"to the extent that our holdings in dove, 710 p.2d 170, and cannon, 692 p.2d 740, do not abide by the bright-line standard articulated in rule 7(f)(2), we overrule those cases.",1716
-"the trial court's ruling here, however, pointedly did not determine the rights and interests of the parties and instead ordered the property sold pending a future determination of those rights and interests.",1717
-" dissent is instructive, noting specifically that the majority found waiver and suggests, therefore, that any further substantive analysis is",1718
-"rather than perpetuate that error, we acknowledge our mistake and overrule our prior opinion on that issue.",1719
-"also, the record supports the court's findings that diaz's actions were not a product of control by salgado or a product of her fear of him.",1720
-"so to be clear, to the extent tuck held that the judiciary possesses some power to interfere in the legislature's internal procedure, we overrule it today.",1721
-##note: people v. gonzalez is the same line of cases as the current case therefore there is no overruling.,1722
-"to the extent that schultz requires executive capacity as the sine quanon of the admission by a party-opponent exception to the hearsay rule, it is incorrect and is overruled.",1723
-"in nath, the supreme court explained that in addition to complying with the requirements of the governing substantive law, a sanction must also comply with due process by being """"just and not excessive.""""",1724
-"e.g., united states v. iannone, 184 f.3d 214, 222 (3d cir. 1999).",1725
-"see commonwealth v. diaz, 448 mass. 286, 288 (2007).",1726
-"this instruction was copied from the case of george v. standard slag company, ky., 431 s.w.2d 711, 715 (1968), and we specifically overrule that portion of the case.",1727
-we overrule valley to the extent it is inconsistent with this opinion.,1728
-"further, we reject use of the statutory definition of vessel in the lhwca as the basis for the definition of vessel under 905(b), as was done in lundy v. litton systems, inc., 624 f.2d 590 (5th cir. 1980), cert. denied, 450 u.s. 913, 101 s.ct. 1353, 67 l.ed.2d 337 (1981), and overrule the holding in trussell v. litton systems, inc., 753 f.2d 366, 367 (5th cir. 1985), that a hull under construction, located ""on a building platform in a building-way within the shipyard,"" and not on navigable waters, was a vessel for 905(b) purposes.",1729
-the time has come to reconcile and regularize our cases in this field.,1730
-see wis. stat. 808.10 and rule 809.62. cir. ct. nos. 2016tp238,1731
-"13 defendant is correct that abuse of discretion is typically the correct standard of review for discovery matters, such as the issue in the instant appeal.",1732
-290 or at 153-54 (quoting ors 20.010 and ors 20.070).,1733
-"it is unclear whether this means that behdadnia made an unconditional tender of the $400,000 (or more) due under the sales agreement.",1734
-"lobrano, judge david r.m. williams, judge joan bernard armstrong, judge steven r. plotkin, and judge rudolph f. becker iii) have voted to overrule donnelly.",1735
-"such an approach strikes us as being eminently sensible, and it is our judgment that a similar principle should be applied in the case at bar.",1736
-"we are not persuaded by the rationale of either opinion and insofar as hillman v. commissioner, supra, is in conflict with our decision it is overruled.",1737
-"to the extent this holding conflicts with the court of appeals' decision in farmers group, inc. v. trimble, 768 p.2d 1243 (colo.app. 1988) (""trimble iii""), we overrule that decision.",1738
-{31} murder is an unclassified felony generally subject to an indefinite sentence of 15 years to life.,1739
-"therefore, insofar as the holm case may be interpreted to hold that any photograph taken for the purpose of litigation and transmitted to an attorney is privileged, per se, it is disapproved.",1740
-"18 following a lengthy hearing at which the court entertained argument from the parties' attorneys, the court granted john's motion for summary judgment.",1741
-mcdonald is erroneous.,1742
-"first, unlike here, the applicant in ex parte wolf submitted evidence supporting his position that his plea counsel's actions and advice fell below the prevailing professional norms for representation of a defendant like him.",1743
-"however, when we look to the association's objection and arguments during the instructions conference, we see that the association's arguments were directed at the requested modification rejected by the circuit court.",1744
-"to the extent that brashear v. payne, ky., 1954, 266 s.w.2d 346, is in conflict with this conclusion, it is overruled.",1745
-22 edwards plainly held that perfecting an appeal following a guilty plea includes filing a postplea motion.,1746
-(id. at pp. 903-904.),1747
-"the commission instead undertakes to ensure """"just and reasonable"""" wholesale rates by enhancing competitionattempting, as we recently explained, """"to break down regulatory and economic barriers that hinder a free market in wholesale electricity.""""",1748
-"crescent wharf etc. co. v. los angeles, 207 cal. 430 [ 278 p. 1028], fails to consider the above mentioned factors and should be overruled.",1749
-"in re mortimore estate, unpublished opinion per curiam of the court of appeals, issued may 17, 2011, 2011 wl 1879737 (docket no. 297280), p. 1.",1750
-"accordingly, we overrule get it kwik, to the extent that that opinion holds that a where a violation of the notice provisions of the bulk transfers act has occurred, the transferee cannot be personally liable to the transferor's creditors under any circumstances.",1751
-"opn.] [ 97 cal.rptr. 40]; people v. miller, 12 cal.app.3d 922, 934 [ 91 cal.rptr. 97].)",1752
-"as harper's testimony established, a 3-mile radius in houston will contain about 50 grocery stores.",1753
-"plaintiff argues the trial court's finding the closure """"relates to"""" harassment of seals is supported by substantial evidence.",1754
-"cf. doj guidance notice, 76 fed. reg. 470 at 7472 ([c]ompliance with section 5 of the voting rights act may require the jurisdiction to depart from strict adherence to certain of its redistricting criteria.).",1755
-"in recognizing yurgel and agreeing with the holding in lamon, we recede from the following three opinions of this court.",1756
-"to the extent, therefore, that fuentes may be considered an opinion of this court, we admit our error and disapprove it.",1757
-"to the extent dye, 2009 ok 52, 230 p.3d 507,griffith, 2009 ok 51, 230 p.3d 488, and cossey, 2009 ok 6, 212 p.3d 447 conclude otherwise, they are overruled.",1758
-"we went on to state that ""any statement or intimation to the contrary in our prior decisions in ellis and mitchell is hereby expressly disapproved.""",1759
-advancing a theory that the 2010 order resolved any outstanding motion.,1760
-"to the extent our decisions in brown, beale, and later cases, e.g., watson v. united states, 612 a.2d 179, 182 (d.c. 1992), impose a more exacting standard of relevance, we disavow them.",1761
-"consequently, to the extent that miller or perez can still be read as authority for overlooking a party's failure to make a timely and specific objection to the admission of evidence at trial and subsequently preserve the issue for appellate review by including it in a 1925(b) statement to which the trial court responds, their rationale for overlooking waiver is disavowed.",1762
-"district 6 retains 70.3% of its predecessor district (old district 1). however, as discussed above, the senate in drawing this district did not perform a functional analysis, but rather focused on keeping the core of old district 1. old district 1, however, was drawn at a time when compactness was not a constitutional imperative.",1763
-"therefore, the trial court's plea for rectification is vindicated; strother is expressly overruled; the judgment is reversed; and the cause is remanded.",1764
-"see heckman v. williamson cty., 369 s.w.3d 137, 150 (tex. 2012) (plea to jurisdiction must be granted if defendant presents undisputed evidence that negates existence of jurisdiction).",1765
-"for the reasons stated below, we overrule rock v. toan and reverse the judgment of the trial court.",1766
-"the doctrine of carlson should be, and is hereby, overruled on the ground it violates 78-34-10(1) and (2).",1767
-"to the extent our previous holding in slaughterback v. state, 594 p.2d 780 (okla.",1768
-"##note: morehart v. county of santa barbara is reversed, not overruled (same line of cases).",1769
-"accordingly, we recede from this court's decision in donahue, and affirm appellant's conviction and sentence in all respects.",1770
-"the cases of louisville and jefferson county planning and zoning commission v. grady, ky., 273 s.w.2d 563, and boyd v. louisville and jefferson county planning and zoning commission, 313 ky. 196, 230 s.w.2d 444, are expressly overruled.",1771
-"although judge rucker ably distinguished the factual and procedural situation in lackey from that in this case, we acknowledge the inconsistency identified by sia and hereby disapprove lackey to the extent that it is inconsistent with the holding set forth in the preceding paragraph.",1772
-petitioner argues that the tribunal erred by affirming the department's denial of a pre for the property for the 2010 through 2013 tax years.,1773
-we continue to believe that these cases properly state the law of the authority of a judge pro tempore to continue to rule on matters following expiration of his or her appointment and so disapprove those recent decisions of the court of appeals to the contrary:,1774
-such case is hereby overruled insofar as it holds the form of the complaint and information was not subject to the exception.,1775
-"""""attorneys have wide latitude in opening and closing statements, subject to the trial court's control, and limitation of the scope of the arguments is within the trial court's discretion.""""",1776
-"here, the trial court imposed two concurrent two-year sentences for brown's convictions for possession of cocaine or a narcotic drug and possession of a hypodermic syringe or needle, as level 6 felonies.",1777
-"the staff analysis of the bill references the conflict between paul v. jenne, 728 so.2d 1167 (fla. 4th dca), rev. granted, 741 so.2d 1137 (fla. 1999), and houser v. manning, 719 so.2d 307 (fla. 3d dca 1998), suggesting that a primary motivation behind the statute was to legislatively overrule the result in paul.",1778
-"to the extent it is inconsistent with this opinion, the decision in jacquin-florida distilling corp. v. department of business regulation, 356 so.2d 340 (fla. 1st dca 1978), is disapproved.",1779
-"46 defendant argues, in the alternative, that the circuit court failed to conduct a proper inquiry into his posttrial claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.",1780
-"in the present case, appellant requested that she pay $300 a month in child support, which the court granted.",1781
-fontenot v. petmecky is overruled.,1782
-"to the extent that they follow or approve of the holding in ex parte erwin, supra, the following cases are also overruled.",1783
-"washington has adopted a number of provisions of the federal adoption and safe families act of 1997, designed to speed up the process of permanency planning for children in foster care.",1784
-"we vacated and remanded, instructing the district court to evaluate bernal's claims under section 2255.",1785
-"in so far as texas n. o. r. co. v. pool, tex.civ.app., 263 s.w.2d 582, no writ history, may be in conflict with what is here said, it is disapproved.",1786
-"the first prong requires the defendant to show by a preponderance of the evidence that defense counsel was not reasonably competent, while the second prong requires him to show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for defense counsel's unprofessional errors, the outcome of the proceedings would have been different.",1787
-congress possesses only limited authority to prohibit and punish robbery.,1788
-"the intermediate court fell into error by following previous precedents of its own court, colbert v. mike-baker brick company, 326 so.2d 900 (la.app. 3d cir. 1976) and becker v. choate, 204 so.2d 680 (la.app. 3d cir. 1967), which had erroneously overlooked the legislative overruling of the decisions upon which they were based.",1789
-"therefore, to the extent that language in lam suggests otherwise, such language should be disapproved.",1790
-"appellant argues the alleged charge error """"at least in theory"""" could have allowed the jury to convict him for brandishing a hammer.",1791
-"thus, boswell and cruse have been, at best, outlying cases concerning the effect of ""as is"" clauses in agreements involving the sale of used real property, and we overrule boswell and cruse to the extent that they stand for a proposition different than that expressed in clay kilgore constr., nesbitt, moore, leatherwood, haygood, o'connor, and massey.",1792
-" this conclusion is not affected by our supreme court's recognition, subsequent to franko, of a habeas petitioner's right to appeal from the dismissal of his habeas petition even if the habeas court denies his petition for certification to appeal.",1793
-c. defendants' claims for other fees.,1794
-see a.r.s. 13-105(9).,1795
-"insofar as mccurter v. older, supra, 173 cal.app.3d 582, 594, and employers casualty co. v. northwestern nat. ins. group, supra, 109 cal.app.3d 462, 474, can be read to hold that a party who fails to bring to the attention of the trial court an omission or ambiguity in its statement of decision may nevertheless avoid the presumptions in favor of the judgment, they are disapproved.",1796
-"to the extent that kendricks, supra, or any other case, conflicts with this opinion, it is overruled.",1797
-"to the extent that they are inconsistent with the views expressed herein, donnellan v. hite, supra, 139 cal.app.2d 43, and wallace v. superior court, supra, 141 cal.app.2d 771 are hereby disapproved, and matter of snyder, supra, 158 cal. 218 is overruled.",1798
-"""""the plaintiff in a rear-end accident case must prove specific acts of negligence on the part of the following driver.""""",1799
-hope was not required to file a claim for new injury under code 65.2-601.,1800
-## note: could not find overruling language specifically for each of the cases listed in the snippet.,1801
-at least two courts have refused to apply the discovery rule to cases involving statutory violations under r.c. 2305.07.,1802
-"we answer the certified question in the negative, quash the district court's opinion, and disapprove gellert to the extent of conflict with this opinion, but we approve the result of the instant case.",1803
-"[20] after an arrest is made, the arresting officer may search the person to """"'remove any weapons that the latter might seek to use in order to resist arrest or effect his escape'"""" and also """"'to search for or seize any evidence on the arrestee's person in order to prevent its concealment or destruction.'""""",1804
-"consequently, according to the sheriff, allowing this statute to summarily result in loss of firearm rights without further judicial process or notice would be confusing and absurd.",1805
-"in its decision, handed down on april 3, 2017, the court held that """"[n]othing in 924(c) restricts the authority conferred on sentencing courts by 3553(a) and the related provisions to consider a sentence imposed under 924(c) when calculating a just sentence for the predicate count.""""",1806
-"because of its internal inconsistency, and because ainsworth is inconsistent with these precedents, it has effectively been overruled.",1807
-"unlike the court, however, i would hold that all these districts must satisfy strict scrutiny.",1808
-"in view of our foregoing discussion concerning the shortcomings of such an analysis, we find it necessary to depart from much of the rationale underlying that decision.",1809
-"accordingly, the fair political practices opinion is disapproved to the extent that it is inconsistent with the present decision.",1810
-"in so finding, we disapprove our earlier decision, in the interest of c.g., 261 ga.app. 814, 815, 584 s.e.2d 33 (2003), to the extent that it deems testimony describing nonverbal conduct depicted on a surveillance videotape to be hearsay.",1811
-"as a result, there simply is no basis for concluding that the 911 call was outcome-determinative.",1812
-"however, when a contract contains a latent ambiguity, the question of the parties' intent requires the taking of parol evidencesomething which this court will not do.",1813
-"to the extent that mariner's village , supra, and village square , supra, held otherwise, they are overruled.",1814
-"therefore, the decision of the second district court of appeal is approved on the totality of the facts presented, and to the extent they are inconsistent with this opinion, the wikso and bass decisions are disapproved.",1815
-"rules declared valid smith, john, judge minnesota department of public safety jack y. perry, jason r. asmus, briggs and morgan, p.a., minneapolis, minnesota (for petitioners) lori swanson, attorney general, stephen d. melchionne, assistant attorney general, st. paul, minnesota (for respondents) considered and decided by halbrooks, presiding judge; rodenberg, judge; and smith, john, judge.",1816
-"however, so far as it may appear to indicate that it is necessary for the winning party to an interference to file a cross-appeal in order to be entitled to argue any matter relevant to the issue of priority of invention which has been raised by him before the board, and which has been decided adversely to him, the statement contained in the sentence in question is at variance with the established practice of this court as set forth in the decisions cited above, and is accordingly overruled.",1817
-"id., at 70a.",1818
-"of most relevance here, the u.s. bank action was filed on september 15, 2010, in the u.s. district court for the northern district of texas by u.s. bank national association (""""u.s. bank""""), the entity appointed litigation trustee in idearc's bankruptcy, to recover funds for the benefit of idearc debt securities holders and other creditors.",1819
-"( id. at p. 574; see also people v. green (1980) 27 cal.3d 1, 67, disapproved on other grounds in people v. hall (1986) 41 cal.3d 826, 834, fn.",1820
-"to the extent that hunnicutt suggests otherwise, it is overruled.",1821
-"still other states with a similar rule of evidence to tenn.r.evid. 404 have concluded that the sex crimes exception cannot be reconciled with the restrictive language of tenn. r.evid. 404; as a result, they have overruled prior cases to the contrary and expressly rejected the ""sex crimes"" exception, holding instead that evidence of prior sexual misconduct is governed by the same evidentiary rules as evidence of other non-sexual misconduct.",1822
-the trial court was the first to consider the enforceability of the covenant.,1823
-"likewise, the commission's functions, and the commission itself, were dependent on the rules and could not be severed.",1824
-we therefore approve the second district's decision in j.s. u.b. and disapprove the fourth district's decision in lassiter.,1825
-"6 the moshiers contend that the district court erred in granting fisher's motion for summary judgment because (1) a six-year, rather than a four-year, statute of limitations applies; (2) the statute of limitations did not begin to run until it was clear that they would not receive the full amount of their claim; and (3) the discovery rule applies, which would delay triggering the statute of limitations.",1826
-"(loeffler, supra, 58 cal.4th at p. 1129.)",1827
-"we see no abuse of discretion, and we therefore affirm the admission of dr. parran's expert testimony.",1828
-"in re: review of issues relating to comm'n certification of distributed antennae sys. providers in pa., no. m-2016-2517831 at 3 n.5 (pa. p.u.c. 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted).",1829
-"accordingly, we approve the decision of the fifth district court of appeal in the instant case and expressly disapprove the decision of the second district court of appeal in hofeling to the extent that it is inconsistent with the dictates of this opinion.",1830
-"concluding that the outcome of this appeal with respect to attorney fees turns on our precedent in devine v. national treasury employees union, 805 f.2d 384 (fed. cir. 1986), and goodrich v. department of the navy, 733 f.2d 1578 (fed. cir. 1984), we decided to rehear the appeal en banc so that we could consider the following question:",1831
-our review of this appeal reveals a jurisdictional defect.,1832
-"30 accordingly, until there is more guidance and an effort at uniformity, we will continue to see a steady flow of cases in which this issue is raised, with widely varying results from our court.",1833
-williams has not filed a response.,1834
-"the jury could have disbelieved such evidence, but it was not subject to multiple interpretations.",1835
-"because hummel, the conflict case, involved a motion filed under rule 3.800(a), we disapproved the first district's decision only ""to the extent it [wa]s inconsistent with"" anderson.",1836
-"moreover, the board's finding of no waiver in this case accords with its practice of """"appl[ying] cauthorne . . . 'narrowly,'"""" only finding waiver """"where there is explicit contract language authorizing an employer to cancel its obligations.""""",1837
-"bahtuoh, 840 n.w.2d at 820 (emphasis omitted).",1838
-"the district court dismissed count i because """"without some factual basis for the allegation that an elevated table in a galley was defective or that [ncla] had notice of its dangers, [allen]'s claim for jones act negligence fails as a matter of law."""" allen had """"not asserted facts that any instrumentality he was required to use was defective nor [had] he asserted he was instructed to perform his duties in an unsafe manner.""""",1839
-"we note that, in mcclung, the supreme court of tennessee abandoned the imminent harm test put forth in cornpropst v. sloan, the case on which this court relied in shipes.",1840
-three courts of appeals have reached the opposite conclusion on similar facts.,1841
-"thus, bledsoe does not control our holding in this case.",1842
-dr. benefield has never specifically identified how these affidavits prejudice his ability to prepare for a trial on the merits.,1843
-cummings left the service door of the garage open and went into his house to shower.,1844
-the district court dismissed smith's ada claims against dmh as barred by the eleventh amendment.,1845
-"furthermore, the board found """"compelling"""" mallinckrodt's argument based on secondary considerations, namely that """"if it were obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art to exclude children with lvd from treatment with [nitric oxide], the experts in the field who designed the [inot22] study would have excluded those children from the original protocol.""""",1846
-"villa, supra, 156 cal.app.3d 1076, hinkle, supra, 175 cal.app.3d 587, and postural therapeutics v. workers' comp. appeals bd., supra, 179 cal.app.3d 551, are disapproved to the extent that they are inconsistent with this holding.",1847
-"instead, a plaintiff must """"provide enough detail to show the factual basis for its claim.""""",1848
-"we hereby disapprove of merendino v. burrell, 923 s.w.2d 258, 261 (tex. app. beaumont 1996, writ denied), and miller v. cozart, 394 s.w.2d 22, 24 (tex.civ.app. dallas 1965, no writ), to the extent that they hold that a person who owns or is otherwise responsible for horses has a duty to prevent the horses from roaming onto a farm-to-market road that is free from a local stock law.",1849
-"in its haste to reduce the practically unmanageable volume of claims that presently may be brought by way of post-conviction habeas corpus under article 11.07, v.a.c.c.p., the majority has overruled yet another of its past decisions without adequate justification.",1850
-we recede from prior opinions inconsistent with this holding.,1851
-"the statute bars certain """"alien[s]"""" from """"attempt[ing] to enter . . . the united states."""" 8 u.s.c. 1326(a)(2).",1852
-knight argues that the state violated his right to a speedy trial.,1853
-"we agree with appellant that this court incorrectly applied the controlling statute in the hitaffer case, and for the reasons now discussed we overrule hitaffer v. argonne co. as to the interpretation of section 5 of the act.",1854
-"miller, supra, and brunner, supra, are overruled to the extent that they conflict with this opinion.",1855
-"for the reasons that follow, we disapprove campanella and kotoff to the extent they conclude that a court exercising its discretion on a motion for special trial preference may not consider the plaintiff's lack of diligence or prejudice to the defendant once the five-year bar is imminent.",1856
-"petro-chem., 514 s.w.2d at 245-46.",1857
-"in so holding, we decline to follow this court's decision in wickersham ford, inc. v. orange county, 701 s.w.2d 344 (tex.app. beaumont 1985, no writ), which found orange county to be both a person and a corporation under art. 2226.",1858
-"next, defendants argue that the trial court erred by rejecting their counterclaims against the smith and bauckham plaintiffs.",1859
-"the court concluded that """"in cases of any significant complexity the word 'may' in rule 52(a) should be construed to read 'generally should.'",1860
-"to the extent that lynn strickland deviates from the statutory definition of wantonness, as followed by this court, it is hereby overruled.",1861
-"bottoson, 833 so.2d at 695 (citing hildwin v. florida, 490 u.s. 638, 109 s.ct. 2055, 104 l.ed.2d 728 (1989); spaziano v. florida, 468 u.s. 447, 104 s.ct. 3154, 82 l.ed.2d 340 (1984); barclay v. florida, 463 u.s. 939, 103 s.ct. 3418, 77 l.ed.2d 1134 (1983)).",1862
-"given the potential"""" for certain records to qualify as trade secrets, the """"other statute"""" provision of the pra """"operates as an independent limit on disclosure of portions of the records at issue here that have even potential economic value.""""",1863
-"(as last visited june 20, 2017) (bold in original).",1864
-"for these reasons, we overrule the language of people v. mcgee, supra, 1 cal.2d 611, and its progeny, to the extent it suggests a court lacks fundamental subject matter jurisdiction over a time-barred criminal action.",1865
-"appeal by the defendant from a judgment of the supreme court, suffolk county (william j. condon, j.), rendered march 24, 2015, convicting him of attempted burglary in the second degree, upon his plea of guilty, and imposing sentence.",1866
-"state v. andrus, 250 la. 765, 199 so.2d 867 (1967), and state v. green, 244 la. 80, 150 so.2d 571 (1963) are specifically overruled.",1867
-"we, therefore, overrule jackson and its progeny and hold that where the evidence authorizes a finding that a defendant's reckless conduct is an included crime in an aggravated assault, verdicts finding him guilty of both of those offenses are not mutually exclusive.",1868
-"when officer darrell sexton went to the petitioner's residence, the petitioner refused to allow officer sexton inside the residence and spoke to him through a security door.",1869
-"in our judgment, robinson mandates the conclusion that gonzales is no longer good law and must be deemed overruled.",1870
-"id. at 943-44 (citing rosado v. state, 1 so. 3d 1147, 1148 (fla. 4th dca 2009)).",1871
-"the fifth circuit relied on harbison v. bell, 556 u. s. 180 (2009), in which a prisoner appealed from an order that denied counsel under 3599 for a state clemency proceeding but that did not address the merits of any habeas petition.",1872
-"the court also observed that a major fund raiser """"pleaded guilty to a charge of violation of 18 u.s.c. 600, in having promised, in 1971, a more prestigious post to ambassador (to trinidad) j. fife symington, in return for a $100,000 contribution to be split between 1970 senatorial candidates designated by the white house and mr. nixon's 1972 campaign.""""",1873
-"united states v. callahan, 801 f.3d 606, 616 (6th cir. 2015).",1874
-"in order that there can be no question in the future about the matter, we hereby overrule the southern paint mfg. co., inc., v. crump, supra, to the extent that it conflicts with our holding here.",1875
-appellant appeals.,1876
-"b.a. appealed, and the court of appeals affirmed.",1877
-"at the very least, this court ought to address the problem created by kar because, as this case illustrates, kar is distorting the burden of proof in this important area of the law.",1878
-"why close? because, says the fan, the phillies lost each inning by only one run.",1879
-" pace v edel-harrelson, 499 mich 1, 5 (2016).",1880
-"we now overrule our prior decisions in williams and nikaido, and hold that wetzel's claim was not time-barred under the applicable statute of limitations.",1881
-"we disapprove the opinion in brawner v. arellano, 757 s.w.2d 526 (tex.app. san antonio), pet. dism'd by agr., 758 s.w.2d 756 (tex. 1988), to the extent that it is inconsistent with our holding herein.",1882
-"after the adoption of a historic preservation plan for any historic district, """"all governmental agencies shall be guided by and give due consideration to the plan in any official acts affecting the area.""""",1883
-"the contrary holding in konstantinidis v. the s.s. tarsus, 196 f. supp. 433 (e.d.n.y. 1961), is disapproved, as are similar intimations in miravalles compania naviera, s.s. v. nissho co., 207 f. supp. 716 (e.d.n.y. 1962) and ships freights inc. v. farr, whitlock co.",1884
- upon further consideration we reverse our prior ruling in this case and overrule our holding in butera and its progeny.,1885
-"(in re victor l. (2010) 182 cal.app.4th 902, 910 (victor l.).)",1886
-all previous opinions of this court upholding immunity of the sovereign are hereby overruled.,1887
-the majority correctly notes that abandonment of the doctrine and reversal is not yet compelled in this case by the united states supreme court's first amendment jurisprudence.,1888
-"if there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law, the district court should grant the motion for summary judgment.",1889
-three circuits two sitting en banc have disagreed with farrakhan i and concluded that felon disenfranchisement laws are categorically exempt from challenges brought under section 2 of the vra.,1890
-"to the extent that hudson provides otherwise, it is overruled.",1891
-"for these reasons we believe that board of education v. chattin, supra, should be overruled to the extent that it conflicts with the views herein set out.",1892
-"it seems to me, to the contrary, that there was virtually nothing more to be said.",1893
-we overrule hughes v. state to the extent that it contradicts our holding in this case.,1894
-we also overrule or disapprove of the following cases to the extent they permitted special verdict forms in habitual offender proceedings which did not allow the jury to find that the defendant was not a habitual offender even though there was a finding that the state had proven beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant had accumulated two prior unrelated felony convictions,1895
-"construed in a light most favorable to support the jury's verdict, the evidence was sufficient to authorize a rational trier of fact to find edge guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of peeping tom.",1896
-"the holding in associated is rejected inasmuch as we believe the district court placed undue emphasis on section 316(a), which we have found must be read in context with the other sections of the code, and also on that area of legislative history which we have found inconclusive.",1897
-"thus, reliance on the statutory definition would impair the court's analysis because it would not provide a useful comparison to the court's descriptive dictionary definitions of """"producing"""" and """"fabricating.""""",1898
-"based on the above analysis, we conclude that williams was wrongly decided, and we hereby overrule it.",1899
-"a majority of the justices of this court voted to consider this appeal en banc, and we overrule mcgregor to the extent it can be read to support jurisdiction in this court over an appeal from a judgment of a county court on an appeal from small claims court.",1900
-we accordingly quash tricam industries and disapprove of nissan motor and nacra.,1901
-"people v. donoho, 204 ill. 2d 159, 170 (2003).",1902
-"see tex. code crim. proc. ann. art. 38.23 (west 2005) (providing that no evidence obtained in violation of constitution shall be admitted against accused and that """"[i]n any case where the legal evidence raises an issue hereunder, the jury shall be instructed that if it believes, or has a reasonable doubt, that the evidence was obtained in violation of the provisions of this article, then and in such event, the jury shall disregard any such evidence so obtained"""").",1903
-"as an initial matter, should evidence of dm's pregnancy be excluded, the evidence of the abortion would cease to be relevant to the extent it is needed to explain why no dna evidence is available.",1904
-"undeniably, the complaint paints a disturbing picture of some segregated and underperforming schools in and around the twin cities. although it is true that the judicial branch must """"say what the law is,"""" marbury, 5 u.s. (1 cranch) at 177, it is also true that """"[q]uestions, in their nature political, . . . can never be made in this court,"""" id. at 170.",1905
-neither party disputes the sentencing court's decision to apply the version of the guidelines in effect on the date of sentencing.,1906
-justice reyes and justice lampkin concurred in the judgment.,1907
-"we disapprove of johnson v. mt. sinai medical center, inc., 615 so.2d 257 (fla. 3d dca 1993), and castillo-plaza v. green.",1908
-"finally, howell asserts allowing evidence of extraneous offenses violated texas rules of evidence 401, 402, 403, and 404(b).",1909
-"we conclude that insurance code section 520 dictates a result different from that reached in henkel, and accordingly we overrule the decision in henkel to the extent it is inconsistent with the views expressed in the present opinion.",1910
-"by amending section 846, the legislature indisputably intended to remove the darr and o'shea limitations and to immunize the owner of any interest in real property regardless of whether the interest includes the right of exclusive possession.",1911
-"the trustee notes that debtor fails to meet the first prerequisite of standing under weston, because he did not file any objection to the sale motion.",1912
-"in rejecting the doctrine of equitable subrogation in the present case, the trial court relied on two decisions of this court which we now address.",1913
-"there was no evidence that the juror harbored any racial prejudice and, as the court explained, the rule of vann long was not applicable in that circumstance because, since """"no . . . bias was apparent, . . . an unequivocal response was not necessary to rehabilitate the juror's impartiality.""""",1914
-"therefore, we must hold that, contrary to our earlier decisions in homa and in this case, the rule established by the new jersey supreme court in muhammad is preempted by the faa.",1915
-"therefore, we quash the fifth district's decision in taylor and disapprove its decision in cervino v. state, 785 so.2d 631 (fla. 5th dca 2001), to the extent it is inconsistent with this opinion.",1916
-we hereby disapprove coble to the extent it imposes such a limitation.,1917
-"upon further consideration of our holding in carter oil co. v. samuels, supra, we now conclude that carter should be overruled, and that payment and acceptance of delay rental under the terms of the lease does not in and of itself constitute a waiver of an implied covenant on the part of the lessee to protect the lessor from drainage.",1918
-"after consideration of that precedent, we now conclude that harp no longer remains good law.",1919
-a hearing on all three motions was conducted.,1920
-"first, as stated above, child support agreements must be calculated and reviewed by the district court to ensure compliance with the child support statutes.",1921
-the absence of textual support is fatal for the fobian rule.,1922
-"to the extent this opinion is in conflict with state v. malone, 654 so.2d 92 (ala.crim.app. 1995), malone is hereby overruled.",1923
-"accordingly, everett is overruled, and the judgment of the superior court is reversed.",1924
-"therefore, we are compelled to overrule blanton, in which the issues were similar to those in the case at bar, on the strength of the supreme court cases of green v. united states and benton v. maryland.",1925
-"it is clear that the traditional exceptions of motive, intent, etc., apply to cases involving sex offenses, and general language to the contrary in buchel and in cases upon which it relies is disapproved.",1926
-"mccaa v. mccaa, supra, and perry v. perry, supra, are overruled insofar as they are inconsistent with this opinion.",1927
-"the ultimate question at issue in a case like this is whether """"there is a reasonable probability that [the jury] would have struck a different balance.""""",1928
-"it further reasoned that """"[n]othing suggests the director enjoys a license to depart from the petition and institute a different inter partes review of his own design"""" and that """"congress didn't choose to pursue"""" a statute that """"allows the director to institute proceedings on a claim-by-claim and ground-by-ground basis"""" as in ex parte reexamination.",1929
-juror crites stated that neither mr. truax nor his son were present when she took her smoke breaks and that she did not speak with anyone who was not a juror except for one woman who asked her for a cigarette lighter.,1930
-"julien"" doctrine are overruled, insofar as they conflict with the views here expressed.",1931
-"to the extent treadwell, supra at 742743, 684 s.e.2d 244 and wilkes v. state, 293 ga.app. 724, 726(2), 667 s.e.2d 705 (2008) can be interpreted to hold otherwise, they are overruled.",1932
-"accordingly, the former wife claimed that the former husband's alimony obligation had remained """"fully due since october, 2011"""" through the date of the former wife's motion, yet the former husband failed to honor that obligation.",1933
-"inasmuch as the maximum term of the defendant's sentence expired during the pendency of this appeal, any issues which relate to the length of his sentence are academic (see people v velez, 116 ad3d 1077, 1077; people v gonzalez, 113 ad3d 792, 793; people v conklin, 46 ad3d 698, 698; people v ackridge, 31 ad3d 654, 655). under these circumstances, we need not reach the defendant's remaining contention that his appeal waiver was invalid (see people v bernard, 155 ad3d 1059, 1059; people v thomas, 139 ad3d 986, 986).",1934
-"consequently, w e disapprove the decision in state v. falcon 556 so.2d 762 (fla. 2d dca 1990), which, contrary to ferrair, held that section 713.34 (3), florida statutes (1985), created an unconstitutional mandatory presumption.",1935
-"to the extent barrett is inaccurate, it is not to be followed.",1936
-"furthermore, coleman is necessarily overruled by holly farms.",1937
-"however, to the extent that national wildlife suggests that an eis must be prepared where the government has not surrendered its absolute right to prevent the use of resources, national wildlife is in conflict with conner, and is therefore not persuasive precedent.",1938
-"to the extent the court held that such release or settlement executed by the injured husband before his death did not bar an action for pecuniary loss under the wrongful death statute when brought by the personal representative of the decedent for the exclusive benefit of the surviving wife and children, if any, or next of kin, they are hereby overruled.",1939
-"to the extent that cermeno-cerna v. farrell, 291 f. supp. 521 (c.d., cal., 1968), appeal dis'd as moot sub nom. giumarra vineyards corp. v. farrell, 431 f.2d 923 (9th cir., 1970), is contrary to this holding, it is expressly disapproved.",1940
-"accordingly, the judgment is affirmed.",1941
-"riedlinger, 2013 nd 14, 10, 826 n.w.2d 340. """"summary judgment is inappropriate if neither party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law or if reasonable differences of opinion exist as to the inferences to be drawn from the undisputed facts.""""",1942
-"because we find our decision in valdes v. state, 3 so.3d 1067 (fla. 2009), controlling, we disapprove of the fourth district's decision in shazer and approve the fifth district's decision in mckinney.",1943
-"accordingly, we now overrule chard and disavow statements in subsequent cases suggesting its correctness.",1944
-"kinsel v. lindsey, 526 s.w.3d 411, 419 (tex. 2017).",1945
-we now explicitly overrule hartwich.,1946
-"see generally worthy v. state, 307 ga. app. 297, 304 (3) (704 se2d 808) (2010) (rejecting argument of post-certified campus policeman that although he was off-duty and not on campus, he nevertheless had a duty to arrest a person who violated the law in his presence).",1947
-"in franchise tax bd. of cal. v. hyatt, o.t. 2002, no. 42, p. 12. we reviewed that decision, and we affirmed.",1948
-"american underwriters group, inc. v. williamson, 496 n.e.2d 807 (ind.ct.app. 1986) expressly overruled one of the principal cases establishing this right in indiana, automobile underwriters, inc. v. stover, 148 ind. app. 555, 268 n.e.2d 114 (1971).",1949
-insofar as that language conflicts with the decision in the instant case it must be overruled.,1950
-"{15} handcock's claim that the verdict form was flawed could have been raised in his direct appeal, and was raised and addressed in a prior postconviction relief petition.",1951
-"but, having overruled haney, we no longer need apply the rationale of mooney and wooten in the context of convictions obtained under article 44.02.",1952
-"accordingly, we approve the decision of the district court below and disapprove those of the courts in chessler, mitchell, and williams, to the extent that they conflict with this ruling.",1953
-"in people v. ramirez, supra, 34 cal.3d 541, the supreme court disapproved people v. marquez, supra, 237 cal.app.2d 627, which had validated a good faith arrest made on a recalled warrant, and disapproved cases relying on marquez.",1954
-"66 in my view, the court of appeals decision in state v. austin, 2013 wi app 96, 349 wis. 2d 744, 836 n.w.2d 833, is on all fours with the facts of the instant case.",1955
-"we disapprove not about water com. v. board of supervisors, supra, 95 cal.app.4th 982, to the extent it is inconsistent with this opinion.",1956
-"accordingly, we disapprove the second district court of appeal's decision in floridaire to the extent it can be read as requiring notice to be served on an owner who shares a common identity with the contractor.",1957
-"to the extent that people v. milton, supra, 55 cal.app.4th 365, people v. allen, supra, 53 cal.app.4th 1127, people v. sanders, supra, 52 cal.app.4th 175, people v. robles, supra, 51 cal.app.4th 627, people v. ervin, supra, 50 cal.app.4th 259, people v. holloway (1996) 47 cal.app.4th 1757 [ 55 cal.rptr.2d 547], people v. howard (1996) 47 cal.app.4th 1526 [ 55 cal.rptr.2d 520], and people v. ramos (1996) 47 cal.app.4th 432 [ 55 cal.rptr.2d 1] are inconsistent with the views expressed in this opinion, they are disapproved.",1958
-see pa.r.d.e. 218(f).,1959
-"state v. gonzales, 150 ohio st.3d 276, 2017-ohio-777, 81 n.e.3d 466. (""""gonzales ii"""").",1960
-"the trustee first contends that 506(a)(2)'s definition of replacement value as """"the price a retail merchant would charge for property of that kind"""" indicates that courts should """"identify the retail price of a mobile home, not all costs incurred in connection with the purchase of a home.""""",1961
-lane expressly overruled knox in that respect.,1962
-"to the extent they hold otherwise, we disapprove of swift v. seidler, 988 s.w.2d 860, 861-62 (tex.app.-san antonio 1999, pet. denied), norman v. yzaguirre chapa, 988 s.w.2d 460, 462-63 (tex.app.-corpus christi 1999, no pet.), and dear v. scottsdale insurance co., 947 s.w.2d 908, 918 (tex.app.-dallas 1997, writ denied).",1963
-320 s.w.3d at 838-40.,1964
-"in this regard, we disapprove judge barnes's and the trial court's formulations to the extent that they hold that a cause of action accrues when exposure to asbestos occurs even though a disease does not manifest itself until many years later.",1965
-"upon re-examination of the rule set forth in those cases, we find it to be improper and confusing to the jury, and we therefore recede from it and overrule those cases to that extent.",1966
-"see id. like in any proximate cause analysis, an intervening event may break the chain of causation between the allegedly wrongful act and the plaintiff's injury.",1967
-"our opinion in in re hart, 923 f.2d 1410 (10th cir. 1991) (per curiam), is accordingly overruled to the extent it conflicts with nobelman.",1968
-"people v. stewart, supra, 89 cal.app.4th 1209, and people v. tucker, supra, 187 cal.app.3d 295, are disapproved to the extent they conflict with these conclusions.",1969
-{ 13} we have considered the issue raised in this case on numerous occasions.,1970
-"you must not consider this evidence for any other purpose.""""",1971
-"syllabus point 1, in part, chambers, 157 w.va. at 77, 198 s.e.2d at 807.",1972
-all inconsistent opinions are hereby overruled.,1973
-"what does that tell us? . . . if it was jaime castillo and dozer, or hondo and dozer, actually blocking off the route of escape for the possible victims, then they're acting as accomplices as well and they're just as guilty for the murder as though they pulled the trigger at the back patio area. that's accomplice liability.",1974
-"davis v. united states, 564 u.s. 229, 236-37 (2011).",1975
-"eibl acknowledges that the circuit court asked him whether he had reviewed the elements of the charges with his attorney, and eibl admits that he told the circuit court that he had,",1976
-"overall, treating the motion as an amendment to defendants' new matter did not limit robinson's ability to present this case because common pleas afforded him the opportunity to amend his complaint and the district court had already thoroughly evaluated the merits of this case.",1977
-"similarly, the supreme court did not assess what happens to a capital felony classification when death becomes constitutionally unavailable as a sentence; the question in mills did not require it, but the question here does.",1978
-any prior cases to the contrary such as montoya and romo are expressly overruled.,1979
-"of course, lucas and garcia, dealing with mandatory minimum sentences, are likewise overruled to the extent they conflict with harris and this opinion.",1980
-"this court's lewis decision, in placing great emphasis on the fact that lewis' petit theft and uttering a forgery offenses were based on the ""same act,"" and in going beyond the blockburger test, cannot be reconciled with recent supreme court rulings.",1981
-"to the extent that hoover, isom, birch, williams, and any other prior cases are inconsistent with our holding today, they are hereby expressly overruled.",1982
-anything in settle that can be read to be contrary to the holding of this case is likewise overruled.,1983
-"before the court takes the radical step to overrule cervantes and effectively to impugn the rationale of morales too, albeit sub silentio it would do well to explain why the requirement of article 26.13(a)(4) is not of sufficient import to defeat the state's otherwise compelling interest in the finality of convictions.",1984
-"state v. banks, no. 1992841cf at 8 (fla.2d jud. cir. ct. final order denying motion to vacate filed oct. 15, 2014).",1985
-"schuler v. schuler, 382 mass. 366, 370-371 (1981).",1986
-"we acknowledge that, in rejecting the inadvertence prong as a component of the plain-view exception as articulated in bruzzese , we are setting forth a new rule of law.",1987
-"and in lawrence, which was later superseded in part by statute, seetex.",1988
-"to the extent that davis, whitehead, and lawson hold to the contrary, they are overruled.",1989
-"to that extent, we overrule farris on that point as well.",1990
-"any language in stanley, roach or vestal which implies otherwise, is expressly disapproved.",1991
-"the supreme court has held that """"when an employer directs or requires an employee to undertake an activity, 'that compulsion, standing alone, brings an activity that is otherwise unrelated to work within the scope of employment.'""""",1992
-725 f.3d at 1207 (citing to 40 c.f.r. 122.26(d)(2)(i)(f) (regarding municipal storm water discharges)).,1993
-that interest continued intact following issuance of the checks and their deposits into their joint back account.,1994
-our cases to the contrary are overruled.,1995
-"the committee's use of the possessive pronoun to reference """"place of business"""" (as used in penal law 400.00), akin to the construction employed by penal law 265.03 (3) (""""such person's . . . place of business""""), demonstrates that, consistent with the legislative effort to standardize this act, """"place of business"""" was meant to be a uniform phrase in these sections of the penal law (see matter of dutchess county dept. of social servs. v. day, 96 ny2d 149, 153 [2001] [""""[c]ourts must harmonize the various provisions of related statutes and . . . construe them in a way that renders them internally compatible""""] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]; yatauro v mangano, 17 ny3d at 427).",1996
-roberts' framework is unpredictable.,1997
-"whatever ""higher"" expectation of privacy a traveler may have in a private roomette, we hold that such roomettes do not confer upon occupants the same degree of privacy as a dwelling or hotel or motel room, and we overrule any contrary statement in united states v. dimick.",1998
-"in that connection, this opinion overrules any statements and conclusions made in the brager case with respect to the effect of the braden opinion on situations involving challenges to pending untried criminal charges on which a detainer is based.",1999
-"as we determined in the case of jackson v. nat. harrison associates, 283 so.2d 27 (fla. 1973), filed this date, stephens v. winn-dixie stores, inc., supra, is no longer controlling since the apportionment statute (fla. stat. 440,15(5)(c), f.s.a.) has been substantially altered since the rendition of the stephens' opinion.",2000
-"see mathias, 347 f.3d at 678.",2001
-"darrow v. beneficial finance company and hewlett v. john blue employees credit union, supra, are hereby specifically overruled.",2002
-"to the extent of such inconsistency, we overrule those cases.",2003
-"to the extent the southern district of new york's decision in internet law library, 223 f.supp.2d 474, is to the contrary, we reject it.",2004
-muoz-nava involved a downward variance from a 46-57-month guideline range to 12 months in prison and 12 months in home confinement.,2005
-"fccsea would surely withdraw its request if it investigated appellant's claim and concluded that its notice of the lump sum payment arose from a fraudulent claim for unemployment benefits, as appellant asserts.",2006
-"in wenke v. hitchcock, supra, 6 cal.3d 746, we partially overruled lindsey.",2007
-"to the extent that it holds otherwise, delia s. v. torres (1982) 134 cal.app.3d 471, 483-484 [ 184 cal.rptr. 787], is disapproved.",2008
-"under an estoppel theory, """"[a] nonsignatory is estopped from refusing to comply with an arbitration clause when it receives a 'direct benefit' from a contract containing an arbitration clause.""""",2009
-"the reasoning of our precedent, which we reject today, would mean that any prevailing market rates obtained by any non-profit legal organization affiliated with any public organization, such as the naacp or the sierra club, would allow their respective organizations to obtain an indirect benefit by decreasing the amount which each organization would need to raise to continue their non-legal activities.",2010
-"believing, as we do, that there is no basis for a presumption of vindictiveness where a second sentence imposed after a trial is heavier than a first sentence imposed after a guilty plea, we overrule simpson v. rice, supra, to that extent.",2011
-"id. at 658, 505 n.w.2d 553. our supreme court held: we read these provisions of the vehicle code and the no-fault insurance act in pari materia as indicating that an unexpired registration plate affixed to the vehicle serves as presumptive evidence that the vehicle is validly registered with the secretary of state, and that it carries the statutorily mandated no-fault automobile insurance.",2012
-"accordingly, we overrule the portions of tamara r. that are inconsistent with this holding.",2013
-"this decision will be consistent with quenzer in general, although a somewhat different factual situation on jurisdiction was presented and expressly supersedes rosics in regard to the unmentioned pkpa-defined retained decree state jurisdiction.",2014
-"this balancing concern was the basis of our decision in lucas, which the majority overrules today.",2015
-we take this opportunity to clarify the definition of statutory nonhearsay pursuant to nrs 51.035.,2016
-"in people v. rudolph ( supra ), the court of appeals, overruling precedent, held that the statutory command in cpl 720.20(1) that the sentencing court address youthful offender status when a defendant is eligible for such status cannot be dispensed with, even where defendant has failed to ask to be treated as a youthful offender, or has purported to waive his or her right to make such a request",2017
-we hold that the underwriter is not liable for the excess and in doing so overrule nebel towing.,2018
-"bradley fails to show that a rational jury could not have found that the evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, supports her conviction beyond reasonable doubt.",2019
-{12} here the trial court then determined there was a good faith exception to the exclusionary rule.,2020
-"even if the fourth amendment had required the officer to comply with the letter of the implied consent law, the blood test result would have been admissible under the inevitable discovery doctrine.",2021
-" lerma, 877 f.3d 631 (quoting mathis, 136 s. ct. at 2249).",2022
-"as such, we also conclude that the defendant's cell phone was lawfully seized incident to his arrest.",2023
-"because of supreme court precedent to the contrary, we now disapprove of these cases to the extent they hold, as a general rule, that a trial court need not test lesser sanctions before imposing death penalty sanctions.",2024
-"dr. hardin testified as to the extent of hayes's injuries, the number and kinds of procedures she had endured, and the extent of her recovery.",2025
-"smith, 355 s.w.3d at 148.",2026
-"we see no intelligent reason longer to adhere to and accordingly we overrule, the holdings in state v. williams, 340 so.2d 1382 (la. 1976) and state v. williams, 322 so.2d 177 (la. 1975), that excessiveness of sentence may not be reviewed in the absence of formal objection there being no statutory requirement for such objection, and there being no remaining functional reason for these decisions' court-imposed requirement for the technicality of requiring an objection for such purpose.",2027
-"jorgensen v. coppedge, 148 idaho 536, 538, 224 p.3d 1125, 1127 (2010); dillon v. montgomery, 138 idaho 614, 617, 67 p.3d 93, 96 (2003); bingham v. montane res. assocs., 133 idaho 420, 427, 987 p.2d 1035, 1042 (1999).",2028
-id. at 438 (citations omitted).,2029
-"therefore, we overrule williams, clarify hernandez-hernandez, vacate gonzales's sentence and remand for resentencing.",2030
-"there, the cleveland board of education fired loudermill, a security guard, after determining that he had lied on his job application when he stated that he had never been convicted of a felony.",2031
-"thus, we hold that henceforth prohibition may not be employed to raise the defense of workers' compensation immunity.",2032
-section 1311(a) contains important exceptions to the prohibition on discharge of pollutants.,2033
-we therefore overrule hart and reverse the district court's order denying the motion on the merits and remand for the district court to treat harris' motion as a post-conviction petition for a writ of habeas corpus and to provide harris with an opportunity to cure any pleading defects.,2034
-"as will be discussed below, the court finds that reversing its position and placing the ultimate burden of proving subparts (a) or (b) on the debtor in no way prejudices her under the facts of this case.",2035
-"title vii's administrative exhaustion requirement is not a jurisdictional bar to suit but rather a prudential prerequisite under our binding precedent, and fort bend forfeited its exhaustion argument by not raising it in a timely manner before the district court.",2036
-"even though we have not been referred to a clear constitutional provision or doctrine invalidating the jurisdiction conferred by section 3.2, petitioner has cited statements and language in a number of authorities in support of its position, including those statements in city of pasadena v. railroad com., supra, 183 cal. 526, heretofore disapproved.",2037
-"to the extent that ozuna can be read to hold that the bexar county notice of dismissal apprises parties of the court's intent to dismiss on a ground other than the failure to appear under rule 165a(1), or that knight v. trent, 739 s.w.2d 116 (tex.app. san antonio 1987, no writ), gaebler v. harris, 625 s.w.2d 5 (tex.app.-san antonio 1981, writ ref'd n.r.e.), and laird v. jones, 580 s.w.2d 413 (tex.app.-san antonio 1979, no writ), imply that a party may be charged with such notice, we disapprove of the language of those cases.",2038
-"compare 307 f. 3d, at 1017, with aclu foundation v. bridges, 334 f. 3d 416, 421-423 (ca5 2003) (tia bars federal action seeking to have any part of a state's tax system declared unconstitutional).",2039
-"accordingly, in brown, the court expressly limited the scope of estrada: """"estrada is today properly understood, not as weakening or modifying the default rule of prospective operation codified in section 3, but rather as informing the rule's application in a specific context by articulating the reasonable presumption that a legislative act mitigating the punishment for a particular criminal offense is intended to apply to all nonfinal judgments.""""",2040
-he appears to be smooching a large wad of money.,2041
-"because castillo may be interpreted to require both personal knowledge and trustworthy information, we overrule it and its progeny only to the extent that it requires both kinds of information to support probable cause.",2042
-"after the august 4, 2015 judgment, frauenshuh had no reason to perceive any judicial error with respect to the association's claim against frauenshuh for kraus-anderson's defective construction, and frauenshuh's rule 60.02 motion is not based on a judicial error in the district court's original ruling.",2043
-"for that reason, we disapprove people v. graham, supra, 83 cal.app.3d 736, to the extent it so requires.",2044
-"because division of labor law enforcement v. barnes, supra, 205 cal.app.2d at p. 346, erroneously relied on jeffreys v. hancock (1881) 57 cal. 646, it held that an attachment defendant may not sue for damages arising from an alleged wrongful attachment in the same action in which the attachment issued, and to that extent it must be disapproved",2045
-"weconnect's evidence was neither newly discovered nor unknown; moreover, it could easily have produced these documents and affidavits the first time around.",2046
-"see ultreras, 296 kan. at 853.",2047
-defense counsel questioned grimes at length about what defendant had been wearing and whether he had made inconsistent statements about defendant's shirt and boots.,2048
-"accordingly, we recede from any suggestion in pembroke pines that the supreme court's holding in lake county indicates that a court can never separately analyze each of the services funded within an integrated fire services budget to insure that each component survives the required special benefits test.",2049
-"compare united states v. ibarra-galindo, 206 f. 3d 1337 (ca9 2000) (in sentencing case, state-law felony is an aggravated felony); united states v. pornes-garcia, 171 f. 3d 142 (ca2 1999) (same), with cazarezgutierrez v. ashcroft, 382 f. 3d 905 (ca9 2004) (in immigration case, state-law felony is not an aggravated felony); aguirre v. ins.",2050
-"see also state v. rose, 11th dist. lake no. 2016-l-067, 2017-ohio-4235, 15.",2051
-our decision here necessarily overrules hyman.,2052
-"accordingly, we grant guzman's petition for review, reverse the board's order, and remand guzman's case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.",2053
-clark implicitly overrules our cases holding that harmless error analysis is inapplicable where the defendant contests intent.,2054
-"as we have previously observed, rule 21 is not designed to swap in new plaintiffs for the sake of securing a judicial determination on the merits where the original plaintiffs no longer have a stake in the outcome.",2055
-the majority properly rejects our prior holding in united states v. rosen,2056
-"we granted certiorari in redden and quashed the order under review, so no harm is done, but we specifically recede from that decision.",2057
-"an agency's authority to adopt administrative rules is governed by the minnesota administrative procedures act (mapa), minn. stat. 14.001-.69",2058
-"million dollars.""""",2059
-"see 15 u.s.c. 1692a(6) (""""the term 'debt collector' means any person who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails in any business the principal purpose of which is the collection of any debts, or who regularly collects or attempts to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due or asserted to be owed or due another""""; chiang v. verizon new england, inc., 595 f.3d 26, 41 (1st cir. 2010) (""""creditors collecting on their own accounts are generally excluded from the [fdcpa's] reach"""" unless they use """"any name other than [their] own which would indicate that a third person is collecting or attempting to collect such debts"""").",2060
-"considering the totality of the voir dire record and moore's answers, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the defendant's challenge for cause.",2061
-the majority claims the court of appeals read the pra statute of limitations (rcw 42.56.550(6) ) too narrowly in tobin v. worden,2062
-"musser davis land co. v union pac. res., 201 f.3d 561, 563, (5th cir. 2000) (citing exxon corp. v. crosby-miss res., ltd., 154 f.3d 202, 205 (5th cir. 1998)).",2063
-morris is therefore overruled to the extent that it is inconsistent with this principle.,2064
-"""""when a defendant moves for dismissal, the trial court is to determine whether there is substantial evidence (a) of each essential element of the offense charged, or of a lesser offense included therein, and (b) of defendant's being the perpetrator of the offense.""""",2065
-"because, as a result, we overrule people v. caudillo (1978) 21 cal.3d 562 ( caudillo), we do not apply the holding retroactively to defendant.",2066
-the sentencing commission's commentary fully supports this construction.,2067
-"we have ultimately determined that we were in error in the statutory construction reached by these decisions, for the reasons to be stated below, and therefore overrule them prospectively, see state v. ray, 259 la. 105, 245 so.2d 540 (1971), as of the date of publication of this opinion in the southern reporter.",2068
-"southern reporter. appeal from jefferson circuit court, bessemer division",2069
-"accordingly, the legislature has ipso facto made clear that semen, pregnancy, or disease, while perhaps related to sex, are not themselves the specific instances of sexual conduct envisioned by mcl 750.520j.",2070
-" hill v. hill , 244 n.c. app. 219, 22324, 781 s.e.2d 29, 3334 (2015) (alternation in original) (citations omitted).",2071
-"we quash carter, approve nathan, young, austin, and sneed, and disapprove the reasoning in bover to the extent it is inconsistent with this opinion.",2072
-"applicability, compact oxford english dictionary 64 (2d ed. 1987).",2073
-"of the twenty-one jurisdictions referred to by the court as applying the rule, six have since expressly overruled their earlier decisions on which this court relied: massachusetts (to the extent of automobile liability insurance), minnesota, new jersey, new york, pennsylvania, and virginia (in automobile accident litigation only).",2074
-"second, there are material differences between the parole act and parole code. for example, as petitioner himself pointed out in his pro se petition, the parole code vests the board with discretion, in certain situations, to award a convicted parole violator with credit for time spent at liberty on parole.",2075
-"state v. jefferson, supra; state v. williams, supra and state v. beard, supra, are therefore overruled to the extent that they are in conflict with this opinion.",2076
-"the victim told police that she thought she heard a trigger being pulled, but neither of the guns went off. during his plea colloquy, defendant agreed that the victim """"was afraid that [defendant] was going to shoot her.""""",2077
-the post-conviction court failed to address whether counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to challenge the petitioner's conviction for aggravated robbery relative to ms. williams in its written order.,2078
-"to the extent that the bingham case and the state national bank case, referred to above, are inconsistent with the views expressed in this opinion, they are now over-ruled.",2079
-"for the reasons that follow, we approve the first district in the instant case and disapprove the decisions of the fourth district.",2080
-"upon our review, we find the verdicts were not inconsistent based on how the case was charged to the jury.",2081
-"capps, 300 ga. at 8 (2).",2082
-"see brown v. state,",2083
-he argues his postconviction petition stated an arguable claim that he was denied effective assistance of appellate counsel because his counsel did not argue on direct appeal that the trial court erred when it denied his motion to dismiss juror cross for cause.,2084
-we recede from fernandez v. state,2085
-"plaintiffs' remaining contentions, to the extent not specifically addressed herein, have been reviewed and found to be without merit.",2086
-"{8} """"'(t)his court utilizes r.c. 2953.08(g) as the standard of review in all felony sentencing appeals.'",2087
-"in keeping with this purpose, the federal circuit expressly overruled the dictum in rca that was informed by the totality of the circumstances test and which suggested that something less than a formal offer for sale could still trigger the on-sale bar.",2088
-"we further recede from our decisions in metropolitan dade county v. marusa, 295 so.2d 704 (fla. 3d dca 1974), and victor v. stierheim, 380 so.2d 1319 (fla. 3d dca 1980), to the extent that they may conflict with our holding in the present case.",2089
-and we agree.,2090
-the scope of a warrantless search of an automobile is defined by the object of the search and the places in which there is probable cause to believe that it may be found.,2091
-"( 4056, subd. (a)(3).)",2092
-"as an aside, the steelvest court indicated that under the common law civil conspiracy-type claims result in joint and several liability.",2093
-id. at 456.,2094
-"we hold that esco mistakenly applied ross in the context of a dismissal of an election-contest petition, and we overrule esco to the extent that it provides that the dismissal of election-contest actions for failure to satisfy jurisdictional ( i.e., nonmerits) prerequisites can be with prejudice.",2095
-"the court improperly concluded that the viability of the presumption of [section 6381(d) ] is questionable and inherently self-rebutting, such that it would be arbitrary and capricious to apply the presumption in cases where the trial court finds that it cannot determine if the parent had responsibility for the child.",2096
-"for the reasons expressed, we approve the decision in the instant case and disapprove the decision of the third district court of appeal in fernandez.",2097
-"alvarez-machain'?, cursory analysis contains two errors that lead us to overrule it.",2098
-i join the court's opinion.,2099
-"but detective kabler's report states that while detective baker conducted the initial interview with defendant, both detectives ultimately interviewed him together.",2100
-"saint peter's healthcare system runs a teaching hospital and several other medical facilities in new jersey, and is both owned and controlled by a roman catholic diocese there.",2101
-"retitled """"written deposition,"""" the proposed form was intended to be completed by the evaluator and reflect the evaluator's assessment of the capacity of the alleged incapacitated person.",2102
-"see bell v. state, 108 so. 3d 639, 648 (fla. 2013) (rejecting burden-shifting argument: """"when considered in context, the prosecutor's comment is properly understood as a statement on the jury's duty to analyze the evidence presented at trial followed by the prosecutor's argument regarding what conclusion the jury should reach from the evidence."""").",2103
-we overrule the holding in trulock on this point.,2104
-"on february 2, 2017, the vop court filed a brief opinion indicating that it would not opine on any issues given counsel's intent to file an",2105
-"martinez, 127 s.w.3d at 794-95; coleman v. state, 440 s.w.3d 218, 223-24 (tex.app.--houston [14th dist.] 2013, no pet.). generally, unspecific offers to help are not likely to induce one to make an untruthful statement and will not invalidate a confession.",2106
-"there was some discussion of the superintendent's report before the board voted upon it in the november 17 meeting, but the record is unclear as to the extent of that discussion.",2107
-"however, for the sake of clarity, to the extent it may be inconsistent with this opinion, we, again, overrule adventist.",2108
-"father next challenges several portions of mother's testimony that, he alleges, painted an unjustified picture of him as hot-tempered and cruel.",2109
-"because his indictment refers only to those facts, he argues that no crime was occurring after the officers fell to the pavement.",2110
-the prosecutor followed this up by saying:,2111
-"29 additionally, even if the state had allowed the plea, he has not shown that the trial court would have accepted a plea when he denied the nonconsensual confinement facts in the complaint as to false imprisonment or would have accepted an",2112
-"if the defendant is seeking to vacate a sentence, the second prong requires that the newly discovered evidence would probably yield a less severe sentence.",2113
-"after considering these arguments, we agree that king should be overruled to the extent that it is inconsistent with the plain language of the provisions at issue.",2114
-"accordingly, we affirm in part, and in part reverse and remand with directions.",2115
-"accordingly, we agree with the defendants that colquitt should not be followed; to the extent that colquitt is inconsistent with our opinion in this case, colquitt is overruled.",2116
-"state v. schwaderer, supra.",2117
-it is our opinion that smith v. commonwealth should be and it is hereby overruled.,2118
-he states that he seeks to preserve the issue for further review.,2119
-aetna therefore is overruled as the law of this circuit.,2120
-"although we conclude the commission's new interpretation is not supported by the statutory language, our inquiry is not over because we must also consider whether das network operators' services include actually furnishing cmrs. crown castle asserts that the commission's conclusion that das network operators furnish cmrs is erroneous because its network cannot furnish (supply or provide) cmrs where it: has no control over the generation of the radio transmissions that are transported via its network; has no license for spectrum to facilitate the radio communication between the node and the end-user's cell phone - the wsp owns that spectrum; and has no customer relationship with that end-user - who is the wsp's customer.",2121
-ms. matlock argues that the alj failed to properly evaluate the medical opinion evidence related to her mental impairments.,2122
-"therefore, to the extent that our decision in maise conflicts with our holding in the case before us, maise is overruled.",2123
-" brockett v. spokane arcades, inc., 472 u.s. 491, 501 (1985) (citations omitted).",2124
-"the defendant then filed a motion for new trial on march 2, 2017, which the commonwealth opposed and a judge denied.",2125
-"baker/gray then held that self-defense is an intentional act and second-degree manslaughter and reckless homicide are unintentional acts; a fortiori, an act committed in self-defense can never constitute the crimes of second-degree manslaughter or reckless homicide, overruling blake v. commonwealth.",2126
-"however, because the stalking statute proscribes an entire course of conduct, """"a second or successive offense is not necessarily committed by acts that are factually distinct from each other but only by acts that are factually distinct from the entire course of conduct punished by the first conviction.""""",2127
-"we also overrule that portion of berry v. mclemore, 670 f.2d 30, 34 (5th cir. 1982), in which we relied on jones to find an abuse of discretion in the district court's failure to assess as an item of costs the full fee of an expert witness who was ""important"" to the plaintiff's 1983 case.",2128
-this is because the law generally assumes that a person who encounters such conditions will take care to avoid any danger inherent therein.,2129
-"app. 2004) (quoting 2003 minn. laws 1st spec. sess. ch. 2, art. 9, 1, at 1446), review denied (minn.",2130
-see ante at .,2131
-"""catalyst theory,"" allowing that result, is no longer available for that purpose, see farrar, ___ u.s. at ___, 113 s.ct. at 573-74, and cases such as bonnes v. long, 599 f.2d 1316 (4th cir. 1979), which applied that theory, are overruled.",2132
-"insofar as the smith, labatt, john shillito and gibson cases (supra) are in conflict herewith, they are expressly overruled.",2133
-"summary judgment may be granted only when there are no genuine issues of material fact to be litigated, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.",2134
-any language in shymanovitz to the contrary is disapproved.,2135
-"we do not ask whether ferc's """"decision is the best one possible or even whether it is better than the alternatives.""""",2136
-the vehicle appeared to be the same one the officer had observed from the highway.,2137
-"accordingly, we hereby overrule hicks and its progeny, including thomas v. state, 284 ga. 327328(1), 667 s.e.2d 375 (2008) and capote v. ray, 276 ga. 1, 2(1), 577 s.e.2d 755 (2002).",2138
-"that was the mandatory minimum under the armed career criminal act (""""the acca"""" or """"the act""""), and the district court imposed it because of peppers's previous convictions.",2139
-"to the extent some cases have held differently, we disapprove of them.",2140
-"see 20 c.f.r. pt. 404, subpt. p, app. 1.",2141
-"id. 37 a jury convicted the defendant in lerma of first degree murder based on evidence """"consit[ing] solely of two eyewitness identifications.""""",2142
-"we think that his analysis of peerless roll leaf co. v. griffin sons, was altogether correct, and that he had no alternative but to follow that decision; on the other hand, we now think that we were then wrong and that the decision must be overruled for reasons we shall state.",2143
-we also disapprove the language from hilton suggesting that an offer of proof must vouch for the anticipated testimony.,2144
-"requiring parties to make their objections clear on the record is not an onerous burden, and it is one that ensures that the bankruptcy court is squarely presented with the facts and legal arguments necessary to reach a reasoned decision considering the interests of all affected parties.",2145
-see tex. r. app. p. 52.8(a) (the court must deny the petition if the court determines relator is not entitled to the relief sought).,2146
-"""""if any such challenge to the underlying conviction is successful, the defendant may then apply for reopening of his federal sentence.""""",2147
-"on rehearing the majority reasserts its position that johnston v. nanney is controlling and quotes from pellegrini v. mccarthy for the purpose of showing mccarthy v. gonnet has been impliedly overruled, thus apparently suggesting pellegrini as an added reason why johnston is controlling here.",2148
-"the district court granted the stipulated motion to dismiss, id., at 39a, and respondents appealed.",2149
-we take this opportunity to expressly overrule christian v. christian.,2150
-"""""the statute does not simply govern applicable procedures; it obliterates the debtor's liability.""""",2151
-"the result reached by the trial court is consistent with our recent opinion in orlando/orange county expressway authority v. w f agrigrowth-fernfield, ltd., 582 so.2d 790 (fla. 5th dca), rev. denied, 591 so.2d 183 (fla. 1991).",2152
-"id. at 1005 (baer, j., concurring).",2153
-"c. overcoming the presumption of undue influence 27. although we do not find that the chancellor erred by failing to address whether a presumption of undue influence arose, we hold that, based on the record and the chancellor's findings, if such presumption arose, davis successfully rebutted it. 28.",2154
-"we have reassessed dorsey and overrule it, finding its arguments unpersuasive when considered in the light of the demands of fair and efficient administration of justice.",2155
-"where hollins is contradictory to the ""duty-to-read"" and ""imputed-knowledge"" doctrines, it is hereby overruled.",2156
-we need rely only on the following ground to affirm: a reasonable person could have denied the ad&d claim based on captain eck's pre-existing condition having contributed to his cause of death.,2157
-77 so.2d 845 is modified so as to conform to the view expressed herein.,2158
-"for that reason, insofar as berry v. struble, supra, 20 cal.app.2d 299, holds that even apart from the application of section 1542 the release cannot be avoided, it and the cases following it on this point are disapproved.",2159
-"thus, we disapprove of the reasoning of bates, which was followed in owens and soriano, and we approve judge sharp's dissent in owens.",2160
-"first, the federal laches standard is no longer good law.",2161
-we overrule so much of kerwin as holds that a criminal defendant is not entitled to inspect and make an analysis of the seized controlled substance.,2162
-"we understand the difficult decision the juvenile court faced in confronting conflicting presumptions of parentage, neither of them ideal.",2163
-we hold that the above statement in hardin v. sellers was dicta and that it does not accurately state the law.,2164
-"to the extent that jure held that the peremptive period of la.r.s. 9:5606 does not begin to run until the conclusion of an appeal in the underlying action and that la.r.s. 9:5606 does not displace the ""continuous representation rule"" of lima v. schmidt , jure is overruled.",2165
-"we do not believe that this procedure is necessary, and we overrule littrell to the extent it limits the commonwealth's appeal of a new trial order to a certification of the law.",2166
-we find no error in the trial court's judgment.,2167
-"the commonwealth is correct that the boulware panel opined that a defendant must prove his privacy interest before the commonwealth's burden of production is triggeredfor the reasons discussed infra, that holding is disapproved.",2168
-"we disapprove wilkerson v. wells fargo bank (1989) 212 cal.app.3d 1217 [ 261 cal.rptr. 185], the only published court of appeal decision adopting a broader view of the jury's function in this species of wrongful discharge litigation.",2169
-g. state writ petition,2170
-"defendant's class x conviction of armed violence is governed by sections 33a-2 and 33a-3 of the criminal code of 2012 (720 ilcs 5/33a-2(a), 33a-3(a) (west 2014)).",2171
-these and other statements in the opinion in that case are inconsistent with the decisions of this court both before and after it on the subject of the judicial power of the commission.,2172
-"to the extent that these decisions are inconsistent with the views hereinafter expressed, they are disapproved.",2173
-"id. a first-party bad-faith claim involves """"an insured's attempt to recover for his or her own losses allegedly covered under the insurance policy.""""",2174
-""""" (people v. berryman (1993) 6 cal.4th 1048, 1085, overruled on other grounds in people v. hill (1998) 17 cal.4th 800, 823, fn. 1.)",2175
-"a pure """"charge offense"""" system, however, also has serious problems.",2176
-"accordingly, we approve the first district's decision affirming scantling's sentence and receding from currelly.",2177
-"to the extent language in griffiths can be read to suggest that the charge in this case was appropriate, it is hereby overruled.",2178
-"any holding by this or any other court which is contrary to the holding we make today, is overruled.",2179
-"to the extent winkle v. jones, ky., 265 s.w.2d 792 (1954), and harvey coal corp. v. smith, ky., 268 s.w.2d 634 (1954), are inconsistent with this decision, they are overruled.",2180
-"the decisions on which welton principally relied, including united states v. harris, 536 f.3d 798, 813 (7th cir. 2008); united states v. clanton, 538 f.3d 652, 660 (7th cir. 2008); and united states v. millbrook, 553 f.3d 1057, 1067 (7th cir. 2009), likewise are overruled on this issue.",2181
-"thereafter, the fourth court of appeals abated the appeal and remanded the case to the trial court for a hearing to resolve issues related to the accuracy of the reporter's record.",2182
-"here, the district court awarded almost the maximum amount of enhanced damages, but did not adequately explain its basis for doing so, and failed to even mention campbell's public use defense, which presented a close question in this case.",2183
-defendant's exhibit c shows that officer butler conducted the rfi evaluation in 2008.,2184
-"applying the four-factor test from barker v. wingo, 407 u.s. 514 (1972), the district court first found that """"the delay . . . of nearly six years create[d] a presumption of prejudice and justifie[d] further inquiry.""""",2185
-"to the extent that dicta in sheridan could be read otherwise, we reject that dicta.",2186
-"if some evidence supports a court's decision to impose sanctions, we will not hold that it abused its discretion.",2187
-"apart from its articulation that the crime was serious in nature and that the society must be protected from dangerous offenders, the trial court did not consider some of the nonexhaustive factors that are relevant in determining whether a sentence is proportionate.",2188
-"the declarant's impression need not be corroborated by an """"independent and equally percipient observer,"""" booth, 306 md. at 327, 508 a.2d at 982, so long as the declarant renders his or her recollection of the events perceived.",2189
-"to the extent that in re beychok, 484 so.2d 912 (la.app. 1 cir. 1986), conflicts with the decision sub judice, it is reversed.",2190
-"that part of duncan which holds there cannot be two convictions where the death of one person is a ""material element"" in two capital charges is incorrect and due to be overruled on that narrow point.",2191
-"however, if it is shown on the trial of a felony of the second degree that the defendant has previously been convicted of a felony, then on conviction the defendant shall be punished for a felony of the first degree.",2192
-"accordingly, we recognized in coopers & lybrand that """"[w]hatever similarities or differences there are between plaintiffs and defendants in this context involve questions of policy for congress.""""",2193
-appellant's ground of error is accordingly overruled.,2194
-we agree and overrule mukhtar to the extent that it required that daubert findings always be made by the district court.,2195
-"here the defendants did not cause the overdetention because they could not have initiated an arraignment and, as discussed below, the plaintiffs have disavowed any argument that the sheriff or wardens could have ordered release.",2196
-"to the extent that people v. wilson, 224 cal.app.2d 738 [ 37 cal.rptr. 42], is inconsistent with this conclusion it is disapproved.",2197
-"we granted certiorari, 540 u.s. 945 (2003), and now reverse.",2198
-"to the extent the decision in babcock v. omansky, 31 cal.app.3d 625 [ 107 cal.rptr. 512], indicates the contrary, it is incorrect.",2199
-"here, there similarly was an accrued claim against his insurer that was held by hensley for payment of health care services that had already been provided by plaintiffs before hensley executed the assignment.",2200
-"in addition, """"a mandatory injunction is the proper means of enforcing a restrictive agreement affecting real estate.""""",2201
-"in so finding, we not only look to the facts of easterling but also the facts of those cases it explicitly overruled.",2202
-"had we intended deliberately to take an opposite view of section 16(c) (8 usca 216(c), we should certainly have said so; our decision is overruled.",2203
-"the federation argued that """"a change to an 84-hour bi-weekly base pay calculation was never raised by the county until after the [mos] was signed and only then, in the form of a proposed legislative change,"""" and therefore, """"the county's actions were unilateral and, as applied, adversely change[d] the pay practices for the 911 call center 40-hour classified employees.""""",2204
-"to the extent that adams holds that there can be no recovery for negligent interference with prospective economic advantage, it is disapproved.",2205
-"the defendants asserted that there were obvious statute-of-limitations problems with the key claims, that publically available court records contradict most of tobey's key factual assertions, and that his attorneys failed to conduct a reasonable investigation prior to filing the action.",2206
-we consider this opinion en banc in order to clarify our opinion in clark v. state.,2207
-"to the extent it is inconsistent with this analysis, we disapprove sweat v. hollister (1995).",2208
-"id. prejudice or injury may be created if a party, with knowledge of the relevant facts, permits the passing of time to work a change of circumstances by the other party.",2209
-the order of the appellate division should be affirmed.,2210
-"to the extent that park suggests that the factual predicates for an undertaking duty are to be decided by the court, we disapprove it.",2211
-"insofar as inconsistent with trappey and our decision herein, we overrule the cited intermediate decisions in leger, cockerham, and bersuder, as well as obiol v. industrial outdoor displays, 288 so.2d 425 (la.app. 4th cir. 1974) which followed them.",2212
-"state v. baker, 453 md. 32, 47 (2017) (quoting simmons v. state, 436 md. 202, 213 (2013)).",2213
-"see commonwealth v. beverly, 389 mass. 866, 870 (1983).",2214
-we also disapprove the decision of the fourth district in watson.,2215
-"based on the evidence of record cited by the trial court, we conclude that sufficient evidence did exist on the record to warrant submission of septa to the jury for apportionment of liability.",2216
-"to the extent flint hill and lake st. louis hold that adoption of a resolution of intent to annex is the first valid step of an annexation, they are overruled.",2217
-"to the extent that any of our cases hold that direct evidence is required to establish a mixed-motive case, they are no longer good law.",2218
-"defendants argued that public release of the information in the stipulation would violate their right to privacy, put them at a competitive disadvantage in business transactions, and jeopardize their safety and the safety of their families.",2219
-"accordingly, we overrule sanchez as to its ultimate conclusion.",2220
-"one was from her accounting expert, tom levato. levato identified scores of purported deficiencies in john's production of documents during discovery.",2221
-"the same evidence supports the jury's true finding of the special circumstances allegation, which requires an intent to kill and an intent """" 'to cause extreme pain or suffering for the purpose of revenge, extortion, persuasion, or another sadistic purpose.'",2222
-"the lee count justice court drug court began operation in 2009, after the text of subsection (2)(a)(v) was operative.",2223
-"to the extent the daum language may be construed to sanction the award of interest on interest in the absence of an agreement for such payment, it is disapproved.",2224
-"accordingly, to the extent crawford and abrams may be read to require the assistance of counsel during an initial summary proceeding where a defendant is found guilty of direct criminal contempt, prior to separate proceedings where the defendant is actually sentenced to imprisonment, those cases are expressly disapproved.",2225
-to hold otherwise would be to permit counsel to frivolously expose their adversaries to unnecessary litigation costs.,2226
-it was the petitioner's burden to prove that the statute of limitations should be tolled on due process grounds.,2227
-""""" 'a contract entered into by a local government without legal authority is """"wholly void,"""" ultra vires, and unenforceable.'",2228
-"based on that de novo review, this court in abshire ii found the plaintiffs met the numerosity requirement.",2229
-"if the statutory text is ambiguous, however, we turn to rules of statutory construction to determine its meaning.",2230
-"(id. at 94, 107-09, r.r. at 99a, 112a-114a.)",2231
-that interpretation of 6-5-125 is overruled.,2232
-"green v. state, 934 s.w.2d 92, 102 (tex. crim. app. 1996) (internal quotations omitted).",2233
-"sept. 21, 2010).",2234
-"the statute says nothing about assessing trial court costs against the defendant.""""",2235
-"further, to the extent that any of this court's other reported opinions suggest an analysis contrary to the one set forth today, they are hereby disavowed.",2236
-"the chief immigration judge has likewise instructed ijs that """"if an unaccompanied child is applying for special immigrant juvenile . . . status, the case must be administratively closed or reset for that process to occur in the appropriate state or juvenile court.""""",2237
-"the order states that the assignors """"shall be treated as parties to the case for discovery purposes in producing documents and appearing for deposition . . . with the same protections and obligations applying to the assignors as apply to [the] parties.""""",2238
-"the analysis below is included to satisfy our own, independent obligation to ensure that we have jurisdiction.",2239
-"farac v. permanente med. group, 186 f.supp.2d 1042, 1045 (n.d.cal. 2002) ("" circuit city implicitly overruled duffield."");",2240
-"the first section of part 2a of article 81b of chapter 15a of the north carolina general statutes is n.c.g.s. 15a-1340.19a, which is entitled """"applicability"""" and provides that """"a defendant who is convicted of first degree murder, and who was under the age of 18 at the time of the offense, shall be sentenced in accordance with this part."""" n.c.g.s. 15a-1340.19a",2241
-"donnelly's claims""""negligence, careless conduct and wrongful tortious conduct""""are all causes of action that sound in tort.",2242
-"third, floyd argues that, in refusing to find his substance abuse to be a mitigating circumstance, the trial court improperly required a causal connection between his substance abuse and the murder.",2243
-"an appellate court may affirm a district court's ruling on any ground urged below, whether or not it formed the basis for the court's original ruling.",2244
-"the state court rejected the argument as a bare, conclusory assertion.",2245
-"halleck v. koloski, 4 ohio st.2d 76, 212 n.e.2d 601 (1965).",2246
-sussex and berkoff each established their prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law dismissing the causes of action alleging violations of labor law 240(1) and 241(6) insofar as asserted against sussex.,2247
-sosataquechel's affirmative answer to the court's plea colloquy question about whether he had an adequate opportunity to discuss the facts of the case and defenses thereto does not adequately resolve his present claim as to the defense of self-defense.,2248
-it may well be expensive to obtain an opinion of counsel.,2249
-"we affirm, and in so doing, we recede from sapphire condominium association v. amerivend corp., 691 so.2d 600 (fla. 4th dca 1997), and bridgeport inc. v. rinker materials corp.",2250
-"in view of this holding, the decision in state ex rel. west virginia department of transportation v. cookman, 219 w.va. 601, 639 s.e.2d 693 (2006), is overruled in its entirety.",2251
-"for the foregoing reasons, we overrule willis and hold that the cartwright act applies to the professions.",2252
-"2011) (declining to resolve """"fundamental constitutional questions"""" involving other branches of government).",2253
-"accordingly, we hereby overrule sharp v. state",2254
-"in re h.b.c., 482 s.w.3d 696, 702 (tex. app.texarkana 2016, no pet.) (quotation marks and citation omitted).",2255
-"section 6 somewhat codified and modified the cavnar rule by providing that ""[j]udgments in wrongful death, personal injury, and property damage cases must include prejudgment interest.""",2256
-"thus, to the extent today's holding rests on a distinction between ""traditional"" governmental functions and their nontraditional counterparts, see ante, at 344, it cannot be reconciled with prior precedent.",2257
-"ibid. based on its contract with opm, see app. to pet. for cert. 129a130a, coventry asserted a lien for $6,592.24",2258
-"it did so, however, without considering irwin, and for that reason is overruled.",2259
-" fatalgram 11-07, alaska dep't of labor & workforce dev., http://labor.state.ak.us/lss/forms/fatalgram_11-07.pdf.",2260
-"moreover, insofar as they suggest that a party seeking a modification of a custody order must prove an overwhelming necessity for the change in custody, we hereby overrule ex parte martin and ex parte peppers.",2261
-he asks us to overrule maxwell.,2262
-"thus, in light of the supreme court's decision in sanderfoot, we overrule our prior decision in in re pederson, and hold that in a divorce setting as this, mr. catli may not avail himself of 522(f)(1) to avoid mrs. catli's lien.",2263
-"contrary to applicant's assertion, the legal basis for his claim existed at the time of his direct appeal and initial habeas application.",2264
-we disagree and disapprove jones as being inconsistent with our decision today.,2265
-"that case did not address an officer-safety justification for the question; however, to the extent lee or any of our other precedent conflict with the rule we announce today, we expressly overrule them.",2266
-"to the extent that hetzel and its progeny impose different or additional requirements in the settling of instructions in a civil case under fed.r.civ.p. 51, they also are hereby overruled.",2267
-"kyles v. whitley, 514 u.s. 419, 115 s. ct. 1555, 131 l. ed. 2d 490 (1995); united states v. bagley, 473 u.s. 667, 105 s. ct. 3375, 87 l. ed. 2d 481 (1985); state v. green, 2016-0107 (la. 6/29/17), 225 so. 3d 1033, cert. denied, ___ u.s. ___, 138 s. ct. 459, 199 l. ed. 2d 338 (2017).",2268
-we reject the reasoning and the result in that decision.,2269
-"partee, 125 ill. 2d at 35.",2270
-"in light of our decision to overrule prior precedent limiting the scope of 53a183 (a), we now must decide whether, as the defendant claims, constitutional principles of fair notice bar the state from retrying her under our more expansive construction of that provision.",2271
-"in short, we reject the view, expressed in in re ishihara chemical co., that 1782 comes into play only when adjudicative proceedings are ""pending"" or ""imminent.""",2272
-smithparker acknowledges this precedent but argues that it was wrongly decided.,2273
-"accordingly, we overrule greenberg and conclude that federal courts may ""look through"" 10petitions, applying the ordinary principles of federal-question jurisdiction to the underlying dispute as defined by vaden .",2274
-"the third and fifth district courts of appeal have concluded, consistent with the first district, that miller is not retroactive, while the second and fourth district courts of appeal have held, to the contrary, that it is.",2275
-"to the extent john w. is inconsistent with our opinion on this point, it is disapproved.",2276
-"when carlton and caldwell began to leave underground atlanta, carlton waved down police.",2277
-"if a contract is ambiguous, we review construction questions as questions of fact under the legal and factual sufficiency standards, and the scope of our review expands: """"[a]n ambiguous contract opens the door to parol evidence that sheds light on the parties' true intent.""""",2278
-"accordingly, we quash the decision below and disapprove the first district's decision in toner.",2279
-"plaintiffs filed the instant action seeking penalties and damages, urging that lammico failed to timely fund the settlement when it did not unconditionally tender the agreed upon sums by january 3, 2015.",2280
-"cases such as people v. stathos, supra, 17 cal.app.3d 33, are disapproved insofar as they are inconsistent with the views expressed herein.",2281
-"accordingly, from this time forward, the holdings in asher, blair and durham, to the extent they conflict with this opinion, should no longer be followed.",2282
-"restitution of an excessive fee, therefore, can be ordered as a condition of readmission or reinstatement, and we recede from winn to the extent that it conflicts with this holding.",2283
-"in 2017, cvpa moved for summary judgment on the ground that it """"had no knowledge of any lump in the board room carpet at any time prior to the alleged [a]ugust 25, 2013 incident and used reasonable care in maintaining the board room carpet.""""",2284
-"nonetheless, the record is clear that, immediately upon confronting a.c., bernard no longer had consent to remain in the house.",2285
-"to the extent that northwest arctic regional educ. attendance area v. alaska public service employees, local 71, 591 p.2d 1292, 1297 (alaska 1979) contains language to the contrary, we disapprove it.",2286
-the double jeopardy proscription is intended to shield individuals from the harassment of multiple prosecutions for the same misconduct.,2287
-"unlike mr. swann in dover, however, holzhauer did not offer expert testimony to attempt to explain why the escalator malfunctioned.",2288
-"we agree with the court of appeals and the dissent, post, at 324-325 (opinion of thomas, j.), that ""[t]he settlement agreement and promissory note here, coupled with the broad language of the release, completely addressed and released each and every underlying state law claim.",2289
-"highlands is therefore overruled, with the approval of the court en banc, with judges byrnes and williams dissenting from the overruling.",2290
-division two of the court of appeals rejected tobin's narrow reading of the events sufficient to trigger the statute of limitations.,2291
-"in support of its position, the court cited several cases from foreign jurisdictions.",2292
-"this court's prior holding in atoka, inc. v. thornton, 566 s.w.2d 686 (tex.civ.app. eastland 1978, no writ), is expressly overruled insofar as it holds that an order of dismissal for want of prosecution also disposes of the cross action by implication.",2293
-"434 n.w.2d at 116 n.2 (marshall, j., dissenting).",2294
-"accordingly, to the extent our decision in ashness is inconsistent with this opinion, we decline to follow it.",2295
-"to the extent that tendai and mendelsohn suggest otherwise as regards the standard of review, they are overruled.",2296
-"to the extent that hurth v. state, 688 so.2d 275 (ala.cr.app. 1995), conflicts with this case, it is due to be overruled.",2297
-"we overrule our prior opinions in state farm mutual auto insurance co. v. kay, 26 utah 2d 195, 487 p.2d 852, and kay v. kay, 30 utah 2d 94, 513 p.2d 1372, to the extent that they are inconsistent with this opinion.",2298
-"johnson v. state, supra, is overruled along with its progeny.",2299
-"the fact that the jury acquitted the defendant of operating while under the influence of liquor did not """"preclude their consideration of the evidence of intoxication in considering the negligent operation charge.""""",2300
-"to the extent that central computer servs. would dictate a different holding, it is overruled.",2301
- 42 we find no abuse of discretion in the circuit court's finding that the affidavits complied with the requirements of rule 191. both cassem and levinson had a sufficient degree of personal knowledge of the facts asserted in their affidavits by virtue of their employment with or for the funds.,2302
-in the wake of hauserincluding this courthave declined to allow such an individual action to proceed.,2303
-mendez and alterra healthcare are not in accord with this principle.,2304
-80 a.3d at 1013.,2305
-brown eventually lost consciousness due to defendant's actions.,2306
-but any language in the fried case which is inconsistent with this opinion is hereby overruled.,2307
-"the contentions in the father's brief in opposition to the motion are raised for the first time on appeal and therefore are not properly before us (see matter of paige k. [jay j.b.], 81 ad3d 1284, 1284 [4th dept 2011]).",2308
-"under ors 137.123(1), """"[a] sentence shall be deemed to be a concurrent term unless the judgment expressly provides for consecutive sentences.""""",2309
-id. at 248 (citations & quotation marks omitted).,2310
-the royal & sun opinion articulated those factors as follows:,2311
-miranda admitted to the dhs's factual allegations and conceded removability.,2312
-we approve the decision below and disapprove cecil to the extent it is inconsistent with this opinion.,2313
-"after the time period has expired, the trial court still has discretion to enlarge the time period if the moving party can demonstrate excusable neglect in addition to cause.",2314
-"see bock v. united states, 375 f.2d 479, 480 (9th cir. 1967).",2315
-"this court must consider any affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other documentary evidence to determine whether there is a genuine issue of material fact.",2316
-"the defendant did not testify at trial, but his report of the alleged assault to the police was put in evidence through the police officer and the recordings of his two 911 telephone calls.",2317
-"while we realize that it is not strictly necessary, our holding, of course, overrules sherod.",2318
-suding did not request a continuance and thus the issue is waived.,2319
-"., 665 s.w.2d 414, 420 (tex. 1984); see also frazer v. tex. farm bureau mut. ins. co., 4 s.w.3d 819, 823-24 (tex. app.houston [1st dist.] 1999, no pet.) (with use of """"and its affiliated companies,"""" release sufficiently identified texas farm bureau underwriters such that its identity is not in doubt.). here, the release clearly and unambiguously stated it applied to all jumpstreet entities that are engaged in the trampoline business.",2320
-"we, therefore, asked our colleagues to consider the appeal in banc on the briefs of the parties, they so voted, and this opinion represents the views of the full court.",2321
-"to arrive at a solution to their perceived problem, the majority casually overrules bain v. state, 677 s.w.2d 51 (tex.cr.app. 1984), and dodson v. state, 646 s.w.2d 177 (tex.cr.app. 1980), simply on the mere pretext that the instant arrest was illegal.",2322
-ct. app. 1990)).,2323
-"when, as in this case, a controversy no longer exists between the parties, the case becomes moot.",2324
-"prystash v. state, 3 s.w.3d 522, 531 (tex. crim. app. 1999) (applying invited-error doctrine to jury instructions in capital murder case and stating that """"[t]he doctrine of invited error is properly thought of, not as a species of waiver, but as estoppel""""); see also 5 c.j.s., appeal & error 872 (""""an appellant or plaintiff in error is estopped, or will not be permitted, to take advantage of errors for the commission of which he or she is responsible . . . or . . . has invited or induced the trial court to commit.""""). others suggest it is grounded in waiver or """"the common sense view that where a party invites the trial court to commit error, he cannot later cry foul on appeal."""" united states v. brannan, 562 f.3d 1300, 1306 (11th cir. 2009).",2325
-nowhere does peaches explain what remedy she would have had if the victim had refused her entry or ejected her from his home.,2326
-"also see, coggins v. joseph, 504 so.2d 211, 213-14 (miss.",2327
-"see ennis v. state, 122 nev. 694, 706, 137 p.3d 1095, 1103 (2006), the district court therefore did not err in denying this claim.",2328
-"accordingly, we affirm the trial court's judgment in both appellate causes.",2329
-"for these reasons, we overrule hoiles to the extent it stated that ""the engineer's work [on the bay view terrace map] . . . obliterated"" lots 21, 22, 23, and 25, and held that lots 21, 22, 23, and 25 were dedicated to the public as a beach.",2330
-"rule 4007 further provides the time by which a complaint to determine dischargeability must be filed, which is """"no later than 60 days after the first date set for the meeting of creditors under 341(a).""""",2331
-a.a.b. is not harmed by our decision to disavow this aspect of m.e.r.,2332
-"because the warrant was supported by probable cause, we reverse the order granting the motion to suppress and remand the case for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.",2333
-it is rare that a sentence is so grossly disproportionate to the crime as to meet the threshold inquiry.,2334
-"the court noted that the """"requirement of gubernatorial approval for obtaining a parole [has] the force of law, and is not a discretionary internal policy[.]""""",2335
-"if anything said in mitchell or the other cases above cited be deemed in conflict with our holding in the case now before us, we disagree with it.",2336
-interlocutory appeal from the district court,2337
-"""""a district court may, however, permit discovery in a habeas proceeding if the 'petitioner presents specific allegations showing reason to believe that the facts, if fully developed, may lead the district court to believe that federal habeas relief is appropriate.'""""",2338
-the case has never been cited in texas and we regard the holding to be contrary to subsequent supreme court and commission of appeals decisions and that it has therefore been overruled.,2339
-"most error, even constitutional error, may be waived by the failure to properly put the trial court on notice of the objection or request.",2340
-"william hardy inc., v. commissioner, supra, 82 f.2d 249, is overruled, and the order will be affirmed.",2341
-"we apply this standard to determine whether excusing a prospective juror in a capital case for cause based on the prospective juror's views on capital punishment violates the defendant's right to an impartial jury under article i, section 16 of the california constitution. [citations.]",2342
-"see id. 73.001 (west 2017) (defining libel as """"defamation expressed in written or other graphic form"""").",2343
-shook and similar cases should not be followed to the extent they require imputing income from retirement and ira accounts in every case.,2344
-"see motion for a more definite statement and to dismiss and/or stay the complaint (apr. 27, 2015), available via file & servexpress.",2345
-"following the denial of his motion to reconsider his sentence, the defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.",2346
-"(citing premier lab supply, inc. v. chemplex indus., inc., 10 so. 3d 202, 206-07 (fla. 4th dca 2009); hasley, 971 so. 2d at 152-53).",2347
-the supreme court's decision in brown expressly disapproved of vallieres to the extent that it conflicted with its interpretation that the extension could be granted as long as the speedy trial time and recapture period had not expired.,2348
-"contrary dicta contained in prior decisions (see people v. brock, supra, 66 cal.2d 645; people v. friend, supra, 50 cal. 2d at p. 578 and cases cited therein) are overruled.",2349
-the exception to these jurisdictional limitations is when the sentence imposed is illegal.,2350
-"to the extent that it holds to the contrary, murdoch i is overruled.",2351
-id. at 657 n. 6.,2352
-"the petition includes statements from state bar staff confirming that no disciplinary, fee dispute arbitration, or client security fund matters are pending against spitzer; and that he is current on all membership fee payments and other financial commitments relating to his practice of law in this state.",2353
-"to the extent that the previous decisions of this court in jackson, lundy and peterson are inconsistent with this holding, we hereby recede from them.",2354
-"the federal circuit's practice is therefore neither compelled by our cases nor supported by the ""case or controversy"" requirement of article iii.",2355
-_____________________________________________________,2356
-"(pariente, j., concurring in part and dissenting in part), cert. denied, 138 s. ct. 471 (2017).",2357
-baker is disapproved insofar as it is contrary to the views expressed herein.,2358
-"given the legislature's intent to permit such a lawsuit, taswell was not required to exhaust judicial remedies and challenge the administrative decision by filing a petition for a writ of mandamus.",2359
-"further, in mooney v. state, 1999 ok cr 34, 17, 990 p.2d 875, 70 o.b.j. 2412 (aug. 31, 1999), this court adopted ""the united states supreme court's decision in united states v. dixon, 589 u.s. 688, 113 s.ct. 2849, 125 l.ed.2d 556 (1993), overruling grady v. corbin, 495 u.s. 568, 110 s.ct. 2084, 109 l.ed.2d 548 (1990), and [did] away with the `same transaction' test.",2360
-"to the extent that they hold or contain statements to the contrary, we disapprove of such cases as maytag v. united states, 153 ct. cl. 622, 289 f.2d 647; mays v. commissioner, 272 f.2d 788 (c.a. 6th cir.); commissioner v. stokes' estate, 200 f.2d 637 (c.a. 3d cir.); foss v. commissioner, 75 f.2d 326 (c.a. 1st cir.); washburn v. commissioner, 51 f.2d 949 (c.a. 8th cir.); sage v. commissioner, 15 t.c. 299; campbell v. commissioner, 11 t.c. 510; and cluett v. commissioner",2361
-"tex. dep't of pub. safety v. foster, 398 s.w.3d 887, 890 (tex. app.dallas 2013, no pet.). under this standard, we conduct an independent analysis of the record, giving no deference to the trial court's conclusions.",2362
-"to the extent that our opinion conflicts with doney, we hereby recede from doney.",2363
-"any holding in minter v. state, 765 p.2d 803 (okla.",2364
-"at the present time, we feel that we should follow the hamilton case and consider the lunkin case overruled.",2365
-"the inverse process includes """"stuffing"""" containers off-site and eventually loading them onto the cargo ships for export at the terminals.",2366
-"goodley v. sullivant, supra, 32 cal.app.3d 619, cited approvingly in westlake community hosp. v. superior court (1976) 17 cal.3d 465, 482 [ 131 cal.rptr. 90, 551 p.2d 410], is disapproved to the extent it is inconsistent with views expressed herein.",2367
-"##note: am. fed'n. labor v. unemployment ins. app. bd. is the case at bar, reversed.",2368
-"to the extent that dicta in washington university suggests that a tort action should be brought rather than an action in inverse condemnation, that dicta is disapproved and should no longer be followed.",2369
-"in the wake of johnson v. united states, 135 s. ct. 2251 (2015), dean filed a 2255 motion in which he argued that his convictions for attempted armed robbery and aggravated battery do not qualify as violent felonies under the """"elements clause"""" of the acca, 18 u.s.c. 924(e)(2)(b)(i).",2370
-"in light of the apparent weight of authority and persuasive scholarly reasoning in support of defendant's position, we find that a sufficient and sound basis exists for departing from the malice in law standard followed in terry.",2371
-"accordingly, we approve the decision of the district court of appeal in this case and disapprove the decision of the third district court of appeal in johnson to the extent that it conflicts with this opinion.",2372
-"if the quoted language means that a litigant may avoid the presumption merely by asking for findings on an issue without challenging the findings when actually made, we disapprove it, because such an interpretation is contrary to section 634",2373
-lohmeier.,2374
-stale information cannot be used to establish probable cause.,2375
-"however, determining whether the requirements for class certification are met """"will entail some overlap with the merits of the plaintiff's underlying claim.",2376
-"we do so, and now hold spears is incorrect insofar as it precludes the possibility of harmless error under any circumstances; and to that extent, it must be overruled.",2377
-"tex. code crim. proc. ann. art. 36.31 (west 2006); see melancon v. state, 66 s.w.3d 375, 383 (tex. app.houston [14th dist.] 2001, pet. ref'd) (en banc op. on reh'g).",2378
-"apparently every other circuit has decided that the reasons against having the rule outweigh those that favor it, at least where the supreme court issues a decision that upsets precedent relevant to a pending case and thereby provides an appellant with a new theory or claim.",2379
-"to the extent that it is contrary, the reasoning of matchett v. gould, 131 cal.app.2d 821 [ 281 p.2d 524], is erroneous and is disapproved.",2380
-"therefore, we overrule ortiz and johnson to the extent that they hold that facts gathered during a valid traffic stop cannot be utilized to justify an investigatory detention occurring after a police officer has indicated that a defendant is free to leave.",2381
-"id. like here, it was undisputed that schrock had permission to make the photographs.",2382
-we therefore recede from lewis.,2383
-"to the extent that people v. ulibarri, supra, can be read to hold that a defendant's failure to attend a suppression hearing automatically triggers an abandonment of the right to seek exclusion of or object to the challenged evidence, we decline to follow it.",2384
-"but in light of the language and context of the statute and the term's common meaning and other uses, we cannot accept a definition that would find oppression on either of these bases alone, and we disapprove of the court of appeals decisions that have.",2385
-"accordingly, to the extent that it conflicts with what we say here, christensen is overruled.",2386
-"in re detention of rainey, 2017 il app (4th) 160496-u.",2387
-it is our opinion that the huester ruling gave the section an unduly narrow construction; we overrule it and affirm the decision of the lower court on this point.,2388
-"if we have a case where the conditions are not identical, then the dissimilarity goes to the weight of the evidence of the experiment but not to its admissibility.",2389
-"to the extent that the ica's opinion in state v. won , 134 hawai'i 59, 74, 332 p.3d 661, 676 (app. 2014), vacated on other grounds , 137 hawai'i 330, 372 p.3d 1065 (2015), ruled that severino denied an arrestee of a criminal offense the statutory right to access counsel under hrs 803-9, it is overruled.",2390
-"clarity, 838 n.w.2d at 661 ; see hauser, 782 n.w.2d at 154 (""""to the extent [the attorney] acknowledges his alcoholism and has taken steps to address it ..., we consider ",2391
-"appellant francisco salazar appeals his convictions for one count of continuous sexual abuse of a child, one count of indecency with a child by sexual contact, and one count of sexual assault of a child.",2392
-"for example, in jaffee v. jaffee, the court correctly stated the principle """"that an alimony award may not be modified because of a 'change' in the circumstances of the parties which was contemplated and considered when the original judgment or agreement was entered.""""",2393
-"salmons urged that """"all of the elements of the felony of possession of pseudoephedrine are contained in the felony of the manufacture of methamphetamine,"""" but the court ruled that knowledge of the specific controlled substance was an element of each charge, so the separate prosecution for possessing pseudoephedrine did not violate double jeopardy.",2394
-"the court relied on 64.875 which provides that """"no amendments shall be made by the county commission except after recommendation of the county planning commission . . . [and] after hearings thereon by the commission.""""",2395
-"this notice must be posted in the waiting room, printed and distributed to all clients, or provided digitally at check-in.",2396
-"we approve the decisions in woolard and marquez, disapprove the decision in morrison, and quash the decision below.",2397
-"earls, 2017 ark. 171, at 9, 518 s.w.3d at 87.",2398
-"but the most relevant definition of """"such"""" is """"of the character, quality, or extent previously indicated or implied.""""",2399
diff --git a/data/overruling/train.csv b/data/overruling/train.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index cffd550cd6c1e7d4d48bb90585b87609bc405c56..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/overruling/train.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-Sentence,Label,ID
-"in light of both our holding today and previous rulings in johnson, dueser, and gronroos, we now explicitly overrule dupree.",overruling,0
-"see mciver, 134 n.c.app. at 588, 518 s.e.2d at 526.",not overruling,1
-"to the extent that paprskar v. state, supra, applied the general test of waiver of constitutional rights set forth in johnson v. zerbst, supra, it is no longer viable.",overruling,2
-"we reverse and remand, and in doing so, we overrule commonwealth v. constant",overruling,3
-"to the extent that other cases have cited carr for the proposition that a conviction under section 245(a)(2) does not involve moral turpitude, those cases, too, are overruled in that limited way.",overruling,4
-"accordingly, it is overruled.",overruling,5
-grigsby has since unsuccessfully filed multiple 28 u.s.c. 2255 motions to vacate his sentence.,not overruling,6
-"id., at 386387.",not overruling,7
-the following facts are taken from the administrative record.,not overruling,8
-"schweiker v. hansen, 450 u. s. 785, 791 (1981) (marshall, j., dissenting).",not overruling,9
-we recognize that this reading of fager disapproves prior cases.,overruling,10
-this is not allowable.,not overruling,11
-" narrowstep, 2010 wl 5422405, at *12.",not overruling,12
-"transfer of property from a parent to a child is presumed to be a gift, and the presumption may only be overcome by clear and convincing evidence to the contrary."""").",not overruling,13
-"accordingly, to the extent of any conflict nemecek v. state, 621 s.w.2d 404 (tex.cr.app. 1980) is overruled.",overruling,14
-tenn. sup. ct. r. 14.,not overruling,15
-"see id. 275(a)(4) (""""no deduction shall be allowed for the following taxes: . . . excess profits taxes imposed by the authority of any foreign country . . . if the taxpayer chooses to take to any extent the benefits of [] 901.""""); 26 c.f.r. 1.901-1(h)(2) (""""taxpayers who are denied the credit for taxes for particular taxable years are the following: . . . [a] taxpayer who elects to deduct taxes paid or accrued to any foreign country . . . [pursuant to sections] 164 and 275."""").",not overruling,16
-"incompetence may occur at various points after conviction, and it may recede and later reoccur.",not overruling,17
-we therefore overrule mata and hartman to the extent of the conflict and reverse the trial court's judgment and remand the cause for a new trial.,overruling,18
-"490 f.3d 575, 580-81 (7th cir. 2007).",not overruling,19
-"app. 1981), or voninski v. voninski, 661 s.w.2d 872, 878-79 (tenn.",overruling,20
-"more importantly, a sufficient factual basis exists here because mccoy stipulated he """"was a member of a conspiracy with others, in gaston county . . . to distribute and to possess with intent to distribute cocaine base, commonly known as 'crack cocaine.'""""",not overruling,21
-the decision of the fourth district court of appeal holding section 550.081 unconstitutional is disapproved.,overruling,22
-the court noted at the outset that the guarantees of that constitutional provisionfreedom from discrimination in housing and employmenthad been legislatively implemented through the illinois human rights act.,not overruling,23
-"we are fully in accord with the relaxation of the federal requirements as expressed in illinois v. gates, supra, and to the extent that berkshire v. commonwealth, supra; thompson v. commonwealth, supra; and buchenburger v. commonwealth, supra, express a contrary view, they are overruled.",overruling,24
-"see scott, supra at 352; commonwealth v. ruffin, 475 mass. 1003, 1004 (2016).",not overruling,25
-"for the reasons stated below, we approve the fifth district court of appeal's decision in winter park, and disapprove the decision in belleair to the extent described herein.",overruling,26
-"however, to the extent that cervantes, and ex parte mcatee, 599 s.w.2d 335 (tex.crim.app. 1980), indicate that a failure to admonish pursuant to art. 26.13(a)(4) automatically entitles one to post-conviction collateral relief without a showing of harm, they are overruled.",overruling,27
-"having reviewed the question en banc, we now answer that question in the affirmative and overrule laffey.",overruling,28
-"in people v. correa (2012) 54 cal.4th 331, 142 cal.rptr.3d 546, 278 p.3d 809, also decided today, we are disapproving language in one of our cases to bring our section 654 jurisprudence closer to the statutory language.",overruling,29
-"in reaching that conclusion, we recede from the previous holding of this court in hall v. state, 505 so.2d 657, 658 (fla. 2d dca), cause dismissed, 509 so.2d 1117 (fla. 1987), in which we stated that an essential element of proof in regard to the crime of robbery is ""that the accused had the specific intent to permanently deprive the owner of property.",overruling,30
-"while not limited to these cases, to the extent the following cases are in conflict, they are overruled.",overruling,31
-the court also offered no explanation for imposing the particular sentence it chose.,not overruling,32
-"even if his earlier filings had passed muster, trying a case is more difficult than drafting minimally coherent documents.",not overruling,33
-"to the extent that the holding in wilson v. bureau of state police, supra, conflicts with this opinion, it is overruled.",overruling,34
-"furthermore, the trial court indicated in its order that it had """"consider[ed] . . . [appellant's] special appearance, the pleadings, the affidavits, and arguments of counsel.""""",not overruling,35
-"see boles, 554 so.2d at 961 ([i]f the county and other persons are not bound, then the status of the road as public or private is subject to being litigated again, and the results of later litigation may be inconsistent with the results of the initial litigation.).",not overruling,36
-"see tex. r. app. p. 48.4; see also in re schulman, 252 s.w.3d at 412 n.35; ex parte owens, 206 s.w.3d 670, 673 (tex. crim. app. 2006).",not overruling,37
-"we flatly rejected this logic a century ago in state ex rel. state capitol commission v. lister, 91 wash. 9, 156 p. 858 (1916), and we reject it again now.",overruling,38
-"the tribe sold the land for a fixed sum of $50,000.",not overruling,39
-"to the extent that these cases directly and indirectly misconstrued the rationale of hedges, they are hereby overruled.",overruling,40
-"the supreme court has chosen not """"to prescribe a precise algorithm for determining the proper restitution amount.""""",not overruling,41
-"see bassett, 528 f.3d at 430.",not overruling,42
-"in this case, the trial court did not clearly err by finding clear and convincing evidence to support termination under mcl 712a.19b(3)(g) and (j).",not overruling,43
-"to the extent that this opinion causes conflict with earlier decisions such as holmes, those cases are overruled.",overruling,44
-"569 u.s., at , 133 s.ct., at 1576(dissenting opinion).",not overruling,45
-"we therefore overrule mcgore; and we hold, like every other circuit to have reached the issue, that under rule 15(a) a district court can allow a plaintiff to amend his complaint even when the complaint is subject to dismissal under the plra.",overruling,46
-we disapprove this dicta.,overruling,47
-"we disapprove abdelaziz as well as henderson v. north, 545 so.2d 486 (fla. 1st dca 1989), which adopted the principle of abdelaziz, to the extent that they disapproved a cause of action for negligent stillbirth.",overruling,48
-"we therefore conclude that the improper-purpose doctrine has not worked well in practice, and that more good than harm will come by departing from precedent.",overruling,49
diff --git a/data/semiconductor_org_types/task.json b/data/semiconductor_org_types/task.json
deleted file mode 100644
index c0fbd20711e917d6ff85a6b125e51ffd7041cfc4..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/semiconductor_org_types/task.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"name": "semiconductor_org_types", "description": "", "data_columns": ["Paper title", "Organization name", "ID"], "label_columns": {"Label": ["company", "research institute", "university"]}}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/semiconductor_org_types/test_unlabeled.csv b/data/semiconductor_org_types/test_unlabeled.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index 580877c4b31ef3b6bcb9a85034be57c5c1d31991..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/semiconductor_org_types/test_unlabeled.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,450 +0,0 @@
-Paper title,Organization name,ID
-An enhanced 130 nm generation logic technology featuring 60 nm transistors optimized for high performance and low power at 0.7 - 1.4 V,"Portland Technology Development, Hillsboro, OR, USA",50
-Monolithic integration of O-band photonic transceivers in a “zero-change” 32nm SOI CMOS,"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, USA",51
-"High-performance low-leakage enhancement-mode high-K dielectric GaN MOSHEMTs for energy-efficient, compact voltage regulators and RF power amplifiers for low-power mobile SoCs","Intel Corporation,Components Research,Technology and Manufacturing Group,Hillsboro,OR,USA",52
-"Implant-Free SiGe Quantum Well pFET: A novel, highly scalable and low thermal budget device, featuring raised source/drain and high-mobility channel","Dep. Material Engineering, Univ. Leuven, Leuven",53
-Mobility in high-K metal gate UTBB-FDSOI devices: From NEGF to TCAD perspectives,"STMicroelectronics, Crolles, France",54
-Fast switching and long retention Fe-O ReRAM and its switching mechanism,"Advanced Devices Development Center, Matsushita Elecrric Indusrrial Company Limited, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan",55
-5.9 An 18.75µW dynamic-distributing-bias temperature sensor with 0.87°C(3σ) untrimmed inaccuracy and 0.00946mm2 area,"TSMC,Austin,TX,United States of America",56
-A 1-V 299/spl mu/W Flashing UWB Transceiver Based on Double Thresholding Scheme,"Center for collaborative Res.,Tokyo Univ.",57
-"High performance low temperature activated devices and optimization guidelines for 3D VLSI integration of FD, TriGate, FinFET on insulator","IMEP-LAHC,Minatec/INPG,France",58
-Quantitative assessment of mobility degradation by remote Coulomb scattering in ultra-thin oxide MOSFETs: measurements and simulations,"DIEGM, Udine, Italy",59
-A new cell-based performance metric for novel CMOS device architectures,"Philips Research, Leuven, Belgium",60
-"In-situ multi-step (IMS) CVD process of (Ba,Sr)TiO/sub 3/ using hot wall batch type reactor for DRAM capacitor dielectrics","Microelectron. Eng. Lab.,Toshiba Corp.,Yokohama,Japan",61
-A novel method for evaluating electron/hole mismatch in scaled split-gate SONOS memories,"Microcomputer Operation Unit, NECEL Corporation, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan",62
-A 120mm2 16Gb 4-MLC NAND Flash Memory with 43nm CMOS Technology,"SanDisk,Yokohama,Japan",63
-High power 4H-SiC static induction transistors,"Westinghouse Science and Technology Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA",64
-Nano-wires for room temperature operated hybrid CMOS-NANO integrated circuits,"Swiss Fed. Inst. of Technol.,Lausanne,Switzerland",65
-Clock-powered CMOS VLSI graphics processor for embedded display controller application,"Synopsys Corporation,Mountain View,CA,USA",66
-Thermally robust high quality HfN/HfO/sub 2/ gate stack for advanced CMOS devices,"Institute of Microelectronics, Singapore",67
-A 622 Mb/s fully-integrated optical IC with a wide range input,"Sony Corp.,Kanagawa,Japan",68
-Fabrication of a nonvolatile lookup-table circuit chip using magneto/semiconductor-hybrid structure for an immediate-power-up field programmable gate array,"Hitachi Advanced Research Laboratory,Tokyo,,Japan",69
-The impact of sub monolayers of HfO/sub 2/ on the device performance of high-k based transistors [MOSFETs],"Renesas, Leuven, Belgium",70
-30.5 A 0.5V BLE Transceiver with a 1.9mW RX Achieving −96.4dBm Sensitivity and 4.1dB Adjacent Channel Rejection at 1MHz Offset in 22nm FDSOI,"Sony LSI Design,Atsugi,Japan",71
-Optimization of Sub-Melt Laser Anneal: Performance and Reliability,"K. U. Leuven, ESAT-INSYS, Belgium",72
-A 0.5-28GB/S Wireline Tranceiver with 15-Tap DFE and Fast-Locking Digital CDR in 7NM FinFET,"Xilinx,Inc.,San Jose,CA,USA",73
-Dual channel FinFETs as a single high-k/metal gate solution beyond 22nm node,"Intel Assignee, USA",74
-50 nm-Gate All Around (GAA)-Silicon On Nothing (SON)-devices: a simple way to co-integration of GAA transistors within bulk MOSFET process,"R&D France Telecom,Grenoble,France",75
-Temperature compensation of silicon micromechanical resonators via degenerate doping,"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA",76
-A phase change memory cell with metallic surfactant layer as a resistance drift stabilizer,"ULVAC, Inc.,14 Suyama Susono, Shizuoka, Japan",77
-"A flexible, lightweight Braille sheet display with plastic actuators driven by an organic field-effect transistor active matrix","National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka, Japan",78
-Oxide-field dependence of the NMOS hot-carrier degradation rate and its impact on AC-lifetime prediction,"Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Microsystems Technology Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA",79
-Experimental observation and physics of “negative” capacitance and steeper than 40mV/decade subthreshold swing in Al0.83In0.17N/AlN/GaN MOS-HEMT on SiC substrate,"Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, USA",80
-Application-oriented performance of RF CMOS technologies on flexible substrates,"Institut d'Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - IEMN UMR8520, Grenoble, France",81
-A novel SPRAM (SPin-transfer torque RAM)-based reconfigurable logic block for 3D-stacked reconfigurable spin processor,"Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi and Limited, Sendai, Japan",82
-Asymmetrically-dope buried layer (ADB) structure CMOS for low-voltage mixed analog-digital applications,"Semicond. Dev. Center,Hitachi Ltd.,Kokubunji,Japan",83
-Highly sensitive and reliable X-ray detector with HgI2 photoconductor and oxide drive TFT,"Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Corporation, South Korea",84
-Large scale plane-wave based density-functional theory simulations for electronic devices,"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,Berkeley,CA,USA",85
-A 76dBΩ 1.7GHz 0.18µm CMOS tunable transimpedance amplifier using broadband current pre-amplifier for high frequency lateral micromechanical oscillators,"Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta,USA",86
-Coulomb oscillations in 100 nm and 50 nm CMOS devices,"Departement de Recherche Fondamentale sur la Matiere Condensee, DSM, Grenoble, France",87
-Oxide thin film transistor technology: Capturing device-circuit interactions,"IGNIS Innovation Inc., Waterloo, ON, Canada",88
-Tetragonal Phase Stabilization by Doping as an Enabler of Thermally Stable HfO2 based MIM and MIS Capacitors for sub 50nm Deep Trench DRAM,"Qimonda Dresden GmbH and Company OHG, Dresden, Germany",89
-Light emitting silicon nanostructures,"Charles Stark Draper Laboratories, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA",90
-Effective Schottky Barrier Height modulation using dielectric dipoles for source/drain specific contact resistivity improvement,"College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, NY, USA",91
-Energy-efficient all fiber-based local body heat mapping circuitry combining thermistor and memristor for wearable healthcare device,"KIMS Changwon, Korea",92
-"Bidirectional TaO-diode-selected, complementary atom switch (DCAS) for area-efficient, nonvolatile crossbar switch block","Low-power Electronics Association & Project (LEAP),West,Onogawa,Tsukuba,Ibaraki,Japan",93
-A 1/2.5 inch 8.1Mpixel CMOS Image Sensor for Digital Cameras,"Micron Technology,Pasadena,CA",94
-A 0.2-/spl mu/m 180-GHz-f/sub max/ 6.7-ps-ECL SOI/HRS self aligned SEG SiGe HBT/CMOS technology for microwave and high-speed digital applications,"Musashino office, Hitachi Device Engineering Company Limited, Japan",95
-A unified physical model of switching behavior in oxide-based RRAM,"NASA Ames Research Center,Moffett Field,CA,USA",96
-I.McIC: A single-chip MPEG2 video encoder for storage,"Philips Res. Lab.,Eindhoven,Netherlands",97
-A highly linear filter and VGA chain with novel DC-offset correction in 90nm digital CMOS process,"Intel R&D,Intel Corp.,Hillsboro,OR,USA",98
-A high performance phase change memory with fast switching speed and high temperature retention by engineering the GexSbyTez phase change material,"Macronix Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Company Limited, Hsinchu, Taiwan",99
-Adaptive cancellation of gain and nonlinearity errors in pipelined ADCs,"Asahi Kasei Microdevices,Atsugi,Japan",100
-A 4 GOPS 3 way-VLIW image recognition processor based on a configurable media-processor,"Toshiba Corp.,Kanagawa,Japan",101
-Hot carrier reliability for 0.13 /spl mu/m CMOS technology with dual gate oxide thickness,"UMC, Hopewell Junction, NY, USA",102
-Implementation of the CELL Broadband Engine in a 65nm SOI Technology Featuring Dual-Supply SRAM Arrays Supporting 6GHz at 1.3V,"Toshiba,Austin,TX",103
-A fully working 0.14 /spl mu/m DRAM technology with polymetal (W/WN/sub x//poly-Si) gate,"Hyundai Electron. Ind. Co. Ltd., Cheongju, South Korea",104
-Potential well engineering by partial oxidation of TiN for high-speed and low-voltage Flash memory with good 125°C data retention and excellent endurance,"Thin-Film Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea",105
-A programmable MEMS-based clock generator with sub-ps jitter performance,"Masdar Institute,Abu Dhabi,UAE",106
-Impact of Fermi level pinning inside conduction band on electron mobility of InxGa1−xAs MOSFETs and mobility enhancement by pinning modulation,"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan",107
-Equivalent Oxide Thickness (EOT) Scaling With Hafnium Zirconium Oxide High-κ Dielectric Near Morphotropic Phase Boundary,"Kurt J. Lesker Co., PA, USA",108
-3.3 A 5GS/s 158.6mW 12b Passive-Sampling 8×-Interleaved Hybrid ADC with 9.4 ENOB and 160.5dB FoMS in 28nm CMOS,"KU Leuven,Heverlee,Belgium",109
-Characteristics of AlGaN/GaN HEMT devices with SiN passivation,"DaimlerChrysler AG Research and Technology, Ulm, Germany",110
-A novel resist and post-etch residue removal process using ozonated chemistries,"IMEC,Philips Research,Eindhoven,Netherlands",111
-14.5 Envision: A 0.26-to-10TOPS/W subword-parallel dynamic-voltage-accuracy-frequency-scalable Convolutional Neural Network processor in 28nm FDSOI,"KU Leuven,Belgium",112
-A 0.063 µm2 FinFET SRAM cell demonstration with conventional lithography using a novel integration scheme with aggressively scaled fin and gate pitch,"Toshiba America Electronic Components Inc.,Albany Nano Tech,NY,USA",113
-Scaling rules of piezoelectric nanowires in view of sensor and energy harvester integration,"CEA-Leti, Grenoble, France",114
-A 0.9 V 1.5 mW continuous-time /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator for WCDMA,"Toshiba,Kawasaki,Japan",115
-A study for 0.18 /spl mu/m high-density MRAM,"Technol. Dev. Group,Sony Corp.,Kanagawa,Japan",116
-A Fractional-N PLL for SONET-Quality Clock-Syntlhesis Applicationis,"Silicon Laboratories,Nashua,NH",117
-On-line calibration and digital correction of multi-bit sigma-delta modulators,"Dept. of Electr. Eng.,Pavia Univ.,Italy",118
-Intrinsic retention statistics in phase change memory (PCM) arrays,"Micron, R&D Unit, Agrate Brianza, Italy",119
-Multi-level metal CMOS manufacturing with deuterium for improved hot carrier reliability,"Lucent Technologies Bell Laboratories, Orlando, FL, USA",120
-An adaptive reference generation scheme for 1T1C FeRAMs,"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng.,Toronto Univ.,Ont.,Canada",121
-Ferroelectric hafnium oxide: A CMOS-compatible and highly scalable approach to future ferroelectric memories,"Fraunhofer IPMS-CNT, Dresden, Germany",122
-High-Field Electron Mobility in Biaxially-tensile Strained SOI: Low Temperature Measurement and Correlation with the Surface Morphology,"CEA/LETI Minatec,rue des Martyrs,Grenoble,France",123
-Threshold voltage control in NiSi-gated MOSFETs through silicidation induced impurity segregation (SIIS),"Microelectronics Division, Hopewell Junction, NY, USA",124
-Higher hole mobility induced by twisted Direct Silicon Bonding (DSB),"IBM Research Division,T.J. Watson Research Center,Yorktown Heights,NY,USA.",125
-Realizing a production ATE custom processor and timing IC containing 400 independent low-power and high-linearity timing verniers,"Credence Syst.,Fremont,CA,USA",126
-22.4 A 24Gb/s 0.71pJ/b Si-photonic source-synchronous receiver with adaptive equalization and microring wavelength stabilization,"Hewlett-Packard Labs,Palo Alto,CA",127
-A 7.9μW remotely powered addressed sensor node using EPC HF and UHF RFID technology with −10.3dBm sensitivity,"Infineon Technologies,Graz,Austria",128
-Bridging design and manufacture of analog/mixed-signal circuits in advanced CMOS,"AMD,Inc.,Sunnyvale,E. Arques Ave.,CA,USA",129
-Experience of IP-reuse in system-on-chip design for ADSL,"Alcatel Bell Telephone,Antwerp,Belgium",130
-Analysis of trap-assisted conduction mechanisms through silicon dioxide films using quantum yield,"Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Inc., Murray Hill, NJ, USA",131
-SRAM Cell Static Noise Margin and VMIN Sensitivity to Transistor Degradation,"Silicon Technology Development, Dallas, TX, USA",132
-"Vacancy-modulated conductive oxide resistive RAM (VMCO-RRAM): An area-scalable switching current, self-compliant, highly nonlinear and wide on/off-window resistive switching cell","K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium",133
-Highly Reliable Thin MIM Capacitor on Metal (CoM) Structure with Vertical Scalability for Analog/RF Applications,"NEC Corporation Limited, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan",134
-A 4.4mW 76dB complex /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ ADC for Bluetooth receivers,"Philips Res. Labs.,Eindhoven,Netherlands",135
-"A 210mV 7.3MHz 8T SRAM with dual data-aware write-assists and negative read wordline for high cell-stability, speed and area-efficiency","Fukuoka Institute of Technology,Japan",136
-Digital background calibration of a 10 b 40 M sample/s parallel pipelined ADC,"California Univ.,Davis,CA,USA",137
-Aluminum Plasma-CVD for VLSI Circuit Interconnections,"Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd. Kamikodanaka,Nakahara,Kawasaki,Japan",138
-A 1.4GHz 20.5Gbps GZIP decompression accelerator in 14nm CMOS featuring dual-path out-of-order speculative Huffman decoder and multi-write enabled register file array,"Circuits Research Lab,Intel Corporation,Hillsboro,OR,USA",139
-4.4 Energy-efficient microserver based on a 12-core 1.8GHz 188K-CoreMark 28nm bulk CMOS 64b SoC for big-data applications with 159GB/S/L memory bandwidth system density,"Freescale Semiconductor,Austin,TX",140
-Understanding and Physical Modeling Superior Hot-Carrier Reliability of Ge pNWFETs,"Nanolayers, London, UK",141
-Lattice strain design in W/WN/poly-Si gate DRAM for improving data retention time,"System Devices Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation Limited, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan",142
-Highly endurable floating body cell memory: Vertical biristor,"Department of EE, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea",143
-A 58.6mW real-time programmable object detector with multi-scale multi-object support using deformable parts model on 1920×1080 video at 30fps,"Massachusetts Institute of Technology,USA",144
-"Multipurpose, Fully-Integrated 128×128 Event-Driven MD-SiPM with 512 16-Bit TDCs with 45 PS LSB and 20 NS Gating","EPFL,Switzerland",145
-A 5Gb/s link with clock edge matching and embedded common mode clock for low power interfaces,"NVIDIA Corporation,India",146
-A new vertically stacked poly-Si MOSFET for 533 MHz high speed 64Mbit SRAM,"Renesas Technology Corp., Tokyo, Japan",147
-The implementation of POWER7TM: A highly parallel and scalable multi-core high-end server processor,"IBM,Poughkeepsie,NY,USA",148
-A Machine-Learning-Resistant 3D PUF with 8-layer Stacking Vertical RRAM and 0.014% Bit Error Rate Using In-Cell Stabilization Scheme for IoT Security Applications,"Zhejiang Lab,Hangzhou,China",149
-45nm low power CMOS logic compatible embedded STT MRAM utilizing a reverse-connection 1T/1MTJ cell,"Qualcomm Incorporated, San Diego, CA, USA",150
-Full integration and characterization of Localized ONO Memory (LONOM) for embedded flash technology,"Syst. LSI Div.,Samsung Electron. Co. Ltd.,Kyunggi-Do,South Korea",151
-A digital terrestrial television (ISDB-T) tuner for mobile applications,"Sharp Corp.,Tenri,Japan",152
-The roles of hydrogen and holes in trap generation and breakdown in ultra-thin SiON dielectrics,"Silicon Technology Development, Texas Instruments, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA",153
-Memory technology for the terabit era: From 2D to 3D,"KU Leuven,ESAT Department,Leuven,Belgium,and imec,Leuven,Belgium",154
-"A 1.5 V, 4.1 mW dual channel audio delta-sigma D/A converter","Asahi-Kasei Microsyst.,Kanagawa,Japan",155
-CMOS current-controlled oscillators using multiple-feedback-loop ring architectures,"Korea Adv. Energy Res. Inst.,Taejon,South Korea",156
-Aggressive design of millisecond annealing junctions for near-scaling-limit bulk CMOS using raised source/drain extensions,"NEC Informatec Systems Limited, Sagamihara, Japan",157
-Simultaneous Extraction of Recoverable and Permanent Components Contributing to Bias-Temperature Instability,"IMEC, Leuven, Belgium",158
-A Fully Digital 65nm CMOS Transmitter for the 2.4-to-2.7GHz WiFi/WiMAX Bands using 5.4GHz ΔΣ RF DACs,"STMicroelectronics,Geneva,Switzerland",159
-Low RA Magnetic Tunnel Junction Arrays in Conjunction with Low Switching Current and High Breakdown Voltage for STT-MRAM at 10 nm and Beyond,"Corporate Research and Development,Qualcomm Technologies,Inc.,San Diego,CA,USA",160
-A CMOS 6b 400 M sample/s ADC with error correction,"Fujitsu VLSI Limited,Aichi,Japan",161
-A digital wideband CDR with ±15.6kppm frequency tracking at 8Gb/s in 40nm CMOS,"Broadcom,Irvine,CA",162
-Understanding of Tunable Selector Performance in Si-Ge-As-Se OTS Devices by Extended Percolation Cluster Model Considering Operation Scheme and Material Design,"IMEC,Leuven,Belgium",163
-Self-limiting laser thermal process for ultra-shallow junction formation of 50-nm gate CMOS,"Device Development Center, Hitachi and Limited, Ome, Tokyo, Japan",164
-Soft error considerations for deep-submicron CMOS circuit applications,"Intel Corporation, Hudson, MA, USA",165
-A Low Power Continuous-Time Zoom ADC for Audio Applications,"NXP Semiconductors,Eindhoven,The Netherlands",166
-Dual-damascene interconnects with 0.28 /spl mu/m vias using in situ copper doped aluminum chemical vapor deposition,"ULSI Device Develop. Laboratories, NEC Corporation Limited, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan",167
-"Experimental study on BTI variation impacts in SRAM based on high-k/metal gate FinFET: From transistor level Vth mismatch, cell level SNM to product level Vmin","Quality and Reliability Team, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Yongin-City, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea",168
-Enabling Efficient Design-Technology Interaction by Spec-Driven Extraction Flow,"ProPlus Design Solutions,Inc,San Jose,CA,USA",169
-Understanding of Tunable Selector Performance in Si-Ge-As-Se OTS Devices by Extended Percolation Cluster Model Considering Operation Scheme and Material Design,"Applied Materials Inc.,Santa Clara,CA,USA",170
-Redefinition of Write Margin for Next-Generation SRAM and Write-Margin Monitoring Circuit,"NEC,Sagamihara",171
-High on/off-ratio P-type oxide-based transistors integrated onto Cu-interconnects for on-chip high/low voltage-bridging BEOL-CMOS I/Os,"LSI Research Laboratory, Renesas Electronics Corporation, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan",172
-29.5 A Single-Chip Optical Phased Array in a 3D-Integrated Silicon Photonics/65nm CMOS Technology,"Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering,Albany,NY",173
-Scalable quantum computing with ion-implanted dopant atoms in silicon,"UNSW, School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications, Sydney, Australia",174
-Low-cost gate-oxide early-life failure detection in robust systems,"NEC Corporation,Japan",175
-Metal-Assisted Solid-Phase Crystallization Process for Vertical Monocrystalline Si Channel in 3D Flash Memory,"Institute of Memory Technology Research & Development, Kioxia Corporation, Yokkaichi, Japan",176
-"A 0.9V 66MHz access, 0.13um 8M(256K/spl times/32) local SONOS embedded flash EEPROM","Syst. LSI Div.,Samsung Electron. Co. Ltd,Yongin,South Korea",177
-A 160μW 8-channel active electrode system for EEG monitoring,"Imec - Holst Centre,Eindhoven,The Netherlands",178
-A mobility enhancement strategy for sub-14nm power-efficient FDSOI technologies,"CEA, MINATEC Campus, Grenoble, France",179
-CMOS device optimization for mixed-signal technologies,"Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, Netherlands",180
-Modeling of cumulative thermo-mechanical stress (CTMS) produced by the shallow trench isolation process for 1 Gb DRAM and beyond,"CAE, Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Company Limited, Yongin si, Gyeonggi, South Korea",181
-A 14-bit 2.5GS/s and 5GS/s RF sampling ADC with background calibration and dither,"Analog Devices,Greensboro,NC,USA",182
-A highly manufacturable high density embedded SRAM technology for 90 nm CMOS,"Semiconductor Company, Toshiba Corporation, Yokohama, Japan",183
-A middle-1X nm NAND flash memory cell (M1X-NAND) with highly manufacturable integration technologies,"Research and Development Division, Hynix Semiconductor Inc., Ichon, Gyeonggi, South Korea",184
-Pionics: the Emerging Science and Technology of Graphene-based Nanoelectronics,"School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA",185
-A novel sub-50 nm multi-bridge-channel MOSFET (MBCFET) with extremely high performance,"R&D Center,Samsung Electron. Co.,Kyunggi-Do,South Korea",186
-A 15-GHz integrated CMOS switch with 21.5-dBm IP/sub 1dB/ and 1.8-dB insertion loss,"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng.,Florida Univ.,Gainesville,FL,USA",187
-16.1 A 12b 18GS/s RF Sampling ADC with an Integrated Wideband Track-and-Hold Amplifier and Background Calibration,"Analog Devices,Greensboro,NC",188
-A 24mW 1.25Gb/s 13k/spl Omega/ transimpedance amplifier using active compensation,"Nat. Chiao Tung Univ.,Hsinchu",189
-Single silicide comprising Nickel-Dysprosium alloy for integration in p- and n-FinFETs with independent control of contact resistance by Aluminum implant,"Institute of Microelectronics,Science Park Road,Singapore",190
-"A 5,sup>th-order CT/DT Multi-Mode ΔΣ Modulator","NXP Semiconductors,Zurich,Switzerland",191
-A robust array architecture for a capacitorless MISS tunnel-diode memory,"Central Res. Lab.,Hitachi Ltd.,Tokyo,Japan",192
-Electrical integrity of state-of-the-art 0.13 /spl mu/m SOI CMOS devices and circuits transferred for three-dimensional (3D) integrated circuit (IC) fabrication,"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA",193
-Sub-60 nm deeply-scaled channel length extremely-thin body InxGa1−xAs-on-insulator MOSFETs on Si with Ni-InGaAs metal S/D and MOS interface buffer engineering,"Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd.,Kitah ara,Tsukuba,Ibaraki,Japan",194
-Implementing application specific memory,"MOSAID Technol. Inc.,Kanata,Ont.,Canada",195
-"SRAM critical yield evaluation based on comprehensive physical / statistical modeling, considering anomalous non-Gaussian intrinsic transistor fluctuations","System device research laboratories,NEC corporation,NEC corporation,simokuzawa,Sagamihara,Kanagawa Japan",196
-A novel nonvolatile memory with spin torque transfer magnetization switching: spin-ram,"Semiconductor Technology Development Group, Semiconductor Solution Network Company, Sony Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan",197
-Gait identification using stochastic OXRRAM-based time sequence machine learning,"IMEC,Kapeldreef,Leuven,,Belgium",198
-1.2 Gbps/pin simultaneous bidirectional transceiver logic with bit deskew technique,"Device Dev. Center,Htachi Ltd.,Tokyo,Japan",199
-Experimental results on reduced harmonic distortion in circuits with correlated double sampling,"Newport Microsyst. Inc.,Irvine,CA,USA",200
-110nm NROM technology for code and data flash products,"Infineon Technol. Flash,Dresden,Germany",201
-A Novel Via-fuse Technology Featuring Highly Stable Blow Operation with Large On-off Ratio for 32nm Node and Beyond,"Advanced Device Development Division, NEC Electronics Corporation Limited, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan",202
-On-chip integrated CMOS optical microspectrometer with light-to-frequency converter and bus interface,"Delft Univ. of Technol.,Netherlands",203
-Device engineering for diamond quantum sensors,"Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan",204
-Dynamic-sleep transistor and body bias for active leakage power control of microprocessors,"Intel Corp.,Hillsboro,OR,USA",205
-Comparison between ultra-thin ZrO/sub 2/ and ZrO/sub x/N/sub y/ gate dielectrics in TaN or poly-gated NMOSCAP and NMOSFET devices,"Microelectron. Res. Center,Texas Univ.,Austin,TX,USA",206
-Development of High-Voltage Vertical GaN PN Diodes,"Naval Postgraduate School,Monterey,CA,USA",207
-Generic learning of TDDB applied to RRAM for improved understanding of conduction and switching mechanism through multiple filaments,"ESAT Department, K.U. Leuven, Belgium",208
-A five stage chopper stabilized instrumentation amplifier using feedforward compensation,"Crystal Semicond. Div.,Cirrus Logic Inc.,Austin,TX,USA",209
-Fully depleted extremely thin SOI for mainstream 20nm low-power technology and beyond,"IBM T. J. Watson,Yorktown Heights,NY,USA",210
-Fabrication and characterisation of strained Si heterojunction bipolar transistors on virtual substrates,"KTH, Sweden",211
-A configurable SRAM with constant-negative-level write buffer for low-voltage operation with 0.149µm2 cell in 32nm high-k metal-gate CMOS,"Toshiba Semiconductor,Kawasaki,Japan",212
-From Interconnect Materials and Processes to Chip Level Performance: Modeling and Design for Conventional and Exploratory Concepts,"Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta,GA,USA",213
-High-mobility 0.85nm-EOT Si0.45Ge0.55-pFETs: Delivering high performance at scaled VDD,"IMEC, Belgium",214
-In-depth Investigation of Hf-based High-k Dielectrics as Storage Layer of Charge-Trap NVMs,"IMEP CNRS, MINA TEC, Grenoble, France",215
-A 28nm 10Mb Embedded Flash Memory for IoT Product with Ultra-Low Power Near-1V Supply Voltage and High Temperature for Grade 1 Operation,"Samsung Electronics,,Samsungjeonja-ro,Hwaseong-si,Gyeonggi-do,Republic of Korea",216
-High-performance high-κ/metal gates for 45nm CMOS and beyond with gate-first processing,"Toshiba America Electronic Components Research Center,Yorktown Heights,NY,USA",217
-A 35mW8 b 8.8 GS/s SAR ADC with low-power capacitive reference buffers in 32nm Digital SOI CMOS,"IBM Research - Zurich,Rueschlikon,Switzerland",218
-"A novel NAND-type PHINES nitride trapping storage flash memory cell with physically 2-bits-per-cell storage, and a high programming throughput for mass storage applications","Technol. Dev. Center,Macronix Int. Co.,Lt,Hsin-Chu,Taiwan",219
-17.8 A 2.6μW Monolithic CMOS Photoplethysmographic Sensor Operating with 2μW LED Power,"EPFL,Neuchâtel,Switzerland",220
-A 5Gb/s NRZ transceiver with adaptive equalization for backplane transmission,"Vitesse Semicond.,Somerset,NJ,USA",221
-A 1.2V 1.33Gb/s/pin 8Tb NAND flash memory multi-chip package employing F-chip for low power and high performance storage applications,"Flash Memory Design Team,Samsung Electronics,Hwasung,Gyeonggi-do,Korea",222
-A hydrogen barrier interlayer dielectric with a SiO/sub 2//SiON/SiO/sub 2/ stacked film for logic-embedded FeRAMs,"System LSI Design Engineering Division, NEC Corporation Limited, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan",223
-Scalable 3-D vertical chain-cell-type phase-change memory with 4F2 poly-Si diodes,"Yokohama Research Laboratory,Hitachi,Ltd.,Kanagawa,JAPAN",224
-Low temperature (<500/spl deg/C) SrTiO/sub 3/ capacitor process technology for embedded DRAM,"Technol. Dev. Div.,Fujitsu Ltd.,Japan",225
-New physical model for ultra-scaled 3D nitride-trapping non-volatile memories,"IMEP-LAHC, MINATEC-INPG, Grenoble, France",226
-90 nm generation Cu/CVD low-k (k < 2.5) interconnect technology,"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Science-Based Industrial Park, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan R.O.C",227
-32-bit Processor core at 5-nm technology: Analysis of transistor and interconnect impact on VLSI system performance,"ARM Inc., Austin, TX, USA",228
-A low power 6-bit flash ADC with reference voltage and common-mode calibration,"Broadcom Corporation,Irvine,CA,USA",229
-Integration of silicon photonics in bulk CMOS,"Micron Technology,Inc. Process R&D,Boise,ID,USA",230
-A novel integration of STT-MRAM for on-chip hybrid memory by utilizing non-volatility modulation,"Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Co. Ltd., Hwaseong, South Korea",231
-Enhanced time delay integration imaging using embedded CCD in CMOS technology,"imec, Leuven, Belgium",232
-"Strained Si1−xGex-on-insulator PMOS FinFETs with excellent sub-threshold leakage, extremely-high short-channel performance and source injection velocity for 10nm node and beyond","GLOBALFOUNDRIES,T.J. Watson Research Center,Yorktown Heights,NY,USA",233
-A 7nm Leakage-Current-Supply Circuit for LDO Dropout Voltage Reduction,"Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta",234
-Multi-layer cross-point binary oxide resistive memory (OxRRAM) for post-NAND storage application,"Process Development Team, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Yongin si, South Korea",235
-9.1 A 45nm CMOS RF-to-Bits LTE/WCDMA FDD/TDD 2×2 MIMO base-station transceiver SoC with 200MHz RF bandwidth,"Texas Instruments,Bangalore,India",236
-A Fully-Integrated UHF Receiver with Multi-Resolution Spectrum-Sensing (MRSS) Functionality for IEEE 802.22 Cognitive-Radio Applications,"Samsung RFIC Design Center,Atlanta,GA",237
-A novel sense amplifier for flexible voltage operation NAND flash memories,"ULSI Res. Labs.,Toshiba Corp.,Kawasaki,Japan",238
-"A 160 mW, 80 nA standby, MPEG-4 audiovisual LSI with 16 Mb embedded DRAM and a 5 GOPS adaptive post filter","Toshiba Corp.,Kawasaki,Japan",239
-First demonstration of a back-side integrated heterogeneous hybrid III-V/Si DBR lasers for Si-photonics applications,"CEA-LETI, Grenoble Cedex 9, France",240
-21.3 A 200nA single-inductor dual-input-triple-output (DITO) converter with two-stage charging and process-limit cold-start voltage for photovoltaic and thermoelectric energy harvesting,"Analog Devices,San Jose,CA,United States",241
-Liner-supported cylinder (LSC) technology to realize Ru/Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5//Ru capacitor for future DRAMs,"Process & Manufacturing Engineering Center, Toshiba Corporation, Yokohama, Japan",242
-Epitaxial SrTiO3 on silicon with EOT of 5.4 /spl Aring/ for MOS gate dielectric applications,"Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, Kwangiu Institute of Science & Technology, Gwangju, KOREA",243
-Reliability of thin gate oxide under plasma charging caused by antenna topography-dependent electron shading effect,"Logic Device Development Laboratory, ULSI Device Developmmt Laboratories, NEC Corporation Limited, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan",244
-"A 78 dB dynamic range, 0.27 dB accuracy, single-stage RF-PGA using thermometer-weighted and binary-weighted transconductors for SAW-less WCDMA/LTE transmitters","Renesas Technology Corp.,Hyogo,Japan",245
-Comprehensive analysis of the impact of single and arrays of through silicon vias induced stress on high-k / metal gate CMOS performance,"Panasonic, Leuven, Belgium",246
-SRAM design on 65nm CMOS technology with integrated leakage reduction scheme,"Portland Technol. Dev.,Intel Corp.,Hillsboro,OR,USA",247
-A CMOS DVD 4/spl times/ speed read channel programmable over 5 octaves,"Samsung Electronics Company Limited,Suwon,South Korea",248
-Comprehensive understanding of conductive filament characteristics and retention properties for highly reliable ReRAM,"Automotive & Industrial Systems Company,Kotari-yakemachi,Nagaokakyo City,Kyoto,Japan",249
-A fully integrated multi-band MIMO WLAN transceiver RFIC,"Carleton Univ.,Ottawa,Ont.,Canada",250
-Statistical Characterization and On-Chip Measurement Methods for Local Random Variability of a Process Using Sense-Amplifier-Based Test Structure,"IBM T. J. Watson,Yorktown Heights,NY",251
-Program/erase dynamics and channel conduction in nanocrystal memories,"IFN-CNR, Milano, Italy",252
-Heterogeneously integrated sub-40nm low-power epi-like Ge/Si monolithic 3D-IC with stacked SiGeC ambient light harvester,"Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan",253
-More-than-Universal Mobility in Double-Gate SOI p-FETs with Sub-10-nm Body Thickness -Role of Light-Hole Band and Compatibility with Uniaxial Stress Engineering,"Advanced LSI Technology Laboratory, Toshiba Corporation, Yokohama, Japan",254
-1Gbit High Density Embedded STT-MRAM in 28nm FDSOI Technology,"Foundry Business, Samsung Electronics Co., Giheung, Korea",255
-A 390Mb/s 3.57mm2 3GPP-LTE turbo decoder ASIC in 0.13µm CMOS,"ETH Zürich,Switzerland",256
-Experimental characterization of stiction due to charging in RF MEMS,"K.U. Leuven, Belgium",257
-9.7 An LTE SAW-less transmitter using 33% duty-cycle LO signals for harmonic suppression,"MediaTek,Hsinchu,Taiwan",258
-CMOS Integrated DNA Microarray Based on GMR Sensors,"Stanford Genome Technology Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA",259
-A 40MHz-to-1GHz fully integrated multistandard silicon tuner in 80nm CMOS,"Marvell,Santa Clara,CA",260
-A 20 Mhz BiCMOS peak detect pulse qualifier and area detect servo demodulator for hard disk drive servo loop,"Silicon Syst. Inc.,San Jose,CA,USA",261
-512 Mb PROM with 8 layers of antifuse/diode cells,"Matrix Semicond.,Santa Clara,CA,USA",262
-Capacity optimization of emerging memory systems: A shannon-inspired approach to device characterization,"Macronix International Co., Ltd., Emerging Central Lab, Hsinchu Science Park, Taiwan",263
-Barriers to the Adoption of Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors for Power Electronics,"Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC",264
-Analytical model of the programming characteristics of scaled MONOS memories with a variety of trap densities and a proposal of a trap-density-modulated MONS memory,"Semiconductor Network Company, Sony Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan",265
-2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) transistors driving RRAMs with 1T1R configuration,"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford, CA, USA",266
-Ultra-thin-body and BOX (UTBB) fully depleted (FD) device integration for 22nm node and beyond,"IBM,USA",267
-A high reliability metal insulator metal capacitor for 0.18 /spl mu/m copper technology,"IBM Semiconductor Research and Development Center, Hopewell Junction, NY, USA",268
-A process independent 800 MB/s DRAM bytewide interface featuring command interleaving and concurrent memory operation,"Rambus Inc.,Mountain View,CA,USA",269
-0.7 V SRAM Technology with Stress-Enhanced Dopant Segregated Schottky (DSS) Source/Drain Transistors for 32 nm Node,"Center for Semiconductor R&D,Semiconductor Company,Toshiba Corporation,,Shinsugita-cho,Isogo-ku,Yokohama,Japan",270
-A Fully Integrated SoC for GSM/GPRS in 0.13/spl mu/m CMOS,"Infineon,Munich,Germany",271
-A 10Gb/s compact low-power serial I/O with DFE-IIR equalization in 65nm CMOS,"Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,USA",272
-NbO2-based low power and cost effective 1S1R switching for high density cross point ReRAM Application,"R&D Division,SK Hynix Inc.,Gyeongchung-daero Bubal-eub,Icheon-si,Gyeonggi-do,,Korea",273
-Dark current reduction in very-large area CCD imagers for professional DSC applications,"DALSA Semiconductor, Eindhoven, Netherlands",274
-An energy harvesting wireless sensor node for IoT systems featuring a near-threshold voltage IA-32 microcontroller in 14nm tri-gate CMOS,"Internet of Things Group,Intel Corporation,Hillsboro,OR,USA",275
-AES-based cryptographic and biometric security coprocessor IC in 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS resistant to side-channel power analysis attacks,"Dept. of Electr. Eng.,California Univ.,Los Angeles,CA,USA",276
-Non-Gaussian distribution of SRAM read current and design impact to low power memory using Voltage Acceleration Method,"Qualcomm Inc,Morehouse Drive,San Diego,CA,USA",277
-Modeling of ultra-low energy boron implantation in silicon,"Eaton Corporation, Beverly, MA, USA",278
-A video signal processor for motion-compensated field-rate upconversion in consumer television,"Philips Consumer Electron.,Hamburg,Netherlands",279
-"Slurry engineering for self-stopping, dishing free SiO/sub 2/-CMP","Semiconductor Manufacturing Engineering Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan",280
-A manufacturable 25 nm planar MOSFET technology,"Philips Res.,Leuven,Belgium",281
-Z-PIM: An Energy-Efficient Sparsity Aware Processing-In-Memory Architecture with Fully-Variable Weight Precision,"KAIST,Daejeon,Republic of Korea",282
-5.6 A 0.13μm fully digital low-dropout regulator with adaptive control and reduced dynamic stability for ultra-wide dynamic range,"Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta,GA",283
-Copper drift in low-K polymer dielectrics for ULSI metallization,"Center for Integrated Syst.,Stanford Univ.,CA,USA",284
-100 MHz CMOS circuits using sequential laterally solidified silicon thin-film transistors on plastic,"Sarnoff Corporation, Princeton, NJ, USA",285
-"High performance 5nm radius Twin Silicon Nanowire MOSFET (TSNWFET) : fabrication on bulk si wafer, characteristics, and reliability","R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Company Limited, Yongin si, Gyeonggi, South Korea",286
-A configurable 5-D packet classification engine with 4Mpacket/s throughput for high-speed data networking,"Lucent Technol.,Bell Labs.,Holmdel,NJ,USA",287
-"19.6 A 0.2V trifilar-coil DCO with DC-DC converter in 16nm FinFET CMOS with 188dB FOM, 1.3kHz resolution, and frequency pushing of 38MHz/V for energy harvesting applications","TSMC,Hsinchu,Taiwan",288
-Sub-quarter micron CMOS process for TiN-gate MOSFETs with TiO/sub 2/ gate dielectric formed by titanium oxidation,"Adv. Products Res. & Dev. Lab.,Motorola Inc.,Austin,TX,USA",289
-Understanding stress enhanced performance in Intel 90nm CMOS technology,"Technol. CAD,Intel Corp.,Hillsboro,OR,USA",290
-A 0.24-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ cell process with 0.18-/spl mu/m width isolation and 3-D interpoly dielectric films for 1-Gb flash memories,"Hitachi ULSI Engineering Corporation, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan",291
-A 2 GHz 60 dB dynamic-range Si logarithmic/limiting amplifier with low phase deviations,"NTT Syst. Electron. Labs.,Atsugi,Japan",292
-Pionics: the Emerging Science and Technology of Graphene-based Nanoelectronics,"ECE, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA",293
-A 1.8 V 2 Gb NAND flash memory for mass storage applications,"Samsung Electron.,Hwasung,South Korea",294
-Efficiency of mechanical stressors in Planar FDSOI n and p MOSFETs down to 14nm gate length,"IMEP-LAHC,MINATEC Campus,Grenoble,France",295
-23.9 An 8-channel 4.5Gb 180GB/s 18ns-row-latency RAM for the last level cache,"Piecemakers Technology,Hsinchu,Taiwan",296
-A sub-nanosecond 0.5 /spl mu/m 64 b adder design,"Hewlett-Packard Co.,Fort Collins,CO,USA",297
-Overcoming interconnect scaling challenges using novel process and design solutions to improve both high-speed and low-power computing modes,"Microarchitecture Research Laboratory, Intel Corporation, USA",298
-A 21-channel 8Gb/s transceiver macro with 3.6ns latency in 90nm CMOS for 80cm backplane communication,"Hitachi ULSI Systems,Co.,Ltd.,Tokyo,Japan",299
-Systematic optimization of 1 Gbit perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction arrays for 28 nm embedded STT-MRAM and beyond,"Applied Materials Inc, Santa Clara, CA, US",300
-A 0.004mm2 250μW ΔΣ TDC with time-difference accumulator and a 0.012mm2 2.5mW bang-bang digital PLL using PRNG for low-power SoC applications,"Samsung Electronics,Yongin,Korea",301
-"Varistor-type bidirectional switch (JMAX>107A/cm2, selectivity∼104) for 3D bipolar resistive memory arrays","Dept. Nanobio Mat. and Elec.,Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology,Korea",302
-Control of electro-chemical etching for uniform 0.1 /spl mu/m gate formation of HEMT,"Semiconductor Technology Laboratory, Oki Electric Industry Company Limited, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan",303
-Temperature calibration of CMOS magnetic vector probe for contactless angle measurement system,"Physical Electronics Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland",304
-FinFET-a quasi-planar double-gate MOSFET,"Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci.,California Univ.,Berkeley,CA,USA",305
-Designing High Performance Microprocessors,"Digital Equipment Corporation Hudson,Massachusetts USA",306
-A 247 and 272 GHz Two-Stage Regenerative Amplifiers in 65 nm CMOS with 18 and 15 dB Gain Based on Double-Gmax Gain Boosting Technique,"Department of Electrical Engineering,KAIST,South Korea; IMEC,Belgium",307
-Measurement of Nano-Displacement Based on In-Plane Suspended-Gate MOSFET Detection Compatible with a Front-End CMOS Process,"CEA-LETI,Grenoble,France",308
-Megapixel CMOS image sensor fabricated in three-dimensional integrated circuit technology,"Lincoln Lab.,MIT,Lexington,MA,USA",309
-A 5500FPS 85GOPS/W 3D Stacked BSI Vision Chip Based on Parallel in-Focal-Plane Acquisition and Processing,"LIST,CEA,Saclay,France",310
-Approaching fermi level unpinning in Oxide-In0.2Ga0.8As,"Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA",311
-Highly manufacturable 90 nm DRAM technology,"Technology Development, Semiconductor Research and Development Division, Samsung Electronics Company Limited, Yongin si, Gyeonggi, South Korea",312
-A 0.25 mm x86 microprocessor with a 100 MHz socket 7 interface,"Adv. Micro Devices,Milpitas,CA,USA",313
-Cost-effective high-performance high-voltage SiGe:C HBTs with 100 GHz f/sub T/ and BV/sub CEO/ /spl times/ f/sub T/ products exceeding 220 VGHz,"IHP, Frankfurt, Germany",314
-An Approach to Embedding Traditional Non-Volatile Memories into a Deep Sub-Micron CMOS,"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company,Ltd,Integrated Interconnect & Packaging,R&D,Hsinchu,Taiwan,R.O.C.",315
-6.2 A 460mW 112Gb/s DSP-Based Transceiver with 38dB Loss Compensation for Next-Generation Data Centers in 7nm FinFET Technology,"MediaTek,Irvine,CA",316
-Can InAlN/GaN be an alternative to high power / high temperature AlGaN/GaN devices?,"I.E.M.N, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France",317
-A Novel Cross-Spacer Phase Change Memory with Ultra-Small Lithography Independent Contact Area,"ITRI, Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C",318
-A 100dB SNR 2.5MS/s output data rate /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ ADC,"Analog Devices,Newbury,UK",319
-Industrially Applicable Read Disturb Model and Performance on Mega-Bit 28nm Embedded RRAM,"Quality and Reliability,Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company,,Park Ave.,Hsinchu Science Park Hsinchu,Taiwan,,R.O.C",320
-Competitive and cost effective high-k based 28nm CMOS technology for low power applications,"IBM Semiconductor Research and Development Center (SRDC), STMicroelectronics, Inc., Hopewell Junction, NY, USA",321
-Electrical characteristics and reliability of sub-3 nm gate oxides grown on nitrogen implanted silicon substrates,"SRDC, IBM Corp., Hopewell Junction, NY, USA",322
-Scaling of Ω-gate SOI nanowire N- and P-FET down to 10nm gate length: Size- and orientation-dependent strain effects,"STMicroelectronics,,rue J. Monnet,Crolles,France",323
-Understanding and prediction of EWF modulation induced by various dopants in the gate stack for a gate-first integration scheme,"TSMC,Belgium",324
-A VDSL2 CPE AFE in 0.15µm CMOS with integrated line driver,"Marvell,Santa Clara,CA,USA",325
-A 230–260GHz wideband amplifier in 65nm CMOS based on dual-peak Gmax-core,"Department of Electrical Engineering,CBNU,South Korea",326
-Scaling of 32nm low power SRAM with high-K metal gate,"Samsung Electronics, Hopewell Junction, USA",327
-Highly-scalable threshold switching select device based on chaclogenide glasses for 3D nanoscaled memory arrays,"Semiconductor Device Laboratory, Nano Fabrication Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea",328
-Selectively formed high mobility strained Ge PMOSFETs for high performance CMOS,"Systems and Technology Group, Hopewell Junction, NY, USA",329
-A digitally calibrated 5.15-5.825GHz transceiver for 802.11a wireless LANs in 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS,"Athena Semiconductors,Fremont,CA,USA",330
-A 43mW Bluetooth transceiver with -91dBm sensitivity,"Skyworks Solutions,Ottawa,Ont.,Canada",331
-OC-192 transmitter in standard 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS,"Broadcom Corp.,Irvine,CA,USA",332
-High-performance InSb based quantum well field effect transistors for low-power dissipation applications,"QinetiQ, Malvern Technology Centre, Malvern, UK",333
-27.2 A 6mW 5K-Word real-time speech recognizer using WFST models,"Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,MA",334
-A 20mW 85dB/spl Omega/ 1.25Gb/s CMOS transimpedance amplifier with photodiode capacitance cancellation,"SoC Technol. Center,Ind. Technol. Res. Inst.,Hsinchu,Taiwan",335
-A Silicon Photonics Technology for 400 Gbit/s Applications,"STMicroelectronics, Agrate, Italy",336
-"Design and process integration for high-density, high-speed, and low-power 6F/sup 2/ cross point MRAM cell","Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan",337
-GaN-based Periodic High-Q RF Acoustic Resonator with Integrated HEMT,"the US Naval Research Laboratory, National Research Council Fellow residing, Washington DC, USA",338
-Advanced interconnect schemes towards 0.1 /spl mu/m,"LETI-CEA Technologies Avancees, Grenoble, France",339
-"Technology Breakthrough of Low Temperature, Low Defect, and Low Cost SiGe Selective Epitaxial Growth (L3 SiGe SEG) Process for 45nm Node and Beyond","Hitachi Kokusai Electric Inc.,Yasuuchi,Yatsuo-machi,Toyama,Japan.",340
-Applications and design styles for 3DIC,"Synopsys Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA",341
-Application and Benefits of Target Programming Algorithms for Ferroelectric HfO2 Transistors,"Ferroelectric Memory GmbH,Dresden,Germany",342
-22.6 A 22V compliant 56µW active charge balancer enabling 100% charge compensation even in monophasic and 36% amplitude correction in biphasic neural stimulators,"Hahn-Schickard,Villingen-Schwenningen,Germany",343
-A Stacked Embedded DRAM Array for LPDDR4/4X using Hybrid Bonding 3D Integration with 34GB/s/1Gb 0.88pJ/b Logic-to-Memory Interface,"Wuhan Xinxin Semiconductor Manufacturing Co.,Ltd.,Wuhan,China",344
-A new vertically stacked poly-Si MOSFET for 533 MHz high speed 64Mbit SRAM,"Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory, Hitachi Europe Ltd., Cambridge, UK",345
-High electron and hole mobility enhancements in thin-body strained Si/strained SiGe/strained Si heterostructures on insulator,"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA",346
-Low operation voltage high integrated field emitter arrays by transfer metal mold technique using ultra precision machining and super microelectroplating technology,"Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan",347
-High performance CMOS fabricated on hybrid substrate with different crystal orientations,"Microelectronic Division, Hopewell Junction, NY, USA",348
-Advanced power devices for many-core processor power supplies,"ACOO Enterprises LLC, USA",349
-"A Low-Cost, High-Performance, High-Voltage Complementary BiCMOS Process","Im Technologiepark, IHP, Frankfurt, Germany",350
-High performance poly-Si TFTs on a glass by a stable scanning CW laser lateral crystallization,"Fujitsu Laboratories Limited, Atsugi, Japan",351
-Role of correlation in systematic variation modeling,"Compact Device Modeling Group, Advanced Design, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, US",352
-Role of temperature in process-induced charging damage in sub-micron CMOS transistors,"Sematech, Austin, TX, USA",353
-A SiGe transmitter chipset for CATV video-on-demand systems,"Microtune,Plano,TX,USA",354
-Surface Wave and Lamb Wave Acoustic Devices on Heterogenous Substrate for 5G Front-Ends,"Harbin Institute of Technology,School of Science,Shenzhen,China",355
-Managing leakage in charge-based analog circuits with low-V/sub TH/ transistors by analog T-switch (AT-Switch) and super cut-off CMOS,"Center for Collaborative Res.,Tokyo Univ.,Japan",356
-On the dynamic resistance and reliability of phase change memory,"IBM Hopewell Junction,USA",357
-A novel W/WNx/dual-gate CMOS technology for future high-speed DRAM having enhanced retention time and reliability,"Technology & Development Office, Elpida Memory, Inc., Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan",358
-300mm Heterogeneous 3D Integration of Record Performance Layer Transfer Germanium PMOS with Silicon NMOS for Low Power High Performance Logic Applications,"Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA",359
-0.18 um modular triple self-aligned embedded split-gate flash memory,"Div. of Microelectron.,IBM,Hopewell Junction,NY,USA",360
-ESD Protection for Mixed-Voltage I/O in LowVoltage Thin-Oxide CMOS,"Nat. Chiao-Tung Univ.,Hsin-Chu",361
-A 256MB synchronous-burst DDR SRAM with hierarchical bit-line architecture for mobile applications,"Samsung,Hwasung,South Korea",362
-A low power and high speed data transfer scheme with asynchronous compressed pulse width modulation for AS-memory,"ULSI Lab.,Mitsubishi Electr. Corp.,Itami,Japan",363
-A CMOS Image Sensor Integrating Column-Parallel Cyclic ADCs with On-Chip Digital Error Correction Circuits,"Sanei Hytechs,Hamamatsu,Japan",364
-An orthogonal 6F/sup 2/ trench-sidewall vertical device cell for 4 Gb/16 Gb DRAM,"Infineon Technologies, Dresden, Germany",365
-A middle-1X nm NAND flash memory cell (M1X-NAND) with highly manufacturable integration technologies,"Research and Development Division, Flash Device development & Advanced Process Team, Ichon, Gyeonggi, South Korea",366
-A 400MHz random-cycle dual-port interleaved DRAM with striped-trench capacitor,"Matsushita,Nagaokakyo,Japan",367
-A 1mW Dual-Chopper Amplifier for a 50-/spl mu/g/spl radic/Hz Monolithic CMOS-MEMS Capacitive Accelerometer,"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng.,Florida Univ.,Gainesville,FL",368
-A large-area curved pyroelectric fingerprint sensor,"TNO Holst Centre, The Netherlands",369
-A 4.5GHz LC-VCO with Self-Regulating Technique,"Renesas Technology,Takasaki,Japan",370
-Advanced MMIC for Passive Millimeter and Submillimeter Wave Imaging,"Northrop Grumman,Redondo Beach,CA",371
-Random Telegraph Signal Statistical Analysis using a Very Large-scale Array TEG with 1M MOSFETs,"Asahi Kasei Microsystems Co.,Ltd.,Aza-Aoba,Aramaki,Aoba-ku,Sendai,,Japan",372
-High frequency InAs-channel HEMTs for low power ICs,"HRL Laboratories LLC, CA, USA",373
-Ultra thinning 300-mm wafer down to 7-µm for 3D wafer Integration on 45-nm node CMOS using strained silicon and Cu/Low-k interconnects,"Fujitsu Laboratories Limited, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan",374
-A 7nm FinFET technology featuring EUV patterning and dual strained high mobility channels,"GLOBALFOUNDRIES, Albany Nanotechnology Center, Albany, NY",375
-PBTI/NBTI monitoring ring oscillator circuits with on-chip Vt characterization and high frequency AC stress capability,"IBM SRDC,Hopewell Junction,NY,USA",376
-SOI circuit technology for batteryless mobile system with green energy sources,"Commun. Device R&D Dept.,Seiko Epson Corp.,Nagano,Japan",377
-A 10Gb/s eye-opening monitor in 0.13 /spl mu/m CMOS,"California Inst. of Technol.,Pasadena,CA,USA",378
-"High performance low temperature activated devices and optimization guidelines for 3D VLSI integration of FD, TriGate, FinFET on insulator","STMicroelectronics,France",379
-Advances in 3D CMOS sequential integration,"CEA, MINATEC, Grenoble, France",380
-Hybrid 1T e-DRAM and e-NVM Realized in One 10 nm node Ferro FinFET device with Charge Trapping and Domain Switching Effects,"Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China",381
-Advanced power electronic devices based on Gallium Nitride (GaN),"Cambridge Electronics, Inc. (CEI), Cambridge, MA, USA",382
-0.1 /spl mu/m level contact hole pattern formation with KrF lithography by resolution enhancement lithography assisted by chemical shrink (RELACS),"Ryoden Semiconductor System Engineering Corporation, Itami, Hyogo, Japan",383
-Weak inversion MOS varactors for 0.5 V analog integrated filters,"Columbia Univ.,New York,NY,USA",384
-Analysis and control of hysteresis in PD/SOI CMOS,"IBM Research Division, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA",385
-"19.6 A 0.2V trifilar-coil DCO with DC-DC converter in 16nm FinFET CMOS with 188dB FOM, 1.3kHz resolution, and frequency pushing of 38MHz/V for energy harvesting applications","1TSMC,Hsinchu,Taiwan",386
-A 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS front-end processor for a blu-ray disc recorder with an adaptive PRML,"Samsung Electron.,Suwon,South Korea",387
-"A 90-nm CMOS device technology with high-speed, general-purpose, and low-leakage transistors for system on chip applications","Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Science Based Industrial Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan",388
-18.3 A 120mA Non-Isolated Capacitor-Drop AC/DC Power Supply,"Texas Instruments,Tucson,AZ",389
-Novel SiC power MOSFET with integrated unipolar internal inverse MOS-channel diode,"Advanced Devices Development Center, Panasonic Corporation, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan",390
-Wireless implantable microsystems: coming breakthroughs in health care,"Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci.,Michigan Univ.,Ann Arbor,MI,USA",391
-High temperature operation of AlInAs/InGaAs/AlInAs 3D-SMODFETs with record two-dimensional electron gas densities,"US Army Research Laboratory, Fort Monmouth, NJ, USA",392
-A highly manufacturable low-k ALD-SiBN process for 60nm NAND flash devices and beyond,"Process Engineering Section, Thermal Processing Systems BU, Tokyo Electron Limited, Nirasaki, Yamanashi, Japan",393
-A 28nm HKMG super low power embedded NVM technology based on ferroelectric FETs,"NaMLab gGmbH, Dresden, Germany",394
-Gate-all-around Twin Silicon nanowire SONOS Memory,"PD Team,San,Nongseo-Dong,Kiheung-Ku,Yongin-City,Kyoungi-Do,,KOREA",395
-Quantized conductive filament formed by limited Cu source in sub-5nm era,"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Nanobio Materials and Electronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea",396
-Additive manufacturing for electronics “Beyond Moore”,"PARC, A Xerox company, Palo Alto, USA",397
-SRAM current-sense amplifier with fully-compensated bit line multiplexer,"Tech. Univ. of Munich,Germany",398
-Performance comparison of sub 1 nm sputtered TiN/HfO/sub 2/ nMOS and pMOSFETs,"Texas Instruments, USA",399
-2RW dual-port SRAM design challenges in advanced technology nodes,"Renesas System Design Corporation, Tokyo, Japan",400
-Experimental characterization of stiction due to charging in RF MEMS,"E.E. Department of K. U. Leuven, IMEC vzw, Leuven, Belgium",401
-A 4.75GHz fractional frequency divider with digital spur calibration in 45nm CMOS,"Intel,Hillsboro,OR,USA",402
-A wire-speed powerTM processor: 2.3GHz 45nm SOI with 16 cores and 64 threads,"IBM Research,Bedford,NH,USA",403
-"GaN Power Commercialization with Highest Quality-Highest Reliability 650V HEMTs-Requirements, Successes and Challenges","Transphorm Inc., Goleta, CA, USA",404
-A 0.5-to-480MHz Self-Referenced CMOS Clock Generator with 90ppm Total Frequency Error and Spread-Spectrum Capability,"Mobius Microsystems,Detroit,MI",405
-0.228 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ trench cell technologies with bottle-shaped capacitor for 1 Gbit DRAMs,"ULSI Research Laboratories, Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan",406
-A 14nm FinFET transistor-level 3D partitioning design to enable high-performance and low-cost monolithic 3D IC,"Technology Development, GLOBALFOUNDRIES, Malta, Ny, USA",407
-Physics-based compact modeling framework for state-of-the-art and emerging STT-MRAM technology,"Device Lab, Samsung Semiconductor Inc., San Jose, CA, USA",408
-Anomalous diffusion in the extension region of nanoscale MOSFETs,"FUJITSU LABORATORIES Limited, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan",409
-Enabling UTBB Strained SOI Platform for Co-Integration of Logic and RF: Implant-Induced Strain Relaxation and Comb-Like Device Architecture,"CEA,LETI,Minatec Campus,Grenoble,France",410
-A 5-mW 6-Gb/s Quarter-Rate Sampling Receiver with a 2-Tap DFE Using Soft Decisions,"California Univ.,Los Angeles,CA",411
-A new direct low-k/Cu dual damascene (DD) contact lines for low-loss (LL) CMOS device platforms,"NEC Electronics Corporation,Shimokuzawa,Sagamihara,Kanagawa,JAPAN",412
-"First fully functionalized monolithic 3D+ IoT chip with 0.5 V light-electricity power management, 6.8 GHz wireless-communication VCO, and 4-layer vertical ReRAM","National Nano Device Laboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan",413
-A −31dBc integrated-phase-noise 29GHz fractional-N frequency synthesizer supporting multiple frequency bands for backward-compatible 5G using a frequency doubler and injection-locked frequency multipliers,"FCI,Seongnam,Korea",414
-A Spur Suppression Technique for Phase-Locked Frequency Synthesizers,"National Taiwan Univ.,Taipei",415
-Experimental and comparative investigation of low and high field transport in substrate- and process-induced strained nanoscaled MOSFETs,"CEA-LETI/DRT,Grenoble,France",416
-III-V HEMTs for Cryogenic Low Noise Amplifiers,"Low Noise Factory AB,Gothenburg,Sweden",417
-A 14b 40MS/s Redundant SAR ADC with 480MHz Clock in 0.13pm CMOS,"Infineon Technologies,Munich,Germany",418
-A system-on-chip for bi-directional point-to-multipoint wireless digital audio applications,"Catena,Kista,Sweden",419
-High performance amorphous oxide thin film transistors with self-aligned top-gate structure,"Semiconductor Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin si, Gyeonggi, South Korea",420
-Design and fabrication of a high dynamic range image sensor in TFA technology,"Inst. fur Halbleiterelektronik,Siegen Univ.,Germany",421
-Circuit yield of organic integrated electronics,"STMicroelectronics,Milan,Italy",422
-A 0.25 mW sigma-delta modulator for voice-band applications,"Integrated Syst. Labs.,Texas Instrum. Inc.,Dallas,TX,USA",423
-PRD-based global-mean-time signaling for high-speed chip-to-chip communications,"Fujitsu Labs. Ltd.,Atsugi,Japan",424
-Hybrid silicon/molecular memories: co-engineering for novel functionality,"ZettaCore, Inc., CO, USA",425
-A Formation of Si Native Oxide Membrane Using High-Selectivity Etching and Applications for Nano-Pipe Array and Micro-Diaphragm on Si Substrate,"Spansion, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA",426
-A harmonic rejection mixer robust to RF device mismatches,"Silicon Laboratories,Austin,TX",427
-Monolithically integrated 600-V E/D-mode SiNx/AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMTs and their applications in low-standby-power start-up circuit for switched-mode power supplies,"Department of Microwave Devices and IC's, Institute of Microelectronics, Beijing, China",428
-"A 0.016mm2, 2.4GHz RF signal quality measurement macro for RF test and diagnosis","System Devices Research Laboratories,NEC Corporation,Sagamihara,Kanagawa,,Japan",429
-The 300mm Technology Current Status And Future Prospect,"Semiconductor Leading Edge Technologies,Inc. Yoshida+ho,Totsuka-ku,Yokohama-shi,Japan",430
-3.6 A 6-to-600MS/s Fully Dynamic Ringamp Pipelined ADC with Asynchronous Event-Driven Clocking in 16nm,"imec,Leuven,Belgium",431
-10.5 A Fully Integrated 27dBm Dual-Band All-Digital Polar Transmitter Supporting 160MHz for WiFi 6 Applications,"Intel,Haifa,Israel",432
-Epitaxial strained germanium p-MOSFETs with HfO/sub 2/ gate dielectric and TaN gate electrode,"Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA",433
-"Fully integrated 1.7GHz, 188dBc/Hz FoM, 0.8V, 320/spl mu/W LC-tank VCO and frequency divider","Center for Phys. Electron.,Denmark Tech. Univ.,Lyngby,Denmark",434
-An 8640 MIPS SoC with Independent Power-Off Control of 8 CPUs and 8 RAMs by An Automatic Parallelizing Compiler,"Hitachi,Tokyo,Japan",435
-A Wireless Transceiver with Integrated Data Converters for 802.11a/b/g Access Points,"Analog Devices,Raleigh,NC",436
-A low-power integrated tuner for cable-telephony applications,"Silicon Wave Inc.,San Diego,CA,USA",437
-"A 3MHz-BW 3.6GHz digital fractional-N PLL with sub-gate-delay TDC, phase-interpolation divider, and digital mismatch cancellation","Politecnico di Milano,Italy",438
-A thin amorphous silicon buffer process for suppression of W polymetal gate depletion in PMOS,"T Project Group,Fujitsu Labs. Ltd.,Japan",439
-A single-chip CMOS transceiver for DCS-1800 wireless communications,"Katholieke Univ.,Leuven,Belgium",440
-A novel solution for porous low-k dual damascene post etch stripping/clean with supercritical CO/sub 2/ technology for 65nm and beyond applications,"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited, Hsinchu, Taiwan",441
-Damage-free CMP towards 32nm-node porous low-k (k = 1.6)/Cu integration,"Semicond. Leading Edge Technol. Inc.,Ibaraki,Japan",442
-A new cell structure for sub-quarter micron high density flash memory,"VLSI. Research Laboratory, Sharp Corporation, Nara, Japan",443
-Coupled quantum dots on SOI as highly integrated Si qubits,"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan",444
-10.6 A 4G/5G Cellular Transmitter in 12nm FinFET with Harmonic Rejection,"MediaTek,Kent,United Kingdom",445
-Channel Stress Modulation and Pattern Loading Effect Minimization of Milli-Second Super Anneal for Sub-65nm High Performance SiGe CMOS,"Res. & Dev.,Taiwan Semicond. Manuf. Co. Ltd.,Hsinchu",446
-An Internally-matched GaN HEMT Amplifier with 550-watt Peak Power at 3.5 GHz,"Cree Research, Inc., Goleta, CA, USA",447
-A 14-bit 8.9GS/s RF DAC in 40nm CMOS achieving >71dBc LTE ACPR at 2.9GHz,"Texas Instruments Incorporated,Dallas,USA",448
-Intrinsic fluctuations in Vertical NAND flash memories,"Process Development Team,Semiconductor R&D Center,Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.,,Banwol-Dong,Hwasung-City,Gyunggi-Do,Korea",449
-Highly scalable flash memory with novel deep trench isolation embedded into highperformance cmos for the 90nm node & beyond,"Infineon Technologies NA, NY, USA",450
-Effect of mechanical stress on reliability of gate-oxide film in MOS transistors,"Mechanical Engineering Research Laboratory, Hitachi and Limited, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan",451
-An 8Mb demonstrator for high-density 1.8V Phase-Change Memories,"MPG & Central R&D,STMicroelectronics,Agrate Brianza,Italy",452
-A 375 MHz 1 /spl mu/m CMOS 8-bit multiplier,"Integrated Syst. Lab.,Swiss Federal Inst. of Technol.,Zurich,Switzerland",453
-20 Gb/s self-timed vector processing with Josephson single-flux quantum technology,"IBM Austin Research Laboratory,Austin,TX,USA",454
-Fully-parallel 25 MHz 2.5 Mb CAM,"Nortel Semiconductors,Ottawa,Ont.,Canada",455
-On the microscopic origin of the frequency dependence of hole trapping in pMOSFETs,"Imec, Leuven, Belgium",456
-A 50-nm 1.2-V GexTe1−x/Sb2Te3 superlattice topological-switching random-access memory (TRAM),"Low-power Electronics Association & Project,Onogawa,Tsukuba,Ibaraki,JAPAN",457
-A Current Driver IC using a S/H for QVGA FullColor Active-Matrix Organic LED Mobile Displays,"Samsung Electronics,Yong-In City,Korea",458
-Poly pitch and standard cell co-optimization below 28nm,"ARM INC, Austin, TX, USA",459
-The effect of interconnect scaling and low-k dielectric on the thermal characteristics of the IC metal,"Semiconductor Process and Device Center, Texas Instruments, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA",460
-Comprehensive extensibility of 20nm low power/high performance technology platform featuring scalable high-k/metal gate planar transistors with reduced design corner,"Samsung Electronics Company Limited, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea",461
-Precursor ISI Reduction in High-Speed I/O,"Rambus,Inc,Los Altos,CA; MIT,Cambridge,MA",462
-First Transistor Demonstration of Thermal Atomic Layer Etching: InGaAs FinFETs with sub-5 nm Fin-width Featuring in situ ALE-ALD,"MIT, Microsystems Technology Laboratories, Cambridge, MA, USA",463
-Correlation of low-frequency noise and emitter-base reverse-bias stress in epitaxial Si- and SiGe-base bipolar transistors,"IBM Microelectronics, Hopewell Junction, NY, USA",464
-Re-Examination of Vth Window and Reliability in HfO2 FeFET Based on the Direct Extraction of Spontaneous Polarization and Trap Charge during Memory Operation,"Kioxia Corporation,Institute of Memory Technology Research & Development,Yokkaichi,Japan",465
-Physical mechanisms of endurance degradation in TMO-RRAM,"A*STAR, Institute of Microelectronics, Singapore, Singapore",466
-Demonstration of recessed SiGe S/D and inserted metal gate on HfO/sub 2/ for high performance pFETs.,"TI assignee at IMEC, Heverlee, Belgium",467
-A 3.6GB/s 1.3mW 400mV 0.051mm2 near-threshold voltage resilient router in 22nm tri-gate CMOS,"SoC Design Lab,Intel Labs,Intel Corporation,Hillsboro,OR,USA",468
-Ultrathin (<10nm) Nb2O5/NbO2 hybrid memory with both memory and selector characteristics for high density 3D vertically stackable RRAM applications,"School of Materials Science and Engineering,Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology,Korea",469
-A novel semimetallic quantum well FET,"Naval Research Laboratory, Inc., Washington D.C., DC, USA",470
-"A 4.6μm, 512×512, Ultra-Low Power Stacked Digital Pixel Sensor with Triple Quantization and 127dB Dynamic Range","Brillnics Japan Inc.,Tokyo,Japan",471
-A 1 1/4 inch 8.3M pixel digital output CMOS APS for UDTV application,"Micron Technology,CA,USA",472
-An Approach to Embedding Traditional Non-Volatile Memories into a Deep Sub-Micron CMOS,"ATQRD,TSMC,Hsinchu,Taiwan",473
-Combined linear-logarithmic CMOS image sensor,"Edinburgh Univ.,UK",474
-Programmable and automatically-adjustable sense-amplifier activation scheme and multi-reset address-driven decoding scheme for high-speed reusable SRAM core,"Device Dev. Center,Hitachi Ltd.,Tokyo,Japan",475
-14nm FDSOI technology for high speed and energy efficient applications,"IBM,rue Jean Monnet,Crolles,France",476
-The impact of substrate surface potential on the performance of RF power LDMOSFETs on high-resistivity SOI,"AmberWave Systems Corporation, Salem, NH, USA",477
-Novel fabrication process and structure of a low-voltage-operation micromirror array for optical MEMS switches,"NTT Microsystem Integration Laboratories, Japan",478
-Flexible and robust capping-metal gate integration technology enabling multiple-VT CMOS in MuGFETs,"IMEC,Belgium",479
-A record GmSAT/SSSAT and PBTI reliability in Si-passivated Ge nFinFETs by improved gate stack surface preparation,"imec,Kapeldreef,Leuven,,Belgium",480
-High thermal tolerance of 25-nm c-axis aligned crystalline In-Ga-Zn oxide FET,"Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd., Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan",481
-A quad band WCDMA transceiver with fractional local divider,"Hitachi Central Research Laboratory,Japan",482
-"A 2.0 V, 0.35 /spl mu/m partially depleted SOI-CMOS technology","Digital Equipment Corporation, Hudson, MA, USA",483
-A 200 MSample/s trellis-coded PRML read/write channel with digital servo,"SGS-Thomson Microelectronics,San Jose,CA,USA",484
-Technology Innovations In Mobile Computers,"IBM Japan,Shtmots-uruma,,Kanagawa-!ten,Japan",485
-A 4.25 GHz BiCMOS clock recovery circuit with an AV-DSPD architecture for NRZ data stream,"NEC Corp.,Kanagawa,Japan",486
-A novel poly-silicon-capped poly-silicon-germanium thin-film transistor,"Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, CA",487
-"A 14.7Mb/mm2 28nm FDSOI STT-MRAM with Current Starved Read Path, 52Ω/Sigma Offset Voltage Sense Amplifier and Fully Trimmable CTAT Reference","ARM,San Jose,CA,USA",488
-A Self-Resonant MEMS-based Electrostatic Field Sensor with 4V/m/Hz Sensitivity,"Medtronic,Fridley,MN",489
-Record high mobility (428cm2/V-s) of CVD-grown Ge/strained Ge0.91Sn0.09/Ge quantum well p-MOSFETs,Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering,490
-1st quantitative failure-rate calculation for the actual large-scale SRAM using ultra-thin gate-dielectric with measured probability of the gate-current fluctuation and simulated circuit failure-rate,"Fujitsu Ltd.,,Fuchigami,Akiruno,Tokyo,Japan",491
-A 10MHz 80μW 67 ppm/°C CMOS reference clock oscillator with a temperature compensated feedback loop in 0.18μm CMOS,"Department of EECS,KAIST,Guseong-dong,Yuseong-gu,Daejon,Republic of Korea",492
-Strain engineered extremely thin SOI (ETSOI) for high-performance CMOS,"GLOBALFOUNDRIES,Albany,NY,USA",493
-A fully integrated zero-IF transceiver for GSM-GPRS quad band application,"Texas Instruments,Villeneuve Loubet,France",494
-Comprehensive study on AC characteristics in SOI MOSFETs for analog applications,"Dept. of Electr. Eng.,California State Univ.,Los Angeles,CA,USA",495
-Micro-Engineered Devices for Motion Energy Harvesting,"Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK",496
-Novel self-assembled ultra-low-k porous silica films with high mechanical strength for 45 nm BEOL technology,"MIRAI, Association of Super-Advanced Electronics Technologies (ASET), Japan",497
-An Analog Frontend Chip for a MEMS-Based Parallel Scanning-Probe Data-Storage System,"IBM Systems & Technology Group,Essex Junction,Vermont",498
diff --git a/data/semiconductor_org_types/train.csv b/data/semiconductor_org_types/train.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index 9f026c9371854d0f7837fc4c2ac3c4f0fce14762..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/semiconductor_org_types/train.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-Paper title,Organization name,Label,ID
-3Gb/s AC-coupled chip-to-chip communication using a low-swing pulse receiver,"North Carolina State Univ.,Raleigh,NC,USA",university,0
-Sub-Micron CMOS / MOS-Bipolar Hybrid TFTs for System Displays,"Advanced LCD Technology Development Center Company Limited, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan",company,1
-24.4 A 680nA fully integrated implantable ECG-acquisition IC with analog feature extraction,"imec,Heverlee,Belgium",research institute,2
-A write-back cache memory using bit-line steal technique,"Corp. Semicond. Dev. Div.,Matsushita Electr. Ind. Co. Ltd.,Kyoto,Japan",company,3
-High performance 0.25 /spl mu/m gate-length doped-channel AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field effect transistors grown on p-type SiC substrates,"APA Optics, Inc., Blaine, MN, USA",company,4
-3-terminal nanoelectromechanical switching device in insulating liquid media for low voltage operation and reliability improvement,"National NanoFab Center, Daejeon, South Korea",research institute,5
-Full metal gate with borderless contact for 14 nm and beyond,"Toshiba at Albany NanoTech,NY,USA",company,6
-A novel self-aligned shallow trench isolation cell for 90 nm 4 Gbit NAND flash EEPROMs,"SoC R&D Center,Semiconductor Company,Toshiba Corp.,Isogo-ku,Yokohama,Japan",company,7
-A 0.13/spl mu/m CMOS EDGE/UMTS/WLAN Tri-Mode /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ ADC with -92dB THD,"ETH,Zurich,Switzerland; Advanced Circuit Pursuit,Zollikon,Switzerland",university,8
-On the gate oxide scaling of high performance CMOS transistors,"Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, Yongin-City, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea (ROK)",company,9
-A 0.13/spl mu/m CMOS EDGE/UMTS/WLAN Tri-Mode /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ ADC with -92dB THD,"Advanced Circuit Pursuit,Zollikon,Switzerland; ETH,Zurich,Switzerland",company,10
-A 3Gb/s 8b single-ended transceiver for 4-drop DRAM interface with digital calibration of equalization skew and offset coefficients,"Pohang Univ. of Sci. & Technol.,South Korea",university,11
-25.5 A Self-Calibrated 1.2-to-3.8GHz 0.0052mm2 Synthesized Fractional-N MDLL Using a 2b Time-Period Comparator in 22nm FinFET CMOS,"Intel,Hillsboro,OR",company,12
-Accurate performance evaluation for the horizontal nanosheet standard-cell design space beyond 7nm technology,"GLOBALFOUNDRIES Inc., Albany, NY, USA",company,13
-"Front-end-of-line (FEOL) optimization for high-performance, high-reliable strained-Si MOSFETs; from virtual substrate to gate oxidation","Memory Division, Samsung Electronics Co, Yongin-City, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea",company,14
-A 14 b 100 Msample/s CMOS DAC designed for spectral performance,"Illinois Univ.,Urbana,IL,USA",university,15
-Design of the Power6 Microprocessor,"IBM Systems Group,Austin,TX",company,16
-Collective-effect state variables for post-CMOS logic applications,"Strategic Technology Group,Advanced Micro Devices,Sunnyvale,CA,USA",company,17
-Single-chip IF transceiver IC with wide dynamic range variable gain amplifiers for wideband CDMA applications,"Syst. LSI Dev. Center,Mitsubishi Electr. Corp.,Hyogo,Japan",company,18
-Formation of Si-on-Insulator Structure by Lateral Solid Phase Epitaxial Growth with Local P-Doping,"Central Research Laboratory,Hitachi Ltd. Kokubunji. Tokyo,Japan",company,19
-1D thickness scaling study of phase change material (Ge2Sb2Te5) using a pseudo 3-terminal device,"Samsung Electronics Company Limited, Yongin si, Gyeonggi, South Korea",company,20
-A 500MHz multi-banked compilable DRAM macro with direct write and programmable pipelining,"IBM Microelectron.,Burlington,VT,USA",company,21
-Dislocation engineering for a silicon-based light emitter at 1.5 /spl mu/,"MPI für Mikrostrukturphysik, Halle, Germany",research institute,22
-An enhanced 130 nm generation logic technology featuring 60 nm transistors optimized for high performance and low power at 0.7 - 1.4 V,"QRE, Hillsboro, OR, USA",company,23
-Physical understanding of Vth and Idsat variations in (110) CMOSFETs,"Center for Semiconductor Research & Development,Toshiba Corporation,Japan",company,24
-Destructive-read random access memory system buffered with destructive-read memory cache for SoC applications,"IBM Microelectron.,Hopewell Junction,NY,USA",company,25
-Benchmarking of monolithic 3D integrated MX2 FETs with Si FinFETs,"KUL, Leuven, Belgium",university,26
-A 48-mW 18-Gb/s fully integrated CMOS optical receiver with photodetector and adaptive equalizer,"Applied Science and Technology Research Institute,Hong Kong",research institute,27
-Role of non-radiative recombination in the degradation of InGaN-based laser diodes,"Matsushita Electric Industrial Limited, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan",company,28
-Highly area efficient and cost effective double stacked S/sup 3/ (stacked single-crystal Si) peripheral CMOS SSTFT and SRAM cell technology for 512M bit density SRAM,"R & D Center, Samsung Electronics Kiheung-Eup, Yongin-City, Kyungki-do, Korea",company,29
-"Strained SOI technology for high-performance, low-power CMOS applications","MIRAI-ASET,Kawasaki,Japan",university,30
-Damascene integration of copper and ultra-low-k xerogel for high performance interconnects,"Texas Instruments Inc, Dallas, TX, US",company,31
-A crossing charge recycle refresh scheme with a separated driver sense-amplifier for Gb DRAMs,"ULSI Device Dev. Labs.,NEC Corp.,Kanagawa,Japan",company,32
-Large-signal performance of high-BV/sub CEO/ graded epi-base SiGe HBTs at wireless frequencies,"IBM Microelectronics, Burlington, VT, USA",company,33
-"A 65 nm CMOS technology with a high-performance and low-leakage transistor, a 0.55 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ 6T-SRAM cell and robust hybrid-ULK/Cu interconnects for mobile multimedia applications","Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan",company,34
-Low-power embedded ReRAM technology for IoT applications,"Incubation Center,Renesas Electronics Corp.,Shimokuzawa,Chuou-ku,Sagamihara,Japan",company,35
-A DSL customer-premise equipment modem SoC with extended reach/rate for broadband bridging and routing,"Texas Instruments Bangalore and Texas Instruments,Dallas,TX",company,36
-"An Artificial Iris ASIC with High Voltage Liquid Crystal Driver, 10 nA Light Range Detector and 40 nA Blink Detector for LCD Flicker Removal","Imec,Leuven,Belgium",research institute,37
-First Demonstration of Low Temperature (≤500°C) CMOS Devices Featuring Functional RO and SRAM Bitcells toward 3D VLSI Integration,"imec from Samsung Electronics,Korea",company,38
-Competitive and cost effective high-k based 28nm CMOS technology for low power applications,"IBM Semiconductor Research and Development Center (SRDC), Samsung Electronics Company Limited, Hopewell Junction, NY, USA",company,39
-"Scalable 3D-FPGA using wafer-to-wafer TSV interconnect of 15 Tbps/W, 3.3 Tbps/mm2","Technology Research Department,Association of Super-Advanced Electronics Technologies (ASET),,Higashi-koigakubo,Kokubunji,Tokyo,,Japan",research institute,40
-"21.8 An all-in-one (Qi, PMA and A4WP) 2.5W fully integrated wireless battery charger IC for wearable applications","MAPS,Yongin,Korea",company,41
-High performance and low leakage current InGaAs-on-silicon FinFETs with 20 nm gate length,"Samsung Advanced Logic Lab,Austin,TX",company,42
-Interconnect Scaling Scenario Using A Chip Level Interconnect Model,"Semiconductor Research Center,Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.,Ltd.,Yagumo-nakamachi,Moriguchi,Osaka,Japan",company,43
-A 12 b 50 M sample/s cascaded folding and interpolating ADC,"Philips Composants et Semiconducteurs,Caen,France",company,44
-Development of sub 10-µm ultra-thinning technology using device wafers for 3D manufacturing of terabit memory,"Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd.,Japan",company,45
-A 3.1 to 5 GHz CMOS DSSS UWB transceiver for WPANs,"Sony,Tokyo,Japan",company,46
-30.1 8b Thin-film microprocessor using a hybrid oxide-organic complementary technology with inkjet-printed P2ROM memory,"Panasonic,Osaka,Japan",company,47
-Characterizing Electromigration Effects in a 16nm FinFET Process Using a Circuit Based Test Vehicle,"Cisco Systems, Hong Kong, China",company,48
-"A 180MS/s, 162Mb/s wideband three-channel baseband and MAC processor for 802.11 a/b/g","Engim,Acton,MA,USA",company,49
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-Title,Abstract,Authors,Journal,ID
-How construals of money versus time impact consumer charitable giving,"While past research has suggested that consumers have fundamentally different responses to thinking about money versus time, the current work clarifies an important nuance in terms of how consumers construe these two resources. We demonstrate that, in the domain of charitable giving, money is construed relatively more concretely, whereas time is construed relatively more abstractly. This difference in the construal of these two resources has implications for how appeals for charitable contributions or money versus time should be framed. When the construal level at which the consumer considers the cause is aligned (misaligned) with the construal level of the resource being requested, contribution intentions and behaviors increase (decrease). In addition, the moderating role of resource abundance is examined. In particular, when money is considered abundant (vs. nonabundant), consumers no longer exhibit more concrete thoughts in response to money compared to time. Finally, when the donation request makes consumers think of money in a more abundant manner, monetary donations can be successfully motivated with a more abstract call for charitable support. The theoretical and practical implications for marketers and charitable organizations are discussed. © The Author 2015.","Macdonnell, R.; White, K.",J. Consum. Res.,50
-Guilt and giving: A process model of empathy and efficacy,"This research develops a model of consumer response to charity appeals. Using the Extended Parallel Process Model from the fear appeal literature as a foundation, the current model proposes that empathy and self-efficacy generate guilt and reduce maladaptive responses, which, in turn, shapes donation intention. The results demonstrate that the impact of empathy on charitable donation intention is fully mediated by guilt and maladaptive responses. The impact of self-efficacy is partially mediated by guilt and maladaptive responses. Therefore, both empathy and self-efficacy determine whether guilt or maladaptive responses result. This model clarifies the process through which guilt appeals operate, by identifying the roles of empathy and self-efficacy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Basil, D.Z.; Ridgway, N.M.; Basil, M.D.",Psychol. Mark.,51
-More for the many: The influence of entitativity on charitable giving,"Donations to large numbers of victims are typically muted relative to donations to a single identified victim. This article shows that people can donate more to large numbers of victims if these victims are perceived as entitative-comprisinga single, coherent unit. For example, donations to help children in need are higher when the children comprise a family than when they have no explicit group membership. The same effect is observed on donations for endangered animals that are depicted as moving in unison. Perceived entitativity results in more extreme judgments of victims. Victims with positive traits are therefore viewed more favorably when en-titative, triggering greater feelings of concern and higher donations. Entitativity has the opposite effect for victims sharing negative traits. © 2012 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc. All rights reserved.","Smith, R.W.; Faro, D.; Burson, K.A.",J. Consum. Res.,52
-"Watching eyes and living up to expectations: Unkind, not kind, eyes increase first mover cooperation in a sequential prisoner’s dilemma","(1) Background: Why and when images of watching eyes encourage prosocial behavior is still subject to discussion, and two recent meta-analyses show no effect of watching eyes on generosity. This study aims to discern the effect of watching eyes of different valence on two separate aspects of prosocial behavior, and additionally investigates whether individuals’ social value orientation moderates the effect of eyes. (2) Methods: Individuals take on the role of either a first or second mover in an incentivized, anonymous sequential prisoner’s dilemma (n = 247), a two-person game which separates the need to form expectations about the other player (first mover cooperation, trust) from the motive of greed (second mover cooperation, reciprocity). During decision-making, a picture of either kind eyes, unkind eyes, or a control picture is presented above each decision matrix. (3) Results: The results indicate that unkind eyes, and not kind eyes, significantly boost first mover cooperation. In contrast, neither type of eye cues increase second mover cooperation. Social value orientation does not moderate these effects. (4) Conclusions: Thus, the data suggest that the valence of eye cues matters, and we propose that unkind eyes urge first movers to live up to the interaction partner’s expectations. © 2017 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Pauwels, L.; Declerck, C.H.; Boone, C.",Games,53
-"Emerging in a Digital World: A Decade Review of Media Use, Effects, and Gratifications in Emerging Adulthood","This article reviews the recent literature on uses, effects, and gratifications of media during emerging adulthood. We examine traditional media forms, including television, films, video games, music, and books, and also newer media, such as cell phones, social networking sites, and other Internet use. We find that emerging adults spend more time using the media than they spend doing any other activity, with the most time being spent on the Internet and listening to music. We also find that exposure to certain types of media content can influence both positive and negative outcomes in emerging adulthood, including, aggressive and prosocial behavior, body image, sexual behavior, friendship quality, and academic achievement. We also show that emerging adults use the media to gratify certain needs; key among these are for autonomy, identity, and intimacy needs. Finally, we discuss areas for future research involving media and emerging adulthood. © 2013 Society for the Study of Emerging Adulthood and SAGE Publications.","Coyne, S.M.; Padilla-Walker, L.M.; Howard, E.",Emerg. Adulthood,54
-,,"Van Donge, K.",,55
-Do Public Matching Funds and Tax Credits Encourage Political Contributions? Evidence from Three Field Experiments Using Nonpartisan Messages,"We report the results of three field experiments that provided nonpartisan information about municipal- and state-level incentives for making political contributions to potential donors. Our experiments examine two types of contribution incentive programs, public matching funds and tax credits, in three different jurisdictions: New York City, Virginia, and Ohio. We find that providing information about matching funds and tax credits has negligible effects on both the probability that an individual will make a contribution and the amount that an individual donates. Our findings suggest that publicizing contribution incentive programs using nonpartisan messages does little to enhance the pool of new donors. Our research leaves open the possibility that contribution incentive programs, and donation matching programs in particular, may nonetheless affect campaign behavior and encourage campaigns to pursue more small donors. Copyright © 2016 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","Schwam-Baird, M.; Panagopoulos, C.; Krasno, J.S.; Green, D.P.",Election law J. Rules Polit. Policy,56
-Toward an optimal donation solicitation: Evidence from the field of the differential influence of donor-related and organization-related information on donation choice and amount,,"Fajardo, T.M.; Townsend, C.; Bolander, W.",Journal of Marketing,57
-Does a More Diversified Revenue Structure Lead to Greater Financial Capacity and Less Vulnerability in Nonprofit Organizations? A Bibliometric and Meta-Analysis,"This article explores how and to what extent revenue diversification and concentration strategies affect financial performance, particularly financial capacity and vulnerability, in nonprofit organizations. Using a sample collected from a systematic literature search of all major databases, we first conducted a bibliometric analysis of 86 existing studies to visualize the clusters of major topics in this area and to explore the connections between existing studies. We then employed a meta-analysis to quantitatively synthesize 258 effect sizes from 23 existing empirical studies. We found that diversification had little effect on financial vulnerability, but it had a slightly negative effect on financial capacity. The article finally uses a meta-regression to discuss some of the theoretical and practical reasons why there is inconsistency in the results across existing studies and calls for more discussion of the assumptions and effectiveness of revenue diversification among nonprofit scholars and practitioners. © 2019, International Society for Third-Sector Research and The Johns Hopkins University.","Lu, J.; Lin, W.; Wang, Q.",Voluntas,58
-The rate of brain death and organ donation in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis,"BACKGROUND: The occurrence of brain death in patients with hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury after resuscitation from cardiac arrest creates opportunities for organ donation. However, its prevalence is currently unknown. METHODS: Systematic review. MEDLINE via PubMed, ISI Web of Science and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for eligible studies (2002-2016). The prevalence of brain death in adult patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest and the rate of organ donation among brain dead patients were summarised using a random effect model with double-arcsine transformation. The quality of evidence (QOE) was evaluated according to the GRADE guidelines. RESULTS: 26 studies [16 on conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (c-CPR), 10 on extracorporeal CPR (e-CPR)] included a total of 23,388 patients, 1830 of whom developed brain death at a mean time of 3.2 ± 0.4 days after recovery of circulation. The overall prevalence of brain death among patients who died before hospital discharge was 12.6 [10.2-15.2] %. Prevalence was significantly higher in e-CPR vs. c-CPR patients (27.9 [19.7-36.6] vs. 8.3 [6.5-10.4] %; p < 0.0001). The overall rate of organ donation among brain dead patients was 41.8 [20.2-51.0] % (9/26 studies, 1264 patients; range 0-100 %). The QOE was very low for both outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury following CPR, more than 10 % of deaths were due to brain death. More than 40 % of brain-dead patients could donate organs. Patients who are unconscious after resuscitation from cardiac arrest, especially when resuscitated using e-CPR, should be carefully screened for signs of brain death.","Sandroni, Claudio; D'Arrigo, Sonia; Callaway, Clifton W; Cariou, Alain; Dragancea, Irina; Taccone, Fabio Silvio; Antonelli, Massimo",Intensive Care Med.,59
-Nobody's watching? Subtle cues affect generosity an anonymous economic game,"Models indicate that opportunities for reputation formation can play an important role in sustaining cooperation and prosocial behavior. Results from experimental economic games support this conclusion, as manipulating reputational opportunities affects prosocial behavior. Noting that some prosocial behavior remains even in anonymous noniterated games, some investigators argue that humans possess a propensity for prosociality independent of reputation management. However, decision-making processes often employ both explicit propositional knowledge and intuitive or affective judgments elicited by tacit cues. Manipulating game parameters alters explicit information employed in overt strategizing but leaves intact cues that may affect intuitive judgments relevant to reputation formation. To explore how subtle cues of observability impact prosocial behavior, we conducted five dictator games, manipulating both auditory cues of the presence of others (via the use of sound-deadening earmuffs) and visual cues (via the presentation of stylized eyespots). Although earmuffs appeared to reduce generosity, this effect was not significant. However, as predicted, eyespots substantially increased generosity, despite no differences in actual anonymity; when using a computer displaying eyespots, almost twice as many participants gave money to their partners compared with the controls. Investigations of prosocial behavior must consider both overt information about game parameters and subtle cues influencing intuitive judgments. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Haley, K.J.; Fessler, D.M.T.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,60
-The effect of corporate social responsibility on customer donations to corporate-supported nonprofit,,"Lichtenstein, D.R.; Drumwright, M.E.; Braig, B.M.",Journal of Marketing,61
-DOES SELF-PERCEPTION CHANGE EXPLAIN THE FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR EFFECT,"Consent to perform a small favor increases a respondent's susceptibility to perform a relatively large favor. This phenomenon, known as the foot-in-the-door effect, is considered to result from induced self-perception changes: the respondent comes to feel helpful for doing the small favor and complies again later out of a desire to maintain the instilled self-view. This study did not find a link between self-perception changes and large-request compliance in 2 experiments, although manipulations successfully altered self-rated helpfulness. Specifically, self-rated helpfulness increased (in Experiments 1 & 2) if participants' consent to a small favor brought social approval, and the ratings decreased (in Experiment 2) when social feedback for the small favor contained consensus information (i.e., indicated everyone else was also doing the favor). However, the ratings failed to predict either foot-in-the-door effects actually observed or compliance generally. Preexperimental gender differences in self-perceived helpfulness, in which women construed themselves to be more helpful than men, did successfully predict compliance with the large request. Implications for a theory of foot-in-the-door are discussed.","Gorassini, D R; Olson, J M",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,62
-Endogenous federal grants and crowd-out of state government spending: Theory and evidence from the federal highway aid program,"Contrary to simple theoretical predictions, existing evidence suggests that federal grants do not crowd out state government spending. A legislative bargaining model with endogenous grants documents a positive correlation between grant receipts and preferences for public goods; this correlation has likely biased existing work against measuring crowd-out. To correct for such endogeneity, the model motivates instruments based on the political power of state congressional delegations. Exploiting this exogenous variation in grants, the instrumental variables estimator reports crowd-out that is statistically and economically significant. This endogeneity may explain the flypaper effect, a nonequivalence between grant receipts and private income.","Knight, B.",Am. Econ. Rev.,63
-Meta-analyses in environmental and occupational health,"OBJECTIVES: Meta-analyses are considered generally as the highest level of evidence, but concerns have been voiced about their massive, low-quality production. This paper aimed to evaluate the landscape of meta-analyses in the field of occupational and environmental health and medicine. METHODS: Using relevant search terms, all meta-analyses were searched for, but those published in 2015 were assessed for their origin, whether they included randomised trials and individual-level data and whether they had authors from the industry or consultancy firms. RESULTS: PubMed searches (last update February 2017) identified 1251 eligible meta-analyses in this field. There was a rapid increase over time (n=16 published in 1995 vs n=163 published in 2015). Of the 163 eligible meta-analyses published in 2015, 49 were from China, followed at a distance by the USA (n=19). Only 16 considered randomised (intervention) trials and 13 included individual-level data. Only 1 of the 150 meta-analyses had industry authors and none had consultancy firm authors. As an example of conflicting findings, 12 overlapping meta-analyses addressed mobile phones and brain cancer risk and they differed substantially in number of studies included, eligibility criteria and conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: There has been a major increase in the publication of meta-analyses in occupational and environmental health over time, with the majority of these studies focusing on observational data, while a commendable fraction used individual-level data. Authorship is still limited largely to academic and non-profit authors. With massive production of meta-analyses, redundancy needs to be anticipated and efforts should be made to safeguard quality and protect from bias.","Ioannidis, John P A",Occup. Environ. Med.,64
-Techniques of social influence: The psychology of gaining compliance,"Every day we are asked to fulfil others requests, and we make regular requests of others too, seeking compliance with our desires, commands and suggestions. This accessible text provides a uniquely in-depth overview of the different social influence techniques people use in order to improve the chances of their requests being fulfilled. It both describes each of the techniques in question and explores the research behind them, considering questions such as: How do we know that they work? Under what conditions are they more or less likely to be effective? How might individuals successfully resist attempts by others to influence them? The book groups social influence techniques according to a common characteristic: for instance, early chapters describe ""sequential"" techniques, and techniques involving egotistic mechanisms, such as using the name of ones interlocutor. Later chapters present techniques based on gestures and facial movements, and others based on the use of specific words, re-examining on the way whether ""please"" really is a magic word. In every case, author Dariusz Dolinski discusses the existing experimental studies exploring their effectiveness, and how that effectiveness is enhanced or reduced under certain conditions. The book draws on historical material as well as the most up-to-date research, and unpicks the methodological and theoretical controversies involved. The ideal introduction for psychology graduates and undergraduates studying social influence and persuasion, Techniques of Social Influence will also appeal to scholars and students in neighbouring disciplines, as well as interested marketing professionals and practitioners in related fields. © 2016 Dariusz Dolinski. All rights reserved.","Dolinski, D.",Techniques of Soc. Influ.: The Psychol. of Gaining Compliance,65
-Predictors of future behaviour: A review of the psychological literature on blood donation,"Purpose. This paper explores the relative efficacy of different theoretical models to predict future behaviour. The behaviour studied in this case was the number of future blood donations. Based on this review, a commentary is provided on possible practical interventions. Method. Studies were included if they tested a theory and measured the number of actual donations over time. Both conventional and meta-analytic techniques were used to ascertain the efficacy of various theoretical models to predict the number of future blood donations. Results. Intentionality, from the theory of planned/reasoned action, emerged as the best predictor of future donor behaviour, but appeared to offer little in the way of suggesting interventions. The predictive power of intentionality reduced as the time interval between its measurement and the recording of actual donor behaviour increased. A number of organizational factors (e.g. waiting time) were identified as important and good predictors of future behaviour. Such factors offer possible interventions. Further, the stage-like nature of blood donor behaviour is highlighted. Conclusions. The transtheoretical model of behaviour change is introduced both as a viable alternative to theories like reasoned action and a conceptual framework for organizing interventions. The transtheoretical model is seen as applicable to the blood donation situation as it captures something of the stages of blood donation. It is also argued that other theoretical perspectives (e.g. self-efficacy) need to be examined in this context. © 1996 The British Psychological Society.","Ferguson, Eamonn",Br. J. Health Psychol.,66
-The social marketing of giving: A framework for public policy intervention,"Despite significant government efforts to bolster individual philanthropy, giving by individuals (as a percentage of household income) has remained remarkably static and participation in many western countries is declining. This article explores the role that governments might play in facilitating growth, from a social marketing perspective. Drawing on research from multiple domains this article proposes an easily accessible and actionable framework (1) to inform public policy and (2) to guide further impactful academic research, with the objective of increasing both participation in, and the monetary value of, individual giving. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.","Sargeant, A.; Shang, J.; Shabbir, H.",Public Manage. Rev.,67
-Data from: Does observability affect prosociality?,,"Bradley, A.; Lawrence, C.; Ferguson, E.",OSF Repository,68
-Time pressure and honesty in a deception game,"Previous experiments have found mixed results on whether honesty is intuitive or requires deliberation. Here we add to this literature by building on prior work of Capraro (2017). We report a large study (N = 1,389) manipulating time pressure vs time delay in a deception game. We find that, in this setting, people are more honest under time pressure, and that this result is not driven by confounds present in earlier work. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.","Capraro, V.; Schulz, J.; Rand, D.G.",J. Behave. Exp. Econ.,69
-The use of G-CSF in the prevention of febrile neutropenia,,"Perras C, Otten N",,70
-Iron and hepcidin as risk factors in atherosclerosis: what do the genes say?,"BACKGROUND: Previous reports suggested a role for iron and hepcidin in atherosclerosis. Here, we evaluated the causality of these associations from a genetic perspective via (i) a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach, (ii) study of association of atherosclerosis-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with iron and hepcidin, and (iii) estimation of genomic correlations between hepcidin, iron and atherosclerosis. RESULTS: Analyses were performed in a general population sample. Iron parameters (serum iron, serum ferritin, total iron-binding capacity and transferrin saturation), serum hepcidin and genome-wide SNP data were available for N = 1,819; non-invasive measurements of atherosclerosis (NIMA), i.e., presence of plaque, intima media thickness and ankle-brachial index (ABI), for N = 549. For the MR, we used 12 iron-related SNPs that were previously identified in a genome-wide association meta-analysis on iron status, and assessed associations of individual SNPs and quartiles of a multi-SNP score with NIMA. Quartile 4 versus quartile 1 of the multi-SNP score showed directionally consistent associations with the hypothesized direction of effect for all NIMA in women, indicating that increased body iron status is a risk factor for atherosclerosis in women. We observed no single SNP associations that fit the hypothesized directions of effect between iron and NIMA, except for rs651007, associated with decreased ferritin concentration and decreased atherosclerosis risk. Two of six NIMA-related SNPs showed association with the ratio hepcidin/ferritin, suggesting that an increased hepcidin/ferritin ratio increases atherosclerosis risk. Genomic correlations were close to zero, except for hepcidin and ferritin with ABI at rest [-0.27 (SE 0.34) and -0.22 (SE 0.35), respectively] and ABI after exercise [-0.29 (SE 0.34) and -0.30 (0.35), respectively]. The negative sign indicates an increased atherosclerosis risk with increased hepcidin and ferritin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest a potential causal role for hepcidin and ferritin in atherosclerosis, and may indicate that iron status is causally related to atherosclerosis in women.","Galesloot, Tessel E; Janss, Luc L; Burgess, Stephen; Kiemeney, Lambertus A L M; den Heijer, Martin; de Graaf, Jacqueline; Holewijn, Suzanne; Benyamin, Beben; Whitfield, John B; Swinkels, Dorine W; Vermeulen, Sita H",BMC Genet.,71
-Assisted reproductive technologies: a systematic review of safety and effectiveness to inform disinvestment policy,"OBJECTIVE: Health policy relating to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) has been variably informed by clinical evidence, social values, political and fiscal considerations. This systematic review examined key factors associated with specific benefits and harms of ART to inform the development of a model for generating policy recommendations within an Australian disinvestment research agenda. METHODS: Six databases were searched from 1994 to 2009. Included articles contained data on safety and/or effectiveness of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or IVF with intracytoplasmic sperm injection with reference to female age, male age or cycle rank. Narrative descriptions of key outcomes (live birth, miscarriage) were constructed alongside tabular summaries. RESULTS: Sixty-eight studies and one registry report were included. There was substantial heterogeneity present within the evidence-base which limited the strength and scope of conclusions that could be drawn. However, this review does affirm the differential effectiveness associated with the ageing of ART patients with regard to live birth and miscarriage. CONCLUSION: From the available evidence, it was not possible to determine an explicit age or cycle rank that could be used to formulate defensible policy responsive to identified differential effectiveness. Stakeholder interpretation of this evidence-base may assist in developing policy that can incorporate uncertainty and reflect social values.","Watt, Amber M; Elshaug, Adam G; Willis, Cameron D; Hiller, Janet E; ASTUTE Health study group",Health Policy,72
-A Longitudinal Social Network Perspective on Adolescents' Exposure to Violent Video Games and Aggression,"Adolescents play video games as a social leisure activity, yet it is unclear whether peer influences play a role in spreading violent video game exposure (VVE) and aggression. It has been suggested that adolescents' aggression increases because of their friend's exposure to violent video games. This study tests this suggestion by using longitudinal social network analyses to investigate selection and socialization of aggression owing to VVE. A total of 796 adolescents from 34 different classrooms were followed from grade 7 to grade 8 (Mage = 12.60 years, 51 percent male adolescents). Exposure to violent video games, physical aggression, and within-classroom friendships were assessed at both time points. Data were analyzed by means of stochastic actor-based modeling in RSiena to estimate the effects of VVE and aggressive behavior on changes in friendships (selection), and the effects of friendships on changes in participants' VVE and aggressive behavior (socialization). Results showed homotypic selection effects, that is, adolescents became friends with peers who were similar in aggression and similar in violent video game exposure. Furthermore, there was a homotypic socialization effect, as friends became more similar in aggression over time. Friends did not become more similar in VVE over time. Violent games played by friends did not increase adolescents' own aggressive behavior. This suggests that concerns about peer influences on violent video games are unwarranted. Future studies on socialization processes of VVE should focus on influences from closest friends and investigate behavior during actual play. © 2021, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers.","Verheijen, G.P.; Burk, W.J.; Stoltz, S.E.M.J.; Van Den Berg, Y.H.M.; Cillessen, A.H.N.",Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Networking,73
-"Social norms, feelings, and other factors affecting helping and altruism","This chapter discusses social norms, feelings, and other factors that influence helping and altruism. Externally derived incentives are undoubtedly major determinants of behavior, perhaps more important than internalized ideals for many persons and in many situations. But there is probably a far greater incidence of selfless action on behalf of others—even in the absence of reciprocal or anticipated benefits than the usual form of exchange theory. Some of this behavior, not all, is influenced by the operation of social rules and internalized standards of conduct. People sometimes act altruistically because this is the right thing to do in a given situation. On other occasions, however, they might help someone else because they empathize with him. The chapter also considers another complication: a person may deviate from social regulations in some instances even though he is firmly convinced of their propriety and has attempted to adhere to these standards in other situations; these occasional deviations do not mean that he or she does not believe in these rules or that they do not frequently govern his behavior. Other factors obviously may become potent determinants of behavior in some situations. Social-exchange conceptions apply to the organizational world because this setting promotes exchange concerns. Outside this milieu however, exchange ideas may be less influential as other motives, interests, and values come into play. Nonetheless, the findings reviewed in the chapter indicate that many normative conceptions of social behavior are vastly oversimplified. © 1972, Academic Press Inc.","Berkowitz, L.",Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,74
-Confusion of Relative and Absolute Risk in Valuation,"Subjects were less willing to pay for government medical insurance for diseases when the number of people who could not be cured was higher, holding constant the number who could be cured. In a second experiment, willingness to pay (from a hypothetical government windfall) for risk reduction was unaffected by whether the risk was described in terms of percentage or number of lives saved, even though subjects knew that the risks in question differed in prevalence. These results are consistent with the findings of Fetherstonhaugh et al., Jenni and Loewenstein, and others. I suggest that these results can be explained in terms of a general tendency to confuse proportions and differences, a confusion that is analogous to other confusions of quantitative dimensions in children, adults, the news media, and perhaps even the epidemiological literature.","Baron, J.",J. Risk Uncertainty,75
-Cross-sectional price elasticity estimates of the charitable contributions deduction,,"Christian, C.; Boatsman, J.",Advances in Taxation,76
-The case of income redistribution: A theory of government and private provision of collective goods,"Private philanthropy has been viewed alternately as a substitute for and supple ment to government income redistribution activities. In either case, we might expect that changes in consumer preferences for giving would, ceteris paribus, shift the demand for both types of philanthropy simultaneously. Previous studies of each form of giving have typically concentrated on identifying the determinants of such giving within a single-equation model, ignoring the existence of an alternative institution for the provision of philanthropy How ever, as long as philanthropic preferences remain only partially captured by explanatory variables utilized to explain either form of giving, equations esti mated separately by ordinary least squares techniques will exhibit correlated disturbance terms Zellner has shown that a joint generalized least squares pro cedure will, in such a situation, generate a more efficient estimation than separate estimation of single-equation models for each form of phrlanthropy Therefore, the approach taken here is to analyze the two mechanisms for giving together, within the framework of a two-equation Zellner-Aitken system, uti lizing time-series data for the period 1929 to 1966. © 1980, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.","Feigenbaum, S.",Public Financ. Rev.,77
-,,"Fu, T.-T.; Kong, W.-H.; Yang, C.",,78
-Should I Share That? Prompting Social Norms That Influence Privacy Behaviors on a Social Networking Site,"This study examines how explicit and implicit cues to social norms affect disclosure and privacy decisions in a Social Network Site (SNS) context. Study 1 revealed that participants' disclosure behavior adhered to explicit cues indicating disclosure frequency norms, while implicit social norm cues (i.e., surveillance primes) acted to increase overall disclosure frequency and affect disclosure accuracy when explicit cues discourage disclosure. Study 2 explored how these cues affected privacy-setting decisions and found that explicit cues indicating others' privacy settings could increase how strictly participants set their privacy settings, but the implicit cues had no effect. These results suggest that explicit cues about SNS norms can trigger bandwagon heuristic processing, and that, under limited circumstances, surveillance primes can affect self-disclosure. © 2017 International Communication Association","Spottswood, E.L.; Hancock, J.T.",J. Computer-Mediated Commun.,79
-Bateson et al.'s (2006) Cues-of-being-watched paradigm revisited,"Bateson, Nettle, and Roberts (2006) provided an intriguing experimental paradigm for investigating the effects of social cues on cooperative behavior in a real-world setting. By placing an image of a pair of eyes on a cupboard door above an ""honesty box"" for hot beverages, they induced substantially higher amounts of contributions. As this finding has a significant impact on the social sciences and assumptions concerning the meaning of social cues for human behavior, we systematically reanalyzed their procedure and statistical analyses and tried to replicate the results while taking personality factors into account. The overall results of our analysis and replication efforts do not unequivocally support conclusions about the effects of eyes as social cues for cooperative behavior. Problems start with the definition of cooperative behavior, underspecified methods, confounding variables, invalid statistical analyses, and a lack of insight into the factors -including personality factors -that modulate the expected effect. A follow-up experiment with 138 participants showed no effect of eyes on socially relevant concepts and attitudes. Furthermore, none of the personality factors that, according to Bateson et al.'s explanation of reputational concerns, might be a source of effects interacted with any of the measures we used to operationalize these socially relevant concepts and attitudes. © 2011 by Verlag Hans Huber, Hogrefe AG, Bern.","Carbon, C.-C.; Hesslinger, V.M.",Swiss J. Psychol.,80
-On the use of beta coefficients in meta-analysis,"This research reports an investigation of the use of standardized regression (beta) coefficients in meta-analyses that use correlation coefficients as the effect-size metric. The investigation consisted of analyzing more than 1,700 corresponding beta coefficients and correlation coefficients harvested from published studies. Results indicate that, under certain conditions, using knowledge of corresponding beta coefficients to impute missing correlations (effect sizes) generally produces relatively accurate and precise population effect-size estimates. Potential benefits from applying this knowledge include smaller sampling errors because of increased numbers of effect sizes and smaller nonsampling errors because of the inclusion of a broader array of research designs.","Peterson, R.A.; Brown, S.P.",J. Appl. Psychol.,81
-Being watched doesn't make you nicer: No effect of visible and invisible eye primes on prosocial behavior in a masked priming study,,"Jolij, J.; de Haan, T.",Being watched doesn't make you nicer No effect of visible and invisible eye primes on pro-social behavior in a masked priming study unpublished manuscript,82
-"Psychological Approaches to Sustainability: Current Trends in Theory, Research and Applications","An international team of leading scholars and young researchers in environmental psychology offers a relatively new perspective on the origin and solutions of the current environmental crisis. They explain how human nature has played a prominent role in the emergence of ecological problems such as global warming, threats to biodiversity, resources scarcity and pollution. But also, they demonstrate that such problems are interlinked with social problems such as poverty, famine, social and economical inequities and violence. According to this book's authors, psychological theories and empirical evidence show that the solutions for those socio-ecological problems are to be found in human nature and its psychological predispositions. These include personal motives, world-visions, future perspective, environmental emotions, altruistic tendencies and behavioural capacities among other psychological predispositions that could allow the adoption of sustainable lifestyles. Meeting the ideals of sustainability requires the participation of the natural and social sciences, including psychology, in order to guarantee the fulfilment of its purposes. Behavioural sciences study the psychological characteristics and the contextual factors that lead people to adopt more sustainable lifestyles. In addition, these sciences investigate how sustainable behaviours promote happiness, psychological well being and restoration, which are considered among the aims of sustainable development by governments throughout the world. The authors, who are recognised experts in these areas, offer a state-of-the-art review and data on what it is known regarding the psychological dimensions of the environmental crisis, its behavioural solutions and the repercussions of sustainable behaviour on human well-being.","Verdugo, Víctor Corral; Cadena, Cirilo Humberto García; Armenta, Martha Frías","Psychological Approaches to Sustainability: Current Trends in Theory, Research and Applications",83
-Paradoxical effects of self-awareness of being observed: testing the effect of police body-worn cameras on assaults and aggression against officers,"Objectives: Recently, scholars have applied self-awareness theory to explain why body-worn cameras (BWCs) affect encounters between the public and police, with its most immediate manifestation being a reduction in the use of force by and complaints against police. In this study, we report on the paradoxical effects of BWCs in the context of assaults on officers. Methods: A multisite randomized controlled trial in ten departments, with officers wearing (or not wearing) BWCs based on random assignment of shifts. Odds ratios are used to estimate the treatment effect on assaults, along with “one study removed” sensitivity analyses. Further subgroup analyses are performed in terms of varying degrees of officers’ discretion, to enhance the practical applications of this multisite experiment. Finally, before-analyses are applied as well, including Bootstrapping and Monte-Carlo simulations to further validate the results under stricter statistical conditions, to illustrate the overall effects. Results: A total of 394 assaults per 1000 arrests occurred during 3637 treatment shifts (M = 39.35, SD = 17.89) compared with 284 assaults per 1000 arrests during 3697 control shifts (M = 28.38; SD = 15.99), which translate into 37% higher odds of assault in treatment shifts than in control conditions. The perverse direction and relative magnitude in each experimental site in eight out of ten sites were consistent. The backfiring treatment effect was substantially more pronounced in low discretion sites, i.e., where officers strongly followed the experimental protocol (OR = 2.565; 95% CI 1.792, 3.672). At the same time, before–after analyses show that assaults were overall reduced by 61% in the participating police departments, thus suggesting paradoxical effects. Conclusions: We explain these findings using self-awareness theory. Once self-aware that their performance is being observed by BWCs, officers become at risk of being assaulted. Results suggest that under some circumstances, self-awareness can lead to excessive self-inspection that strips power-holders of their ability to function under extreme situations. This mechanism is potentially a function of “over-deterrence”. The study further demonstrates the benefits of applying psychosocial theories to the study of social control and deterrence theories more broadly, with a robust and falsifiable mechanism that explains the conditions under which being observed stimulates either appropriate or perverse consequences. © 2017, The Author(s).","Ariel, B.; Sutherland, A.; Henstock, D.; Young, J.; Drover, P.; Sykes, J.; Megicks, S.; Henderson, R.",J. Exp. Crim.,84
-The Nature of Psychological Reactance Revisited: A Meta-Analytic Review,"Psychological reactance (;) has been a long-standing topic of interest among scholars studying the design and effects of persuasive messages and campaigns. Yet, until recently, reactance was considered to be a motivational state that could not be measured. argued that reactance can be conceptualized as cognition and affect and made amenable to direct measurement. This article revisits Dillard and Shen's (2005) questions about the nature of psychological reactance and reports a test designed to identify the best fitting model of reactance. A meta-analytic review of reactance research was conducted (K = 20, N = 4,942) and the results were used to test path models representing competing conceptualizations of reactance. The results offer evidence that the intertwined model-in which reactance is modeled as a latent factor with anger and counterarguments serving as indicators-best fit the data. © 2012 International Communication Association.","Rains, S.A.",Hum. Commun. Res.,85
-The effects of endowment size and strategy method on third party punishment,"Numerous experiments have shown that people often engage in third-party punishment (3PP) of selfish behavior. This evidence has been used to argue that people respond to selfishness with anger, and get utility from punishing those who mistreat others. Elements of the standard 3PP experimental design, however, allow alternative explanations: it has been argued that 3PP could be motivated by envy (as selfish dictators earn high payoffs), or could be influenced by the use of the strategy method (which is known to influence second-party punishment). Here we test these alternatives by varying the third party’s endowment and the use of the strategy method, and measuring punishment. We find that while third parties do report more envy when they have lower endowments, neither manipulation significantly affects punishment. We also show that punishment is associated with ratings of anger but not of envy. Thus, our results suggest that 3PP is not an artifact of self-focused envy or use of the strategy method. Instead, our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that 3PP is motivated by anger. © 2015, Economic Science Association.","Jordan, J.; McAuliffe, K.; Rand, D.",Exp. Econ.,86
-The impact of NHS based primary care complementary therapy services on health outcomes and NHS costs: a review of service audits and evaluations,"Uncontrolled health status data suggested that primary care complementary therapy services improved health outcome scores. Data on the impact of these services on NHS costs were scarcer and inconclusive. The overall quality of these evaluations was poor. XCM: The review question was clear and had appropriate inclusion criteria. Several relevant sources were searched. Efforts were made to reduce the potential for publication bias. It was unclear whether efforts were made to reduce reviewer error and bias throughout the review process. Validity was not assessed and it was, therefore, difficult to judge the quality of the included studies. The authors stated that study quality was poor overall. Most of the included studies appeared to be uncontrolled pre-post studies and used health service data, both of which were prone to various biases. A narrative synthesis was appropriate given the differences between studies. However, limiting studies in the review to those conducted in primary care settings in England and Wales meant that the results may not have been generalisable to other settings. Some relevant data were reported separately in tables. There were no data on characteristics of participants, which would have aided interpretation of outcome data. The authors' cautious conclusions appeared to reflect the poor quality evidence, however, due to the lack of validity assessment and the reporting of some data and review methods their reliability is uncertain. XIM: The authors did not state any implications for practice.Research: The authors stated that further robust research was required that utilised standardised health outcome tools and used appropriate statistical analysis. Further discussion within the NHS healthcare community was required to determine optimum ways of collecting and reporting NHS cost data for the evaluation of complementary therapy services within a primary care setting.","Wye, L; Sharp, D; Shaw, A",,87
-Viewers Like You: Community Norms and Contributions to Public Broadcasting,"The logic of collective action (Olson 1965) suggests that public broadcasting may be underprovided, because non-contributors are not excluded from receiving the benefits. Why do so many individuals voluntarily contribute to public television, even though they can obtain the benefits of public television without contributing? We explore the hypothesis that giving to public broadcasting is determined in part by the strength of ""civic norms"" that limit the opportunistic behavior of individuals in large-numbers prisoners' dilemma settings. We also explore a variety of other explanations for charitable giving and collective action, including group size, tax deductibility, crowd out, and selective incentives. Our findings provide evidence linking civic norms and giving to public broadcasting. Education and income have indirect effects through strengthening civic norms. We find some evidence that selective incentives increase the average size of contributions among those who contribute.","Kropf, M.; Knack, S.",Polit. Res. Q.,88
-Social image concerns and prosocial behavior: Field evidence from a nonlinear incentive scheme,"Using longitudinal data on the entire population of blood donors in an Italian town, we examine how donors respond to a nonlinear award scheme that rewards them with symbolic prizes (medals) when they reach certain donation quotas. Our results indicate that donors significantly increase the frequency of their donations immediately before reaching the thresholds for which the rewards are given, but only if the prizes are publicly announced in the local newspaper and awarded in a public ceremony. The results are robust to several specifications, sample definitions, and controls for observable and unobservable heterogeneity. Our findings indicate that social image concerns are a primary motivator of prosocial behavior and that symbolic prizes are most effective as motivators when they are awarded publicly. We discuss the implications of our findings for policies aimed at incentivizing prosocial behavior. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.","Lacetera, N.; Macis, M.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,89
-"Conceptualising market orientation in non-profit organisations: Definition, performance, and preliminary construction of a scale",,"Modi, P.; Mishra, D.",Journal of Marketing Management,90
-How sensitive is the average taxpayer to changes in the tax-price of giving?,"There is a substantial literature estimating the responsiveness of charitable donations to tax incentives for giving in the USA. One approach estimates the price elasticity of giving based on tax return data of individuals who itemize their deductions, a group substantially wealthier than the average taxpayer. Another estimates the price elasticity for the average taxpayer based on general population survey data. Broadly, results from both arms of the literature present a counterintuitive conclusion: the price elasticity of donations of the average taxpayer is larger than that of the average, wealthier, itemizer. We provide theoretical and empirical evidence that this conclusion results from a heretofore unrecognized downward bias in the estimator of the price elasticity of giving when non-itemizers are included in the estimation sample (generally with survey data). An intuitive modification to the standard model used in the literature is shown to yield a consistent and more efficient estimator of the price elasticity for the average taxpayer under a testable restriction. Strong empirical support is found for this restriction, and we estimate a bias in the price elasticity around − 1, suggesting the existing literature significantly over-estimates (in absolute value) the price elasticity of giving. Our results provide evidence of an inelastic price elasticity for the average taxpayer, with a statistically significant and elastic price response found only for households in the top decile of income. © 2018, The Author(s).","Backus, P.G.; Grant, N.L.",Int. Tax Public Financ.,91
-"Private virtues, public vices: social norms and corruption","Purpose – Corruption has traditionally been associated with an absence of pro-social norms such as trust and altruism. This paper challenges this view by examining market corruption – one-shot exchange transactions between strangers in the shadow of the law. The paper aims to propose that in the absence of repeat interactions and legal remedies to prevent contractual violations, acts of market corruption will require strong norms of generalized trust and altruism. As such, pro-social norms facilitate, rather than mitigate, market corruption. Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilizes meta-analysis to examine the relationship between pro-social behavior in economic experiments and prevailing corruption levels. Findings – The results from meta-analyses of both trust- and dictator game experiments show positive, significant relationships between pro-social norms and prevailing corruption levels. Research limitations/implications – The findings of the paper suggest the need for further research into the relationship between societal norms and different types of corruption. Practical implications – Policymakers should be wary about attempting to combat corruption through bottom-up policies designed to strengthen pro-social norms. Such policies may be counter-productive in that they are likely to provide the breeding ground for more acts of market corruption. Originality/value – Conventional wisdom suggests a negative association between pro-social norms and corruption levels. The paper proposes that the relationship is not that simple. Indeed, the meta-study findings suggest the reverse relationship in the case of petty (market) corruption. © 2013, © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.","Mark Rosenbaum, S; Billinger, S; Stieglitz, N",International Journal of Development Issues,92
-Prosocial video games reduce aggressive cognitions,"Previous research has shown that playing violent video games increased aggressive tendencies. However, as pointed out by the General Learning Model (GLM) [Buckley, K. E., & Anderson, C. A. (2006). A theoretical model of the effects and consequences of playing video games. In: P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing video games motives responses and consequences (pp. 363-378). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum], depending on their content, video games do not inevitably increase but may also decrease aggressive responses. Accordingly, the present research tested the hypothesis that playing prosocial video games decreases aggressive cognitions. In fact, playing a prosocial (relative to a neutral) video game reduced the hostile expectation bias (Experiment 1) and decreased the accessibility of antisocial thoughts (Experiment 2). Thus, these results lend credence to GLMs assumption that the effects of video game exposure depend to a great extent on the content of the game played. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Greitemeyer, T.; Osswald, S.",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,93
-Toward an Instance Theory of Automatization,"This article presents a theory in which automatization is construed as the acquisition of a domain-specific knowledge base, formed of separate representations, instances, of each exposure to the task. Processing is considered automatic if it relies on retrieval of stored instances, which will occur only after practice in a consistent environment. Practice is important because it increases the amount retrieved and the speed of retrieval; consistency is important because it ensures that the retrieved instances will be useful. The theory accounts quantitatively for the power-function speed-up and predicts a power-function reduction in the standard deviation that is constrained to have the same exponent as the power function for the speed-up. The theory accounts for qualitative properties as well, explaining how some may disappear and others appear with practice. More generally, it provides an alternative to the modal view of automaticity, arguing that novice performance is limited by a lack of knowledge rather than a scarcity of resources. The focus on learning avoids many problems with the modal view that stem from its focus on resource limitations.","Logan, G.D.",Psychol. Rev.,94
-Disorganized welfare mixes: Voluntary agencies and new governance regimes in Western Europe,"In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in - though an insufficient understanding of - changes in the governance of welfare and related governance regimes, with the latter being conceptualized as systems of multifaceted inter-agency relations and associated modes of coordination. Referring to evidence from France, Britain and Germany, the article explores these changes with an eye on the role of voluntary organizations within these regimes. It challenges widespread typologies of 'welfare mixes' as well as general assumptions about international variation. It argues that, throughout Western Europe, similar governance regimes emerged in the postwar settlement, materializing in an 'organized welfare mix'. It then illustrates how these regimes currently undergo a process of permanent dis- and reorganization, again irrespective of international differences. Long-established patterns of a system-wide coordination via negotiated public-private partnerships turn into volatile configurations, with a growing albeit varying influence of the market rationale. Moreover, there is an increasing distance between voluntary provider organizations and both the welfare state and civil society, with this entailing precarious, but also more dynamic interrelations. Finally, civic action becomes more fluid, sporadic, dispersed but also more creative in many places. Hence, there is the paradox of the new welfare mixes exhibiting innovative dynamics and systematic organizational failure at the same time, with (more) output heterogeneity as an inevitable consequence. Copyright © 2006 SAGE Publications.","Bode, I.",J. Eur. Soc. Policy,95
-Do grants to charities crowd out other income? Evidence from the UK,"We use a novel identification strategy to shed light on the effect of grant funding. We focus on charities that applied to a UK lottery grant programme. Where charities score the same on formal criteria, it is likely that informal criteria orthogonal to quality are used to break the ties, allowing us plausibly to treat a grant as a random event. We find evidence that grants have a positive impact for smaller charities, increasing their longevity and even crowding in other income. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.","Andreoni, J.; Payne, A.; Smith, S.",J. Public Econ.,96
-Written and visual cyberbullying victimization in adolescence: Shared and unique associated factors,"The present study investigated the antecedents of cyberbullying victimization and addressed the commonalities and differences between visual and written forms of cyberbullying victimization among 3172 Italian adolescents (51.6% male, M age = 13.74 years, SD = 1.70) who participated in the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC, 2014) survey. The results from two logistic regression models revealed that the two distinct forms of cyberbullying victimization presented common and unique associated factors. Family support was negatively associated with both forms of cyberbullying victimization, while greater use of social networks and frequent experiences of traditional bullying victimization were positively associated with both forms. Neither written nor visual forms of cyberbullying victimization were associated with the quality of school relationships or online gaming frequency. Gender (female) was associated with written, but not visual, cyberbullying victimization. Finally, visual cyberbullying victimization was positively associated with high family socio-economic status and traditional bullying perpetration. The findings highlight the urgent need to tailor preventive and intervention strategies for the adolescent population. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Perasso, G.; Carone, N.; Barone, L.; Celata, C.; Coppola, L.; Baggio, B.; Velasco, V.; Lavatelli, M.; Gelmi, G.; Biffi, L.; Marella, M.; Pellegrini, C.; Perego, O.; De Agostini, W.; Benedusi, M.; Duregon, P.; Meconi, A.; Zagheno, C.; Salinetti, M.V.; Salada, M.; Mauri, E.; Drusetta, V.; Lisè, L.A.; Giannellini, A.; Di Cosimo, F.; Peruzzo, L.; Rocco, T.G.; Sala, J.; Zoppi, C.; Artioli, B.; Stampini, L.; Colombo, M.; Farina, E.; Marchesi, D.; Casalini, L.; Health Behaviour in School Aged Children Lombardy Group 2014",Eur. J. Dev. Psychol.,97
-Source and message factors in persuasion: A reply to stiff’s critique of the elaboration likelihood model,"In this article we respond to James Stiffs (1986) recent critique of the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) of persuasion (Petty & Cacioppo, 1981, 1986b), In particular, we make the following corrections to Stiffs misrepresentation of the model: (1) Many variables other than “involvement” can affect the elaboration likelihood and thus the route to persuasion, (2) variables can serve in multiple roles under specifiable conditions, and (3) the ELM does not preclude multi-channel information processing. After correcting these misperceptions of the ELM, we critique Stiffs meta-analyses comparing the ELM predictions with those he derives from Kahne-manys (1973) elastic capacity model. His analysis of message factors is critiqued on the grounds that some of the message factors included in the analysis are capable of affecting attitudes via either the central or the peripheral route. His analysis of source factors is critiqued on the grounds of insufficient sample size, lack of statistical significance, and possible miscategorization of studies. In short, we argue both that Stiffs presentation of the ELM and the conclusions he draws based on the data he presents are misleading. © 1987, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.","Petty, R.E.; Haugtvedt, C.P.",Commun. Monogr.,98
-Prosocial development,,"Eisenberg, N.; Fabes, R.A.; Spinrad, T.L.","Handbook of Child Psychology. Vol. 3. Social, Emotional, and Personality Development, 6th Edition",99
-"Cooperation among Norway Rats: The Importance of Visual Cues for Reciprocal Cooperation, and the Role of Coercion","Some animals reciprocate help, but the underlying proximate mechanisms are largely unclear. Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) have been shown to cooperate in a variant of the iterated prisoner's dilemma paradigm, yet it is unknown which sensory modalities they use. Visual information is often implicitly assumed to play a major role in social interactions, but primarily nocturnal species such as Norway rats may rely on different cues when deciding to reciprocate received help. We used an instrumental cooperative task to compare the test rats' propensity to reciprocate received help between two experimental conditions, with and without visual information exchange between social partners. Our results show that visual information is not required for reciprocal cooperation among social partners because even when it was lacking, test rats provided food significantly earlier to partners that had helped them to obtain food before than to those that had not done so. The mean decision speed did not differ between the two experimental conditions, with or without visual information. Social partners sometimes showed aggressive behaviour towards focal test individuals. When including this in the analyses to assess the possible role of aggression as a trigger of cooperation, aggression received from cooperators apparently reduced the cooperation propensity, whereas aggression received from defectors increased it. Hence, in addition to reciprocity, coercion seems to provide additional means to generate altruistic help in Norway rats. © 2015 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.","Dolivo, V.; Taborsky, M.",Ethology,100
-Ethical judgments about wartime ads depicting combat,,"Tansey, R.; Hyman, M.R.; Brown, G.",Journal of Advertising,101
-Motivational bases of prosocial and altruistic behavior: A critical reappraisal,,"Nelson, T.D.",Journal of Research,102
-Altruism towards strangers in need: costly signaling in an industrial society,"In the present study, the costly signaling theory (CST) is used to examine the effect of an offer of charity on social recognition. On behalf of a charitable organization, 186 students enrolled in 16 different courses were asked to offer support to unfamiliar persons in need. In accordance with our predictions, the results show that significantly more subjects are willing to give assistance if they make charity offers in the presence of their group members than when the offers are made in secret. In accordance with CST-but not with the prevailing explanations in social psychology-the likelihood of charity service was strongly influenced by the expected cost of altruistic behavior. Publicly demonstrated altruistic intentions yielded long-term benefits: Subjects who were willing to participate in a particular charity activity gained significantly higher sociometry scores (as a sign of social recognition) than did others. The cost of volunteerism correlated with social recognition in the case of a charity act judged as the most expensive (giving assistance to mentally retarded children), but not for the other categories of charity offer. Our results suggest that public generosity towards strangers as a costly signal may convey reliable information about subjects' personality traits, such as cooperativeness, but our data do not support the hypothesis that the signaling mechanism is related to sexual selection and mate choice. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Bereczkei, T.; Birkas, B.; Kerekes, Z.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,103
-Development and Evaluation of the Chronic Time Pressure Inventory,"The negative effects of chronic time pressure (i.e., time shortage and feelings of being rushed) are pervasive within modern society. Noting this, and the absence of an established self-report measure, the present paper developed and evaluated the Chronic Time Pressure Inventory (CTPI). Established theory informed the generation of items, resulting in an initial 15-item measure. Study 1, using parallel analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, examined CTPI factorial structure within a sample of 401 respondents. Additionally, reliability (omega and alpha) and convergent validity testing occurred by correlating the CTPI with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). Study 2 replicated the emergent, superior factor model in an independent sample of 163 respondents and assessed measurement invariance. Analysis further examined reliability (omega and alpha) and convergent validity. Across the two studies, results supported a bifactor solution, where a general overarching factor encompassed two discrete, but overlapping temporal factors (i.e., Feeling Harried and Cognitive Awareness of Time Shortage). Invariance testing indicated invariance of form, factor loadings, item intercepts and residuals across Study 1 and 2. The CTPI also demonstrated good internal reliability and satisfactory convergent validity with the PSS-10. Findings supported Szollos’ (2009) theoretical conceptualization of chronic time pressure and established the CTPI as a psychometrically sound, theoretically aligned measure of the construct. Indeed, results advocate the CTPI as a promising instrument for conducting survey-based research into chronic time pressure. © Copyright © 2019 Denovan and Dagnall.","Denovan, A.; Dagnall, N.",Front. Psychol.,104
-Emerging Issues and Future Directions,Summary This chapter contains sections titled: The Range of Data Available for Qualitative Research Emerging Ethical Issues Service User Involvement Qualitative Research and Evidence-Based Practice Dissemination Future Directions References,"Harper, David; Thompson, Andrew R",Qualitative Research Methods in Mental Health and Psychotherapy: A Guide for Students and Practitioners,105
-The roots of prosocial behavior in children,,"Eisenberg, N.; Mussen, P.",The Roots of Prosocial Behavior in Children,106
-"The Beautiful Complexity of Human Prosociality: On the Interplay of Honesty-Humility, Intuition, and a Reward System","Human prosociality is a fascinating and complex phenomenon. The present research takes this complexity into account by examining the interplay of three prominent factors that past research has shown to promote prosocial behavior. In two studies (total N = 1,799), we tested the impact of (a) a basic prosocial personality trait (the Honesty-Humility dimension from the HEXACO personality model), (b) intuitive decision making, and (c) the possibility of being rewarded (i.e., a reward system) in the emergence of prosocial behavior (i.e., dictator game giving). Replicating previous research, we found that (1) a reward system increased prosocial behavior and (2) Honesty-Humility was positively related to prosocial behavior. In addition, given that there was no reward system, we show that intuition (vs. a control condition) reduced prosocial behavior in individuals low in Honesty-Humility, whereas no effect was found for individuals high in Honesty-Humility. Implications for the understanding of prosocial behavior are discussed. © The Author(s) 2020.","Nockur, L.; Pfattheicher, S.",Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci,107
-"The harassed decision maker: Time pressures, distractions, and the use of evidence","Investigated dominant simplifying strategies people use in adapting to different information processing environments. It was hypothesized that judges operating under either time pressure or distraction would systematically place greater weight on negative evidence than would their counterparts under less strainful conditions. 6 groups of male undergraduates (N = 210) were presented 5 pieces of information to assimilate in evaluating cars as purchase options. 3 groups operated under varying time pressure conditions, while 3 groups operated under varying levels of distraction. Data usage models assuming disproportionately heavy weighting of negative evidence provided best fits to a signficantly higher number of Ss in the high time pressure and moderate distraction conditions. Ss attended to fewer data dimensions in these conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1974 American Psychological Association.","Wright, P.",J. Appl. Psychol.,108
-The fundamentals of performance measurement systems: A systematic approach to theory and a research agenda,"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the fundamentals of a performance measurement system (PMS) as discussed in the literature for the past 32 years in an attempt to provide a research agenda (RA) for future research. Design/methodology/approach: The paper uses a systematic review of the business, public and non-profit sector literature in examining what constitutes the fundamentals of PMS, and how these fundamentals have influenced the use of data (especially on non-financial data), development of measuring methods, measuring attributes and measuring process. Findings: The paper finds that there are a small number of articles providing that can be considered to have provided substantial discussion of the fundamentals of PMS. While there is no consensus on what constitute the fundamentals of PMS, using content analysis, citation analysis and on the strict criteria of necessary and/or sufficient for the existence of a PMS, this paper managed to characterize the fundamentals into six categories. This paper found that the field of PMS has not change much during the past 30 or more years, and there remains various pragmatic and research gaps that need to be addressed. Practical implications: The results, outcomes, and analysis of this paper have both practical and academic implications. The gaps and recommendations for future research is consolidated into a RA that provides practitioners to evaluate existing PMS, avoid issues and seek ways to develop a conceptual (theoretical) PMS that is of greater practical significance. Originality/value: The results of this study contribute toward providing an update of the current state of development and research into PMS; and managed to identify existing practical issues and research gaps of PMS, and provided a RA on which ongoing and future research efforts on this topic can be built upon. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Keong Choong, Kwee",International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,109
-"Voting for environmental donations: Experimental evidence from Majorca, Spain","This paper presents the results of a modified dictator game where donors are tourists in the island of Majorca, Spain, and the recipient is an environmental foundation. In this experiment we explore if the level of voluntary donations varies under different treatments that include taxes (high and low levels) and voting treatments on choosing and obligatory imposition of taxes (high vs. low and low vs. no tax). Our results show that participants only self-impose mandatory contributions when they must choose between a high or low tax, and rarely passing the high tax. In addition, we find that those individuals who voted for a high tax and are in a group where the majority votes for the low tax conform to their earlier vote by contributing more. Further, our data supports an incomplete crowding-out of voluntary donations by the application of tourism taxes ear-marked for environmental purposes. From a policy perspective, this result supports the potential for a complementary use of taxes and voluntary donations for fundraising environmental projects in tourism destinations. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.","Blanco, E.; Lopez, M.C.; Coleman, E.A.",Ecol. Econ.,110
-Short-term effects of prosocial television viewing on play of preschool boys and girls,,"Bankart, C.P.; Anderson, C.C.",Psychological Reports,111
-The Effect of Stake Size in Experimental Bargaining and Distribution Games: A Survey,"We review the literature on bargaining and distribution experiments to investigate whether changes in stake size have significant effects on behaviour in laboratory/field settings. We conclude that experiments in this field do not lead to clear/common results. The joint presence of opposing factors (e.g., increasing relative risk aversion and increasing cost of fairness) might be one reason contributing to this. Moreover, we argue that variables such as subjects’ financial conditions, cognitive abilities, risk attitudes, loss-aversion, justice orientations, and relevant personality characteristics should be controlled in laboratory experiments to understand the effect of stake size on behaviour, more clearly. Finally, quasi-experiments using data from (very) high-stake games/events and meta-analysis studies should complement (individual) controlled experiments. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.","Karagözoğlu, E.; Urhan, Ü.B.",Group Decis. Negot.,112
-Strategic positioning and the financing of nonprofit organizations: Is efficiency rewarded in the contributions marketplace?,"This article addresses the question of whether operational efficiency is recognized and rewarded by the private funders that support nonprofit organizations in fields ranging from education to social service to arts and beyond. Looking at the administrative efficiency and fundraising results of a large sample of nonprofit organizations over an 11-year period, we find that nonprofits that position themselves as cost efficient - reporting low administrative to total expense ratios - fared no better over time than less efficient appearing organizations in the market for individual, foundation, and corporate contributions. From this analysis, we suggest that economizing may not always be the best strategy in the nonprofit sector.","Frumkin, P.; Kim, M.T.",Public Adm. Rev.,113
-"Breast screening with ultrasound in women with mammography-negative dense breasts: evidence on incremental cancer detection and false positives, and associated cost",,"Corsetti, V; Houssami, N; Ferrari, A; Ghirardi, M; Bellarosa, S; Angelini, O; Bani, C; Sardo, P; Remida, G; Galligioni, E; Ciatto, S",,114
-"What really makes a promotional campaign succeed on a crowdfunding platform? Guilt, utilitarian products, emotional messaging, and fewer but meaningful rewards drive donations",,"Chen, S.; Thomas, S.; Kohli, C.",Journal of Advertising Research,115
-Natural-field dictator game shows no altruistic giving,"Economic experiments are increasingly being used in a number of research areas and are a major source of data guiding the debate surrounding the nature of human prosociality. The degree to which experiment behavior accurately reflects external behavior, however, has long been debated. A number of recent studies have revealed just how remarkably sensitive participants are to cues of a lack of anonymity. Similarly, others have suggested that the very structure of the experimental context induces participants to choose prosocial options. In order to truly create anonymous conditions and to eliminate the effects of experimental contexts, participants must not be aware of their participation. Here, I present the results of a natural-field Dictator Game in which participants are presented with a believable endowment and provided an opportunity to divide the endowment with a stranger without knowing that they are taking part in an experiment. No participants gave any portion of the endowment to the stranger. Baseline frequencies of prosocial behaviors exhibited under experimental contexts might therefore be substantially inflated compared to those exhibited under natural contexts. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.","Winking, J.; Mizer, N.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,116
-Organ donation and transplantation: Awareness and roles of healthcare professionals-A systematic literature review,"AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To examine the role of healthcare professionals in the organ donation and transplantation process. BACKGROUND: Globally, there remains a perennial disequilibrium between organ donation and organ transplantation. Several factors account for this disequilibrium; however, as healthcare professionals are not only strategically positioned as the primary intermediaries between organ donors and transplant recipients, but also professionally situated as the implementers of organ donation and transplantation processes, they are often blamed for the global organ shortage. DESIGN: Mixed-method systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols 2015 checklist. METHODS: Databases were searched including CINAHL, MEDLINE, Web of Science and EMBASE using the search terms ""organ donation,"" ""healthcare professionals,"" ""awareness"" and ""roles"" to retrieve relevant publications. RESULTS: Thirteen publications met the inclusion criteria. The global organ shortage is neither contingent upon unavailability of suitable organs nor exclusively dependent upon healthcare professionals. Instead, the existence of disequilibrium between organ donation and transplantation is necessitated by a web of factors. These include the following: healthcare professionals' attitudes towards, and experience of, the organ donation and transplantation process, underpinned by professional education, specialist clinical area and duration of professional practice; conflicts of interests; ethical dilemmas; altruistic values towards organ donation; and varied organ donation legislations in different legal jurisdictions. CONCLUSION: This review maintains that if this web of factors is to be adequately addressed by healthcare systems in different global and legal jurisdictions, there should be sufficient organs voluntarily donated to meet all transplantation needs. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: There is a suggestion that healthcare professionals partly account for the global shortage in organ donation, but there is a need to examine how healthcare professionals' roles, knowledge, awareness, skills and competencies might impact upon the organ donation and transplantation process.","Jawoniyi, Oluwafunmilayo; Gormley, Kevin; McGleenan, Emma; Noble, Helen Rose",J. Clin. Nurs.,117
-When do consumers value ethical attributes? The role of perceived quality in gift-giving,,"Das, G.; Peloza, J.; Varshneya, G.; Green, T.",European Journal of Marketing,118
-Physical Attractiveness and Altruism in Two Modified Dictator Games,"Several studies find that male individuals are more altruistic toward attractive women, suggesting altruism may serve as a courtship display. Many studies exploring this phenomenon have used vignettes and facial images. We tested the sexual selection hypothesis as an explanation for altruistic behavior, where players played the dictator game with “live” participants. Two studies were conducted (Study 1, n = 212; Study 2, n = 188) where we manipulated stakes and anonymity between participants to explore the relationship between the dictator’s allocations and their perceived attractiveness of the recipient. We found no relationship between attractiveness and altruism. Dictators were consistently fair when allocating stakes, irrespective of the recipients’ attractiveness. © 2016, Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Bhogal, M.S.; Galbraith, N.; Manktelow, K.",Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol.,119
-An Experimental Examination of US Individual Donors’ Information Needs and Use,"This paper adopts an internet-based experiment to investigate whether and how individual donors use nonprofit organizations’ financial and nonfinancial information when making their donation decisions. Using undergraduate students in the United States (US) to proxy for individual donors, our results indicate that individual donors are more likely to acquire nonfinancial information, such as nonprofit organizations’ goals, outcomes, programs and missions, than financial information. Donors integrate nonfinancial information into their decisions as their actual donations are significantly correlated with such information. Our results also indicate that while individual donors acquire financial efficiency measures, including the program expense ratio and fundraising expense ratio, they do not seem to integrate such information into their decisions as their actual donations are not significantly correlated with the efficiency information. This study contributes to the nonprofit literature and research domain focusing on charitable giving and donor preferences. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd","McDowell, E.A.; Li, W.; Smith, P.C.",Financ. Acc. Manag.,120
-The effects and risks associated to mephedrone and methylone in humans: A review of the preliminary evidences,"New psychoactive substances have drastically modified the world drug scene. An increasingly popular class comprises synthetic or substituted cathinones (legal highs, research chemicals, bath salts). Among the most common psychoactive constituents of bath salts are mephedrone and methylone. Recent reports on the abuse of novel synthetic cathinone derivatives call attention to the serious physical and psychological risks resulting from their consumption, thereby emphasizing the growing use of these drugs might constitute an important public health issue. In this paper, we will review the available data regarding the use and effects of mephedrone and methylone in humans in order to highlight their impact on public health. To reach this objective, a literature search was performed on two representative databases (Pubmed, Google Scholar), the Erowid Center website (a US non-profit educational organization that provides information about psychoactive plants and chemicals), and various governmental websites. The terms used for the database search were ""mephedrone"", ""methylone"", ""new psychoactive substances"", ""synthetic cathinones"", ""substituted cathinones"", ""substance abuse"", ""substance use disorder"", ""adverse effects"", ""fatalities"". The literature search was limited to years 2005-2015 and led to the identification of 71 potentially relevant articles. To date, the actual prevalence rates of their use remains difficult to estimate. Important health-related issues have emerged in relation to the somatic, psychiatric, and addictive consequences of their use. The potential chronic health effects of their prolonged use remain to date unknown (e.g., reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential). Treatment for patients with prolonged exposure to synthetic cathinones should ideally include a drug management plan coupled with psychotherapy taking place in a structured program of care.","Karila, Laurent; Billieux, Joel; Benyamina, Amine; Lançon, Christophe; Cottencin, Olivier",Brain Res. Bull.,121
-The purpose (and perils) of Government-nonprofit partnership,"This study seeks to understand similarities and differences in why local governments and nonprofits choose to collaborate, particularly when those relationships are not governed by formal contracts or grants. Exchange, transaction, and resource dependence theories are used to understand the perceived advantages and disadvantages of collaboration as expressed by local government and nonprofit executives. Based on two large, comparable samples from Georgia, the analysis finds that the two sectors demonstrate a remarkable similarity in the benefits they seek from public-private partnerships, but with some key differences. The motivation to partner is driven by a desire to secure those resources most scarce for the respective sector: expertise and capacity for government, funding for nonprofits. Nonprofit executives generally exhibit a stronger undercurrent of negativity toward intersectoral partnership than do their public sector counterparts. This article discusses possible reasons for these similarities and differences and contributes to the scholarship linking capacity with organizational outcomes. © 2007 Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action.","Gazley, B.; Brudney, J.L.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,122
-A systematic review of interventions to detect dementia or cognitive impairment,"BACKGROUND: Memory services have been implemented nationally to increase early dementia diagnosis, and further evaluation of their impact and other strategies to increase timely dementia diagnosis are needed. AIMS: To systematically review the literature for interventions intended to increase the detection of dementia or suspected dementia or people presenting with memory complaints. METHOD: We searched electronic databases, hand searched references and contacted authors of included papers, contacted field experts and UK charities and councils for data about their dementia awareness programmes. RESULTS: We included 13 studies, of which four were randomised controlled trials (RCT). Two RCTs found that general practitioner (GP) education increased suspected dementia cases. One RCT found up to six home visits from a specialist geriatric nurse over 30 months increased the rate of accurately diagnosed dementia. There was preliminary evidence from non-randomised studies that memory clinics increase timely diagnosis, but no evidence they increase the overall diagnosis rate. CONCLUSIONS: There is good quality evidence that GP education increases the number of suspected dementia cases but not accurate or earlier dementia diagnoses. One RCT reported that multiple visits from a trained nurse increase the diagnosis rate. There is no cost effectiveness evidence. Our findings suggest good quality RCTs are needed to test the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions to increase dementia detection.","Mukadam, Naaheed; Cooper, Claudia; Kherani, Nishin; Livingston, Gill",Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry,123
-Green when seen? No support for an effect of observability on environmental conservation in the laboratory: A registered report,"Understanding how humans navigate the tension between selfish and prosocial behaviour is central to addressing social dilemmas and several environmental issues. Many accounts predict that human prosociality would increase in the presence of observing individuals. Previous studies on this observability effect predominantly relied on artificial observability manipulations and low-cost measures of prosociality. In the present Registered Report, we used a recently validated laboratory procedure of repeated dilemmas to test whether the presence of actual observers affects costly prosocial behaviour in the domain of environmental conservation. When completing this dilemma task, participants repeatedly chose between minimizing the length of the laboratory session and minimising wasted energy from a bank of LED lights. Their choices were made either in private or in the presence of actual observers. Contrary to our expectation, we did not observe higher rates of energy-conserving behaviour when participants' choices were being observed. Manipulation and robustness checks indicate that this lack of a finding is unlikely to be owing to arbitrary methodological choices. In view of these findings, we argue that a more comprehensive analysis of situation- and behaviour-specific consequences might be necessary to predict how particular behaviours are affected by observability. © 2020 Royal Society Publishing. All rights reserved.","Lange, F.; Brick, C.; Dewitte, S.",R. Soc. Open Sci.,124
-"Effect of legitimizing small contributions and labeling potential donors as ""helpers"" on responses to a direct mail solicitation for charity",,"Dejong, W.; Oopik, A.J.",Psychological Reports,125
-Picturing Generosity: Explaining the Success of National Campaigns in the Netherlands,"In this study, we investigate the success of national campaigns for charitable causes in the Netherlands using historical data from archival sources, including newspapers, and the internet. We describe the 102 national campaigns held in the Netherlands between 1951 and 2011, focusing on uniquely Dutch contextual features such as a society organized along vertical pillars and highly formalized collaboration between international aid organizations. We then formulate and test hypotheses concerning possible explanations for the success of national campaigns as a specific type of fundraising campaign. We focus on the effect of campaigns organized for ""innocent"" victims, versus campaigns organized for victims of man-made disasters, the effect of media coverage on campaigns, campaign frequency, government contributions, and economic conditions. The results show that campaigns for victims of man-made disasters are less successful. Campaigns organized in periods of fewer competing campaigns and campaigns receiving government support are more successful. © The Author(s) 2013.","Wiepking, P.; van Leeuwen, M.H.D.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,126
-A review of personality/religiousness associations,"We review research on personality/religiousness associations, integrating earlier meta-analyses with recent large-sample online studies. We find that general religiousness shows small positive associations with broad personality factors (e.g. HEXACO Honesty-Humility, Big Five Agreeableness, Conscientiousness) and somewhat stronger positive associations with narrower personality traits involving prosocial tendencies (e.g. altruism, fairness, forgivingness). The link between religiousness and prosociality appears not to be an artifact of self-report method variance. Religious fundamentalism and spirituality show negative and positive associations, respectively, with the Openness factor of personality. Religiousness/personality associations tend to be weak in relatively non-religious countries but moderately strong in highly religious countries. The direction of causal influence between personality and religiousness is not yet clear. Religiousness shows modest negative associations with IQ and appears to be somewhat negatively related to scientific thinking. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd","Ashton, M.C.; Lee, K.",Curr. Opin. Psychol.,127
-To buy for whom? The effects of money’s pride and surprise tag on spending behaviors,,"Liu, C.; Choi, N.H.; Li, B.",European Journal of Marketing,128
-Count on me”: The influence of music with prosocial lyrics on cognitive and affective aggression,,"Böhm, T.; Ruth, N.; Schramm, H.",Psychomusicology,129
-Factors influencing bereaved families' decisions about organ donation: an integrative literature review,,"Walker, W; Broderick, A; Sque, M",,130
-Gender-based pairings influence cooperative expectations and behaviours,"The study explores the expectations and cooperative behaviours of men and women in a lab-in-the-field experiment by means of citizen science practices in the public space. It specifically examines the influence of gender-based pairings on the decisions to cooperate or defect in a framed and discrete Prisoner’s Dilemma game after visual contact. Overall, we found that when gender is considered behavioural differences emerge in expectations of cooperation, cooperative behaviours, and their decision time depending on whom the partner is. Men pairs are the ones with the lowest expectations and cooperation rates. After visual contact women infer men’s behaviour with the highest accuracy. Also, women take significantly more time to defect than to cooperate, compared to men. Finally, when the interacting partners have the opposite gender they expect significantly more cooperation and they achieve the best collective outcome. Together, the findings suggest that non verbal signals may influence men and women differently, offering novel interpretations to the context-dependence of gender differences in social decision tasks. © 2020, The Author(s).","Cigarini, A.; Vicens, J.; Perelló, J.",Sci. Rep.,131
-Rethinking non-profit brands through a volunteer lens: time for B2V,,"Mitchell, S.-L.; Clark, M.",Journal of Marketing Management,132
-Climate change: All in the game,,"Pfeiffer, T.; Nowak, M.A.",Nature,133
-Funding nonprofits in a networked society: Toward a network framework of government support,"This study considers the effects of government funding to nonprofits from a network perspective. By analyzing a novel, 12-year panel dataset from the People's Republic of China, I find no evidence that government funding to a nonprofit crowds out private donations to the same organization. However, I find a substantial crosswise crowding-in effect at the ego network level: an increase of one Chinese Yuan in government funding to a nonprofit's neighbor organizations in board interlocking network can increase the private giving to the nonprofit by 0.4 Chinese Yuan. A nonprofit's network position measured by Katz centrality negatively associates with its private giving. The results suggest that, if we consider the funding system from a holistic network perspective, government should support nonprofits with confidence because of the spillover effect. Moreover, a nascent nonprofit cannot increase donor's confidence by only borrowing board members from renowned organizations. © 2020 The Author. Nonprofit Management & Leadership published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.","Ma, J.",Nonprofit Manage. Leadersh.,134
-Tax Incentives and Charitable Contributions: The Evidence from Censored Quantile Regression,"This paper investigates the relationship between tax price and charitable contributions using the censored quantile regression (QR) technique, which can provide a complete description of the whole distribution of giving, and data from US Internal Revenue Service individual tax returns. The findings of the present study are as follows. First, the price elasticities of charitable contributions are all negative and consistently decrease in absolute value along the quantiles. Second, donors at lower giving quantiles are price elastic but donors at higher quantiles are price inelastic. Third, the income elasticities are positive and increase along the quantiles. Lastly, the effects of wealth, age, marital status, and the number of dependents vary across quantiles. All the empirical results show that the censored QR offers better explanations on the relationship between tax incentives and charitable contributions. © 2012 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.","Lin, H.-Y.; Lo, K.-T.",Pac. Econ. Rev.,135
-The effects of increased dose of exercise-based therapies to enhance motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis,"Available evidence provided some limited support for the hypothesis that a higher dose of the same type of exercise based therapy enhanced motor recovery after stroke. XCM: The review addressed a focused question, supported by clearly defined inclusion criteria. The literature search involved an appropriate range of databases with efforts to locate studies that may have been missed by the searches and potential unpublished data. However, the restriction of the review to studies in English raised the possibility of language bias. Appropriate steps were taken to minimise bias and errors at all stages of the review process.Trial quality was assessed using appropriate criteria. The results of the quality assessment were clearly presented, although only three trials were judged to be at low risk of bias. The synthesis appears to have been appropriate, although details on the methods used to assess heterogeneity and the results of the assessment of heterogeneity were not reported. However, as meta-analysis was only possible for a small number of outcomes, which were only evaluated in two or three trials and the results for each primary trial were presented, this was not likely to have influenced the results of the review. Overall, most comparisons showed no significant differences between the two doses of therapy.This was a generally well-conducted review, but interpretation of the authors’ conclusions should bear in mind that support for a higher dose was only found for a limited number of outcomes, with most comparisons showing no differences between therapy doses. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that the limited evidence restricts the provision of clear guidance on whether an increased dose of exercise-based therapy enhances recovery after stroke.Research: The authors stated that prospective robust clinical trials are needed to investigate whether time after stroke influences motor response to different doses of exercise based therapies. They also stated that there is a need to undertake dose-finding studies of specific exercise-based interventions as precursors to robust clinical trials.","Cooke, E V; Mares, K; Clark, A; Tallis, R C; Pomeroy, V M",,136
-The relationship between green space and prosocial behaviour among children and adolescents: A systematic review,"The plausible role of nearby green space in influencing prosocial behaviour among children and adolescents has been studied recently. However, no review has been conducted of the evidence testing the association between green space and prosocial behaviour. This systematic review addresses this gap among children and adolescents. Within this review, we propose a conceptual framework describing potential pathways linking green space to prosocial behaviour, discuss the direction, magnitude, moderators, and mediators of the association, and develop a narrative synthesis of future study directions. Out of 63 extracted associations from 15 studies, 44 were in the positive or expected direction, of which 18 were reported to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). Overall, the current evidence shows that exposure to green space may potentially increase prosocial behaviour among children and adolescents, with some contingencies (e.g., child’s sex and ethnic background). However, the volume and quality of this evidence is not yet sufficient to draw conclusions on causality. Further, heterogeneity in the indicators of green space exposure could lead to mixed findings. In addition, none of the included studies investigated potential mediators. Nevertheless, this review provides preliminary evidence and a basis for further investigation with rigorous study methodology capable of drawing causal inferences and testing potential effect modifiers, linking pathways, and relevant green space measures. © 2020 Putra, Astell-Burt, Cliff, Vella, John and Feng.","Putra, I.G.N.E.; Astell-Burt, T.; Cliff, D.P.; Vella, S.A.; John, E.E.; Feng, X.",Front. Psychol.,137
-Self-image and moral balancing: An experimental analysis,"In our experiment, a dictator game variant, the reported outcome of a die roll determines the endowment (low/high) in a subsequent dictator game. In one treatment the experimenter is present and no cheating is possible, while in another subjects can enter the result of the roll themselves. Moral self-image is also manipulated in the experiment preceding ours. The aim of this experimental set up is to analyze dynamic aspects of moral behavior.When cheating is possible, substantially more high endowments are claimed and transfers of high-endowed dictators are bigger than when cheating is not possible (mediated by the preceding moral self-image manipulation). The preceding manipulations also have a direct effect on generosity, when subjects have to report the roll of the die truthfully. Moral balancing appears to be an important factor in individual decision making. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.","Ploner, M.; Regner, T.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,138
-"Cost-effectiveness of nucleic acid test screening of volunteer blood donations for hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus in the United States","BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the cost-effectiveness of adding nucleic acid testing (NAT) to serological (antibody and antigen) screening protocols for donated blood in the United States (US) with the purpose of reducing the risks of transfusion-transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The costs, health consequences and cost-effectiveness of adding either minipool or individual-donor NAT to serological screening (SS) testing were estimated using a decision-analysis model. RESULTS: With the given modelling assumptions, adding minipool NAT would avoid an estimated 37, 128 and eight cases of HBV, HCV and HIV, respectively, and save approximately 53 additional years of life and 102 additional quality adjusted life years (QALYs) compared with SS, at a net cost of $154 million. SS + minipool NAT - p24 compared with SS alone resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $1.5 million per QALY gained (range in sensitivity analysis $1.0-2.1 million per QALY gained) in this US analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The cost effectiveness of adding NAT screening is outside the typical range for most healthcare interventions, but not for established blood safety measures.","Marshall, D A; Kleinman, S H; Wong, J B; AuBuchon, J P; Grima, D T; Kulin, N A; Weinstein, M C",Vox Sang.,139
-The evolution of general intelligence,"The presence of general intelligence poses a major evolutionary puzzle, which has led to increased interest in its presence in nonhuman animals. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate this question and to explore the implications for current theories about the evolution of cognition. We first review domain-general and domain-specific accounts of human cognition in order to situate attempts to identify general intelligence in nonhuman animals. Recent studies are consistent with the presence of general intelligence in mammals (rodents and primates). However, the interpretation of a psychometric g factor as general intelligence needs to be validated, in particular in primates, and we propose a range of such tests. We then evaluate the implications of general intelligence in nonhuman animals for current theories about its evolution and find support for the cultural intelligence approach, which stresses the critical importance of social inputs during the ontogenetic construction of survival-relevant skills. The presence of general intelligence in nonhumans implies that modular abilities can arise in two ways, primarily through automatic development with fixed content and secondarily through learning and automatization with more variable content. The currently best-supported model, for humans and nonhuman vertebrates alike, thus construes the mind as a mix of skills based on primary and secondary modules. The relative importance of these two components is expected to vary widely among species, and we formulate tests to quantify their strength. © 2017 Cambridge University Press.","Burkart, J.M.; Schubiger, M.N.; Van Schaik, C.P.",Behav. Brain Sci.,140
-Does vasopressin improve survival?,"Vasopressin does not improve survival outcomes in sudden cardiac arrest compared with epinephrine, but it is a safe alternative vasopressor. XCM: The review assessed a clear question and had clearly defined inclusion criteria. The author searched some relevant databases, but his decision to limit the review to peer-reviewed studies might have increased the possibility that some relevant studies were not included in the review, particularly as he did not report assessing publication bias. The author did not report using methods designed to reduce bias and error when selecting studies for the review or extracting the data, nor did he report a formal assessment of validity. In addition, only limited characteristics of the included studies were reported. The decision to use meta-analysis appears appropriate given the clinical homogeneity of the included studies, but the statistical methods used were poorly reported and there was no apparent assessment of statistical heterogeneity. The author's conclusion and recommendations appear appropriate given the evidence presented but, given the lack of a validity assessment and the poor reporting of review methodology, their reliability cannot be established. XIM: Practice: The author stated that the American Heart Association should add vasopressin to the asystolic and pulseless electrical activity guidelines, with a classification of Class indeterminate (no harm, possible benefit, insufficient data).Research: The author stated that further prospective studies should be conducted to assess whether vasopressin is more effective than epinephrine for asystolic cardiac arrest, and to assess it in combination with epinephrine for refractory cardiac arrest.","Pellegrino, Anthony M",Emerg. Med. Serv.,141
-The persuasive effects of message framing in organ donation: The mediating role of psychological reactance,"The effects of message framing on reactions to campaign messages promoting organ donation were examined in three experiments. It was predicted that gain-framed messages would produce more positive reactions toward organ and tissue donation. In Study 1, students (N=189) responded to either a gain-framed or loss-framed message about organ donation. Study 2 (N=318) and Study 3 (N=433) examined the role of psychological reactance as a mediator between framing and reactions. Results indicated an effect for framing across the three studies - specifically, students reading a gain-framed message reported more favorable reactions toward the scripted message and lower psychological reactance. Psychological reactance and perceived manipulative intent were found to mediate the relationship between framing and message reactions.","Reinhart, A.M.; Marshall, H.M.; Feeley, T.H.; Tutzauer, F.",Commun. Monogr.,142
-Systematic review: kidney transplantation compared with dialysis in clinically relevant outcomes,"The findings validated attempts to increase the number of people worldwide who benefit from kidney transplantation. XCM: Inclusion criteria for the review were broadly defined and several relevant data sources were searched. Sixty-one articles were excluded on the basis of language, which may have introduced language bias. Publication bias was not assessed and could not be ruled out. Attempts were made to reduce reviewer error and bias throughout the review process. Quality assessment indicated that the risk of bias in the included studies was variable. The studies differed in terms of patient and study characteristics, so a narrative synthesis was presented. The review had potential for a number of biases, which limits the reliability of the authors’ conclusions. The call for further research appears warranted. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that there was an urgent need to increase living and deceased kidney donation. Research: The authors stated that future studies should identify patient-level factors associated with the benefit of transplantation for outcomes other than mortality. For cardiovascular events and all-cause hospitalisation this could be achieved by patient-level meta-analysis. Other outcomes such as quality of life would need detailed prospective study. Statistical adjustment for potential confounders would be critical for the success of such initiatives and so there was a need for consensus on the best way to measure and adjust for comorbidity after wait-listing for transplantation.","Tonelli, M; Wiebe, N; Knoll, G; Bello, A; Browne, S; Jadhav, D; Klarenbach, S; Gill, J",,143
-Generosity's antecedents and outcomes - A proposed relationship between Generosity and Intention in Indonesia's BPJS Kesehatan,"In one preliminary descriptive study, the authors look for the satisfaction of and intention towards BPJS Kesehatan in Indonesia, revealing that despite the high un-satisfaction rate, ninety-one per cent of members are still expressing their intention continue paying insurance premium. The most mentioned reason for continued membership is helping others. Therefore, the preliminary study concludes that there might be a role of generosity influencing intention. This study aims to develop a conceptual model linking generosity to intention. The method used for critical review is PRISMA systematic review. The result of the critical review is used as the based for concept development. More than three hundred publications published after 2007 in Science Direct were screened with key words ""generosity"" and ""charity"". Finally, thirty journals were included in this review. The finding is that the most discussed topics are terminology (3 journals), motivation (16 journals), consequences (5 journals), and attributes of generosity (5 journals). Based on the review results, two possible relationships between generosity and intention are proposed. The first is that generosity, mediated by positive emotion, will influence intention. The second is that generosity has a direct influence on intention. It concludes with the need for further study to find empirical validation of the two possible relationships between generosity and intention. This is the first study proposed to link the generosity to intention.","Dwidienawati, D; Abdinagoro, S B",Journal of Business and Retail Management Research,144
-Numeracy as a precursor to pro-social behavior: The impact of numeracy and presentation format on the cognitive mechanisms underlying donation decisions,"Donation requests often convey numerical information about the people in need. In two studies we investigated the effects of numeracy and presentation format on the underlying affective and cognitive mechanisms of donation decisions. In Study 1, participants were presented with information about a victim in need, either in a frequency format or in a percentage format. In Study 2, we manipulated the identifiability and number of target victims. Our results demonstrate that donations of individuals lower in numeracy were more susceptible to changes in numeric presentation format than those higher in numeracy. Importantly, the underlying mechanisms for donations differed by numeracy. Whereas the mental image of the victim influenced donation decisions of less numerate people only, the estimated impact of a donation was positively correlated with donation amounts for both more and less numerate individuals.","Dickert, S.; Kleber, J.; Peters, E.; Slovic, P.",Judgm. Decis. Mak.,145
-"The charity beauty premium: Satisfying donors' ""want"" versus ""should"" desires",,"Cryder, C.; Botti, S.; Simonyan, Y.",Journal of Marketing Research,146
-The effect of context on moral intensity of ethical issues: Revising Jones's issue-contingent model,"Jones's (1991) issue-contingent model of ethical decision making posits that six dimensions of moral intensity influence decision makers' recognition of an issue as a moral problem and subsequent behavior. He notes that ""organizational settings present special challenges to moral agents"" (1991, p. 390) and that organizational factors affect ""moral decision making and behavior at two points: establishing moral intent and engaging in moral behavior"" (1991, p. 391). This model, however, minimizes both the impact of organizational setting and organizational factors on these experiences of ethical issues. In this theory, context is modeled as affecting the moral intent and behavior of the actor rather than directly affecting the issue's moral intensity. Here we look specifically at the effect of context on the moral intensity of ethical issues through a phenomenological study. Our results indicate that in certain environments, context may be critical in affecting the moral intensity of ethical issues. Thus, researchers should consider it more fully when assessing these issues' moral intensity.","Kelley, P.C.; Elm, D.R.",J. Bus. Ethics,147
-Moderated Commitment: Members’ Decisions Not to Give to Professional Associations,"Workers pay membership dues to professional associations, which mark their identification with a particular field. Professional associations invite additional voluntary contributions for new or expanded programs, but most members do not make these additional gifts. We advance and test a conceptual model of the forces that might interrupt an otherwise committed or engaged member’s decision to make such a voluntary contribution. We conclude that giving decisions can be displaced by member beliefs that their dues and fees are sufficient or that their disposable income is committed to other obligations. We also conclude that giving decisions intersect with weak association strategy, such as a failure to solicit gifts in ways that are informative or useful to prospective donors. © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Hung, C.; Hager, M.A.",Public Perform. Manage. Rev.,148
-Concomitant use of clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors: impact on platelet function and clinical outcome – a systematic review,"The evidence for the clinical consequences of clopidogrel with proton-pump inhibitors was controversial. Prospective clinical studies did not support any adverse effects. XCM: The review question and inclusion criteria were clearly defined. Appropriate databases were searched, but the language restriction means that relevant studies may have been missed. Attempts were made to minimise the risk of reviewer error and bias throughout the review. Relevant quality criteria were employed, and all studies were found to have method limitations. Few study details were presented. Given the diversity in the included studies, the primarily narrative synthesis was appropriate.The authors' conclusions reflect the evidence presented and seem reliable; the limitations of the evidence should be borne in mind. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for clinical practice.Research: The authors stated that randomised proton-pump inhibitor allocation was important to minimise the risk of indication or prescription bias. Well-designed, randomised clinical trials were advised to investigate the likelihood of adverse effects with proton-pump inhibitors in patients on clopidogrel.","J, Jaspers Focks; Brouwer, M A; van Oijen, M G; Lanas, A; Bhatt, D L; Verheugt, F W",,149
-Social loafing in the management of social dilemmas,"A social dilemma is a situation in which people are confronted with a choice between acting for the group good or for selfish gain, and outcomes are determined in part by own choice and in part by what others do. Personal outcomes are always better when one acts selfishly than for the collective and the maximum personal outcome is received when one acts selfishly and all others act for the group. However, outcomes when everyone acts for themselves are worse than when everyone acts collectively. It is thus to the benefit of everyone to forgo selfish interests in favor of collective interests. Social dilemmas are prevalent in society. Examples include clean air and management of groundwater. Considerable evidence shows that, left to their own devices, people tend to gravitate toward selfishness, and decades of research has been directed toward identifying techniques to increase collective action. Selfishness can be seen as a form of social loafing, in that the actor is letting others do the work and hoping to benefit from their efforts. In this chapter, we will analyze selfishness from a social loafing perspective and review how social loafing theory can enhance our understanding of cooperation and how to promote it. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Parks, C.D.","Individ. Motiv. within Groups: Soc. Loafing and Motiv. Gains in Work, Acad., and Sports Teams",150
-The combined state and federal income tax treatment of charitable contributions,,"Fisher, R.",Proceedings of the 70th Annual National Tax Association Conference,151
-THEORY TESTING: COMBINING PSYCHOMETRIC META‐ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL EQUATIONS MODELING,"This paper presents an overview of a useful approach for theory testing in the social sciences that combines the principles of psychometric meta‐analysis and structural equations modeling. In this approach to theory testing, the estimated true score correlations between the constructs of interest are established through the application of meta‐analysis (Hunter & Schmidt, 1990), and structural equations modeling is then applied to the matrix of estimated true score correlations. The potential advantages and limitations of this approach are presented. The approach enables researchers to test complex theories involving several constructs that cannot all be measured in a single study. Decision points are identified, the options available to a researcher are enumerated, and the potential problems as well as the prospects of each are discussed. Copyright © 1995, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved","VISWESVARAN, C.; ONES, D.S.",Pers. Psychol.,152
-Beyond social facilitation: A review of the far-reaching effects of social attention,"Social psychology has demonstrated that people behave differently in social attention, compared to when alone. First and foremost, being in social attention affects people's performance and their interpersonal behavior by increasing arousal and reputational concerns, respectively. However, newer work demonstrates more fundamental intra-psychological effects of social attention. As mere reminders of social attention can activate reputational concerns, people's thoughts and behavior are affected by such reminders even when people's reputation is not at stake. These findings provide a deeper look at more intra-personal effects of social attention. As a result, recent research focuses on how social attention fundamentally influences people's subjective perceptions and experiences. In this review, we provide an overview of the far-reaching effects of social attention, identify relevant moderators and mediators, discuss socio-motivational and cognitive processes underlying these effects, and highlight avenues for future research. © 2017 Guilford Publications, Inc.","Steinmetz, J.; Pfattheicher, S.",Soc. Cogn.,153
-"The Implementation of INA-CBGs System Impact on Financial Performance of Public Hospital, the Indonesia Case: A Systematic Review","Indonesia started the national health insurance system on 1 January 2014. In this system, there is only one insurer institution, BPJS Kesehatan, a social security agency established by the government to provide health insurance for Indonesian people. This new national health insurance system pays all claims based on package system called Indonesia Case-Based Groups (INA-CBGs). The aim of this review is to describe the application of the INA-CBGs system and its effect on financial performance of the public hospital and helping them in identifying and anticipating problems in implementation of the INA-CBGs system. This review shows prism flowchart using Proquest and Portal Garuda with INA-CBGs, public hospital finance performance, universal health coverage, and Indonesia as the keywords. From the 15 selection research journals, we found that the implementation of the INA-CBGs system with the prospective payment system can provide a positive impact on the financial performance in public hospital, when the hospital could reduce inefficient cost of treatment. Furthermore, public hospitals achieve a surplus since they receive a donation from the government for salary expenses and investment-related expenses. Public hospital management in Indonesia should consider the competence of their accounting and financial managers so they can manage their hospitals properly. Each public hospital management must have a strategy and innovation to improve the quality of service so they can compete with other hospitals and financial performance can be improved in this JKN era.","Happy, Anastasia",KnE Life Sciences,154
-Family perspectives on deceased organ donation: thematic synthesis of qualitative studies,,"Ralph, A; Chapman, J R; Gillis, J; Craig, J C; Butow, P; Howard, K; Irving, M; Sutanto, B; Tong, A",,155
-Decision-making in everyday moral conflict situations: Development and validation of a new measure,"In everyday life, we are often confronted with morally conflicting social interaction situations. Therefore, the main objective of the present set of studies was the development and validation of a new measure to assess decision-making in everyday moral conflict situations. All vignettes required a decision between an altruistic versus an egoistic behavioral response alternative. In three independent surveys (N = 200), we developed a 40-items measure with preferable mean rates of altruistic decisions (Study 1), clear representation of altruistic and egoistic response classes (Study 2), unambiguousness of social closeness classifications (socially close vs. socially distant protagonists; Studies 1 and 2), and high similarity to reality ratings (Studies 1 and 2). Additionally, we developed two parallelized item sets for future use in within-subjects design studies and investigated the measurement properties of our new scale (Studies 1 and 3). Results of Rasch model analyses and classical test theory fit indices showed unidimensionality and confirmed the appropriateness of the fragmentation into two parallelized item sets. Notably, in our data, there were neither effects of social closeness nor gender on the percentage of altruistic decisions. In sum, we propose the Everyday Moral Conflict Situations (EMCS) Scale as a promising new measurement tool that may facilitate further research in different research areas due to its broad applicability. © 2019 Singer et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Singer, N.; Kreuzpointner, L.; Sommer, M.; Wüst, S.; Kudielka, B.M.",PLoS ONE,156
-Donation behavior toward in-groups and out-groups: The role of gender and moral identity,,"Winterich, K.P.; Mittal, V.; Ross Jr., W.T.",Journal of Consumer Research,157
-Gender differences in empathic responses to others’ economic payoffs: an event-related potentials study,"Although gender differences in empathy have been well established through measuring subjective outcomes, some studies of the neural mechanisms of pain empathy have not found gender differences. This inconsistent evidence may be caused by different research methods or different paradigms. The present study adopted a different approach from the pain empathy paradigm to examine gender differences in empathic responses to others’ economic payoffs using event-related potentials. The results showed that the N2 amplitudes in female participants were more negative than those in male participants, indicating a greater female than male susceptibility to facial expressions at the early stage of empathy. The LPP amplitudes for male participants were found to be more positive in the observation condition (involving no self-interest) than in the participation condition (involving self-interest), but there was no significant difference in the LPP amplitudes for the female participants between the two conditions. The results suggest that females’ empathic responses are more likely to be elicited automatically by the perception of others’ emotional states. In contrast, males’ empathic responses are more likely to be mediated by self-interest, which subsequently reduces their empathic responses. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.","Jie, J.; Luo, P.; Zhuang, M.; Fan, M.; Wang, Y.; Yang, Y.; Zheng, X.",Exp. Brain Res.,158
-"Violent Video Game Effects on Aggression, Empathy, and Prosocial Behavior in Eastern and Western Countries: A Meta-Analytic Review","Meta-analytic procedures were used to test the effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, empathy/desensitization, and prosocial behavior. Unique features of this meta-analytic review include (a) more restrictive methodological quality inclusion criteria than in past meta-analyses; (b) cross-cultural comparisons; (c) longitudinal studies for all outcomes except physiological arousal; (d) conservative statistical controls; (e) multiple moderator analyses; and (f) sensitivity analyses. Social-cognitive models and cultural differences between Japan and Western countries were used to generate theory-based predictions. Meta-analyses yielded significant effects for all 6 outcome variables. The pattern of results for different outcomes and research designs (experimental, cross-sectional, longitudinal) fit theoretical predictions well. The evidence strongly suggests that exposure to violent video games is a causal risk factor for increased aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, and aggressive affect and for decreased empathy and prosocial behavior. Moderator analyses revealed significant research design effects, weak evidence of cultural differences in susceptibility and type of measurement effects, and no evidence of sex differences in susceptibility. Results of various sensitivity analyses revealed these effects to be robust, with little evidence of selection (publication) bias. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","Anderson, C.A.; Shibuya, A.; Ihori, N.; Swing, E.L.; Bushman, B.J.; Sakamoto, A.; Rothstein, H.R.; Saleem, M.",Psychol. Bull.,159
-Development of a New Outlier Statistic for Meta-Analytic Data,"This article describes the development of a new technique for identifying outlier coefficients in meta-analytic data sets. Denoted as the sample-adjusted meta-analytic deviancy statistic or SAMD, this technique takes into account the sample size on which each study is based when determining outlier status. An empirical test of the SAMD statistic with an actual meta-analytic data set resulted in a substantial reduction in residual variabilities and a corresponding increase in the percentage of variance accounted for by statistical artifacts after removal of outlier study coefficients. Moreover, removal of these coefficients helped to clarify what was a confusing and difficult-to-explain finding in this meta-analysis. It is suggested that analysis for outliers become a routine part of meta-analysis methodology. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed. © 1995 American Psychological Association.","Huffcutt, A.I.; Arthur Jr., W.",J. Appl. Psychol.,160
-Marketing and Non-Profit-Making Organisations,,"Yorke, D.A.",European Journal of Marketing,161
-Spinal Decerebrate-Like Posturing After Brain Death: A Case Report and Review of the Literature,"INTRODUCTION: Criteria for establishing brain death (BD) require absence of all brainstem-mediated reflexes including motor (ie, decerebrate or decorticate) posturing. A number of spinal cord automatisms may emerge after BD, but occurrence of decerebrate-like spinal reflexes may be particularly problematic; confusion of such stereotypic extension-pronation movements with brain stem reflexes may confound or delay definitive diagnosis of BD. We present a case in which we verified the noncerebral (ie, likely spinal) origin of such decerebrate-like reflexes. METHODS: Case report and systematic review of literature. RESULTS: A 63-year-old woman presented with large pontine hemorrhage and complete loss of cerebral function, including no motor response to pain. Apnea testing confirmed death by neurologic criteria. Thirty-six hours after BD declaration, during assessment for organ donation, she began to exhibit spontaneous and stimulus-induced stereotypic extension-pronation of the upper extremities. The similarity of these movements to decerebrate posturing prompted concern for retained brain stem function, but repeat neurological examination of cranial nerves and apnea testing did not reveal any cerebral responses. Electrocerebral silence on electroencephalogram and absent perfusion on nuclear medicine brain imaging further confirmed BD. Review of PubMed yielded 5 additional case reports and 4 cohorts describing cases of decerebrate-like extension-pronation movements presenting in a delayed fashion after BD. CONCLUSION: Extension-pronation movements that mimic decerebrate posturing may be seen in a delayed fashion after BD. Verification of lack of any brain activity (by both examination and multiple ancillary tests) in this case and others prompts us to attribute these movements as spinal cord reflexes and propose they be recognized within the rubric of accepted post-BD automatisms that should not delay diagnosis or necessitate confirmatory testing.","Kumar, Abhay; Tummala, Pavan; Feen, Eliahu S; Dhar, Rajat",J. Intensive Care Med.,162
-Taxes and voluntary contributions: Evidence from state tax form check-off programs,"This paper analyzes taxpayer contributions to state check-off funds using four years of Kentucky household income tax data. An ordered probit shows that a taxpayer tends to give to more check-off funds as income increases and tax price of contribution decreases. A Heckman selection model shows that the Nature Fund and Child Fund are normal goods, with income elasticities of contribution of 0.20 and 0.14. With values of -0.58 and -0.29, the tax price elasticities of contribution are even greater. If refund amount is included, elasticities become smaller; the refund elastici! ties of contribution are 0.08 and 0.06, respectively.","Newsome, M.A.; Blomquist, G.C.; Romain, W.S.",Natl. Tax J.,163
-Attitudes and the Prediction of Behavior: A Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Literature,"The relationship between attitudes and behavior has been the topic of considerable debate. This article reports a meta-analysis of 88 attitude-behavior studies that reveals that attitudes significantly and substantially predict future behavior (mean r = .38; combined p <<. 000000000001). Relatively large and significant moderating effects were found for the attitudinal variables of attitude certainty, stability, accessibility, affective-cognitive consistency, and direct experience (mean q = .39). A smaller but significant moderating effect was found for self-monitoring (mean q = .29). Methodological factors associated with high attitude-behavior correlations included self-report measures of behavior (q =. 22), the use of nonstudents as subjects (q =. 17), and corresponding levels of specificity in the attitude and behavior measures (mean q = .47). The practical magnitude of attitude-behavior correlations is considered, as are the future directions of attitude-behavior research.","Kraus, Stephen J",Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull.,164
-"Relationships Among Attitudes, Behavioral Intentions, and Behavior: A Meta-Analysis of Past Research, Part 2","In a recent meta-analysis of attitude-behavior research, the authors of this article found a strong overall attitude-behavior relationship (r = .79) when methodological artifacts are eliminated. The trend in A-B research, however, is to conceive of behavioral intentions (BI) as a mediator between attitudes (A) and behaviors (B). In this study, it is hypothesized that (a) A-BI correlation would be higher than A-B correlation, (b) BI-B correlation would be higher than A-B correlation, (c) A-BI correlation would be higher than BI-B correlation, (d) the variation in BI-B correlations would be greater than that of A-BI, and (e) attitudinal relevance would affect the magnitude of the A-BI correlation. A series of meta-analyses, integrating the findings of 92 A-BI correlations (N = 16,785) and 47 B-BI correlations (N = 10,203) that deal with 19 specified categories and a variety of miscellaneous topics was performed. The results were consistent with all five hypotheses. The theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.","Kim, Min-Sun; Hunter, John E",Communic. Res.,165
-Are social value orientations expressed automatically? decision making in the dictator game,"Drawing on the social intuitionist model, the authors studied the hypothesis that social value orientations are expressed automatically in behavior. They compared spontaneous and more deliberated decisions in the dictator game and confirmed that social values determine behavior when responses are based on the automatic system. By means of both mediation and experimental analyses, the authors further demonstrate that the automatic expression of social value orientations is mediated by perceptions of interpersonal closeness. A reasoning process can subsequently override these automatic responses and disconnect decisions from perceptions of interpersonal closeness. This results in lower levels of other-regarding behavior, at least for prosocials. © 2011 by the Society for Personalityand Social Psychology, Inc.","Cornelissen, G.; Dewitte, S.; Warlop, L.",Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull.,166
-A meta-analysis and meta-regression of outcomes including biliary complications in donation after cardiac death liver transplantation,,"O'Neill, S; Roebuck, A; Khoo, E; Wigmore, S J; Harrison, E M",,167
-A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences,"This article evaluates theories of the origins of sex differences in human behavior. It reviews the cross-cultural evidence on the behavior of women and men in nonindustrial societies, especially the activities that contribute to the sex-typed division of labor and patriarchy. To explain the cross-cultural findings, the authors consider social constructionism, evolutionary psychology, and their own biosocial theory. Supporting the biosocial analysis, sex differences derive from the interaction between the physical specialization of the sexes, especially female reproductive capacity, and the economic and social structural aspects of societies. This biosocial approach treats the psychological attributes of women and men as emergent given the evolved characteristics of the sexes, their developmental experiences, and their situated activity in society.","Wood, W.; Eagly, A.H.",Psychol. Bull.,168
-Intuition in the Dictator Game: Identifying social and selfish heuristics,,"Evans, A.M.",Manuscript in preparation,169
-A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: Eight mechanisms that drive charitable giving,The authors present an overview of the academic literature on charitable giving based on a literature review of more than 500 articles.They structure their review around the central question of why people donate money to charitable organizations.They identify eight mechanisms as the most important forces that drive charitable giving: (a) awareness of need; (b) solicitation; (c) costs and benefits; (d) altruism; (e) reputation; (f) psychological benefits; (g) values; (h) efficacy.These mechanisms can provide a basic theoretical framework for future research explaining charitable giving.© The Author(s) 2011.,"Bekkers, R.; Wiepking, P.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,170
-Commercialization and nonprofit donations: A meta-analytic assessment and extension,"Commercialization is a primary interest within the nonprofit sector. Previous studies have investigated the relationship between commercialization and nonprofit donations in a wide variety of contexts. This meta-analysis synthesizes the research on the relationship by using 295 effects from 25 primary studies and explains variations in effects within and across the studies by including a series of moderators in random-effects meta-regression models. The results indicate that commercialization crowds out donations. The crowding-out effect is small. Moreover, the results indicate that mission-driven commercial revenues return a more negative effect; international development and public benefit nonprofits return a more negative effect; and studies using longitudinal data demonstrate a more positive effect. This study suggests that nonprofit commercialization is more a question of how rather than whether. Devoting more scholarly attention to underlying mechanisms between commercial revenues and nonprofit donations is desirable. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC","Hung, C.",Nonprofit Manage. Leadersh.,171
-Can donations be too little or too much?,,"Mazodier, M.; Carrillat, F.A.; Sherman, C.; Plewa, C.",European Journal of Marketing,172
-Aid to Charities,,"Jones, P.R.",Int. J. Soc. Econ.,173
-The empirical case for two systems of reasoning,"Distinctions have been proposed between systems of reasoning for centuries. This article distills properties shared by many of these distinctions and characterizes the resulting systems in light of recent findings and theoretical developments. One system is associative because its computations reflect similarity structure and relations of temporal contiguity. The other is ""rule based"" because it operates on symbolic structures that have logical content and variables and because its computations have the properties that are normally assigned to rules. The systems serve complementary functions and can simultaneously generate different solutions to a reasoning problem. The rule-based system can suppress the associative system but not completely inhibit it. The article reviews evidence in favor of the distinction and its characterization. © 1996 by the American Psychological Association.","Sloman, S.A.",Psychol. Bull.,174
-Styles of parental disciplinary practices as a mediator of children's learning from prosocial television portrayals,,"Abelman, R.",Child Study Journal,175
-"Long-Term Relations Among Prosocial-Media Use, Empathy, and Prosocial Behavior","Despite recent growth of research on the effects of prosocial media, processes underlying these effects are not well understood. Two studies explored theoretically relevant mediators and moderators of the effects of prosocial media on helping. Study 1 examined associations among prosocial- and violent-media use, empathy, and helping in samples from seven countries. Prosocial-media use was positively associated with helping. This effect was mediated by empathy and was similar across cultures. Study 2 explored longitudinal relations among prosocial-video-game use, violent-video-game use, empathy, and helping in a large sample of Singaporean children and adolescents measured three times across 2 years. Path analyses showed significant longitudinal effects of prosocial- and violent-video-game use on prosocial behavior through empathy. Latent-growth-curve modeling for the 2-year period revealed that change in video-game use significantly affected change in helping, and that this relationship was mediated by change in empathy. © The Author(s) 2013.","Prot, S.; Gentile, D.A.; Anderson, C.A.; Suzuki, K.; Swing, E.; Lim, K.M.; Horiuchi, Y.; Jelic, M.; Krahé, B.; Liuqing, W.; Liau, A.K.; Khoo, A.; Petrescu, P.D.; Sakamoto, A.; Tajima, S.; Toma, R.A.; Warburton, W.; Zhang, X.; Lam, B.C.P.",Psychol. Sci.,176
-An analysis of renewable mini-grid projects for rural electrification,"Almost 900 million people are living with no access to electricity, mostly in remote regions where extending the central grid is infeasible. These remote communities often heavily depend on expensive and polluting diesel generators that create significant financial and operational challenges. Following the recent advances and cost reductions in renewable technologies, governments, private sector, and non-profit organizations started investing in rural electrification projects through renewable mini-grids, some of which were reported to have been unsuccessful. The findings and the lessons learned from these projects remain highly compartmentalized across different studies, making it significantly challenging to derive evidence-based insights on clean rural electrification for investors and practitioners. This study aids in closing this gap by collecting project-level data on 104 renewable energy mini-grids installed across the globe. We first conduct a systematic review of these projects to derive qualitative insights on drivers of project success and the benefits to communities. Next, we empirically validate some of our qualitative findings and identify the factors contributing to mini-grid project success and cost. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd","Duran, A.S.; Sahinyazan, F.G.",Socio-Econ. Plann. Sci.,177
-An experimental test of the public goods crowding out hypothesis when taxation is endogenous,,"Sutter, M.; Weck-Hannemann, H.",Finanzarchiv,178
-Subliminal influence on generosity,"We experimentally subliminally prime subjects prior to charity donation decisions by showing words that have connotations of pro-social values for a very brief time (17 ms). Our main finding is that, compared to a baseline condition, the pro-social prime increases donations by approximately 10–17 % among subjects with strong pro-social preferences (universalism values). We find a similar effect when interacting the prime with the Big 5 personality characteristic of agreeableness. We furthermore introduce a novel method for testing for priming, “subliminity”. This method reveals that some subjects are capable of recognizing prime words, and the overall results are weaker when we control for this capacity. © 2016, Economic Science Association.","Andersson, O.; Miettinen, T.; Hytönen, K.; Johannesson, M.; Stephan, U.",Exp. Econ.,179
-The impact of rebranding on club member relationships,,"Oly Ndubisi, N.; Plewa, C.; lu, V.; Veale, R.",Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,180
-Environmental Policy and Giving: Does Government Spending Affect Charitable Donations?,,"Monti, H.",,181
-The cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis with valaciclovir in the management of cytomegalovirus after renal transplantation,"Prophylaxis-based antiviral treatment and intensive monitoring followed by pre-emptive antiviral treatment are both commonly used management strategies to reduce risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection following renal transplantation. This study employed a decision-model approach using published efficacy data and information from a recent survey of French clinical practice to consider the relative costs and outcomes associated with CMV prevention strategies for high-risk patient groups. The cost per case of treating tissue invasive and symptomatic CMV disease was estimated at euro 15,431 and euro 10,852, respectively. In the highest infection-risk patient group (positive donor with no previous CMV history) prophylactic oral valaciclovir was shown to avoid the greatest number of CMV disease cases (35 cases per 100 transplanted patients) and reduced the overall CMV-related costs per transplanted patient by around 14% over a'wait-and-treat' baseline strategy. In contrast, intensive monitoring and preemptive treatment resulted in a much higher cost per transplanted patient. This analysis suggests that prophylactic treatment remains the most cost-effective approach to the management of CMV in renal-transplanted patients. Further comparative studies between prophylactic and pre-emptive treatment would be a valuable addition to the current evidence based on CMV prevention.","Legendre, Christophe; Beard, Stephen M; Crochard, Anne; Lebranchu, Yvon; Pouteil-Noble, Claire; Richter, Anke; Durand-Zaleski, Isabelle",Eur. J. Health Econ.,182
-Fund-raising on the web: The effect of an electronic door-in-the-face technique on compliance to a request,"In an attempt to test the door-in-the-face (DITF) technique in a computer-mediated context, 1,607 men and women taken at random in various e-mail lists were solicited to visit a web site for the profit of a humanitarian organization. In DITF condition, subjects were first solicited by an exaggerated request and, after refusing, were solicited for a small donation. In control condition the donation solicitation was formulated directly. In all the cases, the request was manipulated by the order of the successive HTML pages of the site. Results show that the DITF procedure increase compliance to the last request. The theoretical implication of the effect of this technique in a computer-communication context is discussed.","Guéguen, N.",Cyberpsychol. Behav.,183
-Meta-analysis: risk for hypertension in living kidney donors,"BACKGROUND: The risk for hypertension after kidney donation remains uncertain. PURPOSE: To see whether normotensive adults who donate a kidney develop higher blood pressure and risk for hypertension compared with nondonor adults acting as control participants. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Science Citation Index were searched from 1966 until November 2005 for articles published in any language. Reference lists of pertinent articles were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION: The authors selected studies involving 10 or more healthy normotensive adults who donated a kidney and in whom blood pressure was assessed at least 1 year later. DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers independently abstracted data on study and donor characteristics, blood pressure measurements, outcomes, and prognostic features. Comparison data were abstracted from donor studies with control participants. Thirty primary authors provided additional data. DATA SYNTHESIS: Forty-eight studies from 28 countries followed a total of 5145 donors. Before surgery, the average age of donors was 41 years, the average systolic blood pressure was 121 mm Hg, and the average diastolic blood pressure was 77 mm Hg for all studies. In controlled studies in which the average follow-up was at least 5 years after donation (range, 6 to 13 years), blood pressure was 5 mm Hg higher in donors than in control participants (the weighted mean for systolic blood pressure using 4 studies involving 157 donors and 128 control participants was 6 mm Hg [95% CI, 2 to 11 mm Hg], and the weighted mean for diastolic blood pressure using 5 studies involving 196 donors and 161 control participants was 4 mm Hg [CI, 1 to 7 mm Hg]). There was statistical heterogeneity among the 6 controlled studies that assessed hypertension; an increase in risk was noted in 1 study (relative risk, 1.9 [CI, 1.1 to 3.5]). LIMITATIONS: Most studies were retrospective and did not include control groups that were assembled and followed along with donors. Approximately one third of the donors had incomplete follow-up information. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the limited studies conducted to date, kidney donors may have a 5-mm Hg increase in blood pressure within 5 to 10 years after donation over that anticipated with normal aging. Future controlled, prospective studies with long periods of follow-up will better delineate safety and identify donors at lowest risk for long-term morbidity.","Boudville, Neil; Prasad, G V Ramesh; Knoll, Greg; Muirhead, Norman; Thiessen-Philbrook, Heather; Yang, Robert C; Rosas-Arellano, M Patricia; Housawi, Abdulrahman; Garg, Amit X; Donor Nephrectomy Outcomes Research (DONOR) Network",Ann. Intern. Med.,184
-Prosocial and moral behavior under decision reveal in a public environment,"People may act differently in public environments due to actual reputation concerns, or due to the mere presence of others. Unlike previous studies on the influence of observability on prosocial behavior we control for the latter while manipulating the former, i.e. we control for implicit reputation concerns while manipulating explicit. We show that revealing decisions in public did not affect altruistic behavior, while it increased cooperation and made subjects less likely to make utilitarian judgments in sacrificial dilemmas (i.e., harming one to save many). Our findings are in line with theoretical models suggesting that people, at large, are averse to standing out in both positive and negative ways when it comes to altruistic giving. This “wallflower effect” does however not seem to extend to decisions on cooperation and moral judgments made in public. © 2020 The Authors","Andersson, P.A.; Erlandsson, A.; Västfjäll, D.; Tinghög, G.",J. Behave. Exp. Econ.,185
-Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Cause-Related Marketing: A Meta-Analysis,"In its three decades of development, many constructs of cause-related marketing have been tested from different perspectives and in varied contexts. However, there has not yet been an integrated empirical study. Reviewing 162 studies from 117 articles, we constructed a framework of meta-analysis and identified 20 constructs. Among these, 13 are antecedents that can be grouped into three components: consumer-related traits, execution-related factors, and product-related traits, while three mediators and four consequences are used to measure the effectiveness of cause-related marketing. Moreover, we examined 857 relationships among the constructs. The results showed that consumer-related traits, execution-related factors, and product-related traits all influence the effectiveness of cause-related marketing to varying degrees. Furthermore, we analyzed the effects of six moderators and found that cause-related marketing would be more effective when the brand is familiar, the product is utilitarian, the donation magnitude is large, and the cause is less familiar. However, neither cultural orientation nor cause type significantly influences the effectiveness of cause-related marketing. Finally, the interactions between these moderators and execution-related antecedents provide contributions and implications for cause-related marketing. © 2020, Springer Nature B.V.","Fan, X.; Deng, N.; Qian, Y.; Dong, X.",J. Bus. Ethics,186
-,,"Freiburg, L.; Krishna, A.",,187
-The face of need: Facial emotion expression on charity advertisements,,"Small, D.A.; Verrochi, N.M.",Journal of Marketing Research,188
-"Proteinuria and reduced kidney function in living kidney donors: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","Live kidney donation is safe. However, it associated with small increases in urinary protein, which become more pronounced over time. It is also associated with an initial decrement in GFR, but this does not become more pronounced over time beyond changes associated with normal ageing. XCM: This review addressed a clear objective with defined inclusion criteria. Several relevant sources and strategies were used in the literature search, the quality of the included studies was assessed in detail, and adequate steps were taken to minimise potential error and bias during the review process. Suitable meta-analytic techniques appear to have been used to pool the main results, and heterogeneity was assessed and (where present) investigated. Sensitivity analyses were used to investigate the effect of review methodology. Although the review was limited by the poor quality of the primary studies, the authors' conclusions appear well supported by the data. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that live kidney donation is safe but that donors should have their serum creatinine clearance and urine protein screened annually for life, until the implications of low-grade proteinuria or reduced GFR in some donors is better understood. All donors should be advised about the prevention of future renal and cardiovascular disease. Research: The authors stated that a large prospective multicentre cohort study with long-term follow-up is needed, with representative numbers of donors and appropriate controls followed for extended periods. A diverse range of participants should be included to ascertain the differential effects of donation in different groups, and definitive outcomes such as death and cardiovascular disease should be measured.","Garg, A X; Muirhead, N; Knoll, G; Yang, R C; Prasad, G V; Thiessen-Philbrook, H; Rosas-Arellano, M P; Housawi, A; Boudville, N",,189
-,,"Greitemeyer, T.; Osswald, S.",Effects of prosocial video games on aggression (Unpublished manuscript),190
-Potential cost-effectiveness of maternal and infant antiretroviral interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission during breast-feeding,"INTRODUCTION: One-third of maternal-to-child HIV transmission occurs during breast-feeding (BF). Several trials are currently evaluating the efficacy of postpartum antiretrovirals to reduce BF transmission. METHODS: This study used Markov modeling to define the circumstances under which the following interventions would be cost-effective: BF for 6 months with daily infant nevirapine (NVP) prophylaxis; maternal combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy and for 6 months of BF; and maternal combination ART only for women who meet CD4 criteria. Each was compared to: BF for 12 months; BF for 6 months; and formula feeding for 12 months. Strategies were evaluated for a hypothetical cohort of 40,000 pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa, in the context of available voluntary counseling and testing in antenatal care. Model estimates were derived from the literature and local sources. Sensitivity analyses were performed on uncertain estimates. The perspective used was that of a government health district. RESULTS: Using base case estimates, BF for 6 months was the economically preferred strategy: it cost 806,995 dollars and generated 446,208 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Providing daily infant NVP cost an additional 93,638 dollars and generated 1183 additional QALYs, but its incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of 79 dollars/QALY exceeded the standard willingness to pay (64 dollars/QALY) for most resource-poor settings. Maternal combination ART was potentially very effective but too costly for most resource-poor settings (ICER: 87 dollars/QALY). In order for daily infant NVP during BF to be preferred, it must have >/=44% relative efficacy or cost 5000 cost-effectiveness analyses published to date, only 28 were applicable to anesthesiology and perioperative medicine and met inclusion criteria. Multidisciplinary interventions were the most cost-effective overall; 8 of 8 interventions were ""dominant"" (improved outcomes, reduced cost) or cost-effective, including accelerated, standardized perioperative recovery pathways, and perioperative delirium prevention bundles. Intraoperative measures were dominant in 3 of 5 cases, including spinal anesthesia for benign abdominal hysterectomy. With regard to prevention of perioperative infection, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) decolonization was dominant or cost-effective in 2 of 2 studies. Three studies assessing various antibiotic prophylaxis regimens had mixed results. Autologous blood donation was not found to be cost-effective in 5 of 7 studies, and intraoperative cell salvage therapy was also not cost-effective in 2 of 2 reports. Overall, there remains a paucity of cost-effectiveness literature in anesthesiology, particularly relating to intraoperative interventions and multidisciplinary perioperative interventions. Based on the available studies, multidisciplinary perioperative optimization interventions such as accelerated, standardized perioperative recovery pathways, and perioperative delirium prevention bundles tended to be most cost-effective. Our review demonstrates that there is a need for more rigorous cost-effective analyses in many areas of anesthesiology and that anesthesiologists should continue to lead collaborative, multidisciplinary efforts in perioperative medicine.","Teja, Bijan J; Sutherland, Tori N; Barnett, Sheila R; Talmor, Daniel S",Anesth. Analg.,629
-Laparoscopic vs open donor nephrectomy: a cost-utility analysis,,"Pace K T, Dyer S J, Phan V",,630
-Communication for coproduction: a systematic review and research agenda,"Government and nonprofit organizations communicate with the public to reduce the degree of information asymmetry that could impede the two parties from working together to achieve higher levels of performance and accountability and coproduce better policy outcomes and public goods. Different organizational communication strategies’ influences, including choices of information channels, types, frequency, and contents, vary across individuals. This study reviews the relevant literature, discusses various communication strategies and their influences on citizens and implications for public policies and programs, develops a conceptual framework, and proposes a research agenda for future studies. © 2019, © 2019 Zhejiang University.","Li, H.",J. Chinese Gov.,631
-Terrorism as altruism: An evolutionary model for understanding terrorist psychology,,"O'Gorman, R.; Silke, A.",Evol. Psychol. and Terror.,632
-Goodness-of-fit test for meta-analysis,"Meta-analysis is a very useful tool to combine information from different sources. Fixed effect and random effect models are widely used in meta-analysis. Despite their popularity, they may give us misleading results if the models dona't fit the data but are blindly used. Therefore, like any statistical analysis, checking the model fitting is an important step. However, in practice, the goodness-of-fit in meta-analysis is rarely discussed. In this paper, we propose some tests to check the goodness-of-fit for the fixed and random effect models with assumption of normal distributions in meta-analysis. Through simulation study, we show that the proposed tests control type I error rate very well. To demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed tests, we also apply them to some real data sets. Our study shows that the proposed tests are useful tools in checking the goodness-of-fit of the normal models used in meta-analysis.","Chen, Zhongxue; Zhang, Guoyi; Li, Jing",Sci. Rep.,633
-‘She is looking at me! Shall I share?’ How Chinese and American preschoolers respond to eye gaze during sharing,"Previous research shows that the recipient's verbal communication about desires increases young children's sharing behavior. The current study examined how an adult partner's non-verbal communication through eye gaze influenced sharing behavior in children from different cultures. We presented one hundred forty-six 3- to 5-year-old American and Chinese children with a Dictator Game, in which they were asked to distribute resources between themselves and an experimenter. Children were randomly assigned to three conditions, in which the experimenter alternated her gaze between the child and the items that she wanted, or looked randomly around the room, or left when the child made decisions about sharing but claimed to come back later. Results showed that Chinese children shared more than American children did in the alternating-gaze condition, but not in the other two conditions; furthermore, the experimenter's alternating gaze influenced Chinese children to be more generous, but had no significant effect on American children. This suggests that compared to American children, Chinese children may be more compliant with others’ requests communicated through a subtle cue of eye gaze. The study demonstrates important differences in sharing behaviors between American and Chinese preschoolers, and these differences are consistent with the cultural constructs of individualism and collectivism. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd","Wu, Z.; Chen, X.; Gros-Louis, J.; Su, Y.",Soc. Dev.,634
-Increasing compliance through the use of the legitimization of small donations technique and the follow-up procedures of phone reminder and gift incentive,,"Tom, G.; Powell, J.; Borin, N.",Journal of Direct Marketing,635
-"Self-Interest and Other-Orientation in Organizational Behavior: Implications for Job Performance, Prosocial Behavior, and Personal Initiative","In this article, the authors develop the self-concern and other-orientation as moderators hypothesis. The authors argue that many theories on work behavior assume humans to be either self-interested or to be social in nature with strong other-orientation but that this assumption is empirically invalid and may lead to overly narrow models of work behavior. The authors instead propose that self-concern and other-orientation are independent. The authors also propose that job performance, prosocial behavior, and personal initiative are a function of (a) individual-level attributes, such as job characteristics when employees are high in self-concern, and (b) group-level attributes, such as justice climate when employees are high in other-orientation. Three studies involving 4 samples of employees from a variety of organizations support these propositions. Implications are discussed for theory on work behavior and interventions geared toward job enrichment and team-based working. © 2009 American Psychological Association.","De Dreu, C.K.W.; Nauta, A.",J. Appl. Psychol.,636
-"Perception accuracy, biases and path dependency in longitudinal social networks","Most studies on perceptions of social structures in organizations rely on cross-sectional evidence and lack a longitudinal perspective. In order to address this gap, we collected whole network perception data at three time points from a cohort of MBA students. First, we asked whether or not individuals become more accurate in their perception of the network over time. We found no significant increase in accuracy. Second, we examined one’s perception of his or her own direct ties and found a consistent tendency to inflate incoming friendship ties, confirming existing studies. However, we find that individuals were quite capable of recognizing the broader dynamics of social hierarchy (i.e., whether they were becoming more or less popular) even as they became no more accurate in understanding either the overall networks or their own ego-net. Third, we explored possible explanations for the persistence of perception errors and showed that most of the errors at time point two and time point three were due to a failure to update previous perception decisions. Finally, we shifted the analysis from accuracy at a given time point and considered the narrative arc of dyadic relations. Our findings suggest that stable dyads across time are more likely to be accurately perceived whereas other types of dyads are poorly tracked. We conclude by presenting possible research questions for future studies to further our understanding of the temporal aspects of network perception. © 2019 Ertan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Ertan, G.; Siciliano, M.D.; Yenigün, D.",PLoS ONE,637
-The essentials of conditioning and learning,,"Domjan, M.",The essentials of conditioning and learning,638
-Risking your life without a second thought: Intuitive decision-making and extreme altruism,"When faced with the chance to help someone in mortal danger, what is our first response? Do we leap into action, only later considering the risks to ourselves? Or must instinctive self-preservation be overcome by will-power in order to act? We investigate this question by examining the testimony of Carnegie Hero Medal Recipients (CHMRs), extreme altruists who risked their lives to save others. We collected published interviews with CHMRs where they described their decisions to help. We then had participants rate the intuitiveness versus deliberativeness of the decision-making process described in each CHMR statement. The statements were judged to be overwhelmingly dominated by intuition; to be significantly more intuitive than a set of control statements describing deliberative decision-making; and to not differ significantly from a set of intuitive control statements. This remained true when restricting to scenarios in which the CHMRs had sufficient time to reflect before acting if they had so chosen. Text-analysis software found similar results. These findings suggest that highstakes extreme altruism may be largely motivated by automatic, intuitive processes. Copyright: © 2014 Rand, Epstein.","Rand, D.G.; Epstein, Z.G.",PLoS ONE,639
-How Children Solve the Two Challenges of Cooperation,"In this review, I propose a new framework for the psychological origins of human cooperation that harnesses evolutionary theories about the two major problems posed by cooperation: generating and distributing benefits. Children develop skills foundational for identifying and creating opportunities for cooperation with others early: Infants and toddlers already possess basic skills to help others and share resources. Yet mechanisms that solve the free-rider problem--critical for sustaining cooperation as a viable strategy--emerge later in development and are more sensitive to the influence of social norms. I review empirical studies with children showing a dissociation in the origins of and developmental change seen in these two sets of processes. In addition, comparative studies of nonhuman apes also highlight important differences between these skills: The ability to generate benefits has evolutionary roots that are shared between humans and nonhuman apes, whereas there is little evidence that other apes exhibit comparable capacities for distributing benefits. I conclude by proposing ways in which this framework can motivate new developmental, comparative, and cross-cultural research about human cooperation. Copyright ©2018 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","Warneken, F.",Annu. Rev. Psychol.,640
-"Acceleration and augmentation of antidepressants with lithium for depressive disorders: two meta-analyses of randomized, placebo-controlled trials","OBJECTIVE: The delayed onset of therapeutic response and the high number of nonresponders to antidepressants remain major clinical problems in depressive disorders. Among the strategies to overcome both dilemmas, the additional treatment with lithium has been suggested as a viable method. The authors determined in 2 separate meta-analyses the efficacy of lithium in accelerating and in augmenting clinical response in patients with depression. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA SOURCES: Two meta-analyses of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials including subjects with unipolar or bipolar disorder, depressive phase, assessed the concomitant administration of lithium and antidepressant to accelerate or augment clinical response in the acute treatment phase of depression. Data were obtained from searching the following databases: MEDLINE (1966 to July 2006), EMBASE (1989 to July 2006), and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2006, Issue 3). For the accelerating meta-analysis, subject headings including depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, antidepressive agents, and lithium and text words such as depress*, lithium, and antidepress* were used. For the augmentation meta-analysis, subject headings included depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, anti-depressive agents, lithium, drug therapy, and combination, and text words included augment*, refract*, and resistant. Outcomes investigated included response rates and depression scale rates. DATA SYNTHESIS: Five acceleration studies (231 participants) adding lithium to tricyclics and tetracyclics and 10 augmentation studies (269 participants) adding lithium to various antidepressants including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were incorporated. In the acceleration meta-analysis, a statistical trend in favor of lithium was found (standardized mean difference of -0.43, 95% CI = -0.93 to 0.07). In the augmentation meta-analysis, lithium was significantly more effective than placebo (odds ratio = 3.11, 95% CI = 1.80 to 5.37). CONCLUSION: There is firm evidence for lithium as an effective augmentation strategy but only modest evidence for lithium to accelerate response to antidepressants in patients with depressive disorders.","Crossley, Nicolas Andres; Bauer, Michael",J. Clin. Psychiatry,641
-"The ""identified victim"" effect: An identified group, or just a single individual?","People's greater willingness to help identified victims, relative to non-identified ones, was examined by varying the singularity of the victim (single vs. a group of eight individuals), and the availability of individually identifying information (the main difference being the inclusion of a picture in the ""identified"" versions). Results support the proposal that the ""identified victim"" effect is largely restricted to situations with a single victim: the identified single victim elicited considerably more contributions than the non-identified single victim, while the identification of the individual group members had essentially no effect on willingness to contribute. Participants also report experiencing distress when the victim is single and identified more than in any other condition. Hence, the emotional reaction to the victims appears to be a major source of the effect. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Kogut, T.; Ritov, I.",J. Behav. Decis. Mak.,642
-Which nonprofit gets more government funding?: Nonprofits' organizational attributes and their receipts of government funding,"Government represents one of the most important funding sources for nonprofit organizations. However, the literature has not yet provided a systematic understanding of nonprofits' organizational factors that are associated with their receipts of government funding. This study combines interorganizational relationships and organizational institutionalism literature to examine the determinants of nonprofits' obtainment of government funding. Based on a survey of human service nonprofits in Maryland, this research finds that nonprofits with higher bureaucratic orientation, stronger domain consensus with government, and longer government funding history are more likely to receive government contracts and grants. Nonprofits' revenue diversification, professionalization, and board co-optation might have very limited impacts. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Lu, J.",Nonprofit Manage. Leadersh.,643
-Effect of artificial surveillance cues on reported moral judgment: Experimental failures to replicate and two meta-analyses,"Several papers have reported that artificial surveillance cues, such as images of watching eyes, cause anonymous participants to behave as if they are actually under surveillance, thus increasing moral behavior. In a series of four experiments, we found no evidence that artificial surveillance cues impact reported moral judgment, self-rated possession of positive traits, or religiosity. Two small meta-analyses, both comprising six experiments investigating the effect of artificial surveillance cues on moral judgment, provided mixed conclusions. One meta-analysis produced a mean effect size not significantly different from zero and the other produced a mean effect size on the edge of significance. On the whole, artificial surveillance cues have inconsistent effects, or possibly no effect, on moral outcomes. © 2016 Elsevier Inc.","Northover, S.B.; Pedersen, W.C.; Cohen, A.B.; Andrews, P.W.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,644
-,,"Busch, J.; Krishna, A.",,645
-Love or Comprehension? Exploring Strategies for Children’s Prosocial Media Effects,"Given children’s difficulty comprehending prosocial narratives, we examined strategies to bypass comprehension (affiliative priming) and reduce cognitive burden (simplified lessons, adult scaffolding). In Study 1, one hundred seven 3- to 5-year-olds watched a prosocial narrative (helping vs. waiting) with affective primes (loving vs. funny) or a control narrative. Comprehension was low and behavioral outcomes were unaffected by lesson or prime. In Study 2, sixty-four 3- to 5-year-olds watched shorter stimuli (1-minute song videos) about loving or helping others. Those in the helping condition helped more, but the loving condition did not differ from a no-exposure control. In Study 3, 636 parents of 2- to 10-year-olds were surveyed about a time their child showed prosocial responses to media. Over 70% recalled an instance, a third of which involved songs. Reported response duration was positively predicted by family discussions after exposure (rather than at the time), including explicating the lessons and giving timely reminders/praise. © The Author(s) 2018.","Mares, M.-L.; Bonus, J.A.; Peebles, A.",Commun. Res.,646
-“watching eyes”-effekte an recyclingsammelstellen,,"Franzen, A.; Berner, D.; Paulenz, N.; Steiner, S.",,647
-Preferences for fairness over losses,"Economic decision making often involves determining how to share losses, or liabilities. While preferences for fairness over positive outcomes, i.e., gains, have been extensively studied, preferences for fairness over negative outcomes, i.e., losses, are largely unknown. Preferences for fairness over losses may differ from those over gains, given loss aversion and disutility from imposing losses on others (e.g., the do-no-harm principle). In two incentivized dictator game experiments, we examine altruism in two different frames – a loss condition and a gain condition. Study 1 shows that Dictators are more generous when splitting losses compared to gains. Study 2 shows that Dictator generosity in the loss condition substantially decreases when subjects are reminded of the payoff distribution resulting from their decisions. Our results support the idea that preferences for fairness over losses may differ from those over gains, underscoring the importance of studying preferences for fairness over losses and their determinants. © 2019","Thunström, L.",J. Behave. Exp. Econ.,648
-Systematic review of the effectiveness of antenatal intervention for the treatment of congenital lower urinary tract obstruction,"Antenatal bladder drainage appeared to improve perinatal survival in cases of congenital lower urinary tract obstruction, but may confer a high residual risk of poor postnatal renal function based on observational studies. XCM: The review question and supporting inclusion criteria were clearly defined. A comprehensive literature search was performed without language restrictions, which reduced potential for language and publication biases. The likelihood of publication bias was assessed and found to be low. Two reviewers undertook trial selection, data extraction and validity assessment procedures, which reduced potential for reviewer bias and error. Validity was assessed using published criteria, but the criteria used to assess study quality were not reported in full; most studies had methodological shortcomings. It appeared that appropriate methods were used to pool the trials, although most analyses were based on a small number of studies and heterogeneity was not reported for all analyses. Subgroup analyses were conducted in an attempt to investigate heterogeneity. The review was generally well-conducted, but reliance on small observational studies of variable quality suggests that the authors’ caution in their conclusions is justified. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that current evidence was insufficient to dictate clinical practice. Research: The authors stated that randomised studies with long-term follow were required to investigate the role of antenatal treatment in clinical practice.","Morris, R K; Malin, G L; Khan, K S; Kilby",,649
-National Sleep Foundation's sleep quality recommendations: first report,"OBJECTIVES: To provide evidence-based recommendations and guidance to the public regarding indicators of good sleep quality across the life-span. METHODS: The National Sleep Foundation assembled a panel of experts from the sleep community and representatives appointed by stakeholder organizations (Sleep Quality Consensus Panel). A systematic literature review identified 277 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Abstracts and full-text articles were provided to the panelists for review and discussion. A modified Delphi RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method with 3 rounds of voting was used to determine agreement. RESULTS: For most of the sleep continuity variables (sleep latency, number of awakenings >5minutes, wake after sleep onset, and sleep efficiency), the panel members agreed that these measures were appropriate indicators of good sleep quality across the life-span. However, overall, there was less or no consensus regarding sleep architecture or nap-related variables as elements of good sleep quality. CONCLUSIONS: There is consensus among experts regarding some indicators of sleep quality among otherwise healthy individuals. Education and public health initiatives regarding good sleep quality will require sustained and collaborative efforts from multiple stakeholders. Future research should explore how sleep architecture and naps relate to sleep quality. Implications and limitations of the consensus recommendations are discussed.","Ohayon, Maurice; Wickwire, Emerson M; Hirshkowitz, Max; Albert, Steven M; Avidan, Alon; Daly, Frank J; Dauvilliers, Yves; Ferri, Raffaele; Fung, Constance; Gozal, David; Hazen, Nancy; Krystal, Andrew; Lichstein, Kenneth; Mallampalli, Monica; Plazzi, Giuseppe; Rawding, Robert; Scheer, Frank A; Somers, Virend; Vitiello, Michael V",Sleep Health,650
-Giving from a distance: Putting the charitable organization at the center of the donation appeal,"Past research has shown repeatedly that people prefer donating to a single identified human victim rather than to unidentified or abstract donation targets. In the current research we show results countering the identifiable victim effect, wherein people prefer to donate to charitable organizations rather than to an identifiable victim. In a series of five studies, we manipulate temporal and social distance, examine a variety of donation targets, and measure intention to donate time or money as well as actual donations of money. We show that people are more willing to donate to a charitable organization when they are temporally or socially distant from the population in need. Willingness to donate to a specific person in need is higher when donors are temporally or socially close to the donation target. Furthermore, we demonstrate that (a) empathy mediates donations to a single victim, yet does not mediate donations to charitable organizations; (b) that donation giving to charitable organizations is unique and is not similar to donations to a group of victims. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. © 2012.","Ein-Gar, D.; Levontin, L.",J. Consum. Psychol.,651
-Affecting the salience of the social responsibility norm: effects of past help on the response to dependency relationships,"A series of experiments by the authors assumes that many people in our society are motivated to aid others who are dependent upon them because such help is prescribed by a ""social responsibility norm."" The present study also assumes that prior help can increase the salience of this norm. In a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial design using 80 Ss (college women), 1/2 of the Ss were individually helped by a peer (E's confederate) on a preliminary task, while the others were not aided. After this, the Ss worked on another task under the supposed supervision of yet another peer, with 1/2 of the Ss being told the supervisor was highly dependent upon their work and the others told she was less dependent upon them. The 1st peer would supposedly learn of their work in 1/2 of the cases but not in the other 1/2. The previously helped Ss tended to exert the greatest effort in behalf of their dependent peer. A self-report scale assessing social responsibility tendencies was significantly correlated with the effort measure in the Prior Help-High Dependency condition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1964 American Psychological Association.","Berkowitz, L.; Daniels, L.R.",Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,652
-The Effects of Financial Incentives in Experiments: A Review and Capital-Labor-Production Framework,"We review 74 experiments with no, low, or high performance-based financial incentives. The modal result is no effect on mean performance (though variance is usually reduced by higher payment). Higher incentive does improve performance often, typically judgment tasks that are responsive to better effort. Incentives also reduce ""presentation"" effects (e.g., generosity and risk-seeking). Incentive effects are comparable to effects of other variables, particularly ""cognitive capital"" and task ""production"" demands, and interact with those variables, so a narrow-minded focus on incentives alone is misguided. We also note that no replicated study has made rationality violations disappear purely by raising incentives.","Camerer, C.F.; Hogarth, R.M.",J. Risk Uncertainty,653
-Stop playing with your food: A comparison of for-profit and non-profit food-related advergames,,"Cicchirillo, V.; Lin, J.-S.",Journal of Advertising Research,654
-Willingness to participate in clinical trials among patients of Chinese heritage: a meta-synthesis,"BACKGROUND: Subjects of Chinese heritage have been found to participate in clinical research at lower rates than other groups despite growing in numbers as a population. While much research has examined research participants' motivation, there has not been a comprehensive synthesis of this information with respect to participants of Chinese descent. We sought to identify the factors that promote and hinder participation in clinical research among participants of Chinese heritage. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted a systematic review of the literature in Pubmed, OpenJGATE, SCIRUS, and COCHRANE databases and performed a meta-synthesis of retrieved articles. We extracted qualitative data, such as quotes to identify emerging themes. We identified five studies that met our selection criteria. Of them, only one (1/5) was conducted in China while other studies involved Chinese emigrants in USA (3/5) and Singapore (1/5). Participants from China were similar to emigrants with regard to factors that either promoted or decreased research participation. Four studies reported data exclusively on Chinese subjects. Three of the five studies involved qualitative interviews while the others were conducted using a survey design. Six themes favoring research participation were identified: Personal Benefit to Participants, Financial Incentives, Participant Sense of Altruism, Family or Physician Recommendations, Advertisements, and Convenience to the Participant. Five factors were seen as a barrier to participation in clinical trials: Mistrust of Researchers, Language Barrier, Lack of Financial and Other Support, Cultural and Social Barriers, Lack of Knowledge about Clinical Trials. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Chinese heritage clinical research participants value personal benefit, financial incentives, the ability to help others, recommendations of others, advertisements, and convenience when considering clinical research participation. In addition, the establishment of trust and addressing knowledge deficits are important factors to them. Investigators seeking to optimize enrolment in these populations should incorporate these findings into their study design and subject handouts.","Limkakeng, Alexander; Phadtare, Amruta; Shah, Jatin; Vaghasia, Meenakshi; Wei, Ding Ying; Shah, Anand; Pietrobon, Ricardo",PLoS One,655
-The cross-cutting contribution of the end of neglected tropical diseases to the sustainable development goals,"The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call for an integrated response, the kind that has defined Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) efforts in the past decade.NTD interventions have the greatest relevance for SDG3, the health goal, where the focus on equity, and its commitment to reaching people in need of health services, wherever they may live and whatever their circumstances, is fundamentally aligned with the target of Universal Health Coverage. NTD interventions, however, also affect and are affected by many of the other development areas covered under the 2030 Agenda. Strategies such as mass drug administration or the programmatic integration of NTD and WASH activities (SDG6) are driven by effective global partnerships (SDG17). Intervention against the NTDs can also have an impact on poverty (SDG1) and hunger (SDG2), can improve education (SDG4), work and economic growth (SDG8), thereby reducing inequalities (SDG10). The community-led distribution of donated medicines to more than 1 billion people reinforces women's empowerment (SDG5), logistics infrastructure (SDG9) and non-discrimination against disability (SDG16). Interventions to curb mosquito-borne NTDs contribute to the goals of urban sustainability (SDG11) and resilience to climate change (SDG13), while the safe use of insecticides supports the goal of sustainable ecosystems (SDG15). Although indirectly, interventions to control water- and animal-related NTDs can facilitate the goals of small-scale fishing (SDG14) and sustainable hydroelectricity and biofuels (SDG7).NTDs proliferate in less developed areas in countries across the income spectrum, areas where large numbers of people have little or no access to adequate health care, clean water, sanitation, housing, education, transport and information. This scoping review assesses how in this context, ending the epidemic of the NTDs can impact and improve our prospects of attaining the SDGs.","Bangert, Mathieu; Molyneux, David H; Lindsay, Steve W; Fitzpatrick, Christopher; Engels, Dirk",Infect Dis Poverty,656
-Some econometric issues in studying nonprofit revenue interactions using NCCS data,"Several econometric issues arise in using nonprofit data. After controlling for unduly influential observations and heteroskedasticity, regression analysis performed on National Center for Charitable Statistics ""digitized data"" from 2001 to 2003 found mixed evidence of economically significant associations between donations and other revenue streams; regressions without these controls support different conclusions. Testing does indicate that government support sends greater quality signals than program support or investment income. © The Author(s) 2011.","Tinkelman, D.; Neely, D.G.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,657
-,,"Cupach, W.R.; Metts, S.",Facework,658
-The Impact of Public Resource Dependence on the Autonomy of NPOs in Their Strategic Decision Making,"Private nonprofit organizations (NPO) involved in publically funded welfare programs face the challenge of maintaining autonomy in their strategic decision-making processes. In this article we study the extent to which NPO managers perceive this autonomy vis-à-vis government in defining the NPO's mission, their working procedures, the target groups to be served and the results to be achieved. Empirical evidence is taken from a large-N sample of 255 NPOs engaged in social welfare provision in Belgium. Our findings suggest that public resource dependence does have a negative impact on the perception of NPOs about the level of organizational autonomy. Still, we will argue that, when looking at the relative share of public income in the NPO's total budget, the nature and intensity of the consultation process between government and NPO and some measures of organizational capacity, this picture is less black and white than presumed. © The Author(s) 2012.","Verschuere, B.; De Corte, J.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,659
-Reviewing the evidence on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of HIV prevention strategies in Thailand,"BACKGROUND: Following universal access to antiretroviral therapy in Thailand, evidence from National AIDS Spending Assessment indicates a decreasing proportion of expenditure on prevention interventions. To prompt policymakers to revitalize HIV prevention, this study identifies a comprehensive list of HIV/AIDs preventive interventions that are likely to be effective and cost-effective in Thailand. METHODS: A systematic review of the national and international literature on HIV prevention strategies from 1997 to 2008 was undertaken. The outcomes used to consider the effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions were changes in HIV risk behaviour and HIV incidence. Economic evaluations that presented their results in terms of cost per HIV infection averted or cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained were also included. All studies were assessed against quality criteria. RESULTS: The findings demonstrated that school based-sex education plus life-skill programs, voluntary and routine HIV counselling and testing, male condoms, street outreach programs, needle and syringe programs, programs for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission, male circumcision, screening blood products and donated organs for HIV, and increased alcohol tax were all effective in reducing HIV infection among target populations in a cost-effective manner. CONCLUSION: We found very limited local evidence regarding the effectiveness of HIV interventions amongst specific high risk populations. This underlines the urgent need to prioritise health research resources to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of HIV interventions aimed at reducing HIV infection among high risk groups in Thailand.","Pattanaphesaj, Juntana; Teerawattananon, Yot",BMC Public Health,660
-Is Charitable Giving by Nonitemizers Responsive to Tax Incentives? New Evidence,"Was nonitemizer giving responsive to the 1982-6 ""above-the-line"" tax deduction provided for in the 1981 Economic Recovery Tax Act? Here, a Tobit model is applied to Treasury Individual Tax Model file data for 1985 and 1986 to estimate the price elasticity of nonitemizer giving. Nonitemizer giving is found to be price-responsive. The responsiveness is, however, smaller than that for itemizer giving (at least for 1986 when the nonitemizer deduction was fully phased in), suggesting diminishing returns from extending the itemizers-only deduction to nonitemizers. These findings also question whether the nonitemizer deduction can be touted as a highly efficient tax subsidy.","Duquette, C.M.",Natl. Tax J.,661
-Health promotion messages: The role of social presence for food choices,"We investigated whether social presence cues encourage consumers to self-regulate and select healthier food products. In the first experiment, workers completed food choices in an e-commerce environment. After the activation of health-related goals, they saw a social presence cue and were asked to choose between healthy and unhealthy food options. The analyses revealed main effects of social presence and health goal activation on food choices. These effects were additive, such that the combination of social presence and health goals induced significantly healthier choices compared with the control group. The second experiment further examined social presence cues that were presented on a menu. The results showed significant effects on food choices and on the perceived self-regulatory success in dieting. These findings indicate that social presence cues could be employed to increase healthful eating and, furthermore, that it may be useful to co-activate multiple cues in health promotion messages. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.","Bittner, J.V.; Kulesz, M.M.",Appetite,662
-Research on entrepreneurial orientation: current status and future agenda,"Purpose – Research on entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has attracted researchers’ attention for over 30 years. The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively analyze the body of literature resulting from 30 years of research in EO, and to answer the following questions: what are the major themes that have emerged? What areas are missing? What degree of convergence do we see in the field of EO, and what concepts/topics has the field converged around? Design/methodology/approach – A bibliometric study with a sample of 405 articles published from January 1987 to July 2014 was developed. Techniques of bibliometric, lexical, and content analysis were used. The analysis involved: the evolution of published articles; the main authors, their nationalities, and institutional affiliations; citation and co-citations analysis; the journals that have published the most articles; and the most frequently-searched topics. Opting for bibliometric techniques permit an analysis of a larger number of articles and a greater variety of articles than other methodologies such as meta-analyses and systematic review studies. Accordingly, a more comprehensive look at the field of EO can be taken. Findings – Two distinct but complementary classifications are proposed to characterize the body of the literature resulting from 30 years of research in EO. The first one demonstrates that the field presents a convergence of the themes in four axis which together comprise studies on EO: performance, strategy, entrepreneurial attitude, and management. The second one presents the frequency of occurrence of the themes in the field: high-frequency themes or classical themes, frequently in the literature; moderate-frequency themes or emerging issues have not been sufficiently explored; low-frequency themes or potential opportunities related to understudied issues and contexts less frequently surveyed. A future research agenda is proposed for emerging themes and specific contexts. Practical implications – The identification of key themes in the field of EO contributes to assess the research evolution in order to recognize emerging themes and contexts, and the research gaps. With this, it is possible to lead new studies to cover a lack of research and advance knowledge in the field. The themes most studied also show the contribution for EO to organizational practice, especially in relation to the impact on the performance, the stimulus to the development of innovations, and the effects on organizational growth. Additionally, the identification of the authors most cited, most productive on the theme and the identification of the core journals for publishing of the area is recommended as a general reference for researchers interested in the topic of EO. Social implications – Although EO literature has been widely developed in Anglo regions (especially in the USA and UK) and Germanic Europe (especially Spain), there are others lacking these studies, especially Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, and Middle East, with rare articles published internationally. The results can guide the advancement of research in these different contexts and realities where even issues more widely treated in the literature have been unexplored. The lack of studies in certain contexts can lead to new studies for inserting new insights into EO, such as potential differences between developed regions and in development. For regions where the studies on EO are more developed, the results of this paper contribute to signaling issues and contexts little explored that may be the focus of attention. Originality/value – The generation of literature indicators of EO through bibliometric fills a research gap on the theme, providing a more comprehensive view of the field and of the current status of the research on EO. Identifying the most frequent topics in EO literature, and little-explored themes and contexts makes it possible to propose an agenda for future research and knowledge generation on EO. Thus, it is suggested the development of studies focus on emerging themes like growth, learning, knowledge, resources, and capabilities; also in specific contexts with potential for aggregating new knowledges in the EO field such as family firms, non-profit organizations, social contexts, the public sector, university, spin-off, firms in emerging and developing economies. © 2016, © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.","Martens, Cristina Dai Prá; Lacerda, Fabrício Martins; Belfort, Ana Claudia; Freitas, Henrique Mello Rodrigues de",International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research,663
-Please Help A Preliminary Study on the Effect of Social Proof and Legitimization of Paltry Contributions in Donations to OSS,"Open source communities have contributed widely to modern software development. The number of open source software (OSS) has increased rapidly in the past two decades. Most open source foundations (such as Eclipse, Mozilla and Apache) operate as non-profit; those foundations usually seek donations from users/developers to financially support their activities. Without such support, some projects might discontinue to develop, or even disappear. However, contributions to those foundations are usually solicited in a very simple and modest way, with no special promotions or attractions for such contributions. The aim of this study is to promote new strategies that can help to increase donations to OSS projects. We analyzed how existing donation pages are structured. We then introduce behavioral economics and psychological theories that have been used in other disciplines to promote donations in OSS. In particular, we used the social proof theory, i.e., where people tend to consider the actions of others in an attempt to reflect correct behavior when they choose their own actions, and legitimization of paltry contributions strategy i.e., using specific phrases such as 'even a very small amount will help' to encourage donations. In this study, we conducted an experiment with University students to examine if those theories are effective in encouraging donations to OSS. Our initial results indicate that the two strategies were indeed effective in promoting donations, and showed that users were more open for donation compared to traditional methods. This is only a preliminary analysis-we aim to include more users in the future for a more comprehensive analysis. We anticipate that such techniques might help OSS projects to secure more donations in the future. © 2019 IEEE.","Yukizawa, U.; Tsunoda, M.; Tahir, A.","SANER - Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Softw. Anal., Evol., Reengineering",664
-Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation,,"Rogers, R.W.",Social Psychophysiology,665
-The Surprising Breadth of Harbingers of Failure,,"Simester, D.I.; Tucker, C.E.; Yang, C.",Journal of Marketing Research,666
-"When the victim is one among others: Empathy, awareness of others and motivational ambivalence","Feeling empathy for one person in need while being aware of others may increase the motivational ambivalence between the motive of helping the one and the motive of helping the others, and such motivational ambivalence may reduce the helping directed to the person in need. To test these hypotheses we carried out three studies in which participants were faced with a real case of a child in need. In Study 1, empathy, awareness of others and motivational ambivalence were allowed to occur naturally and subsequently measured. In Study 2, empathy and awareness of others were experimentally manipulated, and motivational ambivalence measured. In Study 3, we tested how empathy and motivational ambivalence influenced an actual helping decision. Taken together, the results supported our two hypotheses. The present research offers insight into processes not previously considered in the research, but which may influence decisions about assistance to others in need. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Oceja, L.; Ambrona, T.; López-Pérez, B.; Salgado, S.; Villegas, M.",Motiv. Emot.,667
-SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models,"Researchers often conduct mediation analysis in order to indirectly assess the effect of a proposed cause on some outcome through a proposed mediator. The utility of mediation analysis stems from its ability to go beyond the merely descriptive to a more functional understanding of the relationships among variables. A necessary component of mediation is a statistically and practically significant indirect effect. Although mediation hypotheses are frequently explored in psychological research, formal significance tests of indirect effects are rarely conducted. After a brief overview of mediation, we argue the importance of directly testing the significance of indirect effects and provide SPSS and SAS macros that facilitate estimation of the indirect effect with a normal theory approach and a bootstrap approach to obtaining confidence intervals, as well as the traditional approach advocated by Baron and Kenny (1986). We hope that this discussion and the macros will enhance the frequency of formal mediation tests in the psychology literature. Electronic copies of these macros may be downloaded from the Psychonomic Society's Web archive at www.psychonomic.org/archive/.","Preacher, K.J.; Hayes, A.F.",Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput.,668
-Willingness to pay for cause-related marketing: The impact of donation amount and moderating effects,,"Koschate-Fischer, N.; Stefan, I.V.; Hoyer, W.D.",Journal of Marketing Research,669
-"Violence, sex, race and age in popular video games: A content analysis",,"Dill, K.E.; Gentile, D.A.; Richter, W.A.; Dill, J.C.",Featuring Females: Feminist Analyses of the Media,670
-Watchful eyes: Implicit observability cues and voting,"Explicit social pressure has been shown to be a powerful motivator of prosocial behavior like voting in elections. In this study, I replicate and extend the findings of a randomized field experiment designed to study the impact of more subtle, implicit social pressure treatments on voting. The results of the original experiment, conducted in the October 2011 municipal elections in Key West, Florida, demonstrated that even subtle, implicit observability cues, like a pair of stylized eyes facing subjects, effectively mobilized citizens to vote, by about as much as explicit surveillance cues. The replication study, conducted in Lexington, KY, during the November 2011 gubernatorial election, corroborates these findings and suggests that eyes effect on average does not likely depend on the gender of eyespots used. Taken together, the two field experiments provide strong support for the notion studies that humans are evolutionarily programmed to respond to certain stimuli and that exposure to images that implicitly signal observability is sufficient to stimulate prosocial behavior. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.","Panagopoulos, C.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,671
-Four motivations for charitable giving: Implications for marketing strategy to attract monetary donations for medical research,"Medical research foundations can compete more effectively for charitable dollars by being aware of motivations for giving when designing marketing strategy. The study tests the extent to which the motives of reciprocity, income, career, and self-esteem predict monetary giving to medical research. The results indicate that reciprocity and income motives are significant predictors of giving, as are household assets and age. Interpretation of these results leads to several suggestions for marketing strategy.","Dawson, S.",J. HEALTH CARE MARK.,672
-Fooling the Nice Guys: Explaining receiver credulity in a public good game with lying and punishment,"We demonstrate that receiver credulity can be understood through a false consensus effect: the likelihood with which individuals believe messages about the behavior of others can be explained by their own behavioral tendencies in a comparable situation. In a laboratory experiment, subjects play a public good game with punishment in which feedback on actual contributions is obscured. Instead, subjects communicate what they have contributed through a post hoc announcement mechanism. Using subjects' social value orientation as a proxy for their contribution tendency, we show that those high on the measure have inflated beliefs about the contribution of others. This, in turn, impacts their contribution and punishment decisions. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.","Irlenbusch, B.; Ter Meer, J.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,673
-Comparing spousal agreement on perceived responsibility for household natural hazard preparedness to actual behavior,"This study compares husbands' and wives' views on the person in a couple who should be responsible for preparing for hurricane hazards; it also examines whether the varying levels of agreement reached by husbands and wives regarding this responsibility are associated with actual preparedness behaviors. An online survey targeting married, heterosexual couples living in Sarasota County, Florida, USA was sent out between March and May, 2015. Both the husbands and the wives were asked to fill out the survey. A total of 170 surveys were used for analysis. Results suggested that husbands and wives felt that they had shared responsibility for most of the 19 preparedness behaviors considered. However, a few stereotypically masculine preparedness behaviors were found to typically fall to husbands. Husbands' and wives' views of perceived responsibility were not statistically different, but husbands tended to favor individual responsibility, while wives tended to favor joint responsibility. Higher levels of agreement were significantly associated with greater engagement in planning-related preparedness behaviors. Policy implications are discussed. © 2019 Li-San Hung. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Hung, L.-S.",PLoS ONE,674
-Pharmacologic Therapies for the Management of Crohn's Disease: Comparative Effectiveness,"OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this review was to compare the efficacy and safety of biologics, immunomodulators, corticosteroids, and aminosalicylates in the treatment of Crohn's disease. DATA SOURCES: We searched MEDLINE® (1966 through June 2011), Embase® (1974 through June 2011), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Issue 2, 2011). REVIEW METHODS: Two reviewers independently reviewed titles, abstracts, and articles, and included English-language articles that reported on induction or maintenance of remission in placebo-controlled or head-to-head randomized controlled trials. We also included observational studies with a comparison group if they reported on the safety of treatment. Two reviewers extracted study information using standardized forms and independently assessed study quality. Efficacy was measured by induction and maintenance of remission. Remission was defined using the Crohn's Disease Activity Index, mucosal healing, the absence of Crohn's disease hospitalizations or surgeries, reduction of steroids, fistula healing, and patient-reported outcomes. A difference of 10 percentage points in the outcome between treatment groups was considered clinically meaningful. The safety outcomes of interest were mortality, occurrence of lymphomas and other cancers, infections, infusion- and injection-site reactions, and bone fractures for adults and children. Growth was an additional safety concern for children. RESULTS: We included 136 studies involving 148,733 patients. Twenty-three percent of trials directly compared different treatment strategies. The majority of trials excluded patients with mild disease and those with a history of surgical resection. The majority of trials allowed patients to take other Crohn's disease treatments during the trial. For adults, infliximab and 6-methyl-prednisolone were consistently favored over placebo across the induction and maintenance outcomes. Natalizumab and azathioprine were favored over placebo across the maintenance outcomes. Other comparisons either did not have more than one outcome reported or had inconsistent results. The quality of the safety evidence was poor due to poor reporting of the methods in trials and poor confounding control in observational studies, and no strong signals of harm were identified. For children, the strength of evidence was low or insufficient to support the efficacy of any medication to induce or maintain remission. No pediatric study reported on serious adverse events such as mortality, lymphoma, or other cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Measuring the efficacy of medications using multiple outcomes, infliximab and 6-methyl-prednisolone induce and maintain remission in adults with Crohn's disease. Natalizumab and azathioprine maintain remission. Comparing Crohn's disease medications directly using pragmatic clinical trials will help to understand the effectiveness of medications in clinical practice using outcomes other than the Crohn's Disease Activity Index.","Hutfless, Susan; Almashat, Sammy; Berger, Zackary; Wilson, Lisa M; Bonson, Elizabeth; Chen, Qi; Donath, Elie; Herlong, Frank; Puhan, Milo A; Selvaraj, Saranya; Tuskey, Anne; Vasilescu, Alexandra; Bass, Eric B; Worthington, Mark; Shantha, Ghanshyam Palamaner Subash; Lazarev, Mark",,675
-"Are luxury brand labels and ""green"" labels costly signals of social status? An extended replication","Costly signaling theory provides an explanation for why humans are willing to a pay a premium for conspicuous products such as luxury brand-labeled clothing or conspicuous environmentally friendly cars. According to the theory, the extra cost of such products is a signal of social status and wealth and leads to advantages in social interactions for the signaler. A previous study found positive evidence for the case of luxury brand labels. However, an issue of this study was that some of the experiments were not conducted in a perfectly double-blind manner. I resolved this by replicating variations of the original design in a double-blind procedure. Additionally, besides the luxury label condition, I introduced a ""green"" label condition. Thus, the hypothesis that signaling theory is able to explain pro-environmental behavior was tested for the first time in a natural field setting. Further, I conducted experiments in both average and below-average socioeconomic neighborhoods, where, according to signaling theory, the effects of luxury signals should be even stronger. In contrast to the original study, I did not find positive effects of the luxury brand label in any of the five experiments. Nor did I find evidence for a green-signaling effect. Moreover, in poor neighborhoods a negative tendency of the luxury label actually became evident. This suggests that a signaling theory explanation of costly labels must take into account the characteristics of the observers, e.g. their social status. © 2017 Joël Berger. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Berger, J.",PLoS ONE,676
-Facial electromyography reveals dissociable affective responses in social and non-social cooperation,"While economic standard theory explains cooperation in terms of rational decision-making, empirical studies suggest that humans have social preferences for cooperating with others. We investigated the specificity of these social preferences for interactions with human, relative to non-human, agents in a prisoner’s dilemma game. To obtain insights into emotional processes during cooperation, we measured activity of the corrugator supercilii muscle as indicator of spontaneous emotional responding during cooperation. After unreciprocated defection (free-riding), participants switched more often to a cooperative strategy and showed increased corrugator activity (suggesting more negative emotional responses) when playing with a human relative to a computer. This suggests that humans have a specific preference for cooperating with other humans and that cooperation may be promoted by unpleasant affect in response to the outcome of one’s own “free-riding”. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.","Soutschek, A.; Weinreich, A.; Schubert, T.",Motiv. Emot.,677
-A Re-examination of Marketing for British Non-Profit Organisations,,"Octon, C.M.",European Journal of Marketing,678
-On aims and methods of Ethology,"Ich habe in diesem Aufsatz kurz anzudeuten versucht, was meiner Ansicht nach das Wesentliche in Fragestellung und Methode der Ethologie ist und weshalb wir in Konrad Lorenz den Begründer moderner Ethologie erblicken. Hierbei habe ich vielleicht das Arbeitsgebiet der Ethologie weiter gefaßt, als unter Ethologen gebräuchlich ist. Wenn man aber die vielartige Arbeit jener Forscher übersieht, die sich Ethologen nennen, ist man zu dieser weiten Fassung geradezu gezwungen. Ich habe in meiner Darstellung weder Vollständigkeit noch Gleichgewicht angestrebt und, um zur Fortführung des Gesprächs anzuregen, ruhig meine Steckenpferde geritten, vor allem das Verhältnis zwischen Ethologie und Physiologie, die Gefahr der Vernachlässigung der Frage der Arterhaltung, Fragen der Methodik der ontogenetischen Forschung, und Aufgaben und Methoden der Evolutionsforschung. Bei der Einschätzung des Anteils, den Lorenz an der Entwicklung der Ethologie genommen hat und noch nimmt, habe ich als seinen Hauptbeitrag den bezeichnet, daß er uns gezeigt hat, wie man bewährtes “biologisches Denken” folgerichtig auf Verhalten anwenden kann. Daß er dabei an die Arbeit seiner Vorgänger angeknüpft hat, ist nicht mehr verwunderlich, als daß jeder Vater selbst einen Vater hat. Insbesondere scheint mir das Wesentliche an Lorenz‘ Arbeit zu sein, daß er klar gesehen hat, daß Verhaltensweisen Teile von “Organen”, von Systemen der Arterhaltung sind; daß ihre Verursachung genau so exakt untersucht werden kann wie die gleich welcher anderer Lebensvorgänge, daß ihr arterhaltender Wert ebenso systematisch und exakt aufweisbar ist wie ihre Verursachung, daß Verhaltensontogenie in grundsätzlich gleicher Weise erforscht werden kann wie die Ontogenie der Form und daß die Erforschung der Verhaltensevolution der Untersuchung der Strukturevolution parallel geht. Und obwohl Lorenz ein riesiges Tatsachenmaterial gesammelt hat, ist die Ethologie doch noch mehr durch seine Fragestellung und durch kühne Hypothesen gefördert als durch eigene Nachprüfung dieser Hypothesen. Ohne den Wert solcher Nachprüfung zu unterschätzen — ohne die es natürlich keine Weiterentwicklung gäbe — möchte ich doch behaupten, daß die durch Nachprüfung notwendig gewordenen Modifikationen neben der Leistung des ursprünglichen Ansatzes vergleichsweise unbedeutend sind. Nebenbei sei auch daran erinnert, daß eine der vielen heilsamen Nachwirkungen der Lorenzschen Arbeit das wachsende Interesse ist, das die Humanpsychologie der Ethologie entgegenbringt ‐ ein erster Ansatz einer Entwicklung, deren Tragweite wir noch kaum übersehen können. Am Schluß noch eine Bemerkung zur Terminologie. Ich habe hier das Wort “Ethologie” auf einen Riesenkomplex von Wissenschaften angewandt, von denen manche, wie Psychologie und Physiologie, schon längst anerkannte Namen tragen. Das heißt natürlich nicht, daß ich den Namen Ethologie für dieses ganze Gebiet vorschlagen will; das wäre geschichtlich einfach falsch, weil das Wort historisch nur die Arbeit einer kleinen Gruppe von Zoologen kennzeichnet. Der Name ist natürlich gleichgültig; worauf es mir vor allem ankommt, ist darzutun, daß wir das Zusammenwachsen vieler Einzeldisziplinen zu einer vielumfassenden Wissenschaft erleben, für die es nur einen richtigen Namen gibt: “Verhaltensbiologie”. Selbstverständlich ist diese synthetische Entwicklung nicht die Arbeit eines Mannes oder gar die der Ethologen. Sie ist die Folge einer allgemeinen Neigung, Brücken zwischen verwandten Wissenschaften zu schlagen, einer Neigung, die sich in vielen Disziplinen entwickelt hat. Unter den Zoologen ist es Lorenz, der hierzu am meisten beigetragen und zudem manche Nachbardisziplinen stärker beeinflußt hat als irgendein anderer. Ich bin sogar davon überzeugt, daß diese Einwirkungen auf Nachbarwissenschaften noch lange anhalten werden und daß die Verhaltensbiologie erst am Anfang ihrer Ontogenie steht. 1963 Blackwell Verlag GmbH","Tinbergen, N.",Ethology,679
-Priming morality: The influence of media exposure on moral intuitions,,"Tamborini, R.; Lewis, R.J.; Prabhu, S.; Grizzard, M.N.; Eden, A.",Priming Morality: The Influence of Media Exposure on Moral Intuitions,680
-"Violent Lyrics = Aggressive Listeners?: Effects of song lyrics and tempo on cognition, affect, and self-reported arousal","Research on music has had an impressive impact. For example, the semantic content of lyrics seems to cause associated short-Term effects regarding cognition and affect. However, we argue that these effects might have been confounded by other musical parameters related to time, pitch, texture, or voice of the selected songs. This study overcame this methodological problem by using different versions of an experimentally manipulated song. In a 2 × 2 between-subjects design, 120 university students listened to four versions of a song with violent or prosocial lyrics presented in slow or fast tempo. As predicted by theories of priming, violent lyrics increased aggressive cognitions (word completion test) and aggressive affect (self-reported state anger) in comparison with prosocial lyrics. However, the reverse effects of prosocial lyrics on prosocial cognitions and prosocial affect could not be confirmed. Finally, the tempo of the song did not consistently increase selfreported arousal, and we did not find more extreme effects under conditions of fast tempo as predicted by the arousal-extremity model. © 2015 Hogrefe Publishing.","Pieschl, S.; Fegers, S.",J. Media Psychol.,681
-Participants' Understanding of Informed Consent for Biobanking: A Systematic Review,"Nurses are increasingly asked to obtain consent from participants for biobanking studies. Biobanking has added unique complexities to informed consent. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate participants' level of understanding of the information presented during the informed consent process unique to the donation of biological specimens for research. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were utilized to conduct the review. PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest bibliographic databases were searched. Results indicated that elements of informed consent unique to biobanking were poorly understood. Most studies had authors or funding associated with a biobank. Only one study disclosed and assessed participants' understanding of moral risks. Increased disclosures, values-clarification, and presenting information via multiple modalities may facilitate understanding. There is a need to improve the quality of informed consent for biobanking studies by utilizing standardized instruments, definitions, and encouraging research about informed choice outside the biobanking industry.","Eisenhauer, Elizabeth R; Tait, Alan R; Rieh, Soo Young; Arslanian-Engoren, Cynthia M",Clin. Nurs. Res.,682
-Increasing compliance by legitimizing paltry contributions: When even a penny helps,"Two experiments were conducted in a door-to-door charity drive context with 165 Ss to examine the effectiveness of a technique for solving the dilemma of small requests. In this predicament it has been observed that minimal requests, while serving to make a target person's compliance highly likely, also tend to produce low-level payoffs for the requester. A procedure was developed to avoid the dilemma by legitimizing, rather than requesting, the delivery of a minimal favor. It was predicted that a solicitor who implied that a very small favor was acceptable, but not necessarily desirable, would make it difficult for a target to decline to help and, at the same time, make it unlikely that the target would actually offer a low grade of assistance. In confirmation of this prediction, a door-to-door solicitor for charity was able to increase significantly the frequency of donations while leaving unaffected the size of the donations by adding the sentence, ""Even a penny will help,"" to a standard request for funds. Exp II replicated this result and provided evidence for the legitimization-of-small-favors explanation of the effect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1976 American Psychological Association.","Cialdini, R.B.; Schroeder, D.A.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,683
-Willingness to supply human body parts: some empirical results.,,"Pessemier, E.A.; Bemmaor, A.C.; Hanssens, D.M.",Journal of Consumer Research,684
-Improving reverse supply chain operational performance: A transshipment application study for not-for-profit organizations,,"Reyes, P.M.; Meade, L.M.",Journal of Supply Chain Management,685
-The Price Elasticity of Charitable Giving: Additional Evidence from Panel Data via the EM Algorithm,,"Wu, J.-M.J.; Ricketts, R.",Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section of the American Statistical Society,686
-Laparoscopic v open donor nephrectomy: a cost-utility analysis of the initial experience at a tertiary-care center,,"Pace K T, Dyer S J, Phan V",,687
-Helping when the desire is low: Expectancy as a booster,"One might assume that the desire to help (here described as Want) is the essential driver of helping declarations and/or behaviors. However, even if desire to help (Want) is low, intention to help may still occur if the expectancy regarding the perceived effectiveness of helping is high. We tested these predictions in a set of three experimental studies. In all three, we measured the desire to help (Want) and the Expectancy that the aid would be impactful for the victim; in addition, we manipulated Expectancy in Study 3. In Studies 1 and 3, we measured the participants’ declaration to help while in Study 2, their helping behavior was examined. In all three studies, we used variations of the same story about a victim. The results supported our hypothesis. Thus, the studies help to tease apart the determinants of helping under conditions of lowered desire to do so, an issue of great importance in public policymaking. © 2020, The Author(s).","Kossowska, M.; Szumowska, E.; Szwed, P.; Czernatowicz-Kukuczka, A.; Kruglanski, A.W.",Motiv. Emot.,688
-Seeing Their Side Versus Feeling Their Pain: Differential Consequences of Perspective-Taking and Empathy at Work,"Perspective taking and empathic concern (empathy) have each been proposed as constructive approaches to social relationships. However, their potential distinctions, limitations, and consequences in task contexts are not well understood. We meta-analytically examined 304 independent samples to uncover unique effects of perspective taking and empathic concern on important work-related outcomes. We develop and test a contingency model of those effects, based on three facets of psychological interdependence: outcome, hierarchical (or power asymmetry), and social category (or in-group/out-group distinctions). Results revealed perspective taking and empathic concern to have positive impacts on being supportive of others, but the effects of empathic concern were stionger. In contrast, perspective taking was an asset and empathy was a liability for capturing value in strategic interactions (e.g., negotiations). Effects of perspective taking and empathic concern were differentially contingent on psychological interdependence. The impact of perspective taking, but not of empathic concern, was attenuated or reversed under negative outcome interdependence; perspective-taking leads to advantage taking in competitive contexts. Perspective taking was particularly beneficial when the actor had high power, but empathic concern's benefits were independent of hierarchy. Finally, social dissimilarity had no detectable impact on the effects of perspective taking or empathic concern, contrary to our theorizing. Overall results suggest two key conclusions. First, perspective taking and empathic concern have powerful effects on work-relaled outcomes. Second, each construct has its own distinctive and predictable impacts. We conclude by offering practical suggestions for improving workplace interactions through perspective taking and empathic concern.","Longmire, Natalie H; Harrison, David A",J. Appl. Psychol.,689
-Revisiting generosity in the dictator game: Experimental evidence from Pakistan,"This paper revisits the influence of unearned money, anonymity of the decisions and religiosity on generosity in the dictator game with charity as a recipient. The results of the experiments performed in Pakistan show that women are significantly less generous when donating with earned as compared to unearned money while men are equally generous with both unearned and earned money. The anonymity of the decisions does not significantly influence the behavior of both men and women. Moreover, women are more generous than men only when the decisions are exercised with unearned money, with earned money there are no significant gender differences in generosity. Interestingly donating all income is the modal choice in all the treatments and average donations are more than 50% of the income. Lastly subjects with higher religiosity donate significantly more than those with lower religiosity and their donations are primarily driven by the religious teachings as well. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.","Umer, H.",J. Behave. Exp. Econ.,690
-"Amazon's mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data?","Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is a relatively new website that contains the major elements required to conduct research: an integrated participant compensation system; a large participant pool; and a streamlined process of study design, participant recruitment, and data collection. In this article, we describe and evaluate the potential contributions of MTurk to psychology and other social sciences. Findings indicate that (a) MTurk participants are slightly more demographically diverse than are standard Internet samples and are significantly more diverse than typical American college samples; (b) participation is affected by compensation rate and task length, but participants can still be recruited rapidly and inexpensively; (c) realistic compensation rates do not affect data quality; and (d) the data obtained are at least as reliable as those obtained via traditional methods. Overall, MTurk can be used to obtain high-quality data inexpensively and rapidly. © The Author(s) 2011.","Buhrmester, M.; Kwang, T.; Gosling, S.D.",Perspect. Psychol. Sci.,691
-,,"Brehm, J.W.",A Theory of Psychological Reactance,692
-Commercialization of kidney transplants: a systematic review of outcomes in recipients and donors,"The majority of the studies showed inferior patient and graft outcomes for commercial kidney transplant recipients. There was a higher incidence of unconventional and life-threatening infections, and an increased incidence of postoperative surgical interventions, in commercial recipients. XCM: The inclusion criteria were broadly defined in terms of intervention, but not explicitly defined in terms of participants, outcomes or study design. Several relevant sources were searched, but search dates were not reported. It was unclear whether any efforts were made to reduce publication or language bias. Methods used to select studies or extract data were not reported, so it was unclear whether attempts were made to reduce reviewer error and bias. Validity was not assessed, so results from these studies and any synthesis may not be reliable. In addition, the authors did not report the study designs of the included studies. A narrative synthesis was appropriate given the differences between studies. The authors' conclusions reflected the data presented, but the potential for bias in the review means their reliability is unclear. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that a database of patients in Western countries who have obtained their kidneys through commercial transactions should be established to allow identification of centres where kidneys have been obtained and help identify surgical, medical and immunosuppressive protocols for recipients and donors. Liaison between recipient and donor hospitals is also required to enable modern surgical and medical practices to be implemented. Improved emotional and psychological support should be provided to both recipient and donor.Research: The authors did not state any implications for research.","Sajjad, I; Baines, L S; Patel, P; Salifu, M O; Jindal, R M",,693
-The efficient interaction of indirect reciprocity and costly punishment,"Human cooperation in social dilemmas challenges researchers from various disciplines. Here we combine advances in experimental economics and evolutionary biology that separately have shown that costly punishment and reputation formation, respectively, induce cooperation in social dilemmas. The mechanisms of punishment and reputation, however, substantially differ in their means for 'disciplining' non-cooperators. Direct punishment incurs salient costs for both the punisher and the punished, whereas reputation mechanisms discipline by withholding action, immediately saving costs for the 'punisher'. Consequently, costly punishment may become extinct in environments in which effective reputation building - for example, through indirect reciprocity - provides a cheaper and powerful way to sustain cooperation. Unexpectedly, as we show here, punishment is maintained when a combination with reputation building is available, however, at a low level. Costly punishment acts are markedly reduced although not simply substituted by appreciating reputation. Indeed, the remaining punishment acts are concentrated on free-riders, who are most severely punished in the combination. When given a choice, subjects even prefer a combination of reputation building with costly punishment. The interaction between punishment and reputation building boosts cooperative efficiency. Because punishment and reputation building are omnipresent interacting forces in human societies, costly punishing should appear less destructive without losing its deterring force. ©2006 Nature Publishing Group.","Rockenbach, B.; Milinski, M.",Nature,694
-The norm of reciprocity,,"Gouldner, A.W.",American Sociological Review,695
-Research Consent Models Used in Prospective Studies of Neurologically Deceased Organ Donors: A Systematic Review,"Research to inform the care of neurologically deceased organ donors is complicated by a lack of standards for research consent. In this systematic review, we aim to describe current practices of soliciting consent for participation in prospective studies of neurologically deceased donors, including the frequency and justification for these various models of consent. Among the 74 studies included, 14 did not report on any regulatory review, and 13 did not report on the study consent procedures. Of the remaining 47 studies, 24 utilized a waiver of research consent. The most common justification for a waiver of research consent related to the fact that neurologically deceased donors are not considered human subjects. In conclusion, among studies of neurologically deceased donors, research consent models vary and are inconsistently reported. Consensus and standardization in the application of research consent models will help to advance this emerging field of research. © The Author(s) 2020.","D’Aragon, F.; Burns, K.E.A.; Yaworski, A.; Lucas, A.; Arseneau, E.; Belley-Cote, E.; Dhanani, S.; Frenette, A.-J.; Lamontagne, F.; Lauzier, F.; Akhtar, A.; Oczkowski, S.; Rochwerg, B.; Meade, M.O.",J. Empir. Res. Hum. Res. Ethics,696
-"Private voluntary organizations engaged in international assistance, 1939-2004","U.S.-based private and voluntary organizations (PVOs) play an important role in international assistance. To assess this role, the authors constructed a new data set that covers more than 1,600 secular and religious PVOs that registered with the U.S. federal government between 1939 and 2004. In the post-World War II period, major revenue patterns are the rise of Evangelical PVOs, decline of Jewish PVOs, and rapid growth of secular PVOs from the mid-1980s to mid-1990s. The authors analyze the determinants of changes in PVO size, gauged by real revenue. They focus on the interplay between public revenue (from the federal government, international organizations, and other governments) and private revenue. Specifically, they investigate whether funds from the federal government and other public entities serve as a magnet for subsequent private support. © 2008 Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action.","McCleary, R.M.; Barro, R.J.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,697
-Biased sequential sampling underlies the effects of time pressure and delay in social decision making,"Social decision making involves balancing conflicts between selfishness and pro-sociality. The cognitive processes underlying such decisions are not well understood, with some arguing for a single comparison process, while others argue for dual processes (one intuitive and one deliberative). Here, we propose a way to reconcile these two opposing frameworks. We argue that behavior attributed to intuition can instead be seen as a starting point bias of a sequential sampling model (SSM) process, analogous to a prior in a Bayesian framework. Using mini-dictator games in which subjects make binary decisions about how to allocate money between themselves and another participant, we find that pro-social subjects become more pro-social under time pressure and less pro-social under time delay, while selfish subjects do the opposite. Our findings help reconcile the conflicting results concerning the cognitive processes of social decision making and highlight the importance of modeling the dynamics of the choice process. © 2018, The Author(s).","Chen, F.; Krajbich, I.",Nat. Commun.,698
-Charitable giving in transition economies: Evidence from Russia,"The economics of philanthropic behavior in the United States has received considerable attention in the literature over the past 25 years. Until now, however, no major studies on developing or transition economies had appeared. This paper begins to fill this gap, estimating the determinants of charitable giving in Russia in the post-Soviet era using World Bank household-level data. It provides evidence of both similarities and differences with Western countries regarding the effects of income, taxes, and demographics on charitable giving.","Brooks, A.C.",Natl. Tax J.,699
-On the redistribution of wealth in a developing country: Experimental evidence on stake and framing effects,"We experimentally study the effect of framing and size of large windfall gains on the redistribution of such gains. Randomly selected individuals from villages in Bangladesh were invited to take part in dictator experiments where they received endowments worth up to five months of average household income and were asked to distribute the endowment between themselves and other individuals. We manipulated whether dictators could GIVE to or TAKE from another individual (i.e. whether the endowment was allocated to the dictator or other individual) and whether the endowment was moderate (LOW) or very large (HIGH). We also provided dictators with the option to reconsider their original decision. We find that dictators allocate almost nine times more to other individuals under the TAKE than the GIVE frame when stakes are HIGH, even after they could reconsider their choices. In addition, we find that proportions allocated to other individuals dramatically drop when stakes increase under the GIVE but not the TAKE frame. The results provide novel evidence on the role of framing and stakes for pro-sociality. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.","Leibbrandt, A.; Maitra, P.; Neelim, A.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,700
-Gazing at me: The importance of social meaning in understanding direct-gaze cues,"Direct gaze is an engaging and important social cue, but the meaning of direct gaze depends heavily on the surrounding context. This paper reviews some recent studies of direct gaze, to understand more about what neural and cognitive systems are engaged by this social cue and why. The data show that gaze can act as an arousal cue and can modulate actions, and can activate brain regions linked to theory of mind and self-related processing. However, all these results are strongly modulated by the social meaning of a gaze cue and by whether participants believe that another person is really watching them. The implications of these contextual effects and audience effects for our theories of gaze are considered. © 2015 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.","de Hamilton, A.F.C.",Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.,701
-The Value of a Statistical Life: A Critical Review of Market Estimates Throughout the World,"A substantial literature over the past thirty years has evaluated tradeoffs between money and fatality risks. These values in turn serve as estimates of the value of a statistical life. This article reviews more than 60 studies of mortality risk premiums from ten countries and approximately 40 studies that present estimates of injury risk premiums. This critical review examines a variety of econometric issues, the role of unionization in risk premiums, and the effects of age on the value of a statistical life. Our meta-analysis indicates an income elasticity of the value of a statistical life from about 0.5 to 0.6. The paper also presents a detailed discussion of policy applications of these value of a statistical life estimates and related issues, including risk-risk analysis.","Viscusi, W.K.; Aldy, J.E.",J. Risk Uncertainty,702
-Governance and governance networks in Europe: An assessment of ten years of research on the theme,"The term governance has been used in a variety of ways, but is most often presented as an attempt to improve co-ordination between relatively dependent actors for the purpose of solving societal problems. It involves the horizontal steering of relations across networks, and can certainly be viewed as a 'growth industry'. This article describes the most important traditions in European governance network literature in the last ten years, and highlights the different foci within the field, particularly between European and American researchers. Finally, the article outlines important research areas that are likely to dominate the field in the future.","Klijn, E.-H.",Public Manage. Rev.,703
-Empathy Avoidance: Forestalling Feeling for Another in Order to Escape the Motivational Consequences,"Often people fail to respond to those in need. Why? In addition to cognitive and perceptual processes such as oversight and diffusion of responsibility, a motivational process may lead people, at times, to actively avoid feeling empathy for those in need, lest they be motivated to help them. It is predicted that empathy avoidance will occur when, before exposure to a person in need, people are aware that (a) they will be asked to help this person and (b) helping will be costly. To test this prediction, Ss were given the choice of hearing 1 of 2 versions of an appeal by a homeless man for help: an empathy-inducing version or a non-empathy-inducing version. As predicted, those aware that they soon would be given a high-cost opportunity to help the man chose to hear the empathy-inducing version less often than did those either unaware of the upcoming opportunity or aware but led to believe that helping involved low cost.","Shaw, L.L.; Batson, C.D.; Todd, R.M.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,704
-Pareto optimal redistribution and private charity,"When private charity exists and is motivated by utility interdependence a non-Pareto optimal outcome, the 'free-rider' problem, typically arises. Nevertheless, incremental fiscal redistribution cannot achieve a Paretian welfare improvement so long as private charity continues at positive levels. Donors respond to incremental fiscal redistribution by reducing their voluntary contributions by exactly a dollar for every dollar transferred in this way. No net transfer is achieved unless incremental fiscal redistribution is pursued to the point where private contributions have been driven to zero. Alternatively, a net transfer may be achieved by fiscal measures which affect donors' marginal incentives to donate. © 1982.","Warr, P.G.",J. Public Econ.,705
-Social participation and employment status after kidney transplantation: a systematic review,"Most studies reported employment status, but there was a paucity of evidence for other aspects of social participation. The quality and validity of the studies precluded definitive conclusions. XCM: The research question was clear and inclusion criteria were specified for participants, intervention, outcome and study design. The authors searched six appropriate electronic databases and other appropriate sources. Only English-language reports were sought and the authors' did not report any attempt to identify unpublished studies, which increased the possibility of language and publication bias. Study selection and validity assessment was conducted independently by two reviewers, minimising the risk of errors and bias in the review process, however, the authors did not state how the data were extracted. Validity of the included studies was assessed and the studies were combined in a narrative synthesis, which was appropriate considering the heterogeneity between studies (for example, the differences in defining categories of employment). The primary studies were generally of poor quality and this was highlighted by the authors. The authors' took the limitations in the research methodology and quality of the primary studies into consideration and their conclusions are likely to be reliable. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practiceResearch: The authors stated that future studies should fulfill methodological criteria as listed in the quality assessment checklist reported in the review. It was also important for researchers to identify potential prognostic demographic, personal and transplant-related factors and to use multivariate regression analysis to adjust for confounding variables to improve identification of patients at risk for decreased social participation after kidney transplantation. There was also a need for clear definitions of aspects of social participation for comparative purposes.","van der Mei S, F; Krol, B; van Son W, J; De Jong P, E; Groothoff, J W; van den Heuvel W, J",,706
-Private versus public charity: Reassessing crowding out from the supply side,"This paper tests a model where government and private charity are perfect substitutes in consumption, but the cost of providing charitable assistance differs between private and government suppliers. The analysis demonstrates that higher costs of transferring through the government can account for the observed phenomenon of less than complete crowding out and the empirical results are broadly consistent with that approach. Overall the evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that individuals both care about the leakages involved in transferring funds to the poor through government and respond in their private giving to changes in the differential public cost.","Ferris, J.S.; West, E.G.",Public Choice,707
-"The Influences of Eye-Gaze, Style of Dress, and Locality on the Amounts of Money Donated to a Charity","A number of studies have examined in the laboratory the effects of an individual's eye-gaze upon the behavior of another. In this study the effects of gaze were investigated in a real-life setting in which a collector of money for a charity either looked a possible donor in the eye when asking for money or looked at the collecting tin. Significantly more money was donated in the former condition. While neither the style of dress of the collector nor the locality in which the collections were made had an overall effect, significant interactive effects were noted for gaze and style of dress, for style of dress and locality, and for gaze and locality. Gaze was a more potent factor when the collector was dressed casually than smartly, and when the collections were made in high-rise flats as opposed to terraced houses. © 1981, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.","Bull, R.; Gibson-Robinson, E.",Hum. Relat.,708
-Persuasive Charity Appeals for Less and More Controllable Health Causes: The Roles of Implicit Mindsets and Benefit Frames,,"Hsieh, M.-H.; Yucel-Aybat, O.",Journal of Advertising,709
-Do Donors Penalize Nonprofit Organizations with Accumulated Wealth?,"Does current accumulated wealth by nonprofit organizations influence contributions from individuals? Existing research demonstrates that financial reserves aid program continuity during economic downturns. Yet donors, charity watchdogs, and policy makers voice concern about accumulated wealth in nonprofits. This empirical analysis examines whether the expected negative relationship occurs when donors perceive accumulated wealth as excessive. The results support the conclusion that future contributions are negatively affected when wealth levels are deemed excessive. Nonprofit managers concerned that accumulated wealth will diminish donations should consider financial strategies that will allow their organizations to build modest-but not excessive-reserves. © 2011 The American Society for Public Administration.","Calabrese, T.D.",Public Adm. Rev.,710
-Research on Corporate Philanthropy: A Review and Assessment,"We review some 30 years of academic research on corporate philanthropy, taking stock of the current state of research about this rising practice and identifying gaps and puzzles that deserve further investigation. To do so, we examine a total of 162 academic papers in the fields of management, economics, sociology, and public policy, and analyze their content in a systematic fashion. We distinguish four main lines of inquiry within the literature: the essence of corporate philanthropy, its different drivers, the way it is organized, and its likely outcomes. After reviewing the main findings of the literature, we build on several research gaps to highlight directions for future research on corporate philanthropy with an interest in strengthening our understanding of this fascinating phenomenon at the crossroads of business and society. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Gautier, Arthur; Pache, Anne-Claire",J. Bus. Ethics,711
-Cause-related marketing influence on consumer responses: The moderating effect of cause-brand fit,,"Bigné-Alcañiz, E.; Currás-Pérez, R.; Ruiz-Mafé, C.; Sanz-Blas, S.",Journal of Marketing Communications,712
-Perceived benefits and church participation: A comparative study among regular and irregular church goers,,"Casidy, R.; Tsarenko, Y.",Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,713
-On the behavioural relevance of optional and mandatory impure public goods,"Impure public goods combine a private good with a public good. Often, impure public goods have a charitable or ethical dimension, giving ethically motivated consumers a convenient option to contribute to public goods through the marketplace (in addition to direct donations). Impure public goods could potentially promote ethical giving or alternatively hinder charitable behaviour. We implement an economics experiment with a between-subject design to test the behavioural relevance of impure public goods with only a token (i.e. small) contribution to a public good. Contributions to the public good are negatively affected by the presence of impure public goods with token contributions. We explore one mechanism to offset this negative impact by making the token impure public good mandatory. We observe higher average contributions and several positive impacts on charitable behaviour, which supports the claim that this mechanism can potentially offset the negative impact of impure public goods. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.","Engelmann, D.; Munro, A.; Valente, M.",J. Econ. Psychol.,714
-Charities Can Increase the Effectiveness of Donation Appeals by Using a Morally Congruent Positive Emotion,,"Goenka, S.; Van Osselaer, S.M.J.",Journal of Consumer Research,715
-The evil eye: Eye gaze and competitiveness in social decision making,"We demonstrate that a person's eye gaze and his/her competitiveness are closely intertwined in social decision making. In an exploratory examination of this relationship, Study 1 uses field data from a high-stakes TV game show to demonstrate that the frequency by which contestants gaze at their opponent's eyes predicts their defection in a variant on the prisoner's dilemma. Studies 2 and 3 use experiments to examine the underlying causality and demonstrate that the relationship between gazing and competitive behavior is bi-directional. In Study 2, fixation on the eyes, compared to the face, increases competitive behavior toward the target in an ultimatum game. In Study 3, we manipulate the framing of a negotiation (cooperative vs. competitive) and use an eye tracker to measure fixation number and time spent fixating on the counterpart's eyes. We find that a competitive negotiation elicits more gazing, which in turn leads to more competitive behavior. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Giacomantonio, M.; Jordan, J.; Federico, F.; van den Assem, M.J.; van Dolder, D.",Eur. J. Soc. Psychol.,716
-Evolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring,"Darwinian evolution has to provide an explanation for cooperative behaviour. Theories of cooperation are based on kin selection (dependent on genetic relatedness), group selection and reciprocal altruism. The idea of reciprocal altruism usually involves direct reciprocity: repeated encounters between the same individuals allow for the return of an altruistic act by the recipients that have helped others in the past. Cooperation pays because it confers the image of a valuable community member to the cooperating individual. We present computer simulations and analytic models that specify the conditions required for evolutionary stability of indirect reciprocity. We show that the probability of knowing the 'image' of the recipient must exceed the cost-to-benefit ratio of the altruistic act. We propose that the emergence of indirect reciprocity was a decisive step for the evolution of human societies.","Nowak, M.A.; Sigmund, K.",Nature,717
-Delight and outrage in the performing arts: A critical incidence analysis,,"Swanson, S.; Davis, J.",Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,718
-Strategies and determinants of corporate support to the arts: Insights from the Italian context,"Drawing on the agency theory and the stakeholder theory, this study assesses strategies for corporate support to the arts and analyzes their organizational and contextual determinants. Based on an original dataset of Italian companies benefitting from a tax incentive program, we observe the following findings: smaller companies are more likely to contribute to the maintenance of the artistic heritage of the local area where they are located, with the aim of sustaining the cultural capital of their community (local legacy strategy); larger companies are more likely to support arts and culture as part of their social responsibility strategy (rich patronage strategy); medium-sized service companies are more likely to contribute a small amount of money to cultural and artistic events with a national appeal, with the aim of enhancing their reputation (Market-oriented strategy). Our research provides useful insights to artistic and cultural organizations for designing their fundraising activities and to policymakers interested in stimulating private donations for the preservation of a country's cultural heritage. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd","Gianecchini, M.",Eur. Manage. J.,719
-Fluoropyrimidine-HAI (hepatic arterial infusion) versus systemic chemotherapy (SCT) for unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer,"BACKGROUND: Although locoregional treatments such as hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) claim the advantage of delivering higher doses of anticancer agents directly into the metastatic organ as compared to systemic chemotherapy (SCT), the benefit in terms of overall survival (OS) is unclear. We quantitatively summarized the results of randomised controlled trials (RCT) comparing HAI to SCT for the treatment of unresectable liver metastatic disease from colorectal cancer (CRC). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work is to quantitatively summarize the results of RCT comparing HAI to SCT for the treatment of unresectable hepatic metastases from CRC. SEARCH STRATEGY: A systematic review of reports published until September 2008 on the findings of RCT that compared HAI to SCT for the treatment of unresectable CRC liver metastases was performed by searching the MEDLINE, Embase, Cancerlit, Cochrane and GoogleScholar electronic databases as well as other databanks collecting information on clinical trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: Inclusion criteria were patients with unresectable CRC liver metastases enrolled in RCT comparing HAI to SCT. The outcome measures were tumor response rate and overall survival. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently carried out study selection and assessment of methodological quality. A third author performed a concordance analysis in order to unravel potential systematic biases. MAIN RESULTS: Ten RCT were identified that met the eligibility criteria. HAI regimens were based on floxuridine (FUDR), 5-fluorouracil or either one of these two fluoropyrimidines in eight and one RCT, respectively. SCT consisted of FUDR or 5-fluorouracil in three and seven RCT, respectively. By pooling the summary data, tumor response rate resulted 42.9% and 18.4% for HAI and SCT, respectively (RR = 2.26; 95% CI, 1.80 to 2.84; P < 0.0001). Mean weighted median OS times were 15.9 and 12.4 months for HAI and SCT, respectively: the meta-risk of death was not statistically different between the two treatment groups (HR = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.07; P = 0.24). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Currently available evidence does not support the clinical or investigational use of fluoropyrimidine-based HAI alone for the treatment of patients with unresectable CRC liver metastases: in fact, the greater tumor response rate obtained with this HAI regimen does not translate into a survival advantage over fluoropyrimidine alone SCT.","Mocellin, Simone; Pasquali, Sandro; Nitti, Donato",Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.,720
-Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists versus antagonists for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in oocyte donors: a systematic review and meta-analysis,,"Bodri, D; S, Kamal Sunkara; Coomarasamy, A",,721
-Charity affinity credit cards—marketing synergy for both card issuers and charities?,,"Worthington, S.; Horne, S.",Journal of Marketing Management,722
-"The effectiveness of fear appeals in ‘green’ advertising: An analysis of creative, consumer, and source variables*",,"Shin, S.; Ki, E.-J.; Griffin, W.G.",Journal of Marketing Communications,723
-Altruistic Kidney Donation – International perspectives on motives and attitudes: A systematic review,,"Ehlers, M; Vitinius, F; Kurschat, C; Langenbach, M",J. Psychosom. Res.,724
-Methadone dose and neonatal abstinence syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis,"The review did not find a consistent statistically significant difference in the incidence of NAS in infants of opioid-dependent pregnant women maintained on differing doses of methadone. XCM: The review question and inclusion criteria were clear. An adequate search of relevant sources was undertaken, with no language restrictions. Publication bias was assessed and no significant evidence for its presence was found. Study selection and data extraction were undertaken in duplicate, which reduced potential for reviewer bias and error. The quality of the included studies was assessed using appropriate criteria and full results of the quality assessment were presented. Appropriate methods were used to pool the included studies and assess statistical heterogeneity; sensitivity analyses were also performed.The authors acknowledged that the lack of blinded assessment of NAS meant that the diagnosis of NAS was potentially biased by knowledge of the maternal methadone dose in the majority of studies. In addition, most studies did not assess the effect of potentially confounding factors on the incidence of NAS. Many of the included studies were small, with around half of the studies including less than 50 neonates. These quality concerns reduce the reliability of the results of the included studies, although they were mitigated by the use of sensitivity analyses restricted to the better quality studies in the review.This was a well-conducted systematic review and the authors' conclusions are likely to be reliable. However, it should be noted that no evidence of a statistically significant difference does not necessarily mean that there is no difference. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that NAS was only one of many factors that patients and their physicians needed to consider when deciding upon appropriate methadone doses during pregnancy; control of maternal withdrawal symptoms and maintenance of stability should take precedence.Research: The authors stated that further adequately designed studies were required to investigate all potential determinants of NAS. They acknowledged that a randomised trial, randomising women to low- or high-dose methadone would have ethical and practical difficulties, and suggest a large prospective cohort study with careful, objective measurement of all potential confounders and blinded assessment of outcomes related to NAS, to determine if methadone dose was an independent predictor of the occurrence of NAS.","Cleary, B J; Donnelly, J; Strawbridge, J; Gallagher, P J; Fahey, T; Clarke, M; Murphy, D J",,725
-Three reasons for doubting the adequacy of the reciprocal-concessions explanation of door-in-the-face effects,"This article discusses three broad reasons for concern about the adequacy of the reciprocal-concessions explanation of door-in-the-face (DITF) effects. First, the explanation ù not sufficiently well articulated to permit unambiguous identification of disconfirming evidence. Second, even acknowledging the explanation's suppleness, at least three sets of empirical results (concerning concession size effects, concession emphasis effects, and the necessity of concessions) are apparently inconsistent with the explanation. Third, there is no empirical evidence distinctly supportive of the explanation. © 1999, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","O'Keefe, D.J.",Commun. Stud.,726
-People recognise when they are really anonymous in an economic game,"Mounting evidence that cues of being watched can enhance cooperative behaviour questions the existence of 'anonymous', one-shot, non-kin directed cooperation and the validity of using 'anonymous' economic games to empirically measure such behaviour in humans. Here we investigate how sensitive people are to such cuing effects. We test whether people playing an ultimatum game can use explicit information about experimental anonymity to override any effects of cuing in a public context, when faced with both simultaneously. The aims of our study were to investigate whether, (1) individuals respond to experimentally imposed anonymity within a public context and (2) the presence of known others affects cooperative behaviour over and above merely the presence of others. We find that proposer offers did not vary with changes in context (i.e., there was no ""eyes effect"") but did vary with the degree of actual anonymity and the specific presence of known others. Hence, we infer that people recognise when their decisions are anonymous or not and proposers respond to reputation concerns when they are not anonymous. Responder behaviour did not vary with changes in context, degree of actual anonymity or the specific presence of known others. Hence, responders do not respond to reputation concerns and use one uniform strategy, perhaps as long as the payoff structure remains constant. This latter finding may hint at selection in favour of strategies that uniformly ensure near-equal splits of resources in some environments, and thus manifest as strong fairness norms in a population. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.","Lamba, S.; Mace, R.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,727
-Income inequality and cooperative propensities in developing economies: Summarizing the preliminary experimental evidence,"Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of income inequality on cooperative propensities, and thus the ability of individuals to resolve collective action dilemmas. Design/methodology/approach - The paper presents a meta-study of 32 developing country lab experiments correlating cooperative behaviour with prevailing Gini coefficients. Furthermore, the paper conducts standard dictator- and public goods game (PGG) experiments with culturally and demographically similar subject pools in two West African countries characterized by high and persistent variation in national income inequality. Findings - The meta-study findings of a significant negative relationship between income inequality and contribution levels in the PGG are corroborated by the own laboratory experimental findings that participants in more unequal Nigeria are significantly less altruistic and exhibit significantly lower propensities to cooperate than their more egalitarian Ghanaian counterparts. Moreover, the latter findings are robust when controlling for personal income levels. Practical implications - The findings have nontrivial implications for collective action theorists and practitioners seeking to elicit tacit cooperation in developing countries. Originality/value - The major contributions of this paper are the novel meta-analysis and the first attempt to examine the influence of personal income levels on cooperative behaviour in societies characterized by differential levels of income inequality. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.","Rosenbaum, Stephen Mark; Billinger, Stephan; Twerefou, Daniel Kwabena; Isola, Wakeel Atanda",Int. J. Soc. Econ.,728
-"Sexual Media and Sexual Quality: Aims, Distinctions, and Reflexivity—Response to Commentaries",,"Leonhardt, N.D.; Spencer, T.J.; Butler, M.H.; Theobald, A.C.",Arch. Sex. Behav.,729
-Taxes and philanthropy among the wealthy,,"Auten, G.E.; Clotfelter, C.T.; Schmalbeck, R.L.",Does Atlas Shrug: The Economics Consequences of Taxing the Rich,730
-Cost-effectiveness of a ROPS retrofit education campaign,"A community educational campaign implemented in two Kentucky counties was effective in influencing farmers to retrofit their tractors with rollover protective structures (ROPS) to protect tractor operators from injury in the event of an overturn. This article reports on the cost-effectiveness of this program in the two counties when compared to no program in a control county. A decision analysis indicated that it would be effective at averting 0.27 fatal and 1.53 nonfatal injuries over a 20-year period, and when this analysis was extended statewide, 7.0 fatal and 40 nonfatal injuries would be averted in Kentucky. Over the 20-year period, the cost-per-injury averted was calculated to be $172,657 at a 4% annual discount rate. This cost compared favorably with a national cost of $489,373 per injury averted despite the additional program cost in Kentucky. The principle reason for the increased cost-effectiveness of the Kentucky program was the three-fold higher propensity for tractors to overturn in Kentucky. The cost-per-injury averted in one of the two counties was $112,535. This lower cost was attributed principally to incentive awards financed locally for farmers to retrofit their tractors with ROPS.","Myers, M L; Cole, H P; Westneat, S C",J. Agric. Saf. Health,731
-The future of data analysis,,"Tukey, J.W.",Annals of Mathematical Statistics,732
-Demand for charity donations in private non-profit markets. The case of the U.K.,"This paper presents estimates of the demand for donations for U.K. charities in 1985. These estimates make demand depend upon price, fund-raising expenditure, a quality index, and alternative revenue sources. The price elasticity of donations found here shows, for the most part, an elastic response and is consistent with previous studies using U.S. data. Our empirical results suggest that non-profits in the U.K., unlike their counterparts in the U.S., are net revenue maximisers. We discovered no significant evidence that public donations crowded out private donations in our sample of 300 charities. © 1989.","Posnett, J.; Sandler, T.",J. Public Econ.,733
-Evolution of direct and indirect reciprocity,"Indirect reciprocity (IR) occurs when individuals help those who help others. It is important as a potential explanation for why people might develop cooperative reputations. However, previous models of IR are based on the assumption that individuals never meet again. Yet humans and other animals often interact repeatedly within groups, thereby violating the fundamental basis of these models. Whenever re-meeting can occur, discriminating reciprocators can decide whether to help those who helped others (IR) or those who helped them (direct reciprocity, DR). Here I used simulation models to investigate the conditions in which we can expect the different forms of reciprocity to predominate. I show that IR through image scoring becomes unstable with respect to DR by experience scoring as the probability of re-meeting increases. However, using the standing strategy, which takes into account the context of observed defections, IR can be stable with respect to DR even when individuals interact with few partners many times. The findings are important in showing that IR cannot explain a concern for reputation in typical societies unless reputations provide as reliable a guide to cooperative behaviour as does experience. © 2007 The Royal Society.","Roberts, G.",Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.,734
-Moral emotions and moral behavior,"Moral emotions represent a key element of our human moral apparatus, influencing the link between moral standards and moral behavior. This chapter reviews current theory and research on moral emotions. We first focus on a triad of negatively valenced ""self-conscious"" emotions - shame, guilt, and embarrassment. As in previous decades, much research remains focused on shame and guilt. We review current thinking on the distinction between shame and guilt, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of these two moral emotions. Several new areas of research are highlighted: research on the domain-specific phenomenon of body shame, styles of coping with shame, psychobiological aspects of shame, the link between childhood abuse and later proneness to shame, and the phenomena of vicarious or ""collective"" experiences of shame and guilt. In recent years, the concept of moral emotions has been expanded to include several positive emotions - elevation, gratitude, and the sometimes morally relevant experience of pride. Finally, we discuss briefly a morally relevant emotional process - other-oriented empathy. Copyright © 2007 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","Tangney, J.P.; Stuewig, J.; Mashek, D.J.",Annu. Rev. Psychol.,735
-Cost-effectiveness of transfusing virus-inactivated plasma instead of standard plasma,"BACKGROUND: Virus inactivation of plasma intended for transfusion avoids the transmission of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and HIV. However, because most plasma recipients also receive other blood components concomitantly, the procedure reduces but cannot eliminate the risk of transfusion-transmitted infection. As virus-inactivated plasma has just been licensed in the United States and other countries, a cost-effectiveness analysis is pertinent. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A Monte Carlo simulation of a Markov model representing the possible outcomes of plasma recipients was used to derive costs and utilities of transfusing virus-inactivated plasma instead of standard plasma. Probability distributions for patients' age and sex and for the number of blood components transfused per case were determined in 924 plasma recipients in a tertiary-care hospital. Other values were obtained from the medical literature. Results of the baseline and sensitivity analyses are the mean (+/- SD) of 10 simulations with 10(7) patients per simulation. RESULTS: In the baseline analysis, transfusing virus-inactivated plasma instead of standard plasma prolonged the quality-adjusted survival by 1 hour and 11 minutes per patient, at a cost-effectiveness ratio of $2,156,398 +/- $257,587 per quality-adjusted life year gained. Cost-effectiveness was most sensitive to the patients' mean age, the incremental cost per unit of virus-inactivated plasma, the HIV and hepatitis C virus transmission rates, and the short-term mortality of plasma recipients due to their underlying diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to most accepted medical procedures, the transfusion of virus-inactivated plasma produces little health benefit at a very high cost. This poor cost-effectiveness ratio is due to the low current risk of infection with transfusion-transmitted viruses and to the greater age and poor short-term prognosis of most plasma recipients.","Pereira, A",Transfusion,736
-Volunteer decision making by older people: A test of a revised theory of planned behavior,"This study was designed to test the utility of a revised theory of planned behavior in the prediction of intentions to volunteer among older people. Such a perspective allowed for the consideration of a broader range of social and contextual factors than has been examined in previous research on volunteer decision making among older people. The article reports the findings from a study that investigated volunteer intentions and behavior in a random sample of older people aged 65 to 74 years living in an Australian capital city. Results showed that, as predicted by the revised theory of planned behavior, intention to volunteer predicted subsequent reported volunteer behavior. Intention was, in turn, predicted by social norms (both subjective and behavioral), perceived behavioral control, and moral obligation, with the effect of attitude being mediated through moral obligation.","Warburton, J.; Terry, D.J.",Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol.,737
-Economic determinants of individual charitable donations in Canada,,"Hood, R.D.; Martin, S.A.; Osberg, L.S.",Canadian Journal of Economics,738
-Current trends and issues in adaptation-level theory,,"Helson, H.",American Psychologist,739
-Individual taxpayer response to tax cuts: 1982-1984. With implications for the revenue maximizing tax rate,"This paper measures the response of taxpayers to the U.S. personal rate reductions from 1982 to 1984. A baseline income distribution is created to describe what level and distribution could be expected in the absence of tax changes. Comparison of this baseline with actual tax return data shows that at least one-sixth, and probably one-quarter, of the revenue ascribable to the rate reductions was recouped by changes in taxpayer behavior. The data also show that federal income tax revenue would have been maximized at a tax rate of about 35 percent, and total income tax revenue maximized at a total tax rate of about 40 percent. © 1987.","Lindsey, L.B.",J. Public Econ.,740
-,,"Ruiz Olabuénaga, J.I.",El Sector No Lucrativo en España,741
-Oral nutritional interventions in malnourished patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis,"Oral nutrition interventions were effective for increasing nutritional intake and improving some aspects of quality of life, but did not appear to improve survival in patients with cancer who were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. XCM: The review addressed a clear question. Inclusion criteria were defined. A range of appropriate databases were searched for relevant studies. There were no language restrictions applied to the search and some attempts were made by the reviewers to identify unpublished studies. Steps were taken at each stage of the review process to minimise errors and biases. Methodological quality was assessed; the included trials were found to be of low to moderate quality. There was substantial clinical heterogeneity in the trials in cancer type and stage, interventions, length of study and follow-up, which meant that pooling of some of the results may not have been appropriate. Statistical heterogeneity was observed across the results. The authors acknowledged the limitations of the review including clinical and statistical heterogeneity across the trials, and the uncertain clinical significance of the results. Although the authors concluded that oral nutritional interventions were effective for increasing nutritional intake, the removal from the results of two heterogeneous trials showed no statistically significant differences between intervention and comparator groups.Substantial variation in the results across the included trials means that the reliability of the authors' conclusion is unclear. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice.Research: The authors stated that studies were required to determine the components of nutritional interventions which contribute to their effectiveness in patients with cancer and malnutrition to strengthen the evidence base for nutritional and dietary management during cancer treatment.","Baldwin, C; Spiro, A; Ahern, R; Emery, P W",,742
-Effects of the price of charitable giving: Evidence from an online crowdfunding platform,"A long literature has examined the effects of the price of giving - that is, the amount an individual must give for one dollar to accrue to the charitable activity itself - on donative behavior. We use data from DonorsChoose.org, an online platform linking teachers with prospective donors that are uniquely suited to addressing this question due to exogenous variation in overhead costs. An increased price of giving results in a lower likelihood of a project being funded. We also calculate the price elasticity of giving, finding estimates between -0.8 and -2. Finally, we examine the effect of competition on giving and find that increased competition reduces the likelihood of a project being funded. These results provide insight into the workings of the market for charitable gifts. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.","Meer, J.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,743
-The evolution of charitable behaviour and the power of reputation,,"Barclay, P.",Applied Evolutionary Psychology,744
-Systematic review of oncological outcomes following surgical management of localised renal cancer,"The evidence base suggested that localised renal cell cancer was best managed using partial rather than radical nephrectomy, but further evidence was required. XCM: The review question and inclusion criteria were clear. The search included a good coverage of electronic databases and attempts were made to identify unpublished studies. Appropriate methods were used to minimise error and bias for study selection and quality assessment, but it was unclear if this was also the case for data extraction.The use of narrative synthesis to summarise the data appeared appropriate given the heterogeneity and low quality of the studies. While there was some evidence for the benefit of partial over radical nephrectomy, this was based on low quality and contradictory data, so the authors' conclusion is may not be reliable. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that renal cell cancer was best managed using partial nephrectomy.Research: The authors stated that well designed and well reported prospective studies (ideally randomised) were required. In addition, they stated that there was an urgent need for standardisation of outcomes.","MacLennan, S; Imamura, M; Lapitan, M C; Omar, M I; Lam, T B; Hilvano-Cabungcal, A M; Royle, P; Stewart, F; MacLennan, G; MacLennan, S J; Canfield, S E; McClinton, S; Griffiths, T R; Ljungberg, B; N'Dow, J; UCAN Systematic Review Reference Group; EAU Renal Cancer Guideline Panel",,745
-When Suits Meet Roots: The Antecedents and Consequences of Community Engagement Strategy,"Understanding firms’ interfaces with the community has become a familiar strategic concern for both firms and non-profit organizations. However, it is still not clear when different community engagement strategies are appropriate or how such strategies might benefit the firm and community. In this review, we examine when, how and why firms benefit from community engagement strategies through a systematic review of over 200 academic and practitioner knowledge sources on the antecedents and consequences of community engagement strategy. We analytically describe evidence on the rise of the community engagement strategy literature over time, its geographical spread and methodological evolution. A foundational concept underlying many studies is the ‘continuum of community engagement’. We build on this continuum to develop a typology of three engagement strategies: transactional, transitional and transformational engagement. By identifying the antecedents and outcomes of the three strategies, we find that the payoffs from engagement are largely longer-term enhanced firm legitimacy, rather than immediate cost–benefit improvements. We use our systematic review to draw implications for future research and managerial practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Bowen, Frances; Newenham-Kahindi, Aloysius; Herremans, Irene",J. Bus. Ethics,746
-The psychological contract and volunteering: A systematic review,"This paper explores the use of the concept of the psychological contract in investigating the experience of volunteers and its potential to help develop strategies to attract, retain, and support volunteers and the mission of non-profit organizations who their efforts support, through a systematic review of what we know about the psychological contract in relation to volunteers. Following the PRISMA, PIECES, and Warwick protocols, we conducted a search of empirical research in business and broader social sciences and humanities databases. From the initial 6,042 studies reviewed, 29 met the inclusion criteria that focused on peer-reviewed journal articles published in English. The research questions and findings investigated by these studies were categorized using Alcover, Rico, Turnley, and Bolino's (2017) multiple-exchange model of the PC: PC formation and development, information-seeking behavior, identification (of the nature of the PC), PC fulfillment, and PC breach. We propose new directions for research on PC and volunteering, including suggestions for research methods and contexts. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC","Hoye, R.; Kappelides, P.",Nonprofit Manage. Leadersh.,747
-A guilt-based explanation of the door-in-the-face influence strategy,"A new explanation is proposed for the accumulated research findings concerning the door-in-the-face (DITF) influence strategy. The explanation treats successful DITF implementations as based on guilt: Refusal of the first request creates guilt, and compliance with the second request reduces guilt. In addition to explaining the known effects of DITF moderator variables, the explanation is consistent with current theoretical and empirical understandings of the nature of guilt and with extant research findings concerning guilt-based social influence. This explanation also suggests a significant role for a new moderator, the identity of the beneficiary of the requests. A reanalysis of previous meta-analytic findings confirms the importance of that moderator.","O'Keefe, D.J.; Figgé, M.",Hum. Commun. Res.,748
-A nexus model of the temporal-parietal junction,"The temporal-parietal junction (TPJ) has been proposed to support either specifically social functions or non-specific processes of cognition such as memory and attention. To account for diverse prior findings, we propose a nexus model for TPJ function: overlap of basic processes produces novel secondary functions at their convergence. We present meta-analytic evidence that is consistent with the anatomical convergence of attention, memory, language, and social processing in the TPJ, leading to a higher-order role in the creation of a social context for behavior. The nexus model accounts for recent examples of TPJ contributions specifically to decision making in a social context and provides a potential reconciliation for competing claims about TPJ function.","Carter, R Mckell; Huettel, Scott A",Trends Cogn. Sci.,749
-Crowdfunding Acts as a Funding Substitute and a Legitimating Signal for Nonprofit Performing Arts Organizations,"This research examines the relationship between crowdfunding campaigns by nonprofit performing arts organizations and their overall fundraising portfolio. Using a dataset compiled from the CrowdBerkeley Initiative and the Cultural Data Project, we find an important link between campaign success and organization age. For young organizations, crowdfunding success attracts funding in the subsequent year, while a failed campaign significantly hampers the organization’s ability to raise funds, suggesting that crowdfunding acts as a legitimating signal. In contrast, older organizations appear to be insulated from the negative effects of a failed campaign. In addition, higher amounts raised in the campaign are associated with a substitution or “crowding out” effect for other types of funding for young organizations, but this effect reverses for older organizations. This suggests that crowdfunding should not only be considered a tool for younger organizations, but also holds promise for established organizations. © The Author(s) 2020.","Alexiou, K.; Wiggins, J.; Preece, S.B.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,750
-"The influence of gender, social cause, charitable support, and message appeal on Gen Y's responses to cause-related marketing",,"Hyllegard, K.H.; Yan, R.-N.; Ogle, J.P.; Attmann, J.",Journal of Marketing Management,751
-Aggression in Children,,"Coyne, S.M.; Nelson, D.A.; Underwood, M.",The Wiley-Blackwell Handb. of Childhood Soc. Dev.: Second Ed.,752
-Using descriptive social norms to increase charitable giving: The power of local norms,"In a field experiment, we examined whether conveying descriptive social norms (e.g., ""this is what most people do"") increases charitable giving. Additionally, we examined whether people are more likely to conform to the local norms of one's immediate environment than to more global norms extending beyond one's local environment. University students received a charity organization's information brochure and were asked for a monetary contribution. An experimental descriptive norm manipulation was embedded in the brochure. We found that providing people with descriptive norms increased charitable giving substantially compared with industry standard altruistic appeals (control condition). Moreover, conveying local norms were more effective in increasing charitable giving than conveying global norms. Practical implications for charity organizations and marketing are proposed. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.","Agerström, J.; Carlsson, R.; Nicklasson, L.; Guntell, L.",J. Econ. Psychol.,753
-"The economics of altruism, paternalism and self-control",,"Breman, A.",PhD thesis,754
-Facing yourself – A note on self-image,"The concern for a positive self-image is a central assumption in a large class of signaling models. In this paper, we exogenously vary the impact of self-image concerns by manipulating self-directed attention and study the impact on moral behavior. The choice context in the experiment is whether subjects inflict a painful electric shock on another subject to receive a monetary reward. In the main treatment, subjects see their own face on the decision screen in a real-time video feed. In three control conditions, subjects see either no video at all or a neutral video, or they see themselves in a mirror. We find that increasing self-awareness significantly reduces the fraction of subjects inflicting pain. The finding emphasizes the importance of self-image concerns for moral decision making with implications for theory as well as practical applications to promote socially desirable outcomes. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.","Falk, A.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,755
-The impact of dementia in the prison setting: A systematic review,"Older prisoners are the fastest growing group in the prison population, with an accelerated aging process they are at a high risk of developing dementia. However, no systematic review has explored the impact of dementia in the prison setting. The objectives of this review were to identify the prevalence of dementia in the prison setting and how prison, health and social care providers assess, diagnose, treat, support and care for prisoners with dementia. A systematic search of the literature from the following databases was undertaken: CINHAL, PubMed, BNI, PsychINFO, and MEDLINE. Search strategies were tailored for each database and included recognised Medical Subject Headings. Hand searching of prominent journals in correctional services and dementia, as well as reference lists of included papers was completed. Open Grey website was searched to identify relevant government, local council and charity publications regarding dementia in the prison setting. The appropriate Critical Appraisal Skills Programmes Checklist for all included studies was completed. Following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 10 studies were included in the review. Due to the nature of the data extracted, a meta-synthesis was not possible; therefore, a thematic synthesis was completed. Three themes emerged: prevalence of dementia in the prison population, identification of older prisoner's needs, and knowledge of correctional officers and legal professionals. The prevalence and incidence of dementia in prison populations remain largely unknown. There is a need for national policies and local strategies that support a multi-disciplinary approach to early detection, screening and diagnosis of cognitive impairment and dementia across prison settings. Alongside the development of structured prison environments, non-pharmacological interventions, continued assessment of prisoners with a dynamic care plan, and training for health, social and prison staff and prisoners.","Brooke, Joanne; Diaz-Gil, Alicia; Jackson, Debra",Dementia,756
-Individual preferences for giving,"We utilize graphical representations of Dictator Games which generate rich individual-level data. Our baseline experiment employs budget sets over feasible payoff-pairs. We test these data for consistency with utility maximization, and we recover the underlying preferences for giving (trade-offs between own payoffs and the payoffs of others). Two further experiments augment the analysis. An extensive elaboration employs three-person budget sets to distinguish preferences for giving from social preferences (trade-offs between the payoffs of others). And an intensive elaboration employs step-shaped sets to distinguish between behaviors that are compatible with well-behaved preferences and those compatible only with not well-behaved cases.","Fisman, R.; Kariv, S.; Markovits, D.",Am. Econ. Rev.,757
-Medications for increasing milk supply in mothers expressing breastmilk for their preterm hospitalised infants,"BACKGROUND: Breastmilk remains the optimal form of enteral nutrition for term and preterm infants until up to six months postnatal age. Mothers of preterm infants who have not established suck feeds must express their breastmilk and often have difficulty in maintaining sufficient volume for their infants' needs (Donath 2008). In preterm infants, donor breastmilk reduced the occurrence of necrotising enterocolitis, when compared with formula feeds (McGuire 2003). Also, case-control studies have suggested that breastmilk is associated with an improvement in feeding tolerance, a reduction in significant gastrointestinal infective events (Beeby 1992) and a reduction in late-onset sepsis (Schanler 1999) when compared with formula feeds in preterm hospitalised infants. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of medication given for at least seven days to mothers of preterm infants whose breastmilk is insufficient for their infants' needs on the outcomes of expressed milk volume and duration of breastfeeding. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (31 December 2011). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of breastmilk-augmenting medications (compared with placebo or with other augmenting medications) in mothers with preterm hospitalised infants whose breastmilk volumes failed to meet their infants' requirements. We did not include trials with a cluster-randomised or cross-over design. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Both review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data. Any differences were resolved by consensus. Data were checked for accuracy. MAIN RESULTS: Two trials (involving 59 mothers) that examined the use of domperidone in a total of 59 mother-infant pairs met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of these trials showed a modest increase in expressed breastmilk (EBM) of 99.49 mL/day (95% confidence intervals -1.94 to 200.92; random-effects, T² 3511.62, I² 63%) in mothers given domperidone. Both trials gave the same dose of domperidone (10 mg three times per day) with a duration of seven days in the smaller trial and 14 days in the larger.Neither trial showed significant improvements in longer-term outcomes of breastfeeding in a preterm population and no adverse effects were reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Two studies with a total of 59 mothers suggest modest improvements in short-term EBM volumes when a medication is used after insufficient EBM occurs in mothers following preterm delivery. In both studies, the medication was commenced ≧14 days post delivery and following insufficient EBM supply with other lactation supports.Currently, no studies support prophylactic use of a galactagogue medication at any gestation. Use of any galactagogue medication has only been examined at more than 14 days post delivery and after full lactation support has been given. Further trials should examine larger groups of preterm mothers and consider breastfeeding outcomes over a longer period.","Donovan, Timothy J; Buchanan, Kerry",Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.,758
-,,"Chen, C.",Examining the Simultaneous Relationship and Uncertain Demand Effect for Charitable Contributions,759
-A little piece of me: When mortality reminders lead to giving to others,,"Dunn, L.; White, K.; Dahl, D.W.",Journal of Consumer Research,760
-Giving according to GARP: An experimental test of the consistency of preferences for altruism,"An experimental test of the consistency of preferences for altruism was performed and reported. The axioms of revealed preference were applied to the altruistic actions of subjects. The adherence of the subjects to axioms like generalized axiom of revealed preferences (GARP) showed that a continuous, convex and monotonic utility function could generate their choices. An economic model was found to be sufficient to understand the data.","Andreoni, J.; Miller, J.",Econom,761
-,,"Sparks, A.",,762
-"Self-interest, sympathy and the origin of endowments",We explore whether the recent laboratory findings that suggest the origin of endowment matters in simple bargaining games are actually due to contextual shifts of relative effort and deservingness. Results support previous findings of endowment origin yielding more self-interested behavior. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.,"Cherry, T.L.; Shogren, J.F.",Econ. Lett.,763
-Towards an Emerging Paradigm: Is Social Entrepreneurship an Insight into Contemporary Society?,"From historical till contemporary era, overwhelming changes happening within varieties of contextual factors (namely, society, economy, culture, environment and education) challenge the field of research in entrepreneurship. ``Old'' nature with ``mold and cliche'' of entrepreneurship is thus moving to a new direction by embracing community and related social value attributed to its concern. Defined as ``social change agents'', the ultimate goal of social entrepreneurs is to promote ``social justice'' as a whole by ``dealing with social needs'', blurring the edges between ``society and enterprises'' among ``public, private and non-profit sectors''. With a critical thinking of current literature related to social entrepreneurship, series of concepts are emerging and gaining interests from both theoretical and practical perspectives, such as ethics, morality, ethical suspect behaviour, (corporate) social responsibility (CSR), social justice, philanthropy, charity, altruism, virtuous, sustainability, etc. By borrowing social constructivism as our theoretical lens, we plan to meet our research objectives through gathering findings based on the following questions: theoretically, why is it important to analyse social entrepreneurship? What are the inner-relationships among those emerging concepts in the horizon of social entrepreneurship research? What are the interrelationships between those concepts and social entrepreneurship? Although this study is still in a preliminary stage, it can to some extent lead more worthwhile explorations further such as theoretical and practical argumentations. Additionally, it is also significant to envision practically for the future research - what contributions our research can make for improving social entrepreneurship education and how to develop the relevant concepts into education and training programs. By collecting the literature material as covering recent 10 years (from 2005 to 2015), 37 articles have been targeted which are necessary for us to conduct a meta-analysis of relevant socially-constructed discourses. Considering those corresponding concepts, social entrepreneurship is giving inspiring ideas for traditional entrepreneurship research and vitalizing it towards a more developing trend. And more relevant concepts will evolve in social entrepreneurship research; they can be involved into consideration and debate. It is also necessarily important to realize the way how to educate students and how to train entrepreneurs for the social changes in our contemporary era. ATLAS.ti will be utilized as a support tool.","Wang, Qian; Aaltio, Iiris",Proceedings of the European Conference on Entrepreneurship and Innovation,764
-Adult ADHD: Associations with Personality and Other Psychopathology,"The goals of this study were to explicate adult ADHD’s relations with personality at both the domain and facet levels and to examine its associations with other psychological symptoms. Community members (N = 294) completed measures assessing ADHD inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms, five-factor model personality domains and facets, and other internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Inattentiveness showed strong negative relations with conscientiousness and extraversion and strong positive relations with neuroticism; in contrast, hyperactivity/impulsivity related negatively to agreeableness, positively to extraversion, and weakly to neuroticism. Whereas inattentiveness emerged as a positive predictor of internalizing psychopathology—and depression in particular—hyperactivity/impulsivity related weakly to internalizing but more strongly to externalizing psychopathology. Thus, inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms showed differential relations with personality—at both the domain and facet levels—and with other psychological symptoms. These results demonstrate the value in examining ADHD’s relations with personality facets and with a wide range of psychopathology within the same study. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Stanton, K; Watson, D",J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess.,765
-The identifiable victim effect in charitable giving: evidence from a natural field experiment,"We design a natural field experiment to enhance our understanding of the role of the identifiable victim effect in charitable giving. Using direct mail solicitations to 25 797 prior donors of a nonprofit charity, we tested the responsiveness of donors to make a contribution to either an identifiable or a statistical victim. Unlike much previous research, which has used only laboratory experiments, we find that the campaign letter focusing on one identifiable victim did not result in significantly larger donations than the campaign letter focusing on the statistical victim. In addition to the role of the identifiable victim, we investigate the degree to which each of our campaign letters affected donors’ payments to other concurrent and future campaigns and whether there is decreasing marginal returns to campaigning in the sense that receiving a letter crowds out donors’ payments to other future and concurrent campaigns. We find some evidence of crowding out, indicating that charitable giving could be a zero-sum game; however, the treatment letters did not have different effects on other payments. © 2014, © 2014 Taylor & Francis.","Lesner, T.H.; Rasmussen, O.D.",Appl. Econ.,766
-"""Even a donation one time in your live will help. ."": The effect of the legitimizing paltry contribution technique on blood donation","Previous research has found that the statement ""Even a penny will help"" incorporated in charity donation requests increases compliance. The present study analyzed the effectiveness of this technique using a novel solicitation and an intermediate delay between the statement and the actual execution of the requested act. University students were solicited to give blood during a special one-day drive. Solicitations were made through face-to-face interactions. Solicitors wore a tee-shirt on which the statement "". Even a donation one time in your live will help. ."" was either present or not. Results show that more participants gave their blood when this statement appeared on the tee-shirt. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","Guéguen, N.",Transfus. Apheresis Sci.,767
-Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of ovarian cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis,"Oestrogen therapy and oestrogen/progestin therapy were risk factors for ovarian cancer. XCM: The review addressed a clear question and was supported by appropriate inclusion criteria. Attempts were made to identify all relevant studies. Validity was assessed according to published criteria, but details of the quality assessment were not reported or applied to the results. Information on the number of reviewers involved in the review process were provided, limiting reviewer error and bias. It may be argued that pooling data from different study types, and when there was statistical heterogeneity, may not have been appropriate. The authors appropriately acknowledged that it was not possible to control for potential confounding factors. One author disclosed links with a pharmaceutical company. Generally, this was a well-conducted review, but given the lack of information on the quality of the studies and concerns for pooling diverse data, the reliability of the conclusion is uncertain. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that the known benefits of menopausal hormone therapy should be weighed against the increased risk of ovarian cancer.Research: The authors stated that more research on the use of menopausal hormone therapy and the risk of ovarian cancer are warranted.","Greiser, C M; Greiser, E M; Doren, M",,768
-Prosthetic intervertebral disc replacement,"To a great extent, the evidence supporting the artificial disc effectiveness and safety comes from the case series. Study populations are small and heterogeneous. In general, there are few RCTs with small control groups and with significant methodological defects. This makes it difficult to compare studies.Therefore, there is inadequate evidence supporting the clinical use of this technology, especially beyond 24 months of use. When all the studies are considered together, it is not possible to show a clear advantage of this technology over other surgical procedures, especially, in the case of spinal fusion. As to cervical discs, it is not possible to establish their safety and efficacy because no direct comparative data against other options such as dissectomy with or without fusion are available.","A, Pichon Riviere; Augustovski, F; Alcaraz, A; Bardach, A; S, Garcia Marti; Lopez, A; Glujovsky, D; Regueiro, A",,769
-Imputing variance estimates do not alter the conclusions of a meta-analysis with continuous outcomes: a case study of changes in renal function after living kidney donation,"OBJECTIVE: To assess how different imputation methods used to account for missing variance data in primary studies influence tests of heterogeneity and pooled results from a meta-analysis with continuous outcomes. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Point and variance estimates for changes in serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were variably reported among 48 primary longitudinal studies of living kidney donors (71%-78% of point estimates were reported, 8%-13% of variance data were reported). We compared the results of meta-analysis, which either were restricted to available data or used four methods to impute missing variance data. These methods used reported P-values, reported nonparametric summaries, results from other similar studies using multiple imputation, or results from estimated correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Significant heterogeneity was present in all four outcomes regardless of the imputation methods applied. The random effects point estimates and 95% confidence intervals varied little across imputation methods, and the differences were not clinically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Different methods to impute the variance data in the primary studies did not alter the conclusions from this meta-analysis of continuous outcomes. Such reproducibility increases confidence in the results. However, as with most meta-analyses, there was no gold standard of truth, and results must be interpreted judiciously. The generalization of these findings to other meta-analyses, which differ in outcomes, missing data, or between-study heterogeneity, requires further consideration.","Thiessen Philbrook, H; Barrowman, N; Garg, A X",J. Clin. Epidemiol.,770
-Perioperative nurses' attitudes towards organ procurement: a systematic review,"AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore and evaluate perioperative nurses' experience of organ procurement. BACKGROUND: Organ procurement is part of the organ donation process, and is typically performed in the perioperative setting. This experience may contribute to perioperative nurses' feelings of distress and negative attitudes towards organ donation. DESIGN: Systematic review of the literature. METHOD: Primary research studies, published in the English language between 1990-2014 were identified, screened and appraised using Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tools. Data extraction and analysis followed. RESULTS: The quality assessment resulted in seven qualitative and three quantitative research studies. The main findings were: (1) Perioperative nurses reported feeling emotionally distressed, challenged, lonely and physically drained throughout the entire organ procurement procedure. (2) Perioperative nurses reported finding their own unique self-coping strategies and ways of eliciting support. (3) Perioperative nurses had positive and negative attitudes towards organ donation. CONCLUSION: Perioperative nurses reported feelings of sadness, feeling challenged and physically drained through the entire organ procurement procedure, which were influenced by differing factors in the preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative stages. It is acknowledged that personal coping strategies and support are important to help perioperative nurses improve their psychological well-being, and their experiences and attitudes towards organ procurement and donation. The meaningfulness of these findings for practice policy and research is described. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Perioperative nurses play a vital role in the organ procurement procedure and require ongoing support to ensure their psychological welfare, in particular, newly qualified or inexperienced nurses' participating in organ procurement.","Gao, Weili; Plummer, Virginia; Williams, Allison",J. Clin. Nurs.,771
-Cost-effectiveness of organ donation: evaluating investment into donor action and other donor initiatives,"Initiatives aimed at increasing organ donation can be considered health care interventions, and will compete with other health care interventions for limited resources. We have developed a model capable of calculating the cost-utility of organ donor initiatives and applied it to Donor Action, a successful international program designed to optimize donor practices. The perspective of the payer in the Canadian health care system was chosen. A Markov model was developed to estimate the net present value incremental lifetime direct medical costs and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) as a consequence of increased kidney transplantation rates. Cost-saving and cost-effectiveness thresholds were calculated. The effects of changing the success rate and time frame of the intervention was examined as a sensitivity analysis. Transplantation results in a gain of 1.99 QALYs and a cost savings of Can$104,000 over the 20-year time frame compared with waiting on dialysis. Implementation of an intervention such as Donor Action, which produced as few as three extra donors per million population, would be cost-effective at a cost of Can$1.0 million per million population. The cost-effectiveness of Donor Action and other organ donor initiatives compare favorably to other health care interventions. Organ donation may be underfunded in North America.","Whiting, James F; Kiberd, Bryce; Kalo, Zoltan; Keown, Paul; Roels, Leo; Kjerulf, Maria",Am. J. Transplant,772
-Elderly consumers and financial choices: A systematic review,"The purpose of this paper is to investigate elderly choices and behaviors in financial services markets. A systematic review of a five-decade period (1970–2019) of academic research in the marketing field was carried out in order to identify elderly consumers’ decisions regarding financial asset management and legacy, highlighting the main findings of extant research and practical implications for marketers. Results shed light on financial asset management in terms of welfare, retirement planning, and investments for old age, as well as legacy practices in terms of special possessions, charities, and rites of passage. The study underlines the need to consider the heterogeneous nature of elderly consumers’ values and lifestyles in designing strategies for financial services and products, emphasizing that demographic differences alone are not adequate to effectively define market segments. Furthermore, the role of mixed marketing approaches considering elderly choices are discussed, together with implications for companies that want to target such consumer target. © 2020, The Author(s).","Guido, G.; Amatulli, C.; Sestino, A.",J. Finan. Serv. Mark.,773
-Perceiving Persons and Groups,"This article analyzes the similarities and differences in forming impressions of individuals and in developing conceptions of groups. In both cases, the perceiver develops a mental conception of the target (individual or group) on the basis of available information and uses that information to make judgments about that person or group. However, a review of existing evidence reveals differences in the outcomes of impressions formed of individual and group targets, even when those impressions are based on the very same behavioral information. A model is proposed to account for these differences. The model emphasizes the role of differing expectancies of unity and coherence in individual and group targets, which in turn engage different mechanisms for processing information and making judgments. Implications of the model are discussed.","Hamilton, D.L.; Sherman, S.J.",Psychol. Rev.,774
-An experimental study of the generosity game,"We study ultimatum and dictator variants of the generosity game. In this game, the first mover chooses the amount of money to be distributed between the players within a given interval, knowing that her own share is fixed. Thus, the first mover is not confronted with the typical trade-off between her own and the other's payoff. For each variant of the game, we study three treatments that vary the range of potential pie sizes so as to assess the influence of these changes on the first movers' generosity. We find that removing the trade-off inspires significant generosity, which is not always affected by the second mover's veto power. Moreover, the manipulation of the choice set indicates that choices are influenced by the available alternatives. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Güth, W.; Levati, M.V.; Ploner, M.",Theory Decis,775
-Partners in giving: The crowding-in effects of UK government grants,"This study examines the determinants of voluntary donations to UK charities, using empirical specifications that combine error-component and simultaneous-equations methods. In a series of tests, we identify the one-way fixed-effects endogenous representation for government grants as the best empirical model. When this endogeneity is taken into account, government grants cause significant crowding-in for the full sample and the two largest cohorts. Price coefficients are negative, and fund-raising coefficients are positive. Religion charities are net revenue maximizers; whereas other charity cohorts fund raise short of net revenue maximization. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","Khanna, J.; Sandler, T.",Eur. Econ. Rev.,776
-Panel-data estimates of charitable giving: A synthesis of techniques,,"Barrett, K.S.",National Tax Journal,777
-Evolutionary theory and the ultimate-proximate distinction in the human behavioral sciences,"To properly understand behavior, we must obtain both ultimate and proximate explanations. Put briefly, ultimate explanations are concerned with why a behavior exists, and proximate explanations are concerned with how it works. These two types of explanation are complementary and the distinction is critical to evolutionary explanation. We are concerned that they have become conflated in some areas of the evolutionary literature on human behavior. This article brings attention to these issues. We focus on three specific areas: he evolution of cooperation, transmitted culture, and epigenetics. We do this to avoid confusion and wasted effort-dangers that are particularly acute in interdisciplinary research. Throughout this article, we suggest ways in which misunderstanding may be avoided in the future. © The Author(s) 2011.","Scott-Phillips, T.C.; Dickins, T.E.; West, S.A.",Perspect. Psychol. Sci.,778
-Interventions to reduce the sexual risk behaviour of injecting drug users,"Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission by injecting drug users (IDUs) is important for controlling the HIV epidemic among all drug users and for controlling the larger epidemic. Over the past few years, several qualitative and meta-analyses reviews have been published. Most of these reviews involved numerous studies conducted in resource-rich countries, while a few covered the smaller number of studies undertaken in resource-constrained countries. In order to make greater strides in controlling the HIV epidemic, we assessed the generalisability of the results of the major studies and reviews for use in developing programmes in resource-constrained countries. We also discuss the implications for global research efforts and public health practice. The reviews show that IDUs in both resource-rich and resource-constrained countries have changed their sexual risk behaviours, reflecting rational and altruistic responses to a major health threat. Findings show that IDUs changed their sexual risk behaviour to avoid becoming infected with HIV and to avoid transmitting HIV to their sexual partners. Although the risk-reduction effect is moderate, it is important to implement programmes to reduce the sexual risk behaviour of IDUs in all countries. Providing evidence-based interventions is ethically responsible compared to providing no interventions. As interventions are implemented in different settings, it is important to bear in mind that stigmatisation of HIV/AIDS, or drug or condom use may limit an intervention's effectiveness. There is a need for research on adapting interventions to different cultural or national settings, and to develop and evaluate new interventions that may produce greater reductions in sexual risk behaviours.","Jarlais, Don C Des; Semaan, Salaam",International Journal of Drug Policy,779
-Global Philanthropy: Does Institutional Context Matter for Charitable Giving?,"In this article, we examine whether and how the institutional context matters when understanding individuals’ giving to philanthropic organizations. We posit that both the individuals’ propensity to give and the amounts given are higher in countries with a stronger institutional context for philanthropy. We examine key factors of formal and informal institutional contexts for philanthropy at both the organizational and societal levels, including regulatory and legislative frameworks, professional standards, and social practices. Our results show that while aggregate levels of giving are higher in countries with stronger institutionalization, multilevel analyses of 118,788 individuals in 19 countries show limited support for the hypothesized relationships between institutional context and philanthropy. The findings suggest the need for better comparative data to understand the complex and dynamic influences of institutional contexts on charitable giving. This, in turn, would support the development of evidence-based practices and policies in the field of global philanthropy. © The Author(s) 2021.","Wiepking, P.; Handy, F.; Park, S.; Neumayr, M.; Bekkers, R.; Breeze, B.; de Wit, A.; Einolf, C.J.; Gricevic, Z.; Scaife, W.; Bethmann, S.; Breen, O.B.; Kang, C.; Katz, H.; Krasnopolskaya, I.; Layton, M.D.; Mersianova, I.; Lo, K.-T.; Osili, U.; Pessi, A.B.; Sivesind, K.H.; Yamauchi, N.; Yang, Y.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,780
-Does stake size matter for cooperation and punishment?,The effects of stake size on cooperation and punishment are investigated using a public goods experiment. We find that an increase in stake size does neither significantly affect cooperation nor the level of punishment. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.,"Kocher, M.G.; Martinsson, P.; Visser, M.",Econ. Lett.,781
-The Legitimization of Paltry Contributions as a Compliance-Gaining Technique: A Meta-Analysis Testing Three Explanations,"The legitimization of paltry contributions (LPC) has been shown to be an effective compliance-gaining technique across a variety of empirical investigations. However, the theoretical explanations regarding the effectiveness of the tactic and the effects of LPC messages on donation amounts warrant further consideration. A meta-analytic review of LPC research was conducted to examine these issues. Consistent with a prior meta-analysis, LPC messages increased compliance rates (r = .22, k = 34, n = 3,181) relative to control conditions. Three moderators were also tested. The results indicated that impression management concerns and perceptions of requestor need explained the effects of LPC messages on compliance rates. A second analysis (r = −.23, k = 11, n = 1,531) offered evidence that LPC messages led to smaller mean donation amounts. A third analysis showed that LPC messages produced similar donation totals relative to control messages. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)","Bolkan, San; Rains, Stephen A",Communic. Res.,782
-The Stimulation and Planning of Blood Donation: A Marketing Problem,,"Knight, R.J.",European Journal of Marketing,783
-The Power of Emotional Benefits: Examining the Role of Benefit Focus on Donation Behavior,,"Moran, N.; Bagchi, R.",Journal of Advertising,784
-The Identifiable Victim Effect: Using an Experimental-Causal-Chain Design to Test for Mediation,"The identifiable victim effect (IVE) refers to individuals’ tendency to offer greater aid to identifiable victims than to statistical victims. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether emotional reactions work to mediate IVE. In two experiments based on the experimental-causal-chain design proposed by Spencer et al. (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 845–851, 2005), it was shown that an identifiable victim evokes stronger emotional reactions than does a statistical victim (Study 1). It was also demonstrated that the identifiable victim shown or described with a specific expression or information to evoke stronger emotional reactions elicited greater willingness to donate money in participants (Study 2). The results of two studies based on the experimental-causal-chain approach demonstrated that the underlying causal mechanism for the IVE is participants’ emotional reactions to identified victims. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Lee, S.; Feeley, T.H.",Curr. Psychol.,785
-Inventory of data sources for estimating health care costs in the United States,"OBJECTIVE: To develop an inventory of data sources for estimating health care costs in the United States and provide information to aid researchers in identifying appropriate data sources for their specific research questions. METHODS: We identified data sources for estimating health care costs using 3 approaches: (1) a review of the 18 articles included in this supplement, (2) an evaluation of websites of federal government agencies, non profit foundations, and related societies that support health care research or provide health care services, and (3) a systematic review of the recently published literature. Descriptive information was abstracted from each data source, including sponsor, website, lowest level of data aggregation, type of data source, population included, cross-sectional or longitudinal data capture, source of diagnosis information, and cost of obtaining the data source. Details about the cost elements available in each data source were also abstracted. RESULTS: We identified 88 data sources that can be used to estimate health care costs in the United States. Most data sources were sponsored by government agencies, national or nationally representative, and cross-sectional. About 40% were surveys, followed by administrative or linked administrative data, fee or cost schedules, discharges, and other types of data. Diagnosis information was available in most data sources through procedure or diagnosis codes, self-report, registry, or chart review. Cost elements included inpatient hospitalizations (42.0%), physician and other outpatient services (45.5%), outpatient pharmacy or laboratory (28.4%), out-of-pocket (22.7%), patient time and other direct nonmedical costs (35.2%), and wages (13.6%). About half were freely available for downloading or available for a nominal fee, and the cost of obtaining the remaining data sources varied by the scope of the project. CONCLUSIONS: Available data sources vary in population included, type of data source, scope, and accessibility, and have different strengths and weaknesses for specific research questions.","Lund, Jennifer L; Yabroff, K Robin; Ibuka, Yoko; Russell, Louise B; Barnett, Paul G; Lipscomb, Joseph; Lawrence, William F; Brown, Martin L",Med. Care,786
-Positive Effects of Television on Children's Social Interactions: A Meta-Analysis,"We conducted a meta-analysis of 34 studies of the positive effects of television on children's social interactions, levels of aggression, altruism, and levels of stereotyping (a total of 108 effect sizes, 5,473 children). Across dependent measures, there were consistent moderate positive effects for those who watched prosocial content in experimental settings compared to control groups or those who watched antisocial content. Moreover, the positive effect of self-selected exposure to prosocial content was as strong as the negative effect of self-selected exposure to violent content. Effects were largest for depictions of altruism, primarily because such content tended to involve explicit modeling of desired behaviors. Strong negative effects occurred in the few studies where children watched aggressive prosocial content. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Mares, Marie-Louise; Woodard, Emory",Media Psychol.,787
-Charitable contributions of time and money: A multivariate sample selection approach,"In this paper, we estimate a sample-selection system of equations in a joint analysis of volunteering, religious giving, and secular giving using data on working households from the 2005 Center on Philanthropy Panel Study and Panel Study on Income Dynamics. Estimated tax price elasticities suggest that changes in the tax treatment of charitable contributions could lead to substantial reductions in monetary donations. For example, replacing the deduction with a 12 percent tax credit available to all tax filers in 2005 would have increased religious and secular contributions from working households by 7.7 and 3.8 percent, respectively. © 2016 EEA.","Yen, S.T.; Zampelli, E.M.",East. Econ. J.,788
-Social Rewards: From Basic Social Building Blocks to Complex Social Behavior,"Humans are social creatures, engaging almost constantly in social behaviors that serve ultimate social goals, such as forming strong bonds with one another. However, most social behaviors provide only incremental progress toward an ultimate goal. Instead, the drive to engage in any individual social act may derive from its proximal value rather than its ultimate goal. Thus, this proximal value forms the foundation on which the complexities of human sociality are built. We describe two complementary approaches for using proximal social rewards to understand social behaviors and their ultimate goals: (a) decontextualizing social rewards—paring down complex social interactions can help identify which basic building blocks remain valuable even in minimalistic contexts—and (b) recontextualizing social rewards—reintroducing motivational and contextual factors into the study of social experience can help identify how proximal rewards serve their ultimate function. We discuss how this dual-approach framework can inform future research by bridging basic social building blocks and real-world social goals. © The Author(s) 2018.","Tamir, D.I.; Hughes, B.L.",Perspect. Psychol. Sci.,789
-It depends who is watching you: 3-D agent cues increase fairness,"Laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that exposure to cues of intentional agents in the form of eyes can increase prosocial behavior. However, previous research mostly used 2-dimensional depictions as experimental stimuli. Thus far no study has examined the influence of the spatial properties of agency cues on this prosocial effect. To investigate the role of dimensionality of agency cues on fairness, 345 participants engaged in a decisionmaking task in a naturalistic setting. The experimental treatment included a 3-dimensional pseudo-realistic model of a human head and a 2-dimensional picture of the same object. The control stimuli consisted of a real plant and its 2-D image. Our results partly support the findings of previous studies that cues of intentional agents increase prosocial behavior. However, this effect was only found for the 3-D cues, suggesting that dimensionality is a critical variable in triggering these effects in a real-world settings. Our research sheds light on a hitherto unexplored aspect of the effects of environmental cues and their morphological properties on decision-making. © 2016 Krátký et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Krátký, J.; McGraw, J.J.; Xygalatas, D.; Mitkidis, P.; Reddish, P.",PLoS ONE,790
-The Door-in-the-Face Persuasive Message Strategy: A Meta-Analysis of the First 35 Years,"A random-effects meta-analysis was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of the Door-in-the-Face (DITF) persuasive message strategy on compliance. Results indicate an overall significant effect of the DITF strategy on verbal compliance (k=78, r=.126), but an insignificant effect for behavioral compliance (k=39, r=.052). In terms of verbal compliance, the DITF strategy works significantly better than controls for different samples, across varied communication media, and for prosocial causes. Additionally, the DITF technique is more successful than controls for volunteering/research than other target behaviors (e.g., monetary donation). For both verbal and behavioral compliance outcomes, the toughness (measured as amount of baseline compliance) of the donation context negatively predicted the magnitude of the DITF effect. It is argued social responsibility theory best accounts for observed moderator factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Feeley, Thomas Hugh; Anker, Ashley E; Aloe, Ariel M",Commun. Monogr.,791
-"To be(come) or not to be(come) an organ donor, that's the question: a meta-analysis of determinant and intervention studies","A meta-analysis was conducted to quantify profiles of posthumous organ donors. Bibliographic databases were used to identify 1280 psychosocial studies on organ donation published from 1970 until February 2007. Methodological quality of 220 studies with relevant abstracts was assessed. Twenty-four studies comparing registered organ donors and those who had not made their organ donation preference explicit were included in the meta-analysis. Log odds ratios (LOR) and standard errors (SELOR) were calculated for ‘demographic characteristics’, standardised mean differences (ESsm) and standard errors (SEsm) for ‘psychosocial factors’. A random effects model was used to pool the studies. ‘Education’, ‘religion’, ‘knowledge’, ‘attitude’, ‘social influence’, ‘family discussion’, and ‘altruism’ significantly predicted donor status in a positive way. The variables ‘fear of death’, and ‘organ donation-related fear’ were negatively related to registered donor status. mmb Organ donation promotion programmes should focus on fear reduction, emphasising positive aspects, and bringing about a positive social norm encouraged by altruistic motives. Lower educated people should be a specific priority group for organ donation promotion programmes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Nijkamp, Marjan; Hollestelle, Marianne; Zeegers, Maurice; van den Borne, Bart; Reubsaet, Astrid",Hlth. Psych. Revs.,792
-Generosity and livelihoods: Dictator game evidence on the multidimensional nature of sharing among the Kenyan Maasai,This paper investigates whether sharing behavior is multidimensional and embedded in social organization and modes of economic production. It uses a modified dictator game varying social distance to the recipient and varying the resource (money vs. six in-kind resources) being shared among the pastoral Maasai of Kenya. Results show that both social distance and the nature of the resource matter for sharing as well as their combination. The discussion argues that these findings are consistent with the nature and role of these resources in the pastoral livelihood among the Maasai. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd,"Archambault, C.; Kalenscher, T.; de Laat, J.",J. Behav. Decis. Mak.,793
-On the prevalence and impact of vague quantifiers in the advertising of cause-related marketing (crm),,"Pracejus, J.W.; Olsen, G.D.; Brown, N.R.",Journal of Advertising,794
-Promoting Sustainable Hotel Guest Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,"Unsustainable patterns of tourist behavior produce a massive environmental burden. Nevertheless, it is unknown which behavioral strategies can be implemented to foster resource-efficient behavior in customers of leisure and travel services. This article aims to identify and summarize the evidence about the interventions which have been tested to promote sustainable hotel guest behavior. Electronic searches were performed in the main databases from inception to September 2016. Papers deemed eligible for inclusion were experimental field studies, reporting factual changes in guest behavior. The final sample was composed of nine papers comprising 13 studies in a total of 5,859 hotel stays. Results showed that all included interventions targeted towel reuse. Five different types of interventions were identified including environmental appeals, messages prompting commitment for conservation, donation to charity, social norms, and nudges. Only the last two forms of interventions (social norms: effect size [ES] = −0.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [−0.39, −0.12], p =.004 and nudges: ES = −0.43, 95% CI = [−0.72, −0.13], p =.009) showed significant positive effects in promoting towel reuse. Particularly regarding social norms, our work shows an effect weaker than reported in previous meta-analyses but consistent (low between-study heterogeneity) in producing modest increases in the levels of towel reuse. © 2017, © The Author(s) 2017.","Nisa, Claudia; Varum, Celeste; Botelho, Anabela",Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,795
-Consumer well-being: Effects of subgoal failures and goal importance,,"Devezer, B.; Sprott, D.E.; Spangenberg, E.R.; Czellar, S.",Journal of Marketing,796
-Changes in self-perceptions as a result of successfully persuading others,"Can we change other people without changing ourselves as well? To test this question, participants used one of three techniques-door-in-the-face, authoritative influence, and rational arguments - to convince a confederate to attend a campus meeting that favored an issue opposed by the confederate, but supported by the subject. Following the confederate's compliance, participants evaluated their perceptions of their performance and the performance of the confederate. Participants using rational arguments described themselves as intelligent and friendly, participants using authoritative influence described themselves as dominant and unfriendly, and participants using door-in-the-face described themselves as submissive. As predicted from an earlier study (O'Neal, Kipnis, & Craig, 1994), the use of the three influence techniques also caused systematic changes in participants' evaluations of the target. Because the use of certain behavior techniques (e.g., controlling, deceptive) can cause users to devalue themselves and others, it is recommended that ethical safeguards governing the use of these techniques should be considered.","Rind, B.; Kipnis, D.",J. Soc. Issues,797
-The eye of the camera: Effects of security cameras on prosocial behavior,"This study addresses the effects of security cameras on prosocial behavior. Results from previous studies indicate that the presence of others can trigger helping behavior, arising from the need for approval of others. Extending these findings, the authors propose that security cameras can likewise trigger such approval-seeking behaviors by implying the presence of a watchful eye. Because people vary in the extent to which they strive for others' approval, it was expected that the effects of security cameras on prosocial behavior vary with participants' need for approval. To test these predictions, an experimental study was conducted with ""presence of security camera"" and ""need for approval"" as independent variables. Results showed that participants indeed offered more help in the presence of a security camera but only to the extent that this helping involved public or observable behavior. As expected, this effect was more pronounced for individuals high in need for approval. Practical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. © 2009 Sage Publications.","van Rompay, T.J.L.; Vonk, D.J.; Fransen, M.L.",Environ. Behav.,798
-Effects of initial request size and timing of a second request on compliance: The foot in the door and the door in the face,"Tested 4 separate procedures for influencing compliance to the 2nd of 2 requests in a field study. 2 factors, size of initial request and timing of the 2nd request, were included in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The 88 adult Ss were induced either to comply with a small initial request or to refuse a large initial request. They then received a moderate request either immediately (no delay) or 7-10 days later (delay). Compliance to the 2nd request was the dependent measure. A 2nd study was conducted with 60 new Ss to replicate the no-delay and control conditions of the main study. Results in the 2 delay conditions and the small-request-no-delay condition support a self-perception position in that the induction of one kind of behavior (compliance or noncompliance) carried over to affect subsequent behavior similarly. The large-request-no-delay condition. supported a bargaining explanation, as initial refusal to comply led to an increase in subsequent compliance. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1975 American Psychological Association.","Cann, A.; Sherman, S.J.; Elkes, R.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,799
-Can volunteers be targeted?,,"Yavas, U.; Riecken, G.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,800
-The impact of gratitude (vs pride) on the effectiveness of cause-related marketing,,"Septianto, F.; Garg, N.",European Journal of Marketing,801
-Screen time: The impact of digital technology on children and strategies in care,"Media and digital devices are an integral part of the world today. Despite potential benefits of media time, excessive or inappropriate use of technology is having a significant impact on the development and health of children. There is a relationship between increased screen time and greater risk of physical health complications, mental health concerns, and negative outcomes on cognitive, language, social, and emotional development. Successful evidence-based interventions and screening initiatives are available for reducing unhealthy media use in children. Providers need to be aware of media-use guidelines, screen for at-risk media use, and provide parental education as well as recommend interventions when indicated. © 2019, Slack Incorporated. All rights reserved.","Robidoux, H.; Ellington, E.; Lauerer, J.",J. Psychosocial Nurs. Ment. Health Serv.,802
-Portraying product or cause in charity advertising: how execution style and appeal type affects prosocial attitudes by enhancing perceived personal roles,,"Chen, M.-Y.",International Journal of Advertising,803
-The “that’s-not-all” compliance-gaining technique: when does it work?,"The that’s-not-all (TNA) compliance-gaining technique offers a product at an initial price and then improves the deal by either lowering the price or adding an extra product before the target responds to the final and adjusted offer. A meta-analysis with 18 comparisons examining the effectiveness of the TNA strategy found that the technique is a reliable method for increasing compliance (r = .16). Moderator analyses showed that the technique is effective when the purchase of a product is requested, when the price of a product offered in the final request is lower, and when the concession size is not too large. It is argued that the principles of hedonic editing and mindlessness account for the TNA effect. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Lee, S.; Moon, S.-I.; Feeley, T.H.",Soc. Influ.,804
-More giving or more givers? The effects of tax incentives on charitable donations in the UK,"This paper estimates the effects of tax incentives on charitable contributions in the UK, using the universe of self-assessment income tax returns between 2005 and 2013. We exploit variation from a large reform in 2010 to estimate intensive- and extensive-margin tax-price elasticities of giving. Using a predicted-tax-rate instrument for the price of giving relative to consumption, we find an intensive-margin elasticity of about − 0.2 and an extensive-margin elasticity of − 0.1, yielding a total elasticity of about − 0.3. To further explore the extensive-margin response, we propose a model with a fixed cost of declaring donations and obtain a structural estimate of that cost of around £47. We also study the welfare effects of tax incentives, extending the theoretical literature to allow for extensive-margin giving and for a fixed cost of declaring donations. Taking into account these factors, there is a case for increasing the subsidy on charitable giving in the UK. © 2019","Almunia, M.; Guceri, I.; Lockwood, B.; Scharf, K.",J. Public Econ.,805
-Population Structure Promotes the Evolution of Intuitive Cooperation and Inhibits Deliberation,"Spatial structure is one of the most studied mechanisms in evolutionary game theory. Here, we explore the consequences of spatial structure for a question which has received considerable empirical and theoretical attention in recent years, but has not yet been studied from a network perspective: whether cooperation relies on intuitive predispositions or deliberative self-control. We examine this question using a model which integrates the ""dual-process"" framework from cognitive science with evolutionary game theory, and considers the evolution of agents who are embedded within a social network and only interact with their neighbors. In line with past work in well-mixed populations, we find that selection favors either the intuitive defector strategy which never deliberates, or the dual-process cooperator strategy which intuitively cooperates but uses deliberation to switch to defection when doing so is payoff-maximizing. We find that sparser networks (i.e., smaller average degree) facilitate the success of dual-process cooperators over intuitive defectors, while also reducing the level of deliberation that dual-process cooperators engage in; and that these results generalize across different kinds of networks. These observations demonstrate the important role that spatial structure can have not just on the evolution of cooperation, but on the co-evolution of cooperation and cognition. © 2018 The Author(s).","Mosleh, M.; Rand, D.G.",Sci. Rep.,806
-Putting the long-term into behavior change,"Behavior change is a topic that is of great interest to many people. People can use apps to exercise more, eat healthier, or learn a new skill, but and digital interventions and games are also used by policy makers and companies to create a safe environment for the general public or to increase sales. Given this interest in behavior change, it is not surprising that this topic has seen a lot of interest from the scientific community. This has resulted in a wide range of theories and techniques to bring about behavior change. However, maintaining behavior change is rarely addressed, and as a result poorly understood. In this paper, we take a first step in the design of digital interventions for long-term behavior change by placing a range of behavior change techniques on a long-term behavior change timeline. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","de Weerd, H.; Degens, N.",Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.,807
-From Altruists to Workers: What Claims Should Healthy Participants in Phase I Trials Have Against Trial Employers?,"Phase I trials, which test the safety and toxicity of an investigational agent, are a vital stage of drug development. Many of these trials enroll healthy participants and recent data suggest that some of the healthy participants treat phase I research participation as a form of work. This chapter examines three facets of the shift from research participation as a form of altruism to research participation as a form of work. First, I set out three features of trial participation that support labeling healthy participants' enrollment in phase I research as a form of work. Second, I ask: is phase I research participation similar to risky occupations such as firefighting or coal mining, or is phase I research participation similar to non-risky, low-wage occupations such as janitorial work? To answer this question, I draw upon original data from a systematic review of 475 phase I trials with healthy participants that measures the risk level of the trials. Third, once I have found the appropriate ``occupational bucket'' for phase I work, I briefly examine the implications for contested questions within research ethics, such as the information persons need prior to consent, rights of withdrawal and compensation for injury, and efforts to increase the transparency of trial results. I argue that conceiving of phase I research as a form of work can bolster the rights of research participants in some of these areas and that bioethicists ought to be less wary of this shift in research participants' roles.","Johnson, Rebecca A",Research Ethics Forum,808
-Attentiveness to eyes predicts generosity in a reputation-relevant context,"Eyes play a vital role in human social interactions. In fact, some prior work indicates that simply the presence of eyes or eye-like stimuli increases people's prosocial behavior, arguably because the eyes serve as cues of being watched and thus elicit reputational concerns. The current study was designed to address two questions in this regard. First, we examined how salient the eyes are among the human features. Second, we asked whether individual differences in attentiveness to eyes (but not other human features such as ears or hands) are predictive of reputation-enhancing behavior. Using an eye-tracking paradigm, we found that participants looked longest to eyes compared to other human features. Critically, greater attentiveness to eyes correlated with greater generosity on a donation task, but only in a reputation-relevant context (i.e., when donations were public but not when they were anonymous). Attentiveness to other human features did not predict donation behavior. Eyes are thus an especially salient human feature, and attentiveness to eyes may signal individuals' concerns about their reputations. © 2017 Elsevier Inc.","Vaish, A.; Kelsey, C.M.; Tripathi, A.; Grossmann, T.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,809
-Pseudoinefficacy: Negative feelings from children who cannot be helped reduce warm glow for children who can be helped,,"Västfjäll, D.; Slovic, P.; Mayorga, M.",Frontiers in Psychology,810
-The Temporal Effects of Story and Statistical Evidence on Belief Change,"An experiment investigated characteristics of evidence that influenced beliefs across multiple time periods. Respondents, after reading one of four written messages that crossed evidence type (story or statistical) with vividness (vivid or nonvivid), completed belief measures at one of three time intervals (immediate, 48-hour delay, or 1-week delay). Statistical evidence was found to be more persuasive than story evidence. Vivid and nonvivid statistical evidence were persuasive relative to the control at 48 hours, and vivid statistical evidence remained persuasive through 1 week. Neither form of story evidence was persuasive relative to the control at delayed time intervals. © 1994, Sage. All rights reserved.","Baesler, E.J.; Burgoon, J.K.",Commun. Res.,811
-Empathic Joy and the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis,"Three experiments tested whether empathy evokes egoistic motivation to share vicariously in the victim's joy at improvement (the empathic-joy hypothesis) instead of altruistic motivation to increase the victim's welfare (the empathy-altruism hypothesis). In Experiment 1, Ss induced to feel either low or high empathy for a young woman in need were given a chance to help her. Some believed that if they helped they would receive feedback about her improvement; others did not. In Experiments 2 and 3, Ss induced to feel either low or high empathy were given a choice of getting update information about a needy person's condition. Before choosing, they were told the likelihood of the person's condition having improved-and of their experiencing empathic joy-was 20%, was 50%, or was 80%. Results of none of the experiments patterned as predicted by the empathic-joy hypothesis; instead, results of each were consistent with the empathy-altruism hypothesis.","Batson, C.D.; Batson, J.G.; Slingsby, J.K.; Harrell, K.L.; Peekna, H.M.; Todd, R.M.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,812
-Random allocation of pies promotes the evolution of fairness in the Ultimatum Game,"In the Ultimatum Game, two players are offered a chance to win a pie. The proposer suggests how to split the pie. The responder can either accept or reject the deal. If an agreement is not reached, neither player gets anything. Both game theory and evolutionary game theory predict the rational solution that the proposer offers the smallest possible share and the responder accepts it. Fairness thus requires additional mechanisms for natural selection to favor it. Studies to date assumed that individuals have competed for the fixed size of pies, in sharp contrast with real situations, where randomness is ubiquitous. Here we study the impact of random allocation of pies on the evolution of fairness in the Ultimatum Game. Interestingly, we find that the evolution of fairness can be promoted by the randomness associated with the size of pies, without the support of any additional evolutionary mechanisms.","Wang, X.; Chen, X.; Wang, L.",Sci. Rep.,813
-How does the incentive effect of the charitable deduction vary across charities?,"We examine how taxes affect donations given to nonprofit organizations and how this varies across nonprofit types. Most prior studies constrained tax price elasticities to be constant across nonprofits, primarily because the data do not provide donations by nonprofit type. Using nonprofit-level data and average marginal tax rates that vary across years and states, we estimate tax price elasticities by nonprofit type. We find an aggregate public charity elasticity of approximately-1.0 and a private foundation elasticity of approximately -2.0. These results suggest that the cost of the charitable contribution deduction is roughly proportional to its benefit for public charities, but that the deduction stimulates significant giving for private foundations. When we partition our elasticities across 24 public charity types, we find significant elasticities of-1.0 or larger for six types. This result suggests that the effect of the charitable contribution deduction varies significantly across nonprofit types. © 2013 American Accounting Association.","Yetman, M.H.; Yetman, R.J.",Account. Rev.,814
-Why we share our cookies: Prosocial behavior from a psychological perspective,"In order to accomplish the benefits and overcome the difficulties associated with group living, societies critically depend on prosocial behaviors of their members. With various disciplines exploring the preconditions and constraints of altruism and cooperation, psychological research is concerned with the motivations that underlie human prosociality. The present paper summarizes the respective literature, starting out with an overview of the measures most commonly employed to assess prosocial tendencies in the laboratory. In short, psychologists make use of (i) questionnaires in which people rate their own traits, attitudes and behaviors, employ (ii) game theoretical paradigms that aim to enhance objectivity by means of anonymity and real monetary earnings and observe (iii) behavior in controlled, but realistically complex environments. The subsequent section addresses the issue how these measures can be structured and summarizes results of a recent study that categorized the various measurement methods. Specifically, the authors propose a framework of human prosociality that assumes three distinct motivation-based sub-components: Altruistically motivated prosocial behavior reflecting the genuine aim to enhance others’ well-being, norm motivated prosocial behavior referring to the tendency to enforce social norms and self-reported prosocial behavior as the inclination to perceive and describe oneself as a good person. The third section outlines situational and personal factors that influence prosocial behavior, specifically focusing on socio-affective and socio-cognitive facets. This part demonstrates that the proposed sub-components of prosocial behavior are differentially related to some of the personal moderators, for instance to gender, cognitive skills, trait affect and narcissism, which corroborates the framework of distinct aspects of prosociality. Finally, I briefly summarize attempts to enhance prosocial behavior by altering its situational, biological or personal preconditions. The influence of meditation-based trainings has received increasing attention during the last decade, and differential effects of these interventions on the facets of prosociality further support the idea that distinct motivations drive the different behavioral tendencies. © 2019 E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 70176 Stuttgart, Germany.","Böckler, A.",Anthropol. Anz.,815
-Dual-process reasoning in charitable giving: Learning from non-results,"To identify dual-process reasoning in giving, we exposed experimental participants making a charitable donation to vivid images of the charity’s beneficiaries in order to stimulate affect. We hypothesized that the effect of an affective manipulation on giving would be larger when we simultaneously put the subjects under cognitive load using a numerical recall task. Independent treatment checks reveal opposite responses in men and women and cast some doubt on the reliability of our mainstream treatment manipulations and assessment tools. We find no evidence for dual-process decision-making, even among women, whose responses to the manipulations conformed most to our expectations. These results highlight the need for caution in the use of these common manipulations, the importance of independent manipulation checks, and the limitations of dual-process models for understanding altruistic behavior. © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Grossman, Z.; Van Der Weele, J.J.",Games,816
-The rise of school-supporting nonprofits,"This paper examines voluntary contributions to public education via charitable school foundations, booster clubs, parent teacher associations, and parent teacher organizations. We use panel data on school-supporting charities with national coverage from 1995 to 2010, which we geocode and match to school districts. We document the meteoric rise of school-supporting nonprofits during this panel, and then estimate a series of regression models to examine the distributional consequences of voluntary contributions. We find relatively large districts have higher probabilities of receiving revenues from a school-supporting nonprofit but the level of per-pupil voluntary contributions declines with student enrollment. In addition, we find school districts with higher endowments have higher probabilities of being served by at least one school-supporting nonprofit and higher levels of per-pupil contributions. Finally, we find no evidence that impressive recent growth in the number and financial size of these school-supporting charities relates to reductions in the public financing of schools. © 2014 Association for Education Finance and Policy.","Nelson, A.A.; Gazley, B.",Educ. Financ. Policy,817
-Social approval and helping,"An experiment was conducted to examine the role played by social approval as an incentive for helping behavior. After filling out the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, 95 female undergraduates were asked to make donations to a research fund under either public or private conditions. The following predictions, derived from social learning theory, were supported: (a) more money is donated under public conditions than under private conditions (p < .01), (b) more money is donated by individuals high in need for approval than those low in need for approval (p < .05), and (c) the effect of need for approval on donating is greater under public conditions than under private conditions (p < .05). © 1975.","Satow, K.L.",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,818
-Social observation increases deontological judgments in moral dilemmas,"A concern for positive reputation is one of the core motivations underlying various social behaviors in humans. The present study investigated how experimentally induced reputation concern modulates judgments in moral dilemmas. In a mixed-design experiment, participants were randomly assigned to the observed vs. the control group and responded to a series of trolley-type moral dilemmas either in the presence or absence of observers, respectively. While no significant baseline difference in personality traits and moral decision tendency were found across two groups of participants, our analyses revealed that social observation promoted deontological judgments especially for moral dilemmas involving direct bodily harm (i.e., personal moral dilemmas), yet with an overall decrease in decision confidence and significant prolongation of reaction time. Moreover, participants in the observed group, but not in the control group, showed the increased sensitivities towards warmth vs. competence traits words in the lexical decision task performed after the moral dilemma task. Our findings suggest that reputation concern, once triggered by the presence of potentially judgmental others, could activate a culturally dominant norm of warmth in various social contexts. This could, in turn, induce a series of goal-directed processes for self-presentation of warmth, leading to increased deontological judgments in moral dilemmas. The results of the present study provide insights into the reputational consequences of moral decisions that merit further exploration. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.","Lee, M.; Sul, S.; Kim, H.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,819
-Is it possible to manipulate passers-by in a Polish street? Empirical tests of effectiveness of selected sequential procedures of increasing submission,,"Nawrat, R.",Przeglad Psychologiczny,820
-Intelligent people defect more in a one-shot prisoner's dilemma game,"Why so many people make the theoretically irrational decision to cooperate in a one-shot Prisoner's Dilemma game remains a puzzle in game theory. Recent developments in evolutionary psychology suggest that the anomaly may be attributable to evolutionary constraints on the human brain and their interaction with general intelligence. We conduct a laboratory experiment to test three hypotheses: (a) projection of a video image of another experimental subject increases cooperation because the human brain implicitly assumes that their choice is not anonymous; (b) more intelligent individuals are more likely to defect, because they are more likely to comprehend the evolutionarily novel features of the experiment that make defection rational; and (c) the effect of the video projection on cooperation is greater among less intelligent individuals. The experiment clearly supports two of the three hypotheses.","Kanazawa, S.; Fontaine, L.",J. Neurosci. Psychol. Econ.,821
-How to Attract Donations: The Case of US NGOs in International Development,"We assess the determinants of private donations across a large sample of US based NGOs with foreign aid activities. Our results show that donations do not depend in the expected way on publicly available information on NGO characteristics that reveal an efficient and targeted use of funds, notably the efficiency price of NGO aid and the degree of specialisation. Private donors rather rely on the frequently offered option to designate donations to preferred purposes - even though this is unlikely to tie the NGOs' hands. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","Nunnenkamp, P.; Öhler, H.",J. Dev. Stud.,822
-Scope insensitivity in helping decisions: Is it a matter of culture and values?,"The singularity effect of identifiable victims refers to people's greater willingness to help a single concrete victim compared with a group of victims experiencing the same need. We present 3 studies exploring values and cultural sources of this effect. In the first study, the singularity effect was found only among Western Israelis and not among Bedouin participants (a more collectivist group). In Study 2, individuals with higher collectivist values were more likely to contribute to a group of victims. Finally, the third study demonstrates a more causal relationship between collectivist values and the singularity effect by showing that enhancing people's collectivist values using a priming manipulation produces similar donations to single victims and groups. Moreover, participants' collectivist preferences mediated the interaction between the priming conditions and singularity of the recipient. Implications for several areas of psychology and ways to enhance caring for groups in need are discussed. © 2015 American Psychological Association.","Kogut, T.; Slovic, P.; Västfjäll, D.",J. Exp. Psychol. Gen.,823
-"Resistance to extreme strategies, rather than prosocial preferences, can explain human cooperation in public goods games","The results of numerous economic games suggest that humans behave more cooperatively than would be expected if they were maximizing selfish interests. It has been argued that this is because individuals gain satisfaction from the success of others, and that such prosocial preferences require a novel evolutionary explanation. However, in previous games, imperfect behavior would automatically lead to an increase in cooperation, making it impossible to decouple any form of mistake or error from prosocial cooperative decisions. Here we empirically test between these alternatives by decoupling imperfect behavior from prosocial preferences in modified versions of the public goods game, in which individuals would maximize their selfish gain by completely (100%) cooperating. We found that, although this led to higher levels of cooperation, it did not lead to full cooperation, and individuals still perceived their group mates as competitors. This is inconsistent with either selfish or prosocial preferences, suggesting that the most parsimonious explanation is imperfect behavior triggered by psychological drives that can prevent both complete defection and complete cooperation. More generally, our results illustrate the caution that must be exercised when interpreting the evolutionary implications of economic experiments, especially the absolute level of cooperation in a particular treatment.","Kümmerli, R.; Burton-Chellew, M.N.; Ross-Gillespie, A.; West, S.A.",Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.,824
-,,"Hammitt, J.K.; Treich, N.",,825
-Altruistic behavior in a representative dictator experiment,"We conduct a representative dictator game in which students and random members of the community choose both what charity to support and how much to donate to the charity. We find systematic differences between the choices of students and community members. Community members are much more likely to write in their own charity, community members donate significantly more ($17), on average, and community members are much more likely (32%) to donate the entire $100 endowment. Based on this evidence, it does not appear that student behavior is very representative in the context of the charitable donations and the dictator game. © 2008 Economic Science Association.","Carpenter, J.; Connolly, C.; Myers, C.K.",Exp. Econ.,826
-,,"DiGiammarino, B.",,827
-Overall evaluation of economic theories,"This article evaluates economic theories of the non-profit sector by their ability to enlighten our understanding of the scope of inquiry, the determinants of the size and scope of the non-profit sector, and the behavioural responses of donors, volunteers, paid staff and non-profit organisations to changes in their external environment. Adherence to a non-distribution constraint has proven to be a useful way of delimiting economic analysis of non-profit organisations, but more attention should be paid to alternatives. Economists have been less successful at developing usable distinctions between voluntary action and exchange. The size and scope of the sector appear to be determined by entrepreneurial supply factors, donations (which in turn are influenced by tax policy, governmental spending, fund-raising, and the quality and mixture of organisational outputs, commercial or charitable), commercial activities, capital supply, the supply of labour (paid and volunteered), the marketability of outputs, and the distribution of consumer characteristics. Variations of James's (1983) model have proven useful to predict the reaction of non-profits to exogenous changes.","Steinberg, R.",Voluntas,828
-The relationship between the entrepreneurial personality and the Big Five personality traits,"Although meta-analyses show that the Big Five personality traits predict business intention, creation, and success (Brandstätter, 2011), they also indicate that narrow personality traits, such as innovativeness, predict these outcomes better than broad traits, such as Conscientiousness and Extraversion (Rauch & Frese, 2007). The current study extends previous research to examine the relationship between the Big Five and a wider range of entrepreneurial outcomes (e.g. founding charitable organisations, organising events, and changing organisational practices). Additionally, it establishes the incremental validity of a narrow measure of entrepreneurial personality over the Big Five (META, Ahmetoglu, Leutner, & Chamorro-Premuic, 2011). Both the Big Five and META significantly predict various forms of entrepreneurial success, though META does so more consistently. This suggests that narrow personality traits have incremental validity in predicting entrepreneurial success vis-à-vis the Big Five. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Leutner, Franziska; Ahmetoglu, Gorkan; Akhtar, Reece; Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas",Pers. Individ. Dif.,829
-The impact of government funding on private contributions to nonprofit performing arts organizations,"This paper tests the crowding-out hypothesis for a balanced panel of nonprofit performing arts organizations between 1998 and 2003. This research uses a number of model specifications and estimating techniques to appropriately capture the relationship between government grants and private donations. Under alternative specifications, the relationship between government grants and private donations suggests crowding-in between $0.14 and $1.15. The crowd-in relationship does change according to art type: symphony orchestras and music companies experience a modest crowd-in while dance and ballet companies experience a small crowd-out. Although the crowd-in falls to zero under the strictest condition, there is a lack of evidence of crowd-out for nonprofit performing arts organizations as a group. © 2007 The Authors. Journal compilation © CIRIEC 2007.","Smith, T.M.",Ann. Public Coop. Econ.,830
-Reluctance to vaccinate: Omission bias and ambiguity,"Subjects are reluctant to vaccinate a (hypothetical) child when the vaccination itself can cause death, even when this is much less likely than death from the disease prevented. This effect is even greater when there is a ‘risk group’ for death (with its overall probability held constant), even though the test for membership in the risk group is unavailable. This effect cannot be explained in terms of a tendency to assume that the child is in the risk group. A risk group for death from the disease has no effect on reluctance to vaccinate. The reluctance is an example of omission bias (Spranca, Minsk & Baron, in press), an overgeneralization of a distinction between commissions and omissions to a case in which it is irrelevant. Likewise, it would ordinarily be prudent to find out whether a child is in a risk group before acting, but in this case it is impossible, so knowledge of the existence of the risk group is irrelevant. The risk‐group effect is consistent with Frisch & Baron's (1988) interpretation of ambiguity. Copyright © 1990 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Ritov, I.; Baron, J.",J. Behav. Decis. Mak.,831
-Efficacy and safety of cefepime in pediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis,"The results of the review suggested that treatment with cefepime in paediatric patients was not associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes. The conclusions were limited because of the poor quality of the included studies in the review. XCM: The review addressed a clear question. Criteria for the inclusion of studies were clearly stipulated. Appropriate electronic databases were searched without language restrictions. The searches included attempts to identify unpublished literature and ongoing trials. Steps were taken by the authors throughout the review process to minimise errors and bias by the reviewers. The authors' decision to pool the study results appeared justified, as shown by the statistical homogeneity across the results. The limitations of the review, particularly the low quality and small sample sizes of the included trials, were correctly acknowledged by the authors. This was a well-conducted review and the authors' cautious conclusions are likely to be reliable. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for researchResearch: The authors stated that well-designed clinical trials were required to establish the safety and efficacy of cefepime in children and adolescents. Important subgroups should be considered, particularly any differences between children and adults in treatment effects and adverse events","Adderson, E E; Flynn, P M; Hoffman, J M",,832
-Establishing a causal chain: Why experiments are often more effective than mediational analyses in examining psychological processes,"The authors propose that experiments that utilize mediational analyses as suggested by R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny (1986) are overused and sometimes improperly held up as necessary for a good social psychological paper. The authors argue that when it is easy to manipulate and measure a proposed psychological process that a series of experiments that demonstrates the proposed causal chain is superior. They further argue that when it is easy to manipulate a proposed psychological process but difficult to measure it that designs that examine underlying process by utilizing moderation can be effective. It is only when measurement of a proposed psychological process is easy and manipulation of it is difficult that designs that rely on mediational analyses should be preferred, and even in these situations careful consideration should be given to the limiting factors of such designs. Copyright 2005 by the American Psychological Association.","Spencer, S.J.; Zanna, M.P.; Fong, G.T.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,833
-Machine perfusion versus cold storage of kidneys derived from donation after cardiac death: a meta-analysis,"BACKGROUND: In response to the increased organ shortage, organs derived from donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors are becoming an acceptable option once again for clinical use in transplantation. However, transplant outcomes in cases where DCD organs are used are not as favorable as those from donation after brain death or living donors. Different methods of organ preservation are a key factor that may influence the outcomes of DCD kidney transplantation. METHODS: We compared the transplant outcomes in patients receiving DCD kidneys preserved by machine perfusion (MP) or by static cold storage (CS) preservation by conducting a meta-analysis. The MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were searched. All studies reporting outcomes for MP versus CS preserved DCD kidneys were further considered for inclusion in this meta-analysis. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to compare the pooled data between groups that were transplanted with kidneys that were preserved by MP or CS. RESULTS: Four prospective, randomized, controlled trials, involving 175 MP and 176 CS preserved DCD kidney transplant recipients, were included. MP preserved DCD kidney transplant recipients had a decreased incidence of delayed graft function (DGF) with an odd ration of 0.56 (95% CI = 0.36-0.86, P = 0.008) compared to CS. However, no significant differences were seen between the two technologies in incidence of primary non-function, one year graft survival, or one year patient survival. CONCLUSIONS: MP preservation of DCD kidneys is superior to CS in terms of reducing DGF rate post-transplant. However, primary non-function, one year graft survival, and one year patient survival were not affected by the use of MP or CS for preservation.","Deng, Ronghai; Gu, Guangxiang; Wang, Dongping; Tai, Qiang; Wu, Linwei; Ju, Weiqiang; Zhu, Xiaofeng; Guo, Zhiyong; He, Xiaoshun",PLoS One,834
-Extending the simple linear regression model to account for correlated responses: An introduction to generalized estimating equations and multi-level mixed modelling,"Much of the research in epidemiology and clinical science is based upon longitudinal designs which involve repeated measurements of a variable of interest in each of a series of individuals. Such designs can be very powerful, both statistically and scientifically, because they enable one to study changes within individual subjects over time or under varied conditions. However, this power arises because the repeated measurements tend to be correlated with one another, and this must be taken into proper account at the time of analysis or misleading conclusions may result. Recent advances in statistical theory and in software development mean that studies based upon such designs can now be analysed more easily, in a valid yet flexible manner, using a variety of approaches which include the use of generalized estimating equations, and mixed models which incorporate random effects. This paper provides a particularly simple illustration of the use of these two approaches, taking as a practical example the analysis of a study which examined the response of portable peak expiratory flow meters to changes in true peak expiratory flow in 12 children with asthma. The paper takes the reader through the relevant practicalities of model fitting, interpretation and criticism and demonstrates that, in a simple case such as this, analyses based upon these model-based approaches produce reassuringly similar inferences to standard analyses based upon more conventional methods.","Burton, P.; Gurrin, L.; Sly, P.",Stat. Med.,835
-Does narrative information bias individual's decision making? A systematic review,"Although it seemed likely that narrative information affected individuals' decision making processes and outcomes, it was unclear why narratives affected the decision making process, whether they facilitated or biased decision making and whether they affected the quality and/or outcome of the decision. XCM: The search question was broad but clear. The search strategy was extensive and attempts were made to identify unpublished data. The restriction to English-language articles meant that the results may have been affected by language bias. It was unclear how many reviewers performed the study selection and data extraction, so errors or bias may have been introduced during the review process. A validity assessment was conducted, although reporting of this indicated that it may have been rather subjective and no details were given on how it was performed. The narrative synthesis was appropriate.Some aspects of the review process are not well reported, but the authors'conclusions are suitably cautious and reflect the limited evidence presented. XIM: Practice: The authors suggested that people who designing interventions to facilitate informed decision making avoid use of patient testimonials until there was evidence to explain what type of narrative encouraged bias in information processing and decision making and which mechanisms mediated the effect.Research: The authors stated that studies should aim to strengthen validity by using non-student or patient populationa and/or scenariosinformed by current health practice. The quality of research could also be improved by explicit reporting of the sampling procedure and inclusion of validated measures. Further research is also needed to examine the impact of including different narrative types in hypothetical scenarios.","Winterbottom, A; Bekker, H L; Conner, M; Mooney, A",,836
-Consumer-client orientation and public service marketing,,"Beltramini, R.F.",European Journal of Marketing,837
-Are estimated tax elasticities really just tax evasion elasticities? The case of charitable contributions,,"Slemrod, J.",Review of Economics and Statistics,838
-Engineering altruism: A theoretical and experimental investigation of anonymity and gift giving,"Three double blind treatments of a US$ 10 dictator game are used to examine the role of anonymity and perceptions of anonymity in pro-social behavior. One treatment has dictators viewing pictures of recipients, the second has recipients receiving pictures of dictators and the third is a pictureless control. In each treatment, more than 50 percent of dictators give US$ 0. For those dictators who give positive amounts, the modal gift is US$ 5 in each photograph treatment versus US$ 2 in the control. Twenty-five percent of subjects in each photograph treatment give at least US$ 5 versus 4 percent of subjects in the control. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","Burnham, T.C.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,839
-The effects of psychosocial stress on intergroup resource allocation,"Stress changes our social behavior. Traditionally, stress has been associated with “fight-or-flight” – the tendency to attack an aggressor, or escape the stressor. But stress may also promote the opposite pattern, i.e., “tend-and-befriend” – increased prosociality toward others. It is currently unclear which situational or physiological factors promote one or the other. Here, we hypothesized that stress stimulates both tendencies, but that fight-or-flight is primarily directed against a potentially hostile outgroup, moderated by rapid-acting catecholamines, while tend-and-befriend is mainly shown towards a supportive ingroup, regulated by cortisol. To test this hypothesis, we measured stress-related neurohormonal modulators and sex hormones in male and female participants who were exposed to a psychosocial stressor, and subsequently played an intergroup social dilemma game in which they could reveal prosocial motives towards an ingroup (ingroup-love) and hostility towards an outgroup (outgroup-hate). We found no significant effects of stress on social preferences, but stress-related heart-rate increases predicted outgroup-hostile behavior. Furthermore, when controlling for testosterone, cortisol was associated with increased ingroup-love. Other-regarding behavior was overall higher in male than female participants. Our mixed results are of interest to scholars of the effects of stress on prosocial and aggressive behavior, but call for refinement in future replications. © 2019, The Author(s).","Schweda, A.; Faber, N.S.; Crockett, M.J.; Kalenscher, T.",Sci. Rep.,840
-"Government grants, crowding out theory, and American based international non-governmental organizations",,"Owalla, O.K.",doctoral thesis,841
-Helping a Few a Lot or Many a Little: Political Ideology and Charitable Giving,,"Farmer, A.; Kidwell, B.; Hardesty, D.M.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,842
-An oil spill contribution factors by shipping activities: A preliminary case study at four Marine Authority levels in Penang,,"Ishak, I.C.; Mohalid, R.H.",International Journal of Supply Chain Management,843
-"Mirror, mirror on the retail wall: Self-focused attention promotes reliance on feelings in consumer decisions",,"Chang, H.H.; Hung, I.W.",Journal of Marketing Research,844
-The Influence of Nietzsche on Freud's Ideas,"Background. The striking analogies between the ideas of Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche, whose works were published from one to three decades before those of Freud, have been commented upon, but no previous systematic correlation of the ideas of Nietzsche and Freud has been made. Method. The major works of Nietzsche were read, and each possible analogy to an idea later broached by Freud was correlated by a systematic review of his works. Any references to Nietzsche in Freud's writings and reported conversation were culled. Results. Concepts of Nietzsche which are similar to those of Freud include (a) the concept of the unconscious mind; (b) the idea that repression pushes unacceptable feelings and thoughts into the unconscious and thus makes the individual emotionally more comfortable and effective; (c) the conception that repressed emotions and instinctual drives rater are expressed in disguised ways (for example, hostile feelings and ideas may be expressed as altruistic sentiments and acts); (d) the concept of dreams as complex, symbolic `'illusions of illusions'' and dreaming itself as a cathartic process which has healthy properties; and (e) the suggestion that the projection of hostile, unconscious feelings onto others, who are then perceived as persecutors of the individual, is the basis of paranoid thinking. Some of Freud's basic terms are identical to those used by Nietzsche. Conclusion. Freud repeatedly stated that he had never read Nietzsche. Evidence contradicting this are his references to Nietzsche and his quotations and paraphrases of him, in casual conversation and his now published personal correspondence, as well as in his early and later writings.","Chapman, A H; Chapman-Santana, Mirian",Br. J. Psychiatry,845
-Image induction and social influence: Explication and initial tests,"Image induction posits that social influencers can manipulate a target's self-image to gain increased compliance. By preceding a request with a question that creates a salient self-image in a target, targets are more likely to behave consistently with that image by complying with the request. Three studies provide empirical tests of image induction. Results indicate that the addition of an image-inducing pretreatment question is associated with increased rates of compliance when compared to a control group. These findings held across two types of image induction manipulations (helpfulness, willingness to try new things), two types of behaviors (agreeing to complete a survey, agreeing to receive a free soft drink sample), and both face-to-face and written requests. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Bolkan, S.; Andersen, P.A.",Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol.,846
-What Kind of Information About Marginal Donors Is Available Through Sources Other Than Health Care Professionals for Patients on the Waiting List for Organ Transplantation?,"BACKGROUND: The current organ shortage has necessitated expanding the criteria for potential donations to marginal donors (older or sick donors whose organs would have been considered unsuitable before). In France, physicians are not required to provide information to recipients about marginal donors except for hepatitis C or hepatitis B infection and non-heart-beating donations. We hypothesized that patients can be informed about these risks by other information sources than health care professionals, such as websites and patient associations. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the study were to identify the main health information sources of transplant patients other than health professionals and to evaluate the information provided by websites and associations to patients about the risks of transplantation from marginal donors. METHODS: In this study, the information sources for kidney, liver, heart, and lung patients that had already received transplants or registered on waiting lists were identified by a survey in four transplant centers. Further, the information proposed by French and English language websites and patient associations were evaluated, respectively, by a systematic review of websites and a survey among the presidents of kidney, liver, heart, and lung patient associations. RESULTS: For the first survey, (367/402) 91.3% responses were registered. Apart from health professionals identified as the principal information source (363/367) 98.9%, 19 liver and 28 heart patients searched for information on the websites, while 37 kidney and 42 lung patients were more informed by patients' associations. Our two last surveys showed that information about marginal donors is accessible by websites and (10/34) 30% of associations. All of the 60 Internet documents evaluated on French language and English language websites proposed information about marginal donors. Otherwise, (52/65) 80% of these documents were dedicated to health professionals and contained specialized information, difficult to understand by patients. Certain associations, (20/34) 59%, provided information about the risks of transplantation. There were 45/115 patients considering associations as their main information source that were informed by an association's website. However, only (5/22) 23% of associations communicated the risks of transplantation with patients through their websites. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, patients want to be more informed by other information sources than health professionals, particularly by the websites. Nevertheless, they cannot always trust information proposed by these sources. They need to have their physicians inform them about specialized keywords and present them with reliable information sources. So reliable centers such as universities, transplant centers, and associations should develop the quality and quantity of information proposed to patients on their websites.","Kamran, Sara; Calmus, Yvon; Pomey, Marie Pascale; Vidal-Trécan, Gwenaëlle",Interact. J. Med. Res.,847
-Effectiveness of Error Management Training: A Meta-Analysis,"Error management training (EMT) is a training method that involves active exploration as well as explicit encouragement for learners to make errors during training and to learn from them. Past evaluation studies, which compared skill-based training outcomes of EMT with those of proceduralized error-avoidant training or of exploratory training without error encouragement, have yielded considerable variation in effect sizes. The present meta-analysis compiles the results of the existing studies and seeks to explain this variation. Although the mean effect of EMT across all 24 identified studies (N = 2,183) was positive and significant (Cohen's d = 0.44), there were several moderators. Moderator analyses showed effect sizes to be larger (a) for posttraining transfer (d = 0.56) than for within-training performance and (b) for performance tasks that were structurally distinct (adaptive transfer; d = 0.80) than for tasks that were similar to training (analogical transfer). In addition, both active exploration and error encouragement were identified as effective elements in EMT. Results suggest that EMT may be better suited than error-avoidant training methods for promotion of transfer to novel tasks. © 2008 American Psychological Association.","Keith, N.; Frese, M.",J. Appl. Psychol.,848
-Periodic pricing and perceived contract benefits,,"Atlas, S.A.; Bartels, D.M.",Journal of Consumer Research,849
-The social neuroscience of reputation,"Human behavior is strongly influenced by the presence of others. Obtaining a good reputation or avoiding a bad one is a powerful incentive for a plethora of human actions. Theoretical considerations suggest that reputation may be a key mediator of aspects of altruistic behavior that are uniquely human. Despite its considerable influence on human social behavior and the growing interest in social neuroscience, investigations of the neural basis of reputation-based decision-making are still in their infancy. Here, I argue that reputation is an important aspect of human social cognition and present some of the candidate neural mechanisms. © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society.","Izuma, K.",Neurosci. Res.,850
-Non-profit organizations' practices and perceptions of advertising: Implications for advertisers,,"Marchand, J.; Lavoie, S.",Journal of Advertising Research,851
-NSPCC: Marketing the “solution” not the “problem”,,"Lindsay, G.; Murphy, A.",Journal of Marketing Management,852
-Looking Under the Hood of Third-Party Punishment Reveals Design for Personal Benefit,"Third-party intervention, such as when a crowd stops a mugger, is common. Yet it seems irrational because it has real costs but may provide no personal benefits. In a laboratory analogue, the third-party-punishment game, third parties (“punishers”) will often spend real money to anonymously punish bad behavior directed at other people. A common explanation is that third-party punishment exists to maintain a cooperative society. We tested a different explanation: Third-party punishment results from a deterrence psychology for defending personal interests. Because humans evolved in small-scale, face-to-face social worlds, the mind infers that mistreatment of a third party predicts later mistreatment of oneself. We showed that when punishers do not have information about how they personally will be treated, they infer that mistreatment of other people predicts mistreatment of themselves, and these inferences predict punishment. But when information about personal mistreatment is available, it drives punishment. This suggests that humans’ punitive psychology evolved to defend personal interests. © The Author(s) 2016.","Krasnow, M.M.; Delton, A.W.; Cosmides, L.; Tooby, J.",Psychol. Sci.,853
-Reaching substantive female representation among decision-makers: A qualitative research study of gender-related experiences from the health sector in Mozambique,"Background Achieving significant female representation in government at decision-making levels has been identified as a key step towards achieving gender equality. In 2015, women held 39.6% of parliamentary seats in Mozambique, which is above the benchmark of 30% that has been suggested as the turning point for minority representation to move from token status to having a sizable impact. We undertook a study to identify gender-related barriers and facilitators to improving women-centered policies in the health sector. Methods We conducted in-depth interviews with 39 individuals (32 women, 7 men) involved at a senior level in policy making or implementation of woman-centric policies within the Mozambique Ministry of Health and affiliated institutions. We used a semi-structured interview guide that included questions on difficulties and facilitating factors encountered in the policy making process, and the perceived role of gender in this process. We used both deductive and inductive analysis approaches, starting with a set of pre-identified themes and expanding this to include themes that emerged during coding. Results Our data suggest two main findings: (1) the women who participated in our study generally do not report feeling discrimination in the workplace and (2) senior health sector perceive women to be more personally attuned to women-centric issues than men. Within our specific sample, we found little to suggest that gender discrimination is a problem professionally for female decision-makers in Mozambique. However, these findings should be contextualized using an intersectional lens with recognition of the important difference between descriptive versus substantive female representation, and whether “percentage of women” is truly the best metric for gaging commitment to gender equality at the policy making level. Conclusions Mozambique’s longstanding significant representation of women may have led to creating an environment that leads to positive experiences for female decision-makers in the government. However, while the current level of female representation should be celebrated, it does not negate the need for continued focus on female representation in decision-making positions. © 2018 Sawadogo-Lewis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Sawadogo-Lewis, T.; Cane, R.M.; Morgan, R.; Qiu, M.; Magaço, A.; Ngale, K.; Roberton, T.",PLoS ONE,854
-The Scarecrow and the Tin Man: The Vicissitudes of Human Sympathy and Caring,"Why do some victims elicit outpourings of sympathy from those who are unaffected, while others do not? The authors propose a theoretical framework for making sense of the vicissitudes of sympathy based on the interaction between two qualitatively different mental processes. One, which the authors term ""sympathy,"" is caring but immature and irrational. The other process, which the authors term ""deliberation,"" is rational but uncaring. After proposing a framework for how these two factors interact, the authors first discuss a variety of factors that affect the strength of sympathy, including whether one is in the same state as the victim, one's past and vicarious experiences, proximity, similarity, vividness, and newness. Next, the authors discuss factors that affect the relative influence of deliberation. The framework helps to integrate a wide range of disparate experimental findings and provides a possible resolution to parallel debates taking place in psychology and economics over the nature of altruism. © 2007 American Psychological Association.","Loewenstein, G.; Small, D.A.",Rev. Gen. Psychol.,855
-Applications of continuous improvement methodologies in the voluntary sector: a systematic literature review,"Despite the vast acceptance of continuous improvement (CI) methodologies in manufacturing and services industries, few organisations have implemented CI in the voluntary sector (VS). This paper presents a systematic review of the literature on CI methodologies in VS. 20 publications on the application of CI methodologies in VS were included drawn from four academic databases (EBSCOHost, Emerald Insight, Web of Science and Scopus). The review was restricted to peer-reviewed English-written academic articles published between 2000 and 2017. The findings revealed that cost reduction, increased customer satisfaction and improved staff empowerment are some of the potential benefits of implementing CI in the VS. Further, the possible challenges include resistance to change, lack of formal processes and the diversity of customers. This review underlines the critical success factors for the adoption of CI methodologies as appropriate leadership and organisational culture and staff engagement. Additionally, the paper identifies emerging trends and research gaps in this area. The findings of the study will enable VS professionals to gain a better understanding of the application of CI methodologies and will allow academics to conduct further research in this area using the identified research gaps.","Jevanesan, Thivya; Antony, Jiju; Rodgers, Bryan; Prashar, Anupama",Total Qual. Manage. Bus. Excel.,856
-How Social an Animal? The Human Capacity for Caring,"We live in a social arena. Yet, in our interactions with others do we ever really care about them, or is the real target of our concern always, exclusively ourselves? For many years psychology, including social psychology, has assumed that we are social egoists, caring exclusively for ourselves. Today, the computer analogy that underlies so much thinking in cognitive and social psychology overlooks the fact that we care altogether. Recent evidence in support of the empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests a very different view. It suggests that not only do we care but also that when we feel empathy for others in need, we are capable of caring for them for their sakes and not our own. Limits on the human capacity for altruistic caring are discussed.","Batson, C.D.",Am. Psychol.,857
-Founders' fortunes and philanthropy: A history of the U.S. Charitable-contribution deduction,"Since 1917, tax filers in the United States who itemize tax deductions have been able to subtract gifts to eligible charities from their taxable income. The deduction is especially valuable to successful entrepreneurs who donate corporate stock. Such philanthropy was seen as a close substitute for government spending until after the mid-twentieth century. In the 1950s and 1960s, high tax rates catalyzed the formation of large foundations from industrial fortunes and precipitated a national debate about the legitimacy of such giving. The midcentury debate preceded increased oversight of charities and foundations and a shift in the way U.S. lawmakers regarded the contribution deduction - from a subsidy by philanthropists of public goods government would otherwise provide to an implicit public cost. © 2019 The President and Fellows of Harvard College.","Duquette, N.J.",Bus. Hist. Rev.,858
-Lowering the Minimum Donation Amount Increases Consumer Purchase Likelihood of Products Associated with Cause-Related Marketing Campaigns,,"Tsiros, M.; Irmak, C.",Journal of Marketing Research,859
-Rebate versus matching: Does how we subsidize charitable contributions matter?,"A rebate subsidy of rate sr is functionally equivalent to a matching subsidy of rate sm=sr/ (1-sr). Other things equal, an individual should respond identically to the two subsidies. We test the effect on charitable giving of the framing of a subsidy as a rebate or as a match. Subjects make a series of 'dictator' allocation decisions, dividing an endowment between themselves and their chosen charities. Allocation decisions vary by the endowment level, the net price of giving, and the form of the subsidy. We find that contributions are significantly higher with matching subsidies than with rebate subsidies. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","Eckel, C.C.; Grossman, P.J.",J. Public Econ.,860
-The impact of the National Endowment for the Arts in the United States: Institutional and sectoral effects on private funding,This paper examines the impact of the National Endowment for the Arts on private donations to the arts. The aim of the analysis is to assess whether public funding generates a crowding effect on private giving. We distinguish between institutional and sectoral crowding phenomena and discuss their possible implications. We used both a qualitative approach and an econometric model to estimate the effect of NEA introduction and appropriations on donations. Our results suggest that at the institutional level NEA grants do not generally induce donations to recipients while at the sectoral level appropriations and private giving are independent. The introduction of the agency appears to have caused a decrease in donations. © 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers.,"Borgonovi, F.; O'Hare, M.",J. Cult. Econ.,861
-Accuracy of cervical transvaginal sonography in predicting preterm birth: a systematic review,"Both cervical length and funneling, either alone or in combination, can help in predicting spontaneous pre-term birth in asymptomatic women. There were limited data on symptomatic women, but the findings showed that funneling appeared to predict spontaneous pre-term birth. XCM: The review question was clear in terms of the study design, test and reference standard, and participants. Several relevant sources were searched and no language restrictions were applied. Two reviewers independently selected English language publications and this reduced the potential for bias and errors. However, the methods used to assess quality and extract the data were not described; hence, any efforts made to reduce errors and bias cannot be judged. Quality was assessed using established criteria and the results were reported.Adequate information on the included studies was tabulated and appropriate statistical methods were used to synthesise the data. Various subgroup analyses were undertaken and the results for high-quality studies were analysed separately. The authors discussed some of the limitations of the review, such as the need for caution when interpreting LRs in the presence of heterogeneity and the limited power due to the small number of studies within each subgroup; many subgroups only contained one study. The authors' general conclusions are likely to be reliable. However, as the authors pointed out, the usefulness of cervical length measurement and funneling depends upon the method chosen to define the abnormality. Furthermore the clinical heterogeneity among the included studies must be borne in mind. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that with the provision of individual threshold estimates stratified according to common testing gestational ages, clinicians should be able to use the more realistic probabilities presented in the review to predict spontaneous pre-term birth.Research: The authors did not state any implications for further research.","Honest, H; Bachmann, L M; Coomarasamy, A; Gupta, J K; Kleijnen, J; Khan, K S",,862
-PERSPECTIVES: Mental Health Policy in India: Seven Sets of Questions and Some Answers,"BACKGROUND: This paper frames the state of mental health policy in India in terms of seven sets of questions, and seeks to provide at least partial answers to these questions, based on a meta-analysis of existing research. The context of the analysis is the arguably poor state of mental health care in India, as well as an unprecedented level of policy attention to the issue. AIMS OF THE STUDY: In brief, the questions we pose pertain to (i) the provision of such care in hospitals, (ii) non-hospital provision, including by non-medical providers, (iii) issues of education and social acceptance, (iv) affordability, (v) within-country variation of care and possibilities for benchmarking, (vi) aggregate resource impacts of a concerted effort to change policies and improve care, and (vii) the shape of a more effective ""continuum of care"" for mental health issues. METHODS: Given the complexity of the subject, this paper is meant to serve as a framing of issues for further research, but in doing so, to clarify what issues are most pressing, those that are most difficult and perhaps those that can be tackled more readily, to create some momentum in changing the relatively poor state of mental health care in India. RESULTS: While new laws and policies being introduced in India propose ideas and changes that are groundbreaking for that country, leading to cautious optimism, there still are many gaps in the understanding of the challenges of the provision of increased access to, as well as better quality, mental health care in India. These challenges can be understood on two fronts: one is the psychiatric and medical aspect of the issues, and the other is the management and administration of the system. DISCUSSION: Perhaps the highest priority in achieving the goals of greater access and better quality is to increase the number of trained personnel at all levels of specialization and skilling that are relevant. Further, while the new legal framework and policy identify the importance of information technology in rapid expansion of access to mental healthcare, more context-specific research and trials are needed. With respect to the administration and management needs of the public system, important challenges will be the need for significant organizational innovations in the education system, and cultural changes that allow specialized medical professionals to accept the use of software and less-qualified, more dispersed, frontline providers. A final area is the interface between the public and private sectors, including the role of non-profit organizations: challenges include information sharing, division of responsibilities, and resource allocation. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: Our analysis suggests that incorporating information technology, along with training professionals at a variety of skill levels in its use, may provide a resource-feasible approach to improving access to mental healthcare at reasonable cost and quality in the Indian context. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICIES: India's mental health policies are already undergoing major changes, and our analysis emphasizes the need for translating these generic policies into specific and implementable versions that can be tested at the local level across different regional and social contexts in India. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: The overall challenge is daunting, being the need to expand access and improve quality, while still managing costs, all within an overall healthcare system that is itself struggling to achieve these goals. Further research based on piloting and trials of assistive software and training programs will likely be useful.","Mirza, Arshad; Singh, Nirvikar",J. Ment. Health Policy Econ.,863
-Charitable contributions: New evidence on household behavior,,"Reece, W.S.",Am. Econ. Rev.,864
-"Exploring the ""that's-not-all"" effect: A test of theoretical explanations","The ""that's-not-all"" (TNA) technique is a sequential request strategy in which an offer is improved before the message receiver responds. Although the TNA procedure has been the subject of several experiments, the theoretical mechanisms responsible for TNA effects are unclear. An experiment, utilizing a 3 (Request type: large TNA, moderate TNA, control) x 2 (Requester: prosocial, commercial organization) independent groups design, was conducted to investigate the moderators of the TNA effect. Three theoretical explanations were tested: perceptual contrast, reciprocal concessions, and social responsibility. The compliance rates were consistent with the traditional perceptual contrast and social responsibility explanations; however, the perceptual data were only consistent with social responsibility. The results have practical significance to people wishing to employ the TNA technique. © 2011 Southern States Communication Association.","Banas, J.; Turner, M.M.",South. Commun. J.,865
-Why the Door-in-the-Face Technique Can Sometimes Backfire: A Construal-Level Account,"We put forward a construal-level account to explain why the door-in-the-face (DITF) technique can sometimes backfire in the prosocial domain. We argue that after rejecting an initial prosocial request, more abstract construals promote a more coherent selfish version of the self in people's minds, which then fosters less compliance with subsequent requests. Across three experiments, results indicated that relative to an outright request, the DITF technique was less likely to get participants to comply with various prosocial requests (e.g., writing to sick children) when participants adopted more abstract construals. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. © The Author(s) 2013.","Henderson, M.D.; Burgoon, E.M.",Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci,866
-Watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: Evidence fromtwo field experiments,"Littering constitutes a major societal problem, and any simple intervention that reduces its prevalence would be widely beneficial. In previous research, we have found that displaying images of watching eyes in the environment makes people less likely to litter. Here, we investigate whether the watching eyes images can be transferred onto the potential items of litter themselves. In two field experiments on a university campus, we created an opportunity to litter by attaching leaflets that either did or did not feature an image of watching eyes to parked bicycles. In both experiments, the watching eyes leaflets were substantially less likely to be littered than control leaflets (odds ratios 0.22-0.32). We also found that people were less likely to litter when there other people in the immediate vicinity than when there were not (odds ratios 0.04-0.25) and, in one experiment but not the other, that eye leaflets only reduced littering when there no other people in the immediate vicinity. We suggest that designing cues of observation into packaging could be a simple but fruitful strategy for reducing littering. © 2015 Bateson et al.","Bateson, M.; Robinson, R.; Abayomi-Cole, T.; Greenlees, J.; O'Connor, A.; Nettle, D.",PeerJ,867
-An investigation of the influence acknowledgement programs have on alumni giving behavior: Implications for marketing strategy,,"Bingham, F.G.; Quigley, C.J.; Murray, K.B.",Journal of Marketing for Higher Education,868
-The effectiveness of compliance techniques: Foot in the door versus door in the face,,"Rodafinos, A.; Vucevic, A.; Sideridis, G.D.",J. Soc. Psychol.,869
-Extracorporeal resuscitation for refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in adults: A systematic review of international practices and outcomes,"AIM: Extracorporeal resuscitation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) deploys rapid cardiopulmonary bypass to sustain oxygenated circulation until the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The purpose of this systematic review is to address the defining elements and outcomes (quality survival and organ donation) of currently active protocols for ECPR in refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) of cardiac origin in adult patients. The results may inform policy and practices for ECPR and help clarify the corrresponding intersection with deceased organ donation. METHODS: We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane and seven other electronic databases from 2005 to 2015, with no language restrictions. Internal validity and the quality of the studies reporting outcomes and guidelines were assessed. The review was included in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (Prospero, CRD42014015259). RESULTS: One guideline and 20 outcome studies were analyzed. Half of the studies were prospective observational studies assessed to be of fair to good methodological quality. The remainder were retrospective cohorts, case series, and case studies. Ages ranged from 16 to 75 years and initial shockable cardiac rhythms, witnessed events, and a reversible primary cause of cardiac arrest were considered favorable prognostic factors. CPR duration and time to hospital cannulation varied considerably. Coronary revascularization, hemodynamic interventions and targeted temperature management neuroprotection were variable. A total of 833 patients receiving this ECPR approach had an overall reported survival rate of 22%, including 13% with good neurological recovery. Additionally, 88 potential and 17 actual deceased organ donors were identified among the non-survivor population in 8 out of 20 included studies. Study heterogeneity precluded a meta-analysis preventing any meaningful comparison between protocols, interventions and outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: ECPR is feasible for refractory OHCA of cardiac origin in adult patients. It may enable neurologically good survival in selected patients, who practically have no other alternative in order to save their lives with quality of life, and contribute to organ donation in those who die. Large, prospective studies are required to clarify patient selection, modifiable outcome variables, risk-benefit and cost-effectiveness.","Ortega-Deballon, Iván; Hornby, Laura; Shemie, Sam D; Bhanji, Farhan; Guadagno, Elena",Resuscitation,870
-"Developing marketing strategies for charitable behavioral health organizations - Marketing planning, marketing consultants, and unique considerations",,"Oss, M.E.",Journal of Marketing for Mental Health,871
-Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic,"The kappa statistic is frequently used to test interrater reliability. The importance of rater reliability lies in the fact that it represents the extent to which the data collected in the study are correct representations of the variables measured. Measurement of the extent to which data collectors (raters) assign the same score to the same variable is called interrater reliability. While there have been a variety of methods to measure interrater reliability, traditionally it was measured as percent agreement, calculated as the number of agreement scores divided by the total number of scores. In 1960, Jacob Cohen critiqued use of percent agreement due to its inability to account for chance agreement. He introduced the Cohen's kappa, developed to account for the possibility that raters actually guess on at least some variables due to uncertainty. Like most correlation statistics, the kappa can range from -1 to +1. While the kappa is one of the most commonly used statistics to test interrater reliability, it has limitations. Judgments about what level of kappa should be acceptable for health research are questioned. Cohen's suggested interpretation may be too lenient for health related studies because it implies that a score as low as 0.41 might be acceptable. Kappa and percent agreement are compared, and levels for both kappa and percent agreement that should be demanded in healthcare studies are suggested.","McHugh, M.L.",Biochem Med.,872
-Humans expect generosity,"Mechanisms supporting human ultra-cooperativeness are very much subject to debate. One psychological feature likely to be relevant is the formation of expectations, particularly about receiving cooperative or generous behavior from others. Without such expectations, social life will be seriously impeded and, in turn, expectations leading to satisfactory interactions can become norms and institutionalize cooperation. In this paper, we assess people's expectations of generosity in a series of controlled experiments using the dictator game. Despite differences in respective roles, involvement in the game, degree of social distance or variation of stakes, the results are conclusive: subjects seldom predict that dictators will behave selfishly (by choosing the Nash equilibrium action, namely giving nothing). The majority of subjects expect that dictators will choose the equal split. This implies that generous behavior is not only observed in the lab, but also expected by subjects. In addition, expectations are accurate, matching closely the donations observed and showing that as a society we have a good grasp of how we interact. Finally, correlation between expectations and actual behavior suggests that expectations can be an important ingredient of generous or cooperative behavior. © 2017 The Author(s).","Brañas-Garza, P.; Rodríguez-Lara, I.; Sánchez, A.",Sci. Rep.,873
-Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans,"Event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with face perception were recorded with scalp electrodes from normal volunteers. Subjects performed a visual target detection task in which they mentally counted the number of occurrences of pictorial stimuli from a designated category such as butterflies. In separate experiments, target stimuli were embedded within a series of other stimuli including unfamiliar human faces and isolated face components, inverted faces, distorted faces, animal faces, and other nonface stimuli. Human faces evoked a negative potential at 172 msec (N170), which was absent from the ERPs elicited by other animate and inanimate nonface stimuli. N170 was largest over the posterior temporal scalp and was larger over the right than the left hemisphere. N170 was delayed when faces were presented upside-down, but its amplitude did not change. When presented in isolation, eyes elicited an N170 that was significantly larger than that elicited by whole faces, while noses and lips elicited small negative ERPs about 50 msec later than N170. Distorted human faces, in which the locations of inner face components were altered, elicited an N170 similar in amplitude to that elicited by normal faces. However, faces of animals, human hands, cars, and items of furniture did not evoke N170. N170 may reflect the operation of a neural mechanism tuned to detect (as opposed to identify) human faces, similar to the 'structural encoder' suggested by Bruce and Young (1986). A similar function has been proposed for the face-selective N200 ERP recorded from the middle fusiform and posterior inferior temporal gyri using subdural electrodes in human. However, the differential sensitivity of N170 to eyes in isolation suggests that N170 may reflect the activation of an eye-sensitive region of cortex. The voltage distribution of N170 over the scalp is consistent with a neural generator located in the occipitotemporal sulcus lateral to the fusiform/inferior temporal region that generates N200.","Bentin, S.; Allison, T.; Puce, A.; Perez, E.; McCarthy, G.",J. COGN. NEUROSCI.,874
-"Fairness, fast and slow: A review of dual process models of fairness","Fairness, the notion that people deserve or have rights to certain resources or kinds of treatment, is a fundamental dimension of moral cognition. Drawing on recent evidence from economics, psychology, and neuroscience, we ask whether self-interest is always intuitive, requiring self-control to override with reasoning-based fairness concerns, or whether fairness itself can be intuitive. While we find strong support for rejecting the notion that self-interest is always intuitive, the literature has reached conflicting conclusions about the neurocognitive systems underpinning fairness. We propose that this disagreement can largely be resolved in light of an extended Social Heuristics Hypothesis. Divergent findings may be attributed to the interpretation of behavioral effects of ego depletion or neurostimulation, reverse inference from brain activity to the underlying psychological process, and insensitivity to social context and inter-individual differences. To better dissect the neurobiological basis of fairness, we outline how future research should embrace cross-disciplinary methods that combine psychological manipulations with neuroimaging, and that can probe inter-individual, and cultural heterogeneities. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd","Hallsson, B.G.; Siebner, H.R.; Hulme, O.J.",Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.,875
-Application of compliance techniques to direct-mail requests for charitable donations,"The possibility that psychological compliance techniques might be applied to increase the effectiveness of direct-mail requests for charitable contributions is raised. Although there are few studies with direct bearing on this possibility, there is an extensive literature on compliance techniques in general and many studies on the effectiveness of such techniques when applied to verbal requests for contributions, most often in door-to-door campaigns. Research on the application of the foot-in-the-door, door-in-the-face, low-ball, and legitimization-of-small-donation techniques to verbal requests for charitable contributions is reviewed, and the relevance of these studies to potential direct-mail applications is explored. The few attempts to apply the legitimization of small contributions to the direct-mail mode, which have produced mixed results, are also reviewed and analyzed. It is suggested that successful application of compliance techniques to the direct-mail mode may depend on careful modifications of the techniques to calibrate them optimally to direct mail, and to the particular situations in which campaigns are to be undertaken. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","Weyant, J M",PSYCHOLOGY & MARKETING,876
-Insuring Your Donation: An Experiment,"An increasing fraction of donations is channeled through donation intermediaries. These entities serve multiple purposes, one of which seems to be providing donors with greater certainty: that the donation reaches its intended goal, and that the donor may be sure to receive a tax benefit. We interpret this function as insurance and test the option to insure donations in the lab. Our participants indeed have a positive willingness to pay for insurance against either contingency. Yet the insurance option is only critical for their willingness to donate to a charity if the risk affects the proper use of their donation. Participants have a higher willingness to pay for insurance if, in case the risk materializes, they receive their money back. With this design of the insurance, almost no participant wants to donate if she is not insured. © 2017 Cornell Law School and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Buijze, R.; Engel, C.; Hemels, S.",J. Empir. Leg. Stud.,877
-,,"Andreoni, J.; Payne, A.",Crowding-Out Charitable Contributions in Canada: New Knowledge from the North,878
-Opening a donor's wallet: The influence of appeal scales on likelihood and magnitude of donation,,"De Bruyn, A.; Prokopec, S.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,879
-"I want to help you, but i am not sure why: Gaze-cuing induces altruistic giving","Detecting subtle indicators of trustworthiness is highly adaptive for moving effectively amongst social partners. One powerful signal is gaze direction, which individuals can use to inform (or deceive) by looking toward (or away from) important objects or events in the environment. Here, across 5 experiments, we investigate whether implicit learning about gaze cues can influence subsequent economic transactions; we also examine some of the underlying mechanisms. In the 1st experiment, we demonstrate that people invest more money with individuals whose gaze information has previously been helpful, possibly reflecting enhanced trust appraisals. However, in 2 further experiments, we show that other mechanisms driving this behavior include obligations to fairness or (painful) altruism, since people also make more generous offers and allocations of money to individuals with reliable gaze cues in adapted 1-shot ultimatum games and 1-shot dictator games. In 2 final experiments, we show that the introduction of perceptual noise while following gaze can disrupt these effects, but only when the social partners are unfamiliar. Nonconscious detection of reliable gaze cues can prompt altruism toward others, probably reflecting the interplay of systems that encode identity and control gaze-evoked attention, integrating the reinforcement value of gaze cues. © 2013 American Psychological Association.","Rogers, R.D.; Bayliss, A.P.; Szepietowska, A.; Dale, L.; Reeder, L.; Pizzamiglio, G.; Czarna, K.; Wakeley, J.; Cowen, P.J.; Tipper, S.P.",J. Exp. Psychol. Gen.,880
-Promoting multiple policies to the Public: The difficulties of simultaneously promoting war and foreign humanitarian aid,"To drum up support for the U.S. military's efforts abroad, government officials sometimes encourage U.S. residents to justify or excuse (morally disengage from) the resultant casualties. Although more disengaged U.S. residents are more supportive of war, two studies show that they are also less supportive of foreign humanitarian aid, particularly when American identity is salient and a more global identity, such as moral identity, is not. Study 1 reveals this effect when residents must choose between donating to a charity that benefits foreign civilians and donating to two other charities, one of which benefits U.S. soldiers. Study 2 shows that the effect holds when the opportunity to support foreign civilians appears in isolation, without reference to war or soldiers. Thus, U.S. residents who respond positively to war may exhibit less charitableness toward foreign civilians. For policy makers seeking to disburse foreign aid during war, these findings suggest that any effort to drum up support for war should be accompanied by a corresponding effort to maintain the U.S. public's goodwill toward foreign civilians. © 2011, American Marketing Association.","Finnel, S.; Reed II, A.; Aquino, K.",J. Public Policy Mark.,881
-Incentivizing blood donation: systematic review and meta-analysis to test Titmuss' hypotheses,"OBJECTIVES: Titmuss hypothesized that paying blood donors would reduce the quality of the blood donated and would be economically inefficient. We report here the first systematic review to test these hypotheses, reporting on both financial and nonfinancial incentives. METHOD: Studies deemed eligible for inclusion were peer-reviewed, experimental studies that presented data on the quantity (as a proxy for efficiency) and quality of blood donated in at least two groups: those donating blood when offered an incentive, and those donating blood with no offer of an incentive. The following were searched: MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO using OVID SP, CINAHL via EBSCO and CENTRAL, the Cochrane Library, Econlit via EBSCO, JSTOR Health and General Science Collection, and Google. RESULTS: The initial search yielded 1100 abstracts, which resulted in 89 full papers being assessed for eligibility, of which seven studies, reported in six papers, met the inclusion criteria. The included studies involved 93,328 participants. Incentives had no impact on the likelihood of donation (OR = 1.22 CI 95% 0.91-1.63; p = .19). There was no difference between financial and nonfinancial incentives in the quantity of blood donated. Of the two studies that assessed quality of blood, one found no effect and the other found an adverse effect from the offer of a free cholesterol test (β = 0.011 p < .05). CONCLUSION: The limited evidence suggests that Titmuss' hypothesis of the economic inefficiency of incentives is correct. There is insufficient evidence to assess their likely impact on the quality of the blood provided.","Niza, Claudia; Tung, Burcu; Marteau, Theresa M",Health Psychol.,882
-Indirect comparison of the efficacy of cetuximab and cisplatin in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck,,"Levy, A R; Johnston, K M; Sambrook, J; Donato, B; Penrod, J R; Corral, M; Chasen, M",,883
-Crowding-out and fundraising efforts: The impact of government grants on symphony orchestras,"The crowding-out of private donations by government grants is an integral element in designing an efficient method of financing nonprofit activity. This article looks at elements of crowd-out, both the direct impact on donors and the indirect impact caused by the response of nonprofits. We include both theoretical and empirical analyses of the reactions by donors and nonprofits to an increase in government funding based on data from the League of American Orchestras' annual reports from 2004 to 2007. To combat indirect crowd-out, renewed emphasis should be placed on grant design; for direct crowd-out, theories of collective action are appropriate. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Hughes, P.; Luksetich, W.; Rooney, P.",Nonprofit Manage. Leadersh.,884
-A conceptual framework for fear arousal and threat appeals in health promotion communications,,"Donovan, R.J.; Henley, N.",Health Promotion Journal of Australia,885
-The empathy-prospect model and the choice to help,"This paper presents a model of the cognitive processes that precede decisions to help another person. The empathy-prospect model predicts that potential helpers make decisions in much the same way as decision makers in other contexts do (i.e., they evaluate prospects) and that perceptions of need and the empathic reactions and intentions to help that they generate will be stronger for people observing losses rather than gains. The model also predicts that intentions to help should increase when (a) the predicament is serious, (b) money is not involved, or (c) help entails few costs for the potential altruist. The results from 2 experiments provide clear support for these predictions. The findings suggest that (a) the gains or losses of another person contribute to perceptions of that person's needs and feelings of empathy, (b) empathy is the primary proximal determinant of prosocial motivations, and (c) potential losses that are serious accentuate altruistic reactions.","Lee, J.A.; Murnighan, J.K.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,886
-Two-dimensional computer generated average human face morphology and facial approximation,,"Stephan, C.N.; Penton-Voak, I.S.; Perrett, D.I.; Tiddeman, B.P.; Clement, J.G.; Henneberg, M.",Computer Graphic Facial Reconstruction,887
-A self-presentational view of social phenomena,"Self-presentation is the use of behavior to communicate some information about oneself to others. The 2 main self-presentational motives are to please the audience and to construct (create, maintain, and modify) one's public self congruent to one's ideal. It is proposed that a wide range of social behavior is determined or influenced by these self-presentational concerns. Research evidence is examined to show the relevance of the self-presentational motives to giving and receiving help, conformity, reactance, attitude expression and change, responses to evaluations, aggressive behavior, self-serving and counter-defensive attributional statements, task performance, ingratiation, and emotion. (149 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1982 American Psychological Association.","Baumeister, R.F.",Psychol. Bull.,888
-Economic aspects of the personal income tax treatment of charitable contributions,,"Taussig, M.K.",National Tax Journal,889
-Success in an Online Giving Day: The Role of Social Media in Fundraising,"Social media platforms offer nonprofits considerable potential for crafting, supporting, and executing successful fundraising campaigns. How impactful are attempts by these organizations to utilize social media to support fundraising activities associated with online Giving Days? We address this question by testing a number of hypotheses of the effectiveness of using Facebook for fundraising purposes by all 704 nonprofits participating in Omaha Gives 2015. Using linked administrative and social media data, we find that fundraising success—as measured by the number of donors and value of donations—is positively associated with a nonprofit’s Facebook network size (number of likes), activity (number of posts), and audience engagement (number of shares), as well as net effects of organizational factors including budget size, age, and program service area. These results provide important new empirical insights into the relationship between social media utilization and fundraising success of nonprofits. © The Author(s) 2019.","Bhati, A.; McDonnell, D.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,890
-Rewarding altruism: addressing the issue of payments for volunteers in public health initiatives,"Lay involvement in public health programmes occurs through formalised lay health worker (LHW) and other volunteer roles. Whether such participation should be supported, or indeed rewarded, by payment is a critical question. With reference to policy in England, UK, this paper argues how framing citizen involvement in health only as time freely given does not account for the complexities of practice, nor intrinsic motivations. The paper reports results on payment drawn from a study of approaches to support lay people in public health roles, conducted in England, 2007-9. The first phase of the study comprised a scoping review of 224 publications, three public hearings and a register of projects. Findings revealed the diversity of approaches to payment, but also the contested nature of the topic. The second phase investigated programme support matters in five case studies of public health projects, which were selected primarily to reflect role types. All five projects involved volunteers, with two utilising forms of payment to support engagement. Interviews were conducted with a sample of project staff, LHWs (paid and unpaid), external partners and service users. Drawing on both lay and professional perspectives, the paper explores how payment relates to social context as well as various motivations for giving, receiving or declining financial support. The findings show that personal costs are not always absorbed, and that there is a potential conflict between financial support, whether sessional payment or expenses, and welfare benefits. In identifying some of the advantages and disadvantages of payment, the paper highlights the complexity of an issue often addressed only superficially. It concludes that, in order to support citizen involvement, fairness and value should be considered alongside pragmatic matters of programme management; however policy conflicts need to be resolved to ensure that employment and welfare rights are maintained.","South, Jane; Purcell, Martin E; Branney, Peter; Gamsu, Mark; White, Judy",Soc. Sci. Med.,891
-Self-signaling and prosocial behavior: A cause marketing experiment,,"Dubé, J.-P.; Luo, X.; Fang, Z.",Marketing Science,892
-Economic and hypothetical dictator game experiments: Incentive effects at the individual level,"The paper compares behavior in economic dictator game experiments played with actual money (amounts given by ""dictator"" subjects) with behavior in hypothetical dictator game experiments where subjects indicate what they would give, although no money is actually exchanged. The average amounts transferred in the two experiments are remarkably similar. We uncover meaningful individual differences in real and hypothetical allocations and demonstrate the importance of two personality traits - agreeableness and extraversion - in reconciling them. We conclude that extraverts are ""all talk;"" agreeable subjects are ""for real"". © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Ben-Ner, A.; Kramer, A.; Levy, O.",J. Socio-Econ.,893
-Charity and public libraries: Does government funding crowd out donations?,"This paper analyzes the determinants of donations to public libraries testing the following hypothesis: Is there a crowd out effect from government funding of public libraries? I look at novel data, the Public Library Survey, and use an unbalanced panel of public libraries across the USA from 2000 to 2013. The results suggest a crowd in effect with an inverted U shape in all levels of government. Local government is associated with 4–6 cents increase in donations, state government with 20–23 cents increase, and federal government with 75 cents to 1 dollar and 33 cents. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.","Ferreira Neto, A.B.",J. Cult. Econ.,894
-Can music with prosocial lyrics heal the working world? A field intervention in a call center,"Music with lyrics about helping is shown to reduce aggression in the laboratory. This paper tests whether the prosocial lyric effect generalizes to reducing customer aggression in the workplace. A field experiment involved changing the hold music played to customers of a call center. The results of a 3 week study suggested that music significantly affected customers, but not in the way suggested by previous laboratory experiments; compared with days when instrumental background music was played, caller anger and employee exhaustion were lower on days when callers were played popular music with neutral, but not prosocial, lyrics. The findings suggest that music influences customer aggression, but that the prosocial lyric effect may not generalize from the laboratory to the call center. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Niven, K.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,895
-Safety of blood donation from individuals with treated hypertension or non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes: a systematic review,"The overall level of evidence was limited. No evidence was found to indicate that blood donation by people with raised baseline blood pressure, treated hypertension or diabetes was associated with an increase in adverse effects in the donors. XCM: The review question was clearly stated, although study design was not specified. The search covered a number of relevant sources that included major databases and grey literature sources; this was likely to have reduced any effect of publication bias. As papers were excluded if they were published in languages other than English or did not have an English abstract, it was possible that language bias may have affected the review. The methods of study selection and data extraction did not aim at reducing reviewer error or bias. The quality of included studies was unclear and the authors did not state the methods used (such as how many reviewers performed the assessment). A narrative synthesis appeared appropriate given the diverse nature of included studies. Data came mainly from observational studies or small experimental studies; the authors commented on the limitations of data from these types of studies. The authors' conclusions seem cautious, but potential for bias in the review and the uncertain quality of the included studies should be taken into account when interpreting these conclusions. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that the review supported the recommendations for changes to UK whole blood and component donor acceptance criteria to allow acceptance of donors with hypertension or diabetes.Research: The authors stated a need for well-designed studies of adverse events in volunteer blood donors.","Stainsby, D; Brunskill, S; Chapman, C E; Doree, C; Stanworth, S",,896
-Awakening Compassion in Managers—a New Emotional Skills Intervention to Improve Managerial Compassion,"Compassion is in high demand within organizational research, with important implications for leadership, well-being, and productivity. However, thus far only meditation-based interventions have been implemented to increase compassion in organizations. Our aim was to explore whether compassion could be increased among managers through improving their emotional skills. We implemented a quasi-randomized controlled trial with pre-test and post-test design of a new emotional skills cultivation training among managers, measuring the treatment group (N = 68), the control group (N = 90), and their followers (N = 85 and N = 72). Compared to the control group, the managers exhibited significantly increased sense of emotional skills, with some evidence for an improved sense of compassion. We also found that emotional skills mediated the impact of participating in the intervention group and compassion. Additionally, servant leadership behaviors in the intervention group improved following the intervention. These results demonstrate that instead of being something innate, compassion is a skill that can be increased through training emotional skills, with observable benefits for the organization. © 2020, The Author(s).","Paakkanen, M.; Martela, F.; Hakanen, J.; Uusitalo, L.; Pessi, A.",J. Bus. Psychol.,897
-A Comparison of Fixed-Effects and Mixed (Random-Effects) Models for Meta-Analysis Tests of Moderator Variable Effects,"The growing popularity of meta-analysis has focused increased attention on the statistical models analysts are using and the assumptions underlying these models. Although comparisons often have been limited to fixed-effects (FE) models, recently there has been a call to investigate the differences between FE and random-effects (RE) models, differences that may have substantial theoretical and applied implications (National Research Council, 1992). Three FE models (including L. V. Hedges & I. Olkin's, 1985, and R. Rosenthal's, 1991, tests) and 2 RE models were applied to simulated correlation data in tests for moderator effects. The FE models seriously underestimated and the RE models greatly overestimated sampling error variance when their basic assumptions were violated, which caused biased confidence intervals and hypothesis tests. The implications of these and other findings are discussed as are methodological issues concerning meta-analyses.","Overton, R.C.",Psychol. Methods,898
-Number-needed-to-treat analysis of the prevention of myocardial infarction and death by antidyslipidemic therapy,"BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is the most common cause of death in the United States for persons over the age of 45. Dyslipidemia is one of the risk factors for the development of coronary atherosclerosis. Recent studies suggest that treating dyslipidemia in persons with coronary atherosclerosis may decrease morbidity and mortality. METHODS: A meta-analysis of 33 studies on the clinical and angiographic benefits of treating dyslipidemia in the prevention of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease was performed. These benefits are quantitated in the form of ""number needed to treat"" (NNT) as an estimate of the public health benefit. The NNT is defined as the number of people that need to be treated to prevent one event. RESULTS: Treatment of dyslipidemia in persons with multiple atherosclerosis risk factors alone, ie, primary prevention, was effective in preventing myocardial infarction and all-cause death. In six trials of primary prevention, excluding the British cooperative trial using clofibrate, the NNT was 53 to prevent a nonfatal MI and 190 to prevent all-cause death (4.8 years treatment with total cholesterol reduction of 15%). Treatment of dyslipidemia in people with known atherosclerosis, ie, secondary and tertiary prevention, was also effective in preventing myocardial infarctions and death from all causes. For 23 trials of secondary and tertiary prevention, the NNT was 37 to prevent death from any cause (4.9 years treatment with total cholesterol reduction of 18%). In the trials with quantitative angiography, the NNT was 7 to prevent progression of coronary atherosclerosis and 10 to induce regression of coronary atherosclerosis (2.5 years treatment with a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction of 28%). Similar benefits were observed in those trials employing HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Benefits may be similar with niacin or dietary therapy, but these therapies did not reach significance in all categories of benefits, potentially due to beta error. These treatment benefits are comparable to other secondary prevention measures such as aspirin or beta blockers. The benefits appeared to extend to persons over 65, with less clearly defined benefits for women. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the overall clinical benefit of treating dyslipidemia, both in persons with and without known atherosclerosis.","Rembold, C M",J. Fam. Pract.,899
-Altruism as a handicap - The limitations of kin selection and reciprocity,,"Zahavi, A.",J. AVIAN BIOL.,900
-Explaining California's 'mississippification': A dramatic decline in public services,,"Miller, M.",U.S. News and World Report,901
-THE IMPACT OF TAX PRICE CHANGES ON CHARITABLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NEEDY,"Eliminating or reducing the federal charitable deduction can have serious impacts on the level of charitable donations. Tax price elasticity estimates from a multivariate sample selection model indicate that changing the deduction to a 12% tax credit would have reduced individual donations in 2012 by 18.9% if applied to itemizing taxpayers and by 10.5% if extended to nonitemizers. Elimination of the deduction would have led to a 35% reduction in individual charitable donations. Even if coupled with cuts in marginal tax rates, eliminating the charitable deduction will still likely result in substantial reductions given the inelastic income elasticities of charitable donations. The estimates justify the ardent opposition of many in the nonprofit sector to the more radical proposals for changing the tax treatment of charitable contributions. (JEL D34, C34). © 2016 Western Economic Association International","Zampelli, E.M.; Yen, S.T.",Contemp. Econ. Policy,902
-Gifts of money and gifts of time estimating the effects of tax prices and available time,"We develop a model that recognizes interdepence between individuals' charitable cash donations and volunteer labor. Using survey data, we estimate giving functions jointly, allowing a binding non-negativity constraint in one giving equation to affect the form of the other. The tax price of money giving is significant in all equations, with estimated elasticities of -1.7 for money giving, - 2.1 for women's time, and -1.1 for men's time. The complementarity between volunteer labor and cash donations suggests that the effect of tax policy on philanthropy is understated by considering monetary donations alone. © 1992.","Brown, E.; Lankford, H.",J. Public Econ.,903
-The Nutritional Quality of Food Provided from Food Pantries: A Systematic Review of Existing Literature,"BACKGROUND: In many affluent countries, food-insecure households use food pantries to keep their family fed. The long-term dependence of many users on these programs calls for a systematic review of studies on the nutritional quality of food provided by food pantries. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the current scientific evidence about the nutritional quality of food bags distributed by food pantries. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, and Psychology Behavioral Sciences Collection to identify cross-sectional, cohort, and intervention studies reporting baseline data conducted in high-income countries and published between 1980 and 2015, which reported the nutritional quality of food bags distributed by food pantries. Identified citations were screened in two stages and data were independently extracted by two authors using a predefined data sheet. The quality of included studies was evaluated using criteria of an adapted Ottawa Scale. The systematic review was reported in accordance to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. RESULTS: Applying the two-stage screening, 9 of 1,546 articles were identified for inclusion. Nutritional quality of food bags varied widely between and within studies. Milk products, vitamins A and C, and calcium were provided in particularly low amounts. None of the studies were nationally representative and only a few studies controlled for the household composition of the recipients of food bags. CONCLUSION: Food pantries likely have a strong influence on users' diets, but the food pantries examined in the selected studies were largely unable to support healthy diets. The distribution of more perishable foods would increase users' diet quality and may have an immense potential to address malnutrition in vulnerable population groups.","Simmet, Anja; Depa, Julia; Tinnemann, Peter; Stroebele-Benschop, Nanette",J. Acad. Nutr. Diet.,904
-Hardnose the dictator,,"Cherry, T.L.; Frykblom, P.; Shogren, J.F.",Am. Econ. Rev.,905
-The economic impact of initiatives to reduce stigma: demonstration of a modelling approach,AIMS: This paper seeks to provide a methodology to assess the cost-effectiveness of anti-stigma campaigns for people with mental health problems. METHODS: The costs of running a national campaign in Scotland were obtained and combined with the number of adults in the Scottish population and the estimated number of people with improved attitudes towards people with mental health problems. A decision model was constructed to estimate the economic impact of a campaign in terms of increased use of services by people with depression and increased work time. RESULTS: If the campaign caused 10% of changed attitudes then it was estimated to cost pound 35 per one less person who felt that people with mental health problems were dangerous and pound 186 per one less person who felt the public needs protection from people with mental health problems. The decision model suggested extra economic benefits (employment gains minus service costs) as a result of an anti-stigma campaign compared to the absence of a campaign. CONCLUSIONS: Data on the economic impact of anti-stigma campaigns are scarce and evaluation is intrinsically difficult. We have demonstrated a method to conduct such analyses. The model proposed here should be tested further as data become available.,"McCrone, Paul; Knapp, Martin; Henri, Mary; McDaid, David",Epidemiol. Psichiatr. Soc.,906
-High stakes and acceptance behavior in ultimatum bargaining: A contribution from an international experiment,"This paper presents the results of a within-subject experiment testing whether an increase in the monetary stakes by a factor of 50-which had never been done before-influences individual behavior in a simple ultimatum bargaining game. Contrary to current wisdom, we found that lowest acceptable offers stated by the responder are proportionally lower in the high-stake condition than in the low-stake condition. This result may be interpreted in terms of the type of utility functions which characterize the subjects. However, in line with prior results, we find that an important increase of the monetary stakes in the ultimatum game has no effect on the offers made by the proposer. Yet, the present research suggests that the reasons underlying these offers are quite different when the stakes are high.","Munier, B.; Zaharia, C.",Theory Decis,907
-"An uncertainty management perspective on long-run impacts of adversity: The influence of childhood socioeconomic status on risk, time, and social preferences","While there has been a recent increase in focus on the role of early life socioeconomic status (SES) on preferences and decision-making, there is still debate surrounding the proper theoretical framework for understanding such effects. Some have argued that early life SES can fundamentally shift time preferences per se, such that those from low SES backgrounds favor current rewards over future rewards. Others have argued that, while early life SES has lasting effects on behavior, such effects are only observable in the presence of salient cues to mortality. Here, we propose an alternative framework that centers on environmental uncertainty. In this uncertainty management framework, early life deprivation promotes the development of strategies that minimize the downside costs of uncertainty across domains. We argue that this focus on managing uncertainty results in greater risk-aversion, present-orientation, and prosociality. Furthermore, these effects need not be dependent on salient cues to mortality. Across four large samples of participants (total N = 4714), we find that childhood deprivation uniquely predicts greater risk-aversion (both incentivized and hypothetical) and greater prosociality in economic games. Childhood deprivation also predicts greater present-orientation, but not above-and beyond current SES. We further find that mortality cues are not necessary to elicit these differences. Our results support an uncertainty management perspective on the effects of childhood SES on risk, time, and social preferences. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.","Amir, D.; Jordan, M.R.; Rand, D.G.",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,908
-Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion,"In Exp I, 183 undergraduates read a persuasive message from a likable or unlikable communicator who presented 6 or 2 arguments on 1 of 2 topics. High involvement (HI) Ss anticipated discussing the message topic at a future experimental session, whereas low-involvement (LI) Ss anticipated discussing a different topic. For HI Ss, opinion change was significantly greater given 6 arguments but was unaffected by communicator likability. For LI Ss, opinion change was significantly greater given a likable communicator but was unaffected by the argument's manipulation. In Exp II with 80 similar Ss, HI Ss showed slightly greater opinion change when exposed to 5 arguments from an unlikable (vs 1 argument from a likable) communicator, whereas LI Ss exhibited significantly greater persuasion in response to 1 argument from a likable (vs 5 arguments from an unlikable) communicator. Findings support the idea that HI leads message recipients to employ a systematic information processing strategy in which message-based cognitions mediate persuasion, whereas LI leads recipients to use a heuristic processing strategy in which simple decision rules mediate persuasion. Support was also obtained for the hypothesis that content- vs source-mediated opinion change would result in greater persistence. (37 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1980 American Psychological Association.","Chaiken, S.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,909
-Is fairness intuitive? An experiment accounting for subjective utility differences under time pressure,"Evidence from response time studies and time pressure experiments has led several authors to conclude that “fairness is intuitive”. In light of conflicting findings, we provide theoretical arguments showing under which conditions an increase in “fairness” due to time pressure indeed provides unambiguous evidence in favor of the “fairness is intuitive” hypothesis. Drawing on recent applications of the Drift Diffusion Model (Krajbich et al. in Nat Commun 6:7455, 2015a), we demonstrate how the subjective difficulty of making a choice affects decisions under time pressure and time delay, thereby making an unambiguous interpretation of time pressure effects contingent on the choice situation. To explore our theoretical considerations and to retest the “fairness is intuitive” hypothesis, we analyze choices in two-person binary dictator and prisoner’s dilemma games under time pressure or time delay. In addition, we manipulate the subjective difficulty of choosing the fair relative to the selfish option. Our main finding is that time pressure does not consistently promote fairness in situations where this would be predicted after accounting for choice difficulty. Hence, our results cast doubt on the hypothesis that “fairness is intuitive”. © 2018, Economic Science Association.","Merkel, A.L.; Lohse, J.",Exp. Econ.,910
-"Effects of being watched on self-referential processing, self-awareness and prosocial behaviour","Reputation management theory suggests that our behaviour changes in the presence of others to signal good reputation (audience effect). However, the specific cognitive mechanisms by which being watched triggers these changes are poorly understood. Here we test the hypothesis that these changes happen because the belief in being watched increases self-referential processing. We used a novel deceptive video-conference paradigm, where participants believe a video-clip is (or is not) a live feed of a confederate watching them. Participants completed four tasks measuring self-referential processing, prosocial behaviour and self-awareness under these two belief settings. Although the belief manipulation and self-referential effect task were effective, there were no changes on self-referential processing between the two settings, nor on prosocial behaviour and self-awareness. Based on previous evidence and these findings, we propose that further research on the role of the self, social context and personality traits will help elucidating the mechanisms underlying audience effects. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.","Cañigueral, R.; Hamilton, A.F.D.C.",Conscious. Cogn.,911
-"Campaign contributions, access, and government contracting",,"Witko, C.",Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,912
-A law and economics perspective on nonprofit organizations,,"Steinberg, R.; Galle, B.",Res. Handb. on Not-For-Profit Law,913
-The role of experience in religion: accommodation vs. assimilation,,"McKay, R.",Relig. Brain Behav.,914
-"Persuasion, pitch and presentation: The effects of information style on individual decision making",,"Higgins, M.A.",Dissertation Abstracts International,915
-"Empathy and self-regulation as mediators between parenting and adolescents' prosocial behavior toward strangers, friends, and family","The current study examined the role of empathy and self-regulation as mediators between positive parenting (mothering and fathering) and early adolescents' prosocial behavior toward 3 targets (strangers, friends, and family). Data were taken from Time 1 and Time 2 of the Flourishing Families Project, and included reports from 500 families with an early adolescent child (mean age of child at Time 1=11.29). Analyses suggested that predictors of prosocial behavior toward the 3 targets differed, with empathy (as reported by mothers only) and self-regulation mediating the relation between positive parenting and prosocial behavior toward strangers and friends, but not toward family. Positive mothering was the only variable that was significantly related to prosocial behavior toward family. The discussion focuses on the need for continued research examining a relational approach to prosocial development. © 2010 The Authors. Journal of Research on Adolescence © 2010 Society for Research on Adolescence.","Padilla-Walker, L.M.; Christensen, K.J.",J. Res. Adolesc.,916
-Fuzzy evaluation of SWOT analysis,,"Haile, M.; Krupka, J.",International Journal of Supply Chain Management,917
-"Insights from a systematic review of literature on social enterprise and networks: Where, how and what next?","Purpose: This paper aims to contribute to better understanding of where and how network concepts, theories and perspectives, organisational networks, and networking practices, are being studied and deployed in social enterprise research. This is done through a systematic review of social enterprise and networks literature in business and management journals. Key trends and developments in this literature, and gaps and limitations, are identified, culminating in discussion of what next for social enterprise and networks research. The papers in this special issue on “Social Enterprise and Networks” are introduced. Design/methodology/approach: A systematic review was undertaken of social enterprise and networks literature in business and management journals. Journals sampled included all those in the Entrepreneurship and Small Business subject area of the Association of Business Schools (ABS) Academic Journal Guide 2018, the journals in the Financial Times 50 research ranking, and selected wider business and society, non-profit management and public administration journals. Findings: Analysis of publishing patterns of social enterprise and networks research finds that such research is growing, and that varied network perspectives, concepts and theories are being deployed. Social enterprise and networks are also being studied globally, using different methodologies. Nevertheless, there remains scope for deeper theoretical engagement, and for a wider range of network theories to be used. More even geographic coverage is also needed, and further insights can be gained through use of alternative methodologies. Research limitations/implications: Discussions in this paper have implications for research through outlining systematically the state of current scholarship on social enterprise and networks. In so doing, insight is provided on what is known about social enterprise and networks. But also on what is not known and where further enquiry is needed. Direction is thus provided for future social enterprise and networks scholarship. Practical implications: In this paper, how, and the extent to which, social enterprise and networks scholarship offers implications for practice and policy is considered. Originality/value: This paper makes a valuable contribution to social enterprise scholarship. It outlines the state of current knowledge and research on social enterprise and networks, identifying where and how relationships between social enterprise and networks have been studied, whilst also providing insights for what next in future social enterprise and networks research. © 2018, Emerald Publishing Limited.","Littlewood, David; Khan, Zaheer",Social Enterprise Journal,918
-Do public grants to American theatres crowd-out private donations?,"This paper examines the relationship between public support and private donations by disaggregating the crowding effect into two components: one determined by level of public support and one determined by changes in public support levels. The analysis of a panel of American non-profit theatres shows that the crowding effect induced by the level of public support takes an inverted U shape: at low levels public support crowds-in private donations while at higher levels it displaces them. The change in total public support in the past year produces a constant crowding-in effect on the level of private donations. The paper finally illustrates how federal and state support have a crowding-in effect at all levels, while local support has a similar impact to total public support. © Springer 2006.","Borgonovi, F.",Public Choice,919
-Does the government free ride?,,"Becker, E.; Lindsay, C.M.",Journal of Law and Economics,920
-"Attention, emotions and cause-related marketing effectiveness",,"Guerreiro, J.; Rita, P.; Trigueiros, D.",European Journal of Marketing,921
-,,"Nitzsche, T.; Greitemeyer, T.",Effects of prosocial music on empathy toward animals (Unpublished manuscript),922
-The Differential Effects of Anger on Trust: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Effects of Gender and Social Distance,"Accumulating empirical evidence suggests that anger elicited in one situation can influence trust behaviors in another situation. However, the conditions under which anger influences trust are still unclear. The present study addresses this research gap and examines the ways in which anger influences trust. We hypothesized that the social distance to the trustee, and the trusting person’s gender would moderate the effect of anger on trust. To test this hypothesis, a study using a 2 (Anger vs. Control) × 2 (Low vs. High social distance) × 2 (Men vs. Women) factorial design was conducted in Germany (N = 215) and in China (N = 310). Results reveal that in both countries men’s trust behavior was not influenced by the manipulations (i.e., anger and social distance). The pattern for women, however, differed by country. In Germany, women’s trust to a stranger (i.e., high social distance) was increased by anger; while in China, women’s trust to someone who they have communicated with (i.e., low social distance) was increased by anger. These results indicate that women’s trust levels seem to be more context-sensitive than men’s. © Copyright © 2020 Zhang, Goetz, Chen and Sverdlik.","Zhang, K.; Goetz, T.; Chen, F.; Sverdlik, A.",Front. Psychol.,923
-Social heuristics and social roles: Intuition favors altruism for women but not for men,"Are humans intuitively altruistic, or does altruism require self-control? A theory of social heuristics, whereby intuitive responses favor typically successful behaviors, suggests that the answer may depend on who you are. In particular, evidence suggests that women are expected to behave altruistically, and are punished for failing to be altruistic, to a much greater extent than men. Thus, women (but not men) may internalize altruism as their intuitive response. Indeed, a meta-analysis of 13 new experiments and 9 experiments from other groups found that promoting intuition relative to deliberation increased giving in a Dictator Game among women, but not among men (Study 1, N = 4,366). Furthermore, this effect was shown to be moderated by explicit sex role identification (Study 2, N = 1,831): the more women described themselves using traditionally masculine attributes (e.g., dominance, independence) relative to traditionally feminine attributes (e.g., warmth, tenderness), the more deliberation reduced their altruism. Our findings shed light on the connection between gender and altruism, and highlight the importance of social heuristics in human prosociality.","Rand, David G; Brescoll, Victoria L; Everett, Jim A C; Capraro, Valerio; Barcelo, Hélène",J. Exp. Psychol. Gen.,924
-"Money donations, volunteering and organizational efficiency","The purpose of this article is to explain the cross-sectional variation in money donations to charities at the organizational level. Using a unique data base which includes volunteer labor data, this article tests the hypotheses that money donations are positively related to volunteering and the technical efficiency of the firm. Technical efficiency is measured by a number of non-parametric indices. The empirical results indicate inter alia that the more technically efficient the charity, the more money donations it is able to raise. Moreoer, at least for one model, money donations and volunteering are found to be complementary at the organizational level. In addition, the results in this article are not consistent with the well-known hypothesis that government financing crowds out private donations. © 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","Callen, J.L.",J Prod Anal,925
-Endovascular stenting versus open surgery for thoracic aortic disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of perioperative results,"Results suggest that endovascular thoracic aortic repair reduces perioperative mortality and major neurological injury in stable patients with descending thoracic aortic aneurysms compared to open surgery. The benefit in other aortic conditions is less clear. XCM: The review question was supported by clear inclusion criteria. Several sources were searched without restriction and the authors attempted to locate unpublished material, minimising the likelihood of language and publication bias. It is unclear whether steps were taken to minimise the likelihood of reviewer error and bias in selecting papers for inclusion in the review, data extraction and assessment of study quality. Total scores for the quality assessment were reported. Standard meta-analytic methods were used. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed and subgroup analysis performed. Despite some minor limitations in reporting the authors' conclusions are likely to be reliable. XIM: Practice: the authors did not state any implications for practice.Research: the authors stated that future studies should avoid comparisons with historical open controls and use consecutive contemporaneous control patients. At a minimum, future reports should also provide 30-day mortality rates, cerebrovascular accident, paraplegia and major reintervention rates. The authors highlighted a lack of comprehensive cost-effectiveness analysis comparing endovascular stenting and open surgery.","Walsh, S R; Tang, T Y; Sadat, U; Naik, J; Gaunt, M E; Boyle, J R; Hayes, P D; Varty, K",,926
-Economic games on the internet: The effect of $1 stakes,"Online labor markets such as Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) offer an unprecedented opportunity to run economic game experiments quickly and inexpensively. Using Mturk, we recruited 756 subjects and examined their behavior in four canonical economic games, with two payoff conditions each: a stakes condition, in which subjects' earnings were based on the outcome of the game (maximum earnings of $1); and a no-stakes condition, in which subjects' earnings are unaffected by the outcome of the game. Our results demonstrate that economic game experiments run on MTurk are comparable to those run in laboratory settings, even when using very low stakes. © 2012 Amir et al.","Amir, O.; Rand, D.G.; Gal, Y.K.",PLoS ONE,927
-"Think twice before using door-in-the-face tactics in repeated negotiation: Effects on negotiated outcomes, trust and perceived ethical behaviour","Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the detrimental effects of the door-in-the-face (DITF) tactic in repeated negotiation. A more complete understanding of its negative consequences is essential to make an informed decision about its use. Design/methodology/approach: This paper is the product of two between-subjects scenario-based negotiation experiments involving university students in Hong Kong (Study 1) and professionals in the UK with negotiation experience (Study 2). Findings: Both the studies herein showed that detecting opponents using this tactic reduced the degree to which negotiators found their counterparts trustworthy. It also increased the likelihood of negotiators switching to an alternative partner in a collaborative project. This relationship is mediated by perceived trustworthiness. Negotiators who had detected opponents’ use of DITF made higher offers and obtained better outcomes in a subsequent negotiation. These findings indicate that negotiators who benefitted from DITF considered its use ethical, while those who suffered because of its use by others found it unethical. Practical implications: Before using DITF, users should be wary of the likelihood they and their counterpart will negotiate again and/or will collaborate in a future project. Originality/value: This paper presents a new perspective from which the use of DITF may backfire in a subsequent negotiation, in terms of both objective and subjective outcomes. This is, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the first paper to address how user and victim judge the ethicality of DITF tactics. The findings offer a building block for future research on other compliance techniques in repeated negotiations. © 2018, Emerald Publishing Limited.","Wong, R.S.; Howard, S.",Int. J. Confl. Manage.,928
-For Your Eyes Only: A Field Experiment on Nudging Hygienic Behavior,"These days many gyms and fitness centers are closed to reduce transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in society. The gym is an environment rich in microorganisms, and careful hygiene is a necessity to keep infections at bay. Exercise centers strive for better hygiene compliance among their members. This effort has become essential in light of the current pandemic. Several experimental studies show that others’ physical presence, or the “illusion” of being watched, may alter behavior. This article reports on a natural field experiment testing one specific social nudge intended to increase gym members’ hygienic behavior. The study was conducted before the SARS-COV-2 pandemic. A picture of “observing eyes” was attached to paper dispensers and cleanser spray bottles at two different gyms in Norway. A reversal design, also called an ABA design, with and without the nudge’s presence, was used to investigate the impact on gym members’ hygienic behavior. A follow-up study was conducted in one of the centers to investigate whether the nudge stimuli would function over time. The study included 254 individual choice situations during nine observation sessions conducted over 9 weeks. The results from both centers provide evidence of a strong effect of the nudge. However, the effect decreased during the follow-up study. These findings support previous research indicating that human behavior is influenced by the presence of implicit observation cues – in this case – observing eyes. However, insights into the long-term effect of implicit observation cues are still needed since the salience of the stimuli faded over time. © Copyright © 2020 Mobekk, Hessen, Fagerstrøm and Jacobsen.","Mobekk, H.; Hessen, D.O.; Fagerstrøm, A.; Jacobsen, H.",Front. Psychol.,929
-Contagion of pro- and anti-social behavior among peers and the role of social proximity,"This paper uses a novel experimental design to study the contagion of pro- and anti-social behavior and the role of social proximity among peers. Across systematic variations thereof, we find that anti-social behavior is generally more contagious than pro-social behavior. Surprisingly, we also find that social proximity amplifies the contagion of anti-social behavior more strongly than the contagion of pro-social behavior. Anti-social individuals are also most susceptible to the behavioral contagion of other anti-social peers. These findings paired with the methodological contribution inform the design of effective norm-based policy interventions directed at facilitating pro-social behavior and reducing anti-social behavior in social and economic environments. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.","Dimant, E.",J. Econ. Psychol.,930
-"Affect, moral intuition, and risk","The natural way to deal with moral issues involving risk is to rely on our intuitive feelings. ""How bad is it? Well, how bad does it feel?"" We can also rely on reason to determine right and wrong but, as Jonathan Haidt has demonstrated, intuition comes first and dominates our responses unless we make an effort to critique and, if necessary, override it. We argue that our intuitive feelings are insensitive to large losses of life and thus mislead us in the face of natural disasters or human disasters associated with poverty, disease, and violence. Our intuitions seduce us into calmly turning away from these catastrophes, when we should be driven by outrage or sorrow to act. We propose ways to overcome this insensitivity through new forms of education and communication coupled with reliance on moral deliberation aimed at designing laws and institutions that compel attention to such problems. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Slovic, P.; Västfjäll, D.",Psychol. Inq.,931
-A cognitive (attribution)-emotion-action model of motivated behavior: An analysis of judgments of help-giving,"Examined the relations of causal attributions and affect to judgments of help-giving in a total of 280 undergraduates in 6 experiments. The influence of 3 dimensions of causality (locus, stability, and control) on judgments concerning the lending of class notes was evaluated. Ratings of help were lowest when the cause of the need was internal to the actor and controllable (e.g., lack of effort). It is suggested that ascriptions to internal controllable factors maximized negative affect (disgust and anger) and promoted avoidance behavior. However, attributions to uncontrollable factors (e.g., ability or teacher shortcomings) were anticipated to generate positive affect (sympathy) and give rise to approach behavior (help). These hypotheses and an attributional model of helping were investigated using a simulational judgment paradigm with both correlational and experimental designs and scenarios describing a drunk or a disabled individual in need of aid. ANOVA indicated the existence of a temporal sequence of attribution-affect-action in which attributions guide feelings, but emotional reactions provide the motor and direction for behavior. (39 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1980 American Psychological Association.","Weiner, B.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,932
-Meaning or money? Non-profit employee satisfaction,"Employees choosing careers with community-based non-profit human services organisations engaged in meeting human needs expecting intrinsic satisfaction often find that the same care and commitment espoused in mission statements are not reflected internally as a commitment to employee satisfaction. These frontline workers are at risk of becoming disillusioned by increasing demands for compliance, internal and external disparities in salaries, unpaid work hours and difficulties in achieving outcomes. Using Herzberg's two-factor theory as a framework, this article incorporates a systematic review of literature per the discipline of evidence-based research to examine the potential of applying non-monetary satisfiers to invigorate the human services workforce. The article, which includes recommendations for management, focuses on the environment for frontline workers and includes creating a flexible workplace as well as implementing best practices for intentionally engaging employees in decision making and problem solving. The article has global relevance for staff retention and job satisfaction issues. © Policy Press 2016.","Weisberg, Melinda; Dent, Eric",Voluntary Sector Review,933
-Analyzing illumina gene expression microarray data from different tissues: methodological aspects of data analysis in the metaxpress consortium,"Microarray profiling of gene expression is widely applied in molecular biology and functional genomics. Experimental and technical variations make meta-analysis of different studies challenging. In a total of 3358 samples, all from German population-based cohorts, we investigated the effect of data preprocessing and the variability due to sample processing in whole blood cell and blood monocyte gene expression data, measured on the Illumina HumanHT-12 v3 BeadChip array.Gene expression signal intensities were similar after applying the log(2) or the variance-stabilizing transformation. In all cohorts, the first principal component (PC) explained more than 95% of the total variation. Technical factors substantially influenced signal intensity values, especially the Illumina chip assignment (33-48% of the variance), the RNA amplification batch (12-24%), the RNA isolation batch (16%), and the sample storage time, in particular the time between blood donation and RNA isolation for the whole blood cell samples (2-3%), and the time between RNA isolation and amplification for the monocyte samples (2%). White blood cell composition parameters were the strongest biological factors influencing the expression signal intensities in the whole blood cell samples (3%), followed by sex (1-2%) in both sample types. Known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were located in 38% of the analyzed probe sequences and 4% of them included common SNPs (minor allele frequency >5%). Out of the tested SNPs, 1.4% significantly modified the probe-specific expression signals (Bonferroni corrected p-value<0.05), but in almost half of these events the signal intensities were even increased despite the occurrence of the mismatch. Thus, the vast majority of SNPs within probes had no significant effect on hybridization efficiency.In summary, adjustment for a few selected technical factors greatly improved reliability of gene expression analyses. Such adjustments are particularly required for meta-analyses.","Schurmann, Claudia; Heim, Katharina; Schillert, Arne; Blankenberg, Stefan; Carstensen, Maren; Dörr, Marcus; Endlich, Karlhans; Felix, Stephan B; Gieger, Christian; Grallert, Harald; Herder, Christian; Hoffmann, Wolfgang; Homuth, Georg; Illig, Thomas; Kruppa, Jochen; Meitinger, Thomas; Müller, Christian; Nauck, Matthias; Peters, Annette; Rettig, Rainer; Roden, Michael; Strauch, Konstantin; Völker, Uwe; Völzke, Henry; Wahl, Simone; Wallaschofski, Henri; Wild, Philipp S; Zeller, Tanja; Teumer, Alexander; Prokisch, Holger; Ziegler, Andreas",PLoS One,934
-,,"Rosten, L.",Leo Rosten's treasury of Jewish quotations,935
-Differences in perspective and the influence of charitable appeals: When imagining oneself as the victim is not beneficial,,"Hung, I.W.; Wyer Jr., R.S.",Journal of Marketing Research,936
-The door-in-the-face compliance strategy: An individual differences analysis of two models in an AIDS fundraising context,"This study examined the reciprocal concessions and self-presentation accounts of the door-in-the-face (DITF) compliance strategy within a fundraising context. Subjects were classified as low or high in exchange orientation, and as low or high in approval motivation on the basis of a pretest questionnaire. As predicted on the basis of reciprocal concessions theory, a significant interaction was obtained between exchange-orientation and message strategy. For high exchange-oriented subjects, the DITF message strategy substantially increased compliance rates, relative to the single-request control message. However, low exchange-oriented subjects were actually more charitable in response to the control message. Analysis of a post-treatment measure of obligation to the requestor revealed that obligation could account for less than half of the interaction effect, a finding which is inconsistent with concessions theory. Self-presentation theory suggests that DITF should work best when directed toward targets who are high in their approval motivation, but this hypothesized interaction between approval motivation and message strategy did not materialize. © 1996, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Bell, R.A.; Abrahams, M.F.; Clark, C.L.; Schlatter, C.",Int. J. Phytorem.,937
-Coping and adaptation,,"Lazarus, R.S.; Folkman, S.",Handbook of Behavioral Medicine,938
-A further test of noncooperative bargaining theory: Comment,,"Neelin, J.; Sonnenschein, H.; Spiegel, M.",American Economic Review,939
-Probiotics for necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review,"The evidence appeared to lend support to the use of oral probiotics for the prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in pre-term infants less than 33 weeks' gestation and infants with very low birth weight. However, data were insufficient to comment on the safety of probiotics. XCM: The review question and inclusion criteria were clear. The search strategy was adequate, with no language restrictions. Limited attempts were made to identify unpublished studies. Study selection and quality assessment were undertaken in duplicate, which reduced the potential for reviewer bias and error, but it was unclear whether the same methods were used for data extraction. Adequate details of the included trials were presented, including the results of the quality assessment.In view of differences between trials in types of intervention and participant characteristics, a narrative synthesis was appropriate, although the synthesis was limited, with most results presented separately for the separate trials.This was a well-conducted systematic review and the authors' conclusions are likely to be reliable. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice.Research: The authors stated that further research was required to identify the optimal type, dose and timing of probiotics for pre-term infants and those with very low birth weight for the prevention of necrotising enterocolitis, as well as to assess potential adverse effects of such treatments. Future studies should have sufficient statistical power to assess the effects of probiotics on the incidence of severe necrotising enterocolitis, requirement for surgery, mortality attributable to necrotising enterocolitis, overall mortality and adverse events. Medium to long-term follow-up should involve secondary outcome measures such as growth, development and general well-being. Future studies should also have a standardised policy on breast milk donation.","Barclay, A R; Stenson, B; Simpson, J H; Weaver, L T; Wilson, D C",,940
-"Temporal Aspects of the Chameleon Effect and Hospitality: The Link Between Mimicry, Its Impact, and Duration","In an experiment conducted in natural settings (in a restaurant), we explore the uninvestigated link between mimicry, its impact on hospitality, and the time during which the mimicry takes place. Under particular experimental conditions, the waitress either did not verbally mimic the customer, mimicked the customer only at the initial stage of the interaction, only at the final stage of the interaction, or at both the initial and the final stage of the interaction. The tip left by the customer and its amount were the indicators of the hospitality experienced throughout the time spent in the restaurant. The outcome was that both indicators of noticeable hospitality were the highest where the verbal mimicry was applied twice. © The Author(s) 2018.","Kulesza, W.; Dolinski, D.; Szczęsna, K.; Kosim, M.; Grzyb, T.",Cornell Hosp. Q.,941
-Currency value moderates equity preference among young children,"Cooperative behavior depends in part on a preference for equitable outcomes. Recent research in behavioral economics assesses variables that influence adult concerns for equity, but few studies to date investigate the emergence of equitable behavior in children using similar economic games. We tested 288 3- to 6-year olds in an anonymous Dictator Game to assess how the value of the currency used affects equity preferences in children. To manipulate value, children played the game with their most or least favorite stickers. At all ages, we found a strong value effect with children donating more of their least favorite stickers than their favorite stickers. We also found a dramatic increase with age in the percentage of children who were prosocial (i.e. donated at least one sticker). However, children who were prosocial tended to give the same proportion of stickers at all ages - about half of their least favorite stickers and 40% of their favorite stickers. These findings highlight the influence of resource value on children's preference for equity, and provide evidence for two different processes underlying altruistic giving: the decision to donate at all and the decision about how much to donate. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.","Blake, P.R.; Rand, D.G.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,942
-The effect of a robotic agent on dishonest behavior,"Future human-robot interactions will have to consider different human traits. One human feature that may be affected by the presence of virtual agents or robots is human honesty. Will people try to take advantage in the presence of a robot/virtual agent? Some previous studies have shown that the physical presence of a robot can decrease cheating in humans. In this paper, we investigated if merely a simple video of a robot looking at the user was enough to affect human's cheating behavior. Further, we also investigated if the Honesty-Humility personality trait predicted cheating. We conducted a study with 160 participants that were randomly allocated to one of two conditions: (1) performing the task with a video of a robot looking at them, or (2) doing the task alone. Results showed that being alone or with a video of a robot produced equal levels of cheating and the Honesty-Humility dimension predicted cheating, particularly the fairness sub-domain was responsible for predicting cheating behavior. This study has implications for future scenarios where dishonesty might be tempting, and physical presence of an observer might not be possible. © 2020 ACM.","Petisca, S.; Paiva, A.; Esteves, F.","Proc. ACM Int. Conf. Intell. Virtual Agents, IVA",943
-Does price matter in charitable giving? Evidence from a large-scale natural field experiment,"We conducted a natural field experiment to further our understanding of the economics of charity. Using direct mail solicitations to over 50,000 prior donors of a nonprofit organization, we tested the effectiveness of a matching grant on charitable giving. We find that the match offer increases both the revenue per solicitation and the response rate. Larger match ratios (i.e., $3:$1 and $2:$1) relative to a smaller match ratio ($1:$1) had no additional impact, however. The results provide avenues for future empirical and theoretical work on charitable giving, cost-benefit analysis, and the private provision of public goods.","Karlan, D.; List, J.A.",Am. Econ. Rev.,944
-How much is it going to cost me? Bidirectional relations between adolescents' moral personality and prosocial behavior,"The current study examined bidirectional relations between adolescents' moral personality (prosocial values, self-regulation, and sympathy) and low- and high-cost prosocial behavior toward strangers. Participants included 682 adolescents (M age of child=14.31, SD=1.07, 50% female) who participated at two time points, approximately one year apart. Cross-lag analyses suggested that adolescents' values were associated with both low- and high-cost prosocial behavior one year later, self-regulation was associated with high-cost prosocial behavior, and sympathy was associated with low-cost prosocial behavior. Findings also suggested that low-cost prosocial behavior was associated with sympathy one year later, and high-cost prosocial behavior was associated with values. Discussion focuses on reciprocal relations between moral personality and prosocial behavior, and the need to consider a more multidimensional approach to prosocial development during adolescence. © 2014 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents.","Padilla-Walker, L.M.; Fraser, A.M.",J. Adolesc.,945
-,,"Cameron, D.; Cunningham, W.; Saunders, B.; Inzlicht, M.",,946
-Aripiprazole in children and adolescents with schizophrenia,,"Argyriou, E; Petroggona, M; Charitaki, S; Belivanaki, M; Giannakopoulos, G; Kolaitis, G",,947
-Helping one or helping many? A theoretical integration and meta-analytic review of the compassion fade literature,"Researchers and practitioners in the area of charitable giving have long lamented the tendency to offer greater aid to one person who is suffering rather than to a large group with the same needs. Demonstrations of such compassion fade are common in the literature, although different explanations for these findings exist. To reconcile both past theory and empirical research, we utilized a dual concern framing (De Dreu, 2006; Pruitt & Rubin, 1985) in conducting a meta-analysis of 41 studies (95 independent samples; 13,259 total sample size) on compassion fade. Results suggest that victim group size negatively affects both helping intent and helping behavior, as well as our proposed mediating mechanisms of anticipated positive affect (self-oriented motivation) and perceived impact (hybrid other-/self-oriented motivation). However, significant effects were not found for empathetic concern (other-oriented motivation). Results also showed that the indirect effects of victim group size on helping are stronger through anticipated positive affect and perceived impact than through empathetic concern. Further, as indicated by supplemental analyses, anticipated positive affect and perceived impact likely operate as predictors of empathetic concern in a serial mediation process through which victim groups size affects helping. Finally, we examined calamity scope (number of victims) and event features (certainty, chronicity, and threat severity) as moderators of the observed relationships between victim group size and helping. Theoretical implications and directions for future compassion fade research emanating from these findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Butts, Marcus M; Lunt, Devin C; Freling, Traci L; Gabriel, Allison S",Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process.,948
-Does Government Funding Alter Nonprofit Governance? Evidence from New York City Nonprofit Contractors,"Government contracting has raised a collection of issues with respect to adequate oversight and accountability. This paper explores one avenue through which contracting agencies may achieve these tasks: through the governance practices of the contractor's board. Oversight and monitoring are a board's key responsibilities, and influencing a board's practices is one way a governmental agency can help to insure quality performance. Agencies could thus use both their selection process and their post-contracting power to influence board practice. Using a new, rich data set on the nonprofit contractors of New York City, a series of hypotheses were tested on the relationship between government funding and board practices. Significant differences were found to exist in board practices as a function of government funding levels, differences that mark a shift of energy away from some activities (i.e., traditional board functions, such as fund-raising) towards others (financial monitoring and advocacy). This suggests that government agencies may indeed use their contracting choices with an eye to particular governance practices. This increased emphasis on such activities appears to crowd out other activities, and is not unambiguously to the benefit of nonprofit board governance. © 2002 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.","O'Regan, K.; Oster, S.",J. Policy Anal. Manage.,949
-Economic analysis of erythropoietin use in orthopaedic surgery,"The aim was to assess the cost-effectiveness of erythropoietin (EPO) to reduce patients' exposure to perioperative allogenic blood products in orthopaedic surgery. The use of EPO was assessed for EPO used alone and for EPO, to augment preoperative autologous donation (PAD). A decision analytical model was designed incorporating (i) the risk of receiving allogeneic blood, (ii) the costs of blood products, (iii) the likelihood of developing transfusion-related diseases, (iv) the costs of transfusion-related diseases, (v) the impact of transfusion-related diseases on patient morbidity and mortality and (vi) the effect of EPO upon the probability of transfusion. The efficacy of EPO was derived from data from a meta-analysis of published randomized trials. Estimates for the other parameters were obtained by a systematic review of the literature. EPO alone led to only modest incremental benefit compared to no intervention for orthopaedic surgery (0.000024 life-years gained per patient). As an augmentation to PAD, EPO also led to modest benefits (0.000006 life-years gained per patient). For EPO compared to no intervention, the incremental cost per life-year gained was $66 million (Canadian). For EPO to augment PAD, the incremental cost per life-year gained was $329 million (Canadian). Detailed sensitivity analysis did not reveal any circumstances in which the cost-effectiveness ratios reached a level generally considered attractive. On the basis of cost-effectiveness, the use of EPO to reduce perioperative allogeneic transfusions in orthopaedic surgery did not meet criteria conventionally considered acceptable.","Coyle, D; Lee, K M; Fergusson, D A; Laupacis, A",Transfus. Med.,950
-Distinguishing transitory and permanent price elasticities of charitable giving with pre-announced changes in tax law,,"Bakija, J.",Working Paper,951
-Evaluation of international and non-governmental organizations’ communication activities: A 15 year systematic review,"The purpose of this paper is to understand how intergovernmental organizations and international non-governmental organizations have evaluated their communication activities and adhered to principles of evaluation methodology from 1995-2010 based on a systematic review of available evaluation reports (N=46) and guidelines (N=9). Most evaluations were compliant with principle 1 (defining communication objectives), principle 2 (combining evaluation methods), principle 4 (focusing on outcomes) and principle 5 (evaluating for continued improvement). Compliance was least with principle 3 (using a rigorous design) and principle 6 (linking to organizational goals). Evaluation was found not to be integrated, adopted widely or rigorously in these organizations. (C) 2013 The Author. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","O’Neil, Glenn",Public Relat. Rev.,952
-Compassion collapse: Why we are numb to numbers,,"Cameron, C.D.; Seppala, E.M.; Simon-Thomas, E.; Brown, S.L.; Worline, M.C.; Doty, J.R.",The oxford handbook of compassion science,953
-Parametric measures of effect size,,"Rosenthal, R.",The Handbook of Research Synthesis,954
-"Assessing the effect of sample size, methodological quality and statistical rigour on outcomes of randomised controlled trials on mobilisation, manipulation and massage for low back pain of at least 6 weeks duration","Many RCTs in the area of manual therapy for lower back pain had shortcomings in sample size, methodological quality, and/or statistical rigour. However, there remained evidence from higher quality RCTs to support the use of a manual therapy package, compared with GP care, for non-specific lower back pain of at least six weeks duration. XCM: Inclusion criteria for the review were clearly defined. Several relevant databases were searched; search terms were not provided. Publication bias was not assessed and could not be ruled out. The potential for language bias was unclear. Suitable methods were used to minimise the risk of reviewer bias during quality assessment, but the authors did not report on whether such methods were used for study selection and data extraction.Trial quality assessment was undertaken according to a modified version of Van Tulder criteria; an assessment of the trial size and statistical rigour was also conducted, which gave a good indication of trial quality. However, there was a lack of details on the trial participants which may affect generalisability. The trial outcomes were assessed using L’Abbe plots. Other graphical techniques were used to determine the effects of quality and trial size on outcomes, which appeared appropriate.Overall, the authors’ conclusions were suitably cautious and consistent with the review aims and available evidence. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that at this point in time, manipulation used in isolation cannot be recommended. Likewise no recommendations can be made for massage interventions due to the lack of RCTs fulfilling all criteria for best available evidence. Research: The authors stated that future RCTs to inform clinical practice should have an adequate sample size, methodological quality and statistical rigour. Future trials should use relevant and valid outcome measures and identify subgroups where specific treatments may be most effective.","Hettinga, D M; Hurley, D A; Jackson, A; May, S; Mercer, C; Roberts, L",,955
-Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change,"Presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of personal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences. Persistence in activities that are subjectively threatening but in fact relatively safe produces, through experiences of mastery, further enhancement of self-efficacy and corresponding reductions in defensive behavior. In the proposed model, expectations of personal efficacy are derived from 4 principal sources of information: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. Factors influencing the cognitive processing of efficacy information arise from enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources. The differential power of diverse therapeutic procedures is analyzed in terms of the postulated cognitive mechanism of operation. Findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive modes of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes. (21/2 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1977 American Psychological Association.","Bandura, A.",Psychol. Rev.,956
-Immersive virtual environments versus traditional platforms: Effects of violent and nonviolent video game play,"An experiment focused on the effects of platform (desktop computer, immersive virtual environment; IVE), content (violent, nonviolent), and player gender on video game play outcomes. Results revealed an interaction such that participants reported higher levels of aggressive feelings when playing a violent video game in an IVE compared to violent game play on a desktop platform or nonviolent game play on either platform. Physiological results supported these findings. No gender effects were found, nor did platform intensify any effects for nonviolent game play. The findings suggest that the intensifying effects of IVEs for game play and aggression are content specific and provide further evidence that attention to playing platform is crucial in understanding violent video game effects.","Persky, S.; Blascovich, J.",Media Psychol.,957
-Outcome switching in randomized controlled oncology trials reporting on surrogate endpoints: A cross-sectional analysis,"Inconsistent reporting of clinical trials is well-known in the literature. Despite this, factors associated with poor practice such as outcome switching in clinical trials are poorly understood. We performed a cross-sectional analysis to evaluate the prevalence of, and the factors associated with outcome switching. PubMed and Embase were searched for pharmaceutical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in oncology reporting on a surrogate primary outcome published in 2015. Outcome switching was present in 18% (39/216). First-author male sex was significantly more likely associated with outcome switching compared to female sex with an OR of 3.05 (95% CI 1.07-8.64, p = 0.04) after multivariable adjustment. For-profit funded RCTs were less likely associated with outcome switching compared to non-profit funded research with an OR of 0.22 (95% CI 0.07-0.74, p = 0.01). First author male sex was more likely associated with outcome switching compared to female sex in drug oncology RCTs reporting on a primary surrogate endpoint. For-profit funded research was less likely associated with outcome switching compared to research funded by non-profit organizations. Furthermore, 18 percent of drug oncology trials reporting on a surrogate endpoint could have a higher risk of false positive results due to primary outcome switching. © 2017 The Author(s).","Falk Delgado, Alberto; Falk Delgado, Anna",Sci. Rep.,958
-Attributional thoughts about consumer behavior,"Two fundamental principles from attribution theory were examined for the role they might play in the psychology of the consumer. They are: (1) perceptions of causality along a stability dimension influence the anticipated likelihood of product satisfaction, and (2) perceptions of causality along a controllability dimension influence judgments of responsibility and retributive actions. Comments about the longevity of an attributional framework, methodological recommendations, and the heuristic value of the theory also are included.","Weiner, B.",J. Consum. Res.,959
-Charitable Giving: What Influences Donors’ Choice Among Different Causes?,"While the literature is replete with studies that identify factors explaining why people are likely to make monetary contributions, less is known about which particular charitable causes they are likely to choose and how much they donate to them. This article examines donor choice among eight different causes using survey data collected in 2011 for a nationally representative sample in Austria. In particular, the study investigates the role of individual-level factors: subjective dispositions such as empathic concern, trust, and religiosity, and resources such as education and income. We find that subjective dispositions rather predict a donor’s incidence of giving among causes but not the amount donated. Human resources, in contrast, are associated with both the incidence and the amount donated to particular causes, and they also mediate the impact of subjective dispositions. What is more, the study reveals that being asked to donate has the highest explanatory power regarding the incidence of giving among all causes investigated. © 2019, International Society for Third-Sector Research and The Johns Hopkins University.","Neumayr, M.; Handy, F.",Voluntas,960
-"Explaining abstinence rates following treatment for alcohol abuse: a quantitative synthesis of patient, research design and treatment effects","We examined the relationships of treatment, patient and research design characteristics to treatment outcome (i.e. abstinence rates) in a sample of 150 treatment conditions drawn from 100 alcohol treatment outcome studies published between 1980 and 1992. Treatment characteristics were related to abstinence rates: more intensive treatments had higher abstinence rates than less intensive treatments, whereas treatments with an expressed goal other than abstinence had lower abstinence rates than treatments with an abstinence goal. When the public vs. private ownership status of the treatment facility was taken into account, the presence of behavioral elements in the treatment condition also was related to higher abstinence rates. Because of inconsistent reporting in primary studies, we assessed the effects of only one patient pre-treatment characteristic; treatment conditions with a higher proportion of socially stable patients had better outcomes. Research design characteristics were also related to abstinence rates. Treatment conditions with shorter follow-ups and treatments drawn from studies that did not use criteria to exclude more impaired subjects had better outcomes. We discuss possible reasons why our findings regarding the effects of treatment intensity and the use of exclusionary criteria differ from those in previous reviews.","Monahan, S C; Finney, J W",Addiction,961
-Ostracism increases social susceptibility,"Ostracism, the act of ignoring and excluding, is a universally applied tactic of social control. Individuals who detect ostracism often change their behaviors to be readmitted into the group, even if it means becoming excessively socially susceptible to influence. We tested whether ostracized individuals are more socially susceptible to a subsequent influence attempt. In this study, 65 undergraduates were randomly assigned to a 2 (Inclusion or Ostracism) × 3 (Compliance tactic: foot-in-the door, target request only, door-in-the-face) between-participants design. The participants played Cyberball and were either included or ostracized, and then they were approached with a request to donate money. Despite no differences between the three tactics, ostracism increased compliance across all request types. Our discussion focuses on the implications for ostracism-induced social susceptibility.","Carter-Sowell, A.R.; Chen, Z.; Williams, K.D.",Soc. Influ.,962
-Rational self-interest and other orientation in organizational behavior: A critical appraisal and extension of Meglino and Korsgaard (2004),"B. M. Meglino and M. A. Korsgaard (2004; see record 2004-21169-004). argued that rational self-interest varies across individuals and negatively relates to other orientation (OO). OO moderates effects of job characteristics on attitudes, motivation, and helping. Viewing organizations as social dilemmas in which employees face a mixture of competitive and cooperative incentives, the author argues in this article that strength of self-interest links to self-concern (SC), which should be distinguished from OO. SC and OO are orthogonal and unipolar. Implications are that some propositions by Meglino and Korsgaard need to be rewritten in terms of SC or OO, and that SC is predicted to moderate effects of self-related variables (e.g., job characteristics), whereas OO might moderate effects of social variables (e.g., team climate) on satisfaction, motivation, and helping. This also implies that when both SC and OO are strong (weak), individual- and group-level constructs are both (in)valid predictors of satisfaction, motivation, and helping. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).","De Dreu, C.K.W.",J. Appl. Psychol.,963
-Eye spots do not increase altruism in children,"The evolutionary legacy hypothesis proposes that an evolved reciprocity-based psychology affects human behavior in anonymous one-shot interactions when reciprocity is not explicitly possible. Empirical support rests on experiments showing that altruism among adults increases in the presence of stylized eye spots or faces. Such stimuli do not affect material payoffs, but they are assumed to activate a person's reciprocity-based psychology. We identify two versions of the evolutionary legacy hypothesis. The weak hypothesis posits that reputational concerns can generate altruism in the absence of opportunities for a good reputation. The strong hypothesis posits that reputational concerns alone can explain anonymous one-shot altruism, and they can do so specifically in lieu of explanations based on group selection. A number of experimental studies support the weak hypothesis but are merely consistent with the strong hypothesis. To address both the weak and strong hypotheses, we conducted an eye spot experiment with children. Altruism can vary by age or sex in childhood, and under the strong hypothesis this kind of variation should reveal associated variation in sensitivity to eye spots. Although we found significant variation in altruism among children, we found no corresponding variation in sensitivity to eye spots. More generally, we found no eye spot effects of any kind. We discuss the possibility that eye spots might only affect altruism under specific conditions. We further argue that conditional effects do not refute the weak hypothesis in any way, but they do suggest potential limitations on the explanatory scope of the strong hypothesis. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.","Vogt, S.; Efferson, C.; Berger, J.; Fehr, E.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,964
-Moral values and increasing stakes in a dictator game,"Using data from a large representative US sample (N = 1519), we compare hypothetical moral fairness values from the Moral Foundations Sacredness Scale with actual fairness behavior in an incentivized dictator game with either low or high stakes. We find that people with high moral fairness values fail to live up to their high fairness standards, when stake size increases. This violates principles from consistency theories according to which moral values are supposedly aligned with moral behavior, but is in line with temptation theories that question the absoluteness of morality values. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.","Schier, U.K.; Ockenfels, A.; Hofmann, W.",J. Econ. Psychol.,965
-Criteria to Identify a Potential Deceased Organ Donor: A Systematic Review,"OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the global published literature defining a potential deceased organ donor and identifying clinical triggers for deceased organ donation identification and referral. DATA SOURCES: Medline and Embase databases from January 2006 to September 2017. STUDY SELECTION: All published studies containing a definition of a potential deceased organ donor and/or clinical triggers for referring a potential deceased organ donor were eligible for inclusion. Dual, independent screening was conducted of 3,857 citations. DATA EXTRACTION: Data extraction was completed by one team member and verified by a second team member. Thematic content analysis was used to identify clinical criteria for potential deceased organ donation identification from the published definitions and clinical triggers. DATA SYNTHESIS: One hundred twenty-four articles were included in the review. Criteria fell into four categories: Neurological, Medical Decision, Cardiorespiratory, and Administrative. Distinct and globally consistent sets of clinical criteria by type of deceased organ donation (neurologic death determination, controlled donation after circulatory determination of death, and uncontrolled donation after circulatory determination of death) are reported. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the clinical criteria sets reported will reduce ambiguity associated with the deceased organ donor identification and the subsequent referral process, potentially reducing the number of missed donors and saving lives globally through increased transplantation.","Squires, Janet E; Coughlin, Mary; Dorrance, Kristin; Linklater, Stefanie; Chassé, Michaël; Grimshaw, Jeremy M; Shemie, Sam D; Dhanani, Sonny; Knoll, Gregory A",Crit. Care Med.,966
-A Systematic Review of Fatalities Related to Acute Ingestion of Salt. A Need for Warning Labels?,"There are sporadic cases of fatalities from acutely eating salt. Yet, on social media, there are ""challenges to"" and examples of children and some adults acutely eating salt, and recently a charity advocated eating small amounts of salt to empathize with Syrian refugees. We performed a systematic review of fatalities from ingesting salt to assess if relatively moderate doses of salt could be fatal. In 27 reports, there were 35 fatalities documented (19 in adults and 16 in children). The lethal dose was estimated to be less than 10 g of sodium (<5 teaspoons of salt) in two children, and less than 25 g sodium in four adults (<4 tablespoons of salt). The frequency of fatal ingestion of salt is not able to be discerned from our review. If investigation of the causes of hypernatremia in hospital records indicates salt overdose is relatively common, consideration could be given to placing warning labels on salt containers and shakers. Such warning labels can have the added advantage of reducing dietary salt consumption.","Campbell, Norm R C; Train, Emma J",Nutrients,967
-Diversification of revenue strategies: Evolving resource dependence in nonprofit organizations,"This article examines the effects of three major revenue strategies in nonprofit organizations. Evolving resource dependence is demonstrated by the shifting reliance on each source of funds: private contributions, government funding, and commercial activities. A wide-ranging literature review is condensed into summary profiles comparing revenue volatility, goal displacement, process, and structure effects of each strategy. The profiles are drawn upon to anticipate potential advantages and disadvantages of increasingly diversified revenue strategies employed by nonprofits to combat resource dependence. The potential interaction effects raise critical but unanswered questions about nonprofit performance, legitimacy, and public policy issues.","Froelich, K.A.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,968
-Cost-effectiveness of epoetin and autologous blood donation in reducing allogeneic blood transfusions in coronary artery bypass graft surgery,,"Marchetti M, Barosi G",,969
-The crowding-out effect within government funding: Implications for within-source diversification,"The benefits and risks of revenue diversification lead scholars to propose within-source diversification as a possible compromise. Although this revenue strategy sounds promising, no scholarly attention has been devoted to empirically examining it. This study explores within-source diversification across government funding, specifically whether nonprofit receipt of support from a major government funder affects support from other government funders. Using a panel dataset of U.S.-based international development nonprofits from 1995 to 2014, we find that nonprofits with more funding from the major funder are associated with significantly less funding from other funders. This crowding-out effect weakens as organization size grows. The findings imply that the within-source diversification strategy might be more desirable for larger organizations with the capacity to manage multiple funding relationships. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Zhao, J.; Lu, J.",Nonprofit Manage. Leadersh.,970
-"Foreign Aid, Government Spending, and Contributions toward Public Goods: Experimental Evidence from the Philippines","Scholars have long argued that government spending crowds out contributions to public goods through taxes or through nonprofit organizations. In developing countries where public goods are often financed by foreign donors, foreign aid may have a similar inhibiting effect. Aid, it is argued, leads citizens to question the legitimacy of their state and reduces their willingness to comply with taxes. Recent studies show that externally funded non-government organizations and programs fail to catalyze collective action as expected. Bringing together these strands of research, we examine whether information on government and/or foreign financing crowds out willingness to contribute to public goods, and explore mechanisms linking the information and individuals’ responses. Using a survey experiment on elite university students in the Philippines, we find that both government spending and foreign aid reduce willingness to contribute to the public good, albeit not uniformly across different modes of engagement. Moreover, we find that individuals are likely to reduce their contributions, not because they view government and foreign financing as perfect substitutes for their contributions, as the classic crowding out thesis suggests, but because they have little confidence that existing resources will be properly disbursed. Our results point to a general lack of confidence in the state as well as other intermediary institutions involved in the implementation of government and aid programs. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.","Montinola, G.R.; Taylor, T.W.; Largoza, G.L.",Stud. Comp. Int. Dev.,971
-The Function of Eyespot Patterns in the Lepidoptera,"1. Lepidoptera belonging to several different families bear eyespot patterns on their wings, often with a very strong resemblance to the vertebrate eye. These have been derived from different morphological structures in different groups, and their evolution is therefore convergent within the order. 2. A study of two individual hand-reared Yellow Buntings has shown that the pursuit of flying insect prey is fully released at the bird's first encounter with a flying butterfly, but that the orientation of the attack is modified by experience. 3. Eyespot patterns are associated with displays which exhibit them. In the case of a Nymphalid butterfly, Nymphalis io, an experiment has shown that the display releases escape responses from Yellow Buntings, and that the major part of this effect is due to the four ocelli on the upper surface of the fore- and hind wings. Experiments with other species of insects suggest that other factors contributing include the bright field of colour surrounding the eyespots, the rhythmic movements of the display, and the rustling noise which accompanies it. The bird's responses to this display waned rapidly in the majority of individuals, but some birds became conditioned to avoid the butterflies altogether. 4. Experiments with models showed that circular patterns presented suddenly to feeding birds (Chaffinches, Yellow Buntings and Great Tits) release escape responses more effectively than do non-circular patterns of the same area and perimeter. An increase in the perimeter of the models, achieved by the use of three concentric circles of the same area as the single circle, increased its releasing value. A flat, eye-like pattern which was so shaded and distorted as to appear three-dimensional was more effective than a similar flat pattern which was not shaded, and hence was more bright. Large models were more effective than similar small ones. Waning was again rapid. The differential responsiveness to circular and non-circular patterns is inborn in the case of Great Tits and Chaffinches. 5. An experiment with mealworms artifically ornamented with small eye-like spots at their extremities has shown that such markings, placed on a prey-object, tend to direct to themselves the attack of Yellow Buntings. The waning of the element of disturbed orientation in the responses is slow, and may not be significant. 6. The deflection and intimidation effects are discussed. The origin of the predator's responses to deflection marks is not known, but it is suggested that intimidating eyespots act by mimicking the eyes of the large avian predators preying on the small insectivorous passerines which are among their natural enemies. It has been shown that many small passerines possess inborn responses to their predators, and it is probable that these are ""parasitised"" by the eyespot patterns of insects. Eyespot patterns must be regarded as wholly distinct from pseudaposematic colouration. The effect of experience on small passerines, either of the predator-model or of an ocellated imitator, is most usually the reverse of that sustained by a predator encountering the model or mimic in a true case of Batesian or Mullerian mimicry, and the restrictions on the population size of a pseudaposematic insect relative to its model do not apply to insects utilising the inborn responses of their predators.","Blest, A.D.",Behaviour,972
-The effects of product type and donation magnitude on willingness to pay more for a charity-linked brand,,"Strahilevitz, M.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,973
-Cognitive load and cooperation,"We study the effect of intuitive and reflective processes on cooperation using cognitive load. Compared with time constraint, which has been used in the previous literature, cognitive load is a more direct way to block reflective processes, and thus a more suitable way to study the link between intuition and cooperation. Using a repeated public goods game, we study the effect of different levels of cognitive load on contributions. We show that a higher cognitive load increases the initial level of cooperation. In particular, subjects are significantly less likely to fully free ride under high cognitive load. © 2017 F. Døssing, M. Piovesan and E. Wengström.","Døssing, F.; Piovesan, M.; Wengström, E.",Crit. Financ. Rev.,974
-Light in Darkness: Low Self-Control Promotes Altruism in Crises,"People struggle regularly with the selfish impulse to maximize personal benefits and the prosocial impulse to care for others. However, little is known about how people naturally react in crises. We propose that people with lowered state self-control are more inclined to help in crisis situations. Four studies showed that individuals with lower self-control (both measured and manipulated) were more likely to help, share, and volunteer in high-crisis scenarios (Studies 1, 2, and 3b) and in an earthquake simulation (Study 4). The results were not merely a semantic priming effect of crisis descriptions (Study 3a). This research suggests that people naturally have different altruistic tendencies when faced with a crisis versus everyday situations. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Li, J.; Xie, X.",Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol.,975
-Globalization and postmodern values,"As countries become more industrialized, they find no direct correlation between financial prowess and emotional well-being. While the modern world prioritized economic-led growth, the postmodern society will place more value on environmental protection and cultural identity. © 2000 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Inglehart, R.",Wash. Q.,976
-Social Presence Diminishes Contagious Yawning in the Laboratory,"Contagious yawning may be a useful measure of social psychological functioning, and thus it is important to evaluate the variables influencing its expression in laboratory settings. Previous research has documented that humans yawn less frequently in crowded environments and when under direct observation, but the impact of social presence on contagious yawning remains unknown. Here we present the first study to systematically alter the degree of social presence experienced by participants in the laboratory to determine its effect on contagious yawning frequency. Our results demonstrate that both implied and actual social presence significantly diminish yawn contagion in comparison to a control condition, indicating a key social component to contagious yawning. These findings provide a framework for pursuing additional research investigating the social factors influencing contagious yawning, while also offering applications for measuring this response in laboratory settings.","Gallup, A.; Church, A.M.; Miller, H.; Risko, E.F.; Kingstone, A.",Sci. Rep.,977
-,,"Rosenthal, R.",Meta-analytic Procedures for Social Research,978
-Effects of nonprofit organization wealth and efficiency on private donations to large nonprofit organizations,,"Marudas, N.P.",Research in Governmental and Nonprofit Accounting,979
-,,"Edmunds, M.",Defence in Animals: A Survey of Anti-predator Defences,980
-Tolerant indirect reciprocity can boost social welfare through solidarity with unconditional cooperators in private monitoring,"Indirect reciprocity is an important mechanism for resolving social dilemmas. Previous studies explore several types of assessment rules that are evolutionarily stable for keeping cooperation regimes. However, little is known about the effects of private information on social systems. Most indirect reciprocity studies assume public monitoring in which individuals share a single assessment for each individual. Here, we consider a private monitoring system that loosens such an unnatural assumption. We explore the stable norms in the private system using an individual-based simulation. We have three main findings. First, narrow and unstable cooperation: cooperation in private monitoring becomes unstable and the restricted norms cannot maintain cooperative regimes while they can in public monitoring. Second, stable coexistence of discriminators and unconditional cooperators: under private monitoring, unconditional cooperation can play a role in keeping a high level of cooperation in tolerant norm situations. Finally, Pareto improvement: private monitoring can achieve a higher cooperation rate than does public monitoring. © 2017 The Author(s).","Okada, I.; Sasaki, T.; Nakai, Y.",Sci. Rep.,981
-Effects of Prosocial Video Games on Prosocial Behavior,"Previous research has documented that playing violent video games has various negative effects on social behavior in that it causes an increase in aggressive behavior and a decrease in prosocial behavior. In contrast, there has been much less evidence on the effects of prosocial video games. In the present research, 4 experiments examined the hypothesis that playing a prosocial (relative to a neutral) video game increases helping behavior. In fact, participants who had played a prosocial video game were more likely to help after a mishap, were more willing (and devoted more time) to assist in further experiments, and intervened more often in a harassment situation. Results further showed that exposure to prosocial video games activated the accessibility of prosocial thoughts, which in turn promoted prosocial behavior. Thus, depending on the content of the video game, playing video games not only has negative effects on social behavior but has positive effects as well. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","Greitemeyer, T.; Osswald, S.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,982
-What factors predict drivers’ self-reported lane change violation behavior at urban intersections? A study in China,"Lane change violations are a major cause of traffic conflicts and accidents at urban intersections and one of many road-safety issues in China. This study aims to explore the socio-psychological factors underlying drivers’ motivation for lane change violation behavior at urban intersections and examines how these factors predict this violation behavior. A self-reported questionnaire is designed by applying the construct of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to collect data. Five hundred-six valid responses are received from the questionnaire survey conducted on the Internet in China. The data are then analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of the analysis show that behavioral intention is the strongest predictor of self-reported lane change violation behavior at urban intersections. Perceived behavioral control has both direct and indirect effects on self-reported lane change violation behavior. Furthermore, attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control are found to have significant correlations with drivers’ intention of lane change violations at urban intersections. The results of this study could provide a reference for designing more effective interventions to modify drivers’ lane change violation behavior at urban intersections. © 2019 Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Wang, X.; Xu, L.; Hao, Y.",PLoS ONE,983
-The evolution of trust and trustworthiness,"Trust and trustworthiness form the basis for continued social and economic interactions, and they are also fundamental for cooperation, fairness, honesty, and indeed for many other forms of prosocial and moral behaviour. However, trust entails risks, and building a trustworthy reputation requires effort. So how did trust and trustworthiness evolve, and under which conditions do they thrive? To find answers, we operationalize trust and trustworthiness using the trust game with the trustor's investment and the trustee's return of the investment as the two key parameters. We study this game on different networks, including the complete network, random and scale-free networks, and in the well-mixed limit. We show that in all but one case, the network structure has little effect on the evolution of trust and trustworthiness. Specifically, for well-mixed populations, lattices, random and scale-free networks, we find that trust never evolves, while trustworthiness evolves with some probability depending on the game parameters and the updating dynamics. Only for the scale-free network with degree non-normalized dynamics, we find parameter values for which trust evolves but trustworthiness does not, as well as values for which both trust and trustworthiness evolve. We conclude with a discussion about mechanisms that could lead to the evolution of trust and outline directions for future work. © 2020 The Author(s).","Kumar, A.; Capraro, V.; Perc, M.",J. R. Soc. Interface,984
-"On collective goods, voluntary contributions, and fundraising","Alexander von Kotzebue investigates the interdependency of charitable giving, fundraising, and governmental intervention. His study comprises a literature survey, a model of the donor-fundraiser relation, and finally, an econometric analysis of the impact of fundraising on giving behaviour. The survey introduces theoretical approaches to donor motivation, groups them according to their central assumptions, and assesses their empirical relevance. The theoretical analysis takes for granted that fundraising is an integral part of the giving process, and models the potential conflict concerning the amount of fundraising exerted. Fundraising typically displays an ambiguous effect on donor utility. The empirical analysis employs two extensive datasets to investigate this complex donor-fundraiser relation, while establishing a convincing link of donor-level data to non-profit financial data. © 2014 Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. All rights reserved.","Von Kotzebue, A.","On Collect. Goods, Volunt. Contrib., and Fundraising",985
-"Cognitive reflection, 2D:4D and social value orientation","The current study seeks confirmation for the hypothesis that 2D:4D (positively) predicts prosociality when people are more likely to rely on intuition than deliberation. We assess intuition and deliberation using the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) and measure prosociality via the validated Social Value Orientation (SVO) slider measure. Although our results do not provide collective evidence for our main proposition, we observe in the data that for low (right) 2D:4D men, the more intuitive they are, the less prosocial they become, whereas for high (right) 2D:4D men the thinking style does not affect their prosociality. Importantly, we find that two alternative measures of cognitive reflection, CRT and CRT-2, differently relate to prosocial decision making such that only CRT-2 (but not the classic CRT) positively predicts prosociality. Given that previous research on the role of cognitive reflection and 2D:4D in prosocial decision making provided inconsistent results, the present study findings are highly valuable to get a better understanding in this domain of study. Furthermore, some of our findings invite further confirmatory tests, thereby opening up multiple avenues for further research. © 2019 Millet, Aydinli. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Millet, K.; Aydinli, A.",PLoS ONE,986
-,,"Cooper, H.M.",Integrating Research: A Guide for Literature Reviews (2nd Ed.),987
-"A Note on the Ultimatum Paradox, Bounded Rationality, and Uncertainty","The ultimatum game is a sequential-move bargaining game in which a giver offers a taker a share of a monetary pie. The predicted subgame perfect equilibrium in the ultimatum game is for purely rational givers who act in their own narrow self-interest to offer the smallest possible share of a monetary price, and for purely rational takers to accept. Experimental trials suggest, however, that givers make generous offers because they have a taste for fairness. The analysis presented in this paper argues that it is in the best interest of givers of any type to make offers that will not be rejected, and that offers become more generous as a giver's uncertainty about the taker's reservation offer increases. © 2012 International Atlantic Economic Society.","Webster, T.J.",Int. Adv. Econ. Res.,988
-Tax Rate Changes and Charitable Contributions,,"Davie, B.F.",Tax Notes,989
-The observer effect: Can being watched enhance compliance with hand hygiene behaviour? A randomised trial,,"Bolton, P.; Rivas, K.; Prachar, V.; Jones, M.",Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management,990
-Effects of eye images and norm cues on charitable donation: A dield experiment in an izakaya,"Laboratory and field experiments have shown that people are more likely to be prosocial in the presence of watching eyes images. This ''watching eyes effect'' may be explained by the reputation-based partner choice model or a norm-compliance model suggesting that eye images elicit conformity to locally specific behavioral norms. A previous laboratory study that investigated the effects of local norms on charitable donations by using watching eye images and manipulating money visible in a collection box found that the presence of eye images significantly increased overall donations; however, the images did not make people more likely to conform to the apparent local norm. Here, we report the results of a field study examining the effects of watching eyes and the amount of money in transparent collection boxes on charitable giving in an izakaya (a Japanese-style tavern) setting. Contrary to the previous study, we found that the amount donated increased more under the large- than the small-norm treatment. The presence of eye images increased the overall amount donated but was more salient under the small-norm treatment. We found that participants were more likely to increase the amount of money in the box than to conform to the local norm of a small donation when the eye images were present. The results of this study suggest that an appropriate combination of eye images and normative information can alter people's behavior without changing their economic incentives. © The Author(s) 2016.","Oda, R.; Ichihashi, R.",Evol. Psychol.,991
-A motivational perspective on punishment in social dilemmas,"In social dilemma situations, individuals benefit from uncooperative behaviour while exploiting resources of the collective. One prominent solution to prevent uncooperative behaviour and to increase cooperation is to establish a sanction system in that private resources are invested by individuals to punish uncooperative interaction partners. The present review is intended to provide an overview concerning motivational determinants of punishment in social dilemma situations. Specifically, we (a) outline that fairness concerns and revenge motivate individuals to punish uncooperative other individuals, (b) show that this is done especially when they possess the basic motivational orientation of a prevention focus. We (c) illustrate that individuals do not punish to acquire a good reputation in the eyes of others, and (d) elaborate on whether individuals punish to regulate satisfaction. Finally, we present empirically neglected motivational factors in studies on punishment in social dilemmas and discuss limitations and possible future directions in this field of research. © 2017 European Association of Social Psychology.","Pfattheicher, S.; Keller, J.",Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol.,992
-Twenty-five years after the Bem Sex-Role Inventory: A reassessment and new issues regarding classification variability,"Respondents' Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI; S. L. Bem, 1974) classifications may differ considerably on the basis of the form and scoring method used. The BSRI was reexamined with respect to past and present relevance.","Hoffman, R.M.; DiAnne Borders, L.",Meas. Eval. Couns. Dev.,993
-Oral essential fatty acid supplementation in atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials,"There was no evidence that EFA supplements improve AD. The treatment may be successful in subgroups such as young children, but there was insufficient evidence to assess this. XCM: The review question was clear in terms of the study design, intervention and participants. Three databases were searched and attempts were made to minimise language bias. No attempt was made to locate unpublished studies, thus raising the possibility of the omission of relevant data and publication bias. However, the reviewers did assess the potential for publication bias. The methods used to select the studies were not described, so it is not known whether any efforts were made to reduce errors and bias; methods were used to minimise bias in the validity assessment and some of the data extraction. Validity was assessed using established criteria, and some additional methodological limitations of the included studies were discussed in the text of the review.Adequate information on the included studies was presented. Studies reporting adequate data were combined in a meta-analysis and meta-analysis graphs were presented for GLA studies. The influence of various factors on the results was explored. The authors' conclusions appear to follow from the evidence presented. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice.Research: The authors stated that studies should assiduously report baseline values and report in full the overall severity of AD or component subscales.","Van Gool C, J; Zeegers, M P; Thijs, C",,994
-Crowding Out and Crowding In of Private Donations and Government Grants,"A large literature examines the interaction of private and public funding of charities, much of it testing if public funding crowds out private funding. In this article, the author looks for two alternative phenomena using a large panel data set gathered from nonprofit organizations' tax returns. First, the author looks for crowding out in the opposite direction: increased private funding may cause reduced public funding. Second, the author tests whether one type of funding acts as a signal of charity quality and thus crowds in other funding. The author finds evidence that government grants crowd in private donations. Crowding in is larger for younger charities. This is consistent with signaling, if donors know less about younger charities and the signal value is stronger. The author finds no evidence of an effect of private donations on government grants. © The Author(s) 2012.","Heutel, G.",Public Financ. Rev.,995
-Eyes wide open: Only eyes that pay attention promote prosocial behavior,"Research from evolutionary psychology suggests that the mere presence of eye images can promote prosocial behavior. However, the ""eye images effect"" is a source of considerable debate, and findings across studies have yielded somewhat inconsistent support. We suggest that one critical factor may be whether the eyes really need to be watching to effectively enhance prosocial behavior. In three experiments, we investigated the impact of eye images on prosocial behavior, assessed in a laboratory setting. Participants were randomly assigned to view an image of watching eyes (eyes with direct gaze), an image of nonwatching eyes (i.e., eyes closed for Study 1 and averted eyes for Studies 2 and 3), or an image of flowers (control condition). Upon exposure to the stimuli, participants decided whether or not to help another participant by completing a dull cognitive task. Three independent studies produced somewhat mixed results. However, combined analysis of all three studies, with a total of 612 participants, showed that the watching component of the eyes is important for decision-making in this context. Images of watching eyes led to significantly greater inclination to offer help as compared to images of nonwatching eyes (i.e., eyes closed and averted eyes) or images of flowers. These findings suggest that eyes gazing at an individual, rather than any proxy to social presence (e.g., just the eyes), serve as a reminder of reputation. Taken together, we conclude that it is ""eyes that pay attention"" that can lift the veil of anonymity and potentially facilitate prosocial behavior. © The Author(s) 2016.","Manesi, Z.; Van Lange, P.A.M.; Pollet, T.V.",Evol. Psychol.,996
-"Effects of prosocial lyrics and musical production elements on emotions, thoughts and behavior","Popular music with prosocial lyrics affects listeners’ thoughts, emotions and behavior, yet little is known about the role played by the actual music in this process. This study focused on the interaction between the prosocial lyrics and the musical production elements, examining whether certain versions of a song can enhance the effect of prosocial lyrics on thoughts, emotions and behavior. Based on the general learning model and the reciprocal-feedback model of music perception, a laboratory experiment (N = 136) was conducted to test how listeners are affected by music with prosocial or neutral lyrics and by an electronic or an unplugged version of the music. For this purpose, an original song was composed and produced, using the same melodies and harmonies with varied lyrics and instrumentation. In a pilot study (n = 36), a version with acoustic instrumentation was rated as the most emotional and fitting, whereas an electronic dance version was rated as the least emotional and fitting. There was a significant interaction effect between the lyrics and the musical production elements: Those listening to the unplugged version with prosocial lyrics showed the most empathetic emotions. Prosocial lyrics also had an effect on prosocial thoughts but not on behavior. © The Author(s) 2020.","Ruth, N.; Schramm, H.",Psychol. Music,997
-"Knowing what I should, doing what I want: From selfishness to inequity aversion in young children's sharing behavior","The social utility model suggests that people feel more satisfied with equal divisions of resources than from inequitable outcomes, even when the latter favors oneself. Research examining children's behavior has shown that the tendency to share half of one's endowment increases with age between the ages of 3 and 8. However, the satisfaction the children derive from their decisions (to share half of their endowments) has yet to be examined. I present two studies (using the dictator and ultimatum games) suggesting that young children (5-6. years old) are aware of the norms of fairness but choose to act selfishly and prefer not to share. Slightly older children aged 7-8 adopt these norms in their actual behavior but do not feel happier when they share half of their endowments than when they share less than half. Finally, true inequity aversion only appears at the ages of 9-10, when children not only give more, but they correspondingly also feel better when their endowments are equally divided. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.","Kogut, T.",J. Econ. Psychol.,998
-FROM GUCCI TO GREEN BAGS: CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION AS A SIGNAL FOR PRO-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR,,"Johnson, C.M.; Tariq, A.; Baker, T.L.",Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,999
-The Pique Then Reframe Technique: Replication and Extension of the Pique Technique,"This study examined the pique technique associated with a reframing sentence. Passersby in the street were asked for money, either for a common amount of change (control) or 37 cents (pique technique). In half of the cases, the requester added a direct reframing sentence at the end of the request. Results showed that the pique technique increased compliance with the request. Adding a reframing sentence to the pique did not increase compliance rate with the request but increased the amount of money given by the participants. These results support the theoretical explanation that a reframing sentence could reduce the influence of the script of refusal activated by the money request. © 2015, © 2015 Eastern Communication Association.","Guéguen, N.; Meineri, S.; Pascual, A.; Girandola, F.",Commun. Res. Rep.,1000
-Are women the more empathetic gender? The effects of gender role expectations,"The present research aimed to extend the state of knowledge regarding the relationship between self-perceived empathy and traditional gender roles and placed particular focus on the contextual conditions under which gender differences in empathy are present, can be created, or eliminated. Across two studies, women rated themselves higher in empathy than men in all experimental conditions, whereas an objective female superiority in emotion recognition was only evident in one condition. In Study 1 (n = 736), using the term ‘social-analytic capacity’ instead of ‘empathic capacity’ increased gender differences in self-reported empathy and resulted in women performing better in the Eyes-test than men. In a neutral task (verbal intelligence), gender differences (in this case, a male superiority), were only found when participants believed that this task had an association with empathy. In Study 2 (n = 701), gender differences in self-reported empathic capacity, but not in performance in emotion recognition, increased when motivation for empathy was raised. Further, gender-role orientation mediated the association between gender and self-reported empathic capacity, whereas it did not account for the association between gender and emotion recognition. Overall, the present studies provide strong support for the idea that empathy is influenced by contextual factors and can be systematically biased by gender roles and stereotypical beliefs. © 2021, The Author(s).","Löffler, C.S.; Greitemeyer, T.",Curr. Psychol.,1001
-"Public goods provision, inequality and taxes","The impact of redistributive policies on voluntary contributions is still not well understood. While a higher level of redistributive taxation decreases the price of voluntary giving, it also changes the income distribution by decreasing income inequality. This paper provides a controlled laboratory experiment to investigate the net impact of the tax rate on public goods provision. The experimental findings show that while the participants decrease their voluntary contributions as the pre-tax income distribution becomes more equal, they increase their contributions with taxation. These findings have important implications for government policies regarding privately provided public goods. © 2010 Economic Science Association.","Uler, N.",Exp. Econ.,1002
-"Models of caring, or acting as if one cared, about the welfare of others","This article surveys the theoretical literature in which people are modeled as taking other peoples payoffs into account either because this affects their utility directly or because they wish to impress others with their social-mindedness. Key experimental results that bear on the relevance of these theories are discussed as well. Five types of models are considered. In the first, an individuals utility function is increasing in the payoffs of other people. The more standard version of these preferences supposes that only consumption leads to payoffs and has trouble explaining prosocial actions such as voting and charitable contributions by poor individuals. If one lets other variables determine happiness as well, this model can explain a much wider set of observations. The second type of model surveyed involves people trying to demonstrate to others that they have prosocial (or altruistic) preferences. In these models, altruistic acts need not have a direct effect on utility. The third class of models includes those of reciprocity in which peoples altruism depends on whether others act kindly or unkindly toward them. In the fourth type of model, inequality has a profound effect on altruism, with individuals being spiteful toward people whose resources exceed their own. Finally, I discuss the fifth type of model, in which specifications of altruism might have to be modified to take into account how people behave when they are able to transfer lotteries to others. © 2014 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","Rotemberg, J.J.",Annu. Rev. Econ.,1003
-Positive fantasies dampen charitable giving when many resources are demanded,,"Kappes, H.B.; Sharma, E.; Oettingen, G.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1004
-Little Dictators: A Developmental Meta-analysis of Prosocial Behavior,"Using the dictator game as a measure of prosocial behavior, we combined data from developmental studies from 14 different sites around the world (N = 1,601). We fitted several growth models to the developmental trajectories that varied in their complexity and levels of prosociality. The rationale we used here assumes we can infer something about where all children start on a generous-selfish continuum by looking at the shape of developmental change. We found the model that best explained the variation in developmental trajectories began with a sharing value of ~15%, more toward the selfish end of the spectrum. We also found tentative evidence that the rate at which these prosocial attitudes develop is dependent on the norm of the society. Essentially, if the adult-sharing norm is higher, as it is in non-Western societies, then the child needs to develop at a quicker rate to reach this norm by adulthood. Results are discussed with reference to whether the history of human evolution has left the content of a norm underspecified while leaving the cognitive architecture in place to acquire it?a process that we argue is analogous to imprinting.","Ibbotson, Paul",Curr. Anthropol.,1005
-Regard for reason in the moral mind,"The burgeoning science of ethics has produced a trend toward pessimism. Ordinary moral judgment and motivation, we’re told, are profoundly influenced by arbitrary factors and ultimately driven by unreasoned feelings or emotions-fertile ground for sweeping debunking arguments. This book counters the current orthodoxy on its own terms by carefully engaging with the empirical literature. The resulting view, optimistic rationalism, maintains that reason plays a pervasive role in our moral minds and that ordinary moral reasoning is not particularly flawed or in need of serious repair. The science does suggest that moral knowledge and virtue don’t come easily, as we are susceptible to some unsavory influences that lead to rationalizing bad behavior. Reason can be corrupted in ethics just as in other domains, but the science warrants cautious optimism, not a special skepticism about morality in particular. Rationality in ethics is possible not just despite, but in virtue of, the psychological and evolutionary mechanisms that shape moral cognition. © Joshua May 2018.","May, J.",Regard for Reason in the Moral Mind,1006
-Engineering human cooperation : DDDDDoes involuntary neural activation increase public goods contributions?,"In a laboratory experiment, we use a public goods game to examine the hypothesis that human subjects use an involuntary eye-detector mechanism for evaluating the level of privacy. Half of our subjects are ""watched"" by images of a robot presented on their computer screen. The robot-named Kismet and invented at MIT-is constructed from objects that are obviously not human with the exception of its eyes. In our experiment, Kismet produces a significant difference in behavior that is not consistent with existing economic models of preferences, either self- or other-regarding. Subjects who are ""watched"" by Kismet contribute 29% more to the public good than do subjects in the same setting without Kismet. © 2007 Springer Science & Business Media, LLC.","Burnham, T.C.; Hare, B.",Hum. Nat.,1007
-The variability of individual charitable giving in the US,"Using five-year panel data, this study examines the various dimensions of the variability of individual charitable contributions at all income levels: the variation in the generosity of individuals and the variability of the individuals' giving over a five-year period. The study finds considerable variability of both kinds. One finding is that the variability of generosity is substantially greater at the higher income levels. Another finding is that variability is substantially less pronounced by observing a five-year period of an individual's generosity than by observing annual behaviour. One consequence is that a relatively small proportion of donors account for a large proportion of total giving. The popular reputation of the wealthy for generosity is actually due to the exceptional generosity of a minority rather than widespread generosity among the wealthy. Differences in generosity and variability of giving over time are both more pronounced among high-income donors. Results of the study have implications for research on charitable giving, for predicting the effects of tax policy changes on giving, and for fund-raising. © 1990 Charities Aid Foundation.","Auten, G.; Rudney, G.",Voluntas,1008
-The Influence of Fiscal Incentives on Philanthropy across Nations,,"Layton, M.D.",The Palgrave Handb. of Glob. Philanthr.,1009
-Gender differences in the trade-off between objective equality and efficiency,"Generations of social scientists have explored whether males and females act differently in domains involving competition, risk taking, cooperation, altruism, honesty, as well as many others. Yet, little is known about gender differences in the trade-off between objective equality (i.e., equality of outcomes) and efficiency. It has been suggested that females are more equal than males, but the empirical evidence is relatively weak. This gap is particularly important, because people in power of redistributing resources often face a conflict between equality and efficiency. The recently introduced Trade-Off Game (TOG) – in which a decision-maker has to unilaterally choose between being equal or being efficient – offers a unique opportunity to fill this gap. To this end, I analyse gender differences on a large dataset including N=6,955 TOG decisions. The results show that females prefer objective equality over efficiency to a greater extent than males do. The effect turns out to be particularly strong when the TOG available options are “morally” framed in such a way to suggest that choosing the equal option is the right thing to do. © 2020 Global Research Online. All rights reserved.","Capraro, V.",Judgm. Decis. Mak.,1010
-"Testing the influence of message framing, donation magnitude, and product category in a cause-related marketing context",,"Kureshi, S.; Thomas, S.",Journal of Marketing Communications,1011
-The effects of perceived anonymity on altruistic punishment,,"Piazza, J.; Bering, J.M.",Evolutionary Psychology,1012
-"Shame, guilt & responses to non-profit & public sector ads",,"Bennett, R.",International Journal of Advertising,1013
-Negative pressure wound therapy: a vacuum of evidence?,"There was some suggestion that negative pressure wound therapy may improve wound healing in comparison with conventional therapy, but further well-designed studies are required to prove an additional clinical benefit. XCM: This review assessed a clear research question. Numerous sources were searched for both unpublished and published studies, with no language restrictions, so the risk of publication and language bias appeared low. However, the authors suggested that there was a risk of publication bias due to the large number of ongoing trials, prematurely terminated trials and unpublished trials. The risk of reviewer error and bias also appeared low as multiple reviewers assessed the studies for inclusion and extracted the study data and assessed study validity. The validity of the included studies was assessed, but the overall quality was poor, so the data included in the review may not be reliable. There appeared to be numerous differences between the included studies, particularly with respect to the definition of outcome measures and patient populations. In some cases this precluded the pooling of study data. These limitations were also acknowledged by the authors.Despite these limitations, the authors' cautious conclusions appear appropriate and adequately consider the paucity of data, differences between the studies and poor quality of the studies. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that, until better evidence is available, physicians and health policymakers should reconsider the widespread use of negative pressure wound therapy outside the setting of clinical trials.Research: The authors stated that further well-designed trials of negative pressure wound therapy are needed to confirm clinical effectiveness.","Gregor, S; Maegele, M; Sauerland, S; Krahn, J F; Peinemann, F; Lange, S",,1014
-Factors modifying the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: a review,"OBJECTIVE: So far no convincing answer has emerged to the question of whether transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can make a clinically useful contribution to the treatment of depression. Here we examine whether multiple sensitivity analyses can highlight parameters that predict a favorable treatment response. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane database for controlled trials were searched for relevant randomized controlled trials using the expression (transcranial magnetic stimulation or TMS) and depression. STUDY SELECTION: Thirty-three studies were identified and included in the random-effects meta-analysis, and between 17 and 31 studies were included in the secondary analyses comparing outcome of studies with different parameters. DATA EXTRACTION: Study data were extracted with a standardized data sheet. A meta-analysis based on Cohen d effect size measure was done for all studies and various subsets. Regression analysis of effect sizes with study parameters was done in 24 studies. DATA SYNTHESIS: Active TMS treatment was more effective than sham, but variability was too great to take any single study design as paradigmatic. No significant predictors of study effect size were found. Mean effect sizes were reduced, although still significant, in studies with stimulation intensity below 90% of motor threshold and new medication starting within 7 days before to 7 days after start of TMS. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of significant outcome predictors in the presence of significant variability of outcome measures can be interpreted in 2 ways: either study sizes and numbers and designs are insufficient to afford the power necessary to detect such predictors or TMS has a nonspecific effect on depression that is not influenced by study parameters. Large-scale comparative trials are necessary to decide between these interpretations.","Herrmann, Lucie L; Ebmeier, Klaus P",J. Clin. Psychiatry,1015
-Audit value and charitable organizations,"I examine whether donors favor charities that use high quality auditors and whether the propensity to donate varies directly with audit quality. I find that audit quality affects donor decisions in the market for contributions. From a signaling perspective, charities benefit simply from engaging a higher quality auditor. From an information perspective, donors are more sensitive to changes in reported accounting information verified by a high quality auditor. I also find that, after conditioning on the charity's reputation, donors are still willing to give more to charities aligned with a quality auditor, but the effect of audit quality choice dissipates with the size of the charity. Thus, a charity's reputation and the choice of auditor are substitute mechanisms for signaling the credibility of financial information to donors. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Kitching, K.",J. Account. Public Policy,1016
-Government Funding of Private Voluntary Organizations: Is There a Crowding-Out Effect?,"Private voluntary organizations (PVOs) are pivotal partners for the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) in implementing U.S. development projects abroad. Using PVO-level panel data from 1947 to 2005, this study shows that when government funding is up to a third of total PVO revenues (depending on the model), it attracts additional private donations; beyond that level, however, it displaces funding from private sources. The crowding-out effect occurs at lower levels of government funding for secular than for religious nonprofits. The results also demonstrate that while donors do not contribute to PVOs based on information about organizational efficiency, organizational age is positively correlated with private donations. U.S. donors are sensitive to government funding from both national and international sources, meanwhile. The results are robust to alternative specifications and a panel mortality correction. © The Author(s) 2014.","Nikolova, M.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,1017
-Measuring the effect of federal research funding on private donations at research universities: Is federal research funding more than a substitute for private donations?,"The nature of federal research funding has changed in the United States over the last 30 years. In part, federal research funding has changed in the distribution of funding across disciplines and across universities. Federal funding to universities with historically low levels of funding has also experienced greater growth than those universities with historically high levels of funding. In addition, universities have become more involved in the political process with respect to the allocation of funding for higher education. As the nature of government funding changes, this paper questions its effect on private donations to research and non-research universities. The general presumption of much of the existing theoretical work is that government and private funding for charitable goods are substitutes. Limited evidence exists to suggest, in some circumstances, there may be a positive correlation between these two sources of funding. Potentially, because the government undertakes the expense to gather information about the research universities, and engages in such activities as peer-review of research proposals, the government through its grant awards may provide a signal of quality of research or other information to donors that is less noisy than that available to private donors. Similarly, there may be other types of spillover effects from research funding to private donations. In this case, a change in government grants has both a positive and negative effect on private donations, suggesting a positive correlation between private and public donations if the effect from the dissemination of information is greater than the substitution effect of government grants. I examine data for private and public universities in the United States to measure the relationship between private and public donations under a fixed-effects OLS regression. I explore issues of bias from endogeneity or omitted variables and report the results from a two stage least squares regression in which I use a set of measures that affect federal research funding but not private donations. Regardless of the specification, the results suggest private and public donations are positively correlated for research universities and negatively correlated for non-research institutions. On average, increasing federal research funding by one dollar increases private donations by 65 cents at research universities, decreases private donations by 9 cents at universities whose highest degree granted is a masters, and decreases private donations by 45 cents at liberal arts colleges.","Payne, A.A.",Int. Tax Public Financ.,1018
-"Push, don't nudge: Behavioral spillovers and policy instruments","Policy interventions are generally evaluated for their direct effectiveness. Little is known about their ability to persist over time and spill across contexts. These latter aspects can reinforce or offset the direct impacts depending on the policy instrument choice. Through an online experiment with 1486 subjects, we compare four widely used policy instruments in terms of their ability to enforce a norm of fairness in the Dictator Game, and to persist over time (i.e., to a subsequent untreated Dictator Game) or spill over to a norm of cooperation (i.e., to a subsequent Prisoner's Dilemma). As specific policy interventions, we employed two instances of nudges: defaults and social information; and two instances of push measures: rebates and a minimum donation rule. Our results show that (i) rebates, the minimum donation rule and social information have a positive direct effect on fairness, although the effect of social information is only marginally significant, and that (ii) the effect of rebates and the minimum donation rule persists in the second game, but only within the same game type. These findings demonstrate that, within our specific design, push measures are more effective than nudges in promoting fairness. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.","d'Adda, G.; Capraro, V.; Tavoni, M.",Econ. Lett.,1019
-Guilt appeals in cause-related marketing the subversive roles of product type and donation magnitude,,"Chang, C.-T.",International Journal of Advertising,1020
-Does observability amplify sensitivity to moral frames? Evaluating a reputation-based account of moral preferences,"A growing body of work suggests that people are sensitive to moral framing in economic games involving prosociality, suggesting that people hold moral preferences for doing the “right thing”. What gives rise to these preferences? Here, we evaluate the explanatory power of a reputation-based account, which proposes that people respond to moral frames because they are motivated to look good in the eyes of others. Across four pre-registered experiments (total N = 9601), we investigated whether reputational incentives amplify sensitivity to framing effects. Studies 1–3 manipulated (i) whether moral or neutral framing was used to describe a Trade-Off Game (in which participants chose between prioritizing equality or efficiency) and (ii) whether Trade-Off Game choices were observable to a social partner in a subsequent Trust Game. These studies found that observability does not significantly amplify sensitivity to moral framing. Study 4 ruled out the alternative explanation that the observability manipulation from Studies 1–3 is too weak to influence behavior. In Study 4, the same observability manipulation did significantly amplify sensitivity to normative information (about what others see as moral in the Trade-Off Game). Together, these results suggest that moral frames may tap into moral preferences that are relatively deeply internalized, such that the power of moral frames is not strongly enhanced by making the morally-framed behavior observable to others. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.","Capraro, V.; Jordan, J.J.; Tappin, B.M.",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,1021
-Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm. Systematic review,"BACKGROUND: Non-fatal self-harm frequently leads to non-fatal repetition and sometimes to suicide. We need to quantify these two outcomes of self-harm to help us to develop and test effective interventions. AIMS: To estimate rates of fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm. METHOD: A systematic review of published follow-up data, from observational and experimental studies. Four electronic databases were searched and 90 studies met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Eighty per cent of studies found were undertaken in Europe, over one-third in the UK. Median proportions for repetition 1 year later were: 16% non-fatal and 2% fatal; after more than 9 years, around 7% of patients had died by suicide. The UK studies found particularly low rates of subsequent suicide. CONCLUSIONS: After 1 year, non-fatal repetition rates are around 15%. The strong connection between self-harm and later suicide lies somewhere between 0.5% and 2% after 1 year and above 5% after 9 years. Suicide risk among self-harm patients is hundreds of times higher than in the general population.","Owens, David; Horrocks, Judith; House, Allan",Br. J. Psychiatry,1022
-"Charitable giving, income, and taxes: An analysis of panel data",,"Auten, G.E.; Sieg, H.; Clotfelter, C.T.",Am. Econ. Rev.,1023
-Successful workshop on evidence-based neurology organized by the EAYNT and the Cochrane Neurological Network,"The European Association of Young Neurologists and Trainees (EAYNT), an independent non-profit organization dedicated to serving and representing young neurologists, has been actively involved in the challenge of forming the neurologist for the 21st century. Young neurologists may not always have had the opportunity to learn this from the most authentic group of experts. Therefore, EAYNT has decided to establish collaboration with the Perugia-based Cochrane Neurological Network (CNN) and has nominated the current EAYNT president Laszlo Sztriha from King's College London as a liaison officer. The workshop focused on various areas such as finding the best scientific evidence in bibliographic databases, the critical appraisal of scientific studies with a particular focus on randomized trials, answering clinical questions based on the available evidence, understanding the principal measurements of statistical associations used in neurology, and interpreting study results using systematic reviews and meta-analysis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Sztriha, L; Struhal, W; Falup-Pecurariu, C; Sellner, J",Eur. J. Neurol.,1024
-Revenue diversification in nonprofit organizations: Does it lead to financial stability?,"This article investigates whether revenue diversification leads to greater stability in the revenue structures of nonprofit organizations. Our findings suggest that nonprofits can indeed reduce their revenue volatility through diversification, particularly by equalizing their reliance on earned income, investments, and contributions. This positive effect of diversification on revenue stability implies that a diversified portfolio encourages more stable revenues and consequently could promote greater organizational longevity. Despite any additional complexity or crowding out, nonprofit managers may increase the financial stability of their organizations by adding additional revenue streams. However, our analysis also reveals several other important factors that contribute to nonprofit revenue stability. In particular, increasing a nonprofit organization's total expenses and fund balance reduces volatility, suggesting larger nonprofits and organizations with greater growth potential experience greater revenue stability. Finally, the results suggest nonprofits relying primarily on contributions will experience more volatility, whereas nonprofits located within urban areas will have more stable revenue structures over time.","Carroll, D.A.; Stater, K.J.",J. Public Adm. Res. Theory,1025
-Anxiety and social responsiveness moderate the effect of situational demands on children’s donating behavior,"This study examined dispositional and situational correlates of donating behavior in a sample of 221 eight-year-old children. Children were shown a promotional clip for a charity, including a donation call. For a random half of the children, the video fragment ended with a probe of a same-sex peer donating money to the charity. Seeing a peer donate was associated with higher donations. Empathy and inhibition were not related to donating. Anxiety and social responsiveness moderated the effect of the situational manipulation on donating. Anxious children and children with less social responsiveness problems donated more after seeing the donating peer than did less anxious children and children with more social responsiveness problems. Moreover, in absence of the donating peer, anxious children donated less money than did less anxious children. Our results indicate that donating behavior is dependent on situational demands, and the situational effect differs depending on children’s levels of anxiety or social responsiveness. © 2017 by Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI 48201.","Wildeboer, A.; Thijssen, S.; Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J.; Jaddoe, V.W.V.; White, T.; Tiemeier, H.; Van Ijzendoorn, M.H.",Merrill-Palmer Q.,1026
-The role of desires and anticipated emotions in goal-directed behaviours: Broadening and deepening the theory of planned behaviour,"Building on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), we develop a new model of purposive behaviour which suggests that desires are the proximal causes of internions, and the traditional antecedents in the TPB work through desires. In addition, perceived consequences of goal achievement and goal failure are modelled as anticipated emotions, which also function as determinants of desires. The new model is testetd in two studies: an investigation of body weight regulation by 108 Italians at the University of Rome and an investigation of effort expended in studying by 122 students at the University of Rome, F:requency and recency of past behaviour are controlled for in test of hypotheses. The findings show that desires fully mediated the effects of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and anticipated emotions on intentions- Significantly greater amounts ot variance are explained in intentions and behaviour by the new model in comparison to the TPB and vanriantss of the TPB that includede either anticipated emotions and/or past behaviour.","Perugini, M.; Bagozzi, R.P.",Br. J. Soc. Psychol.,1027
-Does observability affect prosociality?,"The observation of behaviour is a key theoretical parameter underlying anumber of models of prosociality. However, the empirical findings showingthe effect of observability on prosociality are mixed. In thismeta-analysis, we explore the boundary conditions that may account forthis variability, by exploring key theoretical and methodologicalmoderators of this link. We identified 117 papers yielding 134 study leveleffects (total n = 788 164) and found a small but statisticallysignificant, positive association between observability and prosociality(r = 0.141, 95% confidence interval = 0.106, 0.175). Moderator analysisshowed that observability produced stronger effects on prosociality: (i)in the presence of passive observers (i.e. people whose role was to onlyobserve participants) versus perceptions of being watched, (ii) whenparticipants' decisions were consequential (versus non-consequential),(iii) when the studies were performed in the laboratory (as opposed to inthe field/online), (iv) when the studies used repeated measures (insteadof single games), and (v) when the studies involved social dilemmas(instead of bargaining games). These effects show the conditions underwhich observability effects on prosociality will be maximally observed. Wedescribe the theoretical and practical significance of these results.","Bradley, Alex; Lawrence, Claire; Ferguson, Eamonn",Proc. Biol. Sci.,1028
-The base-rate of hitch-hiking success and its moderators: A meta-analysis,"The inefficient use of automobiles has long become dissonance-provoking for ecologists and financially disadvantaged travellers. Although there are now more than a dozen psychological studies examining hitch-hiking success this is the first meta-analytic summary of the base-rate of hitch-hiking and its moderators. Every study reporting sufficient data to calculate the proportion of cars stopping divided by the amount of cars in total was included regardless of the gender and age of the hitch-hiking confederates and drivers. A random effects approach was used to calculate study weights and resulted in an overall mean proportion of 9.00% (CI=[8.0, 11.0]). Hitch-hikers’ gender and publication type were significant moderators while controlling for country and year. Females, 12.57% CI[10.33, 14.81], had a higher base-rate than males, 5.71% CI[4.49, 6.92], while published studies, 10.30 CI [8.49, 12,11], had a higher base-rate than unpublished studies, 4.56 [2.96, 6.16]. All of the results were stable in the face of Trim and Fill as well as a leave-one-out analysis. Future research should continue to research the factors influencing hitch-hiking success (e.g. hitch-hiking mode: either standing at the side of the road signaling by thumbg/sign or requesting a ride by asking the drivers) while considering the base-rate to compute the necessary sample size. In practice the base-rate provides hitch-hikers a reasonable estimate of their average success, potentially limiting superstitious mannerisms.","Kotz, Fabian",Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav.,1029
-Donation dilemmas: A consumer behaviour perspective,,"Hibbert, S.A.; Horne, S.",Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing,1030
-Door-in-the-face technique and monetary solicitation: An evaluation in a field setting,"To test the door-in-the-face technique for a private solicitation, 53 men and 37 women in several bars were engaged. In one condition, a female confederate asked the subject to buy her drink because her boyfriend had left without paying the bill. After the subject refused, the confederate requested only 2 or 3 coins. In the control condition, the latter request was the only one. Analysis showed a dramatic increase in compliance for the door-in-the-face condition. A positive effect of the door-in-the-face technique was also observed for the average amount of the donation. The accentuation of the solicitor's dependency in the door-in-the-face condition seemed relevant for explanation. © Perceptual and Motor Skills 2006.","Pascual, A.; Gueguen, N.",Percept. Mot. Skills,1031
-The cost of callousness: Regulating compassion influences the moral self-concept,"It has often been argued that compassion is fundamental to morality. Yet people often suppress compassion for self-interested reasons. We provide evidence that suppressing compassion is not cost free, as it creates dissonance between a person's moral identity and his or her moral principles. We instructed separate groups of participants to regulate their compassion, regulate their feelings of distress, or freely experience emotions toward compassion-inducing images. Participants then reported how central morality was to their identities and how much they believed that moral rules should always be followed. Participants who regulated compassion-but not those who regulated distress or experienced emotions-showed a dissonance-based trade-off. If they reported higher levels of moral identity, they had a greater belief that moral rules could be broken. If they maintained their belief that moral rules should always be followed, they sacrificed their moral identity. Regulating compassion thus has a cost of its own: It forces trade-offs within a person's moral self-concept. © The Author(s) 2012.","Cameron, C.D.; Payne, B.K.",Psychol. Sci.,1032
-"Social media, social causes, giving behavior and money contributions","In the present study we examine the effect of online social networks on voluntary engagement, giving behavior and online money contributions. The study is a secondary analysis based on the PEW data set (2008). We draw upon a combination between pro-social theories of voluntary engagement and communication theories of the Internet and show that (a) participation in social media and networking-blogging, Face book and journaling-significantly increase both online, and offline money contributions; (b) social causes moderate the link between socio-demographic characteristics and money contributions. We conclude that social media and networking are an effective means to increase ""ethical consumption"" both online and offline enhancing voluntary engagement and money contributions. These results assess the social diversification hypothesis suggesting that online behavior complements, and in some cases reinforces offline behavior. Differences in the type of affiliated social cause moderate the effects of social media on online pro-social behavior and giving behavior. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Mano, R.S.",Comput. Hum. Behav.,1033
-Nudged by a robot: Responses to agency and feedback,"The availability of always-on digital agents in hotel rooms, providing agency and surveillance cues, presents opportunities for behavioral interventions. This study tested the effectiveness of agency and social feedback on pro-environmental behavior intention of hotel consumers. A survey with scenario-based experimental design was distributed to US and UK travelers (N = 621). Results suggest that no one type of agent was more effective than the other in influencing pro-environmental behavior intention. Social feedback was found effective when given by a virtual assistant. Perception of another agent being ‘present’ in the room, even when invisible, is sufficient to induce normative behavior. This enriches literature on surveillance cues and behavior change and contributes to finding new ways of leveraging emerging technologies to foster sustainability. © 2019","Tussyadiah, I.; Miller, G.",Ann. Tour. Res.,1034
-The effects of altercasting and counterattitudinal behavior on compliance: A lost letter technique investigation,"A field experiment was conducted to test the effectiveness of altercasting (Weinstein & Dutschberger, 1963) as a compliance-gaining technique. The central hypothesis predicts that positive altercasting messages should produce greater compliance than direct requests. Following Milgram's (1969) lost letter technique, 2,400 ostensibly ""lost"" letters were placed on car windshields throughout a metropolitan area along with a business card containing a handwritten altercasting or direct request message to mail the letter. The frequency of letters returned was used as a primary measure of compliance. The results do not demonstrate the effectiveness of altercasting as a compliance-gaining technique; on the contrary, they indicate that negative altercasting significantly reduces compliance. © 2010 Western States Communication Association.","Turner, M.M.; Banas, J.A.; Rains, S.A.; Jang, S.; Moore, J.L.; Morrison, D.",Commun. Rep.,1035
-Cultural differences in ultimatum game experiments: Evidence from a meta-analysis,"This paper reports the findings of a meta-analysis of 37 papers with 75 results from ultimatum game experiments. We find that on average the proposer offers 40% of the pie to the responder. This share is smaller for larger pie sizes and larger when a strategy method is used or when subjects are inexperienced. On average 16% of the offers is rejected. The rejection rate is lower for larger pie sizes and for larger shares offered. Responders are less willing to accept an offer when the strategy method is employed. As the results come from different countries, meta-analysis provides an alternative way to investigate whether bargaining behavior in ultimatum games differs across countries. We find differences in behavior of responders (and not of proposers) across geographical regions. With one exception, these differences cannot be attributed to various cultural traits on which for instance the cultural classifications of Hofstede (1991) and Inglehart (2000) are based.","Oosterbeek, H.; Sloof, R.; Van De Kuilen, G.",Exp. Econ.,1036
-Exposure to music with prosocial lyrics reduces aggression: First evidence and test of the underlying mechanism,"Previous research has predominantly focused on negative effects of music exposure by demonstrating that listening to antisocial music increases aggression and aggression-related variables. The present research tests the idea that listening to prosocial (relative to neutral) music decreases aggressive outcomes. In fact, five studies revealed that prosocial music exposure decreased aggressive cognition, affect, and behavior. Mediational analyses showed that the effect of music condition on aggressive behavior was accounted for by differences in aggressive affect. Implications of these results for the predictive validity of the general learning model (Buckley & Anderson, 2006) for the effects of media exposure on social tendencies are discussed. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.","Greitemeyer, T.",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,1037
-Insights from sadness: A three-step model of the development of altruism as hedonism,"Research into the effects of sad mood on prosocial action is reviewed and is used as a vehicle for examining the transformation of altruism from a punishing to a gratifying event. A three-step model of the socialization of altruism as a reinforcer is proposed. The model argues for (a) an initial stage (presocialization) in which altruism occurs rarely among young children because of its punishing function, (b) a second stage (awareness of norms) in which altruism functions as a mechanism for the receipt of positive sanctions, and (c) a final stage (internalization) in which, by adulthood, altruism has acquired a gratifying function through its status as a conditioned reinforcer. Evidence for the functional equivalence of self-gratification and adult altruism is also presented. © 1981.","Cialdini, R.B.; Baumann, D.J.; Kenrick, D.T.",Dev. Rev.,1038
-From unprocessed unknowns to digital diffusion: Uncovering grey literature at the center for the history of psychology,"The Center for the History of Psychology (CHP) at The University of Akron is home to a special collection of grey literature that documents the history of psychology and related human sciences, such as philosophy, biology, and anthropology. The collection comprises 6,000 paper-and-pencil tests; 15,000 organizational newsletters, white papers, conference programs and proceedings, and membership directories; and 8,000 US military technical reports. These data, covering a broad variety of contemporary and historical topics, are an untapped but immensely useful resource for historical research, as well as contemporary meta-analytic studies and general literature reviews. The collection grows daily through donations from psychologists and organizations, and nearly 2,000 paper-and-pencil tests, for example, have been added to the grey literature collection since the original abstract was submitted.","Kearns, J; Faye, C; Willis, L",Grey Journal,1039
-Nostalgia drives donations: The power of charitable appeals based on emotions and intentions,,"Ford, J.B.; Merchant, A.",Journal of Advertising Research,1040
-The watching eyes phenomenon: The role of a sense of being seen and public self-awareness,"In recent years, a growing number of researchers have examined the watching eyes phenomenon (i.e., increased prosocial and decreased antisocial behavior when subtle watching eyes are present in the environment). Somewhat surprisingly, the questions of how and under what conditions subtle cues of being watched operate have been unanswered so far. The present contribution addresses this research gap. In two studies, we document that (a) subtle cues of being watched induce a sense of being seen and (b) chronic public self-awareness moderates the watching eyes phenomenon in that specifically individuals with strong chronic public self-awareness show more prosocial behavior under conditions of watching eyes. The applicability of subtle cues of being watched in research on social presence is discussed. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Pfattheicher, S.; Keller, J.",Eur. J. Soc. Psychol.,1041
-Butterfly eyespots: Their potential influence on aesthetic preferences and conservation attitudes,"Research has shown that the mere presence of stimuli that resemble eyes is sufficient to attract attention, elicit aesthetic responses, and can even enhance prosocial behavior. However, it is less clear whether eye-like stimuli could also be used as a tool for nature conservation. Several animal species, including butterflies, develop eye-like markings that are known as eyespots. In the present research, we explored whether the mere display of eyespots on butterfly wings can enhance: (a) liking for a butterfly species, and (b) attitudes and behaviors towards conservation of a butterfly species. Four online experimental studies, involving 613 participants, demonstrated that eyespots significantly increased liking for a butterfly species. Furthermore, eyespots significantly increased positive attitudes towards conservation of a butterfly species (Studies 1, 2 and 4), whereas liking mediated the eyespot effect on conservation attitudes (Study 2). However, we also found some mixed evidence for an association between eyespots and actual conservation behavior (Studies 3 and 4). Overall, these findings suggest that eyespots may increase liking for an animal and sensitize humans to conservation. We discuss possible implications for biodiversity conservation and future research directions. © 2015 Manesi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Manesi, Z.; Van Lange, P.A.M.; Pollet, T.V.",PLoS ONE,1042
-The impact of taxes and wasteful government spending on giving,"We examine how taxes impact charitable giving and how this relationship is affected by the degree of wasteful government spending. In our model, individuals make donations to charities knowing that the government collects a flat-rate tax on income (net of charitable donations) and redistributes part of the tax revenue. The rest of the tax revenue is wasted. The model predicts that a higher tax rate increases charitable donations. Surprisingly, the model shows that a higher degree of waste decreases donations (when the elasticity of marginal utility with respect to consumption is high enough). We test the model’s predictions using a laboratory experiment with actual donations to charities and find that the tax rate has an insignificant effect on giving. The degree of waste, however, has a large, negative and highly significant effect on giving. © 2020, Economic Science Association.","Sheremeta, R.M.; Uler, N.",Exp. Econ.,1043
-Management of opioid side effects in cancer-related and chronic noncancer pain: a systematic review,"Side effects can limit opioid dosage and reduce quality of life. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the management of opioid side effects in the context of cancer pain management or, in the event that no evidence was available for cancer pain, for chronic noncancer pain. The side effects studied were constipation, pruritus, nausea and vomiting, myoclonus, sedation, respiratory depression, and delirium. Opioid rotation to manage side effects was also studied. For each side effect, we searched MEDLINE and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and identified 657 possible titles for inclusion. Of these, 67 studies met inclusion criteria for analysis. The lack of well-designed, randomized controlled trials and the heterogeneity of populations and study designs made the drawing of firm conclusions difficult and precluded performance of meta-analysis. The type, strength, and consistency of evidence for available interventions to manage opioid side effects vary from strong (eg, on the use of naloxone to reverse respiratory depression or constipation) to weak (eg, changing from the oral to epidural route of morphine administration to manage sedation). Well-designed trials in the specified populations are required to furnish clinicians with secure evidence on managing opioid side effects successfully.","McNicol, Ewan; Horowicz-Mehler, Nathalie; Fisk, Ruth A; Bennett, Kyle; Gialeli-Goudas, Maria; Chew, Priscilla W; Lau, Joseph; Carr, Daniel; Americal Pain Society",J. Pain,1044
-,,"Klaffehn, A.L.; Krishna, A.",,1045
-Microfinance decision making: A field study of prosocial lending,"Microfinancing, or small uncollateralized loans to entrepreneurs in the developing world, has recently emerged as a leading contender to cure world poverty. Our research investigates the characteristics of borrowers that engender lending through Kiva, a popular organization that connects individual lenders to borrowers through online microfinance. Lenders favor individual borrowers over groups or consortia of borrowers, a pattern consistent with the identifiable victim effect. They also favor borrowers that are socially proximate to themselves. Across three dimensions of social distance (gender, occupation, and first name initial), lenders prefer to give to those who are more like themselves. © 2011, American Marketing Association.","Galak, J.; Small, D.; Stephen, A.T.",J. Mark. Res.,1046
-Spend or Save? Nonprofits’ Use of Donations and Other Revenues,"Panel regression methods are used to estimate the links between nonprofits’ revenues by source and the uses of those revenues. While charities spend most types of revenue on program services, they overwhelmingly save revenue from donations. This is true for all types of charity by National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities code. This saving is not driven by donor restrictions or by short-term strategic shifts but is consistent with expense smoothing over time. Policy makers should consider effects of donation incentives and government grants on the timing of outputs that result from different revenue sources. © 2017, © The Author(s) 2017.","Duquette, N.J.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,1047
-Donor morbidity associated with right lobectomy for living donor liver transplantation to adult recipients: a systematic review,"The reported morbidity associated with live donor right lobe donation varied widely. This broad range was likely to be caused by varying definitions of complications. Standardised definitions of morbidity, and better methods for observing and measuring outcomes, are necessary to understand and potentially improve morbidity. XCM: The review question was clear, but two of the included studies contained no separate outcomes for right lobectomy. The authors carried out no validity assessment of the included studies. No details of the process of the review were reported, so it is not possible to judge whether the methodology was adequate. The search was confined to MEDLINE and reference lists, and to published English language papers, so relevant research is likely to have been missed. There is a possibility of publication bias towards successful outcomes, as unpublished studies were not sought. Details of the studies were reported well, and the synthesis was reasonable given the scarcity and poor quality of the available data.The conclusions followed from the results. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice.Research: The authors state that future studies should report live donor outcomes more explicitly, using standardised definitions of morbidity.","Beavers, K L; Sandler, R S; Shrestha, R",,1048
-Social influence: Compliance and conformity,"This review covers recent developments in the social influence literature, focusing primarily on compliance and conformity research published between 1997 and 2002. The principles and processes underlying a target's susceptibility to outside influences are considered in light of three goals fundamental to rewarding human functioning. Specifically, targets are motivated to form accurate perceptions of reality and react accordingly, to develop and preserve meaningful social relationships, and to maintain a favorable self-concept. Consistent with the current movement in compliance and conformity research, this review emphasizes the ways in which these goals interact with external forces to engender social influence processes that are subtle, indirect, and outside of awareness. Copyright © 2004 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","Cialdini, R.B.; Goldstein, N.J.",Annu. Rev. Psychol.,1049
-Tratamiento tocolitico de la amenaza de parto pretermino: evidencias actuales [Tocolysis treatment of preterm labor: a review of the evidence],,"Iniesta Donate M D, Vilar Checa E",,1050
-"The effectiveness of nutrition education and implications for nutrition education policy, programs, and research: a review of research","Nutrition education programmes should be ongoing and multifaceted. The more effective programmes are those that are behaviourally-focused and based on appropriate theory and prior research. This review has also found that effective programmes use a combination of contemporary models of individual, social and environmental change. Studies based on a 'dissemination of information and teaching of skills' model were not very effective in bringing about behavioural change. XCM: The abstract is based mainly on the Executive Summary of this monograph review, which is very comprehensive and nine chapters in length. It is necessary to read the original review if more details are needed. The strategy of the literature search is very extensive, but it only included studies that were conducted in the United States.","Contento, Isobel; Balch, G I; Bronner, Y L; Paige, D M; Gross, S M; Bisignani, L; Lytle, L A; Maloney, S K; White, S L; Olson, C M",J. Nutr. Educ.,1051
-,,"Borenstein, M.; Hedges, L.; Higgins, J.; Rothstein, H.",Comprehensive Meta-Analysis,1052
-Is there a dark side to government support for nonprofits?,"The relationship between government social spending and private donations to the nonprofit sector is an issue that is relevant to both public administrators and nonprofit managers. Does government funding displace philanthropy, or encourage it? This article introduces the debate into the public administration literature. First, I survey and interpret the empirical work performed to date in this area by economists. Second, I retest this question across four nonprofit subsectors using data on both federal and state/local spending. My survey of the literature shows mixed results, although a broad pattern indicates that ""crowding out"" tends to dominate, particularly in the areas of social service provision and health. My empirical results are consistent with these findings, although they must be interpreted cautiously from a policy perspective: While results are statistically significant, the degree of crowding out is generally small. On the other hand, the claim that government funding stimulates giving seems to lack both statistical and policy significance.","Brooks, A.C.",Public Adm. Rev.,1053
-"Eyes are on us, but nobody cares: Are eye cues relevant for strong reciprocity?","Strong reciprocity is characterized by the willingness to altruistically reward cooperative acts and to altruistically punish norm-violating, defecting behaviours. Recent evidence suggests that subtle reputation cues, such as eyes staring at subjects during their choices, may enhance prosocial behaviour. Thus, in principle, strong reciprocity could also be affected by eye cues. We investigate the impact of eye cues on trustees' altruistic behaviour in a trust game and find zero effect. Neither the subjects who are classified as prosocial nor the subjects who are classified as selfish respond to these cues. In sharp contrast to the irrelevance of subtle reputation cues for strong reciprocity, we find a large effect of explicit, pecuniary reputation incentives on the trustees' prosociality. Trustees who can acquire a good reputation that benefits them in future interactions honour trust much more than trustees who cannot build a good reputation. These results cast doubt on hypotheses suggesting that strong reciprocity is easily malleable by implicit reputation cues not backed by explicit reputation incentives. © 2009 The Royal Society.","Fehr, E.; Schneider, F.",Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.,1054
-Giving to charitable organizations: A behavioral review and a framework for increasing commitment,,"Smith, S.M.",Advances in Consumer Research,1055
-Gaming tasks as a method for studying the impact of warning messages on information behavior,"New and nontraditional approaches are required to effectively tackle the global problem of cybercrime. Online warning messages offer the unique potential to influence information behavior at the exact point of user decision-making. This research assessed the prevention effect of differing components of warning messages. Thirty-five male par-ticipants, aged 18–43, participated in a behavioral-compliance task comprising messages received when visiting websites likely to contain malware. Participants also rated messages on believability, severity, and effects on intention to comply. The components of messages tested were as follows: three “signal words” (warning, hazard, and stop), two levels of message explicitness (high, low), and two imagery conditions (eyes, no eyes). Contrary to expectations, explicitness was the only message component to yield a significant preventative effect on self-rated and behavioral responses. Participants not only perceived the explicit messages as more believable, severe, and likely to increase intention to comply but also demonstrated, through their behavioral-compliance data, a preventative effect from more explicit messages. The implications of these findings for designing messages to prevent cybercrimes are explored. © 2020 The Board of Trustees, University of Illinois.","Haddad, A.; Sauer, J.; Prichard, J.; Spiranovic, C.; Gelb, K.",Libr. Trends,1056
-The effect of NEA grants on the contributions to nonprofit dance companies,,"Smith, T.M.",J. Arts Manage. Law Soc.,1057
-Research into charity advertising needs a new direction,,"Bennett, R.",International Journal of Advertising,1058
-A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of cell salvage to minimize perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in cardiac and orthopedic surgery,"In orthopaedic surgery, both devices that wash and do not wash salvaged blood decrease the proportion of patients who receive a peri-operative allogeneic transfusion. The post-operative use of devices that do not wash salvaged blood in cardiac surgery was only marginally effective. The authors note that cell salvage did not appear to increase adverse events, although side-effects were inconsistently reported and the number of patients studied was relatively small. XCM: This review addressed a clearly stated research question. The interventions and the inclusion or exclusion criteria were stated, and the outcomes were well defined. The sources searched appear thorough, although the list of terms used for searching MEDLINE was fairly narrow. It is therefore possible that relevant trials were missed. However, the authors investigated possible publication bias using a funnel plot, and noted that no evidence of publication bias was found. The included trials were quality assessed, but this information was not used as an inclusion criterion. The authors investigated whether the Jadad (quality) score was related to the outcome.The details of the primary data provided in the review were insufficient. In particular, there was no information on the age and gender of the included patients. This could affect the interpretation of the results if the effects of cell salvage differ in different subgroups of the population. Furthermore, the authors presented the mean units of allogeneic blood transfused, whereas the primary outcome was the proportion of people getting one or more units of blood transfused. It is not clear from the paper how the authors reached a figure for the proportion of people getting at least one unit of blood as the figures in tables seem to be mean units received.The numbers of patients that the authors state are included in the meta-analysis (2,061) differs from the total number of patients enrolled in the individual trials (2,195). If this discrepancy occurred because enrolled patients were not randomised, or were lost to follow up, selection bias could have affected the results. The data in this review are pooled, despite the significant heterogeneity noted by the authors. The authors tried to investigate causes for this heterogeneity, but no conclusions were reached regarding this. In view of the heterogeneity noted between the studies, it may have been better to have used a random-effects model for the meta-analysis.The authors acknowledged the limitations of their review, such as the small sample size of the included studies, the heterogeneity that was found in some of the analyses, the exclusion of 19 published trials because the number of patients who received allogeneic red cell transfusions was not described, and the impossibility of blinding practitioners to the intervention. In the light of these limitations, the authors' conclusions are suitably conservative. XIM: Practice: The authors note problems associated with cell salvage and the high cost-utility ratio of this technique. They do not propose changes to practice in the light of their review.Research: The authors state that to determine which blood conservation technology is most appropriate, large comparisons of cell salvage such as pre-operative autologous donation, isovolemic haemodilution and the use of drugs (e.g. aprotinin, tranexamic acid, and erythropoietin), are needed.","Huet, C; Salmi, L R; Fergusson, D; W, Koopman-van Gemert A; Rubens, F; Laupacis, A",,1059
-How important are work-family support policies? A meta-analytic investigation of their effects on employee outcomes,"This meta-analysis examines relationships between work-family support policies, which are policies that provide support for dependent care responsibilities, and employee outcomes by developing a conceptual model detailing the psychological mechanisms through which policy availability and use relate to work attitudes. Bivariate results indicated that availability and use of work-family support policies had modest positive relationships with job satisfaction, affective commitment, and intentions to stay. Further, tests of differences in effect sizes showed that policy availability was morestrongly related to job satisfaction, affective commitment, and intentions to stay than was policy use. Subsequent meta-analytic structural equation modeling results indicated that policy availability and use had modest effects on work attitudes, which were partially mediated by family-supportive organization perceptions and work-to-family conflict, respectively. Additionally, number of policies and sample characteristics (percent women, percent married-cohabiting, percent with dependents) moderated the effects of policy availability and use on outcomes. Implications of these findings and directions for future research on work-family support policies are discussed. © 2012 American Psychological Association.","Butts, M.M.; Casper, W.J.; Yang, T.S.",J. Appl. Psychol.,1060
-A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis,,"Orwin, R.G.",Journal of Educational Statistics,1061
-Agency termination decisions by small to medium-sized charitable organizations,,"Bennett, R.",Journal of Marketing Communications,1062
-Inequality and philanthropy: High-income giving in the United States 1917–2012,"From 1917 to 2012, donations by high-income households in the USA have moved inversely with income inequality. This association contradicts historical narratives and prevailing theory, both of which that imply that high-income households donate rising income shares when inequality increases. The negative correlation holds both unconditionally and after conditioning on other explanatory variables, at both the national and US state levels. Low payout ratios of foundations and endowed charities, combined with this observed relationship, imply that differences in charitable giving will tend to entrench, not reduce, inequality across places over time. © 2018","Duquette, N.J.",Explor. Econ. Hist.,1063
-Efficacy of perceived risk as a correlate of reported donation behavior: An empirical analysis,,"Yavas, U.; Riecken, G.; Babakus, E.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,1064
-Accepting inequality deters responsibility: How power distance decreases charitable behavior,,"Winterich, K.P.; Zhang, Y.",Journal of Consumer Research,1065
-,,"Del Re, A.; Hoyt, W.T.",Meta-analysis with correlations,1066
-The Effect of Lottery Scratch Tickets and Donation Offers on Response Fraction: A Study and Meta-Analysis,"Monetary incentives are the most effective way of increasing response to postal questionnaires; however, mailing currency is prohibited in many countries. Hence, nonmonetary incentives, such as lottery scratch tickets and donation offers, have been used. The effectiveness of different types of nonmonetary incentives is unclear, however. Two randomized controlled studies and meta-analyses were conducted to investigate the effect of two types of nonmonetary incentives on response. In the first study, the authors found that participants who received an unconditional lottery scratch ticket at invitation were 24% more likely to take part, while in the second study, the authors found that unconditional lottery scratch tickets and donation offers had a similar effect on response. The meta-analyses show that unconditional lottery scratch tickets significantly increase the chance of response by 9%, conditional scratch tickets have no effect, and donation offers cause a nonsignificant 4% increase in the chance of response. Unconditional lottery scratch tickets provide a modest increase in the likelihood of response. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Boyle, Terry; Heyworth, Jane; Landrigan, Jenny; Mina, Robin; Fritschi, Lin",Field methods,1067
-"Web interface-supported transmission risk assessment and cost-effectiveness analysis of postdonation screening: a global model applied to Ghana, Thailand, and the Netherlands",,"van Hulst, M; Hubben, G A; Sagoe, K W; Promwong, C; Permpikul, P; Fongsatitkul, L; Glynn, D M; Sibinga, C T; Postma, M J",,1068
-"Dynamic income, progressive taxes, and the timing of charitable contributions","Using an econometric model of charitable giving and a 10-yr panel of US tax return data, the author finds that previous studies have underestimated the effects of permanent income and overestimated the effects of permanent changes in tax prices. The significant statutory tax changes that occurred during the 1980s, especially in 1986, serve to identify the key model parameters. The results imply that people smooth their giving when transitory income changes but also time their giving to exploit transitory changes in tax prices. The results also raise questions about how effectively the tax incentives permanently influence the level, rather than just the timing, of charitable giving by individuals. -Author","Randolph, W.C.",Journal of Political Economy,1069
-Sweetness on the screen,,"Coyne, S.M.; Smith, N.J.",Prosocial development: A multidimensional approach,1070
-A study on the customer insight towards advertising practices in HDFC standard life insurance company limited,,"Rajasekar, D.",International Journal of Supply Chain Management,1071
-Financial charity giving behaviour of the working poor: an empirical investigation,,"Bennett, R.",Journal of Marketing Management,1072
-Priming intuition disfavors instrumental harm but not impartial beneficence,"Understanding the cognitive underpinnings of moral judgment is one of most pressing problems in psychological science. Some highly-cited studies suggest that reliance on intuition decreases utilitarian (expected welfare maximizing)judgments in sacrificial moral dilemmas in which one has to decide whether to instrumentally harm (IH)one person to save a greater number of people. However, recent work suggests that such dilemmas are limited in that they fail to capture the positive, defining core of utilitarianism: commitment to impartial beneficence (IB). Accordingly, a new two-dimensional model of utilitarian judgment has been proposed that distinguishes IH and IB components. The role of intuition on this new model has not been studied. Does relying on intuition disfavor utilitarian choices only along the dimension of instrumental harm or does it also do so along the dimension of impartial beneficence? To answer this question, we conducted three studies (total N = 970, two preregistered)using conceptual priming of intuition versus deliberation on moral judgments. Our evidence converges on an interaction effect, with intuition decreasing utilitarian judgments in IH—as suggested by previous work—but failing to do so in IB. These findings bolster the recently proposed two-dimensional model of utilitarian moral judgment, and point to new avenues for future research. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.","Capraro, V.; Everett, J.A.C.; Earp, B.D.",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,1073
-THE COMBINED EFFECT OF DONATION PRICE AND ADMINISTRATIVE INEFFICIENCY ON DONATIONS TO US NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS,"We examine the effects that two accounting measures of nonprofit organization (NPO) inefficiency, administrative inefficiency and donation price, have on donations to US NPOs using a better-specified model and industry-specific samples. Although numerous studies examine the effect that donation price has on donations (e.g., Marudas and Jacobs, 2006; Marudas, 2004; Khanna and Sandler, 2000; and Tinkelman, 1999), only three studies examine the effect of administrative inefficiency on donations (Tinkelman and Mankaney, 2007; Frumkin and Kim, 2001; and Greenlee and Brown, 1999). However, none of these studies tests donation price and administrative inefficiency in one model and only two test industry-specific samples of NPOs. We find that misspecifying the model by including only one of these two inefficiency measures creates substantial bias and the effect of administrative inefficiency on donations varies substantially across industries. Administrative inefficiency has a significantly negative effect on donations to NPOs in the full sample and the philanthropy sample, but no significant effect on donations to NPOs in the arts, education, health, or human services samples. Furthermore, donation price has a significantly negative effect on donations to NPOs in the full sample and the education, health and human services samples, but not in the arts or philanthropy samples. Results are also reported for the other variables in the model – government support, program service revenue, fundraising and organizational age, wealth and size. © 2009 The Authors Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd","Jacobs, F.A.; Marudas, N.P.",Financ. Acc. Manag.,1074
-WHO is 'behavioral'? Cognitive ability and anomalous preferences,"In this paper, we ask whether variation in preference anomalies is related to variation in cognitive ability. Evidence from a new laboratory study of Chilean high-school students with similar schooling backgrounds shows that small-stakes risk aversion and short-run discounting are less common among those with higher standardized test scores. The relationship with test scores survives controls for parental education and wealth. We find some evidence that elementary-school GPA is predictive of preferences measured at the end of high school. Two laboratory interventions provide suggestive evidence of a possible causal impact of cognitive resources on expressed preferences. © 2013 by the European Economic Association.","Benjamin, D.J.; Brown, S.A.; Shapiro, J.M.",J. Eur. Econ. Assoc.,1075
-Affect and fairness: dictator games under cognitive load,,"Schulz, J.F.; Fischbacher, U.; Thöni, C.; Utikal, V.",J. Econ. Psychol.,1076
-"An experimental investigation of ultimatum games: information, fairness, expectations, and lowest acceptable offers","We designed two laboratory experiments to test popular hypotheses explaining the failure of subgame-perfect equilibrium models to explain behavior in ultimatum games. The first experiment varied information available to respondents. When respondents did not know the amount being divided, offerers offered (and respondents accepted) significantly lower offers than when the respondents knew the amount being divided. The second experiment replicated this result and also showed that people occasionally reject ""free"" money (i.e., offers with no strings attached). This evidence does not support earlier explanations for ultimatum anomalies and identifies conditions where subgame-perfect models apply. © 1995.","Straub, P.G.; Murnighan, J.K.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,1077
-Cognitive processes underlying distributional preferences: a response time study,"There is ample evidence that people differ considerably in their preferences. We identify individual heterogeneity in type and strength of social preferences in a series of binary three-person dictator games. Based on this identification, we analyze response times in another series of games to investigate the cognitive processes of distributional preferences. We find that response time increases with the number of conflicts between individually relevant motives and decreases with the utility difference between choice options. The selfish motive is more intuitive for subjects who are more selfish. Our findings indicate that the sequential sampling process and the intuition of selfishness jointly produce distribution decisions, and provide an explanation for the mixed results on the correlations between response time and prosociality. Our results also show that it is important to take heterogeneity of preferences into account when investigating the cognitive processes of social decision making. © 2019, Economic Science Association.","Chen, F.; Fischbacher, U.",Exp. Econ.,1078
-The secular landscape: The decline of religion in America,"This book proposes a comprehensive theory of the loss of religion in human societies, with a specific and substantive focus on the contemporary United States. Kevin McCaffree draws on a range of disciplines including sociology, psychology, anthropology, and history to explore topics such as the origin of religion, the role of religion in recent American history, the loss of religion, and how Americans are dealing with this loss. The book is not only richly theoretical but also empirical. Hundreds of scientific studies are cited, and new statistical analyses enhance its core arguments. What emerges is an integrative and illuminating theory of secularization. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017. All rights reserved.","McCaffree, K.",The Secul. Landsc.: The Decline of Relig. in Am.,1079
-Genome wide association study (GWAS) of Chagas cardiomyopathy in Trypanosoma cruzi seropositive subjects,"BACKGROUND: Familial aggregation of Chagas cardiac disease in T. cruzi-infected persons suggests that human genetic variation may be an important determinant of disease progression. OBJECTIVE: To perform a GWAS using a well-characterized cohort to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genes associated with cardiac outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was developed by the NHLBI REDS-II program in Brazil. Samples were collected from 499 T. cruzi seropositive blood donors who had donated between 1996 and 2002, and 101 patients with clinically diagnosed Chagas cardiomyopathy. In 2008-2010, all subjects underwent a complete medical examination. After genotype calling, quality control filtering with exclusion of 20 cases, and imputation of 1,000 genomes variants; association analysis was performed for 7 cardiac and parasite related traits, adjusting for population stratification. RESULTS: The cohort showed a wide range of African, European, and modest Native American admixture proportions, consistent with the recent history of Brazil. No SNPs were found to be highly (P<10(-8)) associated with cardiomyopathy. The two mostly highly associated SNPs for cardiomyopathy (rs4149018 and rs12582717; P-values <10(-6)) are located on Chromosome 12p12.2 in the SLCO1B1 gene, a solute carrier family member. We identified 44 additional genic SNPs associated with six traits at P-value <10(-6): Ejection Fraction, PR, QRS, QT intervals, antibody levels by EIA, and parasitemia by PCR. CONCLUSION: This GWAS identified suggestive SNPs that may impact the risk of progression to cardiomyopathy. Although this Chagas cohort is the largest examined by GWAS to date, (580 subjects), moderate sample size may explain in part the limited number of significant SNP variants. Enlarging the current sample through expanded cohorts and meta-analyses, and targeted studies of candidate genes, will be required to confirm and extend the results reported here. Future studies should also include exposed seronegative controls to investigate genetic associations with susceptibility or resistance to T. cruzi infection and non-Chagas cardiomyopathy.","Deng, Xutao; Sabino, Ester C; Cunha-Neto, Edecio; Ribeiro, Antonio L; Ianni, Barbara; Mady, Charles; Busch, Michael P; Seielstad, Mark; REDSII Chagas Study Group from the NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study-II Component International",PLoS One,1080
-Anticipated guilt as behavioral motivation: An examination of appeals to help unknown others through bone marrow donation,"The current study posits that messages used to elicit behaviors to help unknown others must present substantial perceptions of a threat and efficacy to be successful. Given that many prosocial helping messages depict a threat to unknown others, the current investigation proposed that anticipated guilt is a motivating force behind individuals' willingness to engage in behaviors to avert the unknown-other-directed threat. Specifically, this study hypothesized that messages which induce substantial perceptions of (a) threat, (b) response-efficacy, and (c) self-efficacy would result in feelings of anticipated guilt that subsequently motivate behavioral intent and, ultimately, behaviors to avert the threat to unknown others and avoid the future guilt that they might feel personally. Brehm's (1966) psychological reactance theory, however, notes that such appeals might result in reactance and thus decrease compliance with a message's prescribed actions. Two research questions were posed to determine (a) whether or not individuals experience reactance and (b) what effect, if any, reactance has on compliance. Additionally, participants' accuracy in forecasting guilt was assessed. The proposed model and research questions were tested by focusing on the topic of bone marrow donation. Participants were assigned randomly to one of three message conditions (control and two experimental messages), completed a questionnaire and returned to complete a follow-up survey 7-10 days later. The data were consistent with the proposed model, and additional findings indicated that participants did not experience psychological reactance and were not accurate when forecasting future feelings of guilt. © 2005 International Communication Association.","Lindsey, L.L.M.",Hum. Commun. Res.,1081
-"Personality traits, emotional intelligence and decision-making styles in Lebanese universities medical students","Background: This study aims to assess the impact of personality traits on emotional intelligence (EI) and decision-making among medical students in Lebanese Universities and to evaluate the potential mediating role-played by emotional intelligence between personality traits and decision-making styles in this population. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between June and December 2019 on 296 general medicine students. Results: Higher extroversion was associated with lower rational decision-making style, whereas higher agreeableness and conscientiousness were significantly associated with a higher rational decision-making style. More extroversion and openness to experience were significantly associated with a higher intuitive style, whereas higher agreeableness and conscientiousness were significantly associated with lower intuitive style. More agreeableness and conscientiousness were significantly associated with a higher dependent decision-making style, whereas more openness to experience was significantly associated with less dependent decision-making style. More agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism were significantly associated with less spontaneous decision-making style. None of the personality traits was significantly associated with the avoidant decision-making style. Emotional intelligence seemed to fully mediate the association between conscientiousness and intuitive decision-making style by 38% and partially mediate the association between extroversion and openness to experience with intuitive decision-making style by 49.82 and 57.93% respectively. Conclusion: Our study suggests an association between personality traits and decision-making styles. The results suggest that EI showed a significant positive effect on intuitive decision-making style and a negative effect on avoidant and dependent decision-making styles. Additionally, our study underlined the role of emotional intelligence as a mediator factor between personality traits (namely conscientiousness, openness, and extroversion) and decision-making styles. © 2020 The Author(s).","El Othman, R.; Hallit, R.; Obeid, S.; Hallit, S.",BMC Psychol.,1082
-Positive effects of television on social behavior: A meta-analysis,,"Mares, M.-L.",Positive Effects of Television on Social Behavior: A Meta-analysis,1083
-A brief history of GLOBE,"This paper discusses the issues relating to the origin, development, and management of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness research program (GLOBE) project. GLOBE is a cross-cultural research program involving 160 scholars in research teams in 60 nations. The discussion includes designing the research program; recruiting participating scholars; obtaining commitment to the program objectives; replacing country teams which fail to meet their objectives; establishing electronic and Web links; designing the documentation for data collection and coding; establishing rights to data sharing and authorship; and dividing responsibility for data analysis and writing. Special attention is given to lessons learned from managing the project. © 1998, MCB UP Limited","House, R.J.",J. Manage. Psychol.,1084
-Systematic review of the nutritional supplements dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in the treatment of osteoarthritis,"There was no definitive evidence for dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and methylsulphonylmethane (MSM) in the treatment of osteoarthritis at the time of the review. Further research was recommended. XCM: This review had defined inclusion criteria for participants, interventions, outcomes and study designs. The authors searched a range of databases without publication and language restrictions. Quality was assessed and a range of methodological issues highlighted. the authors used procedures to protect against bias and error in quality assessment; it was unclear whether similar procedures were used for study selection and data extraction. A narrative synthesis appeared justified given the variation between studies. The authors' conclusions and recommendations for further research appear appropriate. XIM: The authors did not state any implications for practice.Research: The authors stated that further trials were required to identify the optimum dosage of MSM and DMSO and consider their long-term safety and efficacy as adjunctive or alternative treatments for osteoarthritis. There was a need to improve the design, analysis and reporting of future studies; these included adequate power to detect a treatment effect, use of an adequate treatment period, appropriate outcome measures and appropriate blinding. A trial that compared MSM and standard conventional treatment would be of value.","Brien, S; Prescott, P; Bashir, N; Lewith, H; Lewith, G",,1085
-Who gives? Partisan donations in Europe,"Party finance reformers often call for European parties to increase their financial reliance on small donors, but researchers have made few efforts to establish the feasibility of such strategies. This study examines partisan giving in Europe, investigating the potential for parties and policymakers to increase this type of political participation. It also asks whether there are national-level factors that make such efforts more likely to succeed in some countries. The research uses data from the European Social Survey to examine patterns of contributions to political parties in 16 European countries. It finds that the strength of partisanship predicts political giving independent of party membership, which suggests that European political parties may have some scope to increase their number of individual donors. On the other hand, existing tax policies to encourage political giving do not seem to be effective in increasing this type of partisan political participation. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.","Ponce, A.F.; Scarrow, S.E.",West Eur. Polit.,1086
-The door-in-the-face influence strategy: A random-effects meta-analytic review,,"O'Keefe, D.J.; Hale, S.L.",Communication Yearbook,1087
-Cost-effectiveness of proton pump inhibitor therapy for acute peptic ulcer-related bleeding,"OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of adjunctive oral and intravenous proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapies for patients with acute peptic ulcer-related bleeding of sufficient severity to warrant hospitalization. DESIGN: Cost-effectiveness investigation. Four clinical scenarios were considered: scenario 1, diagnostic endoscopy with oral PPI therapy; scenario 2, diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy with high-dose intravenous PPI therapy; scenario 3, diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy available with oral PPI therapy; and scenario 4, diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy (no PPI). Effectiveness was evaluated in terms of episodes of bleeding averted and quality-adjusted life years. SETTING: University teaching hospital in the United States. PATIENTS: Hospitalized patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Therapeutic endoscopy with high-dose intravenous PPI therapy (scenario 2) was the most cost-effective approach in terms of bleeding episode averted (8,490 vs. 10,201 US dollars for scenario 1, 8,756 US dollars for scenario 3, and 12,459 US dollars for scenario 4) and per quality-adjusted life year (4,810 vs. 5,533 US dollars for scenario 1, 4,946 US dollars for scenario 3, and 5,876 US dollars for scenario 4). The high-dose intravenous PPI scenario was the dominant approach as evidenced by both superior effectiveness and lower costs over the range of probability and cost variables used in the sensitivity analysis. However, the dominance would be lost if the purchase cost of the intravenous PPI was substantially higher than the baseline cost assumed in this investigation (61 US dollars per 3-day course of therapy). CONCLUSION: High-dose intravenous PPI therapy in conjunction with therapeutic endoscopy is the most cost-effective approach for the management of hospitalized patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding.","Erstad, Brian L",Crit. Care Med.,1088
-"Perceived social responsibility and intent to donate for a nonprofit using implicature, truth, and duplicity in print advertising",,"Shanahan, K.J.; Hopkins, C.D.",Journal of Advertising,1089
-How advertising affects sales: Meta-analysis of econometric results,,"Assmus, G.; Farley, J.U.; Lehmann, D.R.",Journal of Marketing Research,1090
-Inspirational Reality TV: The Prosocial Effects of Lifestyle Transforming Reality Programs on Elevation and Altruism,"In light of recent theories of meaningful media that suggest a host of psychological benefits, the present study uniquely extends the boundaries of the effects of reality TV from simply offering pleasure, diversion, and amusement to its viewers to also providing deep insight and meaning. In particular, a between-subjects experiment (N = 143) examined differences in affective, cognitive, and motivational responses to lifestyle transforming versus game based reality programs. Findings indicate that lifestyle transforming reality TV produced stronger feelings of elevation and perceptions of the program as moving and thought-provoking than game reality TV, which in turn increased motivations for altruism. Avenues for future research and theoretical implications of meaningful and inspiring reality TV for positive psychology are discussed. © 2016 Broadcast Education Association.","Tsay-Vogel, M.; Krakowiak, K.M.",J. Broadcast. Electron. Media,1091
-"Willing to Help, but Lacking Discernment: The Effects of Victim Group Size on Donation Behaviors (Ph.D. dissertation)",,"Lunt, D.",,1092
-The influence of friends on consumer spending: The role of agency-communion orientation and self-monitoring,,"Kurt, D.; Jeffrey Inman, J.; Argo, J.J.",Journal of Marketing Research,1093
-Collaborative governance in theory and practice,"Over the past few decades, a new form of governance has emerged to replace adversarial and managerial modes of policy making and implementation. Collaborative governance, as it has come to be known, brings public and private stakeholders together in collective forums with public agencies to engage in consensus-oriented decision making. In this article, we conduct a meta-analytical study of the existing literature on collaborative governance with the goal of elaborating a contingency model of collaborative governance. After reviewing 137 cases of collaborative governance across a range of policy sectors, we identify critical variables that will influence whether or not this mode of governance will produce successful collaboration. These variables include the prior history of conflict or cooperation, the incentives for stakeholders to participate, power and resources imbalances, leadership, and institutional design. We also identify a series of factors that are crucial within the collaborative process itself. These factors include face-to-face dialogue, trust building, and the development of commitment and shared understanding. We found that a virtuous cycle of collaboration tends to develop when collaborative forums focus on ""small wins"" that deepen trust, commitment, and shared understanding. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of our contingency model for practitioners and for future research on collaborative governance.","Ansell, C.; Gash, A.",J. Public Adm. Res. Theory,1094
-A social identity threat perspective on being the target of generosity from a higher status other,"Both giving and receiving money have emotional benefits, but when gifts of value are made in the context of socioeconomic differences, there might also be emotional costs. Four studies (and an internal meta-analysis) tested the idea that receiving a generous gift from someone higher in perceived socioeconomic status (SES) signals social identity threat. In Study 1 (N = 218), participants on average, but especially those with relatively lower SES, reported experiencing more self-conscious negative affect when receiving a generous amount of money (vs. an even split) from a higher status giver in a dictator game. This effect was mediated by feeling pitied by the giver. Studies 2 (N = 331) and 3 (N = 426) revealed similar effects with recalled real-world experiences of receiving a generous gift from higher SES givers. Studies 3 and 4 (N = 142) revealed evidence for serial mediation, with lower relative SES predicting status awareness, status awareness predicting attributions of pity, and attributions of pity in turn predicting self-conscious negative affect. Effects were not significantly moderated by needing or requesting the money, suggesting that acts of generosity across the status divide readily signal social devaluation for those with lower perceived status. Findings have practical and conceptual implications for prosocial giving in a system of social and economic inequality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Sandstrom, Gillian M; Schmader, Toni; Croft, Alyssa; Kwok, Navio",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,1095
-Industry-supported meta-analyses compared with meta-analyses with non-profit or no support: differences in methodological quality and conclusions,"BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that industry-sponsored meta-analyses of drugs lack scientific rigour and have biased conclusions. However, these studies have been restricted to certain medical specialities. We compared all industry-supported meta-analyses of drug-drug comparisons with those without industry support. METHODS: We searched PubMed for all meta-analyses that compared different drugs or classes of drugs published in 2004. Two authors assessed the meta-analyses and independently extracted data. We used a validated scale for judging the methodological quality and a binary scale for judging conclusions. We divided the meta-analyses according to the type of support in 3 categories: industry-supported, non-profit support or no support, and undeclared support. RESULTS: We included 39 meta-analyses. Ten had industry support, 18 non-profit or no support, and 11 undeclared support. On a 0-7 scale, the median quality score was 6 for meta-analyses with non-profit or no support and 2.5 for the industry-supported meta-analyses (P < 0.01). Compared with industry-supported meta-analyses, more meta-analyses with non-profit or no support avoided bias in the selection of studies (P = 0.01), more often stated the search methods used to find studies (P = 0.02), searched comprehensively (P < 0.01), reported criteria for assessing the validity of the studies (P = 0.02), used appropriate criteria (P = 0.04), described methods of allocation concealment (P = 0.05), described methods of blinding (P = 0.05), and described excluded patients (P = 0.08) and studies (P = 0.15). Forty percent of the industry-supported meta-analyses recommended the experimental drug without reservations, compared with 22% of the meta-analyses with non-profit or no support (P = 0.57).In a sensitivity analysis, we contacted the authors of the meta-analyses with undeclared support. Eight who replied that they had not received industry funding were added to those with non-profit or no support, and 3 who did not reply were added to those with industry support. This analysis did not change the results much. CONCLUSION: Transparency is essential for readers to make their own judgment about medical interventions guided by the results of meta-analyses. We found that industry-supported meta-analyses are less transparent than meta-analyses with non-profit support or no support.","Jørgensen, Anders W; Maric, Katja L; Tendal, Britta; Faurschou, Annesofie; Gøtzsche, Peter C",BMC Med. Res. Methodol.,1096
-Lay rationalism: Individual differences in using reason versus feelings to guide decisions,,"Hsee, C.K.; Yang, Y.; Zheng, X.; Wang, H.",Journal of Marketing Research,1097
-How do dogs monitor the human’s attentional state after challenged by the presence of forbidden food?,"Introduction: Converging evidence suggests that the presence of (attentive) others has a positive effect on people’s propensity to conform to social rules. It is also increasingly accepted that pet dogs are promising test subjects to study non-human analogues of ‘audience effect.’ This study investigates whether dogs show a tendency to change their behavior according to the visual attention of familiar and unfamiliar human partners in a situation in which human partners disallowed the dog from eating a piece of food. Methods: Dogs (n = 64) participated in two observational conditions (Attentive Owner and Attentive Experimenter) and a control condition in which both human participants engaged in distracting activity. Results: The results showed that the identity of the attentive or inattentive partner has little relevance to the dogs’ gazing behavior (i.e., head orientation toward the different partners and the food) and their decisions about breaking or following the rule. This is in line with previous studies suggesting that the presence of the owner predominantly determines the dogs’ responses to such situations. Discussion: Further analysis of dogs responding differently to the obedience challenge showed marked differences in the role of the ‘audience effect’ might play in modulating ‘fully obedient,’ ‘ignorer,’ and ‘hesitating’ dogs’ gazing behavior. These findings point to the context-dependent nature of the audience effect in dogs and highlight the importance of frequently ignored individual differences in dogs’ tendency to conform to the situational rules. © 2019, The Author(s).","Kiss, O.; Topál, J.",Biol. Futura.,1098
-Evolutionary Origins of Morality: Insights From Non-human Primates,"The aim of this contribution is to explore the origins of moral behavior and its underlying moral preferences and intuitions from an evolutionary perspective. Such a perspective encompasses both the ultimate, adaptive function of morality in our own species, as well as the phylogenetic distribution of morality and its key elements across primates. First, with regard to the ultimate function, we argue that human moral preferences are best construed as adaptations to the affordances of the fundamentally interdependent hunter-gatherer lifestyle of our hominin ancestors. Second, with regard to the phylogenetic origin, we show that even though full-blown human morality is unique to humans, several of its key elements are not. Furthermore, a review of evidence from non-human primates regarding prosocial concern, conformity, and the potential presence of universal, biologically anchored and arbitrary cultural norms shows that these elements of morality are not distributed evenly across primate species. This suggests that they have evolved along separate evolutionary trajectories. In particular, the element of prosocial concern most likely evolved in the context of shared infant care, which can be found in humans and some New World monkeys. Strikingly, many if not all of the elements of morality found in non-human primates are only evident in individualistic or dyadic contexts, but not as third-party reactions by truly uninvolved bystanders. We discuss several potential explanations for the unique presence of a systematic third-party perspective in humans, but focus particularly on mentalizing ability and language. Whereas both play an important role in present day, full-blown human morality, it appears unlikely that they played a causal role for the original emergence of morality. Rather, we suggest that the most plausible scenario to date is that human morality emerged because our hominin ancestors, equipped on the one hand with large and powerful brains inherited from their ape-like ancestor, and on the other hand with strong prosocial concern as a result of cooperative breeding, could evolve into an ever more interdependent social niche. © Copyright © 2018 Burkart, Brügger and van Schaik.","Burkart, J.M.; Brügger, R.K.; van Schaik, C.P.",Front. sociol.,1099
-THE AID EFFECTIVENESS LITERATURE: THE SAD RESULTS OF 40 YEARS OF RESEARCH,"The aid effectiveness literature (AEL) consists of empirical macroeconomic estimates of the effects of development aid. By the end of 2004, it comprised 97 econometric studies of three families of related effects. Each family has been analyzed in a separate meta-analysis. The AEL is an ideal subject for meta-analysis as it uses only a few formally similar models to estimate the same underlying effects. It is also an area with strong beliefs, often generated by altruism. When this whole literature is examined, a clear pattern emerges. After 40 years of development aid, the preponderance of the evidence indicates that aid has not been effective. We show that the distribution of results is significantly asymmetric reflecting the reluctance of the research community to publish negative results. The Dutch disease effect on exchange rates provides a plausible explanation for the observed aid ineffectiveness. © Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","Doucouliagos, Hristos; Paldam, Martin",J. Econ. Surv.,1100
-Investigating the origin and consequences of endogenous default options in repeated economic choices,"Classical value-based decision theories state that economic choices are solely based on the value of available options. Experimental evidence suggests, however, that individuals' choices are biased towards default options, prompted by the framing of decisions. Although the effects of default options created by exogenous framing-such as how choice options are displayed-are well-documented, little is known about the potential effects and properties of endogenous framing, that is, originating from an individual's internal state. In this study, we investigated the existence and properties of endogenous default options in a task involving choices between risky lotteries. By manipulating and examining the effects of three experimental features-time pressure, time spent on task and relative choice proportion towards a specific option-, we reveal and dissociate two features of endogenous default options which bias individuals' choices: a natural tendency to prefer certain types of options (natural default), and the tendency to implicitly learn a default option from past choices (learned default). Additional analyses suggest that while the natural default may bias the standard choice process towards an option category, the learned default effects may be attributable to a second independent choice process. Overall, these investigations provide a first experimental evidence of how individuals build and apply diverse endogenous default options in economic decision-making and how this biases their choices. © 2020 Couto et al.","Couto, J.; Van Maanen, L.; Lebreton, M.",PLoS ONE,1101
-The impact of social approval and framing on cooperation in public good situations,"Several economists have maintained that social and internalized norms can enforce cooperation in public good situations. This experimental study investigates how two important channels for social and internalized norms, social approval and framing, affect cooperation among strangers in a public good game. The experiment has two treatment effects. Firstly, it reveals each person's identity and his contribution to the public good. Secondly, it presents the public good game in a language that suggests associations to social and internalized norms for cooperation. The first treatment effect increases voluntary contributions significantly. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Rege, M.; Telle, K.",J. Public Econ.,1102
-Men's smoking cessation interventions: a brief review,"Several smoking cessation programmes aimed at men showed moderate efficacy, particularly with the use of behavioural counselling and pharmacotherapy. Further work was required to develop gender-sensitive smoking cessation programmes. XCM: This review addressed a broad question with partially defined inclusion criteria. The searches appeared adequate, although there was no clear justification for restricting searching to studies in English. The review processes were not described, so it was difficult to ascertain whether reviewer error or bias could have influenced the findings.The included studies were not assessed for validity or quality, which made it difficult to evaluate the reliability of any findings. A narrative synthesis may have been appropriate, but the use of vote-counting (giving the number of studies which report a significant result) covered over important nuances and differences between trials.The lack of detail about the review methods and unknown quality of the included studies mean the review conclusions should be treated with considerable caution. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any recommendations for practice.Research: The authors state that further work is required to develop gender-sensitive smoking cessation programmes along with sex and gender based analyses of smoking cessation among men.","Okoli, C T; Torchalla, I; Oliffe, J L; Bottorff, J L",,1103
-From Unprocessed Unknowns to Digital Diffusion: Uncovering Grey Literature at the Center for the History of Psychology,"The Center for the History of Psychology (CHP) at The University of Akron is home to a special collection of grey literature that documents the history of psychology and related human sciences, such as philosophy, biology, and anthropology. The collection comprises 6,000 paper-and-pencil tests; 15,000 organizational newsletters, white papers, conference programs and proceedings, and membership directories; and 8,000 US military technical reports. These data, covering a broad variety of contemporary and historical topics, are an untapped but immensely useful resource for historical research, as well as contemporary meta-analytic studies and general literature reviews. The collection grows daily through donations from psychologists and organizations, and nearly 2,000 paper-and-pencil tests, for example, have been added to the grey literature collection since the original abstract was submitted.","Kearns, Jodi; Faye, Cathy; Willis, Lynn",GL Conference Series,1104
-Erythropoietin and preoperative autologous blood donation in the prevention of hepatitis C infection: necessity or luxury?,"BACKGROUND: Prevention of exposure to allogeneic blood transfusion during surgery is an important financial issue when recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is used in addition to preoperative blood donation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The aim of this study was to carry out a cost-effectiveness analysis of the use of rHuEPO in preoperative blood donation in orthopedic surgery. The study, based on a decision tree analysis of the use of rHuEPO, was conducted from the perspective of the French health care system. The efficacy criterion was the number of hepatitis C infections prevented. The decision tree analysis was constructed as follows: the residual risk of hepatitis C infection was 8.26 per million units transfused, and the chance node was defined according to the number of units transfused. RESULTS: With the use of rHuEPO in preoperative blood donation, 0.30562 cases of hepatitis C infection per 100,000 patients were prevented. The incremental cost of one prevented hepatitis C infection amounted to $888,000,000 (US). CONCLUSION: Despite the limitations of our model, the cost-effectiveness ratio was so large that variations only slightly modified the size of the result. From the societal perspective, it was not cost-effective to add rHuEPO to preoperative blood donation.","Woronoff-Lemsi, M C; Arveux, P; Limat, S; Morel, P; Le Pen, C; Cahn, J Y",Transfusion,1105
-Responses of chimpanzees to cues of conspecific observation,"Recent evidence has shown that humans are remarkably sensitive to artificial cues of conspecific observation when making decisions with potential social consequences. Whether similar effects are found in other great apes has not yet been investigated. We carried out two experiments in which individual chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, took items of food from an array in the presence of either an image of a large conspecific face or a scrambled control image. In experiment 1 we compared three versions of the face image varying in size and the amount of the face displayed. In experiment 2 we compared a fourth variant of the image with more prominent coloured eyes displayed closer to the focal chimpanzee. The chimpanzees did not look at the face images significantly more than at the control images in either experiment. Although there were trends for some individuals in each experiment to be slower to take high-value food items in the face conditions, these were not consistent or robust. We suggest that the extreme human sensitivity to cues of potential conspecific observation may not be shared with chimpanzees. © 2013 The Authors.","Nettle, D.; Cronin, K.A.; Bateson, M.",Anim. Behav.,1106
-"Showing Off, Handicap Signaling, and the Evolution of Men's Work","Zahavi's1,2 handicap principle makes ""waste"" a common outcome of signal selection because the cost of a signal guarantees its honesty. The capacity to bear the cost reveals the show-off's hidden qualities, While displays take many forms, some also provide fitness-related benefits to the audience in addition to Information about the show-off. Zahavi 3 has used the handicap principle to explain both merely wasteful displays and altruistic behavior. Here we focus on the distinction between these two kinds of display and the importance of benefits other than Information in show-off explanations of a particular puzzle in human evolution: men's work. Males of other primate species do not contribute any significant fraction of the food consumed by females and juveniles. Our own species is different. When people live on wild foods, hunting is usually a specialty of men, and meat is commonly a substantial component of everyone's diet. Here we explore the hypothesis that this unique male subsistence contribution may have evolved as hunting large animals became a focus of competitive display.","Hawkes, K.; Bird, R.B.",Evol. Anthropol.,1107
-"Dual cognitive pathways to voice quality: Frequent voicers improvise, infrequent voicers elaborate","We investigate the involvement of Working Memory Capacity (WMC, the cognitive resource necessary for controlled elaborate thinking) in voice behavior (speaking up with suggestions, problems, and opinions to change the organization). While scholars assume voice requires elaborate thinking, some empirical evidence suggests voice might be more automatic. To explain this discrepancy, we distinguish between voice quantity (frequency of voice) and voice quality (novelty and value of voiced information) and propose that WMC is important for voice quality, but less for voice quantity. Furthermore, we propose that frequent voicers rely less on WMC to reach high voice quality than people who voice rarely. To test our ideas, we conducted three studies: a between-participant lab-study, a within-participant experiment, and a multi-source field-study. All studies supported our expectation that voice quantity is unrelated to WMC, and that voice quality is positively related to WMC, but only for those who rarely voice. This indicates that the decision to voice (quantity) might be more automatic and intuitive than often assumed, whereas its value to the organization (quality), relies more on the degree of cognitive elaboration of the voicer. It also suggests that frequent and infrequent voicers use distinct cognitive pathways to voice high-quality information: frequent voicers improvise, while infrequent voicers elaborate. © 2019 Wolsink et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Wolsink, I.; Den Hartog, D.N.; Belschak, F.D.; Sligte, I.G.",PLoS ONE,1108
-Unofficial Development Assistance: A Model of Development Charities' Donation Income,"The empirical literature on the determinants of charities' donation income, distinguishing the charitable cause, is small. We consider the case of development charities specifically. Using a panel covering a quarter of a century, we observe a strong fundraising effect and a unitary household income elasticity. We find evidence that the conventionally identified 'price' effect may simply be the product of omitted variable bias. Our results further suggest that public spending on development crowds in private donations for development. We find a positive spillover effect of fundraising, suggesting the efforts of one development charity may increase contributions to other development charities. © 2014 The Authors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics published by Oxford University and JohnWiley & Sons Ltd.","Arulampalam, W.; Backus, P.G.; Micklewright, J.",Oxf. Bull. Econ. Stat.,1109
-Depictions of self-inflicted versus blameless victims for nonprofits employing print advertisements,,"Shanahan, K.J.; Hopkins, C.D.; Carlson, L.; Raymond, M.A.",Journal of Advertising,1110
-"The mindlessness of ostensibly thoughtful action: The role of ""placebic"" information in interpersonal interaction","Conducted 3 field experiments to test the hypothesis that complex social behavior that appears to be enacted mindfully instead may be performed without conscious attention to relevant semantics. 200 Ss in compliance paradigms received communications that either were or were not semantically sensible, were or were not structurally consistent with their previous experience, and did or did not request an effortful response. It was hypothesized that unless the communication occasioned an effortful response or was structurally (rather than semantically) novel, responding that suggests ignorance of relevant information would occur. The predictions were confirmed for both oral (Exp I) and written communications (Exps II and III). Social psychological theories that rely on humans actively processing incoming information are questioned. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1978 American Psychological Association.","Langer, E.J.; Blank, A.; Chanowitz, B.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,1111
-Observation enhances third-party punishment only among people who were not hot-tempered,,"Horita, Y.; Takezawa, M.",Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science,1112
-Battle for the thermostat: Gender and the effect of temperature on cognitive performance,"This paper studies differences in the effect of temperature on cognitive performance by gender in a large controlled lab experiment (N = 543). We study performance in math, verbal and cognitive reflection tasks and find that the effects of temperature vary significantly across men and women. At higher temperatures, women perform better on a math and verbal task while the reverse effect is observed for men. The increase in female performance in response to higher temperature is significantly larger and more precisely estimated than the corresponding decrease in male performance. In contrast to math and verbal tasks, temperature has no impact on a measure of cognitive reflection for either gender. Our findings suggest that gender mixed workplaces may be able to increase productivity by setting the thermostat higher than current standards. © 2019 Chang, Kajackaite. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Chang, T.Y.; Kajackaite, A.",PLoS ONE,1113
-"""Yes/no/not right now"": Yes/no response formats can increase response rates even in non-forced-choice settings",,"Putnam-Farr, E.; Riis, J.",Journal of Marketing Research,1114
-Effects of individual and organizational factors on safety consciousness and safety citizenship behavior of construction workers: A comparative study between Hong Kong and Mainland China,"In view of the great number of accidents in the construction industry of both Hong Kong and Mainland China, research on the safety issues of construction personnel plays a significant role in industrial development and occupational health. Recently, although the safety consciousness (SC) and safety citizenship behavior (SCB) have been considered promising for safety enhancement, the relevant influence factors still remain unclarified. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the main factors that influence the SC and SCB of construction workers by conducting a cross-sectional questionnaire survey with 207 responses from Hong Kong and 208 responses from Mainland China. The specifically designed questionnaires consisted of eight subscales measuring direct and indirect effects among six factors (safety climate, proactivity, prosociality, leader-to-member exchange, peer-to-peer exchange and work stress) and two constructs (SC and SCB). The collected data were analyzed through SPSS 24 and AMOS 24 to verify the influence mechanism in individual and organizational aspects of SC and SCB and further provide implications and suggestions for academic circles and industrial practitioners in line with the territorial comparison between Hong Kong and Mainland China. This study is unique as it offers a considerably good explanation for the territorial distinction of influence factors on SC and SCB for construction personnel in Mainland China and Hong Kong. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd","Meng, X.; Chan, A.H.S.; Lui, L.K.H.; Fang, Y.",Saf. Sci.,1115
-Personal philanthropic contributions,,"Schwartz, R.A.",Journal of Political Economy,1116
-On inducing compliance with requests,,"Reingen, P.H.",Journal of Consumer Research,1117
-How We Perceive Others Resembling Us,"Eye contact is essential for social cognition, acting as an important tool for social communication. While differences in face scanning patterns concerning familiarity have been thoroughly investigated, the impact of facial similarity on gaze behavior has not been examined yet. We addressed this topic by recording subjects’ eye-directed gazing while looking at faces that were individually created systematically varying in terms of similarity to the self-face and familiarity. Subjects’ self-faces were morphed into three other faces including a close friend of the same sex. Afterwards, they rated similarity to their self-face of those morphed face stimuli in a separate rating task. Our results show a general preference for the eyes’ area as well as differences regarding fixation patterns depending on similarity to the self-face. The lower the similarity to the self-face, the more fixations on the eyes’ area. Subjects’ ratings followed a linear line, indicating well-pronounced face perception. Nevertheless, other faces were rated faster than the self-face independent of familiarity, while morphed faces got the slowest ratings. Our results mirror the importance of similarity to the self-face as a factor shaping the way we look at the eyes of others explaining variance apart from familiarity. © The Author(s) 2020.","Hoffmann, A.; Maran, T.; Sachse, P.",i-Perception,1118
-Complementary or Supplementary? The Relationship Between Government Size and Nonprofit Sector Size,"Do government activities discourage or leverage nonprofit activities? The extant literature has proposed competing lines of arguments, making the net effect ambiguous. The present study conducts a meta-analysis to synthesize extant studies concerning the relationship between the level of government activities and the level of nonprofit activities within a locality and explore potential moderating effects. Through systematically reviewing 30 extant studies, the study finds a mostly positive association between the level of government activities and the level of nonprofit activities, but this relationship is generally weak and sometimes statistically insignificant. In addition, the moderator analysis concludes that data structure, unit of analysis, and field of activity significantly moderate effect size estimates across extant studies. Overall, the net relationship between the level of government activities and the level of nonprofit activities within a locality ranges from null to slight positive. Government activities generally seem not to discourage nonprofit activities, but may slightly leverage them. © 2018, International Society for Third-Sector Research and The Johns Hopkins University.","Lu, J.; Xu, C.",Voluntas,1119
-Investigation of giving behavior to united way using log-linear modeling and discriminant analysis: An empirical study,,"Adams, A.J.; Lonial, S.C.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,1120
-Explaining gendered responses to “help-self” and “help-others” charity Ad appeals: The mediating role of world-views,,"Brunel, F.F.; Nelson, M.R.",Journal of Advertising,1121
-Advanced maternal age: ethical and medical considerations for assisted reproductive technology,"OBJECTIVES: This review explores the ethical and medical challenges faced by women of advanced maternal age who decide to have children. Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) make post-menopausal pregnancy physiologically plausible, however, one must consider the associated physical, psychological, and sociological factors involved. METHODS: A quasi-systematic review was conducted in PubMed and Ovid using the key terms post-menopause, pregnancy + MeSH terms [donations, hormone replacement therapy, assisted reproductive technologies, embryo donation, donor artificial insemination, cryopreservation]. Overall, 28 papers encompassing two major themes (ethical and medical) were included in the review. CONCLUSION: There are significant ethical considerations and medical (maternal and fetal) complications related to pregnancy in peri- and post-menopausal women. When examining the ethical and sociological perspective, the literature portrays an overall positive attitude toward pregnancy in advanced maternal age. With respect to the medical complications, the general consensus in the evaluated studies suggests that there is greater risk of complication for spontaneous pregnancy when the mother is older (eg, >35 years old). This risk can be mitigated by careful medical screening of the mother and the use of ARTs in healthy women. In these instances, a woman of advanced maternal age who is otherwise healthy can carry a pregnancy with a similar risk profile to that of her younger counterparts when using donated oocytes.","Harrison, Brittany J; Hilton, Tara N; Rivière, Raphaël N; Ferraro, Zachary M; Deonandan, Raywat; Walker, Mark C",Int. J. Womens Health,1122
-Do government grants to private charities crowd out giving or fund-raising?,"Economists have long observed that crowding out of government grants to private charities is incomplete. The accepted belief is that givers treat the grants as imperfect substitutes for private giving. We theoretically and empirically investigate a second reason: the strategic response of a charity will be to reduce fund-raising efforts after receiving a grant. Employing panel data from arts and social service organizations, we find that government grants cause significant reductions in fund-raising. This adds a new dimension to the policy discussions - analysts should account for the behavioral responses of the charity, as well as the donors, to government grants.","Andreoni, J.; Payne, A.A.",Am. Econ. Rev.,1123
-Open-Identity Sperm Donation: How Does Offering Donor-Identifying Information Relate to Donor-Conceived Offspring's Wishes and Needs?,"Over the past years, a growing number of countries have legislated open-identity donation, in which donor-conceived offspring are given access to the donor's identity once the child has reached maturity. It is held that donor anonymity creates identity problems for such children similar to the ""genealogical bewilderment"" described within the adoption context. The study of the social and psychological effects of open-identity donation is still very much in its infancy, but what has been left unquestioned is whether (and to what extent) offering access to the donor's name and address is an adequate response to such effects. This study has two goals: First, we aim to provide a systematic review of the reasons why donor-conceived (DC) offspring want to know the identity of their sperm donor. Second, we examine to what extent the provision of donor-identifying information can satisfy the reasons mentioned. The most important motivations appear to be: (1) to avoid medical risks and consanguineous relationships; (2) to satisfy curiosity; (3) to learn more about the self or to complete one's identity; (4) to learn more about what kind of person the donor is (biographical information, why he donated, etc.); (5) to form a relationship with the donor and/or his family; and (6) to learn about one's ancestry/genealogy. Our analysis shows that for nearly all of these reasons access to the donor's identity is not necessary. In those cases where it is, moreover, donor identification is not sufficient. What is really needed is (extended) contact with the donor, rather than the mere provision of his name.","Ravelingien, An; Provoost, Veerle; Pennings, Guido",J. Bioeth. Inq.,1124
-Empirical Relations Between Government Spending and Charitable Donations,"One might expect that increased governmental social-service expenditures would reduce charitable donations, but the direction and magnitude of this effect is theoretically indeterminate. Empirical estimates of this “crowdout” phenomenon are produced from British time-series data. Results suggest that a dollar of governmental social-service expenditures “crowds out” only about one-half cent of charitable donations. This implies that governmental cutbacks will not be largely replaced by charitable donations, a result consistent with most previously published studies. © 1985, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.","Steinberg, R.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,1125
-Cost-effectiveness analysis of treatment with epoietin-alpha for patients with anaemia due to renal failure: the case of Sweden,,"Glenngard, A H; Persson, U; Schon, S",,1126
-Service quality and blood donors — a marketing perspective,,"Newman, K.; Pyne, T.",Journal of Marketing Management,1127
-"Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations",,"Hofstede, G.","Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations",1128
-Are tax price models really identified: The case of charitable giving,,"Feenberg, D.",National Tax Journal,1129
-The impact of epidemic infectious diseases on the wellbeing of migrant workers: A systematic review,"Background: The COVID-19 outbreak poses challenges to people across the world and puts marginalized populations in an even more precarious position. Migrant workers, with their marginal socio-legal status in host countries, are especially vulnerable during the pandemic. The wellbeing of migrant workers, specifically low-wage laborers, is greatly compromised. Objectives: This study aims to systematically review the existing literature on how epidemic infectious diseases affect the wellbeing of migrant workers and what are the interventions to improve their wellbeing. Method: Following the PRISMA guideline, studies on migrant workers’ wellbeing or interventions to improve wellbeing during five major epidemic infectious diseases (i.e., COVID-19, SARS, Ebola, H1N1, MERS) were searched. Eleven electronic databases were used: Cochrane Library, WHO Global Research COVID-19 database, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL Plus, ERIC, MEDLINE, Social Index, PubMed, ProQuest, Social Care Online and EPPI-Mapper. In total, 17 articles that met the criteria were included. An assessment guide was developed to examine the quality of the studies. Results: Overall, the studies consistently show that major epidemic outbreaks negatively affect the physical, financial, psychological and social wellbeing of migrant workers. Migrant workers face a wide range of challenges such as risks of contagion, job insecurity, psychological distress, and discrimination. Factors associated with migrant workers’ marginal socio-economic status were attributed to these challenges. Several interventions were discussed including increased access to vaccinations, health screening at the border, promotion of hygiene strategies, and financial assistance in medical fees. Discussion: The findings highlight the need for a greater public awareness and stronger response to migrant workers’ wellbeing during an epidemic outbreak. Implications to practice and research were discussed. This review calls for more open-access data to advance research on migrant workers, and evidence-based interventions with a long-term effect. © 2020, International Journal of Wellbeing Charitable Trust. All rights reserved.","Wang, F.; Tian, C.; Qin, W.",Int. J. Wellbeing,1130
-Charitable deductions and tax reform: new evidence on giving behavior,,"Auten, G.; Rudney, G.",Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the National Tux Association,1131
-What leads Indians to participate in clinical trials? A meta-analysis of qualitative studies,"BACKGROUND: With the globalization of clinical trials, large developing nations have substantially increased their participation in multi-site studies. This participation has raised ethical concerns, among them the fear that local customs, habits and culture are not respected while asking potential participants to take part in study. This knowledge gap is particularly noticeable among Indian subjects, since despite the large number of participants, little is known regarding what factors affect their willingness to participate in clinical trials. METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis of all studies evaluating the factors and barriers, from the perspective of potential Indian participants, contributing to their participation in clinical trials. We searched both international as well as Indian-specific bibliographic databases, including Pubmed, Cochrane, Openjgate, MedInd, Scirus and Medknow, also performing hand searches and communicating with authors to obtain additional references. We enrolled studies dealing exclusively with the participation of Indians in clinical trials. Data extraction was conducted by three researchers, with disagreement being resolved by consensus. RESULTS: Six qualitative studies and one survey were found evaluating the main themes affecting the participation of Indian subjects. Themes included Personal health benefits, Altruism, Trust in physicians, Source of extra income, Detailed knowledge, Methods for motivating participants as factors favoring, while Mistrust on trial organizations, Concerns about efficacy and safety of trials, Psychological reasons, Trial burden, Loss of confidentiality, Dependency issues, Language as the barriers. CONCLUSION: We identified factors that facilitated and barriers that have negative implications on trial participation decisions in Indian subjects. Due consideration and weightage should be assigned to these factors while planning future trials in India.","Shah, Jatin Y; Phadtare, Amruta; Rajgor, Dimple; Vaghasia, Meenakshi; Pradhan, Shreyasee; Zelko, Hilary; Pietrobon, Ricardo",PLoS One,1132
-Data on diagnostic performance of stress perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance for coronary artery disease detection at the vessel level,"Stress perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has been proposed as an important gatekeeper for invasive coronary angiography (ICA) and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in patients evaluated for possible coronary artery disease (CAD) (Fihn et al., 2012; Montalescot et al., 2013) [1], [2]. Several meta-analyses have evaluated the accuracy of stress perfusion CMR to diagnose CAD at the vessel level (Danad et al., 2017; Dai et al., 2016; Jiang et al., 2016; Takx et al., 2015; Li et al., 2015; Desai and Jha, 2013; Jaarsma et al. 2012; Hamon et al., 2010; Nandalur et al. 2007) [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]. However, they included in the same analysis studies with different definitions of significant CAD (i.e. fractional flow reserve [FFR] < 0.75 and < 0.80 or coronary stenosis ≥ 50% and ≥ 70%), magnetic field strength (1.5 or 3 Tesla [T]), and study protocol (integration or not of late gadolinium enhancement [LGE] into stress perfusion protocol). Data of 34 studies (6091 arteries) have been pooled with the aim of analyzing the accuracy of stress perfusion CMR for the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease at the vessel level according to different definitions of significant CAD, magnetic field strength and study protocol (Arnold et al., 2010; Bettencourt et al., 2013; Cheng et al., 2007; Chiribiri et al., 2013; Cury et al., 2006; De Mello et al., 2012; Donati et al., 2010; Ebersberger et al., 2013; Gebker et al., 2008; Greulich et al., 2015; Hussain et al., 2016; Ishida et al., 2005, 2003; Kamiya et al., 2014; Kitagawa et al., 2008; Klein et al., 2008; Klem et al., 2006; Klumpp et al., 2010; Krittayaphong et al., 2009; Lockie et al., 2011; Ma et al., 2012; Merkle et al., 2007; Meyer et al., 2008; Mor-Avi et al., 2008; Pan et al., 2015; Papanastasiou et al., 2016; Pons Lladó et al., 2004; Sakuma et al., 2005; Salerno et al., 2014; Scheffel et al., 2010; van Werkhoven et al., 2010; Walcher et al., 2013; Watkins et al., 2009; Yun et al., 2015) [12-45]. This article describes data related article titled ""Diagnostic Performance of Stress Perfusion Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Detection of Coronary Artery Disease"" (Kiaos et al., submitted for publication) [46].","Kiaos, Apostolos; Tziatzios, Ioannis; Hadjimiltiades, Stavros; Karvounis, Charalambos; Karamitsos, Theodoros D",Data Brief,1133
-Enhancing engagement with community sector organisations working in sustainable waste management: A case study,"Voluntary and community sector organisations are increasingly being viewed as key agents of change in the shifts towards the concepts of resource efficiency and circular economy, at the community level. Using a meta-analysis and questionnaire surveys across three towns in the East Midlands of England, namely Northampton, Milton Keynes and Luton, this study aimed to understand public engagement with these organisations. The findings suggest that these organisations play a significant and wide-spread role, not only with regard to sustainable environmental management, but also a social role in community development and regeneration. The surveys indicated that there were generally high levels of awareness of the organisations and strong engagement with them. Clothes were the items most donated. Key reasons for engagement included the financial value offered and the perception that it helped the environment. However, potential limitations in future public engagement were also determined and recommendations for addressing these suggested.","Dururu, John; Anderson, Craig; Bates, Margaret; Montasser, Waleed; Tudor, Terry",Waste Manag. Res.,1134
-Being watched: Effects of an audience on eye gaze and prosocial behaviour,"When someone is watching you, you may change your behaviour in various ways: this is called the ‘audience effect’. Social behaviours such as acting prosocially or changing gaze patterns may be used as signals of reputation and thus may be particularly prone to audience effects. The present paper aims to test the relationship between prosocial choices, gaze patterns and the feeling of being watched within a novel ecologically valid paradigm, where participants communicate with a video-clip of a confederate and believe she is (or is not) a live feed of a confederate who can see them back. Results show that when participants believe they are watched, they tend to make more prosocial choices and they gaze less to the confederate. We also find that the increase in prosocial behaviour when being watched correlates with social anxiety traits. Moreover, we show for the first time that prosocial choices influence subsequent gaze patterns of participants, although this is true for both live and pre-recorded interactions. Overall, these findings suggest that the opportunity to signal a good reputation to other people is a key modulator of prosocial decisions and eye gaze in live communicative contexts. They further indicate that gaze should be considered as an interactive and dynamic signal. © 2019 The Authors","Cañigueral, R.; Hamilton, A.F.D.C.",Acta Psychol.,1135
-A worldwide review of support mechanisms for car clubs,"Car clubs have operated on a large scale only since 1987, when the first scheme began in Switzerland, although prior to that there were several smaller-scale projects. Schemes then spread to Germany, Austria and the Netherlands. More recently, car clubs have been set up in the UK, Denmark, Italy, and Sweden, and in Canada and the USA. These clubs have developed (and are still developing) in a number of ways. Some schemes are community-level schemes with only one or two vehicles, while others are national organisations with many thousands of members. And some schemes are run by volunteers and are non-profit making, while others are commercial ventures run by international companies. Despite such diverse beginnings, it is clear that the vast majority of schemes face similar problems in becoming established. One major barrier has been the lack of involvement or support from local and national Government. Given the potential benefits of car clubs to deliver environmental and social improvements to communities, this is somewhat surprising. As experience of car clubs spreads, this situation has begun to change and there are signs that Government attitudes across the world are becoming more enthusiastic to the idea of encouraging car clubs. This paper draws on the results of a state-of-the-art review, based on several face-to-face and telephone interviews, email communications, internet sites and existing literature to identify cases where such a change in attitude has occurred, how various levels of Government have translated this into action, and what lessons could be learnt from each example. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Enoch, Marcus P; Taylor, Jo",Transp. Policy,1136
-Effects of eye images on everyday cooperative behavior: A field experiment,"Laboratory studies have shown that images of eyes can cause people to behave more cooperatively in some economic games, and in a previous experiment, we found that eye images increased the level of contributions to an honesty box. However, the generality and robustness of the eyes effect is not known. Here, we extended our research on the effects of eye images on cooperative behavior to a novel context-littering behavior in a university cafeteria-and attempted to elucidate the mechanism by which they work, by displaying them both in conjunction with, and not associated with, verbal messages to clear one's litter. We found a halving of the odds of littering in the presence of posters featuring eyes, as compared to posters featuring flowers. This effect was independent of whether the poster exhorted litter clearing or contained an unrelated message, suggesting that the effect of eye images cannot be explained by their drawing attention to verbal instructions. There was some support for the hypothesis that eye images had a larger effect when there were few people in the cafÉ than when the cafÉ was busy. Our results confirm that the effects of subtle cues of observation on cooperative behavior can be large in certain real-world contexts. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.","Ernest-Jones, M.; Nettle, D.; Bateson, M.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,1137
-Recombinant activated factor VIIa for the treatment of bleeding in major abdominal surgery including vascular and urological surgery: a review and meta-analysis of published data,"A meta-analysis of case series showed a reduction of bleeding in 73.2% of patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Patients who responded to treatment with recombinant activated factor VII (where bleeding had stopped or was reduced) had a significantly higher probability of survival. Recombinant activated factor VII was not associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism compared with placebo. XCM: This review addressed a clear review question, but the study selection criteria were unclear. Appropriate databases were searched, but neither the fact that placebo-controlled trials were eligible for inclusion, nor what measures were taken to identify conference abstracts, was reported. Few details were provided of the review process, so the risk of reviewer errors and/or bias affecting study selection, assessment of study quality and data extraction was unclear.No quality assessment was reported, and most included studies were case reports or case series (generally considered lower quality evidence than large scale observational data or randomised controlled trials). Sufficient primary study details were reported for case reports and case series, but not for placebo-controlled trials. The method of synthesis generally appeared appropriate, although the stated assumption that the studies identified within the case series were a random sample may not be reliable; the intention to perform a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies was not stated at this stage. The results were adequately reported.Overall, as much of the review was unclearly reported and most of the included studies were of uncertain quality, the validity of the conclusions based on these results is unclear. Several of the authors disclosed financial links Novo Nordisk Pharma (manufacturers of rFVIIa drugs and one of the sponsors of the review). XIM: Practice: The authors stated that, if there are not pre-existing coagulation disorders, there are no indications for the prophylactic administration of rFVIIa, but rFVIIa can be considered as an additional therapeutic option if serious bleeding was refractory to conventional treatment. Research: The authors stated that prospective randomised studies are needed to investigate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of rFVIIa in patients in whom serious bleeding was refractory to conventional treatment, in order to allow a final assessment of the importance of this treatment to be made.","von Heymann, C; Jonas, S; Spies, C; Wernecke, K D; Ziemer, S; Janssen, D; Koscielny, J",,1138
-Why do donors donate?,"This chapter brings together different theories that explain motivations of donors to provide financial support to the nonprofit organizations (NPOs) and introduces some variables that explain why some entities obtain more resources than others. For this purpose, the chapter presents a literature review of the most relevant publications in terms of donor motivations, theories on donor behavior, as well as the role of socio-economic factors, welfare state models, and information technologies. Also, it introduces the contribution of different agents around this topic: governments, to supervise and control the NPOs’ activities, and both umbrella and watchdog organizations that facilitate the process of choice for donors, among others. The chapter also reviews the main academic contributions on corporate donors, which varies from commercial motives to increase the company’s profit to striving to contribute to the common good. So, NPOs are facing a constantly growing pressure to find sources of funding for their activities, which emerges as another element of the organization’s global strategy at the service of the social objectives of the entity. © 2020 Taylor & Francis.","Bretos, I.; Díaz-Foncea, M.; Marcuello, C.",Financing Nonprofit Organizations,1139
-,,"Rand, D.G.",Cooperation (unlike altruism) is intuitive for men as well as women,1140
-Noncitizen Voting Rights in the Global Era: a Literature Review and Analysis,"Today, people are moving from countryside to city, city to city, and country to country at one of the highest rates in human history. Globalization, poverty, war, persecution, and environmental crises—as well as the pursuit of safety and better economic opportunities—are propelling a mass migration of people from the Global South to the Global North. In response, some countries have limited immigration directly or restricted certain rights and privileges to discourage immigrants. Conversely, other countries have provided refuge and expanded pathways to rights and benefits out of altruism and humanity, economic self-interest, or both. As the pace of global migration has increased, the idea that political rights should follow or accompany immigrants has also grown and gained traction. Voting is one such right. Most countries typically limit voting rights to its citizens. However, during the past several decades, some have extended the franchise to noncitizen residents. In fact, at least forty-five countries presently allow noncitizen residents to vote in their local, regional, or even national elections. What is driving the expansion of noncitizen voting (NCV)? Where and to what ends are such policies being enacted? For this article, the authors conducted a systematic review to examine these questions and assess the implications of enfranchisement for advancing immigrant incorporation and democratic practice. © 2019, Springer Nature B.V.","Ferris, D; Hayduk, R; Richards, A; Schubert, E S; Acri, M",Journal of International Migration and Integration,1141
-The integration of a logistical decision-making framework into nonprofit marketing,,"Jones, J.R.; Cooper, P.D.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,1142
-Two decades of research comparing for-profit and nonprofit health provider performance in the United States,"Objective. This article reports on a systematic review of data-based, peer-reviewed scientific assessments of performance differences between private for-profit and private nonprofit U.S. health care providers published since 1980. Methods.' Computerized bibliographic searches of all relevant databases yielded 149 studies (179 assessments) that compared the performance of for-profit and nonprofit health care providers on four performance criteria (access, quality, cost/efficiency, and/or amount of charity care). Reported findings on performance were coded in one of three ways: for-profit superiority, nonprofit superiority, or no difference/mixed results. Results. Overall, the nonprofits were judged superior 59 percent of the time, the for-profits superior only 12 percent of the time, and for the rest (29 percent), no difference was found or results were mixed. Conclusions. Caution is warranted on policies that encourage private for-profit entities to replace private nonprofit providers of health care services in the United States.","Rosenau, P V; Linder, S H",Soc. Sci. Q.,1143
-Artificial surveillance cues do not increase generosity: Two meta-analyses,,"Northover, S.B.; Pedersen, W.C.; Cohen, A.B.; Rews, P.W.",Evol. Hum. Behav,1144
-"Pride, Guilt, and Self-Regulation in Cause-Related Marketing Advertisements",,"Coleman, J.T.; Royne, M.B.; Pounders, K.R.",Journal of Advertising,1145
-"""I didn't mean it..."": The sequential techniques of social influence and unethical behaviour",,"Paska, M.",Studia Psychologiczne,1146
-Between Karma and Buddha: Prosocial Behavior among Mongolians in an Anonymous Economic Game,"Norenzayan and colleagues argue that culturally evolved beliefs in monitoring and punishing supernatural agents contributed to the expansion of large-scale cooperation. Previous studies showed that Western participants primed with the God concept in anonymous dictator games tended to be more prosocial. However, there is a lack of studies that would investigate karmic beliefs and its effect on pro-sociality, thus expanding the scope of supernatural punishment hypothesis. The current study is one of the first attempts to address the question of belief in karma and its relation to prosocial behavior in a non-Western Buddhist culture. Using karma as a prime and a dictator game to measure generosity, the present study was carried out with Mongolians. Overall, Mongolians were rather generous. While we did not find the effect of the karma prime, there remains a possibility that this effect was masked by overall generosity. However, first, it is argued that the Mongolian Buddhist conceptions of karma (üiliin ür) and merit (buyan), intertwined with nomadic generosity norms, might have facilitated prosocial behavior among Mongolians. Second, results from regression analyses highlighted some variation between self-ascribed Buddhist and non-religious Mongolians, showing that Buddhist participants tended to give slightly more than non-religious participants. Third, the current results also indicate that belief in Buddha with God-like attributes, though espoused by a non-negligible number of Buddhist Mongolians, is not unanimous. And those who expressed this belief were no more generous than those who did not. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Berniūnas, R.; Dranseika, V.; Tserendamba, D.",Int. J. Psychol. Relig.,1147
-Statistical and measurement pitfalls in the use of meta-regression in meta-analysis,"Purpose: Meta-regression is widely used and misused today in meta-analyses in psychology, organizational behavior, marketing, management, and other social sciences, as an approach to the identification and calibration of moderators, with most users being unaware of serious problems in its use. The purpose of this paper is to describe nine serious methodological problems that plague applications of meta-regression. Design/methodology/approach: This paper is methodological in nature and is based on well-established principles of measurement and statistics. These principles are used to illuminate the potential pitfalls in typical applications of meta-regression. Findings: The analysis in this paper demonstrates that many of the nine statistical and measurement pitfalls in the use of meta-regression are nearly universal in applications in the literature, leading to the conclusion that few meta-regressions in the literature today are trustworthy. A second conclusion is that in almost all cases, hierarchical subgrouping of studies is superior to meta-regression as a method of identifying and calibrating moderators. Finally, a third conclusion is that, contrary to popular belief among researchers, the process of accurately identifying and calibrating moderators, even with the best available methods, is complex, difficult, and data demanding. Practical implications: This paper provides useful guidance to meta-analytic researchers that will improve the practice of moderator identification and calibration in social science research literatures. Social implications: Today, many important decisions are made on the basis of the results of meta-analyses. These include decisions in medicine, pharmacology, applied psychology, management, marketing, social policy, and other social sciences. The guidance provided in this paper will improve the quality of such decisions by improving the accuracy and trustworthiness of meta-analytic results. Originality/value: This paper is original and valuable in that there is no similar listing and discussion of the pitfalls in the use of meta-regression in the literature, and there is currently a widespread lack of knowledge of these problems among meta-analytic researchers in all disciplines. © 2017, © Emerald Publishing Limited.","Schmidt, F.L.",Career Dev. Int.,1148
-Body iron stores and heme-iron intake in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis,"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Emerging evidence from biological and epidemiological studies has suggested that body iron stores and heme-iron intake may be related to the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aimed to examine the association of body iron stores and heme-iron intake with T2D risk by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of previously published studies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Systematic review and subsequent meta-analysis were conducted by searching MEDLINE database up to June 22, 2012 to identify studies that analyzed the association of body iron stores or dietary heme-iron intake with T2D risk. The meta-analysis was performed using the effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to calculate the pooled risk estimates, while the heterogeneity among studies was examined using the I(2) and Q statistic. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 16 high-quality studies: 12 studies analyzed ferritin levels (4,366 T2D patients and 41,091 controls) and 4 measured heme-iron intake (9,246 T2D patients and 179,689 controls). The combined relative risk (RR) comparing the highest and lowest category of ferritin levels was 1.66 (95% CI: 1.15-2.39) for prospective studies, 2.29 (95% CI: 1.48-3.54) for cross-sectional studies with heterogeneity (Q = 14.84, p = 0.01, I(2) = 66.3%; Q = 44.16, p<0.001, I(2) = 88.7%). The combined RR comparing the highest and lowest category of heme-iron intake was 1.31 (95% CI: 1.21-1.43) with heterogeneity (Q = 1.39, p = 0.71, I(2) = 0%). No publication bias was found. Additional 15 studies that were of good quality, had significant results, and analyzed the association between body iron stores and T2D risk were qualitatively included in the systematic review. CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis and systematic review suggest that increased ferritin levels and heme-iron intake are both associated with higher risk of T2D.","Zhao, Zhuoxian; Li, Sheyu; Liu, Guanjian; Yan, Fangfang; Ma, Xuelei; Huang, Zeyu; Tian, Haoming",PLoS One,1149
-Robot Presence and Human Honesty: Experimental Evidence,"Robots are predicted to serve in environments in which human honesty is important, such as the workplace, schools, and public institutions. Can the presence of a robot facilitate honest behavior? In this paper, we describe an experimental study evaluating the effects of robot social presence on people's honesty. Participants completed a perceptual task, which is structured so as to allow them to earn more money by not complying with the experiment instructions. We compare three conditions between subjects: Completing the task alone in a room; completing it with a non-monitoring human present; and completing it with a non-monitoring robot present. The robot is a new expressive social head capable of 4-DoF head movement and screen-based eye animation, specifically designed and built for this research. It was designed to convey social presence, but not monitoring. We find that people cheat in all three conditions, but cheat equally less when there is a human or a robot in the room, compared to when they are alone. We did not find differences in the perceived authority of the human and the robot, but did find that people felt significantly less guilty after cheating in the presence of a robot as compared to a human. This has implications for the use of robots in monitoring and supervising tasks in environments in which honesty is key. © 2015 ACM.","Hoffman, G.; Forlizzi, J.; Ayal, S.; Steinfeld, A.; Antanitis, J.; Hochman, G.; Hochendoner, E.; Finkenaur, J.",ACM/IEEE Int. Conf. Hum.-Rob. Interact.,1150
-A Two-Tiered Charitable Contribution Credit for All American Taxpayers,"This policy memo proposes and simulates the effects of a two-tier, nonrefundable tax credit for charitable contributions. A two-rate credit would expand access to tax incentives for charitable contributions to most Americans and increase charitable giving significantly, with substantial cost savings compared to alternative policy changes. © 2020 Nicolas Duquette, published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2020.","Duquette, N.",Nonprofit Policy Forum,1151
-"Parental media monitoring, prosocial violent media exposure, and adolescents' prosocial and aggressive behaviors","Prosocial violent media (e.g., media that combines both violent and prosocial content) is especially popular in entertainment media today. However, it remains unclear how parental media monitoring is associated with exposure to prosocial violent content and adolescent behavior. Accordingly, 1,193 adolescents were asked about parental media monitoring, media content exposure, and behavior. Main findings suggest that autonomy supportive restrictive monitoring was associated with lower levels of exposure to prosocial violent content, but only among older adolescents. Additionally, autonomy supportive restrictive monitoring was the only form of parental media monitoring associated with lower levels of violent content and higher levels of prosocial content, and autonomy supportive active monitoring was the only parental monitoring strategy that promoted prosocial behavior via exposure to prosocial media content. Discussion focuses on the importance of autonomy supportive parental monitoring, as well as the implications of parents encouraging their children to watch media with limited violent content—even if it is prosocial violent content. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Holmgren, H.G.; Padilla-Walker, L.M.; Stockdale, L.A.; Coyne, S.M.",Aggress. Behav.,1152
-Social heuristics shape intuitive cooperation,"Cooperation is central to human societies. Yet relatively little is known about the cognitive underpinnings of cooperative decision making. Does cooperation require deliberate self-restraint? Or is spontaneous prosociality reined in by calculating self-interest? Here we present a theory of why (and for whom) intuition favors cooperation: cooperation is typically advantageous in everyday life, leading to the formation of generalized cooperative intuitions. Deliberation, by contrast, adjusts behaviour towards the optimum for a given situation. Thus, in one-shot anonymous interactions where selfishness is optimal, intuitive responses tend to be more cooperative than deliberative responses. We test this 'social heuristics hypothesis' by aggregating across every cooperation experiment using time pressure that we conducted over a 2-year period (15 studies and 6,910 decisions), as well as performing a novel time pressure experiment. Doing so demonstrates a positive average effect of time pressure on cooperation. We also find substantial variation in this effect, and show that this variation is partly explained by previous experience with one-shot lab experiments. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited.","Rand, D.G.; Peysakhovich, A.; Kraft-Todd, G.T.; Newman, G.E.; Wurzbacher, O.; Nowak, M.A.; Greene, J.D.",Nat. Commun.,1153
-"Taking, giving, and impure altruism in dictator games","We show that, if giving is equivalent to not taking, impure altruism could account for List’s (in Journal of Political Economy 115(3):482–493, 2007) finding that the payoff to recipients in a dictator game decreases when the dictator has the option to take. We examine behavior in dictator games with different taking options but equivalent final payoff possibilities. We find that recipients tend to earn more as the amount the dictator must take to achieve a given final payoff increases, a result consistent with the hypothesis that the cold prickle of taking is stronger than the warm glow of giving. We conclude that not taking is not equivalent to giving and agree with List (in Journal of Political Economy 115(3):482–493, 2007) that the current social preference models fail to rationalize the observed data. © 2013, Economic Science Association.","Korenok, O.; Millner, E.L.; Razzolini, L.",Exp. Econ.,1154
-(Un)Informed charitable giving,"Evidence suggests little informed giving. To understand this behavior, we examine voluntary provision of a discrete public good with independent private values that can be ascertained at a cost. We find that an individual who considers a smaller contribution is less likely to learn her value, and thus the percentage of informed giving diminishes as the population grows. We also find that a direct grant to the charity exacerbates crowding-out by discouraging information acquisition whereas a matching grant increases donations by encouraging it. We further show that with costly information, a (first-order) stochastic increase in values can decrease donations; and that facilitating private acquisition of information can be a better fund-raising strategy than directly supplying it. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.","Krasteva, S.; Yildirim, H.",J. Public Econ.,1155
-"Cooperation, Fast and Slow: Meta-Analytic Evidence for a Theory of Social Heuristics and Self-Interested Deliberation","Does cooperating require the inhibition of selfish urges? Or does “rational” self-interest constrain cooperative impulses? I investigated the role of intuition and deliberation in cooperation by meta-analyzing 67 studies in which cognitive-processing manipulations were applied to economic cooperation games (total N = 17,647; no indication of publication bias using Egger’s test, Begg’s test, or p-curve). My meta-analysis was guided by the social heuristics hypothesis, which proposes that intuition favors behavior that typically maximizes payoffs, whereas deliberation favors behavior that maximizes one’s payoff in the current situation. Therefore, this theory predicts that deliberation will undermine pure cooperation (i.e., cooperation in settings where there are few future consequences for one’s actions, such that cooperating is not in one’s self-interest) but not strategic cooperation (i.e., cooperation in settings where cooperating can maximize one’s payoff). As predicted, the meta-analysis revealed 17.3% more pure cooperation when intuition was promoted over deliberation, but no significant difference in strategic cooperation between more intuitive and more deliberative conditions. © 2016, © The Author(s) 2016.","Rand, D.G.",Psychol. Sci.,1156
-Understanding the feasibility and value of grassroots innovation,,"Gupta, S.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,1157
-The efficiency of tax incentives to private charitable giving - Some econometric evidence for the Federal Republic of Germany,,"Paqué, K.-H.",Weltwirtsch. Arch.,1158
-When charity begins at home: How personal financial scarcity drives preference for donating locally at the expense of global concerns,"Research was conducted to understand what drives individuals’ decisions to make charitable donations to local charities versus international charities that serve targets in far-away places. Six experiments using real charities were conducted: in two experiments participants donated their own money and in the other four participants dictated the allocation of money donated by the authors. Results demonstrate that when individuals perceive that their personal financial resources are scarce, their charitable allocations are weighted more heavily towards local charities. A random effects meta-analysis of effect sizes corroborates the robustness of these results. The authors discuss research on social myopia, altruism, and evolutionary psychology to explain charitable priorities, and demonstrate that financial scarcity is an activating agent that drives individuals to prioritize local charities regardless of the importance of the charity and neediness of the beneficiary. The authors further show that the individual's implicit similarity to the target of donation further enhances the effect of personal financial scarcity. The authors present the results within the context of the broader conversation among psychologists and philosophers regarding optimal giving to achieve the greatest social good, suggesting that even a small change in donation allocation has substantial economic consequences for charities far away from home. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.","Herzenstein, M; Posavac, S S",J. Econ. Psychol.,1159
-Wearable computing: Will it make people prosocial?,"We recently reported that people who wear an eye tracker modify their natural looking behaviour in a prosocial manner. This change in looking behaviour represents a potential concern for researchers who wish to use eye trackers to understand the functioning of human attention. On the other hand, it may offer a real boon to manufacturers and consumers of wearable computing (e.g., Google Glass), for if wearable computing causes people to behave in a prosocial manner, then the public's fear that people with wearable computing will invade their privacy is unfounded. Critically, both of these divergent implications are grounded on the assumption that the prosocial behavioural effect of wearing an eye tracker is sustained for a prolonged period of time. Our study reveals that on the very first wearing of an eye tracker, and in less than 10 min, the prosocial effect of an eye tracker is abolished, but by drawing attention back to the eye tracker, the implied presence effect is easily reactivated. This suggests that eye trackers induce a transient social presence effect, which is rendered dormant when attention is shifted away from the source of implied presence. This is good news for researchers who use eye trackers to measure attention and behaviour; and could be bad news for advocates of wearable computing in everyday life. © 2014 The British Psychological Society.","Nasiopoulos, E.; Risko, E.F.; Foulsham, T.; Kingstone, A.",Br. J. Psychol.,1160
-Wa(tc)sh out! The effects of cues of being watched on implicit activation of norms and hand disinfection behaviour,,"Kuliga, S.; Tanja-Dijkstra, K.; Verhoeven, F.","Paper presented at the 9th biennial conference on environmental psychology, Eindhoven, Netherlands",1161
-From good institutions to generous citizens: Top-down incentives to cooperate promote subsequent prosociality but not norm enforcement,"What makes people willing to pay costs to help others, and to punish others’ selfishness? Why does the extent of such behaviors vary markedly across cultures? To shed light on these questions, we explore the role of formal institutions in shaping individuals’ prosociality and punishment. In Study 1 (N = 707), American participants who reported living under higher quality cooperation-enforcing institutions (police and courts) gave significantly more in a Dictator Game (DG), but did not punish significantly more in a Third-Party Punishment Game (TPPG). In Study 1R (N = 1705), we replicated the positive relationship between reported institutional quality and DG giving observed in Study 1. In Study 2 (N = 516), we experimentally manipulated institutional quality in a repeated Public Goods Game with a centralized punishment institution. Consistent with the correlational results of Study 1 and 1R, we found that centralized punishment led to significantly more prosociality in a subsequent DG compared to a no-punishment control, but had no significant direct effect on subsequent TPPG punishment (only an indirect effect via increased DG giving). Thus we present convergent evidence that the quality of institutions one is exposed to “spills over” to subsequent prosociality but not punishment. These findings support a theory of social heuristics, suggest boundary conditions on spillover effects of cooperation, and demonstrate the power of effective institutions for instilling habits of virtue and creating cultures of cooperation. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.","Stagnaro, M.N.; Arechar, A.A.; Rand, D.G.",Cognition,1162
-Effects of a mirror on young children’s transgression in a gift-delay task,"While the development of self-recognition in a mirror by toddlers is well documented, less is known about how the presence of a mirror affects young children’s behaviour. Here, we explored how the presence of a mirror affected 2.5- to 3.5-year-olds’ behaviour in a gift-delay task. Behaviour was assessed for a five-minute test period during which children sat in front of a gift bag that was not to be touched until an experimenter returned. Transgressive behaviour by adults is reduced in the presence of a mirror, so we hypothesized that children faced with a mirror would be less likely to touch the gift than children tested without a mirror. We found that the mirror reduced transgressions in children starting from around 3 years of age. We conclude that the presence of a mirror facilitated self-monitoring in 3-year-old children, such that deviations from a behavioural standard are noticed and corrected immediately. Statement of contribution What is already known on the subject? Children’s self-recognition in a mirror has been well documented. Adults’ behaviour can be affected by the presence of a mirror. There is a lack of research investigating how the presence of a mirror affects young children’s behaviour. What does this study add? We show that the presence of a mirror decreases young children’s likelihood to transgress in a gift-delay task. This effect appears to emerge at around three years of age. These findings raise interesting questions regarding the development of self-awareness and how it relates to other mechanisms. © 2019 The British Psychological Society","Martin, D.U.; Perry, C.; Kaufman, J.",Br. J. Dev. Psychol.,1163
-Inspiring altruism: Reflecting on the personal relevance of emotionally evocative prosocial media characters,"Educators have proposed that admired behavior by media characters evokes audience emulation if subsequent personal reflection results in audience members realizing that they want to and are able to behave in a similar manner. Two experiments investigated this. In Study 1, exposure to prosocial media models increased altruistic inclinations among teenagers only if they were also instructed to reflect on the personal significance of what they had seen. In Study 2, medical students exposed to prosocial media models had higher empathic and altruistic intentions if they reflected on the personal rather than the professional significance of what they had seen. Personal inspiration and recognition of enactment possibilities seemed key determinants of emulation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Farsides, T.; Pettman, D.; Tourle, L.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,1164
-Group size effects and critical mass in public goods games,"Understanding whether the size of the interacting group has an effect on cooperative behavior has been a major topic of debate since the seminal works on cooperation in the 1960s. Half a century later, scholars have yet to reach a consensus, with some arguing that cooperation is harder in larger groups, while others that cooperation is easier in larger groups, and yet others that cooperation attains its maximum in intermediate size groups. Here we add to this field of work by reporting a two-treatment empirical study where subjects play a Public Goods Game with a Critical Mass, such that the return for full cooperation increases linearly for early contributions and then stabilizes after a critical mass is reached (the two treatments differ only on the critical mass). We choose this game for two reasons: it has been argued that it approximates real-life social dilemmas; previous work suggests that, in this case, group size might have an inverted-U effect on cooperation, where the pick of cooperation is reached around the critical mass. Our main innovation with respect to previous experiments is that we implement a within-subject design, such that the same subject plays in groups of different size (from 5 to 40 subjects). Groups are formed at random at every round and there is no feedback. This allows us to explore if and how subjects change their choice as a function of the size of the group. We report three main results, which partially contrast what has been suggested by previous work: in our setting (i) the critical mass has no effect on cooperation; (ii) group size has a positive effect on cooperation; (iii) the most chosen option (played by about 50% of the subjects) is All Defection, followed by All Cooperation (about 10% of the subjects), whereas the rest have a slight trend to switch preferentially from defection to cooperation as the group size increases. © 2019, The Author(s).","Pereda, M.; Capraro, V.; Sánchez, A.",Sci. Rep.,1165
-The influence of divine rewards and punishments on religious prosociality,"A common finding across many cultures has been that religious people behave more prosocially than less (or non-) religious people. Numerous priming studies have demonstrated that the activation of religious concepts via implicit and explicit cues (e.g., 'God,' 'salvation,' among many others) increases prosociality in religious people. However, the factors underlying such findings are less clear. In this review we discuss hypotheses (e.g., the supernatural punishment hypothesis) that explain the religion-prosociality link, and also how recent findings in the empirical literature converge to suggest that the divine rewards (e.g., heaven) and punishments (e.g., hell) promised by various religious traditions may play a significant role. In addition, we further discuss inconsistencies in the religion-prosociality literature, as well as existing and future psychological studies which could improve our understanding of whether, and how, concepts of divine rewards and punishments may influence prosociality. © 2016 Saleam and Moustafa.","Saleam, J.; Moustafa, A.A.",Front. Psychol.,1166
-Is Behavioral Ethics Ready for Giving Business and Policy Advice?,"This essay is a critical perspective of the applicability of behavioral ethics in business and policy interventions. I summarize a series of proposed interventions to increase people’s honesty, inspired by ethical dissonance theory, such as increasing salience of moral norms, visibility, and self-engagement. Although I agree that behavioral ethics could offer simple, low-cost interventions with the potential of reducing unethical behavior (not only) in organizations, there are several risks and methodological limitations not sufficiently discussed. The interventions thus could eventually lead to weaker positive impacts or even long-term negative consequences. I suggest several alternative approaches to decrease dishonesty such as making the moral choice easier, implementing salient accountability, and removing dishonesty temptations and dishonest employees. The article concludes with a warning that unrealistic expectations may damage the credibility of behavioral ethics. © The Author(s) 2017.","Houdek, P.",J. Manage. Inq.,1167
-Cognitive depletion and the effectiveness of the door-in-the-face and fear-then-relief compliance techniques,,"Spiewak, S.",Studia Psychologiczne,1168
-A systematic review of laparoscopic live-donor nephrectomy,"BACKGROUND: A systematic review was undertaken to assess the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic live-donor nephrectomy (LLDN) compared with open live-donor nephrectomy (OLDN). METHODS: Literature databases were searched from inception to March 2003 inclusive. Comparative studies of LLDN versus OLDN (randomized and nonrandomized) were included. RESULTS: There were 44 included studies, and the quality of the available evidence was average. There was only one randomized controlled trial and six nonrandomized comparative studies with concurrent controls identified. In terms of safety, for donors, there did not seem to be any distinct difference between the laparoscopic and open approaches. No donor mortality was reported for either procedure, and the complication rates were similar although the types of complications experienced differed between the two procedures. The conversion rate for LLDN to an open procedure ranged from 0% to 13%. In terms of efficacy, LLDN seemed to be a slower operation with longer warm ischemia times than OLDN, but this did not seem to have resulted in increased rates of delayed graft function for recipients. Donor postoperative recovery and convalescence seemed to be superior for LLDN, making it a potentially more attractive operation for living donors. Although in the short-term, graft function and survival did not seem to differ between the two techniques, long-term complication rates and allograft function could not be determined and further long-term follow-up is required. CONCLUSIONS: LLDN seems to be at least as safe and efficacious as OLDN in the short-term. However, it remains a technique in evolution. Further high-quality studies are required to resolve some of the outstanding issues surrounding its use, in particular, long-term follow-up of donor complications and recipient graft function and survival.","Tooher, Rebecca L; Rao, M Mohan; Scott, David F; Wall, Daryl R; Francis, David M A; Bridgewater, Franklin H G; Maddern, Guy J",Transplantation,1169
-Applying evolutionary methods in economics: progress or pitfall?,"The Darwinian theory of evolution has arguably become an important building block for experimental and theoretical economists. According to Burnham (J Econ Behav Org 90:S113–S127, 2013), it is possible to formulate novel hypotheses and predictions about human preferences, on the basis of what patterns of behavior would have been adaptive in the ancestral environment. After clarifying two theoretical concepts, the Adaptively Relevant Environment and fitness maximization, I argue that multiple scientifically plausible hypotheses about human preferences are compatible with evolutionary models that target behavior. Moreover, I propose a refinement of Burnham’s method based on theoretical resources provided by the indirect evolutionary approach. Economists apply or build evolutionary models of their own that target particular features of human psychology and cognition. Such models may reduce the number of plausible hypotheses to allow for rigorous scientific testing in laboratory or field experiments. © 2020, The Author(s).","Koliofotis, V.",J. Bioecon.,1170
-Cause marketing effectiveness and the moderating role of price discounts,,"Andrews, M.; Luo, X.; Fang, Z.; Aspara, J.",Journal of Marketing,1171
-"""Even a Single Package of Pastas Will Help..."": The Effectiveness of the Legitimizing Paltry Contribution Technique on Altruism","Research has shown that the statement ""Even a penny will help"" associated with charity fund-raising increases compliance. The present experiment analyzed the effectiveness of this technique using a novel solicitation and an intermediate delay between the statement and the actual execution of the request. Confederates solicited customers in a store for a food donation organized by food humanitarian organization. They wore a T-shirt on which the statement ""Even a single package of pastas will help."" was either present or not. Results show that more people gave food products when this statement appeared on the T-shirt. © The Author(s) 2012.","Jacob, C.; Charles-Sire, V.; Guéguen, N.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,1172
-An experimental test for gender differences in beneficent behavior,We examine data from a laboratory test in which each subject is given the task of dividing a sum of money between him-or-herself and one other. We find no evidence for gender differences in generosity. © 1995.,"Bolton, G.E.; Katok, E.",Econ. Lett.,1173
-,,"Oliver, D.F.","Understanding the ""foot in the door"" and the ""door in the face"" compliance techniques: A reinterpretation of the situation",1174
-Guilt regulation: The relative effects of altruistic versus egoistic appeals for charity advertising,,"Chang, C.",Journal of Advertising,1175
-"Relationships between media use, body fatness and physical activity in children and youth: A meta-analysis","OBJECTIVE: To review the empirical evidence of associations between television (TV) viewing, video/computer game use and (a) body fatness, and (b) physical activity. DESIGN: Meta-analysis. METHOD: Published English-language studies were located from computerized literature searches, bibliographies of primary studies and narrative reviews, and manual searches of personal archives. Included studies presented at least one empirical association between TV viewing, video/computer game use and body fatness or physical activity among samples of children and youth aged 3-18 y. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The mean sample-weighted corrected effect size (Pearson r). RESULTS: Based on data from 52 independent samples, the mean sample-weighted effect size between TV viewing and body fatness was 0.066 (95% CI = 0.056-0.078; total N = 44 707). The sample-weighted fully corrected effect size was 0.084. Based on data from six independent samples, the mean sample-weighted effect size between video/computer game use and body fatness was 0.070 (95% CI = -0.048 to 0.188; total N = 1722). The sample-weighted fully corrected effect size was 0.128. Based on data from 39 independent samples, the mean sample-weighted effect size between TV viewing and physical activity was -0.096 (95% CI = -0.080 to -0.112; total N = 141 505). The sample-weighted fully corrected effect size was -0.129. Based on data from 10 independent samples, the mean sample-weighted effect size between video/computer game use and physical activity was -0.104 (95% CI = -0.080 to -0.128; total N = 119 942). The sample-weighted fully corrected effect size was -0.141. CONCLUSION: A statistically significant relationship exists between TV viewing and body fatness among children and youth although it is likely to be too small to be of substantial clinical relevance. The relationship between TV viewing and physical activity is small but negative. The strength of these relationships remains virtually unchanged even after correcting for common sources of bias known to impact study outcomes. While the total amount of time per day engaged in sedentary behavior is inevitably prohibitive of physical activity, media-based inactivity may be unfairly implicated in recent epidemiologic trends of overweight and obesity among children and youth. Relationships between sedentary behavior and health are unlikely to be explained using single markers of inactivity, such as TV viewing or video/computer game use.","Marshall, S.J.; Biddle, S.J.H.; Gorely, T.; Cameron, N.; Murdey, I.",Int. J. Obes.,1176
-Visitors’ pro-environmental behavior and the underlying motivations for natural environment: Merging dual concern theory and attachment theory,"As nature-based tourism has recognized the seriousness of environmental issues, tourists’ pro-environmental behaviors have gained the attention of scholars and practitioners. However, previous empirical studies have not considered motivational factors and destination-related constructs within the tourism context. With the data collected from nature-based tourists, the findings of this study reveal the significant association between personal values and motivations and the significant impact of anticipated positive affect on pro-environmental behavior among nature-based tourists. Also, the findings address that the impact of empathetic concern on pro-environmental behavior is moderated by a level of place attachment to a nature-based destination. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd","Kim, M.; Koo, D.-W.",J. Retail. Consum. Serv.,1177
-Systematic review and metasummary of attitudes toward research in emergency medical conditions,"Emergency departments are challenging research settings, where truly informed consent can be difficult to obtain. A deeper understanding of emergency medical patients' opinions about research is needed. We conducted a systematic review and meta-summary of quantitative and qualitative studies on which values, attitudes, or beliefs of emergent medical research participants influence research participation. We included studies of adults that investigated opinions toward emergency medicine research participation. We excluded studies focused on the association between demographics or consent document features and participation and those focused on non-emergency research. In August 2011, we searched the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Scirus, PsycINFO, AgeLine and Global Health. Titles, abstracts and then full manuscripts were independently evaluated by two reviewers. Disagreements were resolved by consensus and adjudicated by a third author. Studies were evaluated for bias using standardised scores. We report themes associated with participation or refusal. Our initial search produced over 1800 articles. A total of 44 articles were extracted for full-manuscript analysis, and 14 were retained based on our eligibility criteria. Among factors favouring participation, altruism and personal health benefit had the highest frequency. Mistrust of researchers, feeling like a 'guinea pig' and risk were leading factors favouring refusal. Many studies noted limitations of informed consent processes in emergent conditions. We conclude that highlighting the benefits to the participant and society, mitigating risk and increasing public trust may increase research participation in emergency medical research. New methods for conducting informed consent in such studies are needed.","Limkakeng, Alexander T, Jr; de Oliveira, Lucas Lentini Herling; Moreira, Tais; Phadtare, Amruta; Garcia Rodrigues, Clarissa; Hocker, Michael B; McKinney, Ross; Voils, Corrine I; Pietrobon, Ricardo",J. Med. Ethics,1178
-Financial measures in nonprofit organization research: Comparing IRS 990 return and audited financial statement data,"The IRS 990 Return is becoming an increasingly prominent source of financial data underlying descriptions of the nonprofit sector and studies of nonprofit organizations. However, questions about the quality of the data continue to be of concern. This study of 350 nonprofit organizations investigates the adequacy, reliability, and appropriate interpretation of IRS 990 Return data through comparisons of selected entries with corresponding measures from each organization's audited financial statements. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are used to examine and explain the consistency between the two data sources. The study concludes that the IRS 990 Return can be considered an adequate and reliable source of financial information for many types of investigations, but preparers and users of the data need a clearer understanding of its purposes to enable appropriate interpretations.","Froelich, K.A.; Knoepfle, T.W.; Pollak, T.H.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,1179
-,,"Temple, E.R.; Seiler, T.L.; Aldrich, E.E.; Maehara, E.P.",Achieving excellence in fundraising,1180
-Building Professionalism in Human Dissection Room as a Component of Hidden Curriculum Delivery: A Systematic Review of Good Practices,"The core values in medical practice which are essential for the humane outlook of a physician are clubbed within the domain of medical professionalism. Professionalism along with other discipline-independent skills (human skills) is propagated implicitly in medical schools as components of a ""hidden curriculum."" Evidence suggests a strong association between ""hidden curriculum"" delivery and development of professionalism in the human dissection room. In this review article, the authors have tried to highlight a few exclusive practices adopted by medical schools which enhance the implementation of the ""hidden curriculum"" within the practice of human dissection and successfully inculcate the key components of professionalism such as integrity, respect, and compassion among students. These distinctive concepts are aimed at humanizing the experience of anatomical dissection by revealing the identity of the donors along with their personal details either through display of video clips of donor interviews, interactions with the family members of the donor over a meal or recognition of the donor as a mentor and organizing memorial services in honor of donors after conclusion of the dissection in the presence of their family members. The resounding success of these good practices in building professionalism among medical students from the onset of the academic curriculum has signaled a new chapter in anatomical sciences education. It has become imperative to recognize the visionary efforts of a select few medical educators and begin incorporating these recent trends into the delivery of the ""hidden curriculum"" within the evolving gross anatomy education model.","Kumar Ghosh, Sanjib; Kumar, Ashutosh",Anat. Sci. Educ.,1181
-Consumer perception of corporate donations effects of company reputation for social responsibility and type of donation,,"Dean, D.H.",Journal of Advertising,1182
-"A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effects of Meditation on Empathy, Compassion, and Prosocial Behaviors","Increased attention has focused on methods to increase empathy, compassion, and pro-social behavior. Meditation practices have traditionally been used to cultivate pro-social outcomes, and recently investigations have sought to evaluate their efficacy for these outcomes. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of meditation for pro-social emotions and behavior. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase, and Cochrane databases (inception-April 2016) using the search terms: mindfulness, meditation, mind-body therapies, tai chi, yoga, MBSR, MBCT, empathy, compassion, love, altruism, sympathy, or kindness. Randomized controlled trials in any population were included (26 studies with 1,714 subjects). Most were conducted among healthy adults (n=11) using compassion or loving kindness meditation (n=18) over 8-12weeks (n=12) in a group format (n=17). Most control groups were wait-list or no-treatment (n=15). Outcome measures included self-reported emotions (e.g., composite scores, validated measures) and observed behavioral outcomes (e.g., helping behavior in real-world and simulated settings). Many studies showed a low risk of bias. Results demonstrated small to medium effects of meditation on self-reported (SMD = .40, p < .001) and observable outcomes (SMD = .45, p < .001) and suggest psychosocial and neurophysiological mechanisms of action. Subgroup analyses also supported small to medium effects of meditation even when compared to active control groups. Clinicians and meditation teachers should be aware that meditation can improve positive pro-social emotions and behaviors.","Luberto, Christina M; Shinday, Nina; Song, Rhayun; Philpotts, Lisa L; Park, Elyse R; Fricchione, Gregory L; Yeh, Gloria Y",Mindfulness,1183
-A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis,,"Borenstein, M.; Hedges, L.V.; Higgins, J.P.T.; Rothstein, H.R.",Research Synthesis Methods,1184
-Counterfactuals and causal inference: Methods and principles for social research,"Did mandatory busing programs in the 1970s increase the school achievement of disadvantaged minority youth? Does obtaining a college degree increase an individual’s labor market earnings? Did the use of a butterfly ballot in some Florida counties in the 2000 presidential election cost Al Gore votes? Simple cause-and-effect questions such as these are the motivation for much empirical work in the social sciences. In this book, the counterfactual model of causality for observational data analysis is presented, and methods for causal effect estimation are demonstrated using examples from sociology, political science, and economics. © Cambridge University Press 2007.","Morgan, S.L.; Winship, C.",Counterfactuals and Causal Inference: Methods and Principles for Soc. Research,1185
-The mammography screening controversy: who and what is heard in the press?,"The objective of this project was to analyze newspaper coverage of the January 2000 meta-analysis by Gotzsche and Olsen, 'Is screening for breast cancer with mammography justified?' [Lancet 355 (2000) 129]. A content analysis was performed on a comprehensive set of newspaper clippings from the UK during the 2 weeks following publication of the Lancet article. The original authors were most quoted in Wave 1 (the first weekend); the screening programme was most quoted in Wave 2 (week 2). Screening programme description, and the 'quality' of the Lancet article dominated Wave 1; patient testimonials increased in Wave 2. Newspaper articles were structured as debates between experts and advocates, thereby enhancing polarisation of opinion. We suggest this is counter-productive to evidence-based patient choice and public involvement in decision-making. Medical journals' and charities' press releases that begin to include discussion of uncertainty inherent in medical technologies can contribute to evidence-based public deliberation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Holmes-Rovner, Margaret; Charles, Sonya",Patient Educ. Couns.,1186
-,,"McClelland, R.",Charitable Bequests and the Repeal of the Estate Tax,1187
-The ultimatum game-Understanding the taste for fairness,,"Bethwaite, J.; Tompkinson, P.",Economic Notes,1188
-The role of conscientiousness and extraversion in affecting the relationship between perceptions of group potency and volunteer group member selling behavior: An interactionist perspective,"We studied 284 volunteers, loosely coupled in groups (i.e. low task interdependence, high outcome interdependence), selling memberships in a non-profit organization. Consistent with economic models of altruism, we found individual perceptions of group potency to be negatively related to individual selling behavior (i.e. making telephone calls and customer visits). Furthermore, individual members' perceptions of group potency were found to interact with two personality traits (conscientiousness and extraversion) to influence individual selling behavior.","Neubert, Mitchell; Taggar, Simon; Cady, Steven",Hum. Relat.,1189
-,,"Dickert, S.",Two routes to the perception of need: The role of affective and deliberative information processing in pro-social behavior,1190
-Integrating theories of motivation,,"Steel, P.; König, C.J.",Academy of Management Review,1191
-Pupil to pupil: The effect of a partner's pupil size on (dis)honest behavior,"Being observed by others fosters honest behavior. In this study, we examine a very subtle eye signal that may affect participants' tendency to behave honestly: observed pupil size. For this, we use an experimental task that is known to evoke dishonest behavior. Specifically, participants made private predictions for a coin toss and earned a bonus by reporting correct predictions. Before reporting the (in)correctness of their predictions, participants viewed videos of partners with dilating or constricting pupils. As dilating pupils are generally perceived positively, we expected that dishonesty would be reduced when participants look into the eyes of a partner with dilating pupils, especially when their own pupil size mimics the observed pupil size. In line with this prediction, Experiments 1 and 2 showed that, when earning a bonus meant harming the interaction partner, dishonesty occurred less frequently when the partner's pupils dilated rather than constricted. That is, when the interests of the self and the other conflict, participants use the pupil of the partner as a social cue to inform their behavior. However, pupil mimicry was not observed. In Experiment 3, we examined pupil mimicry and dishonesty in a context where there was no temptation to hurt the partner. Here, pupil mimicry between partners was observed, but there were no effects of the partner's pupil on dishonesty. Thus, when dishonesty harms the interaction partner, participants use pupillary cues from their partner to inform their behavior. Pupil mimicry, however, is bound to non-competitive contexts only. © 2017","van Breen, J.A.; De Dreu, C.K.W.; Kret, M.E.",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,1192
-Endogenous testosterone is associated with increased striatal response to audience effects during prosocial choices,"The role of testosterone on cognitive functions in humans remains controversial. One recent hypothesis suggests that this steroid hormone advances social status. As being observed by others is known to modulate a range of behaviors because of image concerns, we hypothesized that such an audience effect might be an important component of status seeking that is under the control of testosterone. Thus, we investigated to which extent testosterone levels are associated with the effect of being observed during prosocial choices and the neural mechanisms underlying this effect. We enrolled twenty-four male participants, aged 22.47 ± 2.62 years, in an fMRI experiment to examine the relationship between testosterone levels and brain activity engaged in deciding whether to accept or reject monetary transfers to two types of organizations (a positively evaluated organization and a negatively evaluated organization) in presence or absence of an audience. When comparing the public to the private condition, the rate of acceptance increased for the positively evaluated organization, while the rate of rejection increased for the negatively evaluated one. Higher testosterone levels were linked to greater activation in the striatum in the public compared to the private condition, regardless of the organization type. These results indicate a relationship between testosterone levels and striatal activity induced by the audience effect. These findings provide new insights on the role of testosterone in human social behavior. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd","Li, Y.; Météreau, E.; Obeso, I.; Butera, L.; Villeval, M.C.; Dreher, J.-C.",Psychoneuroendocrinology,1193
-A Multiactivity latent attrition model for customer base analysis,,"Schweidel, D.A.; Park, Y.-H.; Jamal, Z.",Marketing Science,1194
-Do watching eyes affect charitable giving? Evidence from a field experiment,"The presence of implicit observation cues, such as picture of eyes, has been shown to increase generosity in dictator games, and cooperative behavior in field settings. I combine these approaches, by testing if a picture of watching eyes affects unconditional giving in a natural environment, where the recipient is a charity organization. Taken together, this study reduces the influence of three potential confounding factors in previous experiments: (i) experimenter demand effects, (ii) that the facial cue reminds subjects of a human counterpart, and (iii) a social multiplier effect. Specifically, the paper reports results from an experiment, conducted in a Swedish supermarket chain, where customers face a naturally occurring decision problem. People who recycle cans and bottles have to choose whether to keep the recycled amount or donate it to a charity organization. By posting a picture of human eyes on recycling machines, I am able to test whether this causes an increase in donations to the charity. Based on a sample covering a 12-day period, 38 stores and 16775 individual choices, I find no general effect. However, when controlling for store and day fixed effects, and using a proxy for store attendance, the picture of eyes increased donated amount by 30 percent during days when relatively few other people visited the store. This result gives further support to the conclusion that subtle social cues can invoke reputation concerns in humans, although the relatively small effect suggests that previous estimates could be biased upward, or at least that the influence of observational cues is context dependent. © 2011 Economic Science Association.","Ekström, M.",Exp. Econ.,1195
-Sexual function after transvaginal cholecystectomy: a systematic review,,"Donatsky, A M; Jorgensen, L N; Meisner, S; Vilmann, P; Rosenberg, J",,1196
-Faculty helpfulness to students: A comparison of compliance techniques,,"Harari, H.; Mohr, D.; Hosey, K.",Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,1197
-The use of metacommunication in compliance: Door-in-the-face and single-request strategies,"Investigation of compliance techniques has generally overlooked a dynamic involving a target's dilemma over directly commenting about the imposition of the requester's behavior. Such behavior is generally classified as being metacommunicative in nature. In two studies, the authors tested the hypothesis that compliance can be enhanced when the target is asked to metacommunicate about the appropriateness of an imposition in order to refuse it. American participants were exposed to door-in-the-face (DITF) and single-request strategies that used either metacommunicative or standard language. Although metacommunicative DITF strategies yielded significant compliance effects, the obtained levels were not significantly greater than those of standard DITF strategies. However, when communication style (metacommunicative language) was considered independent of strategy, significant overall effects were found. Therefore, the use of metacommunicative binds in the language of single requests may facilitate compliance. © 1997 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Patch, M.E.; Hoang, V.R.; Stahelski, A.J.",J. Soc. Psychol.,1198
-Compliance in autism: Self-report in action,"Previous research indicates that autistic individuals are more likely to be bullied, and that they experience heightened anxiety and diminished self-esteem. These factors are known to predict heightened compliance, which is the tendency to agree with or carry out the requests and demands of others. This has a range of potentially serious consequences, particularly for an autistic person. This study utilised self-report (the Gudjonsson Compliance Scale) and behavioural measures of compliance (the door-in-the-face task) with 26 autistic and 26 typically developing adults. Participants also completed measures of early life bullying experiences, anxiety and self-esteem. Autistic participants were more compliant on both self-report and experimental tasks, and they reported more bullying experiences, higher anxiety and reduced self-esteem. Looking at both groups, bullying, anxiety and self-esteem were all correlated with self-reported compliance on the Gudjonsson Compliance Scale, yet only self-esteem was a unique predictor. None of these predictor variables related to behavioural compliance on the door in the face; nor did Gudjonsson Compliance Scale scores predict door-in-the-face performance, which may be better explained by situational and motivational factors. Findings have important implications for a range of real-life settings including requests made in the context of research, schools, the criminal justice system and the workplace. © The Author(s) 2018.","Chandler, R.J.; Russell, A.; Maras, K.L.",Autism,1199
-An empirical examination of the complex relationships between entrepreneurial orientation and stakeholder support,,"Voss, Z.G.; Voss, G.B.; Moorman, C.",European Journal of Marketing,1200
-Wishful seeing: More desired objects are seen as closer,"Although people assume that they see the surrounding environment as it truly is, we suggest that perception of the natural environment is dependent upon the internal goal states of perceivers. Five experiments demonstrated that perceivers tend to see desirable objects (i.e., those that can fulfill immediate goals-a water bottle to assuage their thirst, money they can win, a personality test providing favorable feedback) as physically closer to them than less desirable objects. Biased distance perception was revealed through verbal reports and through actions toward the object (e.g., underthrowing a beanbag at a desirable object). We suggest that seeing desirable objects as closer than less desirable objects serves the self-regulatory function of energizing the perceiver to approach objects that fulfill needs and goals. © The Author(s) 2010.","Balcetis, E.; Dunning, D.",Psychol. Sci.,1201
-Perceived Utility (not Sympathy) Mediates the Proportion Dominance Effect in Helping Decisions,"The proportion dominance effect (PDE) refers to a higher motivation to help when the victims are part of a small (you can help 56 out of 60) rather than a large (you can help 56 out of 560) reference group. In two studies using different experimental paradigms, we investigated possible mediators of the PDE. Study 1 (N=168) was conducted in three separate steps in order to test each link of the mediator model independently. Students read six vignettes where it was possible to help a fixed number of victims but where the size of the reference group was either small or large. When the reference group was small, helping motivation and perceived utility were higher, whereas sympathy toward the victims and perceived rights were not. A within-subject mediation analysis showed that perceived utility mediated the PDE. Study 2 (N=36) presented four versions of a single helping situation in a joint evaluation mode where the size of the reference group became gradually smaller in each version. All participants compared and responded to each version. Helping motivation increased as the reference group became smaller, and this effect was mediated by perceived utility rather than by distress, sympathy, or perceived responsibilities. Our results suggest that unlike, for example, the identifiability and singularity effects, which have been suggested to be mediated by emotional reactions, the PDE is mediated by perceived utility. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Erlandsson, A.; Björklund, F.; Bäckström, M.",J. Behav. Decis. Mak.,1202
-,,"Andrews, K.R.; Carpenter, C.J.; Shaw, A.S.; Boster, F.J.",Testing a potential mediator of the legitimization of paltry favors technique: Does the LPF actually legitimize paltry favors?,1203
-Psychological Impact of Deploying in Support of the U.S. Response to Ebola: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Past Outbreaks,"OBJECTIVE: To examine the potential psychological impact of deploying in support of the U.S. response to Ebola in west Africa by systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: Peer-reviewed articles published between January 2000 and December 2014 were identified using PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Thirty-two studies involving 26,869 persons were included in the systematic review; 13 studies involving 7,785 persons were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: Reflecting the sociodemographics of the military, those who are younger, single, not living with family, have fewer years of work experience, lower education, and lower income are at increased risk for psychological distress, alcohol/drug misuse, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and/or anxiety as a result of their perceived risk of infection. Effect sizes for post-traumatic stress disorder, depressive, and anxiety symptoms were considered small (SMD = 0.12, 95% CI = -0.23 to 0.47), moderate (SMD = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.24-0.51), and small (SMD = 0.08, 95% CI = -0.09 to 0.25), respectively; however, only the effect size for depressive symptoms was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Deployed service members may return with clinically significant problems, the most notable of which is depression. Delivering resilience training and fostering altruistic acceptance may protect service members from developing mental health disorders.","Vyas, Kartavya J; Delaney, Eileen M; Webb-Murphy, Jennifer A; Johnston, Scott L",Mil. Med.,1204
-Elements of Trust in Digital Health Systems: Scoping Review,"BACKGROUND: Information and communication technologies have long become prominent components of health systems. Rapid advances in digital technologies and data science over the last few years are predicted to have a vast impact on health care services, configuring a paradigm shift into what is now commonly referred to as digital health. Forecasted to curb rising health costs as well as to improve health system efficiency and safety, digital health success heavily relies on trust from professional end users, administrators, and patients. Yet, what counts as the building blocks of trust in digital health systems has so far remained underexplored. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze what relevant stakeholders consider as enablers and impediments of trust in digital health. METHODS: We performed a scoping review to map out trust in digital health. To identify relevant digital health studies, we searched 5 electronic databases. Using keywords and Medical Subject Headings, we targeted all relevant studies and set no boundaries for publication year to allow a broad range of studies to be identified. The studies were screened by 2 reviewers after which a predefined data extraction strategy was employed and relevant themes documented. RESULTS: Overall, 278 qualitative, quantitative, mixed-methods, and intervention studies in English, published between 1998 and 2017 and conducted in 40 countries were included in this review. Patients and health care professionals were the two most prominent stakeholders of trust in digital health; a third-health administrators-was substantially less prominent. Our analysis identified cross-cutting personal, institutional, and technological elements of trust that broadly cluster into 16 enablers (altruism, fair data access, ease of use, self-efficacy, sociodemographic factors, recommendation by other users, usefulness, customizable design features, interoperability, privacy, initial face-to-face contact, guidelines for standardized use, stakeholder engagement, improved communication, decreased workloads, and service provider reputation) and 10 impediments (excessive costs, limited accessibility, sociodemographic factors, fear of data exploitation, insufficient training, defective technology, poor information quality, inadequate publicity, time-consuming, and service provider reputation) to trust in digital health. CONCLUSIONS: Trust in digital health technologies and services depends on the interplay of a complex set of enablers and impediments. This study is a contribution to ongoing efforts to understand what determines trust in digital health according to different stakeholders. Therefore, it offers valuable points of reference for the implementation of innovative digital health services. Building on insights from this study, actionable metrics can be developed to assess the trustworthiness of digital technologies in health care.","Adjekum, Afua; Blasimme, Alessandro; Vayena, Effy",J. Med. Internet Res.,1205
-A study of non-profit organisations in cause-related marketing: Stakeholder concerns and safeguarding strategies,,"Liston-Heyes, C.; Liu, G.",European Journal of Marketing,1206
-"Effects of HIV counseling and testing on sexual risk behavior: a meta-analytic review of published research, 1985-1997","OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether HIV counseling and testing leads to reductions in sexual risk behavior. METHODS: The meta-analysis included 27 published studies that provided sexual behavior outcome data, assessed behavior before and after counseling and testing, and provided details sufficient for the calculation of effect sizes. The studies involved 19,597 participants. RESULTS: After counseling and testing, HIV-positive participants and HIV-serodiscordant couples reduced unprotected intercourse and increased condom use more than HIV-negative and untested participants. HIV-negative participants did not modify their behavior more than untested participants. Participants' age, volition for testing, and injection drug use treatment status, as well as the sample seroprevalence and length of the follow-up, explained the variance in results. CONCLUSIONS: HIV counseling and testing appears to provide an effective means of secondary prevention for HIV-positive individuals but, as conducted in the reviewed studies, is not an effective primary prevention strategy for uninfected participants. Theory-driven research with attention given to the context of testing is needed to further explicate the determinants of behavior change resulting from HIV counseling and testing, and the effectiveness of specific counseling approaches.","Weinhardt, L S; Carey, M P; Johnson, B T; Bickham, N L",Am. J. Public Health,1207
-When donating is liberating: The role of product and consumer characteristics in the appeal of cause-related products,,"Zemack-Rugar, Y.; Rabino, R.; Cavanaugh, L.A.; Fitzsimons, G.J.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1208
-Review and Analysis of Publication Trends over Three Decades in Three High Impact Medicine Journals,"CONTEXT: Over the past three decades, industry sponsored research expanded in the United States. Financial incentives can lead to potential conflicts of interest (COI) resulting in underreporting of negative study results. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that over the three decades, there would be an increase in: a) reporting of conflict of interest and source of funding; b) percentage of randomized control trials c) number of patients per study and d) industry funding. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: Original articles published in three calendar years (1988, 1998, and 2008) in The Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine and Journal of American Medical Association were collected. DATA EXTRACTION: Studies were reviewed and investigational design categorized as prospective and retrospective clinical trials. Prospective trials were categorized into randomized or non-randomized and single-center or multi-center trials. Retrospective trials were categorized as registries, meta-analyses and other studies, mostly comprising of case reports or series. Study outcomes were categorized as positive or negative depending on whether the pre-specified hypothesis was met. Financial disclosures were researched for financial relationships and profit status, and accordingly categorized as government, non-profit or industry sponsored. Studies were assessed for reporting COI. RESULTS: 1,671 original articles were included in this analysis. Total number of published studies decreased by 17% from 1988 to 2008. Over 20 year period, the proportion of prospective randomized trials increased from 22 to 46% (p < 0.0001); whereas the proportion of prospective non-randomized trials decreased from 59% to 27% (p < 0.001). There was an increase in the percentage of prospective randomized multi-center trials from 11% to 41% (p < 0.001). Conversely, there was a reduction in non-randomized single-center trials from 47% to 10% (p < 0.001). Proportion of government funded studies remained constant, whereas industry funded studies more than doubled (17% to 40%; p < 0.0001). The number of studies with negative results more than doubled (10% to 22%; p<0.0001). While lack of funding disclosure decreased from 35% to 7%, COI reporting increased from 2% to 84% (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Improved reporting of COI, clarity in financial sponsorship, increased publication of negative results in the setting of larger and better designed clinical trials represents a positive step forward in the scientific publications, despite the higher percentage of industry funded studies.","Ivanov, Alexander; Kaczkowska, Beata A; Khan, Saadat A; Ho, Jean; Tavakol, Morteza; Prasad, Ashok; Bhumireddy, Geetha; Beall, Allan F; Klem, Igor; Mehta, Parag; Briggs, William M; Sacchi, Terrence J; Heitner, John F",PLoS One,1209
-Information availability as a determinant of multiple request effectiveness,,"Tybout, A.M.; Sternthal, B.; Calder, B.J.",Journal of Marketing Research,1210
-“Green to be seen” and “brown to keep down”: Visibility moderates the effect of identity on pro-environmental behavior,"Social identities predict pro-environmental behavior, but the strength may depend on whether the behavior is visible to others. When an environmentalist considers a pro-environmental behavior such as carrying reusable grocery bags, being observed by others may motivate signaling the valued group membership and may increase behavior (“green to be seen”). When an anti-environmentalist considers a pro-environmental behavior that signals an unwanted social identity, being observed may lead to less behavior (“brown to keep down”). United States residents completed three correlational surveys (total N = 1126) of identity, visibility, and self-reported behavior frequency using the Recurring Pro-environmental Behavior Scale. Three multilevel studies revealed that environmentalist identity predicted pro-environmental behavior more strongly for high-visibility behaviors, controlling for confounds at the person level (attitudes, political identity) and the behavior level (difficulty, effectiveness). This research helps uncover the key social identities and contextual factors that lead individuals to embrace or reject pro-environmental behaviors. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd","Brick, C.; Sherman, D.K.; Kim, H.S.",J. Environ. Psychol.,1211
-Cause and effect in biology,"Kinds of causes, predictability, and teleology are viewed by a practicing biologist.","Mayr, E.",Science,1212
-The limited prosocial effects of meditation: A systematic review and meta-analysis,"Many individuals believe that meditation has the capacity to not only alleviate mental-illness but to improve prosociality. This article systematically reviewed and meta-analysed the effects of meditation interventions on prosociality in randomized controlled trials of healthy adults. Five types of social behaviours were identified: compassion, empathy, aggression, connectedness and prejudice. Although we found a moderate increase in prosociality following meditation, further analysis indicated that this effect was qualified by two factors: type of prosociality and methodological quality. Meditation interventions had an effect on compassion and empathy, but not on aggression, connectedness or prejudice. We further found that compassion levels only increased under two conditions: when the teacher in the meditation intervention was a co-author in the published study; and when the study employed a passive (waiting list) control group but not an active one. Contrary to popular beliefs that meditation will lead to prosocial changes, the results of this meta-analysis showed that the effects of meditation on prosociality were qualified by the type of prosociality and methodological quality of the study. We conclude by highlighting a number of biases and theoretical problems that need addressing to improve quality of research in this area.","Kreplin, Ute; Farias, Miguel; Brazil, Inti A",Sci. Rep.,1213
-Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice,,"Hoffman, M.L.",Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice,1214
-The effect of stakes in distribution experiments,We replicate previous results showing that stakes do not affect offers in the ultimatum game (UG) and show that stakes also have no effect on allocations in the dictator game (DG). Both results are robust to the inclusion of demographic factors. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.,"Carpenter, J.; Verhoogen, E.; Burks, S.",Econ. Lett.,1215
-The influence of enlightenment on compliance,"The effect of knowledge of compliance principles on subsequent behavior was investigated in three groups of 35 adult Americans. One group read portions of a study on the door-in-the-face technique, another read about the low-ball technique, and the third group, the control condition, read a topic not related to compliance. Immediately afterward, the two compliance techniques and a target-request-only procedure were employed in asking the groups to complete a math test and, during a follow-up telephone call 2 weeks later, to participate in a phone survey. There were no differences between the groups in accepting the math test or completing the phone survey. However, there was a significant overall effect of information on returning the math test. In some comparisons, knowledge of the door-in-the-face technique decreased compliance, while in others information about the low-ball technique increased it. © 1989 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Katzev, R.; Brownstein, R.",J. Soc. Psychol.,1216
-Keeping the memory but not the possession: Memory preservation mitigates identity loss from product disposition,,"Winterich, K.P.; Reczek, R.W.; Irwin, J.R.",Journal of Marketing,1217
-Social Environment Shapes the Speed of Cooperation,"Are cooperative decisions typically made more quickly or slowly than non-cooperative decisions? While this question has attracted considerable attention in recent years, most research has focused on one-shot interactions. Yet it is repeated interactions that characterize most important real-world social interactions. In repeated interactions, the cooperativeness of one's interaction partners (the ""social environment"") should affect the speed of cooperation. Specifically, we propose that reciprocal decisions (choices that mirror behavior observed in the social environment), rather than cooperative decisions per se, occur more quickly. We test this hypothesis by examining four independent decision time datasets with a total of 2,088 subjects making 55,968 decisions. We show that reciprocal decisions are consistently faster than non-reciprocal decisions: cooperation is faster than defection in cooperative environments, while defection is faster than cooperation in non-cooperative environments. These differences are further enhanced by subjects' previous behavior-reciprocal decisions are faster when they are consistent with the subject's previous choices. Finally, mediation analyses of a fifth dataset suggest that the speed of reciprocal decisions is explained, in part, by feelings of conflict-reciprocal decisions are less conflicted than non-reciprocal decisions, and less decision conflict appears to lead to shorter decision times.","Nishi, A.; Christakis, N.A.; Evans, A.M.; O'Malley, A.J.; Rand, D.G.",Sci. Rep.,1218
-Neuroeconomics and dual information processes underlying charitable giving,,"Dickert, S.; Västfjäll, D.; Slovic, P.","Neuroeconomics, judgment and decision making",1219
-The arousal: Cost-reward model and the process of intervention: A review of the evidence,,"Dovidio, J.F.; Piliavin, J.A.; Gaertner, S.L.; Schroeder, D.A.; Clark, R.D.",Prosocial Behavior,1220
-A health economic analysis of autologous transfusion,,Sonnenberg F A,,1221
-Do women behave more reciprocally than men? Gender differences in real effort dictator games,"We analyze dictator allocation decisions in an experiment where the recipients have to earn the pot to be divided with a real-effort task. As the recipients move before the dictators, their effort decisions resemble the first move in a trust game. Depending on the recipients' performance, the size of the pot is either high or low. We compare this real-effort treatment to a baseline treatment where the pot is a windfall gain and where a lottery determines the pot size. In the baseline treatment, reciprocity cannot play a role. We find that female dictators show reciprocity and decrease their taking-rates significantly in the real-effort treatment. This treatment effect is larger when female dictators make a decision on recipients who successfully generated a large pot compared to the case where the recipients performed poorly. By contrast, there is no treatment effect with male dictators, who generally exhibit more selfish behavior. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.","Heinz, M.; Juranek, S.; Rau, H.A.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,1222
-Nonprofits and public administration: Reconciling performance management and citizen engagement,"Nonprofit organizations receiving government contracts are now central to the provision of a host of public services, including community care, workforce development, substance abuse treatment, and early childhood education. Government's increased dependence on nonprofits has in turn prompted more intensive efforts to hold nonprofit service organizations accountable for the expenditure of public funds, especially through greater regulation such as performance-based contracting. Overall, these regulatory strategies do not directly address the governance of nonprofits or their engagement with the community and citizens; instead, the focus of performance management is on government programmatic priorities. The central argument of this article is that the inattention to governance and citizen engagement can undermine good performance and program sustainability. Consequently, this article offers a framework for government and nonprofit managers to integrate performance management and citizen engagement. This approach requires a more inclusive performance management strategy that emphasizes programmatic goals as well as sound governance and ongoing support for citizen participation. Indeed, only by close attention to community and citizenship, broadly defined, can the promise of innovation and performance by nonprofits be effectively realized. © 2010 The Author(s).","Smith, S.R.",Am. Rev. Public Adm.,1223
-Corporate philanthropy in the UK: Altruistic giving or marketing communications weapon?,,"Bennett, R.",Journal of Marketing Communications,1224
-Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives,"Current research on prosocial behavior covers a broad and diverse range of phenomena. We argue that this large research literature can be best organized and understood from a multilevel perspective. We identify three levels of analysis of prosocial behavior: (a) the ""meso"" level - the study of helper-recipient dyads in the context of a specific situation; (b) the micro level - the study of the origins of prosocial tendencies and the sources of variation in these tendencies; and (c) the macro level - the study of prosocial actions that occur within the context of groups and large organizations. We present research at each level and discuss similarities and differences across levels. Finally, we consider ways in which theory and research at these three levels of analysis might be combined in future intra- and interdisciplinary research on prosocial behavior.","Penner, L.A.; Dovidio, J.F.; Piliavin, J.A.; Schroeder, D.A.",Annu. Rev. Psychol.,1225
-Information in repeated ultimatum game with unknown pie size,,"Lee, C.C.; Lau, W.K.",Economics Research International,1226
-Tax policy and charitable contributions of money,"I use a recent series of household surveys to estimate the price and income elasticities of charitable giving. I estimate price elasticities of -0.94 to -1.15 and income elasticities of 0.24 to 0.35. Although the price elasticity estimates are smaller than those found in early studies, they do imply that the charitable deduction has a substantial impact on charitable giving. I also find that respondents' own reports of their sensitivity to tax deductions corroborate the price elasticity estimates. Those who report being most influenced by tax deductions have the highest price elasticity and those who report being least sensitive to tax deductions have the lowest price elasticity.","Tiehen, L.",Natl. Tax J.,1227
-Carrying Flowers on a City Street Increases Others' Spontaneous Helping Behavior,"Several studies have shown the psychological benefits of plants on people's health, emotions, and well-being. However, the effect of flowers on social relations, and particularly helping behavior, has never been tested. In three field studies, confederates held a bunch of flowers or a T-shirt, or they had nothing in their hands while walking in a shopping mall and accidentally dropping a card-holder on the floor (Study 1) or while waiting at a pedestrian crossing (Study 2). Results showed that more participants warned the confederates of their loss and more drivers stopped when the confederates held a bunch of flowers. This effect of the presence of flowers was found with both male and female participants. In Study 3, we compared the effect of a potted plant to that of flowers and observed a significant effect of flowers only. The positive emotions associated with the presence of flowers and their symbolism were used to explain our results. © Copyright 2015, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","Guéguen, N.; Stefan, J.; Ruiz, C.",Ecopsychology,1228
-Nudging pro-environmental behavior: evidence from a web experiment on priming and WTP,"Investigations on state-dependent and endogenous preferences have gained momentum. There is now abundant empirical literature on whether, and how, external stimuli influence or predict people’s behavior and appraisals. In recent decades, attempts have been made to enlarge this strand of research to determine whether “nudging” may help in managing environmental problems and boosting social preferences. Following this line of investigation, we describe a web experiment to analyze the impact of priming on environmental and ethical attitudes and willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental protection. We found that while priming does make pro-environmental attitudes more salient, its frame affects the probability of WTP a premium for environment-friendly goods and the size of the premium. Unlike other authors, we used a visual priming technique based on a short video cartoon about a smartphone lifecycle. © 2019, © 2019 Newcastle University.","Bimonte, S.; Bosco, L.; Stabile, A.",J. Environ. Plann. Manage.,1229
-,,"Limback, E.",,1230
-Gaining insights into why professionals continue or abandon pro bono service,,"Patterson, P.G.; McColl-Kennedy, J.R.; Lee, J.; Brady, M.K.",European Journal of Marketing,1231
-The fundraising efficiency in U.S. non-profit art organizations: An application of a Bayesian estimation approach using the stochastic frontier production model,"This article examines how efficient art organizations are in raising funds from private giving. We measure fundraising efficiency using a Bayesian estimation approach using the stochastic frontier production model. We show that fundraising efficiencies are generally quite low for art organizations in the U. S. when private giving is only considered as a fundraising output; however, when the effect of fundraising on ticket sales is considered, fundraising efficiencies improve substantially. We also show that government grants have a negative impact on fundraising efficiency and therefore partially crowd out private giving. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Song, S.; Yi, D.T.",J. Prod. Anal.,1232
-Meta-analysis on efficacy of statins for prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography,,"Ukaigwe, A; Karmacharya, P; Mahmood, M; Pathak, R; Aryal, M R; Jalota, L; Donato, A A",,1233
-Business support approaches for charities and other nonprofits,,"Bednall, D.H.B.; Walker, I.; Curl, D.; Roy, H.L.",International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing,1234
-Organizational Size and Innovation,"This paper offers a meta-analytic review of the relationship between organiza tional size and innovation. Using 36 correlations derived from 20 published studies, the review finds a positive relationship between size and innovation. In addition, an examination of the effects of several moderating factors indicates that: (1) size is more positively related to innovation in manufacturing and profit- making organizations than in service and non-profit-making organizations; (2) the association between size and innovation is stronger when a non-personnel or a log transformation measure of size is used, than when a personnel or a raw measure of size is used; (3) types of innovation do not have a considerable moderating effect on the relationship between size and innovation; and (4) size is more strongly related to the implementation than to the initiation of innovations in organizations. The implications of the findings for theory development and future research are discussed. © 1992, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.","Damanpour, Fariborz",Organization Studies,1235
-Effects of prosocial cartoon models on aggressive cognitions and aggressive behaviors,"Although research has examined violent cartoon effects, little research has evaluated the effects of prosocial cartoons on kindergartners. Based on the general learning model (GLM) and social learning model (SLM), we examined how prosocial cartoon models affect aggressive cognitions and aggressive behaviors. A total of 174 children aged 5 and 6 years (50% girls) who had been nominated by their teacher and peers as aggressive were recruited from three Chinese kindergartens. Half of them were assigned to the experimental group to watch prosocial cartoons for five consecutive days, while the other half were assigned to the control group that did not watch cartoons. The modified semantic classification task (MSCT) and the competitive reaction time task (CRTT) were employed to measure aggressive cognitions and aggressive behaviors. Children who watched the prosocial cartoons displayed lower aggressive cognitions and aggressive behaviors than those who did not watch the cartoons. Specifically, watching prosocial cartoons reduced aggressive cognitions and aggressive behaviors more for boys than girls. Aggressive cognitions partially mediated the effect of prosocial cartoon viewing on aggressive behaviors. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd","Zhang, Q.; Cao, Y.; Tian, J.; El-Lim, K.; Gentile, D.A.",Child. Youth Serv. Rev.,1236
-A Web-Based Psychoeducational Intervention for Adolescent Depression: Design and Development of MoodHwb,"BACKGROUND: Depression is common in adolescence and leads to distress and impairment in individuals, families and carers. Treatment and prevention guidelines highlight the key role of information and evidence-based psychosocial interventions not only for individuals but also for their families and carers. Engaging young people in prevention and early intervention programs is a challenge, and early treatment and prevention of adolescent depression is a major public health concern. There has been growing interest in psychoeducational interventions to provide accurate information about health issues and to enhance and develop self-management skills. However, for adolescents with, or at high risk of depression, there is a lack of engaging Web-based psychoeducation programs that have been developed with user input and in line with research guidelines and targeted at both the individual and their family or carer. There are also few studies published on the process of development of Web-based psychoeducational interventions. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the process underlying the design and development of MoodHwb (HwbHwyliau in Welsh): a Web-based psychoeducation multimedia program for young people with, or at high risk of, depression and their families, carers, friends, and professionals. METHODS: The initial prototype was informed by (1) a systematic review of psychoeducational interventions for adolescent depression; (2) findings from semistructured interviews and focus groups conducted with adolescents (with depressive symptoms or at high risk), parents or carers, and professionals working with young people; and (3) workshops and discussions with a multimedia company and experts (in clinical, research, and multimedia work). Twelve interviews were completed (four each with young people, parents or carers, and professionals) and six focus groups (three with young people, one with parents and carers, one with professionals, and one with academics). RESULTS: Key themes from the interviews and focus groups were: aims of the program, design and content issues, and integration and context of the program. The prototype was designed to be person-centered, multiplatform, engaging, interactive, and bilingual. It included mood-monitoring and goal-setting components and was available as a Web-based program and an app for mobile technologies. CONCLUSIONS: MoodHwb is a Web-based psychoeducational intervention developed for young people with, or at high risk of, depression and their families and carers. It was developed with user input using qualitative methods as well as user-centered design and educational and psychological theory. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the program in a randomized controlled trial. If found to be effective, it could be implemented in health, education, youth and social services, and charities, to not only help young people but also families, carers, friends, and professionals involved in their care.","Bevan Jones, Rhys; Thapar, Anita; Rice, Frances; Beeching, Harriet; Cichosz, Rachel; Mars, Becky; Smith, Daniel J; Merry, Sally; Stallard, Paul; Jones, Ian; Thapar, Ajay K; Simpson, Sharon A",JMIR Ment Health,1237
-"Testing two cognitive explanations for sequential request efficacy (Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 1985)",,"Cantrill, J.G.",Dissertation Abstracts International,1238
-An exploration of the relationship between families of deceased organ donors and transplant recipients: A systematic review and qualitative synthesis,"Following deceased organ donation and transplantation, the narratives of families of donors and organ recipients become connected. This is acknowledged when parties receive anonymous information from donation agencies and transplant centres, when they exchange correspondence or when they meet in person. This article reviews literature describing the experience from the points of view of donor families, recipients, and other stakeholders to explore the dynamic system that evolves around this relationship. Findings highlight a link between identity development and ongoing adjustment and will assist those supporting donor families and recipients to make decisions that fit meaningfully.","Dicks, Sean Glenton; Northam, Holly; van Haren, Frank Mp; Boer, Douglas P",Health Psychol Open,1239
-Understanding obstacles preventing compliance: Conceptualization and classification,"Although the obstacle hypothesis has proven useful in understanding communication choices during request sequences, its utility is limited by the lack of explication of the obstacle construct. This article examines the types of obstacles that may be perceived and dimensions that differentiate them. Results suggest that six types of obstacles - possession, imposition, inappropriateness, postpone, no incentive, and recalcitrance - are perceived by individuals in request interactions. These obstacles appear to be distinguishable in the degree to which they reflect unwillingness to comply, inability to comply, and personal characteristics of the requester. The discussion section explores the implications of this conceptualization on understanding request interactions.","Ifert, D.E.; Roloff, M.E.",Commun. Res.,1240
-Leader development for adolescent girls: State of the field and a framework for moving forward,"For most leaders, their first exposure to formal leader development training occurs in adolescence, through school, extra-curricular activities, or youth leader development programs. As with many adolescent experiences, the processes and challenges of leader development are different for girls than they are for boys. With increasing calls to address gender inequity worldwide, adolescent girls' leader development has become an important cross-disciplinary research topic. Though the literature on developing adolescent girls has grown substantially, it is fragmented across disciplines, with a lack of integration and theoretical framing hindering our advancement in knowledge. Therefore, there is a critical need for a comprehensive review article to guide scholars to build an integrated knowledge of how leader development occurs for adolescent girls. We searched for literature relevant to leader and leadership development designed for adolescent girls and reviewed a total of 108 academic papers (2000–2019). We identify and critique five themes in this literature that hold important implications for the leader development of adolescent girls. To advance knowledge, we offer social cognitive theory as a theoretical frame to understand adolescent girls' leader development and provide guidance on future research. Finally, we offer insights on how the processes and practices of adolescent girls' leader development could inform adult leader development. © 2020","Eva, N.; De Cieri, H.; Murphy, S.E.; Lowe, K.B.",Leadersh. Q.,1241
-Enhancing Policy Models with Exploratory Analysis,,"Brooks, A.C.; Lewis, G.B.",Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,1242
-Policy and Prevention Approaches for Disordered and Hazardous Gaming and Internet Use: an International Perspective,"Problems related to high levels of gaming and Internet usage are increasingly recognized as a potential public health burden across the developed world. The aim of this review was to present an international perspective on prevention strategies for Internet gaming disorder and related health conditions (e.g., Internet addiction), as well as hazardous gaming and Internet use. A systematic review of quantitative research evidence was conducted, followed by a search of governmental reports, policy and position statements, and health guidelines in the last decade. The regional scope included the USA, UK, Australia, China, Germany, Japan, and South Korea. Prevention studies have mainly involved school-based programs to train healthier Internet use habits in adolescents. The efficacy of selective prevention is promising but warrants further empirical attention. On an international scale, the formal recognition of gaming or Internet use as a disorder or as having quantifiable harms at certain levels of usage has been foundational to developing structured prevention responses. The South Korean model, in particular, is an exemplar of a coordinated response to a public health threat, with extensive government initiatives and long-term strategic plans at all three levels of prevention (i.e., universal, selective, and indicated). Western regions, by comparison, are dominated by prevention approaches led by non-profit organizations and private enterprise. The future of prevention of gaming and Internet problems ultimately relies upon all stakeholders working collaboratively in the public interest, confronting the reality of the evidence base and developing practical, ethical, and sustainable countermeasures.","King, Daniel L; Delfabbro, Paul H; Doh, Young Yim; Wu, Anise M S; Kuss, Daria J; Pallesen, Ståle; Mentzoni, Rune; Carragher, Natacha; Sakuma, Hiroshi",Prev. Sci.,1243
-Barriers and facilitators to implementing evidence-based interventions among third sector organisations: a systematic review,"BACKGROUND: The third sector is becoming a growing provider of public, social, and health services. However, there is little evidence on the effectiveness of third sector organisations (TSOs), and their capacity to implement evidence-based interventions (EBIs). Understanding implementation aspects of service delivery remains an important issue in clinical practice, but is poorly understood in the context of TSOs. This is problematic, since implementation issues are known to be critical for effective intervention outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To identify and synthesise existing research on what barriers and facilitators influence the implementation process of TSOs delivering EBIs. METHODS: This review is reported according to PRISMA guidelines and was pre-registered in PROSPERO. Key databases were searched using relevant terms, experts in the field were contacted, and websites were reviewed. All identified studies were double-screened, and data were extracted independently by two authors. Included studies were synthesised using thematic analysis and were quality appraised. RESULTS: Thirty-one studies were included, most of which were conducted in North America. The thematic synthesis identified resource limitations, in particular staff and finance, to be the most reported barrier to TSOs implementing EBIs. Organisational culture, including factors such as alignment between the mission of the TSO and EBI, and support/prioritisation of the implementation process were the most reported facilitators. These findings generalise across the included studies and are robust to study quality assessment. CONCLUSIONS: While it is often assumed that good outcomes follow when implementing interventions that have been developed and tested according to best practice, little attention has been paid to how EBIs are best transported, contextualised, and implemented by third sector providers. This systematic review found that TSOs faced considerable challenges in implementing EBIs, which were primarily a lack of support and expertise, and unclear/insufficient guidelines on how to adapt EBIs to different populations. To address these challenges, it is important to engage with central stakeholders, such as funders, researchers, policymakers, and practitioners, to discuss how these needs can be met. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO: CRD42017073090 .","Bach-Mortensen, Anders Malthe; Lange, Brittany C L; Montgomery, Paul",Implement. Sci.,1244
-Social Distance and Other-Regarding Behavior in Dictator Games,,"Hoffman, E.; McCabe, K.; Smith, V.L.",Am. Econ. Rev.,1245
-Modeling charitable giving using a Box-Cox standard Tobit model,,"Lankford, R.H.; Wyckoff, J.H.",Review of Economics and Statistics,1246
-Where is the apathetic bystander? Situational characteristics of the emergency,"Investigated the effects of ambiguity of an emergency and potential cost of intervention for a bystander(s) on helping behavior in 2 experiments with a total of 180 male undergraduates. In Exp I, more helping was found for alone and 2-person group Ss who were exposed to a nonambiguous emergency than for similar Ss who were exposed to a highly ambiguous emergency. In Exp 2, there was a tendency for the 2-person Ss to help less than would be expected from the alone Ss' percentage of helping. Ss helped in spite of the potential danger present, although they helped in ways that they perceived to be safe. In addition, Ss who were considered competent were not only more likely to help the victim but did so with less risk to themselves. Results indicate that the characteristics of the emergency situation are important determinants of bystander behavior. (33 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1974 American Psychological Association.","Clark, R.D.; Word, L.E.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,1247
-On the impact of Honesty-Humility and a cue of being watched on cheating behavior,"The present contribution examines two factors, as well as their interplay, prominently discussed in the literature on cheating: The basic personality trait of Honesty-Humility from the HEXACO personality model and cues of being watched when given the possibility to cheat. In two studies (Study 1 N = 192, Study 2 N = 957), we applied economically incentivized cheating paradigms (a dice-rolling paradigm and a coin-toss paradigm) and replicated the previously found negative relation between Honesty-Humility and cheating behavior. We further demonstrated that this relation holds beyond the dark personality traits of narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism (i.e., the Dark Tetrad). In fact, Honesty-Humility fully absorbed the positive correlations of Dark Tetrad dimensions and cheating. However, we failed to obtain statistically significant results with respect to the other analyzed factor: manipulating being watched by presenting stylized watching eyes when individuals could cheat did not significantly affect cheating behavior. We further found no significant interaction between the personality factors and the presentation of stylized eyes. The findings are discussed with regard to current debates in the fields of cheating and personality as well as when being watched alters behavior. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.","Pfattheicher, S.; Schindler, S.; Nockur, L.",J. Econ. Psychol.,1248
-Nonprofit Spending and Government Provision of Public Services: Testing Theories of Government-Nonprofit Relationships,,"Cheng, Y.D.",Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,1249
-Moral identity and judgments of charitable behaviors,,"Reed II, A.; Aquino, K.; Levy, E.",Journal of Marketing,1250
-An explorative model to assess individuals' phubbing risk,"Phubbing could be defined as a new form of addiction; however, checking the phone and ignoring the speaker could also be linked to the increased availability of virtual social environments. We developed a multidimensional model for phubbing considering psychological dimensions and information and communication technology related habits. We collected data through online questionnaires and surveys. The best model obtained from our data was constituted by Information and Communication Technologies' (ICTs) usage behaviours, Trait Anxiety, Virtual Sense of Community and Neuroticism. Finally, our study confirmed a strong connection between phubbing and online addiction behaviours. © 2019 by the author.","Guazzini, A.; Duradoni, M.; Capelli, A.; Meringolo, P.",Future Internet,1251
-"Elevation, an emotion for prosocial contagion, is experienced more strongly by those with greater expectations of the cooperativeness of others","A unique emotion, elevation, is thought to underlie prosocial contagion, a process whereby witnessing a prosocial act leads to acting prosocially. Individuals differ in their propensity to experience elevation, and thus their proneness to prosocial contagion, but little is known about the causes of such variation. We introduce an adaptationist model wherein elevation marks immediate circumstances in which generalized prosociality is advantageous, with this evaluation of circumstances hinging in part on prior expectations of others' prosociality. In 15 studies, we add to evidence that elevation can reliably be elicited and mediates prosocial contagion. Importantly, we confirm a novel prediction-generated by our adaptationist account-that an idealistic attitude, which indexes others' expected degree of prosociality, moderates the relationship between exposure to prosocial cues and experiencing elevation. We discuss how our findings inform both basic theorizing in the affective sciences and translational efforts to engineer a more harmonious world, and we offer future research directions to further test and extend our model. © 2019 Sparks et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Sparks, A.M.; Fessler, D.M.T.; Holbrook, C.",PLoS ONE,1252
-"Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we shall die: Effects of mortality salience and self-esteem on self-regulation in consumer choice",,"Ferraro, R.; Shiv, B.; Bettman, J.R.",Journal of Consumer Research,1253
-Perceived gaze direction modulates neural processing of prosocial decision making,"Gaze direction is a common social cue implying potential interpersonal interaction. However, little is known about the neural processing of social decision making influenced by perceived gaze direction. Here, we employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) method to investigate 27 females when they were engaging in an economic exchange game task during which photos of direct or averted eye gaze were shown. We found that, when averted but not direct gaze was presented, prosocial vs. selfish choices were associated with stronger activations in the right superior temporal gyrus (STG) as well as larger functional couplings between right STG and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Moreover, stronger activations in right STG was associated with quicker actions for making prosocial choice accompanied with averted gaze. The findings suggest that, when the cue implying social contact is absent, the processing of understanding others’ intention and the relationship between self and others is more involved for making prosocial than selfish decisions. These findings could advance our understanding of the roles of subtle cues in influencing prosocial decision making, as well as shedding lights on deficient social cue processing and functioning among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). © 2018 Sun, Shao, Wang and Lee.","Sun, D.; Shao, R.; Wang, Z.; Lee, T.M.C.",Front. Human Neurosci.,1254
-"Cycle Thieves, We Are Watching You': Impact of a Simple Signage Intervention against Bicycle Theft","Background: Bicycle theft is a serious problem in many countries, and there is a lack of evidence concerning effective prevention strategies. Displaying images of 'watching eyes' has been shown to make people behave in more socially desirable ways in a number of settings, but it is not yet clear if this effect can be exploited for purposes of crime prevention. We report the results of a simple intervention on a university campus where signs featuring watching eyes and a related verbal message were displayed above bicycle racks. Methodology and Principal Findings: We installed durable signs at three locations which had experienced high levels of bicycle theft, and used the rest of the university campus as a control location. Reported thefts were monitored for 12 months before and after the intervention. Bicycle thefts decreased by 62% at the experimental locations, but increased by 65% in the control locations, suggesting that the signs were effective, but displaced offending to locations with no signs. The Odds Ratio for the effect of the intervention was 4.28 (95% confidence interval 2.04-8.98), a large effect compared to other place-based crime prevention interventions. Conclusions and Significance: The effectiveness of this extremely cheap and simple intervention suggests that there can be considerable crime-reduction benefits to engaging the psychology of surveillance, even in the absence of surveillance itself. Simple interventions for high-crime locations based on this principle should be considered as an adjunct to other measures, although a possible negative consequence is displacement of offending. © 2012 Nettle et al.","Nettle, D.; Nott, K.; Bateson, M.",PLoS ONE,1255
-Game theory and human evolution: A critique of some recent interpretations of experimental games,"Economists and psychologists have been testing Nash equilibrium predictions of game theory models of human behavior. In many instances, humans do not conform to the predictions. These results are of great interest to biologists because they also raise questions about well-known ESS models of cooperation. Cooperation in certain one-shot, anonymous interactions, and a willingness to punish others at a net cost to oneself are some of the most intriguing deviations from standard theory. One proposed explanation for these results that is receiving increasing attention invokes the cultural group selection of 'other regarding' social norms. We critically review this explanation. We conclude that experimental results reveal limits in two implicit models of cognitive structure commonly employed by economists and evolutionary biologists. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Hagen, E.H.; Hammerstein, P.",Theor. Popul. Biol.,1256
-Systematic review and meta-analysis of psychomotor effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields,"OBJECTIVES: Over the past 10 years there has been increasing concern about the possible behavioural effects of mobile phone use. This systematic review and meta-analysis focuses on studies published since 1999 on the human cognitive and performance effects of mobile phone-related electromagnetic fields (EMF). METHODS: PubMed, Biomed, Medline, Biological Sciences, PsychInfo, PsycARTICLES, Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management, Neurosciences Abstracts and Web of Science professional databases were searched and 24 studies selected for meta-analysis. Each study had to have at least one psychomotor measurement result as a main outcome. Data were analysed using standardised mean difference (SMD) as the effect size measure. Results Only three tasks (2-back, 3-back and simple reaction time (SRT)) displayed significant heterogeneity, but after studies with extreme SMD were excluded using sensitivity analysis, the statistical significance disappeared (χ(2)(7)=1.63, p=0.20; χ(2)(6)=1.00, p=0.32; χ(2)(10)=14.04, p=0.17, respectively). Following sensitivity analysis, the effect of sponsorship and publication bias were assessed. Meta-regression indicated a significant effect (b1/40.12, p<0.05) only for the 2-back task with mixed funding (industry and public/charity). Funnel plot inspection revealed a significant publication bias only for two cognitive tasks: SRT (Begg's rank correlation r=0.443; Egger's test b=-0.652) and the subtraction task (Egger's test b=-0.687). CONCLUSIONS: Mobile phone-like EMF do not seem to induce cognitive and psychomotor effects. Nonetheless, the existence of sponsorship and publication biases should encourage WHO intervention to develop official research standards and guidelines. In addition, future research should address critical and neglected issues such as investigation of repeated, intensive and chronic exposures, especially in highly sensitive populations such as children.","Valentini, Elia; Ferrara, Michele; Presaghi, Fabio; De Gennaro, Luigi; Curcio, Giuseppe",Occup. Environ. Med.,1257
-"Altruism, costly signaling, and withholding information in a sport charity campaign","Are more generous altruists more likely to signal their altruism? According to the theory of costly signaling, altruists signal their altruism in order to enhance their reputations; this theory predicts that above-average altruists will be most likely to signal their altruism. However, previous empirical research has found that average altruists are more likely to signal their altruism than above- and below-average altruists, suggesting adherence to an egalitarian norm. Studies of real-life of altruism, reputation management, and signaling are rare. Here, we examined a sport charity database to look at the behavior of donors and fundraising runners. We observed that average donors are the most likely to publish both their names and the amount, whereas below-average donors are more likely to publish only their name (and hide the amount), and extremely generous donors are more likely to publish only the amount (and hide their name) than less generous donors. We also found that runners who targeted a higher sum or a longer distance garnered larger sums through larger individual donations. These results support egalitarian theories of signaling and show that humans actively manipulate the information about their altruistic act to maximize their reputation. © 2019 The Author(s).","Mokos, J.; Scheuring, I.",Evolution. Mind. Behav.,1258
-The moderators and mediators of door-in-the-face requests: Is it a negotiation or a helping experience?,"The Door-in-the-Face (DITF) compliance-gaining tactic occurs when a large request, expected to be rejected, is followed by a more reasonable request that is granted. The mechanisms underlying the DITF strategy remain unclear. Researchers have posed different explanations for the effectiveness of DITF, including the reciprocal concessions and the social responsibility models. These theoretical rationales for DITF were tested in a 3 (request type: initial request only, DITF sequence, small request only)2 (initial request size: moderate, large)2 (solicitor familiarity: friend, stranger) between-participants experiment. Findings from the compliance data are mostly consistent with the reciprocal concessions model; but, findings from the cognitive and affective data were mixed. It appears that DITF messages are perceived as a helping situation for friends, but not for strangers. Strangers view request messages of all sizes to be a negotiation, but friends see these requests as a negotiation only when the initial request is large.","Turner, M.M.; Tamborini, R.; Limon, M.S.; Zuckerman-Hyman, C.",Commun. Monogr.,1259
-Crowding-out or crowding-in: The dynamics of different revenue streams,"An important question in public economics is to what extent changes in government funding lead to changes in private donations. In this chapter we identify and summarize four theoretical perspectives answering this question: the micro-economic, institutional-political, institutional signaling, and organizational perspective. Reviewing the empirical support for each perspective, we find that none of the perspectives sufficiently explains the dispersed empirical evidence for the relationship between government financial support and individual philanthropic donations. We argue that the context in which nonprofit organizations operate is a relevant but often overlooked factor that influences how government support affects philanthropic giving. Research in this area should adopt a dynamic perspective, taking into account the dynamics of different nonprofit revenue streams (from governments, businesses, foundations, and households) as well as contextual level factors like the subsector of the nonprofit sector and country characteristics. © 2020 Taylor & Francis.","de Wit, A.; Bekkers, R.; Wiepking, P.",Financing Nonprofit Organizations,1260
-Social image or social Norm?: Re-examining the audience effect in dictator game Experiments,"Andreoni and Bernheim (2009) consider a variant of the dictator game in which a recipient does not know whether an allocation decision was made by a dictator or by an exogenous force, called “nature”. They find that as the likelihood of nature's intervention increased, more subjects mimicked the nature's move. We replicate their experiment, and examine a new treatment in which a recipient is always informed about whether a dictator or nature made a decision. We find that (i) many dictators’ decisions were affected by nature's intervention even when the recipient was informed of whether the dictator or nature had made the decision, which suggests that the intervention altered not only the incentive to signal one's willingness to comply with the social norm but also the social norm itself (i.e., the perception of an appropriate action), but (ii) still dictators’ behavior under the two treatments differed significantly, which suggests that the audience effect also matters greatly. © 2019","Kim, C.; Kim, S.-H.",J. Behave. Exp. Econ.,1261
-"Social game theory: Preferences, perceptions, and choices","Building on classic game theory, psychologists have explored the effects of social preferences and expectations on strategic behaviour. Ordinary social perceivers are sensitive to additional contextual factors not addressed by game theory and its recent psychological extensions. We review the results of a research programme exploring how observers judge “players” (i.e., individuals making strategic decisions in social dilemmas) on the dimensions of competence and morality. We explore social perception in several well-known dilemmas, including the prisoner’s dilemma, the volunteer’s dilemma, and the trust dilemma. We also introduce a novel self-presentational dilemma. In research conducted over a decade and a half, we have found that judgements of competence are sensitive to both players’ choices and the dilemma’s (expected and actual) outcomes. In contrast, judgements of morality respond strongly to players’ behaviour and little else. We discuss how these social-perceptual patterns might affect expectations, preferences, and strategic choices. © 2020, © 2020 European Association of Social Psychology.","Krueger, J.I.; Heck, P.R.; Evans, A.M.; DiDonato, T.E.",Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol.,1262
-"Effect of dietary fiber intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials","OBJECTIVE: We conducted a meta-analysis of 25 randomized controlled trials published in English-language journals before February 2004, to assess the effect of dietary fiber intake on blood pressure (BP). DESIGN: Using a standardized protocol, information on study design, sample size, participant characteristics, duration of follow-up and change in mean BP, was abstracted. The data from each study were pooled using a random effects model to provide an overall estimate of dietary fiber intake on BP. INTERVENTION: Dietary fiber intake was the only significant intervention difference between the active and control groups. RESULTS: Overall, dietary fiber intake was associated with a significant -1.65 mmHg [95% confidence interval (CI), -2.70 to -0.61] reduction in diastolic BP (DBP) and a non-significant -1.15 mmHg (95% CI, -2.68 to 0.39) reduction in systolic BP (SBP). A significant reduction in both SBP and DBP was observed in trials conducted among patients with hypertension (SBP -5.95 mmHg, 95% CI, -9.50 to -2.40; DBP -4.20 mmHg, 95% CI, -6.55 to -1.85) and in trials with a duration of intervention > or = 8 weeks (SBP -3.12 mmHg, 95% CI, -5.68 to -0.56; DBP -2.57 mmHg, 95% CI, -4.01 to -1.14). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that increased intake of dietary fiber may reduce BP in patients with hypertension and suggests a smaller, non-conclusive, reduction in normotensives. An intervention period of at least 8 weeks may be necessary to achieve the maximum reduction in BP. Our findings warrant conduct of additional clinical trials with a larger sample size and longer period of intervention to examine the effect of dietary fiber intake on BP.","Whelton, Seamus P; Hyre, Amanda D; Pedersen, Bonnie; Yi, Yeonjoo; Whelton, Paul K; He, Jiang",J. Hypertens.,1263
-Sweet charity,,"Larson, J.",American Demographics,1264
-A positive model of private charity and public transfers,,"Roberts, R.D.",Journal of Political Economy,1265
-The purpose of exchange helps shape the mode of exchange,"In his state-of-the-art review, Gurven (see record [rid]2005-01953-003[/rid]) compares evolutionary theories of food transfers in ethnographic settings. Although this is useful, I suggest that one must first try to determine the utility of food transfers before making predictions about which parties ought to receive food. In addition, I argue that tests of kin selection theory present a special problem in food transfers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hames, Raymond",Behav. Brain Sci.,1266
-A field study on watching eyes and hand hygiene compliance in a public restroom,"Humans modify their behavior in a socially desirable way when being watched by others. We applied this basic idea to hand hygiene compliance, a behavior that is crucial for preventing germ transmission and successive infections in many settings. Building on the assumption that hand hygiene behavior is socially desirable, we assume that individuals show stronger hand hygiene compliance when being watched. In a field study in a women's public restroom (N = 354), we exposed individuals to a message advising that hand-washing protects against the spread of pathogens. In the experimental condition, stylized human watching eyes were presented above the message. In the control condition, three stars were presented. Analysis revealed a significantly higher percentage of hand hygiene compliance in the watching eyes condition (83.3%) compared to the control condition (71.9%; odds ratio: 1.95, p =.01). The applied value for employers and public institutions is discussed. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Pfattheicher, S.; Strauch, C.; Diefenbacher, S.; Schnuerch, R.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,1267
-Help Me Help You! Employing the Marketing Mix to Alleviate Experiences of Donor Sacrifice,,"Bradford, T.W.; Boyd, N.W.",Journal of Marketing,1268
-Searching for Excellence in Marketing Education: The Relationship between Service Quality and Three Outcome Variables,,"Allen, J.; Davis, D.",Journal of Marketing Education,1269
-Effects of minimal social cues on trust in the investment game,"In anonymous game tasks, individuals’ prosocial behaviour was shown to increase when those individuals were provided with social cues from a third party or bystander. It has been suggested that those social cues can be presented using a configuration suggestive of a face with ‘watching eyes’. This led us to question whether it was possible to provide the watching-eyes configuration with even weaker facial information, such as a simple dot pattern. By using a minimal social cue paradigm, such as the one described above, the present research found that individuals’ trust toward the trustee increased when they detected the watching-eyes dot pattern as a source of social cues in two settings: a hypothetical investment game for both college students (Study 1) and customs officers (Study 2); and an actual investment game for college students (Study 3). © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd, Asian Association of Social Psychology and Beijing Normal University","Xin, Z.; Liu, Y.; Yang, Z.; Zhang, H.",Asian J. Soc. Psychol.,1270
-What Sustainable Development Goals Do Social Innovations Address? A Systematic Review and Content Analysis of Social Innovation Literature,"Interest in social innovations (SIs) from both the academic and the policy side is growing. Nonetheless, we still know little about which sustainable development goals (SDGs) SIs already address. Furthermore, only little is known about who the innovators developing and implementing SIs are. In this paper, we aim to bring more clarity and structure to the field of SIs. Firstly, a systematic literature review was conducted, before a content analysis was used to analyze the definitions used with regard to similarities. Secondly, all case studies described in the reviewed articles were then further systematically analyzed in order to identify the social or environmental problems addressed and the innovators involved. For the purpose of classifying the diverse types of problems, we used the globally known and broadly accepted 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). Results showed that most SI case studies deal with an improvement of health and well-being. Furthermore, our study illustrates that there is a pronounced difference in the focus of SIs between developing and developed countries. Concerning the innovators, our results indicate that five types of innovators are fundamentally involved in developing and implementing SIs: social entrepreneurs, NGOs and non-profits, public institutions, civil society, firms, and social enterprises. Our definition analysis as well as the identification and classification of the innovators and addressed social needs bring much-needed clarity and structure to the field. However, our systematic review shows that SI is still in its infancy and it will be interesting to see where the field will head. © 2018 by the authors.","Eichler, Georg M; Schwarz, Erich J",Sustainability (Switzerland),1271
-Do sympathy biases induce charitable giving? The effects of advertising content,"We randomize advertising content motivated by the psychology literature on sympathy generation and framing effects in mailings to about 185,000 prospective new donors in India. We find a significant impact on the number of donors and amounts donated consistent with sympathy biases such as the “identifiable victim,” “in-group,” and “reference dependence.” A monthly reframing of the ask amount increases donors and the amount donated relative to daily reframing. A second field experiment targeted to past donors, finds that the effect of sympathy bias on giving is smaller in percentage terms but statistically and economically highly significant in terms of the magnitude of additional dollars raised. Methodologically, the paper complements the work of behavioral scholars by adopting an empirical researchers’ lens of measuring relative effect sizes and economic relevance of multiple behavioral theoretical constructs in the sympathy bias and charity domain within one field setting. Beyond the benefit of conceptual replications, the effect sizes provide guidance to managers on which behavioral theories are most managerially and economically relevant when developing advertising content. © 2016 INFORMS.","Sudhir, K.; Roy, S.; Cherian, M.",Mark. Sci.,1272
-Neural correlates of theory-of-mind reasoning: An event-related potential study,"Everyday understanding of human behavior rests on having a theory of mind - the ability to relate people's actions to underlying mental states such as beliefs and desires. It has been suggested that an impaired theory of mind may lie at the heart of psychological disorders that are characterized by deficits in social understanding, such as autism. In this study, we employed the event-related potential methodology to index the activity of neural systems that are engaged during theory-of-mind reasoning in adults. Specifically, neural activity elicited by tasks that required thinking about mental as compared with nonmental representations (i.e., beliefs vs. photographs) was characterized by a focally enhanced positivity over left frontal areas, which was diminished over left parietal areas. These findings provide an important perspective on both children's theory-of-mind development and the neurobiology of disorders in which theory of mind seems to be impaired.","Sabbagh, M.A.; Taylor, M.",Psychol. Sci.,1273
-Influences of a Luck Game on Offers in Ultimatum and Dictator Games: Is There a Mediation of Emotions?,"The ultimatum (UG) and dictator (DG) games are two tasks where a sum of money has to be divided between two players: a proposer and a receiver. Following the rational choice theory, proposers should offer the minimum in the UG and nothing in the DG, due to the presence/absence of the receivers’ bargaining power. The fact that people generally make non-negligible offers in both games has suggested divergent explicative hypotheses and has generated extensive research to examine exogenous and endogenous factors underlying such decisions. Among the contextual factors affecting the proposers’ offers, the sense of entitlement or of ownership has been shown to reduce offers significantly. A frequent way to induce the sense of entitlement/ownership has been to assign the role of proposer to the player who apparently has better scored in skill tasks executed before the UG or DG or has more contributed, through a previous luck game, to the amount to be shared. Such manipulations, however, could produce a possible overlapping between “ownership” and “merit,” that in this study we aimed to disentangle. We manipulated the participants’ initial endowment through a luck game, by increasing, decreasing or leaving it unchanged, to investigate whether winnings or losses by chance influenced offers in UG and DG in similar or different ways depending on their respective features. All participants played as proposers but this role was apparently random and disconnected from the outcomes of the luck game. Furthermore, we investigated whether the putative effect of experimental manipulation was mediated by the changes in emotions elicited by the luck game and/or by the emotions and beliefs related to decision-making. We used a non-economic version of the games, in which tokens were divided instead of money. In the study, 300 unpaid undergraduates (M = 152) from different degree programs, aged between 18 and 42 years, participated. The results revealed that the effect of outcome manipulation on offers was moderated by the specific structure of the UG and DG. Instead, emotional reactions barely mediated the effect of the experimental manipulation, suggesting that their role in those decisions is less relevant than is assumed in the literature. © Copyright © 2020 Matarazzo, Pizzini and Greco.","Matarazzo, O.; Pizzini, B.; Greco, C.",Front. Psychol.,1274
-Construal-Level Theory of Psychological Distance,"People are capable of thinking about the future, the past, remote locations, another person's perspective, and counterfactual alternatives. Without denying the uniqueness of each process, it is proposed that they constitute different forms of traversing psychological distance. Psychological distance is egocentric: Its reference point is the self in the here and now, and the different ways in which an object might be removed from that point-in time, in space, in social distance, and in hypotheticality-constitute different distance dimensions. Transcending the self in the here and now entails mental construal, and the farther removed an object is from direct experience, the higher (more abstract) the level of construal of that object. Supporting this analysis, research shows (a) that the various distances are cognitively related to each other, (b) that they similarly influence and are influenced by level of mental construal, and (c) that they similarly affect prediction, preference, and action. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","Trope, Y.; Liberman, N.",Psychol. Rev.,1275
-Marketing communications with sensitive groups: The case of bereavement care services,,"Kent, R.A.; Horne, S.",Journal of Marketing Communications,1276
-Interventions to Increase Blood Donation among Ethnic/Racial Minorities: A Systematic Review,"Ethnic/racial minorities are under-represented in blood donor populations in most developed countries. This is of particular concern where minorities differ from a country's majority population in terms of blood or tissue typing, especially where type matching is required for effective management of rare disorders such as sickle-cell disease that require multiple transfusions. This systematic review assessed the effectiveness of interventions to increase blood donation among ethnic/racial minority populations in developed countries. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and ProQuest on 20 March 2017 with no date restrictions and supplemented this with searches on Google Scholar, blood collection agency websites, reference lists of included studies, and a forward search of citations of included studies. We included intervention studies designed to increase recruitment and/or retention of adult, ethnic/racial minority blood donors in developed countries. The review identified eight studies reported in nine publications. Six were conducted in the USA with African Americans. Four studies reported on multifaceted, community-based interventions; three reported on one-off information and educational video interventions, presented face-to-face, or delivered via post or e-mail. The level of evidence for efficacy was low, and the majority of studies were assessed as having some risk of bias related to one or more methodological issues. All eight studies reported positive outcomes in blood donation and/or intention to donate. Seven trials found that the intervention increased presentation for donation, and three found an increase in the percentage of new donors from the ethnic minority targeted. The review findings demonstrate that it is possible to design and implement effective interventions to motivate individuals from ethnic/racial minority groups to donate blood. One-off interventions may be as effective as multifaceted, community-based interventions. There was insufficient evidence to recommend particular interventions, and future research should empirically assess alternative interventions using robust study designs.","Makin, Jennifer K; Francis, Kate L; Polonsky, Michael J; Renzaho, Andre M N",J. Environ. Public Health,1277
-Altruistic Behavior in Childhood:What does Literature Shows us,"A variety of altruistic behaviors differentiated has been evidenced in childhood. This article aimed to systematize empirical studies produced in the years 2010 to 2015 about child altruism. After the elaboration and application of a systematic selection protocol, were found 14 articles were fully analyzed. The studies have examined the child altruism (1 to 11 years old) in association with different variables such as moral evaluation, response costs, family income, social distance, ability to abnegate immediate awards, adverse events, representations of attachment, social dominance, genetic composition, among others. It was concluded that children still very young and in different contexts demonstrate altruism through different topographic actions if they find opportunities for this. © 2021. All rights reserved.","Vilalva, S.; Löhr, S.S.; Guedes, M.",Psicol. Teor. Pesqui.,1278
-Moderating role of cause related marketing campaign between attitude towards products and purchase intention: An experimental analysis,,"Gadhavi, D.D.; Shukla, Y.S.; Patel, J.D.",Indian Journal of Marketing,1279
-Experience with anonymous interactions reduces intuitive cooperation,"The Social Heuristics Hypothesis claims that cooperation is intuitive because it is positively reinforced in everyday life, where behaviour typically has reputational consequences 1,2 . Consequently, participants will cooperate in anonymous laboratory settings unless they either reflect on the one-shot nature of the interaction or learn through experience with such settings that cooperation does not promote self-interest. Experiments reveal that cognitive-processing manipulations (which increase reliance on either intuition or deliberation) indeed affect cooperation 3 , but may also introduce confounds 4,5 . Here, we elide the interpretation issues created by between-subjects designs in showing that people are less cooperative over time in laboratory paradigms in which cooperation cannot promote self-interest, but are just as cooperative over time in paradigms that have the potential to promote self-interest. Contrary to previous findings 6,7 , we find that cooperation is equally intuitive for men and women: unilateral giving did not differ across gender at the first study session, and decreased equally for both genders across sessions. © 2018, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.","McAuliffe, W.H.B.; Forster, D.E.; Pedersen, E.J.; McCullough, M.E.",Nat. Hum. Behav.,1280
-Goods donations increase charitable credit for low-warmth donors,,"Gershon, R.; Cryder, C.",Journal of Consumer Research,1281
-Psychological perception by students of prosocial media,"Introduction. In the current situation of socio-economic development, the process of digitalization of a society has a significant impact on the socialization of an individual. Digital media resources can set ideal personality patterns and norms of behavior, forming value orientations and prosocial behavior of youth. Purpose. To analyze and evaluate the influence of prosocial media on the psychological perception of students, expressed in prosocial thinking, emotional reactions and prosocial intentions. Study participants. The sample consisted of 210 Moscow students (28% of males, 72% of females) aged 18 to 26 (M = 21). Methodical tools. The subjects were asked to watch sequentially seven videos (media resources) of prosocial content posted on the YouTube video hosting. The influence of prosocial media on nonsocial thinking, emotional reactions, and prosocial intentions was evaluated using the specially designed questionnaire “Media Resource Analysis”. The obtained empirical data were comprehended and processed using content analysis, quantitative analysis methods (descriptive statistics, percentage analysis, Friedman's two-way rank analysis of variance for related samples, Mann-Whitney test, Pearson correlation analysis). Results and scientific novelty. The study showed that prosocial media cause various emotional reactions (χ2 = 84.92; p<0.001) and prosocial intentions (χ2 = 76,86; p<0,001). In terms of actualization of prosocial intentions and thinking in students, news stories about specific events turned out to be more effective. The experience of volunteering does not affect the impact of prosocial media on prosocial thinking and prosocial intentions, and positive emotions compared to negative ones lead to more prosocial thinking and prosocial behavior, encouraging the viewer to contribute to helping those in need (0.211 ≤ r ≤ 0.588; p ≤ 0.05). Practical significance. The consideration of the study results and the identified relationships makes it possible to use them for promotion of the propagation of prosocial behavior among young people, dissemination of the information about volunteering in the media and through social advertising, and contribution to the creation of a positive image of a charity participant in society through the media. Numerous communities covering the activities of charitable foundations and organizations and calling for the provision of assistance of various kind can use the identified relationships on social networks to popularize the values of mutual assistance, kindness, mercy, citizenship, and the appeal of students to social activity. © 2020 LLC Ecological Help. All rights reserved.","Kislyakov, P.A.; Shmeleva, E.A.",Perspekt. Nauki Obraz.,1282
-Cooperators benefit through reputation-based partner choice in economic games,"Explaining unconditional cooperation, such as donations to charities or contributions to public goods, continues to present a problem. One possibility is that cooperation can pay through developing a reputation that makes one more likely to be chosen for a profitable cooperative partnership, a process termed competitive altruism (CA) or reputation-based partner choice. Here, we show, to our knowledge, for the first time, that investing in a cooperative reputation can bring net benefits through access to more cooperative partners. ParticiPants played a public goods game (PGG) followed by an opportunity to select a partner for a second cooperative game. We found that those who gave more in the PGG were more often selected as desired partners and received more in the paired cooperative game. Reputational competition was even stronger when it was possible for particiPants to receive a higher payoff from partner choice. The benefits of being selected by a more cooperative partner outweighed the costs of cooperation in the reputation building phase. CA therefore provides an alternative to indirect reciprocity as an explanation for reputation-building behaviour. Furthermore, while indirect reciprocity depends upon individuals giving preference to those of good standing, CA can explain unconditional cooperation. © 2010 The Royal Society.","Sylwester, K.; Roberts, G.",Biol. Lett.,1283
-A systematic review of the psychological determinants and motivational patterns of oocyte donation,,"Purewal, Satvinder; van den Akker, Olga",J. Reprod. Infant Psychol.,1284
-"Intuition, deliberation, and the evolution of cooperation","Humans often cooperate with strangers, despite the costs involved. A long tradition of theoretical modeling has sought ultimate evolutionary explanations for this seemingly altruistic behavior. More recently, an entirely separate body of experimental work has begun to investigate cooperation's proximate cognitive underpinnings using a dualprocess framework: Is deliberative self-control necessary to reign in selfish impulses, or does self-interested deliberation restrain an intuitive desire to cooperate? Integrating these ultimate and proximate approaches, we introduce dual-process cognition into a formal gametheoretic model of the evolution of cooperation. Agents play prisoner's dilemma games, some of which are one-shot and others of which involve reciprocity. They can either respond by using a generalized intuition, which is not sensitive to whether the game is oneshot or reciprocal, or pay a (stochastically varying) cost to deliberate and tailor their strategy to the type of game they are facing. We find that, depending on the level of reciprocity and assortment, selection favors one of two strategies: intuitive defectors who never deliberate, or dual-process agents who intuitively cooperate but sometimes use deliberation to defect in one-shot games. Critically, selection never favors agents who use deliberation to override selfish impulses: Deliberation only serves to undermine cooperation with strangers. Thus, by introducing a formal theoretical framework for exploring cooperation through a dual-process lens, we provide a clear answer regarding the role of deliberation in cooperation based on evolutionary modeling, help to organize a growing body of sometimesconflicting empirical results, and shed light on the nature of human cognition and social decision making.","Bear, A.; Rand, D.G.",Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.,1285
-Replicating and extending the effects of auditory religious cues on dishonest behavior,"Although scientists agree that replications are critical to the debate on the validity of religious priming research, religious priming replications are scarce. This paper attempts to replicate and extend previously observed effects of religious priming on ethical behavior. We test the effect of religious instrumental music on individuals' ethical behavior with university participants (N = 408) in the Czech Republic, Japan, and the US. Participants were randomly assigned to listen to one of three musical tracks (religious, secular, or white noise) or to no music (control) for the duration of a decision-making game. Participants were asked to indicate which side of a vertically-bisected computer screen contained more dots and, in every trial, indicating that the right side of the screen had more dots earned participants the most money (irrespective of the number of dots). Therefore, participants were able to report dishonestly to earn more money. In agreement with previous research, we did not observe any main effects of condition. However, we were unable to replicate a moderating effect of selfreported religiosity on the effects of religious music on ethical behavior. Nevertheless, further analyses revealed moderating effects for ritual participation and declared religious affiliation congruent with the musical prime. That is, participants affiliated with a religious organization and taking part in rituals cheated significantly less than their peers when listening to religious music. We also observed significant differences in cheating behavior across samples. On average, US participants cheated the most and Czech participants cheated the least. We conclude that normative conduct is, in part, learned through active membership in religious communities and our findings provide further support for religious music as a subtle, moral cue. © 2020 Nichols et al.","Nichols, A.D.; Lang, M.; Kavanagh, C.; Kundt, R.; Yamada, J.; Ariely, D.; Mitkidis, P.",PLoS ONE,1286
-Worlds of welfare and attitudes to redistribution: A comparison of eight Western nations,"In this paper attitudes to redistribution in eight Western nations are analysed, using data from the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). The paper begins with a discussion of various 'regime types' as presented by Esping-Andersen and Castles and Mitchell, among others. Countries are then chosen to represent four 'twin pairs' of countries, approximating four 'worlds of welfare capitalism': the social democratic (Sweden/Norway), the conservative (Germany/Austria), the liberal (US/ Canada), and the radical (Australia/New Zealand). The empirical analysis assesses whether attitudes to redistribution and income differences are structured in the way suggested by the discussion of different cleavage structures in various regime types. It is concluded that while the level of attitudes regarding redistribution and income differences clearly is affected by regime type, group patterns are very similar between all the countries.","Svallfors, S.",Eur. Sociol. Rev.,1287
-Public Goods and Posterity: An Empirical Test of Intergenerational Altruism,,"Brooks, A.C.",Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,1288
-Pathological video-game use among youth ages 8 to 18: A national study: Research article,"Researchers have studied whether some youth are ""addicted"" to video games, but previous studies have been based on regional convenience samples. Using a national sample, this study gathered information about video-gaming habits and parental involvement in gaming, to determine the percentage of youth who meet clinical-style criteria for pathological gaming. A Harris poll surveyed a randomly selected sample of 1,178 American youth ages 8 to 18. About 8% of video-game players in this sample exhibited pathological patterns of play. Several indicators documented convergent and divergent validity of the results: Pathological gamers spent twice as much time playing as nonpathological gamers and received poorer grades in school; pathological gaming also showed comorbidity with attention problems. Pathological status significantly predicted poorer school performance even after controlling for sex, age, and weekly amount of video-game play. These results confirm that pathological gaming can be measured reliably, that the construct demonstrates validity, and that it is not simply isomorphic with a high amount of play. © 2009 Association for Psychological Science.","Gentile, D.",Psychol. Sci.,1289
-"Lessons Learned, Challenges, and Opportunities: The US Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program","In 1996, the U.S. Congress passed the Food Quality Protection Act and amended the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) requiring the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to implement a screening program to investigate the potential of pesticide chemicals and drinking water contaminants to adversely affect endocrine pathways. Consequently, the EPA launched the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) to develop and validate estrogen, androgen, and thyroid (EAT) pathway screening assays and to produce standardized and harmonized test guidelines for regulatory application. In 2009, the EPA issued the first set of test orders for EDSP screening and a total of 50 pesticide actives and 2 inert ingredients have been evaluated using the battery of EDSP Tier 1 screening assays (i.e., five in vitro assays and six in vivo assays). To provide a framework for retrospective analysis of the data generated and to collect the insight of multiple stakeholders involved in the testing, more than 240 scientists from government, industry, academia, and non-profit organizations recently participated in a workshop titled ``Lessons Learned, Challenges, Opportunities: The U.S. Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program.'' The workshop focused on the science and experience to date and was organized into three focal sessions: (a) Performance of the EDSP Tier 1 Screening Assays for Estrogen, Androgen, and Thyroid Pathways; (b) Practical Applications of Tier 1 Data; and (c) Indications and Opportunities for Future Endocrine Testing. A number of key findings and recommendations related to future EDSP evaluations emanated from the collective sessions.","Juberg, Daland R; Borghoff, Susan J; Becker, Richard A; Casey, Warren; Hartung, Thomas; Holsapple, Michael P; Marty, M Sue; Mihaich, Ellen M; Van der Kraak, Glen; Wade, Michael G; Willett, Catherine E; Andersen, Melvin E; Borgert, Christopher J; Coady, Katherine K; Dourson, Michael L; Fowle, John R, III; Gray, L Earl; Lamb, James C; Ortego, Lisa S; Schug, Thaddeus T; Toole, Colleen M; Zorrilla, Leah M; Kroner, Oliver L; Patterson, Jacqueline; Rinckel, Lori A; Jones, Brett R",ALTEX-ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION,1290
-Altruism: A review of recent theory and research,,"Piliavin, J.A.; Charng, H.W.",Annual Review of Sociology,1291
-"Reputation, Gossip, and Human Cooperation","Why do people cooperate? We address this classic question by analyzing and discussing the role of reputation: people cooperate to maintain a positive reputation in their social environment. Reputation is a key element fueling a system of indirect reciprocity, where cooperators establish a good reputation and are thus more likely to receive future benefits from third parties. The tendencies to monitor, spread, and manage each other's reputation help explain the abundance of human cooperation with unrelated strangers. We review research on the phenomenon of reputation-based cooperation in the domains of how people manage their reputation in response to varying cues of reputation, when reputation can promote cooperation, and individual differences in reputation management. We also propose three directions for future research: group stability and reputation-based cooperation, solutions to cope with noise and biased reputation, and the relative efficiency of positive versus negative reputation systems. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd","Wu, J.; Balliet, D.; Van Lange, P.A.M.",Soc. Pers. Psychol. Compass,1292
-On expectations and the monetary stakes in ultimatum games,"In an ultimatum game, player 1 makes an offer of $X from a total of $M to player 2. If player 2 accepts the offer, then player 1 is paid $(M-X) and player 2 receives $X; if player 2 rejects the offer, each gets zero. In the ultimatum game experiments reported in the literature, M is typically not more than $10 (see Forsythe, Horowitz, Savin and Sefton, 1994, hereafter FHSS; Hoffman, McCabe, Shachat and Smith, 1994, hereafter HMSS, and the literature cited therein). We report new results for 50 bargaining pairs in which M = $100, and compare them with previous outcomes from 48 pairs with M = $10. The need for an examination of the effect of increased stakes on ultimatum bargaining is suggested by a literature survey of the effect of varying the stakes in a wide variety of decision making and market experiments over the last 33 years (Smith and Walker, 1993b). Many cases were found in which the predictions of theory were improved when the monetary rewards were increased. There were also cases in which the level of monetary rewards had no effect on the results. Consequently, it is necessary to examine the stakes question on a case by case basis. The previously reported effect of instructional changes, which define different institutional contexts, on ultimatum game outcomes, and the effect of stakes reported here, suggest a game formulation that explains changes in the behavior of both players as a result of changes in the instructional treatments. We formulate such a model and indicate how it might be further tested.","Hoffman, E.; McCabe, K.A.; Smith, V.L.",Int. J. Game Theory,1293
-The Moderated Influence of Internal Control: An Examination Across Health-Related Behaviors,,"Kidwell, B.; Jewell, R.D.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1294
-Giving against the odds: When tempting alternatives increase willingness to donate,,"Savary, J.; Goldsmith, K.; Dhar, R.",Journal of Marketing Research,1295
-Spending money on others promotes happiness,"Although much research has examined the effect of income on happiness, we suggest that how people spend their money may be at least as important as how much money they earn. Specifically, we hypothesized that spending money on other people may have a more positive impact on happiness than spending money on oneself. Providing converging evidence for this hypothesis, we found that spending more of one's income on others predicted greater happiness both cross-sectionally (in a nationally representative survey study) and longitudinally (in a field study of windfall spending). Finally, participants who were randomly assigned to spend money on others experienced greater happiness than those assigned to spend money on themselves.","Dunn, E.W.; Aknin, L.B.; Norton, M.I.",Science,1296
-Sensitization-habituation may occur during operant conditioning,"Operant response rates often change within experimental sessions, sometimes increasing and then decreasing. The authors attribute these changes to sensitization and habituation to aspects of the experimental situation presented repeatedly (e.g., reinforcers) or for a prolonged time (e.g., the experimental enclosure). They describe several empirical similarities between sensitization-habituation and within-session changes in operant responding. They argue that many alternative explanations for within-session changes in operant responding can be dismissed. They also examine some implications of linking the literatures on habituation and operant responding. Because responding follows a similar pattern in several other cases (e.g., human vigilance, classical conditioning, and unconditioned responding), 2 relatively simple processes may be responsible for the temporal patterning of behavior in a wide variety of situations. Copyright 1996 by the American Psychological Association, Inc.","McSweeney, F.K.; Hinson, J.M.; Cannon, C.B.",Psychol. Bull.,1297
-The minds of gods: A comparative study of supernatural agency,"The present work is the first study to systematically compare the minds of gods by examining some of the intuitive processes that guide how people reason about them. By examining the Christian god and the spirit-masters of the Tyva Republic, it first confirms that the consensus view of the Christian god?s mind is one of omniscience with acute concern for interpersonal social behavior (i.e., moral behaviors) and that Tyvan spirit-masters are not as readily attributed with knowledge or concern of moral information. Then, it reports evidence of a moralization bias of gods? minds; American Christians who believe that God is omniscient rate God as more knowledgeable of moral behaviors than nonmoral information. Additionally, Tyvans who do not readily report pro- or antisocial behavior among the things that spirit-masters care about will nevertheless rate spirit-masters? knowledge and concern of moral information higher than nonmoral information. However, this knowledge is distributed spatially; the farther away from spirits? place of governance a moral behavior takes place, the less they know and care about it. Finally, the wider the breadth of knowledge Tyvans attribute to spirit-masters, the more they attribute moral concern for behaviors that transpire beyond their jurisdiction. These results further demonstrate that there is a significant gulf between expressed beliefs and intuitive religious cognition and provides evidence for a moralization bias of gods? minds. © 2013 Elsevier B.V..","Purzycki, B.G.",Cognition,1298
-"Characterising forest owners through their objectives, attributes and management strategies","Changes in forest land use and management arise from the decisions of individual forest owners. To gain a better understanding of forest owner decision-making and its implications for forest land-use change, we develop a forest owner functional typology based on a meta-analysis of quantitative and qualitative information about forest owners and their decision-making strategies across the developed world. From this typology, we develop an index of forest owner sustainability. We find nine broad forest owner functional types: industrial productionist, non-industrial productionist, for-profit recreationist, for-profit multi-objective, non-profit multi-objective, recreationalist, species conservationist, ecosystem conservationist and passive owner. These owner types align along three gradients representing (1) their economic focus, (2) the intensity of their management practices and (3) the type of goods and services they provide (private vs. public). We also find that multi-objective and conservationist owners generally practise the most sustainable forms of forest management and industrial productionists the least sustainable in terms of triple bottom line sustainability. Supracontinental land owner typologies of this kind can be useful in assisting international policy making and in developing resource management programmes. We suggest that future studies should investigate forest owner typologies in the developing world, forest owner information-sharing networks, and the ways in which forest owners learn and adapt to environmental change. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Blanco, Victor; Brown, Calum; Rounsevell, Mark",Eur. J. For. Res.,1299
-A meta-analysis of price elasticities of transport demand in a general equilibrium framework,"Price elasticities of transport demand are an important tool to assess the impacts of pricing policies. Empirical research on these elasticities leads to a rather wide range of outcomes. There is obviously a need for a more rigorous methodological framework. This paper provides a new integrative approach to the estimation of price elasticities whilst taking into account any combination of characteristics of transport demand found in various empirical studies. To this end, we apply meta-analysis to this set of studies. From the various modelling approaches that underlie these studies we develop an overlapping general equilibrium framework that provides a meta-regression equation relating the price elasticity estimate to the study characteristics. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","Kremers, H.; Nijkamp, P.; Rietveld, P.",Econ. Model.,1300
-Personal Charitable Contributions: Tax Effects and Other Motives,,"Dye, R.",Proceedings of the Seventieth Annual Conference on Taxation,1301
-A simultaneous model of nonprofit symphony orchestra behavior,"In this paper, we test a six equation simultaneous model of nonprofit symphony orchestra behavior. The model is based on Hansmann's theory of nonprofit behavior in the performing arts. The results show that the most prestigious of the orchestras practise a pricing policy that encourages patrons to make a tax deductible contribution. In this manner, they achieve a pattern of price discrimination that, instead of increasing revenues, reduces revenues. Following conditions suggested by Hansmann, we are also able to draw conclusions about the objectives of nonprofit symphony orchestras. © 1995 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","Luksetich, W.A.; Lange, M.D.",J Cult Econ,1302
-Applications of continuous improvement methodologies in the voluntary sector: a systematic literature review,"Despite the vast acceptance of continuous improvement (CI) methodologies in manufacturing and services industries, few organisations have implemented CI in the voluntary sector (VS). This paper presents a systematic review of the literature on CI methodologies in VS. 20 publications on the application of CI methodologies in VS were included drawn from four academic databases (EBSCOHost, Emerald Insight, Web of Science and Scopus). The review was restricted to peer-reviewed English-written academic articles published between 2000 and 2017. The findings revealed that cost reduction, increased customer satisfaction and improved staff empowerment are some of the potential benefits of implementing CI in the VS. Further, the possible challenges include resistance to change, lack of formal processes and the diversity of customers. This review underlines the critical success factors for the adoption of CI methodologies as appropriate leadership and organisational culture and staff engagement. Additionally, the paper identifies emerging trends and research gaps in this area. The findings of the study will enable VS professionals to gain a better understanding of the application of CI methodologies and will allow academics to conduct further research in this area using the identified research gaps. © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Jevanesan, T.; Antony, J.; Rodgers, B.; Prashar, A.",Total Qual. Manage. Bus. Excellence,1303
-Explaining the door-in-the face: Is it really time to abandon reciprocal concessions?,"Recent articles (Dillard, 1991; O'Keefe and Figge', 1997, 1999) have addressed issues related to the sequential request influence strategy called Door-In-The-Face (DITF). Those articles presented objections to reciprocal concessions, the most often invoked explanation for DITF effects, and two of the articles (O'Keefe & Figge', 1997, 1999) explicated a guilt-based explanation as an alternative. This article presents a series of arguments defending the reciprocal concessions explanation, and suggests one possible research agenda relative to address issues related to reciprocal concessions and the guilt based explanation. © 1999, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Hale, J.L.; Laliker, M.",Commun. Stud.,1304
-Young Children Are More Generous when Others Are Aware of Their Actions,"Adults frequently employ reputation-enhancing strategies when engaging in prosocial acts, behaving more generously when their actions are likely to be witnessed by others and even more so when the extent of their generosity is made public. This study examined the developmental origins of sensitivity to cues associated with reputationally motivated prosociality by presenting five-year-olds with the option to provide one or four stickers to a familiar peer recipient at no cost to themselves. We systematically manipulated the recipient's knowledge of the actor's choices in two different ways: (1) occluding the recipient's view of both the actor and the allocation options and (2) presenting allocations in opaque containers whose contents were visible only to the actor. Children were consistently generous only when the recipient was fully aware of the donation options; in all cases in which the recipient was not aware of the donation options, children were strikingly ungenerous. These results demonstrate that five-year-olds exhibit ""strategic prosociality,"" behaving differentially generous as a function of the amount of information available to the recipient about their actions. These findings suggest that long before they develop a rich understanding of the social significance of reputation or are conscious of complex strategic reasoning, children behave more generously when the details of their prosocial actions are available to others. © 2012 Leimgruber et al.","Leimgruber, K.L.; Shaw, A.; Santos, L.R.; Olson, K.R.",PLoS ONE,1305
-Speaking to the heart: Social exclusion and reliance on feelings versus reasons in persuasion,,"Lu, F.-C.; Sinha, J.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1306
-The evolution of distorted beliefs vs. mistaken choices under asymmetric error costs,"Why do people sometimes hold unjustified beliefs and make harmful choices? Three hypotheses include (a) contemporary incentives in which some errors cost more than others, (b) cognitive biases evolved to manage ancestral incentives with variation in error costs and (c) social learning based on choice frequencies. With both modelling and a behavioural experiment, we examined all three mechanisms. The model and experiment support the conclusion that contemporary cost asymmetries affect choices by increasing the rate of cheap errors to reduce the rate of expensive errors. Our model shows that a cognitive bias can distort the evolution of beliefs and in turn behaviour. Unless the bias is strong, however, beliefs often evolve in the correct direction. This suggests limitations on how cognitive biases shape choices, which further indicates that detecting the behavioural consequences of biased cognition may sometimes be challenging. Our experiment used a prime intended to activate a bias called 'hyperactive agency detection', and the prime had no detectable effect on choices. Finally, both the model and experiment show that frequencydependent social learning can generate choice dynamics in which some populations converge on widespread errors, but this outcome hinges on the other two mechanisms being neutral with respect to choice. © 2020 The Author(s).","Efferson, C.; McKay, R.; Fehr, E.",Evolut. Hum. Sci.,1307
-,,"Smith, N.",Does video game content matter? An examination of two competing ideas (Unpublished doctoral dissertation),1308
-The dynamics of persuasion: Communication and attitudes in the 21st century,"The Dynamics of Persuasion has been a staple resource for teaching persuasion for nearly two decades. Author Richard M. Perloff speaks to students in a style that is engaging and informational, explaining key theories and research as well as providing timely and relevant examples. The companion website includes materials for both students and instructors, expanding the pedagogical utilities and facilitating adoptions. The sixth edition includes: • updated theoretical and applied research in a variety of areas, including framing, inoculation, and self-affirmation; • new studies of health campaigns; • expanded coverage of social media marketing; • enhanced discussion of the Elaboration Likelihood Model in light of continued research and new applications to everyday persuasion. The fundamentals of the book - emphasis on theory, clear-cut explanation of findings, in-depth discussion of persuasion processes and effects, and easy-to-follow real-world applications - continue in the sixth edition. © 2017 Taylor & Francis.","Perloff, R.M.",The Dynamics of Persuasion: Communication and Attitudes in the Twenty-First Century,1309
-"Culture-gene coevolution, norm-psychology and the emergence of human prosociality","Diverse lines of theoretical and empirical research are converging on the notion that human evolution has been substantially influenced by the interaction of our cultural and genetic inheritance systems. The application of this culture-gene coevolutionary approach to understanding human social psychology has generated novel insights into the cognitive and affective foundations of large-scale cooperation, social norms and ethnicity. This approach hypothesizes a norm-psychology: a suite of psychological adaptations for inferring, encoding in memory, adhering to, enforcing and redressing violations of the shared behavioral standards of one's community. After reviewing the substantial body of formal theory underpinning these predictions, we outline how this account organizes diverse empirical findings in the cognitive sciences and related disciplines. Norm-psychology offers explanatory traction on the evolved psychological mechanisms that underlie cultural evolution, cross-cultural differences and the emergence of norms. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Chudek, M.; Henrich, J.",Trends Cogn. Sci.,1310
-"Communication, information and support for adults with malignant cerebral glioma: a systematic literature review","Few studies have considered the needs of patients and relatives of patients with malignant cerebral glioma, but the findings so far appear to be similar to those for lung cancer patients. This suggests that the general principles by which cancer patients are cared for should be applied to patients with malignant cerebral glioma. XCM: The review question was defined in terms of the participants and outcomes. The study design and intervention were not pre-specified and the review was not restricted to intervention studies. A range of databases was searched using a variety of search terms. However, the search strategy was restricted to studies published in English, which may have resulted in research being missed. There was no information on how the data were extracted and by how many reviewers; bias may be introduced to the findings if the studies were not selected and data extracted independently by more than one reviewer.All twelve studies identified for inclusion were of an observational design. Hence, the review discussed emerging themes but could provide no evidence of effective interventions. The studies were quality assessed according to quantitative and qualitative criteria. This study highlights the need for trial investigation methods of providing information, communication and support to this patient group. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that the method of communicating a prognosis to patients and relatives should be adapted depending on the coping style of the individual.Research: The authors stated the need for research on educational interventions that assist staff in the delivery of bad news. Research should also focus on the best mix of health professionals to conduct patient follow-up and other possible means of support such as counselling. Studies that investigate the impact of cognitive differences in the comprehension of information would be useful to inform practice.","Davies E, Higginson I J",,1311
-Too good to be true: Publication bias in two prominent studies from experimental psychology,"Empirical replication has long been considered the final arbiter of phenomena in science, but replication is undermined when there is evidence for publication bias. Evidence for publication bias in a set of experiments can be found when the observed number of rejections of the null hypothesis exceeds the expected number of rejections. Application of this test reveals evidence of publication bias in two prominent investigations from experimental psychology that have purported to reveal evidence of extrasensory perception and to indicate severe limitations of the scientific method. The presence of publication bias suggests that those investigations cannot be taken as proper scientific studies of such phenomena, because critical data are not available to the field. Publication bias could partly be avoided if experimental psychologists started using Bayesian data analysis techniques. © 2012 Psychonomic Society, Inc.","Francis, G.",Psychonom. Bull. Rev.,1312
-Corporate sponsorship as an image platform: Understanding the roles of relationship fit and sponsor-sponsee similarity,,"Pappu, R.; Cornwell, T.B.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,1313
-Dual-processing altruism,,"Kinnunen, S.P.; Windmann, S.",Frontiers in Psychology,1314
-Surveillance cues do not enhance altruistic behavior among anonymous strangers in the field,"The degree of altruistic behavior among strangers is an evolutionary puzzle. A prominent explanation is the evolutionary legacy hypothesis according to which an evolved reciprocity-based psychology affects behavior even when reciprocity is impossible, i.e., altruistic behavior in such instances is maladaptive. Empirical support for this explanation comes from laboratory experiments showing that surveillance cues, e.g., photographs of watching eyes, increase altruistic behavior. A competing interpretation for this evidence, however, is that the cues signal the experimenter’s expectations and participants, aware of being monitored, intentionally behave more altruistically to boost their reputation. Here we report the first results from a field experiment on the topic in which participants are unaware they are being monitored and reciprocity is precluded. The experiment investigates the impact of surveillance cues on a textbook example of altruistic behavior—hand hygiene prior to treating a ‘patient’. We find no evidence surveillance cues affect hand hygiene, despite using different measures of hand-hygiene quality and cues that have been previously shown to be effective. We argue that surveillance cues may have an effect only when participants have reasons to believe they are actually monitored. Thus they cannot support claims altruistic behavior between strangers is maladaptive. Copyright: © 2018 Koornneef et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Koornneef, E.J.; Dariel, A.; Elbarazi, I.; Alsuwaidi, A.R.; Robben, P.B.M.; Nikiforakis, N.",PLoS ONE,1315
-Advertising strategies for charities: Promoting consumers’ donation of time versus money,,"Kim, N.",International Journal of Advertising,1316
-Some psychological aspects of reduced consumption behavior: The role of intrinsic satisfaction and competence motivation,"Nine studies (6 previously published by R. De Young and colleagues and 3 unpublished) that included a bank of questionnaire items on intrinsic satisfactions are summarized and analyzed for their relationship to reduced consumption behavior. Dimensional analysis used in each study to examine the structure of the data identified 2 categories of intrinsic satisfaction (labeled frugality and participation) that are particularly well suited to encouraging such behavior. The dimensional structure of a 3rd category, competence motivation, is interpreted in terms of 3 dominant themes (i.e., world view, pro-self, pro-social) in the research literature. Connections between intrinsic satisfactions and the concepts of locus of control and altruism are discussed. Practitioners encouraging reduced consumption behavior may want to explore strategies that emphasize conservation behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","De Young, Raymond",Environ. Behav.,1317
-Techniques to reduce shoulder pain after laparoscopic surgery for benign gynaecological disease: a systematic review,,"Tas, B; Donatsky, A M; Gogenur, I",,1318
-No effect on condemnation of short or long exposure to eye images,,"Sparks, A.; Barclay, P.",Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science,1319
-Replacing state appropriations with alternative revenue sources: The case of voluntary support,"Using data from the 1994-2004 period, we demonstrate that the use of private donations to replace state appropriations substantially increases resource disparity among public institutions of higher education. We also find that an individual public institution generates slightly fewer gift dollars when receiving relatively lower levels of state appropriations. Copyright © 2008 by The Ohio State University.","Cheslock, J.J.; Gianneschi, M.",J. High. Educ.,1320
-Heterogeneity in crowding-out: When are charitable donations responsive to government support?,"When are donations to non-profit organizations responsive to changes in government funding? This article examines relations between government financial support and charitable donations in an innovative mixed-methods design. A unique data set is obtained, matching individual-level survey data from the Giving in the Netherlands Panel Survey with media coverage of government support from LexisNexis and organizational-level information from the Dutch Central Bureau on Fundraising from 2002 to 2014. An interpretative analysis shows the ways in which people are informed about changes in public funding, which is assumed to be a prerequisite for donors to change their donations. Media coverage often does not reflect actual changes in government support. Additionally, regression analyses are deployed to examine how changes in government support and media reports are associated with changes in donations. The results show that responses to public funding are dependent on the non-profit context. Donations in the fields of social services, health, and nature are displaced by government support, while crowding-out does not occur in the field of international development. Even in fields where crowding-out is more likely to occur, the increase in donations does not offset the decrease in public support. The conclusions nuance popular beliefs about the direct consequences that policy changes have for public awareness and participation. © 2016 The Author.","De Wit, A.; Bekkers, R.; Van Groenou, M.B.",Eur. Sociol. Rev.,1321
-My Voice Capturing My Attention to Myself: The Effects of Objective Self-Awareness on Japanese People,"Previous research has demonstrated that the presence of a mirror does not influence Japanese people’s self-evaluation and cheating behaviors, which reflects their tendency to habitually think of themselves based on their imagined perspectives of others. The present work extends the evidence by manipulating the presence of the participants’ own voices as well as that of a mirror (Study 1); it explores the effects of another participant’s voice (Study 2). Consistent with previous findings, the presence of a mirror does not influence Japanese participants’ self-esteem, moral values, and cheating behaviors. In contrast, an impact of their own voice was partially found. The exposure to their own voice decreased the participants’ moral value of fairness and discouraged the participants from cheating by drawing additional coins. Furthermore, no effect of other voices was found. Overall, we observed a limited effect of self-focusing stimuli in Japanese participants, although it should be noted that their own voices were relatively effective for capturing self-focused attention. © Copyright © 2020 Narita and Ishii.","Narita, A.; Ishii, K.",Front. Psychol.,1322
-Promoting Charitable Behaviour with Compliance Techniques,"Pour comparer l'impact de trois techniques d'acquiescement sur l'incitation au comportement charitable, on a demandéà 409 personnes de verser $2 à l'American Cancer Society. Cette requête fut immédiatement présentée dans trois groupes contrôle et précédée dans neuf groupes expérimentaux d'une demande préliminaire correspondant à une procédure d'acquiescement à requête multiple. On a d'abord demandé aux sujets soumis à la technique “pied dans la porte” de répondre à un questionnaire composé 10, 35 ou 60 items. On sollicitait d'abord $10, 25 ou 50 de la part de ceux confrontés à la situation “porte dans la figure”; et $0,50, 1 ou 1,50 de la part des sujets “ras des pâquerettes”. Les résultats montrent que les méthodes $10 et 25 “porte dans la figure” furent les plus rentables. Les sujets contrôle et “ras des pâquerettes” donnèrent à peu près la même chose et les conditions “pied dans la porte” furent les moins productives. On discute, à partir de ces découvertes, de la valeur pratique et des inconvénients virtuels de l'application des techniques d'acquiescement à requête multiple pour stimuler le comportement charitable. Copyright © 1989, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved","Wang, T.; Brownstein, R.; Katzev, R.",Appl. Psychol.,1323
-Experimental evidence on tax compliance and voluntary public good provision,"Existing experimental literature on tax compliance and crowding-out examines either the incentive to evade tax or the incentive to give, but not both. This paper provides an experimental examination of the behavior of tax evasion and voluntary contributions when both publicly and privately provided public goods are present. The experimental evidence suggests that the privately provided public good is a substitute for the publicly provided public good, but the converse does not hold, and that the level of compliance may be underestimated, ceteris paribus, if private contributions are not taken into account.","Hsu, L.-C.",Natl. Tax J.,1324
-Applying the door-in-the-face compliance technique to retailing,"The door-in-the-face (DITF) approach, a sequential compliance technique in which a large request is followed by a more moderate request, has been shown to increase compliance in a variety of non-business situations. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the DITF technique could also be used to increase sales in a retailing context. A field experiment outside an alpine hut was conducted. A total of 375 consumers participated in the experiment. As they passed by the entrance to the mountain hut, they were approached by an experimenter who invited them to buy some home-made cheese. In the experimental groups the DITF technique was used by the salesperson. The results show that the DITF technique can lead to a significant increase in the number of consumers making a purchase. Furthermore, it was found that this compliance technique is even more effective when it is used by a highly credible seller and when the seller points out that the more moderate request constitutes a concession. The large effect of the DITF intervention (the number of consumers making a purchase increased 15 to 40 percentage points over the control group) suggests that this technique could be used successfully in retailing. © 2008, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Ebster, C.; Neumayr, B.",Int. Rev. Retail Distrib. Consum. Res.,1325
-The Evolutionary Significance of Habituation and Sensitization Across Phylogeny: A Behavioral Homeostasis Model,"The phenomenon of habituation may be interpreted as a process that has evolved for filtering out iterative stimuli of little present relevance. That habituation is seen in aneural as well as neural organisms throughout phylogeny with remarkably similar characteristics suggests that its role is an important one in animal survival. If habituation is to be viewed as a process to filter out iterative stimuli that have no significant consequences, then how is sensitization to be viewed? One way of viewing these two behavioral changes, i.e. habituation and sensitization, is that they are homeostatic processes which optimize an organism's likelihood of detecting and assessing the significance of a stimulus in a new iterative series or a change in it. If one views the level of initial responsiveness to a new stimulus as a function of an organism's threshold just prior to stimulus occurrence, then ""high responders"" (i.e. those who initially react more strongly) are assumed to have a lower threshold for detecting and assessing the significance of this stimulus than are the ""low responders"" (i.e. those who initially react more weakly). Thus, high-responders would initially receive more sensory input and progressively decrease their responsiveness to a non-threatening stimulus (habituation). Likewise, initial low-responders would receive less sensory input followed by a decreased threshold and an increased response to the next stimulus occurrence (sensitization). The level of responsiveness achieved in both habituaters and sensitizers, as an asymptote is approached, is a balance between being too sensitive to an unimportant stimulus (and possibly missing other significant stimuli) and being too insensitive, and missing a change in the relevance of the present stimulus. These response changes can be taken as indices of the organism's mechanisms for achieving an appropriate threshold level to an iterative stimulus in order to accurately assess its present significance and then eventually to asymptote at an optimal stable response level. This approach toward an asymptote is a behavioral homeostatic process that reflects the accumulated significance of the iterative stimulus at each occurrence. The purpose of adding ""behavioral"" to the term ""homeostasis"" is to extend the usual meaning of the concept from primarily internal processes to also include (a) iterative external stimulation, (b) the organism's initial threshold to the initial stimulus as well as (c) the behavior which results from it. Since we are discussing organisms that range from intact, single-celled protozoa to intact mammals, as well as surgically simplified preparations, the terms stimulus, response and behavior will be used broadly. While other investigators have focused on specific cellular mechanisms underlying habituation and sensitization in a given organism, this paper focuses on the adaptive significance of these two behavioral processes viewed across phylogeny.","Eisenstein, E.M.; Eisenstein, D.; Smith, J.C.",Integr. Physiol. Behav. Sci.,1326
-A meta-analytic review of the effect of guilt on compliance,"Meta-analytic procedures were used to estimate the effect of experienced guilt on compliance. Examination of 47 effect sizes indicated that inducing guilt is an effective means by which to increase compliance, ρ = .26. Moreover, despite coding for numerous substantive and methodological moderators, there was no evidence of moderation in these data. Instead, correcting for measurement error in the independent variable and restriction in range in the dependent explained all variance in effect sizes, yielding a corrected effect size of ρ′ = .35. © 2016 Taylor & Francis.","Boster, F.J.; Cruz, S.; Manata, B.; DeAngelis, B.N.; Zhuang, J.",Soc. Influ.,1327
-Citizen participation and the redistribution of public goods,"This study investigates whether citizen participation in public budgeting resulted in increased redistributive outcomes when compared with bureaucratic decision-making. We focused on a specific budget item (i.e., the installation of surveillance cameras for crime prevention) and examined whether participatory budgeting yielded larger budget allocations to low-income neighbourhoods. Results indicate that such participatory budgeting results in larger budget allocations for low-income neighbourhoods when compared with allocations produced by bureaucratic budgeting practices. The results also indicate that budgets allocated through citizen participation may be no more or even less effective for advancing public goals. These findings suggest a potential trade-off between equity and public service effectiveness. Citizen participation improves budget equity, but may be less effective for achieving public goals than bureaucratic decision-making. To explain this, we offer the ‘social pressure hypothesis’, which posits that social pressure during public-forum discussions can influence participating citizens to make redistributive decisions. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd","Hong, S.; Cho, B.S.",Public Adm.,1328
-Will you accept without knowing what? The Yes-No game in the newspaper and in the lab,"In this paper we compare behaviour in a newspaper experiment with behaviour in the laboratory. Our workhorse is the Yes-No game. Unlike in ultimatum games responders of the Yes-No games do not know the proposal when deciding whether to accept or not. We use two different amounts that can be shared (100€ and 1000€). Unlike in other experiments with the ultimatum game we find a (small) effect of the size of the stakes. In line with findings for the ultimatum game, we find more generosity among women, older participants, and participants who submit their decision via postal mail than via Internet. By comparing our results with other studies (using executives or students), we demonstrate, at least for this type of game, the external validity of lab research. © 2012 The Author(s).","Güth, W.; Kirchkamp, O.",Exp. Econ.,1329
-Compliance of blood donation apps with mobile OS usability guidelines,"The aim of this paper is to employ the guidelines of Android, iOS, Blackberry and Windows Phone to analyze the usability compliance of free blood donation (BD) apps. An analysis process based on a systematic review protocol is used to select free BD apps. An assessment is conducted using a questionnaire composed of 13 questions concerning the compliance of free BD apps with Android, Blackberry, iOS and Windows Phone usability guidelines. A total of 133 free BD apps have been selected from the 188 BD apps identified. Around 63% of the free BD apps selected have a good compliance with mobile OS usability recommendations. Around 72% of Android, 57% of Windows Phone, 33% of iOS and 33% of Blackberry BD apps have a high usability score. The aspect of BD app behavior should be improved along with some style components: the use of pictures to explain ideas and the adaptation of the app to both horizontal and vertical orientations. Structure patterns should also be used to improve the structure aspect of a BD app. Usability is a quality aspect that should be improved in current BD apps. Our study provides smartphone users with a list of usable free BD apps and BD app developers with recommendations.","Ouhbi, Sofia; Fernández-Alemán, José Luis; Pozo, José Rivera; Bajta, Manal El; Toval, Ambrosio; Idri, Ali",J. Med. Syst.,1330
-Door-in-the-face and preference for consistency: When the high preference for consistency subjects don't manifest an established influence effect,"The present study was designed to test the preference for consistency (PFC) effects on both the verbal agreement to give blood and the execution of blood donation, in a door-in-theface situation. Undergraduate students (N=204) participated in the study which took form of a 4 {profile of the influence target: high PFC versus low PFC versus 2 groups without measure of PFC) X 2 (request tactic: Presentation of a large request and then, of the critical request versus presentation of the critical request exclusively) between-subjects design. As expected, results revealed that the door-in-the-face effect only occurs among low-PFC subjects: they are more likely to agree to give their blood and make this donation in the largethen- critical request condition than in the critical-request-only condition. The processes underlying the effectiveness of preference for consistency in the door-in-the-face situation are discussed with reference to the effects of this variable in the foot-in-the-door situation and in the induced-compliance situation.","Sénémeaud, C.; Somat, A.; Terrier, L.; Noël, Y.",Annee Psychol.,1331
-Punishment on the frontlines of public service delivery: Client ethnicity and caseworker sanctioning decisions in a Scandinavian welfare state,"Many public welfare programs give public employees discretionary authority to dispense sanctions when clients do not follow or comply with the policies and procedures required for receiving welfare benefits.Yet research also shows that public employees' use of discretion in decision-making that affects clients can occasionally be marked by racial biases and disparities. Drawing on the Racial Classification Model (RCM) for a theoretical model, this article examines how client ethnicity shapes public employees' decisions to sanction clients. Using Danish employment agencies as our empirical setting, we present findings from two complementary studies. Study 1 uses nationwide administrative data. Examining sanctioning activity at the employment agency-level, we find that agencies with a larger percentage of clients being non-Western immigrants or their descendants impose a greater overall number of sanctions and dispense them with greater frequency. Study 2 uses survey experimental data to build on this finding. Addressing concerns about internal validity and a need for analyses at the individual employee-level, we present survey experimental evidence that employment agency caseworkers are more likely to recommend sanctions for ethnic minority (Middle-Eastern origin) clients than for ethnic majority (Danish origin) clients. Moreover, we investigate how three caseworker characteristics-ethnicity, gender, and work experience-condition the relationship between client ethnicity and caseworkers' decisions to sanction clients. Although we find no moderation effects for ethnicity or gender, work experience appears to diminish the influence of client ethnicity on the caseworkers' sanctioning decisions. Overall, our studies support the likelihood that ethnic minority clients will be punished more often for policy infractions than ethnic majority clients-and that caseworker work experience mitigates part of this bias. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Public Management Research Association.","Pedersen, M.J.; Stritch, J.M.; Thuesen, F.",J. Public Adm. Res. Theory,1332
-Uncertainty about social interactions leads to the evolution of social heuristics,"Individuals face many types of social interactions throughout their lives, but they often cannot perfectly assess what the consequences of their actions will be. Although it is known that unpredictable environments can profoundly affect the evolutionary process, it remains unclear how uncertainty about the nature of social interactions shapes the evolution of social behaviour. Here, we present an evolutionary simulation model, showing that even intermediate uncertainty leads to the evolution of simple cooperation strategies that disregard information about the social interaction ('social heuristics'). Moreover, our results show that the evolution of social heuristics can greatly affect cooperation levels, nearly doubling cooperation rates in our simulations. These results provide new insight into why social behaviour, including cooperation in humans, is often observed to be seemingly suboptimal. More generally, our results show that social behaviour that seems maladaptive when considered in isolation may actually be well-adapted to a heterogeneous and uncertain world. © 2018 The Author(s).","Van Den Berg, P.; Wenseleers, T.",Nat. Commun.,1333
-What influences public views on forensic DNA testing in the criminal field? A scoping review of quantitative evidence,"BACKGROUND: Forensic DNA testing is a powerful tool used to identify, convict, and exonerate individuals charged of criminal offenses, but there are different views on its benefits and risks. Knowledge about public views on forensic DNA testing applied in the criminal field is socially valuable to practitioners and policymakers. This paper aims to synthesize quantitative evidence about the factors that influence public views on forensic DNA testing in the criminal field. Based on a systematic search conducted in January 2019, a scoping review was performed, targeting studies presenting original empirical data that were indexed in Web of Science and PubMed. The two authors performed eligibility and data extraction. RESULTS: The 11 studies were conducted mainly in European countries (Italy, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland) and the remaining derived from the USA and New Zealand. Non-representative samples were mostly used to explore the benefits and risks of criminal DNA databases, criteria for insertion and retention of DNA samples and profiles, knowledge, willingness to donate a DNA sample, and custody. The value of forensic DNA databases in protecting society from crime was emphasized. Concerns about improper access to forensic genetic data and risks to civil liberties associated with its uses were expressed. The scarce literature on Forensic DNA Phenotyping and familial searching revealed the same trend of positively valuing forensic DNA testing. Only factors related with socioeconomic position were assessed by more than two studies. Results suggested that public views on forensic DNA testing are influenced by the level of education, age, and exposure to law enforcement occupations although not in a straightforward manner. CONCLUSION: Further empirical research should assess standardized factors related with social and structural levels (e.g., scientific literacy, public trust in the justice system and concerns about victimization or police activity) and be performed in different national jurisdictions to enable generalization and comparison of findings. It is needed to expand empirical studies on public views about the commercialization of forensic science and the use of recent controversial techniques and new transparency and accountability models.","Machado, Helena; Silva, Susana",Hum. Genomics,1334
-Choosing an equitable or efficient option: A distribution dilemma,"We conducted a 3 × 3 × 2 experiment to verify the moral preference hypothesis and extend the boundary conditions of the moral frame effect. Participants played a trade-off game (TOG), in which they unilaterally choose between an equitable or efficient option. We manipulated the labeling of the options to describe the equitable versus efficient option as morally right, and controlled the amount of the stakes and division schemes in the TOG. We found there was a significant effect of moral frame when stakes were low in the TOG, and participants would choose a morally right option whether it was equitable or efficient. However, the effect of moral frame was nonsignificant when the stakes were high. In addition, the division schemes in the TOG had a great impact on the moral frame effect. Therefore, we found that when participants’ interest in the options remains the same or the changes are small, and other players’ interest changes greatly, the moral frame effect is not significant. © 2019 Scientific Journal Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.","Huang, L.; Lei, W.; Xu, F.; Yu, L.; Shi, F.",Soc. Behav. Pers.,1335
-Parents as recipients of adolescent prosocial behavior,,"Lewis, M.B.E.",Prosocial development: A multidimensional approach,1336
-Altruism in Humans,"This book takes a hard-science look at the possibility that we humans have the capacity to care for others for their sakes (altruism) rather than simply for our own (egoism). The look is based not on armchair speculation, dramatic cases, or after-the-fact interviews, but on an extensive series of theory-testing laboratory experiments conducted over the past 35 years. Part I details the theory of altruistic motivation that has been the focus of this experimental research. The theory centers on the empathy-altruism hypothesis, which claims that other-oriented feelings of sympathy and compassion for a person in need (empathic concern) produce motivation with the ultimate goal of having that need removed. Antecedents and consequences of empathy-induced altruistic motivation are specified, making the theory empirically testable. Part II offers a comprehensive summary of the research designed to test the empathy-altruism hypothesis, giving particular attention to recent challenges. Overall, the research provides remarkably strong and consistent support for this hypothesis, forcing a tentative conclusion that empathy-induced altruism is within the human repertoire. Part III considers the theoretical and practical implications of this conclusion, suggesting that empathy-induced altruism is a far more pervasive and powerful force in human affairs than has been recognized. Failure to appreciate its importance has handicapped attempts to understand why we humans act as we do and wherein our happiness lies. This failure has also handicapped efforts to promote better interpersonal relations and create a more caring, humane society. © 2011 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.","Batson, C.D.",Altruism in Humans,1337
-,,"Nisbett, R.; Ross, L.",Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment,1338
-"Contributions of Mainstream Sexual Media Exposure to Sexual Attitudes, Perceived Peer Norms, and Sexual Behavior: A Meta-Analysis","Purpose: Decades of research have examined the impact of exposure to nonexplicit portrayals of sexual content in media. There is only one meta-analysis on this topic, which suggests that exposure to “sexy media” has little to no effect on sexual behavior. There are a number of limitations to the existing meta-analysis, and the purpose of this updated meta-analysis was to examine associations between exposure to sexual media and users' attitudes and sexual behavior. Methods: A thorough literature search was conducted to find relevant articles. Each study was coded for associations between exposure to sexual media and one of six outcomes including sexual attitudes (permissive attitudes, peer norms, and rape myths) and sexual behaviors (general sexual behavior, age of sexual initiation, and risky sexual behavior). Results: Results from 59 studies, involving 394 effect sizes, revealed that exposure to sexual media had a small but significant effect on both sexual attitudes and behaviors; the effect size was comparable to other media effects meta-analyses. Effects were stronger for adolescents than emerging adults. In addition, effects were stronger for boys than girls and for white participants compared with black participants. Conclusion: This study suggests that exposure to nonexplicit sexual media is associated with both sexual attitudes and behavior, particularly during adolescence. Implications for parents, media producers, and researchers are discussed. © 2018 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine","Coyne, S.M.; Ward, L.M.; Kroff, S.L.; Davis, E.J.; Holmgren, H.G.; Jensen, A.C.; Erickson, S.E.; Essig, L.W.",J. Adolesc. Health,1339
-Publication bias,,"Begg, C.B.",The Handbook of Research Synthesis,1340
-The importance of managerial capacity in fundraising: Evidence from land conservation charities,"The objective of this paper is to show the importance of incorporating managerial capacity into the empirical analysis of the determinants of donations to charitable organizations. We adopt a production function approach to model the outcome of the fundraising process. The empirical findings suggest that managerial capacity is an important factor determining charitable donations. This finding is qualitatively robust using a variety of different estimation strategies including Olley and Pakes style estimators, dynamic panel data estimators, standard IV estimators, and fixed effects estimators. In contrast, estimates of the two other input factors, fund-raising expenditures and government grants, are sensitive with respect to different identification strategies, sample selection rules, and missing data imputation mechanisms. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.","Sieg, H.; Zhang, J.",Int J Ind Organiz,1341
-Artificial surveillance cues do not increase generosity: two meta-analyses,"Many studies have seemingly demonstrated that anonymous individuals who are shown artificial cues of being watched behave as if they are being watched by real people. However, several studies have failed to replicate this surveillance cue effect. In light of these mixed results, we conducted two meta-analyses investigating the effect of artificial observation cues on generosity. Overall, our meta-analyses found no evidence to support the claim that artificial surveillance cues increase generosity, either by increasing how generous individuals are, or by increasing the probability that individuals will show any generosity at all. Therefore, surveillance cue effects should be interpreted cautiously. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Northover, Stefanie B; Pedersen, William C; Cohen, Adam B; Andrews, Paul W",Evol. Hum. Behav.,1342
-The socioemotional effects of a computer-simulated animal on children's empathy and humane attitudes,"This study investigated the potential of using a computer-simulated animal in a handheld virtual pet videogame to improve children's empathy and humane attitudes. Also investigated was whether sex differences existed in children's development of empathy and humane attitudes resulting from play, as well as their feelings for a virtual pet. The results showed that after playing Nintendogs for 3 weeks, the participants of both sexes, on average, scored higher levels of empathy on the Bryant Empathy Index, and had higher levels of humane attitudes on the Intermediate Attitude Scale, compared to their pretest scores before they played. A statistical association also was revealed between time playing with a computer-simulated animal and improved scores in empathy and humane attitudes toward animals. The findings also showed that participants tended to form emotional attachments with their virtual pet and considered it a real pet.","Tsai, Y.-F.; Kaufman, D.",J. Educ. Comput. Res.,1343
-Low-dose aspirin for in vitro fertilization: a systematic review and meta-analysis,"Since there were no significant differences between low-dose aspirin and control for any pregnancy-related outcome in women undergoing IVF or ICSI, treatment with low-dose aspirin cannot be routinely recommended. XCM: The review question was stated clearly. Several relevant sources were searched and attempts were made to minimise publication and language bias. Appropriate methods were used to minimise reviewer error and bias during the study selection and data extraction processes, but the methods used to assess validity were unclear. Only RCTs were included and validity was apparently assessed but, since the results of this assessment were not reported, it is not possible to evalute the quality of the included studies. The authors included only certain RCTs in the meta-analyses but did not explicitly describe the criteria governing eligibility for inclusion in such analyses; this makes the results more difficult to interpret. It was not clear whcih outcomes were assessed for individual studies and even more unclear whether ICSI was actually assessed. Appropriate methods were used for the meta-analyses and heterogeneity was assessed. The evidence presented appears to support the authors’ conclusions, but the lack of reporting of study quality and other limitations of the review make it difficult to assess the strength of the evidence. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that low-dose aspirin should not be given routinely to women undergoing assisted conception. Research: The authors stated that future studies should assess the effect of low-dose aspirin on stimulation cycle outcome and maternal and neonatal morbidity, as well as the pregnancy rate. There is a need for further studies of aspirin in women with a poor response to ovarian stimulation and women who receive donated oocytes before aspirin can be recommended for these situations.","Gelbaya, T A; Kyrgiou, M; Li, T C; Stern, C; Nardo, L G",,1344
-Bargaining under surveillance: Evidence from a three-person ultimatum game,This paper investigates how the transparency of decision-making affects preferences over distributional outcomes. We also examine what motivates individuals to voluntarily invest economic resources to monitor decision-making processes. We find that third-party monitoring does not affect distributional outcomes in a three-person ultimatum game. Our results show that a large majority of individuals is willing to pay for a right to monitor decision-making processes despite pecuniary incentives to the contrary. We observe that third-parties are over-confident in believing that an opportunity to scrutinize decision-making processes changes distributional outcomes for their own benefit. Our results suggest that people may over-estimate the effect of transparent decision-making on economic outcomes. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.,"Sääksvuori, L.; Ramalingam, A.",J. Econ. Psychol.,1345
-Relative effectiveness of three behavioral influence strategies as supplements to persuasion in a marketing context,,"Tybout, A.M.",Journal of Marketing Research,1346
-Development of a Market Orientation Research Agenda for the Nonprofit Sector,"Market orientation is the overarching framework by which practitioners and academics make sense of the interplay between customers, competition, stakeholders, and the organization within the commercial for-profit arena and is the way the marketing concept is put into practice. Many academics have argued that market orientation would also benefit nonprofit organizations by generating more funds in an increasingly competitive environment. The purpose of this article is to conduct a systematic review of market orientation, identify gaps, and develop a research agenda for market orientation research within the underresearched nonprofit sector. This research agenda highlights the structural, human resource, and cultural challenges nonprofit organizations face if they decide to adopt a market orientation, and the need to develop a praxis framework currently missing from the literature. The article offers suggestions for researchers to extend the concept of market orientation from the commercial for-profit into the nonprofit arena. © 2013 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Chad, Paul; Kyriazis, Elias; Motion, Judy",Journal of Nonprofit and Public Sector Marketing,1347
-Using regulatory fit theory to examine how the communication context of compliance-gaining interactions influences compliance,"Compliance-gaining research focuses mainly on how message variations differentially affect compliance; however, few studies have examined how framing the compliance-gaining goal (i.e., promotion/prevention) and providing a means to achieve the goal function concurrently to influence compliance. The current study uses regulatory fit theory to examine how a fit between goals and means of compliance-gaining messages affects compliance. A field experiment was conducted in which subjects were presented with a compliance-gaining request in which goals and means were varied. Results indicated that compliance rates and donation amounts were higher under conditions of fit between the regulatory orientation of goals and means rather than non-fit. Findings are discussed in light of their implications for compliance-gaining research and regulatory fit theory. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Shaw, A.Z.; Dolan, E.A.; Yurgalite, L.; Walton, J.A.; Underwood, K.",Soc. Influ.,1348
-An exploratory test for an excess of significant findings,"Background: The published clinical research literature may be distorted by the pursuit of statistically significant results. Purpose: We aimed to develop a test to explore biases stemming from the pursuit of nominal statistical significance. Methods: The exploratory test evaluates whether there is a relative excess of formally significant findings in the published literature due to any reason (e.g., publication bias, selective analyses and outcome reporting, or fabricated data). The number of expected studies with statistically significant results is estimated and compared against the number of observed significant studies. The main application uses α = 0.05, but a range of α thresholds is also examined. Different values or prior distributions of the effect size are assumed. Given the typically low power (few studies per research question), the test may be best applied across domains of many meta-analyses that share common characteristics (interventions, outcomes, study populations, research environment). Results: We evaluated illustratively eight meta-analyses of clinical trials with >50 studies each and 10 meta-analyses of clinical efficacy for neuroleptic agents in schizophrenia; the 10 meta-analyses were also examined as a composite domain. Different results were obtained against commonly used tests of publication bias. We demonstrated a clear or possible excess of significant studies in 6 of 8 large meta-analyses and in the wide domain of neuroleptic treatments. Limitations: The proposed test is exploratory, may depend on prior assumptions, and should be applied cautiously. Conclusions: An excess of significant findings may be documented in some clinical research fields. © Society for Clinical Trials 2007.","Ioannidis, J.P.A.; Trikalinos, T.A.",Clin. Trials,1349
-Social media and the social sciences: How researchers employ Big Data analytics,"Social media posts are full of potential for data mining and analysis. Recognizing this potential, platform providers increasingly restrict free access to such data. This shift provides new challenges for social scientists and other non-profit researchers who seek to analyze public posts with a purpose of better understanding human interaction and improving the human condition. This paper seeks to outline some of the recent changes in social media data analysis, with a focus on Twitter, specifically. Using Twitter data from a 24-hour period following The Sisters in Spirit Candlelight Vigil, sponsored by the Native Women?s Association of Canada, this article compares three free-use Twitter application programming interfaces for capturing tweets and enabling analysis. Although recent Twitter data restrictions limit free access to tweets, there are many dynamic options for social scientists to choose from in the capture and analysis of Twitter and other social media platform data. This paper calls for critical social media data analytics combined with traditional, qualitative methods to address the developing ?data gold rush.?","Felt, Mylynn",Big Data & Society,1350
-Do specialized MBA programs cultivate alumni relationships and donations?,,"Wiggins Johnson, J.; Thomas, V.; Peck, J.",Journal of Marketing for Higher Education,1351
-Interdependent self-construal in collectivist cultures: Effects on compliance in a cause-related marketing context,,"Vaidyanathan, R.; Aggarwal, P.; Kozłowski, W.",Journal of Marketing Communications,1352
-Fairness and the assumptions of economics,,"Kahneman, D.; Knetsch, J.L.; Thaler, R.H.",Journal of Business,1353
-Leveraging customer information to develop sequential communication strategies: A case study of charitable-giving behavior,,"Peltier, J.W.; Schibrowsky, J.A.; Schultz, D.E.",Journal of Advertising Research,1354
-State and federal tax policy toward nonprofit organizations,,"Alm, J.; Teles, D.",Hand. of Res. on Nonprofit Econ. and Manag.: Second. Edition,1355
-"More than thirty years of ultimatum bargaining experiments: Motives, variations, and a survey of the recent literature",,"Güth, W.; Kocher, M.G.",Jena Economic Re- search Papers,1356
-Conformity to implicit social pressure: the role of political identity,"Although studies have shown that implicit social cues, such as images of watchful eyes, can elicit prosocial behavior, little research to date has examined individual differences in people’s susceptibility to such subtle social cues. For example, individuals with a conservative ideology typically value social conformity, obedience, and adherence to social norms more than liberals. To examine partisan heterogeneity, we analyze data from two large randomized field experiments on voting behavior. Results suggest that the impact of eyespots on voter mobilization is indeed likely driven by political identity, with a significant effect for Republicans but not Independents or Democrats. These findings are consistent with an emerging line of research revealing individual differences in how susceptible humans are to implicit social cues. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Panagopoulos, C.; van der Linden, S.",Soc. Influ.,1357
-Embedded premium promotion: Why it works and how to make it more effective,,"Arora, N.; Henderson, T.",Marketing Science,1358
-From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior,,"Ajzen, I.",Action Control: From Cognition to Behavior,1359
-A brief pain management program compared with physical therapy for low back pain: results from an economic analysis alongside a randomized clinical trial,"The effectiveness analysis showed that the two interventions were similarly effective (not statistically significantly different), although slightly better results were found for the PT group. XDI: Nervous system diseases; Disorders of environmental origin; Pathological conditions, signs and symptoms. XFU: Supported by grants from the UK National Lottery Charities Board, the North Staffordshire Medical Institute, and the North Staffordshire Primary Care Research Consortium. XLI: The costing was carried out prospectively on the same sample of patients as that used in the effectiveness analysis. XOP: Because readers are likely to encounter and assess individual publications, NHS EED abstracts reflect the original publication as it is written, as a stand-alone paper. Where NHS EED abstractors are able to identify positively that a publication is significantly linked to or informed by other publications, these will be referenced in the text of the abstract and their bibliographic details recorded here for information.Hay EM, Mullis R, Lewis M, et al. Comparison of physical treatments versus a brief pain management programme for back pain in primary care: a randomised clinical trial in physiotherapy practice. Lancet 2005;365:2024-30.UK BEAM Trial Team. United Kingdom back pain exercise and manipulation (UK BEAM) randomised trial: effectiveness of physical treatments for back pain in primary care. BMJ 2004;329:1377-85.Van der Roer N, Goossens ME, Evers SM, van Tulder MW. What is the most cost-effective treatment for patients with low back pain? A systematic review. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2005;19:671-84.Rivero-Arias O, Gray A, Frost H, et al. Cost-utility analysis of physiotherapy treatment compared with physiotherapy advice in low back pain. Spine 2006;31:1381-7. XRE: No statistically significant differences in the two clinical end points were found. For example, the 12-month EQ-5D values were 0.770 (+/- 0.3) in the BPM group and 0.785 (+/- 0.3) in the PT group. The difference was -0.014 (95% confidence interval, CI: -0.08 to 0.05; p>0.05).The change in RMDQ scores from baseline to 12-month follow-up was 8.709 (+/- 6.6) in the BPM group and 8.730 (+/- 7.3) in the PT group (difference -0.021, 95% CI: -1.39 to 1.35; p>0.05). XSM: Power calculations, if performed, were not reported. Of the 544 patients initially assessed for eligibility, 402 (74%) were finally included in the clinical study. There were 201 patients in each treatment group. XCO: Productivity costs were not included, although the number of days off work due to low back pain was recorded (and was similar between groups). However, this represented a secondary outcome of the study and was not costed. XCU: UK pounds sterling (). XSA: Missing data were imputed using multiple linear regression models. XSY: CIs were defined for the costs and benefits using conventional parametric methods and bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrapping. The issue of uncertainty was investigated by generating 5,000 bootstrapped replications of mean differences in costs and benefits. An acceptability curve was generated only for the incremental cost-utility ratios, which evaluated the probability that the new intervention (BPM) would be cost-effective at specific cost-per-QALY thresholds. A conventional sensitivity analysis was performed to explore the robustness of the results of the analysis to variations in the cost of private health care, which are likely to exceed those of the NHS. XEB: The expected QALYs (controlled for baseline values) were 0.755 in the BPM group and 0.777 in the PT group (difference -0.022; 95% CI: -0.07 to 0.02; p=0.35).The expected RMDQ change scores (controlled for baseline values) were 8.553 in the BPM group and 8.887 in the PT group (difference -0.334, 95% CI: -1.49 to 0.82; p=0.57). XCR: The total health care costs per patient for observed data (n=299) were 158.11 (+/- 282.2) in the BPM group and 219.90 (+/- 449.6) in the PT group (difference -61.79; p=0.15).The total health care costs per patient with imputed data (all patients) were 142.33 (+/- 261.3) in the BPM group and 194.52 (+/- 445.6) in the PT group (difference -52.19; p=0.15). XCB: An incremental analysis was performed to combine the costs and benefits of the alternative strategies.The incremental cost per QALY gained with PT over BPM was 2,362.Using a conservative threshold of 10,000 per QALY gained, the probability that BPM was cost-effective was only 17%. This suggested that there was an 83% chance that PT would be the preferred option.The cost-effectiveness analysis showed that the incremental cost per additional 1-point improvement in RMDQ change score at 12 months with PT over BPM was 156.The results of the sensitivity analysis corroborated the base-case findings. Further, increasing prices for private care did not alter the conclusions of the analysis. XAU: Physical therapy (PT) is a valid and cost-effective approach for patients with low-back pain in the UK. Brief pain management (BPM) administered in fewer sessions might represent a valid alternative strategy. XIM: The study results suggest that multiple treatment options might be available for the treatment of low back pain. Thus, additional factors such as patient and doctor preferences should be considered when choosing the optimal strategy.","Whitehurst, D G; Lewis, M; Yao, G L; Bryan, S; Raftery, J P; Mullis, R; Hay, E M",,1360
-An eye-like painting enhances the expectation of a good reputation,"The presence of subtle cues of being watched has been reported to make people behave altruistically, even when they are anonymous. Individual selection theory predicts that generosity in the presence of eyes is based on the providers' expectation of a future reward. On the other hand, as we are living in quite a large society in which altruistic punishment is effective, the eyes could elicit fear of punishment. However, no previous study has investigated whether people are concerned with their reputation when subtle social cues are present. We conducted the dictator game in the presence of, or without, a painting of stylized eyes. The participants were then asked to complete a post-experimental questionnaire designed to investigate what they were thinking when they decided the amount of money to offer the recipient and how they perceived the experimental situation. Participants in the eye condition allocated more money to the recipient than did those in the control condition. This effect was not mediated by fear of punishment but by the expectation of a reward. Moreover, the results suggested that the participants expected their actions would enhance their reputation in the eyes of a third party. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.","Oda, R.; Niwa, Y.; Honma, A.; Hiraishi, K.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,1361
-Altruism and information,"Experimental literature has accumulated evidence on the association of social identity to a higher or lower level of prosocial behavior. There is also evidence that donations are affected by the mere provision of information about the recipients, whatever its nature or content. In this paper, we present a unified experimental framework (within-subjects) to analyze the impact of different information sets (that concern social class, political orientation or gender) on the level of giving; our experimental design allows us to reveal the effect of three information sets, with respect to the baseline treatment of no information, and separately from the effect of the informational content. A between-subjects replication in M-Turk provides results in the same direction, although the treatment effects are much weaker. These results could be relevant to any design intended to measure the impact on altruism of different dimensions of social identity. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.","Brañas-Garza, P.; Bucheli, M.; Espinosa, M.P.",J. Econ. Psychol.,1362
-"Debt, donors, and the decision to give","Despite the enormous size of the nonprofit sector, there has been very little empirical research done on the capital structure of nonprofit organizations, and no one has examined the potential effects of borrowing on individual contributions. Using a representative sample of nonprofits, the empirical analysis first determines whether secured or unsecured borrowing by nonprofits influence future contributions. The results for the full sample support a ""crowding-out"" effect. When the analysis is repeated on a subsample of nonprofits that are older, larger, and more dependent upon donations, the results are more ambiguous: secured debt has little or no effect, while unsecured debt has a ""crowd-in"" effect. The empirical analysis is then expanded to test whether nonprofits with higher than average debt levels have different results than nonprofits with below average debt levels. The results suggest that donors do remove future donations when a nonprofit is more highly leveraged compared to similar organizations. © 2012 by PrAcademics Press.","Calabrese, T.; Grizzle, C.",J. Public Budgeting Account. Financ. Manage.,1363
-"Test of a concession procedure for inducing verbal, behavioral, and further compliance with a request to give blood","The rejection-then-retreat technique for inducing compliance involves a sequencing of requests for favors in which a requester begins by asking a target person for an extreme favor and, after being refused, retreats to a smaller favor (the one that was desired from the outset). Previous research has suggested that the power of this technique derives from the target's perception that a requester who employs it has made a concession and from the action of a societal rule for reciprocation of concessions. On the basis of evidence on the consequences of the perception of concession in an interaction, it was predicted that the rejection-then-retreat procedure would be superior to comparison procedures that did not involve a concession. This was found to be the case for verbal compliance, behavior compliance, and compliance with requests for subsequent favors. 189 Ss on a university campus were approached on campus with requests to donate blood. 100% of Ss refused to donate blood every 2 mo for a period of 3 yrs, but 84% of them agreed to comply with the subsequent critical request to donate 1 pint of blood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1976 American Psychological Association.","Cialdini, R.B.; Ascani, K.",J. Appl. Psychol.,1364
-Moral Reasoning and Personal Behavior: A Meta-Analytical Review,"The meta-analysis examined the effect of moral development on 4 domains of action (real life, honesty, altruism, and resistance to conformity), and on action in general. The database, comprised by 151 studies across 71 years, stemmed from a previous narrative synthesis conducted by Blasi (1980), updated with studies published up to 2013. Results showed that (a) moral development was significantly related to action in general and to each domain, (b) the effect sizes were similar for altruism, real life, and resistance to conformity, with coefficients higher than r = .20, (c) the effect size for honesty was lower than for the other 3 types of behaviors, and (d) demographic or methodological variables did not affect the association between moral development and action. Discussion centers on similarities among domains of action, perfect and imperfect duties, and the need for other constructs to account for moral action. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Villegas de Posada, Cristina; Vargas-Trujillo, Elvia",Rev. Gen. Psychol.,1365
-Empathy is hard work: People choose to avoid empathy because of its cognitive costs,"Empathy is considered a virtue, yet it fails in many situations, leading to a basic question: When given a choice, do people avoid empathy? And if so, why? Whereas past work has focused on material and emotional costs of empathy, here, we examined whether people experience empathy as cognitively taxing and costly, leading them to avoid it. We developed the empathy selection task, which uses free choices to assess the desire to empathize. Participants make a series of binary choices, selecting situations that lead them to engage in empathy or an alternative course of action. In each of 11 studies (N = 1,204) and a meta-analysis, we found a robust preference to avoid empathy, which was associated with perceptions of empathy as more effortful and aversive and less efficacious. Experimentally increasing empathy efficacy eliminated empathy avoidance, suggesting that cognitive costs directly cause empathy choice. When given the choice to share others' feelings, people act as if it is not worth the effort. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).","Cameron, C Daryl; Hutcherson, Cendri A; Ferguson, Amanda M; Scheffer, Julian A; Hadjiandreou, Eliana; Inzlicht, Michael",J. Exp. Psychol. Gen.,1366
-Communication Gift Code,"This study aims to clarify, from psycho-communicational point of view, what means to give a gift. To this end it starts from the basic theories and practices of the gift. It evokes the three paradigms of the gift (individualistic, holistic, contemporary), but also the difference between gift and charity, and between gift and American-Indian potlach. Then as material of study, the paper takes an accredited, authentic and valid situation in which a gift is made. This is a historical situation which is presented by Herodotus: during the campaign of conquest Scythia, King Darius of Persia receives from the Scythians kings, as a gift, a bird, a mouse, a frog, and five arrows. By applying procedures pertaining to the comparative method, to the semantic method, to the meta-analytical method and to the logical method, it detaches some characteristic of the gift and of the act of giving a gift. The main features of the gift are: character of communication phenomenon, intentionality, substitutability (metaphorical structure, metonymic structure, symbolic structure) and reciprocity. It concludes that the gift is a likely communicative activity: to give a gift means making explicit or implicit communicational meanings.","Teodorescu, B; Calin, R A; Busu, O V",NEW APPROACHES IN SOCIAL AND HUMANISTIC SCIENCES,1367
-Do Donors Respond to Nonprofit Performance? Evidence from Housing,"Standard economic theories of nonprofits argue that donors largely cannot observe nonprofit performance. Using market data from the US nonprofit housing sector, federal financial data, and rare internal production reports, this study examines the effects of nonprofit performance on donations with a dynamic panel model. Donors in our sample are only weakly sensitive to indicators of nonprofit productivity. Our results imply that nonprofit performance theory might be distinct from other sectors in that nonprofits cannot expect increased performance to be meaningfully rewarded with funding. © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Coupet, J.; Broussard, P.",Public Perform. Manage. Rev.,1368
-Using Large-Scale Social Media Experiments in Public Administration: Assessing Charitable Consequences of Government Funding of Nonprofits,"In this article, we introduce and showcase how social media can be used to implement experiments in public administration research. To do so, we pre-registered a placebo-controlled field experiment and implemented it on the social media platform Facebook. The purpose of the experiment was to examine whether government funding to nonprofit organizations has an effect on charitable donations. Theories on the interaction between government funding and charitable donations stipulate that government funding of nonprofit organizations either decreases (crowding-out), or increases (crowding-in) private donations. To test these competing theoretical predictions, we used Facebook's advertisement facilities and implemented an online field experiment among 296,121 Facebook users nested in 600 clusters. Through the process of cluster-randomization, groups of Facebook users were randomly assigned to different nonprofit donation solicitation ads, experimentally manipulating information cues of nonprofit funding. Contrary to theoretical predictions, we find that government funding does not seem to matter; providing information about government support to nonprofit organizations neither increases nor decreases people's propensity to donate. We discuss the implications of our empirical application, as well as the merits of using social media to conduct experiments in public administration more generally. Finally, we outline a research agenda of how social media can be used to implement public administration experiments. © 2019 The Author(s).","Jilke, S.; Lu, J.; Xu, C.; Shinohara, S.",J. Public Adm. Res. Theory,1369
-Charity advertising: congruence between political orientation and cause of need,,"Lee, Y.; Seo, J.Y.; Yoon, S.",International Journal of Advertising,1370
-"Eyes wide shut: Implied social presence, eye tracking and attention","People often behave differently when they know they are being watched. Here, we report the first investigation of whether such social presence effects also influence looking behavior-a popular measure of attention allocation. We demonstrate that wearing an eye tracker, an implied social presence, leads individuals to avoid looking at particular stimuli. These results demonstrate that an implied social presence, here an eye tracker, can alter looking behavior. These data provide a new manipulation of social attention, as well as presenting a methodological challenge to researchers using eye tracking. © Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2010.","Risko, E.F.; Kingstone, A.",Atten. Percept. Psychophys.,1371
-Does the NEA crowd out private charitable contributions to the arts?,"This paper investigates the mechanism by which the federal government's funding of the arts through the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) displaces private charitable con-tributions to non-profit arts organizations. I estimate that private charitable contributions to arts organizations increased by 50 to 60 cents due to a major funding cut to the NEA during the mid-1990s. These increases, however, also coincided with, on average, a 25 cent increase in fund-raising expenditures by arts organizations for ev-ery dollar decrease in government grants. The estimate of crowding out found in this paper is relatively large, particularly for a study using a micro-data set. I argue that an appropriate interpretation of an estimate of a crowding-out parameter, in general, depends crucially on the context.","Dokko, J.K.",Natl. Tax J.,1372
-KIDS OR CASH? EXPLORING CHARTER SCHOOL RESPONSES TO DECLINING GOVERNMENT REVENUES,"While the literature is extensive on school districts' revenue sources, less research has been done on the impact of donations on school district funds. In this paper, we extend the theoretical literature on crowding out of private donations by government grants for one type of nonprofit firm, namely charter schools. The theoretical model leads us to focus on the key relationships among fundraising effort, enrollment (which is tied to federal and state funding) and donations. Using a dataset on Texas charter schools we adopt a two-stage approach to examine the empirical relationship between changes in nondonor revenues and the donations received by charter schools. Like the extensive empirical estimates of the effects of government grants on donations for other types of nonprofit firms, we find evidence of crowding-out with respect to our sample of charter schools. We also find a significant, positive effect of fundraising on donations with a $1 increase in fundraising associated to a $0.58 increase in donations, a pattern consistent with overinvestment in fundraising. Enrollments exhibit a robust inverse relationship to changes in nondonor revenues. (JEL H00, H32, H50). © 2019 Western Economic Association International","Grosskopf, S.; Hayes, K.; Razzolini, L.; Taylor, L.",Econ. Inq.,1373
-Learning in high stakes ultimatum games: An experiment in the Slovak Republic,"This paper reports an experiment involving an ultimatum bargaining game, played in the Slovak Republic. Financial stakes were varied by a factor of 25, and behavior was observed both when players were inexperienced and as they gained experience. Consistent with prior results, changes in stakes had only a small effect on play for inexperienced players. But the present experimental design allows us to observe that rejections were less frequent the higher the stakes, and proposals in the high stakes conditions declined slowly as subjects gained experience. This Slovak experiment is the first to detect a lower frequency of rejection when stakes are higher and this can be explained by the added power due to multiple observations per subject in the experimental design. A model of learning suggests that the lower rejection frequency is the reason that the proposers in the higher stakes conditions of the ultimatum game learn to make lower offers.","Slonim, R.; Roth, A.E.",Econom,1374
-The Eyes as Windows Into Other Minds: An Integrative Perspective,"Eyes have been shown to play a key role during human social interactions. However, to date, no comprehensive cross-discipline model has provided a framework that can account for uniquely human responses to eye cues. In this review, I present a framework that brings together work on the phylogenetic, ontogenetic, and neural bases of perceiving and responding to eyes. Specifically, I argue for a two-process model: a first process that ensures privileged attention to information encoded in the eyes and is important for the detection of other minds and a second process that permits the decoding of information contained in the eyes concerning another person’s emotional and mental states. To some degree, these processes are unique to humans, emerge during different times in infant development, can be mapped onto distinct but interconnected brain regions, and likely serve critical functions in facilitating cooperative interactions in humans. I also present evidence to show that oxytocin is a key modulator of sensitive responding to eye cues. Viewing eyes as windows into other minds can therefore be considered a hallmark feature of human social functioning deeply rooted in our biology. © 2017, © The Author(s) 2017.","Grossmann, T.",Perspect. Psychol. Sci.,1375
-Argument-inconsistency in charity appeals: Statistical information about the scope of the problem decrease helping toward a single identified victim but not helping toward many non-identified victims in a refugee crisis context,"It is known that both the characteristics of the victims one can help and the existence of victims one cannot help influence economic helping decisions in suboptimal ways. The aim of this study was to systematically test if these two aspects interact with each other. In Studies 1 and 2, we created hypothetical charity appeals related to the Syrian refugee crisis and factorially manipulated characteristics of victims possible to help (one identified child/nine non-identified children) and presence of statistical information about the scope and nature of the problem (information-box absent/present). We found a significant interaction effect both when using self-rated helping intention (Study 1), and when using actual donation behavior as the dependent variable (Study 2). Statistical information decreased helping intentions toward a single identified child but had no, or even a small positive effect on helping nine non-identified children. In Study 3, non-student participants reading a charity appeal with both a story about one identified child and statistical information donated less often than participants reading appeals with either only a story about one identified child or only statistical information. We suggest that both emotional arguments (e.g., a story and picture of an identified child in need) and analytical arguments (e.g., detailed statistical information about the scope and nature of the problem) can make us more motivated to help refugees, but that mixing different argument-types can make charity appeals internally inconsistent and decrease donations. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.","Erlandsson, A.; Västfjäll, D.; Sundfelt, O.; Slovic, P.",J. Econ. Psychol.,1376
-Interventions aimed at healthcare professionals to increase the number of organ donors: a systematic review,"BACKGROUND: The last decade, there have been many initiatives worldwide to increase the number of organ donors. However, it is not clear which initiatives are most effective. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of interventions aimed at healthcare professionals in order to increase the number of organ donors. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library for English language studies published until April 24, 2019. We included studies describing interventions in hospitals aimed at healthcare professionals who are involved in the identification, referral, and care of a family of potential organ donors. After the title abstract and full-text selection, two reviewers independently assessed each study's quality and extracted data. RESULTS: From the 18,854 records initially extracted from five databases, we included 22 studies in our review. Of these 22 studies, 14 showed statistically significant effects on identification rate, family consent rate, and/or donation rate. Interventions that positively influenced one or more of these outcomes were training of emergency personnel in organ donation, an electronic support system to identify and/or refer potential donors, a collaborative care pathway, donation request by a trained professional, and additional family support in the ICU by a trained nurse. The methodological quality of the studies was relatively low, mainly because of the study designs. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is paucity of data, collaborative care pathways, training of healthcare professionals and additional support for relatives of potential donors seem to be promising interventions to increase the number of organ donors. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO, CRD42018068185.","Witjes, Marloes; Jansen, Nichon E; van der Hoeven, Johannes G; Abdo, Wilson F",Crit. Care,1377
-Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy,"Deciding advantageously in a complex situation is thought to require overt reasoning on declarative knowledge, namely, on facts pertaining to premises, options for action, and outcomes of actions that embody the pertinent previous experience. An alternative possibility was investigated: that overt reasoning is preceded by a nonconscious biasing step that uses neural systems other than those that support declarative knowledge. Normal participants and patients with prefrontal damage and decision- making defects performed a gambling task in which behavioral, psychophysiological, and self- account measures were obtained in parallel. Normals began to choose advantageously before they realized which strategy worked best, whereas prefrontal patients continued to choose disadvantageously even after they knew the correct strategy. Moreover, normals began to generate anticipatory skin conductance responses (SCRs) whenever they pondered e choice that turned out to be risky, before they knew explicitly that it was a risky choice, whereas patients never developed anticipatory SCRs, although some eventually realized which choices were risky. The results suggest that, in normal individuals, nonconscious biases guide behavior before conscious knowledge does. Without the help of such biases, overt knowledge may be insufficient to ensure advantageous behavior.","Bechara, A.; Damasio, H.; Tranel, D.; Damasio, A.R.",Science,1378
-Understanding social preferences with simple tests,"Departures from self-interest in economic experiments have recently inspired models of ""social preferences."" We design a range of simple experimental games that test these theories more directly than existing experiments. Our experiments show that subjects are more concerned with increasing social welfare-sacrificing to increase the payoffs for all recipients, especially low-payoff recipients-than with reducing differences in payoffs (as supposed in recent models). Subjects are also motivated by reciprocity: they withdraw willingness to sacrifice to achieve a fair outcome when others are themselves unwilling to sacrifice, and sometimes punish unfair behavior.","Charness, G.; Rabin, M.",Q. J. Econ.,1379
-Exalted Purchases or Tainted Donations? Self-signaling and the Evaluation of Charitable Incentives,,"Savary, J.; Li, C.X.; Newman, G.E.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1380
-"Fear-then-relief, legitimizing a paltry contribution, and charity","Introduction The compliance literature describes multiple techniques of social influence. Some of them have proven effective at inducing compliance in the charity domain. One such technique is referred to as legitimizing a paltry contribution (LPC). There are theoretical grounds on which it can be assumed that this technique will be particularly effective in conditions in which a person feels relief from fear. Objective The aim of the study was to examine whether people who experience fear-relief sequences are more susceptible to the LPC technique than those in a neutral emotional state. Method In two field studies, some people experienced relief from fear, while others remained in a neutral emotional state. The participants were then asked to donate to a worthy cause. A request was formulated either in a standard way, or with the phrase ""even a penny will help"". Results The two experiments yielded consistent results. It turned out that the LPC technique was particularly effective when participants had experienced relief from fear. Conclusions The aforementioned pattern of results is important for the development of theoretical knowledge about techniques of social influence, and has direct practical implications. © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS.","Dolinska, B.; Dolinski, D.",Rev. Eur. Psychol. Appl.,1381
-Identity-based motivation and consumer behavior,,"Oyserman, D.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1382
-When does recognition increase charitable behavior? Toward a moral identity-based model,,"Winterich, K.P.; Mittal, V.; Aquino, K.",Journal of Marketing,1383
-"A theory of kindness, reluctance, and shame for social preferences","Recent experimental evidence from dictator games suggests that proposers take money from receivers when taking is an option, and that many proposers are reluctant to play the game. This paper proposes a behavioral model with two components: a choice correspondence that depends on the endowed allocation and the menu of allocations available, and a preference ordering over endowment/menu pairs. The choice correspondence governs behavior when the proposer actually plays a game, and the preference ordering governs the proposer's willingness to play a particular game. The model is then used to characterize notions of proposer kindness, reluctance, and shame. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Neilson, W.S.",Games Econ. Behav.,1384
-"The effects of prosocial video games on prosocial behaviors: International evidence from correlational, longitudinal, and experimental studies","Although dozens of studies have documented a relationship between violent video games and aggressive behaviors, very little attention has been paid to potential effects of prosocial games. Theoretically, games in which game characters help and support each other in nonviolent ways should increase both short-term and long-term prosocial behaviors. We report three studies conducted in three countries with three age groups to test this hypothesis. In the correlational study, Singaporean middle-school students who played more prosocial games behaved more prosocially. In the two longitudinal samples of Japanese children and adolescents, prosocial game play predicted later increases in prosocial behavior. In the experimental study, U.S. undergraduates randomly assigned to play prosocial games behaved more prosocially toward another student. These similar results across different methodologies, ages, and cultures provide robust evidence of a prosocial game content effect, and they provide support for the General Learning Model. © 2009 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.","Gentile, D.A.; Anderson, C.A.; Yukawa, S.; Ihori, N.; Saleem, M.; Ming, L.K.; Shibuya, A.; Liau, A.K.; Khoo, A.; Bushman, B.J.; Rowell Huesmann, L.; Sakamoto, A.",Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull.,1385
-The New Statistics: Why and How,"We need to make substantial changes to how we conduct research. First, in response to heightened concern that our published research literature is incomplete and untrustworthy, we need new requirements to ensure research integrity. These include prespecification of studies whenever possible, avoidance of selection and other inappropriate data-analytic practices, complete reporting, and encouragement of replication. Second, in response to renewed recognition of the severe flaws of null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST), we need to shift from reliance on NHST to estimation and other preferred techniques. The new statistics refers to recommended practices, including estimation based on effect sizes, confidence intervals, and meta-analysis. The techniques are not new, but adopting them widely would be new for many researchers, as well as highly beneficial. This article explains why the new statistics are important and offers guidance for their use. It describes an eight-step new-statistics strategy for research with integrity, which starts with formulation of research questions in estimation terms, has no place for NHST, and is aimed at building a cumulative quantitative discipline. © The Author(s) 2013.","Cumming, G.",Psychol. Sci.,1386
-Narrative as an organizing process: Identity and story in a new nonprofit,,"Herrmann, A.F.",Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,1387
-Time pressure increases cooperation in competitively framed social dilemmas,"What makes people willing to pay costs to benefit others? Does such cooperation require effortful self-control, or do automatic, intuitive processes favor cooperation? Time pressure has been shown to increase cooperative behavior in Public Goods Games, implying a predisposition towards cooperation. Consistent with the hypothesis that this predisposition results from the fact that cooperation is typically advantageous outside the lab, it has further been shown that the time pressure effect is undermined by prior experience playing lab games (where selfishness is the more advantageous strategy). Furthermore, a recent study found that time pressure increases cooperation even in a game framed as a competition, suggesting that the time pressure effect is not the result of social norm compliance. Here, we successfully replicate these findings, again observing a positive effect of time pressure on cooperation in a competitively framed game, but not when using the standard cooperative framing. These results suggest that participants' intuitions favor cooperation rather than norm compliance, and also that simply changing the framing of the Public Goods Game is enough to make it appear novel to participants and thus to restore the time pressure effect. © 2014 Cone, Rand.","Cone, J.; Rand, D.G.",PLoS ONE,1388
-On the Transportability of Laboratory Results,"The “transportability” of laboratory findings to other instances than the original implementation entails the robustness of rates of observed behaviors and estimated treatment effects to changes in the specific research setting and in the sample under study. In four studies based on incentivized games of fairness, trust, and reciprocity, we evaluate (1) the sensitivity of laboratory results to locally recruited student-subject pools, (2) the comparability of behavioral data collected online and, under varying anonymity conditions, in the laboratory, (3) the generalizability of student-based results to the broader population, and (4) with a replication at Amazon Mechanical Turk, the stability of laboratory results across research contexts. For the class of laboratory designs using incentivized games as measurement instruments of prosocial behavior, we find that rates of behavior and the exact behavioral differences between decision situations do not transport beyond specific implementations. Most clearly, data obtained from standard participant pools differ significantly from those from the broader population. This undermines the use of empirically motivated laboratory studies to establish descriptive parameters of human behavior. Directions of the behavioral differences between games, in contrast, are remarkably robust to changes in samples and settings. Moreover, we find no evidence for either anonymity effects nor mode effects potentially biasing laboratory measurement. These results underscore the capacity of laboratory experiments to establish generalizable causal effects in theory-driven designs. © The Author(s) 2019.","Bader, F.; Baumeister, B.; Berger, R.; Keuschnigg, M.",Sociol. Methods Res.,1389
-Exploring the effects of working for endowments on behaviour in standard economic games,"In recent years, significant advances have been made in understanding the adaptive (ultimate) and mechanistic (proximate) explanations for the evolution and maintenance of cooperation. Studies of cooperative behaviour in humans invariably use economic games. These games have provided important insights into the mechanisms that maintain economic and social cooperation in our species. However, they usually rely on the division of monetary tokens which are given to participants by the investigator. The extent to which behaviour in such games may reflect behaviour in the real world of biological markets - where money must be earned and behavioural strategies incur real costs and benefits - is unclear. To provide new data on the potential scale of this problem, we investigated whether people behaved differently in two standard economic games (public goods game and dictator game) when they had to earn their monetary endowments through the completion of dull or physically demanding tasks, as compared with simply being given the endowment. The requirement for endowments to be 'earned' through labour did not affect behaviour in the dictator game. However, the requirement to complete a dull task reduced cooperation in the public goods game among the subset of participants who were not familiar with game theory. There has been some effort to test whether the conclusions drawn from standard, token-based cooperation games adequately reflect cooperative behaviour 'in the wild.'However, given the almost total reliance on such games to study cooperation, more exploration of this issue would be welcome. Our data are not unduly worrying, but they do suggest that further exploration is needed if we are to make general inferences about human behaviour from the results of structured economic games. © 2011 Harrison, El Mouden.","Harrison, F.; El Mouden, C.",PLoS ONE,1390
-Statistical methods for assessing the influence of study characteristics on treatment effects in 'meta-epidemiological' research,"Biases in systematic reviews and meta-analyses may be examined in 'meta-epidemiological' studies, in which the influence of trial characteristics such as measures of study quality on treatment effect estimates is explored. Published studies to date have analysed data from collections of meta-analyses with binary outcomes, using logistic regression models that assume that there is no between- or within-meta-analysis heterogeneity. Using data from a study of publication bias (39 meta-analyses, 394 published and 88 unpublished trials) and language bias (29 meta-analyses, 297 English language trials and 52 non-English language trials), we compare results from logistic regression models, with and without robust standard errors to allow for clustering on meta-analysis, with results using a 'meta-meta-analytic' approach that can allow for between- and within-meta-analysis heterogeneity. We also consider how to allow for the confounding effects of different trial characteristics. We show that both within- and between meta-analysis heterogeneity may be of importance in the analysis of meta-epidemiological studies, and that confounding exists between the effects of publication status and trial quality. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Sterne, J.A.C.; Jüni, P.; Schulz, K.F.; Altman, D.G.; Bartlett, C.; Egger, M.",Stat. Med.,1391
-"The theory of crowding out: Donations, local government spending and the new federalism",,"Steinberg, R.",Philanthropic Giving,1392
-Cause marketing communications: Consumer inference on attitudes towards brand and cause,,"Samu, S.; Wymer, W.",European Journal of Marketing,1393
-“Even a penny will help!”: Legitimization of paltry donation and social proof in soliciting donation to a charitable organization,"“Even a penny will help!” is a donation solicitor's effort in legitimating paltry donations in hopes of gaining higher compliance. This study reexamined the effect of Legitimization of Paltry Donation (LPD) in combination with Social Proof (SP) strategy. Participants were given one of four donation soliciting messages: simple request (control), LPD, SP, and LPD/SP. Compliance rate and size were examined through both the survey experiment and the field experiment. The LPD/SP condition yielded the highest rate of compliance both in the survey and field studies, followed by the LPD condition, the SP condition, and the control condition. As for the donation amount, results were not consistent across the two studies. Implications and limitations of the study were discussed. © 2007, Eastern Communication Association.","Shearman, S.M.; Yoo, J.H.",Commun. Res. Rep.,1394
-Money talks: Neural substrate of modulation of fairness by monetary incentives,"A unique feature of the human species is compliance with social norms, e.g., fairness, even though this normative decision means curbing self-interest. However, sometimes people prefer to pursue wealth at the expense of moral goodness. Specifically, deviations from a fairness-related normative choice have been observed in the presence of a high monetary incentive. The neural mechanism underlying this deviation from the fairness-related normative choice has yet to be determined. In order to address this issue, using functional magnetic resonance imaging we employed an ultimatum game (UG) paradigm in which fairness and a proposed monetary amount were orthogonally varied. We found evidence for a significant modulation by the proposed amount on fairness in the right lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the bilateral insular cortices. Additionally, the insular subregions showed dissociable modulation patterns. Inter-individual differences in the modulation effects in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) accounted for inter-individual differences in the behavioral modulation effect as measured by the rejection rate, supporting the concept that the PFC plays a critical role in making fairness-related normative decisions in a social interaction condition. Our findings provide neural evidence for the modulation of fairness by monetary incentives as well as accounting for inter-individual differences. © 2014 Zhou, Wang, Rao, Yang and Li.","Zhou, Y.; Wang, Y.; Rao, L.-L.; Yang, L.-Q.; Li, S.",Front. Behav. Neurosci.,1395
-"Gratefully received, gratefully repaid: The role of perceived fairness in cooperative interactions","It is well documented that people would remunerate fair behaviours and penalize unfair behaviours. It is argued that individuals' reactions following the receipt of a gift depend on the perceived intentions of the donors. Fair intentions should prompt positive affect, like gratitude, triggering cooperative behaviours; while intended unfairness should trigger negative affect, like anger, fostering anti-social actions. It is, however, contended that when people lack information to infer others' intention they may use 'normative' beliefs about fairness - what a typical fair individual 'should' do in these circumstances - to guide their behaviour. In this experiment we examined this assertion. We had 122 participants play a one-shot, double-anonymous game with half playing as potential helpers (P1s) and half as recipients (P2s). Whether a participant was a P1 or P2 was chance-determined and all participants knew this. P1s decided whether to help P2s and whether to make their help unconditional (no repayment needed) or conditional (full or 'taxed' repayment). P2s decided whether to accept the offer and whatever conditions attached but were blind to the list of helping options available to P1s. We anticipated that recipients would refer to the 'injunctive norm' that 'fair people should help ""for free"" when it is only by chance that they are in a position to help'. Therefore, without knowing P1s' different helping options, unconditional offers should be rated by recipients as fairer than conditional offers, and this should be linked to greater gratitude with greater gratitude linked to greater reciprocation. Path analyses confirmed this serial mediation. The results showed that recipients of unconditional offers, compared to conditional ones, interpreted the helpers' motives as more helpful, experienced greater gratitude and were more eager to reciprocate. The behavioural data further revealed that, when given a latter option to default, 38% of recipients of conditional offers did so. © 2014 Ma et al.","Ma, L.K.; Tunney, R.J.; Ferguson, E.",PLoS ONE,1396
-"Corporate Codes of Ethics in Large UK Companies: An Empirical Investigation of Use, Content and Attitudes",,"Schlegelmilch, B.B.; Houston, J.E.",European Journal of Marketing,1397
-Gender identity salience and perceived vulnerability to breast cancer,,"Puntoni, S.; Sweldens, S.; Tavassoli, N.T.",Journal of Marketing Research,1398
-How to Achieve Tax Compliance by the Wealthy: A Review of the Literature and Agenda for Policy,"Tax compliance by the wealthy is relevant not only because their contributions are essential to maintain public budgets and social equality, but because their (non)compliance behavior and the perceived (un)fairness of their contributions can fuel social unrest. In this article, after giving a brief history of taxing the wealthy, we review the existing theoretical, empirical, and policy literature on their tax compliance. We discuss how and why the wealthy differ from less affluent taxpayers because of specific interrelated political, social, and psychological conditions. Understanding the psychological mechanisms that determine the tax compliance of the wealthy can provide policy insights on how to better integrate the wealthy in the tax system. Therefore, the present review is also a starting point for new policy approaches to increase tax compliance and tax morale among the wealthy. © 2019 The Authors. Social Issues and Policy Review published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues","Gangl, K.; Torgler, B.",Soc. Isues Policy Rev.,1399
-"I’m moral, But I won’t help you: The distinct roles of empathy and justice in donations",,"Lee, S.; Winterich, K.P.; Ross, W.T.",Journal of Consumer Research,1400
-An empirical investigation of the appropriateness of the product life cycle to municipal library services,,"Crompton, J.L.; Bonk, S.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,1401
-How nonprofits get really big,,"Foster, W.; Fine, G.",Stanford Social Innovation Review,1402
-Reference-dependent sympathy,"Natural disasters and other traumatic events often draw a greater charitable response than do ongoing misfortunes, even those that may cause even more widespread misery, such as famine or malaria. Why is the response disproportionate to need? The notion of reference dependence critical to Prospect Theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979) maintains that self-utility, or benefit to self, is not absolute level of wealth but rather gain or loss relative to a reference point. Four studies show that sympathy (Study 1), dictator offers (Study 2), and judgments of deservingness (Study 3a) are reference-dependent: people respond greater to victims of loss than to victims of chronic conditions. This tendency goes away when people evaluate victims in comparison (Study 3b) and when evaluating affect-poor "" statistical victims"" , as compared to affect-rich "" identifiable victims"" (Study 4). Together, these results shed light on seemingly irrational patterns of humanitarian aid. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.","Small, D.A.",Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Processes,1403
-Experiencing haptic roughness promotes empathy,,"Wang, C.; Zhu, R.J.; Handy, T.C.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1404
-Dictator game giving: Rules of fairness versus acts of kindness,"In both dictator and impunity games, one player, the dictator, divides a fixed amount of money between himself and one other, the recipient. Recent lab studies of these games have produced seemingly inconsistent results, reporting substantially divergent amounts of dictator giving. Also, one prominent explanation for some of these differences, the impact of experimenter observation, displayed weak explanatory power in a different but related lab game. Data from the new experiment reported here offers some explanations. We find that dictators determine how much they will give on the basis of the total money available for the entire experimental session, not on the basis of what is available per game. This explains the reported differences between impunity and dictator studies. When distributing a gift among several recipients, individual dictators show little tendency towards equal treatment. Also, we find no evidence for the experimenter observation effect. Comparison with earlier experiments suggests that differences in the context of the game, affected by differences in written directions and independent of experimenter observation, account for differences across dictator studies. We propose a hypothetical decision procedure, based on the notion that dictator giving originates with personal and social rules that effectively constrain self-interested behavior. The procedure provides a link between dictator behavior and a broader class of laboratory phenomena.","Bolton, G.E.; Katok, E.; Zwick, K.",Int. J. Game Theory,1405
-Charitable bequests and estate taxes,,"Joulfaian, D.",National Tax Journal,1406
-Audience effects on moralistic punishment,"Punishment has been proposed as being central to two distinctively human phenomena: cooperation in groups and morality. Here we investigate moralistic punishment, a behavior designed to inflict costs on another individual in response to a perceived moral violation. There is currently no consensus on which evolutionary model best accounts for this phenomenon in humans. Models that turn on individuals' cultivating reputations as moralistic punishers clearly predict that psychological systems should be designed to increase punishment in response to information that one's decisions to punish will be known by others. We report two experiments in which we induce participants to commit moral violations and then present third parties with the opportunity to pay to punish wrongdoers. Varying conditions of anonymity, we find that the presence of an audience-even if only the experimenter-causes an increase in moralistic punishment. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Kurzban, R.; DeScioli, P.; O'Brien, E.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,1407
-Meta-analysis of experiments with matched groups or repeated measures designs,"Tests for experiments with matched groups or repeated measures designs use error terms that involve the correlation between the measures as well as the variance of the data. The larger the correlation between the measures, the smaller the error and the larger the test statistic. If an effect size is computed from the test statistic without taking the correlation between the measures into account, effect size will be overestimated. Procedures for computing effect size appropriately from matched groups or repeated measures designs are discussed. Copyright 1996 by the American Psychological Association, Inc.","Dunlap, W.P.; Cortina, J.M.; Vaslow, J.B.; Burke, M.J.",Psychol. Methods,1408
-Mixed feelings: Theories of and evidence on giving,"This paper examines possible motives and institutional factors that impact giving. Specifically, I consider alternative theories parallel to dictator experiments that generate evidence on both allocation decisions and their effect on feelings. A number of new empirical findings as well as new interpretations for previously reported findings result. A novel test distinguishes warm glow from impure altruism and rules out the former as the sole motive for giving. Very generous donations to charities that aid the needy (with modal gifts of the entire dictator's stakes) cannot be attributed to familiarity with the charities. A charity that offers a matching grant increases its revenues by drawing donors and donations away from one that does not, although aggregate charitable donations do not rise. Additional results on emotions paint a picture of ""mixed feelings:"" generosity creates good feelings when the recipients are charities and bad feelings when they are fellow students. No group of dictators, however, feels better, on average, than a control group that is given no opportunity to donate. I propose a simple model that accounts for these results on allocation behavior and feelings by incorporating elements of two approaches, unconditional altruism and social preference theories, that to date have mostly evolved independently. A critical feature of this model is the social norm, and the results of the experiments corroborate the theory in the context of two norms of distributive justice that are important to real world giving: equity and need. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Konow, J.",J. Public Econ.,1409
-The psychology of social impact,"Proposes a theory of social impact specifying the effect of other persons on an individual. According to the theory, when other people are the source of impact and the individual is the target, impact should be a multiplicative function of the strength, immediacy, and number of other people. Furthermore, impact should take the form of a power function, with the marginal effect of the Nth other person being less than that of the (N-2)th. When other people stand with the individual as the target of forces from outside the group, impact should be divided such that the resultant is an inverse power function of the strength, immediacy, and number of persons standing together. The author reviews relevant evidence from research on conformity and imitation, stage fright and embarrassment, news interest, bystander intervention, tipping, inquiring for Christ, productivity in groups, and crowding in rats. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1981 American Psychological Association.","Latané, B.",Am. Psychol.,1410
-Considering rational self-interest as a disposition: Organizational implications of other orientation,"In contrast with major theories of attitudes and behavior, the authors propose that individuals are not equally motivated to pursue their self-interests. The authors show that differences in other orientation affect the extent to which actions and attitudes reflect self-interested calculation (instrumental rationality) and the extent to which beliefs represent their external environment (epistemic rationality). These differences have consequences for processes underlying a wide range of attitudes and behavior typically assumed to be rationally self-interested. Thus, the authors' model exposes a common explanation for diverse organizational phenomena. It also clarifies inconsistencies surrounding the validity of certain attitudinal and motivational models, the relationship between job attitudes and actions, cross-cultural differences in attitudes and behavior, escalation of commitment, and the relationship between chief executive officer characteristics and organizational performance.","Meglino, B.M.; Audrey Korsgaard, M.",J. Appl. Psychol.,1411
-The accuracy of maternal anthropometry measurements as predictor for spontaneous preterm birth: a systematic review,"Routine antenatal maternal anthropometric measurements are not useful in predicting the risk of pre-term birth before 37 weeks' gestation. XCM: This was a well-conducted and clearly reported review. The objective was clear and supported by well-defined inclusion criteria. An extensive literature search was conducted, although this might have benefited from further attempts to locate unpublished studies. Details of the review methodology were reported; these included appropriate attempts to minimise bias in the review process. Study quality was assessed and the results tabulated and discussed in the synthesis of the results. The authors did not provide details of the methods used to pool the results, therefore it was not possible to determine whether the methods used were appropriate. However, given the very poor LRs, this would not have affected the conclusions of this review. In addition, it is questionable whether there was any benefit of pooling the results. The authors' conclusions are supported by the data presented. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that routine antenatal maternal anthropometric measurements are not useful in predicting the risk of pre-term birth.Research: The authors stated that further studies should address the use of anthropometric measurements in combination with other tests, but need to use a more clinically appropriate reference standard of pre-term birth (e.g. birth before 32 to 34 weeks' gestation) and improve on the quality of their design.","Honest, H; Bachmann, L M; Ngai, C; Gupta, J K; Kleijnen, J; Khan, K S",,1412
-Market segmentation for fund raisers,,"Smith, S.M.; Beik, L.L.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,1413
-The effects of delay upon compliance with socially undesirable requests in the door-in-the-face paradigm,"The efficacy of the foot-in-the-door technique for inducing compliance with socially undesirable requests was investigated using a delay procedure. After refusing the first large request, experimental subjects were presented with a moderate request, which involved a concession on the part of the requester, a relative gain to the subject, or both. The control subjects received the second request only. No significant differences were found between the experimental and control groups. The results were discussed in terms of both contrast and self-perception explanations. © 1980, The Psychonomic Society, Inc.. All rights reserved.","Shanab, M.E.; Isonio, S.A.",Top. Catal.,1414
-The promise and success of lab-field generalizability in experimental economics: A critical reply to levitt and list,,"Camerer, C.F.",Handbook of Experimental Economic Methodology,1415
-"To comply or not comply: Testing the self-perception explanation of the ""foot-in-the-door"" phenomenon","Conducted a field experiment to test the self-perception explanation of the ""foot-in-the-door"" phenomenon of increased compliance with a substantial request after prior compliance with a smaller demand. In this study, 30 Ss were first approached with a small request (answer 8 questions in a telephone survey) the size of which was virtually certain to guarantee compliance. 32 other Ss were first approached with a request sufficiently large to guarantee noncompliance (answer 50 questions). Ss in both of these conditions were subsequently approached with a moderately sized request (30 questions sponsored by a different public service organization). As predicted by self-perception theory, Ss in the small-initial-request condition showed a higher rate of compliance to the 2nd request (.519), whereas Ss in the large-initial-request condition showed a lower rate of compliance (.219) than Ss in the no-initial-request control condition (.333). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1975 American Psychological Association.","Snyder, M.; Cunningham, M.R.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,1416
-The role of source legitimacy in sequential request strategies of compliance,,"Patch, M.E.",Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,1417
-Spontaneous giving under structural inequality: Intuition promotes cooperation in asymmetric social dilemmas,"The present research investigates the role of intuitive mental processing on cooperation in experimental games involving structural inequality. Results from an experiment using conceptual priming to induce intuitive mental processing provide the first evidence that cooperation is promoted by intuition in an asymmetric context that distributes the gains from cooperation unequally among a group. Therefore, the results extend our understanding of the cognitive underpinnings of human cooperation by demonstrating the robustness of intuitive cooperation in games involving structural inequality regarding asymmetric gains from cooperation. Additionally, the results provide the first successful conceptual replication of the intuition-cooperation link using conceptual priming, therefore also contributing to the debate about the validity of previous research in other contexts. Taken together, the present research contributes to the literature on psychological and institutional mechanisms that promote cooperation. © 2015 Lotz Sebastian.","Lotz, S.",PLoS ONE,1418
-A contingency view of the responses of voluntary social service organizations in Ontario to government cutbacks,"Voluntary organizations in Ontario have been thrust into a new environment; government funding on which they have traditionally counted has been reduced to the extent that actions have to be taken in order for some organizations to survive. Using a sample of 85 from a mailed survey to voluntary social service organizations in Toronto, we collected information on how organizational characteristics are influencing the actions taken in the face of these changes. We found that the alternatives considered factored into five dimensions: enhancing the image of the organization; cutting costs; developing strategic plans and accountability; implementing new tactics, such as user fees; and restructuring the governance and management structure. Analysis showed that younger organizations, smaller-sized agencies, and those with a diverse set of funding sources employ a wider range of options to deal with environmental challenges. Many of these options are directed at protecting the main mission of the organization and building awareness and marketing strength so that the organization reduces its susceptibility to environmental shifts.","Foster, M.K.; Meinhard, A.G.",Can. J. Adm. Sci.,1419
-The Limited Informativeness of Meta-Analyses of Media Effects,"In this issue of Perspectives on Psychological Science, Christopher Ferguson reports on a meta-analysis examining the relationship between children’s video game use and several outcome variables, including aggression and attention deficit symptoms (Ferguson, 2015, this issue). In this commentary, I compare Ferguson’s nonsignificant effects sizes with earlier meta-analyses on the same topics that yielded larger, significant effect sizes. I argue that Ferguson’s choice for partial effects sizes is unjustified on both methodological and theoretical grounds. I then plead for a more constructive debate on the effects of violent video games on children and adolescents. Until now, this debate has been dominated by two camps with diametrically opposed views on the effects of violent media on children. However, even the earliest media effects studies tell us that children can react quite differently to the same media content. Thus, if researchers truly want to understand how media affect children, rather than fight for the presence or absence of effects, they need to adopt a perspective that takes differential susceptibility to media effects more seriously. © 2015, © The Author(s) 2015.","Valkenburg, P.M.",Perspect. Psychol. Sci.,1420
-Chinese adolescents’ power distance value and prosocial behavior toward powerful people: A longitudinal study,"We were interested in how specific cultural value and adolescent social behavior would influence each other over time. Thus the present study explored the longitudinal and bidirectional relations between adolescents’ power distance value and prosocial behavior toward powerful people over a year. A sample of 434 Chinese adolescents participated in the investigation (initial mean age = 11.27; 54.15% females). The results based on cross-lagged models showed that, earlier prosocial behavior toward powerful people was positively correlated to subsequent power distance value, but not vice versa. The findings point toward an understanding of the important role of adolescent social behavior on his/her cultural value development, and also shed light on future research in terms of the interplay between cultural values and individual’s social behaviors in other cultures. © 2018 Fu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Fu, X.; Lv, Y.; Yang, Z.; Yu, X.; Wang, R.",PLoS ONE,1421
-How Does Public Assistance Use Affect Charitable Activity? A Tale of Two Methods,"How does receiving public assistance affect an individual’s charitable giving and volunteering? Using the 1994 to 2005 Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and 2005 Center on Philanthropy Panel Study (COPPS) data, we use a series of comparison group and propensity score matching approaches to overcome sticky issues of selection bias and to explore this question. We find that neither current public assistance receipt nor the amount of public assistance income has any effect on an individual’s charitable contributions of time and money. Cumulative past public assistance appears to suppress charitable giving but not volunteerism. © 2014, © The Author(s) 2014.","Peck, L.R.; Guo, C.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,1422
-Left ventricular assist devices,"For adults waiting for heart transplant, left VAD support has been shown to improve the survival rates, functional status and quality of life. Only limited evidence was available for children, but the survival rates appeared to be similar to those for adults. XCM: The aims of this review were clearly stated. The limitation of the search to studies published in English and French might have led to publication bias. The authors considered the quality of the studies and used a narrative synthesis to describe the overall results. This was appropriate given the variation in the studies included. While the inclusion criteria stated that only controlled studies would be included, much of the evidence presented came from case series. Information on the included studies was tabulated, although there was some discrepancy between the number of studies described in the narrative and that presented in the tables. This meant that it was difficult to calculate how many people were involved in the reviewed studies. In addition, one included study was not referenced. Given that the authors acknowledged that the evidence they found, from observational studies, is not as reliable as that from RCTs, their conclusions appear to reflect the data presented. XIM: Practice: The authors implied that although the use of left VADs appears to improve survival in practice, because of a shortage of donors, this would result in longer waiting lists for heart transplants. They also stated that the introduction of left VADs in the paediatric population would be more cost- effective and might not have negative effects on transplant waiting lists.Research: The authors did not state any implications for further research.",Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Medical Advisory Secretariat,,1423
-Customer-base analysis in a discrete-time noncontractual setting,,"Fader, P.S.; Hardie, B.G.S.; Shang, J.",Marketing Science,1424
-The future of social-desirability bias research in marketing,,"Fisher, R.J.",Psychol. Mark.,1425
-"""Walking the walk"" of public service motivation: Public employees and charitable gifts of time, blood, and money",,"Houston, D.J.",Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,1426
-Understanding the Dissolution of Nonprofit Organizations: A Financial Management Perspective,"The financial antecedents of nonprofit dissolution have not been well studied, although there is growing scholarly attention devoted to the dissolution of nonprofit organizations. Using longitudinal data on U.S. public charities from 2005 to 2015, this study employs the Cox proportional-hazards model to examine the effects of overhead costs and revenue mix on nonprofit dissolution. In particular, we find that spending on employee compensation and fundraising each has a nonlinear, U-shaped relationship with the likelihood of nonprofit dissolution. We also find that commercial nonprofits are less likely to dissolve than their noncommercial counterparts. Finally, revenue diversification has a favorable effect on nonprofits’ survival prospects. These findings provide important managerial implications for nonprofits to sustain their operations and influence in practice. © The Author(s) 2019.","Lu, J.; Shon, J.; Zhang, P.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,1427
-Compassion fade: Affect and charity are greatest for a single child in need,"Charitable giving in 2013 exceeded $300 billion, but why do we respond to some life-saving causes while ignoring others? In our first two studies, we demonstrated that valuation of lives is associated with affective feelings (self-reported and psychophysiological) and that a decline in compassion may begin with the second endangered life. In Study 3, this fading of compassion was reversed by describing multiple lives in a more unitary fashion. Study 4 extended our findings to loss-frame scenarios. Our capacity to feel sympathy for people in need appears limited, and this form of compassion fatigue can lead to apathy and inaction, consistent with what is seen repeatedly in response to many large-scale human and environmental catastrophes. © 2014 Västfjäll et al.","Västfjäll, D.; Slovic, P.; Mayorga, M.; Peters, E.",PLoS ONE,1428
-Outcomes Evaluation in Faith-Based Social Services: Are We Evaluating Faith Accurately?,"In response to a recent call for research on the effectiveness of faith-based organizations, this article synthesizes how effectiveness has been defined and measured in evaluation research of faith-based programs. Although evidence indicates that religion can have a positive impact on individuals' well-being, no prior comprehensive review exists of the literature on the effectiveness of faith-based social service programs. Adopting the systematic review method, the authors explore how researchers have conceptualized and operationalized effectiveness and faith. The authors identify trends and limitations across studies and conclude with implications for researchers and practitioners interested in examining and delivering faith-based social services.","Ferguson, Kristin M; Wu, Qiaobing; Spruijt-Metz, Donna; Dyrness, Grace",Res. Soc. Work Pract.,1429
-"Reputation, a universal currency for human social interactions","Decision rules of reciprocity include ‘I help those who helped me’ (direct reci- procity) and ‘I help those who have helped others’ (indirect reciprocity), i.e. I help those who have a reputation to care for others. A person’s reputa tion is a score that members of a social group update whenever they see the person interacting or hear at best multiple gossip about the person’s social interactions. Reputation is the current standing the person has gained from previous investments or refusal of investments in helping others. Is he a good guy, can I trust him or should I better avoid him as a social partner? A good reputation pays off by attracting help from others, even from strangers or members from another group, if the recipient’s reputation is known. Any costly investment in others, i.e. direct help, donations to charity, investment in averting climate change, etc. increases a person’s reputation. I shall argue and illustrate with examples that a person’s known reputation functions like money that can be used whenever the person needs help. Whenever possible I will present tests of predictions of evolutionary theory, i.e. fitness maximizing strategies, mostly by economic experiments with humans. © 2016 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.","Milinski, M.",Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.,1430
-Competitive helping increases with the size of biological markets and invades defection,"Cooperation between unrelated individuals remains a puzzle in evolutionary biology. Recent work indicates that partner choice can select for high levels of helping. More generally, helping can be seen as but one strategy used to compete for partners within a broader biological market, yet giving within such markets has received little mathematical investigation. In the present model, individuals help others to attract attention from them and thus receive a larger share of any help actively or passively provided by those others. The evolutionarily stable level of helping increases with the size of the biological market and the degree of partner choice. Furthermore, if individuals passively produce some no-cost help to partners, competitive helping can then invade populations of non-helpers because helpers directly benefit from increasing their access to potential partners. This framework of competitive helping demonstrates how high helping can be achieved and why different populations may differ in helping levels. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Barclay, P.",J. Theor. Biol.,1431
-"Understanding the effectiveness of social influence appeals in charitable giving: the roles of affinity with the cause, and past giving behavior",,"Minguez, A.; Sese, F.J.",Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,1432
-Victim Number Effects in Charitable Giving: Joint Evaluations Promote Egalitarian Decisions,"Studies of victim number effects in charitable giving consistently find that people care more and help more when presented with an appeal to help an individual compared with an appeal to help multiple people in need. Across three online experiments (N = 1,348), Bayesian estimation revealed the opposite pattern when people responded to multiple appeals to help targets of different sizes (1, 2, 5, 7, and 12). In this joint evaluation context, participants donated more to larger groups, when appeals were presented in both ascending order (Study 1) and random order (Study 2). The pattern held whether or not participants saw an overview of all appeals at the start of the study and when a single individual was added to the array (Study 3). These results clarify how compassion fade findings typical of separate evaluations may not generalize to contexts in which people encounter multiple appeals within a short temporal window. © 2021 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.","Garinther, A.; Arrow, H.; Razavi, P.",Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull.,1433
-Dichotomization of Continuous Variables: The Implications for Meta-Analysis,"In many studies included in meta-analyses, the independent variable measure, the dependent variable measure, or both, have been artificially dichotomized, attenuating the correlation from its true value and resulting in (a) a downward distortion in the mean correlation and (b) an upward distortion in the apparent real variation of correlations across studies. We present (a) exact corrections for this distortion for the case in which only one of the variables has been dichotomized and (b) methods for making approximate corrections when both variables have been artificially dichotomized. These approximate corrections are shown to be quite accurate for most research data. Methods for weighting the resulting corrected correlations in meta-analysis are presented. These corrections make it possible for meta-analysis to yield approximately unbiased estimates of mean population correlations and their standard deviations despite the initial distortion in the correlations from individual studies.","Hunter, J.E.; Schmidt, F.L.",J. Appl. Psychol.,1434
-Can Charitable Donations Compensate for a Reduction in Government Funding? The Role of Information,"Are private donors willing to replace cuts in government funding? The authors conducted a survey experiment (n = 2,458) to examine how information about government funding affected decisions to donate money to a large charitable organization in the Netherlands. Providing information about actual budget cuts increased the number of donors. Most new donors were recruited among respondents who had processed the information correctly, underlining the importance of effective communication. The magnitude of the information effect was stronger for citizens with lower levels of empathic concern, who are less likely to donate but can be converted into donors. The authors conclude that policy information shapes not only attitudes but also civic engagement outside the political sphere. © 2020 The Authors. Public Administration Review published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The American Society for Public Administration.","de Wit, A.; Bekkers, R.",Public Adm. Rev.,1435
-,,"Petticrew, M.; Roberts, H.",Systematic reviews in the social sciences: A practical guide,1436
-,,"Eby, L.T.; Allen, T.D.; Conley, K.M.; Williamson, R.L.; Henderson, T.G.; Mancini, V.",,1437
-The pain-relieving effect of electro-acupuncture and conventional medical analgesic methods during oocyte retrieval: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials,"No method was found to be superior to another and no consensus on which method was best for pain relief during oocyte removal could be reached; clinical pregnancy rates were found to be similar. Low doses of lignocaine can be recommended in PCB and EA without premedication. XCM: This review addressed a clear research question and specified inclusion criteria for the study design, interventions and outcomes. The search was fairly limited as it only involved searches of MEDLINE and bibliographies, and only published studies were included in the review. This means that other relevant unpublished studies might have been missed. The quality assessment and data extraction appear to have been performed independently, but not the study selection, which, as the author discussed, increases the risk of bias. Study quality was assessed using relevant questions for RCTs and full results were presented for each study.Only three studies were considered similar enough to be combined in a meta-analysis, the methods of which appear reliable. However, a number of other studies used similar pain outcome measures and it was unclear why these were not also included in meta-analyses. There was little discussion of the results of studies assessing interventions other than EA, and the presentation of their results made it difficult to assess which interventions were beneficial. The meta-analysis provided conflicting results depending on whether average or maximum pain was used as the outcome, and the author highlighted the limitations of using VASs to measure pain. The author's conclusion, that no consensus could be made about which method was best for pain relief, appears reliable, although the limited search strategy and study selection by one person increases the risk of bias. However, the recommendation about lignocaine is not supported by the results presented. XIM: Practice: The author stated that low doses of lignocaine can be recommended for pain relief in PCB, as well as EA without premedication. Conscious sedation is appropriate in patients who are willing and cooperative. As pain is subjective, the optimal method of conscious sedation should be made on an individual basis.Research: The author stated that further research is needed to identify the impact and significance of different needle locations and stimulation frequencies in EA. There is also a need to examine the effects of method of analgesia on IVF outcomes. Only RCTs should be conducted in future, using standardised outcome measures, measuring pain during oocyte removal, and using newer methods of pain assessment.",Stener-Victorin E,,1438
-Developing donor relationships: The role of the breadth of giving,,"Khodakarami, F.; Petersen, J.A.; Venkatesan, R.",Journal of Marketing,1439
-"Warm glow or cold, hard cash? Social identify effects on consumer choice for donation versus discount promotions",,"Winterich, K.P.; Barone, M.J.",Journal of Marketing Research,1440
-"Antecedents of customers’ intention to support Islamic social enterprises in Indonesia: The role of socioeconomic status, religiosity, and organisational credibility",,"Hati, S.R.H.; Idris, A.",Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,1441
-Can political cookies leave a bad taste in one’s mouth?: Political ideology influences taste,,"Tal, A.; Gvili, Y.; Amar, M.; Wansink, B.",European Journal of Marketing,1442
-Sustainability and consumption,,"Huang, M.-H.; Rust, R.T.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,1443
-Negotiating with yourself and losing: Making decisions with competing internal preferences,"The field of organizational behc vior includes the study of how individuals organize and manage conflict among themselves. Less visible has been the study of conflicts occurring within individuals. We propose that one form of intrapersonal conflict is the result of tension between what people want to do versus what they think they should do. We argue that this want/should distinction helps to explain the ""multiple-selves"" phenomenon and a recently discovered group of preference reversals noted in behavioral decision and organizational behavior research. We develop a history of knowledge on intrapersonal conflict, discuss how conflicts between what one wants to do and what one should do result in inconsistent behavior, connect this pattern of inconsistency to recent literature on joint versus separate preference reversals, and outline prescriptions for the management of intrapersonal conflict.","Bazerman, M.H.; Tenbrunsel, A.E.; Wade-Benzoni, K.",Acad. Manage. Rev.,1444
-Explicit donations and inferred endorsements: Do corporate social responsibility initiatives suggest a nonprofi t organization endorsement?,,"Bower, A.B.; Grau, L.S.",Journal of Advertising,1445
-Are tax-financed contributions to a public good completely crowded-out? Experimental evidence,"We report the results of a laboratory experiment on crowd-out in a voluntary contribution mechanism public good game. In our setting, a standard argument states that a tax should not be effective in raising contributions, because agents respond by reducing voluntary contributions by the amount of the tax. Our experimental design focuses in on this intuition by abstracting away from several potential confounds. We use a specification for the payoff function in which there is a dominant strategy for own-earnings maximizing agents, located interior to and in the upper half of the strategy space. The dominant strategy ensures that changes in contributions are attributable to the tax directly, rather than second-order effects due to responses to out-of-equilibrium play by other agents. The dominant strategy is made more transparent by the use of a novel graphical decision interface. We find that individuals robustly choose at or above the own-earnings dominant strategy level. Even with the controls of the design, crowd-out is incomplete, but the degree of crowd-out is higher than in previous studies. Analysis of individual-level decisions provides evidence of different player types. Behavior of subjects not choosing the dominant or Pareto-efficient contributions is well-organized by a model of warm-glow giving with a logit decision error. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.","Gronberg, T.J.; Luccasen, R.A.; Turocy, T.L.; Van Huyck, J.B.",J. Public Econ.,1446
-Efficacy of closed suction drainage in lower limb arterial surgery: a meta-analysis of published clinical trials,"The available data demonstrated no clear benefit of closed suction drainage in terms of reducing rates of wound infection, haematoma, seroma or lymphocele formation following lower limb arterial surgery. XCM: The review question and inclusion criteria were clear. The search strategy appeared comprehensive. Validity was assessed using a reliable tool, but the process for data extraction and validity assessment were not reported and reviewer error and bias could not be ruled out. Appropriate methods were used to investigate statistical heterogeneity and publication bias; publication bias was reported for one outcome. Although there was no evidence of statistical heterogeneity, there was potential for methodological heterogeneity. In addition, the number of included studies and numbers of participants in the studies were small. Given the above considerations, it was difficult to determine the reliability of the authors' conclusions and they should be interpreted with caution. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that the available data did not support the routine use of closed suction drains following lower limb revascularisation.Research: The authors stated that a far greater amount of data was needed to clarify any trends in postoperative complications that may support the use of drains.","Karthikesalingam, A; Walsh, S R; Sadat, U; Tang, T Y; Koraen, L; Varty, K",,1447
-Confusion of Confidence Intervals and Credibility Intervals in Meta-Analysis,"A review of 30 meta-analyses that have been conducted in organizational behavior and human resource management using procedures described by Hunter, Schmidt, and Jackson (1982) suggests that there is confusion regarding the use and interpretation of confidence intervals and credibility intervals. This confusion can lead to conflicting conclusions about the relationships between variables. The most frequent mistake has been the attempt to address the accuracy of the estimate of the mean effect size using ""confidence intervals"" based on the corrected standard deviation instead of on the standard error of the mean r or d. The corrected standard deviation should be used to generate a ""credibility interval"" to assess the extent to which moderators might account for the unexplained variance in effect sizes.","Whitener, E.M.",J. Appl. Psychol.,1448
-Collaboration among six persons in a Prisoner’s Dilemma game,,"Bixenstine, V.E.; Levitt, C.A.; Wilson, K.V.",J. Confl. Resolut.,1449
-A new disaster aid information system model for Indonesia Red Cross: A case study in East Java Province,,"Setiabudi, D.H.; Widyadana, I.G.A.; Harsono, V.; Wongso, R.C.",International Journal of Supply Chain Management,1450
-Message order effects and gender differences in advertising persuasion,,"Brunel, F.F.; Nelson, M.R.",Journal of Advertising Research,1451
-Experimental practices in economics: A methodological challenge for psychologists?,"This target article is concerned with the implications of the surprisingly different experimental practices in economies and in areas of psychology relevant to both economists and psychologists, such as behavioral decision making. We consider four features of experimentation in economics, namely, script enactment, repeated trials, performance-based monetary payments, and the proscription against deception, and compare them to experimental practices in psychology, primarily in the area of behavioral decision making. Whereas economists bring a precisely defined ""script"" to experiments for participants to enact, psychologists often do not provide such a script, leaving participants to infer what choices the situation affords. By often using repeated experimental trials, economists allow participants to learn about the task and the environment; psychologists typically do not. Economists generally pay participants on the basis of clearly defined performance criteria; psychologists usually pay a flat fee or grant a fixed amount of course credit. Economists virtually never deceive participants; psychologists, especially in some areas of inquiry, often do. We argue that experimental standards in economics are regulatory in that they allow for little variation between the experimental practices of individual researchers. The experimental standards in psychology, by contrast, are comparatively laissez-faire. We believe that the wider range of experimental practices in psychology reflects a lack of procedural regularity that may contribute to the variability of empirical findings in the research fields under consideration. We conclude with a call for more research on the consequences of methodological preferences, such as the use on monetary payments, and propose a ""do-it-both-ways"" rule regarding the enactment of scripts, repetition of trials, and performance-based monetary payments. We also argue, on pragmatic grounds, that the default practice should be not to deceive participants.","Hertwig, R.; Ortmann, A.",Behav. Brain Sci.,1452
-Methods for measuring hand hygiene behavior - A methodological examination from a behavioral scientific perspective,"The present work provides an up-to-date overview on different methodological approaches to the measurement of hand hygiene in health care settings. We address the status quo as well as current developments in hand hygiene compliance research and expand this perspective by considering relevant findings from behavioral sciences. Regarding the measurement methods we distinguish four categories: product consumption, self-report, observation und automated methods. Regarding the evaluation of the methods we discuss level of information of hand hygiene data, feasibility of methods and reliability of collected data. In the conclusion we discuss the suitability of particular methods for different research questions regarding hand hygiene and propose video-based observation as an alternative to the current gold standard, direct observation.","Diefenbacher, S.; Siegel, A.; Keller, J.",Hyg. Med.,1453
-Measurement context effects in telephone-survey-based tests of causal models,,"Agarwal, S.; Teas, R.K.",Review of Marketing Science,1454
-The happiness of giving: The time-ask effect,,"Liu, W.; Aaker, J.",Journal of Consumer Research,1455
-Compassion: An Evolutionary Analysis and Empirical Review,"What is compassion? And how did it evolve? In this review, we integrate 3 evolutionary arguments that converge on the hypothesis that compassion evolved as a distinct affective experience whose primary function is to facilitate cooperation and protection of the weak and those who suffer. Our empirical review reveals compassion to have distinct appraisal processes attuned to undeserved suffering; distinct signaling behavior related to caregiving patterns of touch, posture, and vocalization; and a phenomenological experience and physiological response that orients the individual to social approach. This response profile of compassion differs from those of distress, sadness, and love, suggesting that compassion is indeed a distinct emotion. We conclude by considering how compassion shapes moral judgment and action, how it varies across different cultures, and how it may engage specific patterns of neural activation, as well as emerging directions of research. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","Goetz, J.L.; Keltner, D.; Simon-Thomas, E.",Psychol. Bull.,1456
-The efficacy of technologies to minimise peri-operative allogeneic transfusion,"The main findings were that aprotinin, tranexamic acid, erythropoietin (both to augment autologous predonation and on its own) and pre-operative autologous donation all decrease exposure to peri-operative allogeneic blood transfusion. Desmopressin is not efficacious and there are too few trials of epsilon aminocaproic acid to establish its efficacy. There was too great a heterogeneity in the meta-analysis of acute normovolaemic haemodilution (ANH) and most of the trials were of such poor methodological quality that it is presently difficult to determine whether ANH is efficacious or not. XCM: The aims were stated and inclusion criteria defined in terms of study design, intervention, outcome, and participants. Searches were conducted of two databases, no language restrictions were applied and attempts were made to locate unpublished material. Methods used to select primary studies were not described. Eligible studies were restricted to RCTs and validity was assessed and scored using defined criteria. Methods used to extract data were described, but only minimal information on individual studies was presented. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed but not always reported and methods used were not stated. Forest plots were used to demonstrate homogeneity. When heterogeneity was found, several potential sources were investigated. Various sub-group analyses were conducted. The discussion includes consideration of the following limitations of the review: small sample size of most of the included studies requiring results, especially sub-group analyses, to be interpreted with caution; unexplained heterogeneity in the meta-analysis of ANH; and frequency of post-operative myocardial infarction, the need for re-operation because of bleeding, and side-effects were not reported in all studies.The evidence supports the authors' conclusions. XIM: Practice: The authors state that aprotinin, TXA, erythropoietin (both to augment autologous predonation and on its own) and PAD all decrease exposure to peri-operative allogeneic blood transfusion. Desmopressin is not efficacious and there are too few trials of EACA to establish its efficacy. There was too great a heterogeneity in the meta-analysis of ANH and most of the trials were of such poor methodological quality that it is presently difficult to determine whether ANH is efficacious or not.Research: The authors state that further large randomised trials using clear transfusion guidelines are required. Questions of particular interest included comparisons of high and low doses of aprotinin, determining whether ANH is efficacious, establishing whether desmopressin truly is efficacious in cardiac patients on aspirin, and direct comparisons of these technologies with each other and with 'optimal clinical management'. Economic evaluations should be incorporated into the design of these studies to determine the cost-effectiveness of the various options, and side-effects should be carefully evaluated.","Laupacis A, Fergusson D",,1457
-My avatar behaves well and this feels right: Ideal and ought selves in video gaming,"Prosocial and violent games were investigated in relation to empathy with avatars and amount of postgame donation. Participants who played a prosocial game demonstrated greater empathy, while those who played a violent game said they would donate a greater amount of money. Flow was found to be a function of the 3-way interaction between game type, self-perception, and regulatory focus. Higgins's (1987) regulatory focus and self-discrepancy (1997) theories are used to explain the underlying theoretical mechanisms behind these results. © Society for Personality Research.","Jin, S.A.",Soc. Behav. Pers.,1458
-Is it all about the self? The effect of self-control depletion on ultimatum game proposers,"In the ultimatum-game, as in many real-life social exchange situations, the selfish motive to maximize own gains conflicts with fairness preferences. In the present study we manipulated the availability of cognitive-control resources for ultimatum-game proposers to test whether preference for fairness is a deliberative cognitive-controlled act or an automatic act. In two experiments we found that a shortage of cognitive control (ego depletion) led proposers in the ultimatum game (UG) to propose significantly more equal split offers than non-depleted proposers. These results can be interpreted as resulting from an automatic concern for fairness, or from a greater fear of rejection, which would be in line with a purely self-interested response. To separate these competing explanations, in Experiment 2 we conducted a dictator-game in which the responder cannot reject the offer. In contrast to the increased fairness behavior demonstrated by depleted ultimatum-game proposers, we found that depleted dictator-game allocators chose the equal split significantly less often than non-depleted allocators. These results indicate that fairness preferences are automatically driven among UG proposers. The automatic fair behavior, however, at least partially reflects concern about self-interest gain. We discuss different explanations for these results. © 2013 Halali, Bereby-Meyer and Ockenfels.","Halali, E.; Bereby-Meyer, Y.; Ockenfels, A.",Front. Human Neurosci.,1459
-Dishonest behavior is not affected by an image of watching eyes,"Previous research has demonstrated that implicit reputation cues promote prosocial behaviors. However, the effect of implicit reputation cues on dishonesty has not been investigated in the laboratory. An image depicting observant eyes has been used as an implicit reputation cue in previous studies. Three experiments were conducted to investigate whether the use of such an image was significantly associated with dishonesty. In the current study, participants had opportunities to cheat to obtain higher economic profits (Experiments 1 and 2) or to appear more intelligent (Experiments 1 and 3). The participants were randomly assigned to the watching eyes image or a neutral image conditions. There was no difference in the extent of dishonesty between the two conditions. Notably, these results were consistent across different tasks and different motivations for dishonesty. Our results extended findings from previous studies on the effects of an image of watching eyes and demonstrated that implicit reputation cues may not decrease dishonest behaviors. Thus, explicit reputation cues may be necessary in interventions for dishonesty. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.","Cai, W.; Huang, X.; Wu, S.; Kou, Y.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,1460
-,,"Wilsker, A.L.",The Determinants of Private Contributions and Government Grants to Nonprofit Organizations,1461
-"Food literacy, healthy eating barriers and household diet",,"Wijayaratne, S.P.; Reid, M.; Westberg, K.; Worsley, A.; Mavondo, F.",European Journal of Marketing,1462
-Sharing the Fruit of Labor: Flexible Application of Justice Principles in an Ultimatum Game with Joint-Production,"Individuals often need to negotiate how to distribute jointly produced goods-equally (e. g., 50:50) or equitably (e. g., proportionally to their contributions). We examined whether people have stable preferences, or whether they switch between equality and equity in different situations. Pairs of anonymous participants first produced a common pie, and then distributed it in an ultimatum game. Results suggest that individuals apply different justice principles depending on their contribution. When they produced less than 50%, proposers divided the pie equally. However, when they produced more than 50%, their offers fell between equality and equity. Responders' ratings of fairness and satisfaction varied similarly; with low production, equality was preferred, whereas with high production, equity was preferred. Nevertheless, equal and equitable offers were generally accepted, and only outright unfair offers were rejected. This suggests that individuals are relatively flexible about which justice principle should be applied, but punish proposers whose offers violate both principles. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Bediou, B.; Sacharin, V.; Hill, C.; Sander, D.; Scherer, K.R.",Soc. Justice Res.,1463
-Are government transfers harmful to economic growth? A meta-analysis,"A common perception is that government transfers are harmful to economic growth. However, existing empirical evidence on this point is mixed. Potential reasons for these conflicting results include differences in the level of economic development of the countries studied, different estimation methods and different measures of government transfers. By conducting a meta-analysis of 149 estimates reported in 23 studies, we sought to understand if – and if so, to what extent – government transfers are harmful to economic growth, as well as how important the abovementioned reasons are in explaining different findings in the literature. We found that government transfers are more detrimental to economic growth in developed countries compared to less-developed countries because such transfers can have a non-monotonic effect on growth. When government transfers are substantial, as they are in developed countries, they tend to reduce growth. We also found that the growth effects of government transfers are sensitive to the measurement of the transfers, i.e., studies that use unemployment benefits instead of social security tend to report a stronger negative growth effect. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd","Awaworyi Churchill, S.; Yew, S.L.",Econ. Model.,1464
-Preferences and constraints: the value of economic games for studying human behaviour: The value of economic games,"As economic games have spread from experimental economics to other social sciences, so too have critiques of their usefulness for drawing inferences about the 'real world'. What these criticisms often miss is that games can be used to reveal individuals' private preferences in ways that observational and interview data cannot; furthermore, economic games can be designed such that they do provide insights into real-world behaviour. Here, we draw on our collective experience using economic games in field contexts to illustrate how researchers can strategically alter the framing or design of economic games to draw inferences about private-world or real-world preferences. A detailed case study from coastal Colombia provides an example of the subtleties of game design and how games can be combined fruitfully with self-report data. We close with a list of concrete recommendations for how to modify economic games to better match particular research questions and research contexts. © 2020 The Authors.","Pisor, A.C.; Gervais, M.M.; Purzycki, B.G.; Ross, C.T.",R. Soc. Open Sci.,1465
-Does Helping Keep Teens Protected? Longitudinal Bidirectional Relations Between Prosocial Behavior and Problem Behavior,"The current study examined bidirectional, longitudinal links between prosocial and problem behavior. Participants (N = 500) were recruited from a Northwestern city in the United States and assessed for 3 consecutive years from 2009 to 2011 (Mage of youth at Time 1 = 13.32, SD = 1.05; 52% girls; 67% European American, 33% single-parent families). Results suggested that effects of earlier prosocial behavior toward family and strangers were predictive of fewer problem behaviors 2 years later, while results for prosocial behavior toward friends were more mixed. Results also suggested depression predicted lower prosocial behavior toward family members and anxiety predicted higher prosocial behavior toward friends. Findings show a complex pattern of relations that demonstrate the need to consider targets of helping. © 2015 The Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.","Padilla-Walker, L.M.; Carlo, G.; Nielson, M.G.",Child Dev.,1466
-Eliciting donations to disaster victims: Psychological considerations,"Predictors of monetary donations to victims of humanitarian disasters were examined. Participants (N=219) chose between donating to different scenarios and justified their choices in an open response format. This was followed by a questionnaire. The perceived extent of the victims' Need, the Impact of a potential donation, and the Amount donated by others all influenced donation decisions. There was a three-way interaction between these factors: The perceived Need for help only mattered if the perceived Impact of a donation was high, and the perceived Amount donated by others was small. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. © 2012 The Authors. Asian Journal of Social Psychology © 2012 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd with the Asian Association of Social Psychology and the Japanese Group Dynamics Association.","Zagefka, H.; Noor, M.; Brown, R.; Hopthrow, T.; De Moura, G.R.",Asian J. Soc. Psychol.,1467
-Bistable probabilities: A unified framework for studying rationality and irrationality in classical and quantum games,"This article presents a unified probabilistic framework that allows both rational and irrational decision-making to be theoretically investigated and simulated in classical and quantum games. Rational choice theory is a basic component of game-theoretic models, which assumes that a decision-maker chooses the best action according to their preferences. In this article, we define irrationality as a deviation from a rational choice. Bistable probabilities are proposed as a principled and straightforward means for modelling (ir)rational decision-making in games. Bistable variants of classical and quantum Prisoner’s Dilemma, Stag Hunt and Chicken are analysed in order to assess the effect of (ir)rationality on agent utility and Nash equilibria. It was found that up to three Nash equilibria exist for all three classical bistable games and maximal utility was attained when agents were rational. Up to three Nash equilibria exist for all three quantum bistable games; however, utility was shown to increase according to higher levels of agent irrationality. © 2020 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.","Dehdashti, S.; Fell, L.; Obeid, A.K.; Moreira, C.; Bruza, P.",Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.,1468
-Ischaemic preconditioning during cardiac surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of perioperative outcomes in randomised clinical trials,"Ischaemic preconditioning reduced arrhythmias, inotrope requirements and critical-care stay following cardiac surgery and may have provided additional myocardial protection over cardioplegia alone. Further research was needed to determine the role of ischaemic preconditioning with any certainty. XCM: The inclusion criteria in terms of participants, intervention and study design were clearly stated. A number of relevant sources were searched, including a search for unpublished studies, which should have reduced the likelihood of publication bias. There was no mention of whether language restrictions were applied or not, so the likelihood of language bias was unknown. The authors' test suggested that some bias was present. Although study selection was performed in a way that would reduce reviewer bias and error, there were no details of how data were extracted or quality assessed and it was not possible to comment on the methods. Quality was assessed using a scoring system. This is not considered to be the best method. The details of results for individual studies were presented in tables, but no figures that detailed the included studies in the meta-analyses were presented. It was not possible to assess whether studies should have been combined or which studies may have contributed to heterogeneity identified. All the included studies were small and their quality was low. The authors' conclusions (which included the recognition of the need for further research) are, therefore, suitably conservative. XIM: Practice: None stated.Research: The authors stated that a large-scale RCT was needed to determine the effects of ischaemic preconditioning in cardiac surgery.","Walsh, S R; Tang, T Y; Kullar, P; Jenkins, D P; Dutka, D P; Gaunt, M E",,1469
-Moral identity centrality and cause-related marketing: The moderating effects of brand social responsibility image and emotional brand attachment,,"He, H.; Zhu, W.; Gouran, D.; Kolo, O.",European Journal of Marketing,1470
-"Effects of Prosocial, Neutral, and Violent Video Games on Children's Helpful and Hurtful Behaviors","Recent research reveals that playing prosocial video games increases prosocial cognitions, positive affect, and helpful behaviors [Gentile et al., 2009; Greitemeyer and Osswald, 2009, 2010, 2011]. These results are consistent with the social-cognitive models of social behavior such as the general learning model [Buckley and Anderson, 2006]. However, no experimental studies have examined such effects on children. Previous research on violent video games suggests that short-term effects of video games are largely based on priming of existing behavioral scripts. Thus, it is unclear whether younger children will show similar effects. This research had 9-14 years olds play a prosocial, neutral, or violent video game, and assessed helpful and hurtful behaviors simultaneously through a new tangram measure. Prosocial games increased helpful and decreased hurtful behavior, whereas violent games had the opposite effects. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Saleem, M.; Anderson, C.A.; Gentile, D.A.",Aggress. Behav.,1471
-Moral decision-making as compared to economic and shopping contexts. Gender effects and utilitarianism,"�Abstract How do people make decisions? Previous psychological research consistently shed light on the fact that decisions are not the result of a pure rational reasoning, and that emotions can assume a crucial role. This is particularly true in the case of moral decision-making, which requires a complex integration of affective and cognitive processes. One question that is still open to debate concern the individual factors that can affect moral decisions. Gender has been consistently identified as a possible variable of interest for the adoption of different strategic behaviors, with men using more rational processes and women more deontological principles. In the present study we aimed at exploring the presence of gender differences in different decision-making scenarios. Results showed that the moral scenario led to a similar acceptance rate in both genders, while economic and shopping offers were more likely to be accepted by men. Also, women were more inclined to refuse unfair offers, which included a higher personal benefit at the expense of the opponent, even if this meant a total loss for both parties. Finally, correlational analyses revealed a different relation between risk propensity and decision-making in men and women in different scenarios. © 2019, Mimesis Edizioni. All rights reserved.","Lucchiari, C.; Meroni, F.; Vanutelli, M.E.",Rivista Internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia,1472
-The relationship between public subsidies and unearned revenues for non-profit organizations: Testing the crowding-out and crowding-in positions in the Czech Republic,"Due to their heavy dependence on financial support from the public sector and close links to a wide range of government policies, non-profit organisations (NPOs) are becoming increasingly state-oriented. Although economic experts have striven to empirically test whether public funding of the non-profit sector (NPS) supports private philanthropy or, on the contrary, crowds-it out, there is no comprehensive research of this type within the Czech Republic. In connection with these blank areas in theories on the Czech non-profit sector, we pose the following question: How does public financing of NPOs influence the amount of private donations that these organisations receive? To answer this question, we conducted our own research (n = 483). The results demonstrate a crowding-out effect for public resources but not for other types of financing sources, such as revenues from the organisation's own activity and commercial revenues.","Hladká, M.; Hyánek, V.; Špalek, J.",Ekon. Cas.,1473
-Crowding-out voluntary constributions to public goods,"We test the null hypothesis that involuntary transfers for the provision of a public good will completely crowd-out voluntary transfers against a warm-glow hypothesis that crowding-out will be incomplete because individuals care about giving. Our design extends existing work by considering two levels of the involuntary transfer and by using a design in which all subjects see all transfer treatments. We analyse the data with careful attention to boundary effects. The data reject the null hypothesis of complete crowding-out of voluntary transfers over the range of involuntary transfers considered, but suggest that crowding-out increases as the involuntary transfer increases and sufficiently large involuntary transfers may offset the benefits of warm-glow giving. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","Chan, K.S.; Godby, R.; Mestelman, S.; Andrew Muller, R.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,1474
-Altruism as hedonism: A social development perspective on the relationship of negative mood state and helping,"Attempted to reconcile the conflicting data on the relationship of negative mood state to altruism. Whereas some studies have shown that negative mood leads to increases in altruistic action, others have shown the reverse. It was hypothesized that the inconsistency of these results was due to differences in the ages and consequent levels of socialization of the Ss employed in the earlier studies. In order to test the hypothesis, a total of 100 Ss from 3 age groups (6-8, 10-12, and 15-18 yrs) were asked to think of either depressing or neutral events and were subsequently given the opportunity to be privately generous. Consistent with predictions from the negative state relief model of altruism, the youngest, least socialized Ss were somewhat less generous in the negative mood condition, but this relationship progressively reversed itself until in the oldest, most socialized group, the negative mood Ss were significantly more generous than neutral mood controls. Data support a hedonistic conception of altruism that views adult benevolence as self-gratification. It is suggested that the reward character of benevolence derives from the socialization experience. (44 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1976 American Psychological Association.","Cialdini, R.B.; Kenrick, D.T.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,1475
-Mobilizing hegemonic practices in trajectories of conspicuous resistance,,"Mamali, E.; Nuttall, P.",European Journal of Marketing,1476
-Playing Prosocial Video Games Increases Empathy and Decreases Schadenfreude,"Past research provided abundant evidence that exposure to violent video games increases aggressive tendencies and decreases prosocial tendencies. In contrast, research on the effects of exposure to prosocial video games has been relatively sparse. The present research found support for the hypothesis that exposure to prosocial video games is positively related to prosocial affect and negatively related to antisocial affect. More specifically, two studies revealed that playing a prosocial (relative to a neutral) video game increased interpersonal empathy and decreased reported pleasure at another's misfortune (i.e., schadenfreude). These results lend further credence to the predictive validity of the General Learning Model (Buckley & Anderson, 2006) for the effects of media exposure on social tendencies. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","Greitemeyer, T.; Osswald, S.; Brauer, M.",Emotion,1477
-Portraying the cause instead of the brand in cause-related marketing ADS: Does it really matter?,,"Lafferty, B.A.; Edmondson, D.R.",Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,1478
-The female presence in different organisational positions and performance in secondary schools: Does a woman leader function as mediator?,"This study examines the relationship between female representation in different organisational positions and performance using a sample of Spanish secondary schools. These organizations have been usually depicted as ‘feminised environments’ although women in managerial positions are still underrepresented. Based on different theoretical approaches, we separately investigate the relationship between a greater female presence and school performance in three positions: a) as principal; b) on the management team; and c) as teachers. We also investigate if having a female leader exerts a significant mediator role on the relationship between greater female representation on the management team and teachers, respectively, and school performance. Our results reveal a positive and significant relationship between having a woman principal or a greater proportion of women teachers and school performance. However, the relationship between a high proportion of women on the management team and school performance is negative. We also find that a female principal does not play a significant role as mediator in the relationship between having a greater proportion of women on the management team and as teachers and school performance. © 2019 Campos-García, Zúñiga-Vicente. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Campos-García, I.; Zúñiga-Vicente, J.Á.",PLoS ONE,1479
-Charitable donations: Evidence of demand for environmental protection?,"Using data from the 2001 Giving and Volunteering in the United States survey, I examine household charitable donations to environmental organizations. Household income has a positive impact on environmental giving. While the tax price affects overall charitable contributions, it does not affect environmental giving. More education, being female, homeownership, and voting are also associated with a greater likelihood of contributing to the environment. African-Americans and Latinos are less likely to contribute to the environment, although conditional on giving, Latinos give more. Retired persons and households with children are less likely to contribute to the environment. Larger households give less to the environment. Households from the Northeast are the most likely to make environmental contributions while households from the South are the least likely. © International Atlantic Economic Society 2007.","Israel, D.K.",Int. Adv. Econ. Res.,1480
-Mental accounting and other-regarding behavior: Evidence from the lab,"This paper uncovers a key determinant of the other-regarding behavior that permeates bargaining experiments. Examining a one-shot dictator game that has the first-mover dictate the split of an amount of money, dictators acting over earned money exhibited self-interested behavior in 76% of bargains. This result stands in stark contrast to the baseline experiment in which dictators acting over allocated money displayed self-interested behavior in only 26% of bargains. Self-interested behavior appeared at greater levels using an earnings protocol than any previous variation of the dictator game. While the distinction between earned and unearned wealth is likely context specific, the earnings protocol may be an important option for future laboratory research. Specifically, the earnings protocol may provide a closer correspondence between the laboratory and individual choices over personal assets. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.","Cherry, T.L.",J. Econ. Psychol.,1481
-I know you can see me: Social attention influences bodily self-awareness,"It has recently been demonstrated that eye contact influences bodily self-awareness. Here, we investigated if the belief of being the target of another person's attention may also induce such influence. We created videos of an individual wearing two different pairs of sunglasses. We manipulated the participants to believe that they were in on-line connection with the individual and that one of the pairs of sunglasses was obstructed so that the individual could not see them through it. We demonstrated that the perception of an individual wearing see-through sunglasses, as compared to obstructed sunglasses or a low-level baseline condition, led to a greater correlation between the participants’ rating of the intensity of their bodily reactions and their skin conductance response to emotional pictures. This shows that the belief to be watched by another social agent increases bodily self-awareness and further suggests that such belief is embedded in direct gaze perception. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.","Hazem, N.; George, N.; Baltazar, M.; Conty, L.",Biol. Psychol.,1482
-The major gift donor relationship: An analysis of donors and contributions,"Securing major gifts for nonprofit organizations can involve considerable cost. This study examines the relationship developed between 233 major gift donors and the development office at Northwestern University over a five‐year period. The results show that the cultivation and solicitation process is usually long, measured in years rather than months, and the extent of the effort varies by type of donor and category of gift. Vignettes describing one of the relationships from each of the five most important categories are presented. Copyright © 1995 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company","Lindahl, W.E.",Nonprofit Manage. Leadersh.,1483
-,,"Coyne, S.M.; Poulsen, F.; Fraser, A.; Chiu, L.; Cramer, C.; Garcia, D.",Effect of video games on different targets: An experimental study (Unpublished data),1484
-A systematic review of motor and cognitive outcomes after early surgery for congenital heart disease,"CONTEXT: Brain injury is the most common long-term complication of congenital heart disease requiring surgery during infancy. It is clear that the youngest patients undergoing cardiac surgery, primarily neonates and young infants, are at the greatest risk for brain injury. Developmental anomalies sustained early in life have lifelong repercussions. OBJECTIVE: We conducted a systematic review to examine longitudinal studies of cognitive and/or motor outcome after cardiac surgery during early infancy. METHODS: Electronic searches were performed in Medline, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (Cinahl), and Embase (1998-2008). The search strategy yielded 327 articles, of which 65 were reviewed. Eight cohorts provided prospective data regarding the cognitive and/or motor outcome of infants who had undergone surgery for congenital heart disease before 6 months of age. Two authors, Ms Snookes and Dr Gunn, independently extracted data and presented results according to 3 subgroups for age of follow-up: early development (1 to 5 to 17 years). Weighted analysis was undertaken to pool the results of studies when appropriate. RESULTS: All of the identified studies reported results of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development for children younger than the age of 3. Outcome data as reported by the Bayley Scales were combined for infants assessed at 1 year of age, revealing a weighted mean Mental Development Index of 90.3 (95% confidence interval: 88.9-91.6) and Psychomotor Development Index of 78.1 (95% confidence interval: 76.4-79.7). Additional analysis was limited by a lack of data at preschool and school age. CONCLUSIONS: With this review we identified a limited number of prospective studies that systematically addressed outcome in patients at the highest risk. These studies consistently revealed cognitive and motor delay in children after cardiac surgery during early infancy. Additional investigation is required to ascertain the consequences of such impairment during later childhood and into adult life.","Snookes, Suzanne H; Gunn, Julia K; Eldridge, Bev J; Donath, Susan M; Hunt, Rod W; Galea, Mary P; Shekerdemian, Lara",Pediatrics,1485
-Dependency as a Social Cue: A Meta-Analytic Review of Research on the Dependency–Helping Relationship,"A meta-analysis of experiments assessing the dependency-helping relationship revealed that across all studies in this area, increased victim dependency is associated with increased willingness to help on the part of others. The dependency-helping relationship is stronger for male victims than for female victims, although subject gender does not appear to mediate the dependency-helping relationship. Several methodological and situational variables mediate the dependency-helping relationship, including type of helping measure used, type of dependency manipulation employed, whether or not observers were present, degree of contact between subject and victim, and setting in which the study was conducted. The implications of these findings for theoretical models of the dependency-helping relationship are discussed. In addition, these findings are discussed with respect to studies that conceptualize dependency as an individual difference variable rather than as a social cue. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc.","Bornstein, Robert F",J. Res. Pers.,1486
-Randomized controlled trials of aprotinin in cardiac surgery: could clinical equipoise have stopped the bleeding?,"BACKGROUND: Aprotinin is a serine protease inhibitor used to limit perioperative bleeding and reduce the need for donated blood transfusions during cardiac surgery. Randomized controlled trials of aprotinin evaluating its effect on the outcome of perioperative transfusion have been published since 1987, and systematic reviews were conducted in 1992 and 1997. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted for all RCTs of aprotinin that used placebo controls or were open-label with no active control treatment. Data collected included the primary outcome, objective of each study, whether a systematic review was cited or conducted as part of the background and/or rationale for the study and the number of previously published RCTs cited. Cumulative meta-analyses were performed. RESULTS: Sixty-four randomized, controlled trials of aprotinin were found, conducted between 1987 and 2002, reporting an endpoint of perioperative transfusion. Median trial size was 64 subjects, with a range of 20 to 1784. A cumulative meta-analysis indicated that aprotinin greatly decreased the need for perioperative transfusion, stabilizing at an odds ratio of 0.25 (p < 10 - 6) by the 12th study, published in June of 1992. The upper limit of the confidence interval never exceeded 0.65 and results were similar in all subgroups. Citation of previous RCTs was extremely low, with a median of 20% of prior trials cited. Only 7 of 44 (15%) of subsequent reports referenced the largest trial (N = 1784), which was 28 times larger than the median trial size. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that investigators evaluating aprotinin were not adequately citing previous research, resulting in a large number of RCTs being conducted to address efficacy questions that prior trials had already definitively answered. Institutional review boards and journals could reduce the number of redundant trials by requiring investigators to conduct adequate searches for prior evidence and conducting systematic reviews.","Fergusson, Dean; Glass, Kathleen Cranley; Hutton, Brian; Shapiro, Stan",Clin. Trials,1487
-Impure altruism in dictators' giving,"We design an experiment to test whether incomplete crowding out in dictator games can be rationalized by the impurely altruistic preferences. By giving the recipients an endowment of varying levels, we create an environment in which crowding out may occur. We find that the behavior of 66% of the dictators can be rationalized by the impurely altruistic utility function. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.","Korenok, O.; Millner, E.L.; Razzolini, L.",J. Public Econ.,1488
-Giving in dictator games: Regard for others or regard by others?,"Recent bargaining experiments demonstrate an effect of anonymity and incomplete information on behavior. This has rekindled the question whether ""fair"" behavior is inspired by regard for others or driven by external forces. To test this, we compare a dictator game treatment that provides receivers with information about the source of offers with one that does not, controlling for anonymity in a double-blind setting. Combined with extant results, our findings suggest that about half of dictator giving observed in experiments is internally motivated, and the other half is driven by external factors, such as experimenter observability or regard by receivers.","Koch, A.K.; Normann, H.-T.",South. Econ. J.,1489
-Penny for Your Preferences: Leveraging Self-Expression to Encourage Small Prosocial Gifts,,"Rifkin, J.R.; Du, K.M.; Berger, J.",Journal of Marketing,1490
-Saving the masses: The impact of perceived efficacy on charitable giving to single vs. multiple beneficiaries,"People are more generous toward single than toward multiple beneficiaries, and encouraging greater giving to multiple targets is challenging. We identify one factor, perceived efficacy, which enhances generosity toward multiple beneficiaries. We investigate relationships between perceived self-efficacy (believing one can take steps to make an impact), response efficacy (believing those steps will be effective), and charitable giving. Four studies show that increasing perceived self-efficacy increases perceived response efficacy (Studies 1 and 2) and increases donations for multiple beneficiaries (Studies 1-4). Further, results show that boosting perceived self-efficacy enhances giving to a greater extent for multiple than for single beneficiaries (Studies 3 and 4). These effects emerge using various charitable giving contexts, efficacy manipulations, and measures of generosity. © 2016 Elsevier Inc.","Sharma, E.; Morwitz, V.G.",Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Processes,1491
-"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","Objective: Funnel plots (plots of effect estimates against sample size) may be useful to detect bias in meta-analyses that were later contradicted by large trials. We examined whether a simple test of asymmetry of funnel plots predicts discordance of results when meta-analyses are compared to large trials, and we assessed the prevalence of bias in published meta-analyses. Design: Medline search to identify pairs consisting of a meta-analysis and a single large trial (concordance of results was assumed if effects were in the same direction and the meta-analytic estimate was within 30% of the trial); analysis of funnel plots from 37 meta-analyses identified from a hand search of four leading general medicine journals 1993-6 and 38 meta-analyses from the second 1996 issue of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Main outcome measure: Degree of funnel plot asymmetry as measured by the intercept from regression of standard normal deviates against precision. Results: In the eight pairs of meta-analysis and large trial that were identified (five from cardiovascular medicine, one from diabetic medicine, one from geriatric medicine, one from perinatal medicine) there were four concordant and four discordant pairs. In all cases discordance was due to meta-analyses showing larger effects. Funnel plot asymmetry was present in three out of four discordant pairs but in none of concordant pairs. In 14 (38%) journal meta-analyses and 5 (13%) Cochrane reviews, funnel plot asymmetry indicated that there was bias. Conclusions: A simple analysis of funnel plots provides a useful test for the likely presence of bias in meta-analyses, but as the capacity to detect bias will be limited when meta-analyses are based on a limited number of small trials the results from such analyses should be treated with considerable caution.","Egger, M.; Smith, G.D.; Schneider, M.; Minder, C.",BR. MED. J.,1492
-Reputation spillover effects from grant-providing institutions,"There is a broad academic discussion about the impact of funding grants from a foundation or a government department on individual support intentions toward the nonprofit organization receiving the grant. However, the role of the grant provider's reputation has frequently been overlooked. In this study, we experimentally tested whether there is a reputation spillover effect of a grant-providing organization. Based on a real-life example, we asked citizens to rate their willingness to donate to a nonprofit organization, and we experimentally manipulated the available information on funding sources. We test this for both a government department and a foundation as a grant provider. Our results suggest that not the act of receiving a grant, but the citizens' awareness about the funding organization—at least in the case of a foundation—has an impact on support intentions. In contrast, for a prominent government department as a grant provider, we did not find support for a reputation spillover effect. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Willems, J.; Waldner, C.J.; Vogel, D.",Nonprofit Manage. Leadersh.,1493
-Intergenerational association of environmental concern: Evidence of parents’ and children's concern,"To understand how young people develop environmental concern, this article investigates the relationship between parents’ environmental concern and those of their children. Using 2006 survey data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), featuring nationally representative samples from 16 countries, this study provides evidence that parents’ environmental concern has an important influence on children's environmental concern. The influence of parents in this realm reflects the parent equivalent socialization hypothesis and applies for both boys and girls. However, girls are more sensitive to the intergenerational association of their mothers and fathers. Informative campaigns about the environment in schools also contribute to increase children's environmental concern. These results offer interesting implications for both research and practice. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd","Casaló, L.V.; Escario, J.-J.",J. Environ. Psychol.,1494
-A novel approach to studying co-evolution of understanding and research: Family bereavement and the potential for organ donation as a case study,"A novel approach to data extraction and synthesis was used to explore the connections between research priorities, understanding and practice improvement associated with family bereavement in the context of the potential for organ donation. Conducting the review as a qualitative longitudinal study highlighted changes over time, and extraction of citation-related data facilitated an analysis of the interaction in this field. It was found that lack of 'communication' between researchers contributes to information being 'lost' and then later 'rediscovered'. It is recommended that researchers should plan early for dissemination and practice improvement to ensure that research contributes to change.","Dicks, Sean G; Ranse, Kristen; Northam, Holly; van Haren, Frank Mp; Boer, Douglas P",Health Psychol Open,1495
-Managing blood donations with marketing,,"Aravindakshan, A.; Rubel, O.; Rutz, O.",Marketing Science,1496
-Policy and choice : Public finance through the lens of behavioral economics,"Traditional public finance provides a powerful framework for policy analysis, but it relies on a model of human behavior that the new science of behavioral economics increasingly calls into question. In Policy and Choice economists William Congdon, Jeffrey Kling, and Sendhil Mullainathan argue that public finance not only can incorporate many lessons of behavioral economics but also can serve as a solid foundation from which to apply insights from psychology to questions of economic policy. The authors revisit the core questions of public finance, armed with a richer perspective on human behavior. They do not merely apply findings from psychology to specific economic problems; instead, they explore how psychological factors actually reshape core concepts in public finance such as moral hazard, deadweight loss, and incentives. Part one sets the stage for integrating behavioral economics into public finance by interpreting the evidence from psychology and developing a framework for applying it to questions in public finance. In part two, the authors apply that framework to specific topics in public finance, including social insurance, externalities and public goods, income support and redistribution, and taxation. In doing so, the authors build a unified analytical approach that encompasses both traditional policy levers, such as taxes and subsidies, and more psychologically informed instruments. The net result of this innovative approach is a fully behavioral public finance, an integration of psychology and the economics of the public sector that is explicit, systematic, rigorous, and realistic. Copyright © 2011 The Brookings Institution.","Congdon, W.J.; Kling, J.R.; Mullainathan, S.",Plcy. and Choice : Pub. Fin. Through the Lens of Behav. Econ.,1497
-Upstream reciprocity and the evolution of gratitude,"If someone is nice to you, you feel good and may be inclined to be nice to somebody else. This every day experience is borne out by experimental games: the recipients of an act of kindness are more likely to help in turn, even if the person who benefits from their generosity is somebody else. This behaviour, which has been called 'upstream reciprocity', appears to be a misdirected act of gratitude: you help somebody because somebody else has helped you. Does this make any sense from an evolutionary or a game theoretic perspective? In this paper, we show that upstream reciprocity alone does not lead to the evolution of cooperation, but it can evolve and increase the level of cooperation if it is linked to either direct or spatial reciprocity. We calculate the random walks of altruistic acts that are induced by upstream reciprocity. Our analysis shows that gratitude and other positive emotions, which increase the willingness to help others, can evolve in the competitive world of natural selection. © 2006 The Royal Society.","Nowak, M.A.; Roch, S.",Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.,1498
-Sharing one's fortune? An experimental study on earned income and giving,"In this paper, we investigate the relationship between earnings and charitable giving, in an environment in which earnings depend on luck but not in a manner that makes its contribution obvious. We set up a real effort experiment, in which subjects enter data in four one-hour occasions and are paid a piece rate. From the second occasion onwards, we randomly assign half of the subjects to a treatment with higher piece rates, without the subjects being explicitly made aware of the random assignment into the two groups. At the end we ask subjects whether they want to donate a share of their earnings to a charity of their choice. We find that, despite large differences in earnings due to the different piece rates, subjects receiving the higher piece rate are actually less likely to give, and that givers in the two groups give the same share of their total earnings. Charities receive the same average donation from members of the two groups, indicating that charitable giving by subjects in this experiment does not increase with income. We discuss how these results can be explained by self-serving attribution bias. © 2016 Elsevier Inc.","Tonin, M.; Vlassopoulos, M.",J. Behave. Exp. Econ.,1499
-Understanding amygdala responsiveness to fearful expressions through the lens of psychopathy and altruism,"Because the face is the central focus of human social interactions, emotional facial expressions provide a unique window into the emotional lives of others. They play a particularly important role in fostering empathy, which entails understanding and responding to others' emotions, especially distress-related emotions such as fear. This Review considers how fearful facial as well as vocal and postural expressions are interpreted, with an emphasis on the role of the amygdala. The amygdala may be best known for its role in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear, but it also supports the perception and recognition of others' fear. Various explanations have been supplied for the amygdala's role in interpreting and responding to fearful expressions. They include theories that amygdala responses to fearful expressions 1) reflect heightened vigilance in response to uncertain danger, 2) promote heightened attention to the eye region of faces, 3) represent a response to an unconditioned aversive stimulus, or 4) reflect the generation of an empathic fear response. Among these, only empathic fear explains why amygdala lesions would impair fear recognition across modalities. Supporting the possibility of a link between fundamental empathic processes and amygdala responses to fear is evidence that impaired fear recognition in psychopathic individuals results from amygdala dysfunction, whereas enhanced fear recognition in altruistic individuals results from enhanced amygdala function. Empathic concern and caring behaviors may be fostered by sensitivity to signs of acute distress in others, which relies on intact functioning of the amygdala.","Marsh, Abigail A",J. Neurosci. Res.,1500
-Stake size effects in ultimatum game and dictator game offers: A meta-analysis,"Are people more generous when less money is at stake? The Ultimatum Game (UG) and Dictator Game (DG) are often used as models of bargaining and charitable giving, respectively. Previous studies have produced conflicting results on whether UG and DG offers are lower when the stakes are high, and many previous studies had insufficient statistical power to detect significant effects of stake size. To resolve this, we conducted a meta-analysis of 31 existing studies that manipulated the size of participants’ endowments in the UG and DG (3233 total participants). We hypothesized that: (1) proposer offers would be lower with larger stakes in both games, owing to an increased cost of giving; and (2) offers would decrease more with stake size in the DG than the UG because proposers would not want to risk their offer being rejected in the UG. Our results found almost zero effect of stake size on UG offers (d = 0.02), and a small but significant effect of stake size on DG offers (d = 0.15). Furthermore, larger differences in stakes had little impact on the effect sizes in the UG, but had a medium-large impact on the effect sizes in the DG. These results show that higher stakes reduce donations in the DG, albeit not by much, and have little to no effect in the UG. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Larney, Andrea; Rotella, Amanda; Barclay, Pat",Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process.,1501
-Publishing in socially oriented journals – the state of play in Asia,,"Polonsky, M.J.; Mittelstaedt, J.D.",Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,1502
-Knowledge sharing and absorptive capacity: interdependency and complementarity,"Purpose: This study aims to resolve contradictions in the literature regarding the relationship between knowledge sharing (KS) and absorptive capacity (AC). The authors analyze the reasons for which KS has been interpreted as an antecedent and those for which it has been seen as a consequent of AC. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses a systematic review of the literature to identify the arguments supporting the relationships between the constructs and propose a model. Additionally, the hypotheses were tested using SEM to assess the proposed model. Findings: The findings reveal the nature of the relationship between KS and AC. Suggesting AC is bi-dimensional, consisting of potential AC and realized AC, while the relationship between these two dimensions depends on KS. Research limitations/implications: This study provides consistent theoretical grounds for future empirical research. The study findings demonstrate KS provides a real contribution towards AC, validating the previous literature on the impact of KS antecedents on realized AC. Additionally, the authors provide evidence to suggest knowledge donation is an output of the AC process, thus generating a debate on the nature of knowledge donation (requested vs unrequested), which raises interesting research questions to be addressed in the future. As a limitation, empirical data was only collected in the context of software development in two countries. Practical implications: The results elucidate the central role of knowledge collection within AC. For managers, the importance of the role of knowledge collection to fully benefit from AC and exploit knowledge is highlighted. Originality/value: The research design is original in that it combines a systematic and integrative literature review to the ground and propose hypotheses with empirically testing of the emerging model. The study clarifies the relationship between KS and AC, providing evidence to show knowledge donation is an output of the AC process. The benefits of this study can be seen at the team and firm-level. © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited.","Balle, A.R.; Oliveira, M.; Curado, C.M.M.",J. Knowl. Manag.,1503
-Corporate social performance and consumer-retailer emotional attachment: The moderating role of individual traits,,"Vlachos, P.A.",European Journal of Marketing,1504
-Is having sex with other men a risk factor for transfusion-transmissible infections in male blood donors in Western countries? A systematic review,"BACKGROUND: Although increased prevalence of transfusion transmissible infections (TTI) among ""men who have sex with men"" (MSM) has been well documented, the exclusion of MSM as blood donors is contested. The aim of this systematic review is to find studies that describe the risk of TTI in MSM blood donors. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cinahl, and Web of Science, and used GRADE for determining evidence quality. We included studies comparing MSM and non-MSM blood donors (or people eligible to give blood), living in areas most relevant for our Blood Service. RESULTS: Out of 18 987 articles, 14 observational studies were included. Two studies directly compared MSM with non-MSM donors showing that MSM donors have a statistically significant higher risk of HIV-1 infections. In one of these studies it was shown that this was related to recent (< 12 months) MSM contact. In two additional studies no evidence was shown in favour of a certain deferral period for MSM. Ten studies, applying permanent deferral for MSM, compared infected versus non-infected donors. One study found that MSM is a statistically significant risk factor for HIV-1 infection in blood donors. For other TTI such as HBV or HCV, an increased risk of infection could not be demonstrated, because the precision of the results was affected by the low numbers of donors with MSM as risk factor, or because of risk of bias in the included studies. All studies included low level evidence, because of risk of bias and imprecision of the results. CONCLUSIONS: High-quality studies investigating the risk of TTI in MSM who donate blood are scarce. The available evidence suggests a link between MSM blood donors and HIV-1 infection, but is too limited to be able to unambiguously/clearly recommend a certain deferral policy.","De Buck, Emmy; Dieltjens, Tessa; Compernolle, Veerle; Vandekerckhove, Philippe",PLoS One,1505
-Interventions for promoting habitual exercise in people living with and beyond cancer,"BACKGROUND: The beneficial effects of regular exercise for people living with or beyond cancer are becoming apparent. However, how to promote exercise behaviour in sedentary cancer cohorts is not as well understood. A large majority of people living with or recovering from cancer do not meet exercise recommendations. Hence, reviewing the evidence on how to promote and sustain exercise behaviour is important. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of interventions to promote exercise behaviour in sedentary people living with and beyond cancer and to address the following questions: Which interventions are most effective in improving aerobic fitness and skeletal muscle strength and endurance? What adverse effects are attributed to different exercise interventions? Which interventions are most effective in improving exercise behaviour amongst patients with different cancers? Which interventions are most likely to promote long-term (12 months or longer) exercise behaviour? What frequency of contact with exercise professionals is associated with increased exercise behaviour? What theoretical basis is most often associated with increased exercise behaviour? What behaviour change techniques are most often associated with increased exercise behaviour? SEARCH METHODS: We searched the following electronic databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 8, 2012), MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, PsycLIT/PsycINFO, SportDiscus and PEDro from inception to August 2012. We also searched the grey literature, wrote to leading experts in the field, wrote to charities and searched reference lists of other recent systematic reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared an exercise intervention with a usual care approach in sedentary people over the age of 18 with a homogenous primary cancer diagnosis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors working independently (LB and KH) screened all titles and abstracts to identify studies that might meet the inclusion criteria, or that cannot be safely excluded without assessment of the full text (e.g. when no abstract is available). All eligible papers were formally abstracted by at least two members of the review author team working independently (LB and KH) and using the data collection form. When possible, and if appropriate, we performed a fixed-effect meta-analysis of study outcomes. For continuous outcomes (e.g. cardiorespiratory fitness), we extracted the final value, the standard deviation of the outcome of interest and the number of participants assessed at follow-up in each treatment arm, to estimate standardised mean difference (SMD) between treatment arms. SMD was used, as investigators used heterogeneous methods to assess individual outcomes. If a meta-analysis was not possible or was not appropriate, we synthesised studies as a narrative. MAIN RESULTS: Fourteen trials were included in this review, involving a total of 648 participants. Only studies involving breast, prostate or colorectal cancer were identified as eligible. Just six trials incorporated a target level of exercise that could meet current recommendations. Only three trials were identified that attempted to objectively validate independent exercise behaviour with accelerometers or heart rate monitoring. Adherence to exercise interventions, which is crucial for understanding treatment dose, is often poorly reported. It is important to note that the fundamental metrics of exercise behaviour (i.e. frequency, intensity and duration, repetitions, sets and intensity of resistance training), although easy to devise and report, are seldom included in published clinical trials.None of the included trials reported that 75% or greater adherence (the stated primary outcome for this review) of the intervention group met current aerobic exercise recommendations at any given follow-up. Just two trials reported six weeks of resistance exercise behaviour that would meet the guideline recommendations. However, three trials reported adherence of 75% or greater to an aerobic exercise goal that was less than the current guideline recommendation of 150 minutes per week. All three incorporated both supervised and independent exercise components as part of the intervention, and none placed restrictions on the control group in terms of exercise behaviour. These three trials shared programme set goals and the following behaviour change techniques: generalisation of a target behaviour; prompting of self-monitoring of behaviour; and prompting of practise. Despite the uncertainty surrounding adherence in many of the included trials, interventions caused improvements in aerobic exercise tolerance at 8 to 12 weeks (from 7 studies, SMD 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51 to 0.95) in intervention participants compared with controls. At six months, aerobic exercise tolerance was also improved (from 5 studies, SMD 0.70, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.94), but it should be noted that four of the five trials used in this analysis had a high risk of bias, hence caution is warranted in interpretation of results. Attrition over the course of these interventions is typically low (median 6%). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to promote exercise in cancer survivors who report better levels of adherence share some common behaviour change techniques. These involve setting programme goals, prompting practise and self-monitoring and encouraging participants to attempt to generalise behaviours learned in supervised exercise environments to other, non-supervised contexts. However, expecting most sedentary survivors to achieve current guideline recommendations of at least 150 minutes per week of aerobic exercise is likely to be unrealistic. As with all well-designed exercise programmes in any context, prescriptions should be designed around individual capabilities, and frequency, duration and intensity or sets, repetitions, intensity or resistance training should be generated on this basis.","Bourke, Liam; Homer, Kate E; Thaha, Mohamed A; Steed, Liz; Rosario, Derek J; Robb, Karen A; Saxton, John M; Taylor, Stephanie J C",Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.,1506
-Price and income elasticities of charitable giving: How should income be measured?,"The sensitivity of price and income elasticities to alternative measurements of income is tested using ordinary least squares regresscon techniques on a sample of income tax itemizers. Price elasticity was found to be much more sensitive to changes in income measurement than was income elasticity. Of three specifications examined, only one showed price elasticity clearly exceeding unity. © 1993, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.","Greenwood, D.T.",Public Financ. Rev.,1507
-Divine intuition: Cognitive style influences belief in God,"Some have argued that belief in God is intuitive, a natural (by-)product of the human mind given its cognitive structure and social context. If this is true, the extent to which one believes in God may be influenced by one's more general tendency to rely on intuition versus reflection. Three studies support this hypothesis, linking intuitive cognitive style to belief in God. Study 1 showed that individual differences in cognitive style predict belief in God. Participants completed the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT; Frederick, 2005), which employs math problems that, although easily solvable, have intuitively compelling incorrect answers. Participants who gave more intuitive answers on the CRT reported stronger belief in God. This effect was not mediated by education level, income, political orientation, or other demographic variables. Study 2 showed that the correlation between CRT scores and belief in God also holds when cognitive ability (IQ) and aspects of personality were controlled. Moreover, both studies demonstrated that intuitive CRT responses predicted the degree to which individuals reported having strengthened their belief in God since childhood, but not their familial religiosity during childhood, suggesting a causal relationship between cognitive style and change in belief over time. Study 3 revealed such a causal relationship over the short term: Experimentally inducing a mindset that favors intuition over reflection increases self-reported belief in God. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","Shenhav, A.; Rand, D.G.; Greene, J.D.",J. Exp. Psychol. Gen.,1508
-Explanations for Cross-National Differences in Philanthropy,,"Wiepking, P.; Handy, F.",The Palgrave Handb. of Glob. Philanthr.,1509
-,,"Indlekofer, S.; Greitemeyer, T.","Effects of prosocial video games on prosocial cognitions, affect and emotion after a time delay (Unpublished manuscript)",1510
-Violence against children in humanitarian settings: A literature review of population-based approaches,"Children in humanitarian settings are thought to experience increased exposure to violence, which can impair their physical, emotional, and social development. Violence against children has important economic and social consequences for nations as a whole. The purpose of this review is to examine population-based approaches measuring violence against children in humanitarian settings. The authors reviewed prevalence studies of violence against children in humanitarian contexts appearing in peer-reviewed journals within the past twenty years. A Boolean search procedure was conducted in October 2014 of the electronic databases PubMed/Medline and PsychInfo. If abstracts contained evidence of the study's four primary themes--violence, children, humanitarian contexts and population-based measurement--a full document review was undertaken to confirm relevance. Out of 2634 identified articles, 22 met the final inclusion criteria. Across studies, there was varying quality and no standardization in measurement approach. Nine out of 22 studies demonstrated a relationship between conflict exposure and adverse health or mental health outcomes. Among studies that compared rates of violence between boys and girls, boys reported higher rates of physical violence, while girls reported higher rates of sexual violence. Children in infancy and early childhood were found to be among the most under-researched. Ultimately, the body of evidence in this review offers an incomplete picture regarding the prevalence, nature and impact of violence against children in emergencies, demonstrating a weak evidence base for some of the basic assumptions underpinning humanitarian practice. The development of standardized approaches to more rigorously measure violence against children is urgently needed in order to understand trends of violence against children in humanitarian contexts, and to promote children's healthy development and well-being.","Stark, Lindsay; Landis, Debbie",Soc. Sci. Med.,1511
-The Marketing of Non-Profit Making Organisations: A Preliminary Report,,"Ford, D.",European Journal of Marketing,1512
-Political engagement and the internet in the 2008 U.S. presidential elections: A panel survey,"Introduction In the run-up to the 2008 U.S. presidential election, the media buzz about online mobilization was palpable. Expectations were set high. Following in the footsteps of Howard Dean in the 2004 presidential election, President Barack Obama raised $600 million, much of it from small online donations by individuals (Luo 2008). Without question, the internet is an integral part of politics in the twenty-first century, as America quickly has become a nation of digital citizens (Mossberger, Tolbert, and McNeal 2008) residing in a digital public sphere (Howard 2005). During the 2008 presidential election, 55 percent of the U.S. adult population used the internet for some type of political activity, ranging from looking up information on candidates to reading political blogs, watching YouTube videos, and using candidates’ websites (Smith 2009). There is a growing body of research demonstrating that internet use can increase political participation and is associated with higher levels of voting and participation in election campaigns (Bimber 2003; Tolbert and McNeal 2003; Krueger 2002, 2006; Mossberger etal. 2008). But is online politics engaging new participants, or is it only expanding activity among those who are already interested and active, as many scholars have found (Norris 1999b; Margolis and Resnick 2000; Prior 2005)? If the latter is the case, online politics may be increasing the gap between the informed and the uninformed. Most previous research has relied on cross-sectional survey data that do not allow us to measure how change in use of the internet for politics is associated with change in civic engagement and traditional political participation, such as voting over the course of a single campaign season. One recent study provides a meta-analysis of the current work on the internet's effect on engagement (Boulianne 2009). Results show that the internet's effect is nonnegative. However, the meta-analysis itself draws on studies using cross-sectional survey data. Using a unique six-wave panel survey from the 2008 U.S. presidential elections that includes a national sample of twenty thousand registered voters from before the presidential primaries through the general election, we measure who changed their level of online political engagement and how it affected political interest, as well as traditional (offline) political behavior and voter turnout. © Cambridge University Press 2012.","Hamilton, A; Tolbert, C J",Digital Media and Political Engagement Worldwide: A Comparative Study,1513
-Dimensions of compliance-gaining behavior: An empirical analysis,,"Marwell, G.; Schmitt, D.R.",Sociometry,1514
-Do government subsidies to nonprofits crowd out donations or donors?,"The traditional test of the public-goods crowding-cut effect may mask important impacts of government subsidies on private giving because it confounds the effects of subsidies on average donation size versus their effects on the number of donors. Using panel data on the U.S. nonprofit sector, the author shows that, although increased public funding has a neutral effect on total donations, it is associated with decreased average donations but a larger pool of donors. © 2003 Sage Publications.","Brooks, A.C.",Public Financ. Rev.,1515
-"A lot of action, but not in the right direction: systematic review and content analysis of smartphone applications for the prevention, detection, and management of cancer","BACKGROUND: Mobile phones have become nearly ubiquitous, offering a promising means to deliver health interventions. However, little is known about smartphone applications (apps) for cancer. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to characterize the purpose and content of cancer-focused smartphone apps available for use by the general public and the evidence on their utility or effectiveness. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of the official application stores for the four major smartphone platforms: iPhone, Android, Nokia, and BlackBerry. Apps were included in the review if they were focused on cancer and available for use by the general public. This was complemented by a systematic review of literature from MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify evaluations of cancer-related smartphone apps. RESULTS: A total of 295 apps from the smartphone app stores met the inclusion criteria. The majority of apps targeted breast cancer (46.8%, 138/295) or cancer in general (28.5%, 84/295). The reported app purpose was predominantly to raise awareness about cancer (32.2%, 95/295) or to provide educational information about cancer (26.4%, 78/295), followed by apps to support fundraising efforts (12.9%, 38/295), assist in early detection (11.5%, 34/295), promote a charitable organization (10.2%, 30/295), support disease management (3.7%, 11/295), cancer prevention (2.0%, 6/295), or social support (1.0%, 3/295). The majority of the apps did not describe their organizational affiliation (64.1%, 189/295). Apps affiliated with non-profit organizations were more likely to be free of cost (χ(2) 1=16.3, P<.001) and have a fundraising or awareness purpose (χ(2) 2=13.3, P=.001). The review of the health literature yielded 594 articles, none of which reported an evaluation of a cancer-focused smartphone application. CONCLUSIONS: There are hundreds of cancer-focused apps with the potential to enhance efforts to promote behavior change, to monitor a host of symptoms and physiological indicators of disease, and to provide real-time supportive interventions, conveniently and at low cost. However, there is a lack of evidence on their utility, effectiveness, and safety. Future efforts should focus on improving and consolidating the evidence base into a whitelist for public consumption.","Bender, Jacqueline Lorene; Yue, Rossini Ying Kwan; To, Matthew Jason; Deacken, Laetitia; Jadad, Alejandro R",J. Med. Internet Res.,1516
-The DNA of the charity worker,,"Greenwood, C.",International Journal of Advertising,1517
-Does Reported Policy Activity Reduce Contributions to Nonprofit Service Providers?,"There is a growing recognition that charitable organizations are important actors in the policy process, but research has not, to date, systematically investigated whether reporting policy activity influences private giving to such organizations. This article develops the argument that reported lobbying should be positively related to donations because organizations seeking policy change consider such activities to be vital to their clients and missions and communicate that belief to potential donors. This article tests for the relationship between reported lobbying activities and private giving in analyses of 501(c)(3) organizations that filed Internal Revenue Service form 990s in fiscal years 2000 and 2001. The results suggest that organizations that report policy activity receive more donations in the following fiscal year, with some variation across service type. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications for the policy process and scholars of nonprofit organizations. © 2011 Policy Studies Organization.","Nicholson-Crotty, J.",Policy Stud. J.,1518
-Doppler-guided intra-operative fluid management during major abdominal surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis,"Doppler-guided fluid management may have improved outcomes in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery, but further research is required. XCM: The review question was clearly stated and inclusion criteria were appropriately defined. Several relevant sources were searched including conference proceedings. Although no evidence of publication bias was found, tests for publication bias may not be reliable due to the small number of trials. However, it was not clear if attempts were made to minimise language bias. Study validity was assessed but only aggregated scores were reported; this made it difficult to independently comment on the reliability of the evidence presented. Methods used to select studies, assess validity and extract data were not described, so it is not known whether efforts were made to reduce reviewer errors and bias. Little information was provided about participants, making it difficult to assess the generalisability of findings. Appropriate methods were used for the meta-analyses and heterogeneity was assessed. Some analyses involved a small number of events and there were differences between trials for some outcomes. The authors’ cautious conclusions appear to be supported by the evidence presented, but lack of reporting of review methods makes it difficult to assess their reliability. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that further research is required before Doppler-guided management can be recommended for routine use.Research: The authors stated that differences between trials in the review appear to justify the need for a large trial to evaluate Doppler-guided fluid management. Trials that directly compare Doppler-guided management with fluid restriction and economic analyses of Doppler-guided management are also required. However, the recommendation for economic analysis was not supported by the review since the review did not search for economic studies, so the need for such studies was not apparent.","Walsh, S R; Tang, T; Bass, S; Gaunt, M E",,1519
-Using quantitative trait in adults with ADHD to test predictions of dual-process theory,"Dual-process theory is a widely utilized modelling tool in the behavioral sciences. It conceptualizes decision-making as an interaction between two types of cognitive processes, some of them fast and intuitive, others slow and reflective. We make a novel contribution to this literature by exploring differences between adults with clinically diagnosed ADHD and healthy controls for a wide range of behaviors. Given the clinical picture and nature of ADHD symptoms, we had a strong a priori reason to expect differences in intuitive vs reflective processing; and thus an unusually strong case for testing the predictions of dual-process theory. We found mixed results, with overall weaker effects than expected, except for risk taking, where individuals with ADHD showed increased domain sensitivity for gains vs losses. Some of our predictions were supported by the data but other patterns are more difficult to reconcile with theory. On balance, our results provide only limited empirical support for using dual-process theory to understand basic social and economic decision-making. © 2020, The Author(s).","Persson, E.; Heilig, M.; Tinghög, G.; Capusan, A.J.",Sci. Rep.,1520
-Systematic Review of the Effects of Chemical Insecticides on Four Common Butterfly Families,"Safeguarding crop productivity by protecting crops from pest attacks entails the wide use of plant protection products that provide a quick, easy and cheap solution. The objective of this study is to understand the effects of insecticides used in agriculture on non-target butterflies, specifically on the families Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Hesperiidae, and Papilionidae. To achieve this goal, a formal systematic review was performed according to European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) guidelines, by entering a combination of keywords on 3 online databases. Three reviewers independently extracted information on study characteristics and quality. The main results were collected and grouped by the insecticide used, butterflies species and family, and endpoints. The output was valuable but heterogeneous as the endpoints and methodologies of the studies reviewed were different. Few experimental studies on the effects of insecticides on the most common butterfly families have been published. Naled and permethrin are the most commonly used insecticides in the experiments, whilst the target organisms of these studies are Vanessa cardui, Danaus plexippus, Heliconius charitonius, belonging to the Nymphalidae family, and Eumaeus atala, belonging to the Lycaenidae family; the effects were evaluated on all developmental stages, with special attention to the larval phase. This systematic review highlights the need for more studies on the effects of chemical insecticides on non-target Lepidoptera in light of their ecological importance and the extensive use of these chemical products. © 2017 Mulé, Sabella, Robba and Manachini.","Mulé, Rosaria, Dr.; Sabella, Giorgio, Dr.; Robba, Lavinia, PhD; Manachini, Barbara, Ph.D Prof.",Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. China,1521
-Government funding and fundraising: an online experiment of nonprofit leader preferences and personality,"Purpose: Many empirical studies have focused on whether public funding leverages (crowds in) or discourages (crowds out) private giving behavior, finding mixed results. Recent studies suggest the need to examine how nonprofits adjust their fundraising efforts after experiencing cuts or increases in government funding, which can then influence donor behavior. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, the authors conduct an online survey experiment with nonprofit managers to test how nonprofits respond to changes in government funding. Findings: The authors find some evidence that nonprofit organizations would change their fundraising expenses when facing cuts in government funding, yet the authors also find that the change could be either to increase or decrease fundraising spending. Since decisions are made by executive directors, the study also considered how executive personality type as maximizers or satisficers may interact with institutional and environmental constraints in decision-making. When funding goals are met, executives tend to behave as “satisficers” and are unlikely to make significant changes, even when their individual personality is more consistent with being a “maximizer.” Research limitations/implications: The authors find these results to be the reflection of the current environment in which many nonprofits operate, characterized by pressures to keep operating costs low. The results of the experiment have implications for both funding agencies and nonprofits that strive to enhance the capacity of nonprofit services. Originality/value: This study is the first attempt to untangle the multilayered relationships between government funding, fundraising, leader preferences and personalities, and donations using an experimental approach with current nonprofit leaders. © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited.","Kim, M.; Mason, D.P.",J. Public Budgeting Account. Financ. Manage.,1522
-"Are Shame, Guilt, and Embarrassment Distinct Emotions?","182 undergraduates described personal embarrassment, shame, and guilt experiences and rated these experiences on structural and phenomenological dimensions. Contrary to popular belief, shame was no more likely than guilt to be experienced in ""public"" situations; all 3 emotions typically occurred in social contexts, but a significant proportion of shame and guilt events occurred when respondents were alone. Analyses of participants' phenomenological ratings clearly demonstrated that shame, guilt, and embarrassment are not merely different terms for the same affective experience. In particular, embarrassment was a relatively distant neighbor of shame and guilt, and the differences among the 3 could not be explained simply by intensity of affect or by degree of moral transgression. Finally, participants generally were their own harshest critics in each type of event, evaluating themselves more negatively than they believed others did.","Tangney, J.P.; Miller, R.S.; Flicker, L.; Barlow, D.H.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,1523
-Individual differences in reasoning style as a moderator of the identifiable victim effect,"The identifiable victim effect refers to people's greater helpfulness towards personalized, single victims compared to aggregated, statistical victims. A field study tested recent claims that analytical processing might undermine support for identified victims by suppressing emotional responses (Small, Loewenstein, & Slovic, 2007). Individual differences in analytic (""rational"") processing style moderated the effects of different request types on donations to a Zambian relief fund. Less-analytic processors donated more to a single identified victim than to requests describing statistical victims or a combination of both; more-analytic processors showed no differences. Self-reported emotional responses, however, did not support an affect-mediated account of these effects. Use of proportional reasoning strategies is discussed as a possible alternative account of current and past findings. © 2010 Psychology Press.","Friedrich, J.; McGuire, A.",Soc. Influ.,1524
-Corporate social responsibility at the micro-level as a “new organizational value” for sustainability: Are females more aligned towards it?,"While prior studies have largely addressed corporate social responsibility (CSR) at a macro or institutional level, its importance at the micro or individual level is to date underexplored, especially in the context of developing economies. Further, it is not clear from the studies in the extant literature how the role of females is more important in the context of environmental management as compared to males. Similarly, micro-level CSR (MCSR) is emerging as a “new organizational value”, and the organizations that acknowledge this “new organizational value” and incorporate it into their business operations are likely to achieve sustainability objectives far better as compared to their counterparts. The present study investigates the impact of MCSR on employees’ pro-environmental behavior with the moderating effect of gender in the healthcare sector of Pakistan. The data were collected from five large hospitals in the city of Lahore through a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) in AMOS software. A total of 533 out of 800 responses were received, which were used for data analysis of the present study. The results revealed that MCSR positively influences employee’s pro-environmental behavior, and gender moderates this relationship but the moderating effect of females is stronger as compared to males. The findings of the present study would help policymakers understand the importance of MCSR as a “new organizational value” to influence employees’ pro-environmental behavior with a special focus to promote the proactive role of females at workplaces. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Ahmad, N.; Ullah, Z.; Mahmood, A.; Ariza-Montes, A.; Vega-Muñoz, A.; Han, H.; Scholz, M.",Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health,1525
-Improving the mental health of children and young people with long term conditions: linked evidence syntheses,,,,1526
-Prevalence and trend of HIV infection among voluntary blood donors in China since implementation of the Blood Donation Law: a systematic review and meta-analysis,"OBJECTIVE: In 1998, the Blood Donation Law was enacted in China in response to the outbreak of HIV endemic in central rural China as a result of unhygienic and commercial blood collection. This study aims to provide a first comprehensive review of available data on the prevalence, trend and other epidemiological characteristics of HIV infection among voluntary blood donors since 1998. METHODS: Major English and Chinese databases were searched and a systematic review was constructed. Pooled infection rates by province and year were calculated using random-effect or fixed-effect models. RESULTS: A total of 87 studies met our inclusion criteria. A total of 2573 HIV-positive cases were identified among voluntary blood donors in the past 10 years; the pooled prevalence was 13.22/100,000, with a range of 0.74-125.97 per 100,000. Among the 24 provinces that reported yearly data, the prevalence of HIV increased from 5.62/100,000 to 28.90/100,000. The male-to-female ratio was 2.8; about 60% were below the age of 30 years. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HIV in voluntary blood donors has risen steadily and fast. Efficient measures need to be taken urgently to prevent HIV test-seeking through blood donor programmes, to promote voluntary blood donation in low-risk groups and to enforce the Blood Donation Law strictly.","Hong, Yan; Huang, Xia; Ling, Hua; Liao, Hongwen",Trop. Med. Int. Health,1527
-Attractiveness qualifies the effect of observation on trusting behavior in an economic game,"Recent studies show that subtle cues of observation affect cooperation even when anonymity is explicitly assured. For instance, recent studies have shown that the presence of eyes increases cooperation on social economic tasks. Here, we tested the effects of cues of observation on trusting behavior in a two-player Trust game and the extent to which these effects are qualified by participants' own attractiveness. Although explicit cues of being observed (i.e., when participants were informed that the other player would see their face) tended to increase trusting behavior, this effect was qualified by the participants' other-rated attractiveness (estimated from third-party ratings of face photographs). Participants' own physical attractiveness was positively correlated with the extent to which they trusted others more when they believed they could be seen than when they believed they could not be seen. This interaction between cues of observation and own attractiveness suggests context dependence of trusting behavior that is sensitive to whether and how others react to one's physical appearance. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Smith, F.G.; Debruine, L.M.; Jones, B.C.; Krupp, D.B.; Welling, L.L.M.; Conway, C.A.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,1528
-Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk,,"Kahneman, D.; Tversky, A.",Econometrica,1529
-Supply chain management of zakat to reduce poverty and improve community welfare (Case study BAZNAS in Serang district),,"Fauziah, F.",International Journal of Supply Chain Management,1530
-Affective motivations to help others: A two-stage model of donation decisions,"Emotional reactions are an important element in the motivation to help others. Our research examined the role of affective vs. deliberative information processing in the genesis and use of emotional reactions in decisions to provide financial aid to people in distress. In two studies, we investigated whether information processing mode influenced participants' donations, affective reactions, and the relationship between the two. Information processing was manipulated by a priming procedure and a cognitive load paradigm. Participants' empathic emotions were assessed by self-reported sympathy, compassion, and distress. Additionally, we measured how much better a donation would make participants feel and their anticipated regret for not donating, which were taken as indicators of their motivation to donate as a form of mood management. Results suggest that different mechanisms govern the initial decision to donate money (Stage 1) compared to later decisions on how much money to donate (Stage 2). Motivations for mood management were primarily predictive of donation decisions, whereas empathic feelings were predictive of the donation amount. The potentially disruptive effects of deliberative processing on prosocial behavior are discussed in light of a two-stage processing model of donations. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Dickert, S.; Sagara, N.; Slovic, P.",J. Behav. Decis. Mak.,1531
-A systematic review of laparoscopic live-donor nephrectomy,"This review found that the safety and/or efficacy of the procedure cannot be determined due to an incomplete and/or poor quality evidence-base. A controlled clinical trial, preferably prospective with concurrent controls, is required (to assess safety and efficacy).","Merlin T, Rao M",,1532
-Corporate social responsibility and shareholder wealth: The role of marketing capability,,"Mishra, S.; Modi, S.B.",Journal of Marketing,1533
-Gender differences in lying in sender-receiver games: A meta-analysis,"Whether there are gender differences in lying has been largely debated in the past decade. Previous studies found mixed results. To shed light on this topic, here I report a meta-analysis of 8,728 distinct observations, collected in 65 Sender-Receiver game treatments, by 14 research groups. Following previous work and theoretical considerations, I distinguish three types of lies: black lies, which benefit the liar at a cost for another person; altruistic white lies, which benefit another person at a cost for the liar; and Pareto white lies, which benefit both the liar and another person. The results show that: males are significantly more likely than females to tell black lies (N=4,173); males are significantly more likely than females to tell altruistic white (N=2,940); and results are inconclusive in the case of Pareto white lies (N=1,615). Furthermore, gender differences in telling altruistic white lies are significantly stronger than in the other two cases. © 2018, Society for Judgment and Decision making. All rights reserved.","Capraro, Valerio",Judgm. Decis. Mak.,1534
-“We aren’t idlers”: Using subjective group dynamics to promote prosocial driver behavior at long-wait stops,"Idling engines are a substantial air pollutant which contribute to many health and environmental problems. In this field experiment (N = 419) we use the subjective group dynamics framework to test ways of motivating car drivers to turn off idle engines at a long wait stop where the majority leave their engines idling. One of three normative messages (descriptive norm, in-group prescriptive deviance, outgroup prescriptive deviance) was displayed when barriers were down at a busy railway level-crossing. Compared to the baseline, normative messages increased the proportion of drivers that turned off their engines. Consistent with subjective group dynamics theory, the most effective approach was to highlight instances of in-group prescriptive deviance (47% stopped idling, compared with 28% in the baseline). Implications for health and environmental outcomes and future research are discussed. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Player, A.; Abrams, D.; Van de Vyver, J.; Meleady, R.; Leite, A.C.; Randsley de Moura, G.; Hopthrow, T.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,1535
-Altruism toward in-group members as a reputation mechanism,"To test the hypothesis that sensitivity to monitoring drives people to act altruistically toward members of their own community, two experiments investigated whether an eye-like painting promotes altruism toward in-group members, but not toward out-group members. Participants played the role of dictator in a dictator game with another participant (a recipient) who was from the minimal in-group or out-group. Participants knew whether their recipient was an in-group member or an out-group member, but were informed that their recipient did not know the group membership of the dictator. In-group favoritism occurred only when participants were facing a computer desktop which displayed a painting of eyes, but did not occur in the absence of eyes. These findings demonstrate that the eye painting displayed on the participant's computer screen worked as a cue for monitoring and thus enhanced the participant's altruistic behavior. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Mifune, N.; Hashimoto, H.; Yamagishi, T.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,1536
-What do laboratory experiments measuring social preferences reveal about the real world?,,"Levitt, S.D.; List, J.A.",J. Econ. Perspect.,1537
-Federal tax policy,,"Rushton, M.",Handb. of Res. on Nonprofit Econ. and Manage.,1538
-Communicating charity successes across cultures: Highlighting individual or collective achievement?,,"Laufer, D.; Silvera, D.H.; McBride, J.B.; Schertzer, S.M.B.",European Journal of Marketing,1539
-Hypernatural monitoring: A social rehearsal account of smartphone addiction,"We present a deflationary account of smartphone addiction by situating this purportedly antisocial phenomenon within the fundamentally social dispositions of our species. While we agree with contemporary critics that the hyper-connectedness and unpredictable rewards of mobile technology can modulate negative affect, we propose to place the locus of addiction on an evolutionarily older mechanism: the human need to monitor and be monitored by others. Drawing from key findings in evolutionary anthropology and the cognitive science of religion, we articulate a hypernatural monitoring model of smartphone addiction grounded in a general social rehearsal theory of human cognition. Building on recent predictive-processing views of perception and addiction in cognitive neuroscience, we describe the role of social reward anticipation and prediction errors in mediating dysfunctional smartphone use. We conclude with insights from contemplative philosophies and harm-reduction models on finding the right rituals for honoring social connections and setting intentional protocols for the consumption of social information. © 2018 Veissière and Stendel.","Veissière, S.P.L.; Stendel, M.",Front. Psychol.,1540
-,,"Brown, P.; Levinson, S.C.",Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage,1541
-Evaluating the impact of healthcare provider training to improve tuberculosis management: a systematic review of methods and outcome indicators used,"BACKGROUND: Developing human resources capacity is vital for tuberculosis (TB) control in low- and middle-income countries. Although investments in TB healthcare provider (HCP) training programmes have increased, it is unclear whether these are robustly evaluated. The objective of this systematic review was to synthesize the methods and outcome indicators used to assess TB HCP training programmes. METHODS: A systematic scoping review of publications reporting on evaluations of training programmes for TB HCPs - including doctors, nurses, paramedics, and lay health workers - was conducted through a search in three electronic databases, Google Scholar, and five websites of non-profit organizations. Data on the study location, population trained, outcomes assessed, and evaluation approach were extracted. RESULTS: After screening 499 unique publications, 21 were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. The majority of evaluations were conducted in Africa. The most common evaluation methods were a review of patient records (n=8, 38%) and post-training interview with trainees (n=7, 33%). In terms of outcomes, more than half of the studies (n=12, 57%) evaluated knowledge acquisition of trainees, with only six (29%) assessing on-the-job behaviour change. CONCLUSIONS: Even though more funds have been invested in TB HCP training, publications from robust evaluations assessing the impact on quality of care and behaviour change are limited.","Wu, Shishi; Roychowdhury, Imara; Khan, Mishal",Int. J. Infect. Dis.,1542
-Gender differences in cooperation and competition: The male-warrior hypothesis: Research report,"Evolutionary scientists argue that human cooperation is the product of a long history of competition among rival groups. There are various reasons to believe that this logic applies particularly to men. In three experiments, using a step-level public-goods task, we found that men contributed more to their group if their group was competing with other groups than if there was no intergroup competition. Female cooperation was relatively unaffected by intergroup competition. These findings suggest that men respond more strongly than women to intergroup threats. We speculate about the evolutionary origins of this gender difference and note some implications. Copyright © 2007 Association for Psychological Science.","Van Vugt, M.; De Cremer, D.; Janssen, D.P.",Psychol. Sci.,1543
-Sexual selection for moral virtues,"Moral evolution theories have emphasized kinship, reciprocity, group selection, and equilibrium selection. Yet, moral virtues are also sexually attractive. Darwin suggested that sexual attractiveness may explain many aspects of human morality. This paper updates his argument by integrating recent research on mate choice, person perception, individual differences, costly signaling, and virtue ethics. Many human virtues may have evolved in both sexes through mutual mate choice to advertise good genetic quality, parenting abilities, and/or partner traits. Such virtues may include kindness, fidelity, magnanimity, and heroism, as well as quasi-moral traits like conscientiousness, agreeableness, mental health, and intelligence. This theory leads to many testable predictions about the phenotypic features, genetic bases, and social-cognitive responses to human moral virtues. Copyright © 2007 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.","Miller, G.F.",Q. Rev. Biol.,1544
-The Role of Perceptions in Predicting Donor Value,,"Sargeant, A.; West, D.C.; Ford, J.",Journal of Marketing Management,1545
-Human cooperation: Evolutionary approaches to a complex phenomenon,"Humans work together to achieve common goals on larger scales and in a wider variety of ways than do members of any other species. In a word, they cooperate. They do so despite many obstacles to cooperation, which come in two main varieties: (l) collective action dilemmas, which arise from conflicts of interest among would-be cooperators, and (2) coordination problems, which arise from a lack of common knowledge about how cooperation can be achieved. Evolutionary scientists have identified a variety of factors that help people solve these problems. These include kinship, a high likelihood of repeated interactions, an ability to distinguish coop-erators from noncooperators and preferentially associate with the former, concerns about audiences and resulting reputations, an ability to send and receive signals regarding individuals’ levels of commitment to cooperative enterprises, and the importance of dealing with an uncertain future through risk-pooling arrangements. Although we understand a great deal more about the evolution of human coopera-tion now than we did a half century ago, when this approach was first developing, much work remains to be done. Some current frontiers in the evolutionary analysis of human cooperation include the study of coordination problems, cultural group selection, coalitional psychology, and a greater appreciation of the institutional and organizational contexts in which most human cooperation occurs. © 2015, Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.","Cronk, L.",Handb. on Evolution and Society: Toward an Evolutionary Soc. Science,1546
-Doing good when times are bad: the impact of CSR on brands during recessions,,"Bhattacharya, A.; Good, V.; Sardashti, H.",European Journal of Marketing,1547
-"Protocols for uncontrolled donation after circulatory death: a systematic review of international guidelines, practices and transplant outcomes","INTRODUCTION: A chronic shortage of organs remains the main factor limiting organ transplantation. Many countries have explored the option of uncontrolled donation after circulatory death (uDCD) in order to expand the donor pool. Little is known regarding the variability of practices and outcomes between existing protocols. This systematic review addresses this knowledge gap informing policy makers, researchers, and clinicians for future protocol implementation. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar electronic databases from 2005 to March 2015 as well as the reference lists of selected studies, abstracts, unpublished reports, personal libraries, professional organization reports, and government agency statements on uDCD. We contacted leading authors and organizations to request their protocols and guidelines. Two reviewers extracted main variables. In studies reporting transplant outcomes, we added type, quantity, quality of organs procured, and complications reported. Internal validity and the quality of the studies reporting outcomes were assessed, as were the methodological rigour and transparency in which a guideline was developed. The review was included in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (Prospero, CRD42014015258). RESULTS: Six guidelines and 18 outcome studies were analysed. The six guidelines are based on limited evidence and major differences exist between them at each step of the uDCD process. The outcome studies report good results for kidney, liver, and lung transplantation with high discard rates for livers. CONCLUSIONS: Despite procedural, medical, economic, legal, and ethical challenges, the uDCD strategy is a viable option for increasing the organ donation pool. Variations in practice and heterogeneity of outcomes preclude a meta-analysis and prevented the linking of outcomes to specific uDCD protocols. Further standardization of protocols and outcomes is required, as is further research into the role of extracorporeal resuscitation and other novel therapies for treatment of some refractory cardiac arrest. It is essential to ensure the maintenance of trust in uDCD programs by health professionals and the public.","Ortega-Deballon, Iván; Hornby, Laura; Shemie, Sam D",Crit. Care,1548
-Partner choice creates competitive altruism in humans,"Reciprocal altruism has been the backbone of research on the evolution of altruistic behaviour towards nonkin, but recent research has begun to apply costly signalling theory to this problem. In addition to signalling resources or abilities, public generosity could function as a costly signal of cooperative intent, benefiting altruists in terms of (i) better access to cooperative relationships and (ii) greater cooperation within those relationships. When future interaction partners can choose with whom they wish to interact, this could lead to competition to be more generous than others. Little empirical work has tested for the possible existence of this 'competitive altruism'. Using a cooperative monetary game with and without opportunities for partner choice and signalling cooperative intent, we show here that people actively compete to be more generous than others when they can benefit from being chosen for cooperative partnerships, and the most generous people are correspondingly chosen more often as cooperative partners. We also found evidence for increased scepticism of altruistic signals when the potential reputational benefits for dishonest signalling were high. Thus, this work supports the hypothesis that public generosity can be a signal of cooperative intent, which people sometimes 'fake' when conditions permit it. © 2006 The Royal Society.","Barclay, P.; Willer, R.",Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.,1549
-A meta-analysis of personality and workplace safety: addressing unanswered questions,"[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 100(2) of Journal of Applied Psychology (see record 2015-08139-001). Table 3 contained formatting errors. Minus signs used to indicate negative statistical estimates within the table were inadvertently changed to m-dashes. All versions of this article have been corrected.] The purpose of this meta-analysis was to address unanswered questions regarding the associations between personality and workplace safety by (a) clarifying the magnitude and meaning of these associations with both broad and facet-level personality traits, (b) delineating how personality is associated with workplace safety, and (c) testing the relative importance of personality in comparison to perceptions of the social context of safety (i.e., safety climate) in predicting safety-related behavior. Our results revealed that whereas agreeableness and conscientiousness were negatively associated with unsafe behaviors, extraversion and neuroticism were positively associated with them. Of these traits, agreeableness accounted for the largest proportion of explained variance in safety-related behavior and openness to experience was unrelated. At the facet level, sensation seeking, altruism, anger, and impulsiveness were all meaningfully associated with safety-related behavior, though sensation seeking was the only facet that demonstrated a stronger relationship than its parent trait (i.e., extraversion). In addition, meta-analytic path modeling supported the theoretical expectation that personality's associations with accidents are mediated by safety-related behavior. Finally, although safety climate perceptions accounted for the majority of explained variance in safety-related behavior, personality traits (i.e., agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism) still accounted for a unique and substantive proportion of the explained variance. Taken together, these results substantiate the value of considering personality traits as key correlates of workplace safety.","Beus, Jeremy M; Dhanani, Lindsay Y; McCord, Mallory A",J. Appl. Psychol.,1550
-Effects of a guilt induction and guilt reduction on door in the face,"The present study explored the role of guilt in the door-in-the-face procedure. Drawing on the guilt-based explanation of door-in-the-face effect, it was hypothesized that the greatest amount of compliance would occur when the rejection of the initial request produced high levels of guilt and the acceptance of the small request allowed participants to anticipate a large reduction in guilt. This hypothesis was tested by presenting participants with an initial large request. Statements accompanying the request were designed to produce either high levels of guilt or low levels of guilt when the request was rejected. After the initial request, participants were presented with a second smaller request that was accompanied by statements that would make compliance with the request either more effective or less effective at guilt reduction. Compliance with the second request was recorded, and the results supported the hypothesis.","Millar, M.",Commun. Res.,1551
-Giving is Caring: Understanding donation behavior through email,"Every day, thousands of people make donations to humanitarian, political, environmental, and other causes, a large amount of which occur on the Internet. The solicitations for support, the acknowledgment of a donation and the discussion of corresponding issues are often conducted via email, leaving a record of these social phenomena. In this paper, we describe a comprehensive large-scale data-driven study of donation behavior. We analyze a two-month anonymized email log from several perspectives motivated by past studies on charitable giving: (i) demographics, (ii) user interest, (iii) external timerelated factors and (iv) social network influence. We show that email captures the demographic peculiarities of different interest groups, for instance, predicting demographic distributions found in US 2012 Presidential Election exit polls. Furthermore, we find that people respond to major national events, as well as to solicitations with special promotions, and that social connections are the most important factor in predicting donation behavior. Specifically, we identify trends not only for individual charities and campaigns, but also for high-level categories such as political campaigns, medical illnesses, and humanitarian relief. Thus, we show the extent to which large-scale email datasets reveal human donation behavior, and explore the limitations of such analysis. Copyright © 2014 ACM.","Mejova, Y.; Weber, I.; Garimella, V.R.K.; Dougal, M.C.",Proc. ACM Conf. Comput. Support. Coop. Work CSCW,1552
-Gender differences in self-view and desired salaries: A study on online recruitment website users in China,"One explanation for the gender pay differences in labor markets is that women propose lower desired salaries. By using an actual job seeking resume database and applying text mining techniques, we are able to observe both the extent of gender differences in desired salaries and job-related self-view. We find gender differences in global self-view favoring females, and in some domain-specific self-view favoring males. Previous findings of disadvantaged groups having levels of self-view at least as high as those of advantaged groups lend credibility to our findings. Moreover, we argue that the differences in global self-view favoring females may be related to the theories of “belief flipping”, since women in our sample of online-recruitment markets are distinct from the general population, with on average 15.2 years of education and 8.99 years of work experience, due to self-selection. In addition, we find that women do propose lower desired salary than men, after controlling for various factors such as human capital, marital status, industries. We further investigate the role of self-view and find it contributes to explain desired salaries, with modest mediator effect but little moderator effect on gender differences in desired salaries. © 2019 Zhang, Zheng. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Zhang, X.; Zheng, Y.",PLoS ONE,1553
-Prevalence and trend of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in Chinese mainland: a systematic review and meta-analysis,"BACKGROUND: Blood transfusion is one of the most common transmission pathways of hepatitis C virus (HCV). This paper aims to provide a comprehensive and reliable tabulation of available data on the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors for HCV infection among blood donors in Chinese mainland, so as to help make prevention strategies and guide further research. METHODS: A systematic review was constructed based on the computerized literature database. Infection rates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using the approximate normal distribution model. Odds ratios and 95% CI were calculated by fixed or random effects models. Data manipulation and statistical analyses were performed using STATA 10.0 and ArcGIS 9.3 was used for map construction. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-five studies met our inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of HCV infection among blood donors in Chinese mainland was 8.68% (95% CI: 8.01%-9.39%), and the epidemic was severer in North and Central China, especially in Henan and Hebei. While a significant lower rate was found in Yunnan. Notably, before 1998 the pooled prevalence of HCV infection was 12.87% (95%CI: 11.25%-14.56%) among blood donors, but decreased to 1.71% (95%CI: 1.43%-1.99%) after 1998. No significant difference was found in HCV infection rates between male and female blood donors, or among different blood type donors. The prevalence of HCV infection was found to increase with age. During 1994-1995, the prevalence rate reached the highest with a percentage of 15.78% (95%CI: 12.21%-19.75%), and showed a decreasing trend in the following years. A significant difference was found among groups with different blood donation types, Plasma donors had a relatively higher prevalence than whole blood donors of HCV infection (33.95% vs 7.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HCV infection has rapidly decreased since 1998 and kept a low level in recent years, but some provinces showed relatively higher prevalence than the general population. It is urgent to make efficient measures to prevent HCV secondary transmission and control chronic progress, and the key to reduce the HCV incidence among blood donors is to encourage true voluntary blood donors, strictly implement blood donation law, and avoid cross-infection.","Gao, Xiaofei; Cui, Qian; Shi, Xiang; Su, Jing; Peng, Zhihang; Chen, Xin; Lei, Na; Ding, Keqin; Wang, Lu; Yu, Rongbin; Wang, Ning",BMC Infect. Dis.,1554
-The Dietary Quality of Food Pantry Users: A Systematic Review of Existing Literature,"BACKGROUND: Users of food pantries often have a long history of food insecurity and may be vulnerable to nutritional deficiencies. The quality of their diets is not well researched. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the published evidence about the dietary quality of food pantry users. METHODS: Systematic database searches of PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, and Psychology Behavioral Sciences Collection, and hand searches of references were conducted to identify cross-sectional, cohort, and intervention studies reporting baseline data, conducted in high-income countries and published between 1980 and 2015, which reported on the nutritional adequacy of individuals who have used a food pantry at least once in the previous 12 months. All identified citations were screened and independently assessed for eligibility. Results for dietary quality were summarized for overall diet quality, energy, food groups, macro- and micronutrients separately. The risk of bias of included studies was evaluated by using criteria of an adapted Ottawa Scale. The systematic review was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. RESULTS: After applying predefined eligibility criteria, 16 articles were identified for inclusion. The diet quality among included food pantry users was low, as reflected by inadequate mean group intake of energy, fruits and vegetables, dairy products, and calcium. Even if the group mean intake was adequate, large percentages of study populations did not meet the recommendations for vitamins A, C, D, and B vitamins, or iron, magnesium, and zinc. The representativeness of the studies varied widely and none of them were nationally representative. CONCLUSION: The current evidence suggests that the dietary intake of most food pantry users does not meet recommendations. Future research should draw more representative samples and investigate the impact of food pantries on users' diet.","Simmet, Anja; Depa, Julia; Tinnemann, Peter; Stroebele-Benschop, Nanette",J. Acad. Nutr. Diet.,1555
-The price of being beautiful: Negative effects of attractiveness on empathy for children in need,,"Fisher, R.J.; Ma, Y.",Journal of Consumer Research,1556
-"Pride, mindfulness, public self-awareness, affective satisfaction, and customer citizenship behaviour among green restaurant customers","Although research on the self has a long history with various psychological perspectives, the role of the self in visiting green restaurants has not been sufficiently explored. This study investigated the influence of public self-awareness (PSA) as a mechanism of the motivation for green restaurant consumption on customers’ satisfaction and customer citizenship behaviour (CCB). Additionally, this study examined customers’ pride and mindfulness as antecedents of their PSA. A survey of 341 regular customers of green restaurants was conducted, and the partial least square method was used to analyse the data. The findings indicated a positive association between pride and PSA, as well as between mindfulness and PSA. Furthermore, PSA influenced affective satisfaction and CCB, and affective satisfaction had a positive impact on CCB. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd","Hwang, K.; Lee, B.",Int. J. Hosp. Manage.,1557
-,,"Schmidt, F.L.; Hunter, J.E.",Methods of meta-analysis. Correcting error and bias in research findings,1558
-Psilocybin and mdma reduce costly punishment in the ultimatum game,"Disruptions in social decision-making are becoming evident in many psychiatric conditions. These are studied using paradigms investigating the psychological mechanisms underlying interpersonal interactions, such as the Ultimatum Game (UG). Rejection behaviour in the UG represents altruistic punishment-the costly punishment of norm violators-but the mechanisms underlying it require clarification. To investigate the psychopharmacology of UG behaviour, we carried out two studies with healthy participants, employing serotonergic agonists: psilocybin (open-label, within-participant design, N = 19) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover design, N = 20). We found that both MDMA and psilocybin reduced rejection of unfair offers (odds ratio: 0.57 and 0.42, respectively). The reduction in rejection rate following MDMA was associated with increased prosociality (R2 = 0.26, p = 0.025). In the MDMA study, we investigated third-party decision-making and proposer behaviour. MDMA did not reduce rejection in the third-party condition, but produced an increase in the amount offered to others (Cohens d = 0.82). We argue that these compounds altered participants conceptualisation of social reward, placing more emphasis on the direct relationship with interacting partners. With these compounds showing efficacy in drug-Assisted psychotherapy, these studies are an important step in the further characterisation of their psychological effects. © 2018 The Author(s).","Gabay, A.S.; Carhart-Harris, R.L.; Mazibuko, N.; Kempton, M.J.; Morrison, P.D.; Nutt, D.J.; Mehta, M.A.",Sci. Rep.,1559
-Estimates of the price elasticity of charitable giving: A reappraisal using 1985 itemizer and nonitemizer charitable deduction data,,"Robinson, J.",Journal of the American Taxation Association,1560
-Feed the world or help the heroes? Exploring how political attitudes influence charitable choice,,"Robson, A.; Hart, D.J.",Journal of Marketing Management,1561
-Altruistic punishment in humans,"Human cooperation is an evolutionary puzzle. Unlike other creatures, people frequently cooperate with genetically unrelated strangers, often in large groups, with people they will never meet again, and when reputation gains are small or absent. These patterns of cooperation cannot be explained by the nepotistic motives associated with the evolutionary theory of kin selection and the selfish motives associated with signalling theory or the theory of reciprocal altruism. Here we show experimentally that the altruistic punishment of defectors is a key motive for the explanation of cooperation. Altruistic punishment means that individuals punish, although the punishment is costly for them and yields no material gain. We show that cooperation flourishes if altruistic punishment is possible, and breaks down if it is ruled out. The evidence indicates that negative emotions towards defectors are the proximate mechanism behind altruistic punishment. These results suggest that future study of the evolution of human cooperation should include a strong focus on explaining altruistic punishment.","Fehr, E.; Gächter, S.",Nature,1562
-"Five-Year Olds, but Not Chimpanzees, Attempt to Manage Their Reputations","Virtually all theories of the evolution of cooperation require that cooperators find ways to interact with one another selectively, to the exclusion of cheaters. This means that individuals must make reputational judgments about others as cooperators, based on either direct or indirect evidence. Humans, and possibly other species, add another component to the process: they know that they are being judged by others, and so they adjust their behavior in order to affect those judgments - so-called impression management. Here, we show for the first time that already preschool children engage in such behavior. In an experimental study, 5-year-old human children share more and steal less when they are being watched by a peer than when they are alone. In contrast, chimpanzees behave the same whether they are being watched by a groupmate or not. This species difference suggests that humans' concern for their own self-reputation, and their tendency to manage the impression they are making on others, may be unique to humans among primates. © 2012 Engelmann et al.","Engelmann, J.M.; Herrmann, E.; Tomasello, M.",PLoS ONE,1563
-Group Status and Reciprocity Norms: Can the Door-in-the-Face Effect Be Obtained in an Out-Group Context?,The psychological underpinnings of the door-in-the-face (DITF) effect are examined in 2 experiments. The research contrasts the traditional reciprocal concessions interpretation of the effect with arguments based on social identity and perceptual contrast. Study 1 replicated the DITF effect in contemporary France and clarified earlier methodological ambiguities to rule out an explanation based on perceptual contrast. Study 2 manipulated the traditional DITF variables along with the in-group-out-group status of the petitioner and suggested that the effects of earlier research were enhanced by participants' presumption of the petitioner's in-group status. These experiments demonstrate that both reciprocal concessions and in-group bias operate as additive factors in producing the DITF effect and that the original research probably profited from participants' implicit assumptions of common identity while supporting the hypothesis of some universal norm for reciprocal concessions. © 2009 American Psychological Association.,"Lecat, B.; Hilton, D.J.; Crano, W.D.",Group Dyn.,1564
-Facilitating compliance by manipulating the nature of the comparison: Relative cost vs. reciprocal concession,,"Miller, R.L.",Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,1565
-Taxes and charitable giving,"This article reviews the basic mechanisms of federal tax incentives, the current level, sources and recipients of charitable donations, and the estimated magnitude of the response to tax incentives. In addition, we discuss the possible effects of recent tax proposals on charitable giving. These proposals include changing the marginal rate structure, allowing taxpayers using the standard deduction to reduce taxable income by the amount of their contributions, and repealing the estate tax.","Greene, P.; McClelland, R.",Natl. Tax J.,1566
-Stochasticity in economic losses increases the value of reputation in indirect reciprocity,"Recent theory predicts harsh and stochastic conditions to generally promote the evolution of cooperation. Here, we test experimentally whether stochasticity in economic losses also affects the value of reputation in indirect reciprocity, a type of cooperation that is very typical for humans. We used a repeated helping game with observers. One subject (the "" Unlucky"") lost some money, another one (the "" Passer-by"") could reduce this loss by accepting a cost to herself, thereby building up a reputation that could be used by others in later interactions. The losses were either stable or stochastic, but the average loss over time and the average efficiency gains of helping were kept constant in both treatments. We found that players with a reputation of being generous were generally more likely to receive help by others, such that investing into a good reputation generated long-term benefits that compensated for the immediate costs of helping. Helping frequencies were similar in both treatments, but players with a reputation to be selfish lost more resources under stochastic conditions. Hence, returns on investment were steeper when losses varied than when they did not. We conclude that this type of stochasticity increases the value of reputation in indirect reciprocity.","Dos Santos, M.; Placì, S.; Wedekind, C.",Sci. Rep.,1567
-"Norm, gender, and bribe-giving: Insights from a behavioral game","Previous research has suggested that bribery is more normative in some countries than in others. To understand the underlying process, this paper examines the effects of social norm and gender on bribe-giving behavior. We argue that social norms provide information for strategic planning and impression management, and thus would impact participants’ bribe amount. Besides, males are more agentic and focus more on impression management than females. We predicted that males would defy the norm in order to win when the amount of their bribe was kept private, but would conform to the norm when it was made public. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two studies using a competitive game. In each game, we asked three participants to compete in five rounds of creative tasks, and the winner was determined by a referee’s subjective judgment of the participants’ performance on the tasks. Participants were allowed to give bribes to the referee. Bribe-giving norms were manipulated in two domains: norm level (high vs. low) and norm context (private vs. public), in order to investigate the influence of informational and affiliational needs. Studies 1 and 2 consistently showed that individuals conformed to the norm level of bribe-giving while maintaining a relative advantage for economic benefit. Study 2 found that males gave larger bribes in the private context than in the public, whereas females gave smaller bribes in both contexts. We used a latent growth curve model (LGCM) to depict the development of bribe-giving behaviors during five rounds of competition. The results showed that gender, creative performance, and norm level all influence the trajectory of bribe-giving behavior. © 2017 Lan, Hong. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Lan, T.; Hong, Y.-Y.",PLoS ONE,1568
-Gender differences in honesty: The role of social value orientation,"This paper experimentally analyzes the role of individual social value orientation (SVO) on honest behavior. We focus on a situation where dishonest behavior pays off at somebody else's cost. In which case, distributional preferences might matter for the willingness to act honestly. To examine this link we conduct a laboratory experiment where we first elicit SVO to measure distributional preferences. Afterwards, we implement a die rolling game to elicit dishonest behavior at an individual level. We detect a positive correlation between subjects’ SVO angle and honest behavior. Furthermore, the data confirm common gender differences, i.e., women are significantly more honest than men. Additionally, we find that, on average, women have higher SVO angles than men. A mediation analysis reveals that SVO explains the gender effect. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.","Grosch, K.; Rau, H.A.",J. Econ. Psychol.,1569
-press. On the external validity of social preference games: A systematic lab-field study,,"Galizzi, M.M.; Navarro-MartÃnez, D.",Manag. Sci,1570
-"PUBLIC RADIO STATIONS ARE REALLY, REALLY NOT PUBLIC GOODS: Charitable contributions and impure altruism","This paper applies the censored regression model under several distributional assumptions to data on charitable giving to public radio stations. The authors show that charitable contributions are positively affected by the level of use of a pure public good. Wing this factor into account they additionally show thd contributions to public radio do not support the public good hypothesis, but rather donors behave as impure altruists. Copyright © 1995, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved","KINGMA, B.R.; McClelland, R.",Ann. Public Coop. Econ.,1571
-The door in the face technique: Effects of the size of the initial request,,"Even‐Chen, M.; Yinon, Y.; Bizman, A.",Eur. J. Soc. Psychol.,1572
-The Relative Effectiveness of Three Compliance Techniques in Eliciting Donations to a Cultural Organization,"To compare the relative effectiveness of three compliance techniques during a museum fund‐raising drive, 89 individuals were asked to contribute $1 to the museum after having been exposed to an initial request according to one of the following conditions: (1) in the foot‐in‐thedoor condition, individuals were first asked to sign a petition in support of the museum; (2) in the door‐in‐the‐face condition, they were initially asked for a $5 contribution; (3) in the. low‐ball condition, they were asked to contribute 75 cents and then to increase this amount by 25 cents in order to support the children's program: and (4) in the control condition, subjects simply received the target request for $1. The groups differed significantly in terms of the number of individuals who donated, and in the amount of their contributions. The low‐ball condition was generally the most effective, especially with respect to the amount of money contributed. This was followed in turn by the door‐in‐the‐face and control conditions, with the foot‐in‐the‐door condition the least effective in virtually every comparison. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the experimental analysis of compliance, as well as the development of more effective fund‐raising programs. Copyright © 1985, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved","Brownstein, R.J., II; Katzev, R.D.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,1573
-Nostalgia: The gift that keeps on giving,,"Zhou, X.; Wildschut, T.; Sedikides, C.; Shi, K.; Feng, C.",Journal of Consumer Research,1574
-Encouraging Charitable Contributions: An Examination of Three Models of Door-in-the-Face Compliance,"This study tested three models of the door-in-the-face (DITF) compliance strategy—reciprocal concessions, perceptual contrast, and self-presentation. These accounts were tested in a fundraising context by manipulating the variables concession labeling, initial request size, and anticipated future interaction in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with a stand-alone control group. The hypothesized mediating variable for each account—obligation, cost concerns, and image concerns—was assessed. A DITF effect was obtained. With regard to the models, concession labeling led to stronger feelings of obligation to donate, but did not affect compliance. The manipulation of anticipated interaction elevated impression management concerns, but these concerns did not motivate donating. The failure of the concession and self-presentation accounts is explained by their interaction; concession labeling facilitated charity when interaction with the solicitor was anticipated, but backfired when interaction was not expected. No support was found for the perceptual contrast explanation. © 1994, Sage. All rights reserved.","Abrahams, M.F.; Bell, R.A.",Commun. Res.,1575
-The Politics of Donations: Are Red Counties More Donative Than Blue Counties?,"This article integrates parallel literatures about the determinants of redistribution across place. Using regression-based path analysis, we explore how tax burden mediates the relationship between political conditions and charitable contributions. Our analysis indicates that counties with a higher proportion of people voting Republican report higher charitable contributions, and tax burden partially mediates this relationship. However, the effect of political ideology on charitable contributions is nonlinear. As the proportion voting Republican in non-Republican-dominated counties increases, the predicted levels of charitable giving actually decreases. In contrast, as the proportion voting Republican increases in Republican-dominated counties, charitable contributions increase. Higher levels of political competition decrease charitable giving, again with partial mediation by tax burden. We also find that the “crowding in” effect of lower tax burdens on charitable giving only partially compensates for the loss of public revenue. Ultimately, total levels of redistribution—both private and government—are higher in Democratic-leaning counties. © The Author(s) 2018.","Paarlberg, L.E.; Nesbit, R.; Clerkin, R.M.; Christensen, R.K.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,1576
-Multiple reputation domains and cooperative Behaviour in two Latin American communities,"Reputations are a ubiquitous feature of human social life, and a large literature has been dedicated to explaining the relationship between prosocial reputations and cooperation in social dilemmas. However, humans form reputations in domains other than prosociality, such as economic competency that could affect cooperation. To date, no research has evaluated the relative effects of multiple reputation domains on cooperation. To bridge this gap, we analyse how prosocial and competency reputations affect cooperation in two Latin American communities (Bwa Mawego, Dominica, and Pucucanchita, Peru) across a number of social contexts (Dominica: labour contracting, labour exchange and conjugal partnership formation; Peru: agricultural and health advice network size). First, we examine the behavioural correlates of prosocial and competency reputations. Following, we analyse whether prosocial, competency, or both reputation domains explain the flow of cooperative benefits within the two communities. Our analyses suggest that (i) although some behaviours affect both reputation domains simultaneously, each reputation domain has a unique behavioural signature; and (ii) competency reputations affect cooperation across a greater number of social contexts compared to prosocial reputations. Results are contextualized with reference to the social markets in which behaviour is embedded and a call for greater theory development is stressed. © 2015 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.","Macfarlan, S.J.; Lyle, H.F.",Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.,1577
-"Pilots and athletes: Different concerns, similar concussion non-disclosure","Objectives Concussion non-disclosure research has focused almost exclusively on athletes. The focus on athletic populations has been sensible considering athletes’ demonstrated susceptibility to sustaining and concealing concussions. Nevertheless, the habitual use of athletic populations has allowed researchers and practitioners to omit the development of generalized perceived costs and perceived rewards as critical determinants of concussion self-disclosure. We hypothesized that perceiving concussion disclosure as generally more costly than rewarding would predict negative attitudes towards disclosure and decreased intent to disclose. We also hypothesized that generalized perceived costs and rewards could explain concussion non-disclosure in different populations, athletes and future pilots specifically, even when those populations perceive concussion self-disclosure as costly for different specific reasons. Methods We examined concussion disclosure using 2,504 cadets at the United States Air Force Academy. Cadets completed anonymous surveys assessing their intention to self-disclose undiagnosed concussions (Anticipated Concussion Disclosure) as well as several variables potentially related to concussion self-disclosure: perceived cost, perceived reward, personal identity, attitudes, normative behavior, social support, and self-efficacy. Results The results demonstrate that concussion non-disclosure develops when a population perceives disclosure as more costly (i.e. directly or emotionally) and less rewarding. Perceived Cost and Perceived Reward variables alone accounted for 50% of the variance in Anticipated Conclusion Disclosure (Adjusted R2 = 0.50, F(2,2312) = 1,145.31, p < 0.001). As expected, Anticipated Conclusion Disclosure developed for different reasons within different sub-populations. Consistent with existing research, cadet intercollegiate athletes reported being primarily concerned that concussion self-disclosure would cause them to miss practice or game time (t (736.7) = 14.20, p < .001, Cohen’s d = 0.96). In contrast, cadet future pilots reported being primarily concerned that concussion self-disclosure would have negative United States Air Force career repercussions (t (1828) = 10.25, p < .001, Cohen’s d = 0.50). Conclusions These results suggest that cultures of concussion non-disclosure can develop in any population where disclosure is perceived as having undesirable consequences, not just athletic populations. Concussion researchers and practitioners should devote more attention to the perceived cost-benefit structures that create concussion non-disclosure to address this crucial public health issue more effectively. This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.","Foster, C.A.; D’Lauro, C.; Johnson, B.R.",PLoS ONE,1578
-Are church and state substitutes? Evidence from the 1996 welfare reform,"Churches provide community services similar to those provided by the government, but there has been no convincing analysis of the extent to which church activity can substitute for government activity. To address this important issue, this paper uses a new panel data set of Presbyterian Church (USA) congregations to regress both church-member donations and a church's community spending on a number of variables, including government welfare expenditures. A provision of the 1996 welfare law that decreased the availability and use of welfare services by non-citizens serves as an instrument to identify the causal effect of government spending on church activity. The results show that church activities substitute for government activities. Extrapolating the findings to all denominations, the estimated ""crowd-out"" effect lies between 20 and 38 cents on the dollar. The results are subjected to a number of robustness tests. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Hungerman, D.M.",J. Public Econ.,1579
-,,"Borenstein, M.; Rothstein, H.",Comprehensive Meta-Analysis,1580
-The time interval in the intention-behaviour relationship: Meta-analysis,"Intention-behaviour models specify as a boundary condition that the intention-behaviour relationship should be measured over a short period of delay. However, a measure of intention that exists just prior to performance of the behaviour has limited feasibility and practical utility. Using meta-analysis, the present study explores the relationship between time and the intention-behaviour (I-B) correlation in Fishbein and Ajzen's intention-behaviour models. Self-reported behaviours, how intention is measured, and type of behaviour are explored as moderators to this relationship. The average I-B correlation coefficient remains strong over a prediction interval of as long as 15 years. The I-B correlation is significantly influenced by the use of self-report measures of behaviour over time and type of behaviour; however, it is not influenced by how intention is measured.","Randall, Donna M; Wolff, James A",British Journal of Social Psychology,1581
-The role of product development to drive product success: An updated review and meta-analysis,"Researches on product development since 1970s have discussed many aspects, yet studies on the role of product development in driving product success, as believed in SCM concept, are rarely available. The available ones do not clearly describe the way product development affects product success. This paper presents a model development of the relationship between several aspects including product development, and product success. Six variables are constructed based on a review, and the relationships are evaluated using metaanalysis on 166 studies spanning 35 years, carried out in four continents, covering large scale industries and SMEs, manufacturers and services, profit and non-profit organization. The result shows that five of the six variables are clearly correlated to product success, while one of them could not be proven. The future work then is model modification based on this result. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015.","Suharyanti, Y; Subagyo; Masruroh, N A; Bastian, I","International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Management Science and Applications, ICIMSA 2015",1582
-Crafting messages to fight dishonesty: A field investigation of the effects of social norms and watching eye cues on fare evasion,"The impact of watching eyes cues and descriptive social norm messages on fare evasion was studied in two experiments that were conducted in two railway stations in France. In Study 1, a natural field experiment, passengers were exposed for a two-week period to either a control eye-cues poster or to an experimental eye-cues with a social norm messaging campaign. In Study 2, an artefactual experiment in the field, participants in the experimental train station were asked to participate in a lying task before and after they were exposed to the messaging campaign. The results from both studies suggest that although watching eye cues alone are not effective in a crowded train station, exposing passengers to watching eye cues together with a descriptive social norm messaging campaign reduced the fare evasion rates observed by standard inspection operations, and eliminated lying behavior measured by the die-under-cup paradigm. These results strengthen the external validity of laboratory experiments that have documented small scale cheating behavior and highlight the potential benefits of internal enforcement techniques to fight dishonesty in the field. In addition, they stress the advantage of combining visibility cues and social norms when orienting people toward more moral behavior. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.","Ayal, S.; Celse, J.; Hochman, G.",Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Processes,1583
-Response properties of the human fusiform face area,"We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the response properties of the human fusiform face area (FFA: Kanwisher, McDermott, and Chun, 1997) to a variety of face-like stimuli in order to clarify the functional role of this region. FFA responses were found to be (1) equally strong for cat, cartoon and human faces despite very different image properties, (2) equally strong for entire human faces and faces with eyes occluded but weaker for eyes shown alone, (3) equal for front and profile views of human heads, but declining in strength as faces rotated away from view, and (4) weakest for nonface objects and houses. These results indicate that generalisation of the FFA response across very different face types cannot be explained in terms of a specific response to a salient facial feature such as the eyes or a more general response to heads. Instead, the FFA appears to be optimally tuned to the broad category of faces.","Tong, F.; Nakayama, K.; Moscovitch, M.; Weinrib, O.; Kanwisher, N.",Cogn. Neuropsychol.,1584
-Legitimizing Paltry Contributions: On‐the‐spot vs. Mail‐in Requests,"Two versions of the legitimization‐of‐paltry‐contributions technique (Cialdini & Schroeder, 1976) were compared with respect to their effectiveness in generating compliance with requests for charitable donations. When immediate, on‐the‐spot donations were requested, the technique significantly increased compliance rates relative to control conditions; but when the respondents were asked to mail in their contributions, virtually none did. The results offered some support for an image‐maintenance explanation of the technique and were viewed as indicating that the effectiveness of the technique is reliable, but primarily under conditions that impose a high degree of situational constraint upon respondents. Implications of the results for door‐to‐door fundraising and for future research were discussed. Copyright © 1987, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved","Reeves, R.A.; Macolini, R.M.; Martin, R.C.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,1585
-Helping Yourself before Helping Others: How Sense of Control Promotes Charitable Behaviors,,"Xu, Q.; Kwan, C.M.C.; Zhou, X.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1586
-"Understanding the new statistics: Effect sizes, confidence intervals, and meta-analysis",,"Cumming, G.","Understanding the New Statistics: Effect Sizes, Confidence Intervals, and Meta-Analysis",1587
-Compassion fatigue: Toward a new understanding of the costs of caring,,"Figley, C.R.","Secondary Traumatic Stress: Self-care Issues for Clinicians, Researchers, and Educators",1588
-Achieving triple “P” bottom line through resonant leadership: an Indian perspective,"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to review the extant literature on resonant leadership and develop a conceptual framework about the role played by resonant leaders of crisis-ridden firms in developing employees for achieving triple 'P' bottom line. Design/methodology/approach: A systematic review of literature was conducted from 1994 to 2015 with key words leadership, resonant leadership, and triple 'P' bottom line. Related research papers were searched from select databases of Elsevier, Emerald, Sage, Springer, Taylor and Francis, Wiley, and other library services of Proquest, Ebsco, and Scopus. Findings: Resonant leaders motivate their subordinates by being compassionate toward them, showing an overall positive mood, and through guidance for achieving sustainable triple 'P' bottom line. India is a secular country that emphasizes on spiritual beliefs as well as on socio-cultural and religious values. Therefore, Indian managers generally adopt these values in their early socialization process by following traditional epics and religious scriptures. They spread positive emotions among their subordinates and raise their level of consciousness by exhibiting altruistic values. Therefore, altruism could be considered as an additional dimension of resonant leadership style of Indian managers for downsized firms. These leaders nurture surviving employees at the time of economic crisis to build a sustainable triple 'P' bottom line. Originality/value: Altruism can be considered as a new dimension of resonant leadership style of Indian managers for downsized firms. These leaders provide a sense of psychological security to their employees by developing a value led organization with meaningful vision and an edge over their competitors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Lenka, Usha; Tiwari, Binita",International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,1589
-Everybody Thinks We Should but Nobody Does: How Combined Injunctive and Descriptive Norms Motivate Organ Donor Registration,,"Habib, R.; White, K.; Hoegg, J.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1590
-Self-presentation and the door-in-the-face technique for inducing compliance,,"Pendleton, M.G.; Batson, C.D.",Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,1591
-Introduction to Meta-Analysis,"This book provides a clear and thorough introduction to meta-analysis, the process of synthesizing data from a series of separate studies. Meta-analysis has become a critically important tool in fields as diverse as medicine, pharmacology, epidemiology, education, psychology, business, and ecology. Introduction to Meta-Analysis: Outlines the role of meta-analysis in the research process. Shows how to compute effects sizes and treatment effects. Explains the fixed-effect and random-effects models for synthesizing data. Demonstrates how to assess and interpret variation in effect size across studies. Clarifies concepts using text and figures, followed by formulas and examples. Explains how to avoid common mistakes in meta-analysis. Discusses controversies in meta-analysis. Features a web site with additional material and exercises. A superb combination of lucid prose and informative graphics, written by four of the world'sleading experts on all aspects of meta-analysis. Borenstein, Hedges, Higgins, and Rothsteinprovide a refreshing departure from cookbook approaches with their clear explanations ofthe what and why of meta-analysis. The book is ideal as a course textbook or for self-study.My students, who used pre-publication versions of some of the chapters, raved about theclarity of the explanations and examples. David Rindskopf, Distinguished Professor of Educational Psychology, City University of New York, Graduate School and University Center, & Editor of the Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics. The approach taken by Introduction to Meta-analysis is intended to be primarily conceptual,and it is amazingly successful at achieving that goal. The reader can comfortably skip theformulas and still understand their application and underlying motivation. For the morestatistically sophisticated reader, the relevant formulas and worked examples provide a superbpractical guide to performing a meta-analysis. The book provides an eclectic mix of examplesfrom education, social science, biomedical studies, and even ecology. For anyone consideringleading a course in meta-analysis, or pursuing self-directed study, Introduction toMeta-analysis would be a clear first choice. Jesse A. Berlin, ScD. Introduction to Meta-Analysis is an excellent resource for novices and experts alike. The bookprovides a clear and comprehensive presentation of all basic and most advanced approachesto meta-analysis. This book will be referenced for decades. Michael A. McDaniel, Professor of Human Resources and Organizational Behavior, Virginia Commonwealth University. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Borenstein, M.; Hedges, L.V.; Higgins, J.P.T.; Rothstein, H.R.",Introd. to Meta-Anal.,1592
-"The psychological reality of the door-in-the-face it's helping, not bargaining","Door-in-the-face (DITF) is a sequential request technique in which a source first makes a large request. Upon the receiver's refusal, a smaller (target) request is made. DITF has been found to increase compliance with the target request compared to control conditions where only the target request is made. Despite its effectiveness, DITF lacks a consistently supported theoretical explanation. Two studies were conducted to determine whether people see DITF as a bargaining situation, consistent with the reciprocal concessions explanation, or as a helping situation, consistent with a social responsibility explanation. In Study 1, 78 participants judged the relevance of helping and bargaining items to four DITF interactions. In Study 2, 80 participants rated the similarity of a DITF interaction to four interactions that crossed situation (helping versus bargaining) with relationship (friend versus stranger). Results of both studies were consistent with a social responsibility explanation of DITF but inconsistent with reciprocal concessions.","Tusing, K.J.; Dillard, J.P.",J. Lang. Soc. Psychol.,1593
-Being watched in an investment game setting: Behavioral changes when making risky decisions,"We design a laboratory experiment to test for behavioral differences due to observation within a novel arena: investment games. We find that fund managers are more risk-averse when investors can observe their investment allocations. This effect is more pronounced when investors, in addition to observing the allocations, can also observe the investment outcomes. Interestingly, allowing investors to observe how their investment is allocated does not impact how much they invest. Last, when the outcome of the risky investment is public knowledge, disclosing managers’ allocations leads them to return more tokens to investors and to expropriate fewer tokens for themselves at the end of the game, ceteris paribus. We discuss potential causes of these effects. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.","Jia, Z.T.; McMahon, M.J.",J. Behave. Exp. Econ.,1594
-Longitudinal relations between prosocial television content and adolescents' prosocial and aggressive behavior: The mediating role of empathic concern and self-regulation,"The current study examined longitudinal cross-lagged associations between prosocial TV (content and time) and prosocial and aggressive behavior during adolescence, and explored the mediating role of empathic concern and self-regulation. Participants were 441 adolescents who reported on their 3 favorite TV shows at 2 time points, approximately 2 years apart (M age of child at Time 3 = 13.31, SD = 1.06; 52% female; M age of child at Time 5 = 15.27, SD = 1.06). Results suggested that prosocial content at Time 3 was negatively associated with aggressive behavior 2 years later, and aggressive behavior at Time 3 was positively associated with aggressive content 2 years later. Results also suggested that prosocial behavior toward strangers at Time 3 was associated with both empathic concern and self-regulation at Time 4, which were in turn associated with prosocial and aggressive content at Time 5. Discussion focuses on the important role of behavior and prosocial personality on media selection during adolescence and the relevance of the target of prosocial behavior. © 2015 American Psychological Association.","Padilla-Walker, L.M.; Coyne, S.M.; Collier, K.M.; Nielson, M.G.",Dev. Psychol.,1595
-"The relative persuasiveness of different message types does not vary as a function of the persuasive outcome assessed: Evidence from 29 meta-analyses of 2,062 effect sizes for 13 message variations",,"O’Keefe, D.J.",Annals of the International Communication Association,1596
-Organizational Antecedents of Nonprofit Engagement in Policy Advocacy: A Meta-Analytical Review,"Policy advocacy by nonprofits has attracted substantial scholarly interest in recent years. Although considerable empirical studies have examined factors influencing nonprofit participation in policy advocacy, the existing evidence remains inconsistent as to what factors influence nonprofits to engage in policy advocacy and to what extent. The present study conducts a meta-analysis to quantitatively synthesize existing studies on the organizational antecedents of nonprofit advocacy engagement. Through systematically reviewing 46 studies and aggregating 559 effect sizes on 17 organizational predictors, the study finds organizational size, professionalization, board support, constituent involvement, knowledge about laws, government funding, private donations, foundation funding, collaboration, and negative policy environment have positive and significant relationships with a nonprofit’s level of advocacy engagement. The study contributes a clear knowledge base to guide future nonprofit advocacy research and practice. © The Author(s) 2018.","Lu, Jiahuan",Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,1597
-Intangible Assets and Performance in Nonprofit Organizations:A Systematic Literature Review,"Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) promote citizens’ participation in community life through several different kinds of organizations: some more informal (such as associations and volunteering groups), others more formal or public (such as charities and foundations). This heterogeneity, as well as the well-known peculiarities of NPOs when compared to profit and public ones, poses new challenges to their management. In the constant need to find balance between financial constraints and social value, a main resource for NPOs is the management of intangible assets, such as knowledge, positive relationships within the organization and with users, external image, loyalty and commitment, and so on. From the literature on for-profit organizations, it is well known that proper management of intangible assets improves an organization’s sustainable competitive advantage, not only by enhancing its members’ affiliation and commitment but even by enhancing their productivity. This is particularly relevant when taking into account the main role of volunteers in the third sector. Volunteers, indeed, show different job attitudes and organizational behaviors than paid employees, as their membership and accountability are less formalized and they frequently lack a proper teamwork, due to the high volunteer turnover. At the same time, from the managers point of view, managing volunteers and paid workers require higher skills and competencies than managing human resources in for-profit organizations. Developing these reflections and considerations, we aim to conduct a systematic literature review on the association between intangible assets and performance in NPOs. The literature will be conducted following the indications from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. It provides an evidence-based minimum set of items to be included in the review, as well as a workflow to properly manage and choose the papers to be included. The authors conducted the research using EBSCO, ProQuest, and Scopus databases. © Copyright © 2020 Buonomo, Benevene, Barbieri and Cortini.","Buonomo, I.; Benevene, P.; Barbieri, B.; Cortini, M.",Front. Psychol.,1598
-Systematic Review of Motives for Episodic Volunteering,"Although episodic volunteers are a critical resource for many organisations, their motives for volunteering are poorly understood. A systematic review was conducted to describe empirical evidence about motives for episodic volunteering (EV) across sectors (sport, tourism, events, health and social welfare). Identified EV motives were then categorised using core functions from the Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) for comparison across studies. Twelve databases (1990–December 2014) were searched. Thirty-three English language studies included results describing EV motives. Studies were predominantly cross-sectional, quantitative, event-based and originating in North America. Measurement of motives was also inconsistent. Common motives were helping others and socialising. Physical challenge and healing motives were specific to sport-based events and charity sport events, respectively. Over 80 % of motives were classified using VFI functions, particularly enhancement, values and social functions. The VFI supplemented by qualitative work may be efficacious to further identify EV motives and retention strategies. © 2015, International Society for Third-Sector Research and The Johns Hopkins University.","Dunn, Jeff; Chambers, Suzanne K; Hyde, Melissa K",VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations,1599
-“Even a single marble will make him/her happy …”: Further evidence and extension of the legitimizing paltry contribution technique on helping,"Previous research has found that the statement ``Even a penny will help'' incorporated in charity donation requests increases compliance. The present study analyzed the effectiveness of this technique using a novel solicitation and where the participant had no possibility to comply immediately with the request. Confederates asked customers in a hypermarket (e. g., Costco, Sam's Club) for a toy donation in aid of children. They wore a t-shirt on which the statement ``Even a single marble will make him/her happy...'' was either present or not. Results show that more people gave a toy when this statement appeared on the t-shirt.","Guéguen, Nicolas; Martin, Angélique; Meineri, Sébastien",Social Influence,1600
-"Eye images increase generosity, but not for long: the limited effect of a false cue","People are more cooperative when explicitly observed, and simply exposing people to images of eyes or faces has been shown to increase cooperation of various types and in various contexts, albeit with notable, if controversial, exceptions. This ‘eyes effect’ is important both for its potential real-world applications and for its implications regarding the role of reputation in the evolution and maintenance of human cooperation. Based on the general principle that organisms eventually cease responding to uninformative stimuli, we predicted that the eyes effect would be eliminated by prolonged exposure. A novel experiment confirmed that participants exposed briefly to an eye-like image gave more money in an economic game than those in a longer exposure condition and those in a control condition. There was no generosity difference between the long exposure and control conditions. Furthermore, a meta-analysis of 25 eyes effects experiments confirmed that the effect emerges reliably after short exposures to eye images, but not after long exposures. An understanding of the limits of false cues on behaviour helps resolve empirical discrepancies regarding the eyes effect and exonerates the importance of reputation even in anonymous, one-shot interactions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Sparks, Adam; Barclay, Pat",Evol. Hum. Behav.,1601
-Charitable contributions by low-and middle-income taxpayers: Further evidence with a new method,,"Choe, Y.S.; Jeong, J.",National Tax Journal,1602
-Does local treatment of the prostate in advanced and/or lymph node metastatic disease improve efficacy of androgen-deprivation therapy? A systematic review,"An interaction between local treatment and androgen-deprivation therapy was suggested in this review. In men with advanced and aggressive disease who were at a high risk of death from prostate cancer and who were treated with curative intent for their primary tumour, immediate and sustained androgen deprivation therapy improved overall survival and cancer-specific survival significantly. XCM: The research question was supported by inclusion criteria for participants, interventions, comparators, outcomes and study design. However, a wider variety of comparator interventions were included than stated in the inclusion criteria. Search terms were not reported, so the search strategy was not transparent or reproducible. Only two databases were searched for published studies and it was unclear whether language restrictions were applied. The review may be prone to publication bias and it is possible that relevant studies could have been missed. It was not reported whether steps were taken to minimise the risk of error and bias in the review process.Study quality did not appear to have been assessed, so the reliability of these studies and their results is not known. The authors stated that the primary study populations differed considerably in the analysis of immediate versus deferred androgen deprivation therapy, but statistical heterogeneity was substantial for several other analyses, so the results of these analyses may not be reliable.Several methodological limitations in the review process suggest that the authors' conclusions should be viewed with considerable caution. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that, although many clinicians hesitated to offer a local treatment to a patient who could not be cured, the current analysis suggested that this was an important component of the optimal therapy that contributed to better survival. Whether the survival advantage of combined treatment was large enough to counterbalance the side effects of prolonged androgen-deprivation therapy and local treatment was an issue that should be settled in discussion with an informed patient.Research: The authors did not state any implications for research.","Verhagen, P C; Schroder, F H; Collette, L; Bangma, C H",,1603
-Complementary spiritist therapy: systematic review of scientific evidence,"Spiritism is the third most common religion in Brazil, and its therapies have been used by millions worldwide. These therapies are based on therapeutic resources including prayer, laying on of hands, fluidotherapy (magnetized water), charity/volunteering, spirit education/moral values, and disobsession (spirit release therapy). This paper presents a systematic review of the current literature on the relationship among health outcomes and 6 predictors: prayer, laying on of hands, magnetized/fluidic water, charity/volunteering, spirit education (virtuous life and positive affect), and spirit release therapy. All articles were analyzed according to inclusion/exclusion criteria, Newcastle-Ottawa and Jadad score. At present, there is moderate to strong evidence that volunteering and positive affect are linked to better health outcomes. Furthermore, laying on of hands, virtuous life, and praying for oneself also seem to be associated to positive findings. Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies on magnetized water and spirit release therapy. In summary, science is indirectly demonstrating that some of these therapies can be associated to better health outcomes and that other therapies have been overlooked or poorly investigated. Further studies in this field could contribute to the disciplines of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by investigating the relationship between body, mind, and soul/spirit.","Lucchetti, Giancarlo; Lucchetti, Alessandra L Granero; Bassi, Rodrigo M; Nobre, Marlene Rossi Severino",Evid. Based. Complement. Alternat. Med.,1604
-"Children, parents and prosocial television for children: Accounting for viewing and looking for effects",,"Woolf, K.D.","Children, parents and prosocial television for children: Accounting for viewing and looking for effects",1605
-"To know or not to know? Looking at payoffs signals selfish behavior, but it does not actually mean so","Costs and benefits of everyday actions are often not known beforehand. In such situations, people can either make a choice “without looking” at the payoffs, or they can “look” and learn the exact payoffs involved before making the actual choice. Recent studies suggest that the mere act of looking at payoffs will be met with distrust by observers: “lookers” are both less trustworthy and perceived to be less trustworthy than “non-lookers”. Here we extend this line of work by changing the measure of pro-sociality: instead of trustworthiness, we consider altruism. Does “looking at payoffs” signal self-regarding preferences? Do observers’ beliefs match decision makers’ actions? Two experiments demonstrate that: (i) the level of altruism among “lookers” is not different from the level of altruism among “non-lookers”, but (ii) “lookers” are perceived to be less altruistic than “non-lookers”. These results hold both when the measure of altruism is the choice whether to help or not in the so-called “envelope game” (Experiment 1) or when the measure of altruism is the donation in a standard Dictator Game (Experiment 2). In sum, these results uncover a perception gap according to which looking at payoffs signals selfish behavior, but it does not actually mean so. © 2016 Elsevier Inc.","Capraro, V.; Kuilder, J.",J. Behave. Exp. Econ.,1606
-"So different, yet so similar: meta-analysis and policy modeling of willingness to participate in clinical trials among Brazilians and Indians","BACKGROUND: With the global expansion of clinical trials and the expectations of the rise of the emerging economies known as BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China), the understanding of factors that affect the willingness to participate in clinical trials of patients from those countries assumes a central role in the future of health research. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) of willingness to participate in clinical trials among Brazilian patients and then we compared it with Indian patients (with results of another SRMA previously conducted by our group) through a system dynamics model. RESULTS: Five studies were included in the SRMA of Brazilian patients. Our main findings are 1) the major motivation for Brazilian patients to participate in clinical trials is altruism, 2) monetary reimbursement is the least important factor motivating Brazilian patients, 3) the major barrier for Brazilian patients to not participate in clinical trials is the fear of side effects, and 4) Brazilian patients are more likely willing to participate in clinical trials than Indians. CONCLUSION: Our study provides important insights for investigators and sponsors for planning trials in Brazil (and India) in the future. Ignoring these results may lead to unnecessary fund/time spending. More studies are needed to validate our results and for better understanding of this poorly studied theme.","Zammar, Guilherme; Meister, Henrique; Shah, Jatin; Phadtare, Amruta; Cofiel, Luciana; Pietrobon, Ricardo",PLoS One,1607
-No evidence for the watching-eyes effect on human impulsivity,"People often become more altruistic when they think or feel that someone is watching them. Known as the ""watching-eyes effect,"" this is argued to be caused by the motivation to gain and maintain a positive social reputation as an altruistic individual (the ""reputation seeking"" mechanism). However, an alternative mechanism underlying the watching-eyes effect could be that people suppress their impulsive tendency to pursue benefit rather than increase their altruism, and this may lead to apparent increases in altruistic tendencies. This ""suppressing impulsivity"" mechanism is considered intrapersonal rather than socially mediated which is associated with ""reputation seeking."" We examined whether the suppressing impulsivity mechanism would be associated with the watching-eyes effect by measuring participants' impulsivity in the presence of watching-eyes stimuli. In a controlled experiment, we presented life-size pictures of human faces with a direct gaze on a monitor in front of participants taking part in a time-discounting task. Two types of faces, ""in-group"" (faces of participants' classmates) and ""out-group"" (unfamiliar faces) were presented to examine the effect of social attribution. We used a flower picture as a control stimulus. In the time-discounting task, participants chose one of two options: a small amount of money that they could get immediately or a larger amount of money that they could get after a given time interval. The results showed no significant difference in participants' time-discount rate regardless of the types of stimuli presented during the time-discount task. A post-task questionnaire confirmed that the participants were aware of the presented stimuli and revealed that they paid more attention to the in-group stimuli than to the out-group and flower stimuli, though this difference in attentive states had no effect on their impulsivity during the task. These results suggest that suppressing impulsivity is not a plausible mechanism for the watching-eyes effect. The null effect for the difference between the in-group and out-group stimuli also supports this conclusion. Thus, it is plausible that the watching-eyes effect is caused by the human tendency to boost social reputation and can be mediated by the social relationship with others. © 2018 Shinohara and Yamamoto.","Shinohara, A.; Yamamoto, S.",Front. Psychol.,1608
-"Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of persons as social entities",,"Campbell, D.T.",Behavioral Science,1609
-Avoiding overhead aversion in charity,"Donors tend to avoid charities that dedicate a high percentage of expenses to administrative and fundraising costs, limiting the ability of nonprofits to be effective. We propose a solution to this problem: Use donations from major philanthropists to cover overhead expenses and offer potential donors an overhead-free donation opportunity. A laboratory experiment testing this solution confirms that donations decrease when overhead increases, but only when donors pay for overhead themselves. In a field experiment with 40,000 potential donors, we compared the overhead-free solution with other common uses of initial donations. Consistent with prior research, informing donors that seed money has already been raised increases donations, as does a $1:$1 matching campaign. Our main result, however, clearly shows that informing potential donors that overhead costs are covered by an initial donation significantly increases the donation rate by 80% (or 94%) and total donations by 75% (or 89%) compared with the seed (or matching) approach. Copyright © 2014 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved.","Gneezy, U.; Keenan, E.A.; Gneezy, A.",Science,1610
-Cooperation under the shadow of the future: Experimental evidence from infinitely repeated games,"While there is an extensive literature on the theory of infinitely repeated games, empirical evidence on how ""the shadow of the future"" affects behavior is scarce and inconclusive. I simulate infinitely repeated prisoner's dilemma games in the lab with a random continuation rule. The experimental design represents an improvement over the existing literature by including sessions with finite repeated games as controls and a large number of players per session (which allows for learning without contagion effects). I find that the shadow of the future matters not only by significantly reducing opportunistic behavior, but also because its impact closely follows theoretical predictions.","Pedro Dal, B.O.",Am. Econ. Rev.,1611
-Four avenues of normative influence: A research agenda for health promotion in low and mid-income countries,"Health promotion interventions in low and midincome countries (LMIC) are increasingly integrating strategies to change local social norms that sustain harmful practices. However, the literature on social norms and health in LMIC is still scarce. A well-known application of social norm theory in LMIC involves abandonment of female genital cutting (FGC) in West Africa. We argue that FGC is a special case because of its unique relationship between the norm and the practice; health promotion interventions would benefit from a wider understanding of how social norms can influence different types of health-related behaviors. We hypothesize that four factors shape the strength of a norm over a practice: (1) whether the practice is dependent or interdependent; (2) whether it is more or less detectable; (3) whether it is under the influence of distal or proximal norms; and (4) whether noncompliance is likely to result in sanctions. We look at each of these four factors in detail, and suggest that different relations between norms and a practice might require different programmatic solutions. Future findings that will confirm or contradict our hypothesis will be critical for effective health promotion interventions that aim to change harmful social norms in LMIC. © 2018 American Psychological Association.","Cislaghi, B.; Heise, L.",Health Psychol.,1612
-Four-year-olds' strategic allocation of resources: Attempts to elicit reciprocation correlate negatively with spontaneous helping,"Behaviour benefitting others (prosocial behaviour) can be motivated by self-interested strategic concerns as well as by genuine concern for others. Even in very young children such behaviour can be motivated by concern for others, but whether it can be strategically motivated by self-interest is currently less clear. Here, children had to distribute resources in a game in which a rich but not a poor recipient could reciprocate. From four years of age participants strategically favoured the rich recipient, but only when recipients had stated an intention to reciprocate. Six- and eight-year-olds distributed more equally. Children allocating strategically to the rich recipient were less likely to help when an adult needed assistance but was not in a position to immediately reciprocate, demonstrating consistent cross-task individual differences in the extent to which social behaviour is self- versus other-oriented even in early childhood. By four years of age children are capable of strategically allocating resources to others as a tool to advance their own self-interest. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.","Kenward, B.; Hellmer, K.; Winter, L.S.; Eriksson, M.",Cognition,1613
-A meta-analysis of sperm donation offspring health outcomes,"Although the use of donor sperm as a treatment modality for male infertility has become common place, the health outcomes for those conceived has been poorly studied. A structured search of the literature using PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Reviews was performed to investigate the health outcomes of offspring conceived from donor sperm. Eight studies were eligible and included in the review, and of these, three were included in a meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of clinical outcomes showed that donor sperm neonates are not at increased risk of being born of low birth weight (<2500 g), preterm (<37 weeks) or with increased incidences of birth defects, than spontaneously conceived neonates.","Adams, D H; Clark, R A; Davies, M J; de Lacey, S",J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis.,1614
-Three Attempts to Replicate the Moral Licensing Effect,"The present work includes three attempts to replicate the moral licensing effect by Sachdeva, Iliev, and Medin (2009). The original authors found that writing about positive traits led to lower donations to charity and decreased cooperative behavior. The first two replication attempts (student samples, 95% power based on the initial findings, NStudy1 = 105, NStudy2 = 150), did not confirm the original results. The third replication attempt (MTurk sample, 95% power based on a meta-analysis on self-licensing, N = 940) also did not confirm the moral licensing effect. We conclude that (1) there is as of yet no strong support for the moral self-regulation framework proposed in Sachdeva et al. (2009) (2) the manipulation used is unlikely to induce moral licensing, and (3) studies on moral licensing should use a neutral control condition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Blanken, Irene; van de Ven, Niels; Zeelenberg, Marcel; Meijers, Marijn H C",Soc. Psychol.,1615
-Fairness and trust in virtual environments: The effects of reputation,"Reputation supports pro-social behaviors in a variety of social settings and across different ages. When re-encounters are possible, developing a positive reputation can be a valuable asset that will result in better outcomes. However, in real life, cooperative acts are ambiguous and happen in noisy environments in which individuals can have multiple goals, visibility is reduced, and reputation systems may differ. This study examined how reputation within a virtual environment affects fairness in material allocations and trust in information exchange, in a three-actors interaction game in which each player had an incentive to deceive the others. We compared the results of two experimental conditions, one in which informers could be evaluated, and one without reputational opportunities. A reputational system appeared to enhance both trust and fairness even within a virtual environment under anonymous condition. We tested adolescents and adults finding that they were consistently more generous when visibility was increased, but they showed significantly different patterns in resources allocation and information exchange. Male and female participants, across ages, showed other interesting differences. These findings suggest that reputational effects increase fairness and trust even in a noisy, ambiguous and uncertain environment, but this effect is modulated by age and gender. © 2018 by the authors.","Duradoni, M.; Paolucci, M.; Bagnoli, F.; Guazzini, A.",Future Internet,1616
-Evaluating online labor markets for experimental research: Amazon.com's mechanical turk,"We examine the trade-offs associated with using Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) interface for subject recruitment. We first describe MTurk and its promise as a vehicle for performing low-cost and easy-to-field experiments. We then assess the internal and external validity of experiments performed using MTurk, employing a framework that can be used to evaluate other subject pools. We first investigate the characteristics of samples drawn from the MTurk population. We show that respondents recruited in this manner are often more representative of the U.S. population than in-person convenience samples-the modal sample in published experimental political science-but less representative than subjects in Internet-based panels or national probability samples. Finally, we replicate important published experimental work using MTurk samples. © The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Political Methodology. All rights reserved.","Berinsky, A.J.; Huber, G.A.; Lenz, G.S.",Polit. Anal.,1617
-Including the effects of prior and recent contact effort in a customer scoring model for database marketing,,"Rhee, S.; McIntyre, S.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,1618
-Evidence for strategic cooperation in humans,"Humans may cooperate strategically, cooperating at higher levels than expected from their short-term interests, to try and stimulate others to cooperate. To test this hypothesis, we experimentally manipulated the extent an individual’s behaviour is known to others, and hence whether or not strategic cooperation is possible. In contrast with many previous studies, we avoided confounding factors by preventing individuals from learning during the game about either pay-offs or about how other individuals behave. We found clear evidence for strategic cooperators—just telling some individuals that their groupmates would be informed about their behaviour led to them tripling their initial level of cooperation, from 17 to 50%. We also found that many individuals play as if they do not understand the game, and their presence obscures the detection of strategic cooperation. Identifying such players allowed us to detect and study strategic motives for cooperation in novel, more powerful, ways. © 2017 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.","Burton-Chellew, M.N.; El Mouden, C.; West, S.A.",Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.,1619
-Effects of a prosocial televised example on children's helping,"The possibility that regularly broadcast entertainment television programs can facilitate prosocial behavior in children was investigated. Thirty first-grade children, 15 boys and 15 girls, were individually exposed to one of three half-hour television programs: a program from the Lassie series which included a dramatic example of a boy helping a dog, a program from the Lassie series devoid of such an example, or a program from the family situation comedy series, the Brady Bunch. The effects of the programming were assessed by presenting each child with a situation that required him to choose between continuing to play a game for self-gain and helping puppies in distress. Children exposed to the Lassie program with the helping scene helped for significantly more time than those exposed to either of the other programs. © 1975.","Sprafkin, J.N.; Liebert, R.M.; Poulos, R.W.",J. Exp. Child Psychol.,1620
-A range of kindness activities boost happiness,"This experiment investigates the effects of a seven-day kindness activities intervention on changes in subjective happiness. The study was designed to test whether performing different types of kindness activities had differential effects on happiness. Our recent systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychological effects of kindness (Curry, et al. 2018) revealed that performing acts of kindness boosts happiness and well-being. However, we noted in that review that rarely had researchers specifically compared the effects of kindness to different recipients, such as to friends or to strangers. Thus in a single factorial design (n=683) we compare acts of kindness to strong social ties, weak social ties, novel acts of self kindness, and observing acts of kindness, against a no acts control group. The results indicate that performing kindness activities for seven days increases happiness. In addition, we report a positive correlation between the number of kind acts and increases in happiness. Neither effect differed across the experimental the groups, suggesting that kindness to strong ties, to weak ties, and to self, as well as observing acts of kindness, have equally positive effects on happiness.","Rowland, Lee; Curry, Oliver Scott",J. Soc. Psychol.,1621
-"Unresolved heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Combined construct invalidity, confounding, and other challenges to understanding mean effect sizes","We examined the interplay between how communication researchers use meta-analyses to make claims and the prevalence, causes, and implications of unresolved heterogeneous findings. Heterogeneous findings can result from substantive moderators, methodological artifacts, and combined construct invalidity. An informal content analysis of meta-analyses published in four elite communication journals revealed that unresolved between-study effect heterogeneity was ubiquitous. Communication researchers mainly focus on computing mean effect sizes, to the exclusion of how effect sizes in primary studies are distributed and of what might be driving effect size distributions. We offer four recommendations for future meta-analyses. Researchers are advised to be more diligent and sophisticated in testing for heterogeneity. We encourage greater description of how effects are distributed, coupled with greater reliance on graphical displays. We council greater recognition of combined construct invalidity and advocate for content expertise. Finally, we endorse greater awareness and improved tests for publication bias and questionable research practices. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of International Communication Association. All rights reserved.","Levine, T.R.; Weber, R.",Hum. Commun. Res.,1622
-Systematic review of perioperative and quality-of-life outcomes following surgical management of localised renal cancer,"Partial nephrectomy provided significantly better preservation of renal function than radical nephrectomy. For tumours where partial nephrectomy was not technically feasible, there was no evidence that alternative procedures or techniques were better than laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for perioperative or quality of life outcomes. XCM: This review had a clear research question and specified inclusion criteria in enough detail to enable independent researchers to repeat the review. Databases were searched without language restrictions and attempts were made to find unpublished studies, which reduced risks of language and publication biases. Studies were selected by two people independently to reduce errors/bias; no such methods were reported for data extraction and quality assessment. The narrative synthesis and presentation of results on forest plots but without pooled values seemed appropriate given the differences between the studies. The authors' conclusions do not fully reflect the results of the review and may not be reliable due to the poor quality of the evidence and discrepancies in the reporting. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that when making treatment decisions, perioperative and quality of life outcomes should be considered alongside oncological outcomes. Partial nephrectomy should be the preferred method for tumours where oncological outcomes had been shown to be equivalent among interventions.Research: The authors stated that systematic and methodical approaches were needed when studying complex surgical procedures. Future studies should measure quality of life and perioperative outcomes.","MacLennan, S; Imamura, M; Lapitan, M C; Omar, M I; Lam, T B; Hilvano-Cabungcal, A M; Royle, P; Stewart, F; MacLennan, G; MacLennan, S J; Dahm, P; Canfield, S E; McClinton, S; Griffiths, T R; Ljungberg, B; N'Dow J; UCAN Systematic Review Reference Group; EAU Renal Cancer Guideline Panel",,1623
-Antecedents of Knowledge Sharing Behavior among Nurses: Towards Research Agenda,"This paper attempts to propose presenteeism, altruism and virtual communities of practices (CoP) as the main antecedents to facilitate knowledge sharing behavior (KSB) among nurses. A systematic review technique is adopted to formulate a conceptual framework that integrates the Social Cognitive theory, Social Capital theory and Theory of Planned Behavior. This paper suggests the importance of KSB and its antecedents from the perspective of nursing. Presenteeism in this study is generated by positive attitude to implement tasks by nurses. Indeed, their essence of knowledge and caring has led this study to propose altruism and informal communication tool (facebook) as factors that can influence KSB. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","Shaari, Roziana; Bakri, Norhani; Rahman, Ayesha Abdul",Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences,1624
-Don't forget to say thank you': The effect of an acknowledgement on donor relationships,,"Merchant, A.; Ford, J.B.; Sargeant, A.",Journal of Marketing Management,1625
-The transfer of for-profit marketing technology to the not-for-profit domain: Precautions from the theory of technology,,"Kilbourne, W.E.; Marshall, K.P.",Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,1626
-Empathy: A motivated account,"Empathy features a tension between automaticity and context dependency. On the one hand, people often take on each other's internal states reflexively and outside of awareness. On the other hand, empathy shifts with characteristics of empathizers and situations. These 2 characteristics of empathy can be reconciled by acknowledging the key role of motivation in driving people to avoid or approach engagement with others' emotions. In particular, at least 3 phenomena —suffering, material costs, and interference with competition—motivate people to avoid empathy, and at least 3 phenomena —positive affect, affiliation, and social desirability—motivate them to approach empathy. Would-be empathizers carry out these motives through regulatory strategies including situation selection, attentional modulation, and appraisal, which alter the course of empathic episodes. Interdisciplinary evidence highlights the motivated nature of empathy, and a motivated model holds wide-ranging implications for basic theory, models of psychiatric illness, and intervention efforts to maximize empathy. © 2016 APA.","Jamil, Z.",Psychol. Bull.,1627
-Testing the two sides of indirect reciprocity in tufted capuchin monkeys,"We addressed two different aspects of indirect reciprocity in tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) studying two common cooperative behaviours, grooming and food sharing. In an observational study, we tested whether capuchin monkeys were more likely to groom an individual that had just groomed a group mate than an individual that had not groomed anybody. In an experimental study, we tested whether capuchin monkeys were more likely to share their food with a partner when in the presence of a bystander (or of an image of the eyes of a conspecific) than when alone with their partner. In the observational study, we found an increase in the likelihood of receiving grooming after giving grooming, but this effect seemed to depend on social facilitation rather than on indirect reciprocity, as we found a similar effect after receiving (rather than giving) grooming. In the experimental study, the presence of a bystander or of an image of eyes did not affect the amount of food transferred to a group mate. Overall, these results suggest capuchin monkeys do not engage in indirect reciprocity. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.","Schino, G.; Boggiani, L.; Mortelliti, A.; Pinzaglia, M.; Addessi, E.",Behav. Processes,1628
-Social preferences across different populations: Meta-analyses on the ultimatum game and dictator game,"We perform meta-regressions on a single database containing 96 observations of simple ultimatum games and 144 observations of simple dictator games to disentangle the fairness hypothesis based on the degree of economic development of a country. According to the fairness hypothesis, offers in the two games should not differ if they were motivated by a subject's fairness concerns. Using the difference across countries between offers in ultimatum and dictator games, we address the effect of being exposed to the market mechanism on pure fairness concerns and other-regarding, expectations-driven fairness. Our results show in particular that the lower the level of economic development in a country, the less likely the rejection of the fairness hypothesis. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.","Cochard, F.; Le Gallo, J.; Georgantzis, N.; Tisserand, J.-C.",J. Behave. Exp. Econ.,1629
-"We, Them, and It: Dictator Game Offers Depend on Hierarchical Social Status, Artificial Intelligence, and Social Dominance","We investigated the influence of social status on behavior in a modified dictator game (DG). Since the DG contains an inherent dominance gradient, we examined the relationship between dictator decisions and recipient status, which was operationalized by three social identities and an artificial intelligence (AI). Additionally, we examined the predictive value of social dominance orientation (SDO) on the behavior of dictators toward the different social and non-social hierarchical recipients. A multilevel model analysis showed that recipients with the same status as the dictator benefited the most and the artificial intelligence the least. Furthermore, SDO, regardless of social status, predicted behavior toward recipients in such a way that higher dominance was associated with lower dictator offers. In summary, participants treated other persons of higher and lower status equally, those of equal status better and, above all, an algorithm worst. The large proportion of female participants and the limited variance of SDO should be taken into account with regard to the results of individual differences in SDO. © Copyright © 2020 Weiß, Rodrigues, Paelecke and Hewig.","Weiß, M.; Rodrigues, J.; Paelecke, M.; Hewig, J.",Front. Psychol.,1630
-Compassion Training Alters Altruism and Neural Responses to Suffering,"Compassion is a key motivator of altruistic behavior, but little is known about individuals' capacity to cultivate compassion through training. We examined whether compassion may be systematically trained by testing whether (a) short-term compassion training increases altruistic behavior and (b) individual differences in altruism are associated with training-induced changes in neural responses to suffering. In healthy adults, we found that compassion training increased altruistic redistribution of funds to a victim encountered outside of the training context. Furthermore, increased altruistic behavior after compassion training was associated with altered activation in brain regions implicated in social cognition and emotion regulation, including the inferior parietal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and in DLPFC connectivity with the nucleus accumbens. These results suggest that compassion can be cultivated with training and that greater altruistic behavior may emerge from increased engagement of neural systems implicated in understanding the suffering of other people, executive and emotional control, and reward processing. © The Author(s) 2013.","Weng, H.Y.; Fox, A.S.; Shackman, A.J.; Stodola, D.E.; Caldwell, J.Z.K.; Olson, M.C.; Rogers, G.M.; Davidson, R.J.",Psychol. Sci.,1631
-Artificial cervical and lumbar disc implants: a review of the literature,"1. The concept of establishing spinal pain as being caused by Degenerative Disc Disease is still problematic and unclear.2. Artificial intervertebral disc has been in use for almost two decades in mainly European and some Asian countries3. As of December 29, 2003, there are two artificial disc implants that have been licensed for use in Canada. These products include SB Charite III for lumbar disc and Bryan Cervical Disc Prosthesis.4. Recently, SB Charite III has been approved by the US FDA for use in treating pain associated with lumbar spinal disc degeneration. The approval was given, based on the US FDA investigational device exemption multicenter randomized controlled trial study conducted by the manufacturer. It should be noted that our appraisal of this study suggests some areas of concern.5. At present, Prosthetic Disc Nucleus is under investigation in Canada and the US.6. Despite the claims that Bryan's cervical disc has been implanted in over 5000 patients worldwide, to date, there are only 9 published papers on the application of Bryan's cervical disc. These publications are all case series types (level 4-5 evidence).7. The insertion of artificial cervical disc has many technical issues and is not without risk. Complications, including the need for re-surgery, device migration and physiological bodily response to the wear debris of the implant have been reported.8. Due to the lack of direct comparison published data on cervical disc prosthesis against, for example, discectomy with or without fusion, as well as long term follow-up (> 10 years) safety and efficacy of artificial cervical disc still cannot be established. It is expected that, in the near future, short-term randomized controlled trial data will be available from the US FDA Device Exemption Study results.9. As such, at present, artificial intervertebral disc, in particular artificial cervical discs, should be considered still at an experimental stage.",WCB Evidence Based Practice Group,,1632
-"The eyes have it: The neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze","Gaze is an important component of social interaction. The function, evolution and neurobiology of gaze processing are therefore of interest to a number of researchers. This review discusses the evolutionary role of social gaze in vertebrates (focusing on primates), and a hypothesis that this role has changed substantially for primates compared to other animals. This change may have been driven by morphological changes to the face and eyes of primates, limitations in the facial anatomy of other vertebrates, changes in the ecology of the environment in which primates live, and a necessity to communicate information about the environment, emotional and mental states. The eyes represent different levels of signal value depending on the status, disposition and emotional state of the sender and receiver of such signals. There are regions in the monkey and human brain which contain neurons that respond selectively to faces, bodies and eye gaze. The ability to follow another individual's gaze direction is affected in individuals with autism and other psychopathological disorders, and after particular localized brain lesions. The hypothesis that gaze following is 'hard-wired' in the brain, and may be localized within a circuit linking the superior temporal sulcus, amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex is discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.","Emery, N.J.",Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.,1633
-The Sense of Being Watched Is Modulated by Arousal and Duration of the Perceptual Episode,"The mere presence of a depiction of eyes can elicit a sense of being watched in the perceiver. To this date, the factors affecting the intensity of this sense of being watched, however, have not been investigated. In the present experiment, we tested the impact of two potentially relevant variables: arousal (manipulated using specific musical pieces) and duration of the perceptual episode (manipulated using presentation times of 200 ms and 10 s, respectively). We asked participants to report how intensely they felt being watched while we exposed them to various observation cues ranging from human eyes to surveillance cameras. We found that, on average, reported intensities were higher if participants were in a state of relatively higher arousal and if the perceptual episode during which the respective observation cues were presented lasted long enough (10 s) to allow more than a first glance. Scientific and practical implications are briefly discussed. © 2017, © The Author(s) 2017.","Hesslinger, V.M.; Carbon, C.-C.; Hecht, H.",i-Perception,1634
-The dynamogenic factors in pacemaking and competition,,"Triplett, N.",American Journal of Psychology,1635
-On having very long arms: how the availability of technological means affects moral cognition,"Modern technological means allow for meaningful interaction across arbitrary distances, while human morality evolved in environments in which individuals needed to be spatially close in order to interact. We investigate how people integrate knowledge about modern technology with their ancestral moral dispositions to help relieve nearby suffering. Our first study establishes that spatial proximity between an agent's means of helping and the victims increases people's judgement of helping obligations, even if the agent is constantly far personally. We then report and meta-analyse 20 experiments elucidating the cognitive mechanisms behind this effect, which include inferences of increased efficaciousness and personal involvement. Implications of our findings for the scientific understanding of ancestral moral dispositions in modern environments are discussed, as well as suggestions for how these insights might be exploited to increase charitable giving. Our meta-analysis provides a practical example for how aggregating across all available data, including failed replication attempts, allows conclusions that could not be supported in single experiments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Nagel, Jonas; Waldmann, Michael R",Thinking and Reasoning,1636
-"Personality, organization-specific attitude, and socioeconomic correlates of charity giving behavior",,"Yavas, U.; Riecken, G.; Parameswaran, R.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,1637
-Name similarity encourages generosity: A field experiment in email personalization,,"Munz, K.P.; Jung, M.H.; Alter, A.L.",Marketing Science,1638
-"It's harder to push, when I have to push hard—physical exertion and fatigue changes reasoning and decision-making on hypothetical moral dilemmas in males","Despite the prevalence of physical exertion and fatigue during military, firefighting and disaster medicine operations, sports or even daily life, their acute effects on moral reasoning and moral decision-making have never been systematically investigated. To test the effects of physical exertion on moral reasoning and moral decision-making, we administered a moral dilemma task to 32 male participants during a moderate or high intensity cycling intervention. Participants in the high intensity cycling group tended to show more non-utilitarian reasoning and more non-utilitarian decision-making on impersonal but not on personal dilemmas than participants in the moderate intensity cycling group. Exercise-induced exertion and fatigue, thus, shifted moral reasoning and moral decision-making in a non-utilitarian rather than utilitarian direction, presumably due to an exercise-induced limitation of prefrontally mediated executive resources that are more relevant for utilitarian than non-utilitarian reasoning and decision-making. © 2018 Weippert, Rickler, Kluck, Behrens, Bastian, Mau-Moeller, Bruhn and Lischke.","Weippert, M.; Rickler, M.; Kluck, S.; Behrens, K.; Bastian, M.; Mau-Moeller, A.; Bruhn, S.; Lischke, A.",Front. Behav. Neurosci.,1639
-Deception under time pressure: Conscious decision or a problem of awareness?,"Time is a crucial determinant of deception, since some misreporting opportunities come as a surprise and require an intuitive decision while others allow for extensive reflection time. To be able to pursue a deceptive strategy, however, a subject must be aware of the misreporting opportunity. This paper provides experimental evidence on the role of the time dimension for dishonest decision-making and for the cognition process of the chance to deceive. We conduct a laboratory experiment of self-serving deceptive behavior which combines two exogenously varied levels of reflection time with a cognition process about the deception opportunity. We find that time pressure leads to more honesty compared to sufficient contemplation time. More importantly, decomposing misreporting into its two components, i.e., the cognition process of the misreporting opportunity and the conscious decision to misreport, reveals that more reflection time increases awareness of the misreporting opportunity. However, more time has no effect on the conscious decision of whether to misreport or not. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.","Lohse, T.; Simon, S.A.; Konrad, K.A.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,1640
-Examining charitable giving in real-world online donations,"The current study uses big data to study prosocial behavior by analyzing donations made on the GoFundMe platform. In a dataset of more than $44 million in online donations, we find that 21% were made while opting to be anonymous to the public, with survey results indicating that 11% of these anonymous donations (2.3% of all donations) are not attributable to any egoistic goal. Additionally, we find that donors gave significantly more to recipients who had the same last name as them. We find evidence that men and women donated more when more donors of the opposite sex were visible on the screen at the time of donating. Our results suggest that men and women were both significantly affected by the average donation amounts visible at the time of their decisions, and men were influenced more. We find that women expressed significantly more empathy than men in messages accompanying their donations. © 2019, The Author(s).","Sisco, M.R.; Weber, E.U.",Nat. Commun.,1641
-What type of nonprofit organization is preferred in government contracting in China?,"Government contracting with nonprofit organizations in service delivery has become a widespread practice in the public administration landscape. This research explores what kinds of nonprofits are more likely to receive government funding for service delivery. Viewing nonprofits’ pursuit of government funding as an interorganizational effort, we examine the contextual and organizational factors that influence nonprofits’ receipt of government funding. Using the data collected from a nationwide survey of Chinese nonprofits, we find a close contractual relationship between government and nonprofits. Further analysis suggests that policy advocacy, board co-optation, external competition, and organizational formalization have positive impacts on leveraging government funding, while interorganizational collaboration and organizational professionalization do not appear to play a significant role. To our knowledge, this study represents the first nationwide survey research on government–nonprofit contracting in China. The findings expand the literature by adding new empirical evidence from an authoritarian context. Points for practitioners: This study examines the contextual and organizational factors affecting Chinese nonprofit organizations’ receipt of purchase-of-service contracts from government. The results indicate that nonprofit organizations engaging in more policy advocacy activities, having more people with government working experience on governing boards, facing stronger competition in resource acquisition and service delivery from operating environments, and embracing more formal structures and procedures in organizational operations would receive more government contracts. © The Author(s) 2019.","Dong, Q.; Lu, J.",Int. Rev. Adm. Sci.,1642
-Passing the buck to the wealthier: Reference-dependent standards of generosity,"Who is expected to donate to charity, and how much should they give? Intuitively, the less financially constrained someone is the more they should give. How then do people evaluate who is constrained and who has money to spare? We argue that perceptions of spare money are reference-dependent with respect to one's current self: those who earn more than oneself are perceived as having an abundance of spare money and thus as ethically obligated to donate. However, those higher earners themselves report having little to spare, and thus apply lower donation standards to themselves. Moreover, a meta-analysis of our file-drawer reveals an asymmetry: individuals overestimate the spare money of higher earners but estimate the scant spare money of lower earners more accurately. Across all incomes assessed, people “pass the buck” to wealthier others (or to their future wealthier selves), who in turn, “pass the buck” to even wealthier others. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.","Berman, J.Z.; Bhattacharjee, A.; Small, D.A.; Zauberman, G.",Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Processes,1643
-Tax incentives for personal charitable contributions,,"Glenday, G.; Gupta, A.K.; Pawlak, H.",Review of Economics and Statistics,1644
-A robust estimation of the effects of taxation on charitable contributions,,"Bradley, R.; Holden, S.; McClelland, R.",Econometric Society 8th Annual World Congress,1645
-"Personality, antisocial behavior, and aggression: A meta-analytic review","Purpose: Although the relationship between personality and antisocial behaviors has been widely examined and empirically supported in the psychological literature, relatively few efforts to study this relationship have appeared in mainstream criminology. Materials and methods: The current study focuses on the domains and facets from the Five-Factor Model of personality, and how they are related to antisocial and aggressive behaviors. Results: The meta-analytic findings indicate that the higher-order traits of Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism demonstrate the most consistent relationships with these outcomes. At the lower-order trait level, straightforwardness, compliance, and altruism from Agreeableness, deliberation from Conscientiousness, angry hostility from Neuroticism, and warmth from Extraversion were among the strongest correlates. Conclusion: The findings are consistent with previous meta-analytic studies, thus providing compelling support for their utility in understanding antisocial and aggressive behavior. As such, they should be afforded greater theoretical and empirical attention within criminology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Jones, Shayne E; Miller, Joshua D; Lynam, Donald R",J. Crim. Justice,1646
-"Trust, Punishment, and Cooperation Across 18 Societies: A Meta-Analysis","Punishment promotes contributions to public goods, but recent evidence suggests that its effectiveness varies across societies. Prior theorizing suggests that cross-societal differences in trust play a key role in determining the effectiveness of punishment, as a form of social norm enforcement, to promote cooperation. One line of reasoning is that punishment promotes cooperation in low-trust societies, primarily because people in such societies expect their fellow members to contribute only if there are strong incentives to do so. Yet another line of reasoning is that high trust makes punishment work, presumably because in high-trust societies people may count on each other to make contributions to public goods and also enforce norm violations by punishing free riders. This poses a puzzle of punishment: Is punishment more effective in promoting cooperation in high- or low-trust societies? In the present article, we examine this puzzle of punishment in a quantitative review of 83 studies involving 7,361 participants across 18 societies that examine the impact of punishment on cooperation in a public goods dilemma. The findings provide a clear answer: Punishment more strongly promotes cooperation in societies with high trust rather than low trust.","Balliet, Daniel; Van Lange, Paul A M",Perspect. Psychol. Sci.,1647
-"Trustworthiness and competitive altruism can also solve the ""tragedy of the commons""","The benefits of a good reputation can help explain why some individuals are willing to be altruistic in situations where they will not receive direct benefits. Recent experiments on indirect reciprocity have shown that when people stand to benefit from having a good reputation, they are more altruistic towards groups and charities. However, it is unknown whether indirect reciprocity is the only thing that can cause such an effect. Individuals may be altruistic because it will make them more trustworthy. In this study, I show that participants in a cooperative group game contribute more to their group when they expect to play a dyadic trust game afterwards, and that participants do tend to trust altruistic individuals more than nonaltruistic individuals. I also included a condition where participants had to choose only one person to trust (instead of being able to trust all players) in the dyadic trust game that followed the cooperative group game, and contributions towards the group were maintained best in this condition. This provides some evidence that competition for scarce reputational benefits can help maintain cooperative behaviour because of competitive altruism. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Barclay, P.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,1648
-Consumer preferences for human uniqueness in marketing communications,,"Davidson, A.; Laroche, M.",Journal of Marketing Communications,1649
-"""Do They See Me?"" Cues of Being Watched Enhance Honesty in Modified Dictator Game ","We examined the effect of the mirror in front of participants on honesty in the modified Dictator game with the explicit rule Take one item of reward only. We expected that participants will transgress the rule significantly less in the presence of mirror. In first study, a group of preschool children underwent the task in the within-subject repeated measures design; the experimental condition was used two weeks after the pretest. In second study, a between-subject design was used to a group of university students. In both cases, our results show highly significant odds ratio of the preventing the transgressing the rule. These results are higher than those known from studies based on simple Dictator game, what suggests that the process of self-evaluation triggered by objective self-awareness may play an important role in this setting.","Mentel, A.; Žihlavníková, R.",Soc. Stud.,1650
-Social exchange and reciprocity: Confusion or a heuristic?,"We propose that a ""social exchange heuristic"" is as important as the cheater detection mechanism for attaining mutual cooperation in social exchange. The social exchange heuristic prompts people to perceive a mixed-motive situation, such as the Prisoner's Dilemma (PD), as an Assurance Game (AG) situation in which cooperation is a personally better choice than defection insofar as the partner is cooperating as well. We demonstrate the operation of the social exchange heuristic through a comparison of the ordinary one-shot, simultaneous PD with the one-shot, sequential PD. Participants in the current experiments, involving a total of 261 volunteers, committed a logical error in the direction of favoring mutual cooperation as the situation involved more serious consequences. This result strongly suggests the operation of a domain specific ""bias"" that encourages pursuit of mutual cooperation in social exchange. © 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.","Kiyonari, T.; Tanida, S.; Yamagishi, T.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,1651
-Choice of cause in cause-related marketing,,"Robinson, S.R.; Irmak, C.; Jayachandran, S.",Journal of Marketing,1652
-Cooperation through indirect reciprocity: Image scoring or standing strategy?,"Theorists have only recently shown that cooperation through indirect reciprocity can evolve. The first modelling approach favoured a mechanism called image scoring. Helping someone increases one's image score, whereas refusing to help reduces it. The evolutionary outcome was a discriminator image scoring strategy that helps everybody who has, for example, a positive image score. Two experimental studies with humans found results that were compatible with discriminator image scoring. However, a new analysis of other theorists, based on another population structure, has cast doubts on the evolutionary stability of strategies using the recipient's score as a sole basis for decision. The new theoretical study confirmed that a strategy aiming at 'good standing' has superior properties and easily beats image scoring. An individual loses good standing by failing to help a recipient in good standing, whereas failing to help recipients who lack good standing does not damage the standing of a potential donor (but would reduce his image score). The present empirical study with 23 groups of seven human subjects each was designed for distinguishing between the two proposed mechanisms experimentally. The results differed strongly from standing strategies, which might demand too much working memory capacity, but were compatible with image scoring or a similar strategy to a large extent. Furthermore, donors of constant 'NO players' compensated for their refusing to help these players by being more generous to others.","Milinski, M.; Semmann, D.; Bakker, T.C.M.; Krambeck, H.-J.",Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.,1653
-"Experiments on the provision of public goods. II. Provision points, stakes, experience, and the free-rider problem",,"Marwell, G.; Ames, R.E.",American Journal of Sociology,1654
-Marketing and non-profit organizations in the Czech Republic,,"Bulla, M.; Starr-Glass, D.",European Journal of Marketing,1655
-How the frequency and amount of corporate donations affect consumer perception and behavioral responses,,"Jin, L.; He, Y.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,1656
-,,"Ariely, D.",,1657
-Enhancing helping behavior: An integrative framework for promotion planning,"Charitable organizations play a vital role in our society, as is evidenced by their enormous economic and social impact. Yet, for many of them, soliciting adequate resources to carry out their mandates is a continuing struggle. Confronted with a growing need for their services, fierce competition from other charities, and shrinking support from government agencies, charities may turn to marketers for help in developing effective promotional strategies. Unfortunately, marketing literature is unable to provide meaningful guidance because scant research attention has hampered a fuller understanding of why people help. The authors integrate relevant research in marketing, economics, sociology, and social psychology to advance theoretical understanding of helping behavior. They develop research propositions regarding specific promotional strategies that charitable organizations can employ to elicit help.","Bendapudi, N.; Singh, S.N.; Bendapudi, V.",J. Mark.,1658
-A meta-analysis of artificial total disc replacement versus fusion for lumbar degenerative disc disease,"Total artificial disc replacement did not show significant superiority for the treatment of lumbar degenerative disc disease when compared with fusion. XCM: This review answered a clearly defined research question and carried out literature searches using a number of resources. The risk of language bias was likely to be low as study inclusion was not limited by language. The authors attempted to locate unpublished studies, so the risk of publication bias was likely to be low. Risks of reviewer error and bias were likely to be low as two reviewers independently assessed the studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of the studies. Criteria used to assess the methodological quality of the studies appeared appropriate. Four of the five studies were judged to be good quality. Appropriate analyses were performed and took into account both clinical and statistical heterogeneity. The authors attempted to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity.The authors' recommended a cautious interpretation of their findings which appeared appropriate given the number of studies and differences between them. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice.Research: The authors stated that long-term high-quality studies were required to assess the cost-effectiveness and benefits of motion preservation and the risk of complications associated with total disc replacement versus fusion for the treatment of degenerative disc disease.","Yajun, W; Yue, Z; Xiuxin, H; Cui, C",,1659
-A benefit segmentation of the major donor market,Wealthy individuals exert considerable influence in the $123 billion nonprofit sector through the creation of large charitable trusts. This paper presents a segmentation of that influential population based on an in-depth study of their motivations for giving and the relationships they establish with their nonprofit beneficiaries. The four philanthropic segment profiles thus developed have implications for the marketing activities of nonprofit organizations and for the development of theory about motivations for philanthropy. © 1994.,"Cermak, D.S.P.; File, K.M.; Prince, R.A.",J. Bus. Res.,1660
-Systematic review and meta-analysis of Altruistic and Game-playing love (Revisión sistemática y meta-análisis del amor Altruista y Lúdico),"This systematic review aimed to find attitudes towards Altruistic and Game-playing love styles across individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Addressing major moderators concerning Altruistic and Game-playing love styles are the secondary objectives of this review. This review included 102 articles comprising samples from 37 countries (N = 41,997). The findings of this meta-analysis show that there is a collectivistic and individualistic difference in Game-playing but not in the Altruistic love style. Collectivistic and individualistic cultures, on average, demonstrate the same perception concerning the Altruistic love style, whereas collectivistic culture shows the Game-playing love style more strongly. To explain the role of moderators in key measures, the subgroup analysis and meta-regression show that both Game-playing and Altruistic love styles decline by increasing the length of the relationship. Likewise, having children affects these love styles such that the Altruistic love style is improved and the Game-playing love style is reduced by the presence of children in families. © 2021 Fundacion Infancia y Aprendizaje.","Dabiriyan-Tehrani, H.; Yamini, S.",Estud. Psicol.,1661
-If I look at the mass I will never act: Psychic numbing and genocide,,"Slovic, P.",Judgment and Decision Making,1662
-Experimental results on ultimatum games with incomplete information,"This paper is about experiments on two versions of ultimatum games with incomplete information, called the offer game and the demand game. We apply the strategy method, that is, each subject had to design a complete strategy in advance instead of reacting spontaneously to a situation which occurs in the game. Game theory predicts very similar outcomes for the offer and the demand games. Our experiments, however, show significant differences in behavior between both games. Using the strategy method, allows us to explore the motivations leading to those differences. Since each subject played the same version of the game eight rounds against changing anonymous opponents we can also study subjects' learning behavior. We propose a theory of boundedly rational behavior, called the ""anticipation philosophy"", which is well supported by the experimental data. © 1993 Physica-Verlag.","Mitzkewitz, M.; Nagel, R.",Int J Game Theory,1663
-,,"Omura, T.",Competition between Charitable Organizations for Private Donations,1664
-Are quality improvement collaboratives effective? A systematic review,"BACKGROUND: Quality improvement collaboratives (QIC) have proliferated internationally, but there is little empirical evidence for their effectiveness. METHOD: We searched Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library databases from January 1995 to December 2014. Studies were included if they met the criteria for a QIC intervention and the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) minimum study design characteristics for inclusion in a review. We assessed study bias using the EPOC checklist and the quality of the reported intervention using a subset of SQUIRE 1.0 standards. RESULTS: Of the 220 studies meeting QIC criteria, 64 met EPOC study design standards for inclusion. There were 10 cluster randomised controlled trials, 24 controlled before-after studies and 30 interrupted time series studies. QICs encompassed a broad range of clinical settings, topics and populations ranging from neonates to the elderly. Few reports fully described QIC implementation and methods, intensity of activities, degree of site engagement and important contextual factors. By care setting, an improvement was reported for one or more of the study's primary effect measures in 83% of the studies (32/39 (82%) hospital based, 17/20 (85%) ambulatory care, 3/4 nursing home and a sole ambulance QIC). Eight studies described persistence of the intervention effect 6 months to 2 years after the end of the collaborative. Collaboratives reporting success generally addressed relatively straightforward aspects of care, had a strong evidence base and noted a clear evidence-practice gap in an accepted clinical pathway or guideline. CONCLUSIONS: QICs have been adopted widely as an approach to shared learning and improvement in healthcare. Overall, the QICs included in this review reported significant improvements in targeted clinical processes and patient outcomes. These reports are encouraging, but most be interpreted cautiously since fewer than a third met established quality and reporting criteria, and publication bias is likely.","Wells, Susan; Tamir, Orly; Gray, Jonathon; Naidoo, Dhevaksha; Bekhit, Mark; Goldmann, Don",BMJ Qual. Saf.,1665
-Being Watched by Anthropomorphized Objects Affects Charitable Donation in Religious People,"This study assessed the effect of bottom-up visual cues—the cues of being watched—from anthropomorphized (face-like) everyday objects on religious people's prosocial behavior. As religious people are more likely than less-religious people to perceive faces in everyday objects and as perception of face-like objects promotes prosociality, it was expected that religious people would become more prosocial when they perceived face-like objects. To test the hypothesis, the study replicated a past finding in a Japanese sample in which religious people tended to perceive a face in everyday objects. Next, results showed that the decision to donate in religious people (compared to less-religious people) was increased when a face-like object was displayed with charitable appeals. This effect was not observed with a non-face-like object. The current study indicates that interaction with the surrounding environment plays an important role in motivating prosocial behavior among religious people. © 2017 Japanese Psychological Association. Published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.","Miyazaki, Y.",Jpn. Psychol. Res.,1666
-The effect of direct and indirect monitoring on generosity among preschoolers,"The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of direct and indirect monitoring on generosity among five-year-old preschoolers and to reveal the primary motivation for their generosity. Forty-two preschoolers completed one-shot dictator games in Condition 1 while being monitored by the experimenter (the direct monitoring condition). In Condition 2, an image of staring eyes was displayed on the computer monitor (the indirect monitoring condition). In Condition 3, the computer monitor showed a picture of flowers (the non-monitoring condition). The results showed that while there was no difference between the mean levels of allocation in the indirect and non-monitoring conditions, the mean level of allocation in the direct monitoring condition was significantly higher than in the non-monitoring condition. These results showed that five-year-old preschoolers concerned with being monitored by, and receiving direct responses from, others tend to be more generous. © 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.","Fujii, T.; Takagishi, H.; Koizumi, M.; Okada, H.",Sci. Rep.,1667
-The donor is in the details,"Recent research finds that people respond more generously to individual victims described in detail than to equivalent statistical victims described in general terms. We propose that this "" identified victim effect"" is one manifestation of a more general phenomenon: a positive influence of tangible information on generosity. In three experiments, we find evidence for an "" identified intervention effect""; providing tangible details about a charity's interventions significantly increases donations to that charity. Although previous work described sympathy as the primary mediator between tangible information and giving, current mediational analyses show that the influence of tangible details can operate through donors' perception that their contribution will have impact. Taken together with past work, the results suggest that tangible information of many types promotes generosity and can do so either via sympathy or via perceived impact. The ability of tangible information to increase impact points to new ways for charities to encourage generosity. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.","Cryder, C.E.; Loewenstein, G.; Scheines, R.",Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Processes,1668
-Laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy for live kidney donors,"BACKGROUND: Waiting lists for kidney transplantation continue to grow and live organ donation has become more important as the number of brain stem dead cadaveric organ donors continues to fall. The major disincentive to potential kidney donors is the pain and morbidity associated with open surgery. OBJECTIVES: To identify the benefits and harms of using laparoscopic compared to open nephrectomy techniques to recover kidneys from live organ donors. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the online databases CENTRAL (in The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 2), MEDLINE (January 1966 to January 2010) and EMBASE (January 1980 to January 2010) and handsearched textbooks and reference lists. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials comparing laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) with open donor nephrectomy (ODN). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts for eligibility, assessed study quality, and extracted data. We contacted study authors for additional information where necessary. MAIN RESULTS: Six studies were identified that randomised 596 live kidney donors to either LDN or ODN arms. All studies were assessed as having low or unclear risk of bias for selection bias, allocation bias, incomplete outcome data and selective reporting bias. Four of six studies had high risk of bias for blinding. Various different combinations of techniques were used in each study, resulting in heterogeneity in the results. The conversion rate from LDN to ODN ranged from 1% to 1.8%. LDN was generally found to be associated with reduced analgesia use, shorter hospital stay, and faster return to normal physical functioning. The extracted kidney was exposed to longer warm ischaemia periods (2 to 17 minutes) with no associated short-term consequences. ODN was associated with shorter duration of procedure. For those outcomes that could be meta-analysed there were no significant differences between LDN or ODN for perioperative complications (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.47 to 4.59), reoperations (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.09 to 3.64), early graft loss (RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.06 to 1.48), delayed graft function (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.52 to 2.30), acute rejection (RR 1.41, 95 % CI 0.87 to 2.27), ureteric complications (RR 1.51, 95% CI 0.69 to 3.31), kidney function at one year (SMD 0.15, 95% CI -0.11 to 0.41) or graft loss at one year (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.15 to 3.85). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: LDN is associated with less pain compared with open surgery; however, there are equivalent numbers of complications and occurrences of perioperative events that require further intervention. Kidneys obtained using LDN procedures were exposed to longer warm ischaemia periods than ODN-acquired grafts, although this has not been reported as being associated with short-term consequences.","Wilson, Colin H; Sanni, Aliu; Rix, David A; Soomro, Naeem A",Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.,1669
-Decomposing desert and tangibility effects in a charitable giving experiment,"Several papers have documented that when subjects play with standard laboratory ""endowments"" they make less self-interested choices than when they use money they have either earned through a laboratory task or brought from outside the lab. In the context of a charitable giving experiment we decompose this into two common artifacts of the laboratory: the intangibility of money (or experimental currency units) promised on a computer screen relative to cash in hand, and the distinct treatment of random ""windfall"" gains relative to earned money. While both effects are found to be significant in non-parametric tests, the former effect, which has been neglected in previous studies, has a stronger impact on total donations, while the latter effect has a greater impact on the probability of donating. These results have clear implications for experimental design, and also suggest that the availability of more abstract payment methods may increase other-regarding behavior in the field. © 2011 Economic Science Association.","Reinstein, D.; Riener, G.",Exp. Econ.,1670
-The role of eye gaze during natural social interactions in typical and autistic people,"Social interactions involve complex exchanges of a variety of social signals, such as gaze, facial expressions, speech and gestures. Focusing on the dual function of eye gaze, this review explores how the presence of an audience, communicative purpose and temporal dynamics of gaze allow interacting partners to achieve successful communication. First, we focus on how being watched modulates social cognition and behavior. We then show that the study of interpersonal gaze processing, particularly gaze temporal dynamics, can provide valuable understanding of social behavior in real interactions. We propose that the Interpersonal Gaze Processing model, which combines both sensing and signaling functions of eye gaze, provides a framework to make sense of gaze patterns in live interactions. Finally, we discuss how autistic individuals process the belief in being watched and interpersonal dynamics of gaze, and suggest that systematic manipulation of factors modulating gaze signaling can reveal which aspects of social eye gaze are challenging in autism. © 2019 Cañigueral and Hamilton.","Cañigueral, R.; Hamilton, A.F.C.",Front. Psychol.,1671
-Altered economic decision-making in abstinent heroin addicts: Evidence from the ultimatum game,"Background: The development and persistence of drug addiction has been suggested to involve decision-making deficits. The Ultimatum Game is a widely used economic decision-making paradigm that illustrates the tension between financial self-interest and fairness motives. The behavior of responders in the Ultimatum Game has been associated with emotional reactions and cognitive control abilities, both of which are dysregulated in drug addicts. In this study, we investigated whether this economic decision-making process that involves considerations of social norms is affected by heroin addiction. Methods: Heroin addicts (n = 17) and demographically matched healthy control subjects (n = 18) were recruited to play the part of responders in the Ultimatum Game, during which they decided to accept or reject the monetary offers proposed by strangers. The offers were manipulated by varying the stake sizes and fairness scales. The rejection rates of all of the offer categories, response times, fairness judgments, and impulsivity were compared between heroin addicts and healthy controls. Results: Compared with healthy subjects, the rejection rates of most unfair offers in the Ultimatum Game were significantly higher under low-offer-size conditions among heroin addicts. In contrast, the most unfair offers were more likely to be accepted by heroin addicts in the high-offer-size condition than by healthy subjects. The ratings of unfairness were equal in both conditions although the rejection rates were different. Heroin addicts had higher scores on BIS attentional/cognitive impulsivity and non-planning impulsivity, but not in motor impulsivity. Rejection rates to most unfair offers under low-offer-size conditions significantly correlated with score on BIS non-planning impulsivity and total score of impulsivity. Conclusions: Heroin addicts differentially responded under different stake-level conditions in the Ultimatum Game, with emotional impulses in low-offer-size conditions and selfish motives in the face of high monetary reward. These findings indicate that Ultimatum Game may be associated with heroin addiction and provide a productive new target for enhancing treatment for heroin addiction. © 2016.","Hou, Y.; Zhao, L.; Yao, Q.; Ding, L.",Neurosci. Lett.,1672
-The roles of board members in policy-making and marketing.,,"Pribilovics, R.M.; Wilson, P.",Journal of marketing for mental health,1673
-The cost-effectiveness of screening the U.S. blood supply for West Nile virus,"BACKGROUND: The spread of West Nile virus across North America and evidence of transmission by transfusion prompted the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to encourage the development of methods to screen the blood supply. OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost-effectiveness of nucleic acid amplification testing for West Nile virus in the U.S. blood supply. DESIGN: Markov cohort simulation. DATA SOURCES: Outcome probabilities estimated from nucleic acid testing done for West Nile virus in 2003, data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and published literature. Costs were taken from an economic study of West Nile virus infection and from estimated test costs. TARGET POPULATIONS: Transfusion recipients, 60 years of age or older, with and without underlying immunocompromise. TIME HORIZON: Lifetime. PERSPECTIVE: Societal. INTERVENTIONS: The authors compared 6 strategies, taking into consideration minipool (pools of 6 to 16 donations) versus individual donation testing, and the geographic and seasonal nature of West Nile virus activity. OUTCOME MEASURES: Costs and effects of each strategy based on the prevention of transfusion-transmitted West Nile virus. RESULTS OF BASE-CASE ANALYSIS: The cost-effectiveness of annual, national minipool testing was 483,000 dollars per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), whereas the cost-effectiveness of annual, national individual donation testing was 897,000 dollars/QALY. The cost-effectiveness of targeted individual donation testing in an area experiencing an outbreak coupled with minipool testing elsewhere was 520,000 dollars/QALY. RESULTS OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: In 1-way analyses, the most important influences were the prevalence of West Nile virus and the cost of minipool testing and individual donation testing. The 95% range of results from probabilistic sensitivity analysis for targeted individual donation testing was 256,000 dollars to 1,044,000 dollars/QALY. LIMITATIONS: The outcomes of West Nile virus infection were based on data from the general population rather than from the population who received transfusions. The results are most useful in the context of geographically focused outbreaks of West Nile virus infection. CONCLUSIONS: Using targeted individual donation testing to interdict blood donations that are positive for the West Nile virus is relatively cost-effective but is highly dependent on West Nile virus prevalence.","Custer, Brian; Busch, Michael P; Marfin, Anthony A; Petersen, Lyle R",Ann. Intern. Med.,1674
-When Lone Wolf Defectors Undermine the Power of the Opt-Out Default,"High levels of cooperation are a central feature of human society, and conditional cooperation has been proposed as one proximal mechanism to support this. The counterforce of free-riding can, however, undermine cooperation and as such a number of external mechanisms have been proposed to ameliorate the effects of free-riding. One such mechanism is setting cooperation as the default (i.e., an opt-out default). We posit, however, that in dynamic settings where people can observe and condition their actions on others’ behaviour, ‘lone wolf’ defectors undermine initial cooperation encouraged by an opt-out default, while ‘good shepherds’ defeat the free-riding encouraged by an opt-in default. Thus, we examine the dynamic emergence of conditional cooperation under different default settings. Specifically, we develop a game theoretical model to analyse cooperation under defaults for cooperation (opt-out) and defection (opt-in). The model predicts that the ‘lone wolf’ effect is stronger than the ‘good shepherd’ effect, which – if anticipated by players – should strategically deter free-riding under opt-out and cooperation under opt-in. Our experimental games confirm the existence of both ‘lone wolf’ defectors and ‘good shepherd’ cooperators, and that the ‘lone wolf’effect is stronger in the context of organ donation registration behaviour. We thus show a potential ‘dark side’ to conditional cooperation (‘lone wolf effect’) and draw implications for the adoption of an opt-out organ donation policy. © 2020, The Author(s).","Ferguson, E.; Shichman, R.; Tan, J.H.W.",Sci. Rep.,1675
-Incorporating direct marketing activity into latent attrition models,,"Schweidel, D.A.; Knox, G.",Marketing Science,1676
-Charitable deductions and tax reform: New evidence on giving behavior,,"Rudney, G.",Tax Notes,1677
-The differential impact of social norms cues on charitable contributions,"Using a field experiment, we test the channel by which normative cues affect the decision process to donate to a public library. Our treatments consist of a reciprocity cue or an eyespots cue that is placed on the solicitation materials mailed out to potential donors during a public library fundraising drive. The data are consistent with a two stage decision process by which individuals first decide whether to make a donation and then decide how much to donate. We show that both cues significantly affect donation behavior by enhancing the intensity of the behavior while only one cue enhances the likelihood of engaging in the behavior. These results imply that what might look like a subtle or even fickle effect of normative cues on behavior is an economically sizable effect when we take into account what aspect of the decision process is affected by the cue. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.","Krupka, E.L.; Croson, R.T.A.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,1678
-An experimental test of the crowding out hypothesis,"We report the results of laboratory experiments that examine whether third-party contributions crowd out private giving to charity. Subjects play a single dictator game with a charity as the recipient. The subject chooses his preferred charity from a list. There are four treatment combinations: Two initial allocations and two frames. Initial allocations are either US$18 for the subject and US$2 for the charity, or US$15 and US$5, respectively, and the subject is then given the opportunity to allocate additional funds if desired. The decision frame is also varied to affect subjects' perceptions of the task. In one frame, subjects are simply informed of the initial allocations between themselves and their chosen charity. In the other, subjects are told that their US$20 allocation has been taxed, and the amount allocated to their chosen charity. The structure of payoffs is identical in both frames. In the first frame, we see a level of crowding out that is close to zero, far less than other experimental studies; in the second frame, we observe nearly 100% crowding out. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Eckel, C.C.; Grossman, P.J.; Johnston, R.M.",J. Public Econ.,1679
-Meta-analysis of meta-analyses in communication: Comparing fixed effects and random effects analysis models,"Thirty-nine meta-analyses obtained from the past 10 years of communication research (1997-2007) were reanalyzed using fixed effects (FE), random effects (RE), and Hunter and Schmidt (HS) meta-analytic methods. The majority of studies (62%) reported use of the HS model in the original analysis. Differences identified between models include (a) greater propensity for Type 1 error under the FE approach, (b) episodes of inflated effect size (ES) under the RE approach, and (c) high levels of heterogeneity in population ESs across studies. Recommendations are made for scholars to appropriately choose and implement meta-analytic models in future research. © 2010 Eastern Communication Association.","Anker, A.E.; Reinhart, A.M.; Feeley, T.H.",Commun. Q.,1680
-,,"Hackenberg, M.; Greitemeyer, T.","Do prosocial films influence behavior and if yes, why (Unpublished manuscript)",1681
-A synthesis of 1043 effects of television on social behavior,,"Hearold, S.",Public Communication and Behavior,1682
-Finding greener grass on the other side of hill: Examining donor perceived brand equity in a moderating role of brand credibility,,"Kashif, M.; Fernando, P.M.P.; Samad, S.; Thurasamy, R.",Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,1683
-The impact of dementia in the prison setting: A systematic review,"Older prisoners are the fastest growing group in the prison population, with an accelerated aging process they are at a high risk of developing dementia. However, no systematic review has explored the impact of dementia in the prison setting. The objectives of this review were to identify the prevalence of dementia in the prison setting and how prison, health and social care providers assess, diagnose, treat, support and care for prisoners with dementia. A systematic search of the literature from the following databases was undertaken: CINHAL, PubMed, BNI, PsychINFO, and MEDLINE. Search strategies were tailored for each database and included recognised Medical Subject Headings. Hand searching of prominent journals in correctional services and dementia, as well as reference lists of included papers was completed. Open Grey website was searched to identify relevant government, local council and charity publications regarding dementia in the prison setting. The appropriate Critical Appraisal Skills Programmes Checklist for all included studies was completed. Following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 10 studies were included in the review. Due to the nature of the data extracted, a meta-synthesis was not possible; therefore, a thematic synthesis was completed. Three themes emerged: prevalence of dementia in the prison population, identification of older prisoner’s needs, and knowledge of correctional officers and legal professionals. The prevalence and incidence of dementia in prison populations remain largely unknown. There is a need for national policies and local strategies that support a multi-disciplinary approach to early detection, screening and diagnosis of cognitive impairment and dementia across prison settings. Alongside the development of structured prison environments, non-pharmacological interventions, continued assessment of prisoners with a dynamic care plan, and training for health, social and prison staff and prisoners. © The Author(s) 2018.","Brooke, J.; Diaz-Gil, A.; Jackson, D.",Dementia,1684
-Altruism does not always lead to a good reputation: A normative explanation,"Individuals who engage in altruistic behaviors generally acquire a good reputation. However, recent studies have suggested that altruists are not always welcomed by others. We examined the possibility that norm-deviant altruism leads to unfavorable evaluations; distributing quite large amounts of one's resources could be less favored because the behavior deviates from social norms. In four studies, participants rated their feelings (i.e., liking and respect) toward a person who distributed his/her resources to others. We found that altruistic behavior that deviates from social norms was less favorably regarded than modestly altruistic behavior (Study 1–4), specifically in a culture with low tolerance for norm deviation (Japan; Study 3) and especially when the degree of the deviance was high (Study 2). These findings suggest that altruistic behavior is less favored when the behavior deviates from social norms and norm deviation is evaluated negatively. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.","Kawamura, Y.; Kusumi, T.",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,1685
-Motivation and response rates in bronchoscopy studies,"Background: Bronchoscopy is frequently used to sample the lower airways in lung microbiome studies. Despite being a safe procedure, it is associated with discomfort that may result in reservations regarding participation in research bronchoscopy studies. Information on participation in research bronchoscopy studies is limited. We report response rates, reasons for non-response, motivation for participation, and predictors of participation in a large-scale single-centre bronchoscopy study (""MicroCOPD""). Methods: Two hundred forty-nine participants underwent at least one bronchoscopy in addition to being examined by a physician, having lung function tested, and being offered a CT scan of the heart and lungs (subjects > 40 years). Each participant was asked an open question regarding motivation. Non-response reasons were gathered, and response rates were calculated. Results: The study had a response rate just above 50%, and men had a significantly higher response rate than women (56.5% vs. 44.8%, p = 0.01). Procedural fear was the most common non-response reason. Most participants participated due to perceived personal benefit, but a large proportion did also participate to help others and contribute to science. Men were less likely to give exclusive altruistic motives, whereas subjects with asthma were more likely to report exclusive personal benefit as main motive. Conclusion: Response rates of about 50% in bronchoscopy studies make large bronchoscopy studies feasible, but the fact that participants are motivated by their own health status places a large responsibility on the investigators regarding the accuracy of the provided study information. © 2019 The Author(s).","Martinsen, E.M.H.; Eagan, T.M.L.; Leiten, E.O.; Nordeide, E.; Bakke, P.S.; Lehmann, S.; Nielsen, R.",Multidiscip. Resp. Med.,1686
-Charitable Giving and Charitable Gambling: An Empirical Investigation,"Recent decades have witnessed a rapid increase in charitable gaming. Some have suggested that this means that conventional donations to charity will fall. In this paper, we use a rich Canadian data set to examine the relationship between direct contributions to charities and those made indirectly via charitable games. We find that individuals consider these two ways of giving as complementary to each other. Rather than leading to a reduction in conventional donations, direct donations may increase with the increase in charitable lotteries.","Apinunmahakul, A.; Devlin, R.A.",Natl. Tax J.,1687
-Friend or foe? Cooperation and learning in high-stakes games,"Why do people frequently cooperate in defiance of their immediate incentives? One explanation is that individuals are conditionally cooperative. As an explanation of behavior in one-shot settings, such preferences require individuals to be able to discern their opponents' preferences. Using data from a television game show, we provide evidence about how individuals implement conditionally cooperative preferences. We show that contestants forgo large sums of money to be cooperative; they cooperate at heightened levels when their opponents are predictably cooperative; and they fare worse when their observable characteristics predict less cooperation because opponents avoid cooperating with them. © 2010 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.","Oberholzer-Gee, F.; Waldfogel, J.; White, M.W.",Rev. Econ. Stat.,1688
-"Oral or parenteral iron supplementation to reduce deferral, iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors","BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency is a significant cause of deferral in people wishing to donate blood. If iron removed from the body through blood donation is not replaced, then donors may become iron deficient. All donors are screened at each visit for low haemoglobin (Hb) levels. However, some deferred blood donors do not return to donate. Deferred first-time donors are even less likely to return. Interventions that reduce the risk of provoking iron deficiency and anaemia in blood donors will therefore increase the number of blood donations. Currently, iron supplementation for blood donors is not a standard of care in many blood services. A systematic review is required to answer specific questions regarding the efficacy and safety of iron supplementation in blood donors. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and safety of iron supplementation to reduce deferral, iron deficiency and/or anaemia in blood donors. SEARCH METHODS: We ran the search on 18 November 2013. We searched Cochrane Injuries Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL, PubMed, MEDLINE (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP), CINAHL (EBSCO Host) and six other databases. We also searched clinical trials registers and screened guidelines reference lists. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing iron supplementation versus placebo or control, oral versus parenteral iron supplementation, iron supplementation versus iron-rich food supplements, and different doses, treatment durations and preparations of iron supplementation in healthy blood donors. Autologous blood donors were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We combined data using random-effects meta-analyses. We evaluated heterogeneity using the I(2) statistic; we explored considerable heterogeneity (I(2) > 75%) in subgroup analyses. We carried out sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of trial quality on the results. MAIN RESULTS: Thirty RCTs (4704 participants) met the eligibility criteria, including 19 comparisons of iron supplementation and placebo or control; one comparison of oral and parenteral iron supplementation; four comparisons of different doses of iron supplementation; one comparison of different treatment durations of iron supplementation; and 12 comparisons of different iron supplementation preparations.Many studies were of low or uncertain methodological quality and therefore at high or uncertain risk of bias. We therefore rated the quality of the evidence for our outcomes as moderate. There was a statistically significant reduction in deferral due to low haemoglobin in donors who received iron supplementation compared with donors who received no iron supplementation, both at the first donation visit after commencement of iron supplementation (risk ratio (RR) 0.34; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21 to 0.55; four studies; 1194 participants; P value < 0.0001) and at subsequent donations (RR 0.25; 95% CI 0.15 to 0.41; three studies; 793 participants; P value < 0.00001). Supplementation also resulted in significantly higher haemoglobin levels (mean difference (MD) 2.36 g/L; 95% CI 0.06 to 4.66; eight studies; 847 participants, P value =0.04), and iron stores, including serum ferritin (MD 13.98 ng/mL; 95% CI 8.92 to 19.03; five studies; 640 participants; P value < 0.00001) and transferrin saturation (MD 3.91%; 95% CI 2.02 to 5.80; four studies; 344 participants; P value < 0.0001) prior to further donation. The differences were maintained after subsequent donation(s).Adverse effects were widely reported and were more frequent in donors who received iron supplementation (RR 1.60; 95% CI 1.23 to 2.07; four studies; 1748 participants; P value = 0.0005). Adverse effects included constipation, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting and taste disturbances, and some participants stopped treatment due to side effects. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is moderate quality evidence that rates of donor deferral due to low haemoglobin are considerably less in those taking iron supplements compared with those without iron supplementation, both at the first donation visit and at subsequent donation. Iron-supplemented donors also show elevated haemoglobin and iron stores. These beneficial effects are balanced by more frequent adverse events in donors who receive iron supplementation than in those who do not; this is likely to limit acceptability and compliance. The long-term effects of iron supplementation without measurement of iron stores are unknown. These considerations are likely to preclude widespread use of iron supplementation by tablets. Blood services may consider targeted use of supplementation in those at greatest risk of iron deficiency, personalised donation intervals and providing dietary advice.","Smith, Graham A; Fisher, Sheila A; Doree, Carolyn; Di Angelantonio, Emanuele; Roberts, David J",Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.,1689
-The singularity effect of identified victims in separate and joint evaluations,"People's greater willingness to help identified victims, relative to non-identified ones, was examined by eliciting real contributions to targets varying in singularity (a single individual vs. a group of several individuals), and the availability of individually identifying information (the main difference being the inclusion of a picture in the ""identified"" versions). Results of the first and second experiments support the proposal that for identified victims, contributions for a single victim exceed contributions for a group when these are judged separately, but preference reverses when one has to choose between contributing to the single individual and contributing to the group. In a third experiment, ratings of emotional response were elicited in addition to willingness to contribute judgments. Results suggest that the greater contribution to a single victim relative to the group stems from intensified emotions evoked by a single identified victim rather than from emotions evoked by identified victims in general. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Kogut, T.; Ritov, I.",Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Processes,1690
-The common sense census: Media use by tweens and teens,,"Rideout, V.",The Common Sense Census: Media Use by Tweens and Teens,1691
-,,"Hauge, K.E.; Brekke, K.A.; Johansson, L.-O.; Johansson-Stenman, O.; Svedsäter, H.",Keeping others in our mind or in our heart? Distribution games under cognitive load,1692
-Dictator monopolies and essential goods: experimental evidence,"Monopolists set prices and if the good is unessential this may place the consumer in an uncomfortable position. But if the good is essential the consumer faces a pay-to-live or -die choice. Dictator and ultimatum games are superficially similar in that one game offers the right of refusal, while the other does not. The dictator monopoly is, however, not a game, and behaviour could be radically different in the market environment versus game environment. We recast the dictator game as a dictator monopoly experiment and find that the fairness characteristic of the game evaporates quickly as rounds progress. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.","Beckman, S.R.; DeAngelo, G.; Smith, W.J.",Appl. Econ.,1693
-Let's dialogue about penny: Effectiveness of dialogue involvement and legitimizing paltry contribution techniques,"Earlier research has shown (Cialdini & Schroeder, 1976) that the statement ""Even a penny will help"" added to a standard request for charity donation considerably increases the probability of carrying it out. The present study tested the effectiveness of this technique in various contexts in a set of 3 field experiments conducted on the streets of 2 Polish cities. The results proved, first, that success can be strengthened when combined with a dialogue in which a requester is involved prior to being asked for a donation. Second, it was shown that the dialogue itself produced more compliance than did a monologue. Third, it was demonstrated that dialogue related to the content of the requested issue may or may not result in an increase in compliance, presumably depending on the in-group/out-group focus of the dialogue's content. Practical implications for charity donation are offered. Copyright © 2005 by V. H. Winston & Son, Inc. All rights reserved.","Dolinski, D.; Grzyb, T.; Olejnik, J.; Prusakowski, S.; Urban, K.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,1694
-The impact of public funding on the different types of private contributions,"We analyze the effect of public funding on private contributions to 67 nongovernmental development organizations (NGDOs) in Spain from 2006 to 2011. Previous literature gives theoretical explanations for both the crowding-in and the crowding-out effects, while the empirical evidence presents different realities. In this study, we find a partial crowding-out effect (€1.00 of public funding reduces private contributions by €0.43) by using generalized method of moments estimators. However, this overall effect does not hold when analyzing the influence that different sources of public funds have on each type of private contribution. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd","de Andres-Alonso, P.; Garcia-Rodriguez, I.; Romero-Merino, M.E.",Financ. Acc. Manag.,1695
-Facial resemblance enhances trust,"Organisms are expected to be sensitive to cues of genetic relatedness when making decisions about social behaviour. Relatedness can be assessed in several ways, one of which is phenotype matching: the assessment of similarity between others' traits and either one's own traits or those of known relatives. One candidate cue of relatedness in humans is facial resemblance. Here, I report the effects of an experimental manipulation of facial resemblance in a two-person sequential trust game. Subjects were shown faces of ostensible playing partners manipulated to resemble either themselves or an unknown person. Resemblance to the subject's own face raised the incidence of trusting a partner, but had no effect on the incidence of selfish betrayals of the partner's trust. Control subjects playing with identical pictures failed to show such an effect. In a second experiment, resemblance of the playing partner to a familiar (famous) person had no effect on either trusting or betrayals of trust.","DeBruine, L.M.",Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.,1696
-Ultimatum bargaining for a shrinking cake: An experimental analysis,,"Gueth, W.; Tietz, R.",Bounded Rational Behavior in Experimental Games and Markets,1697
-Rule of rescue or the good of the many? An analysis of physicians' and nurses' preferences for allocating ICU beds,"Purpose: To examine intensive care unit (ICU) clinicians' willingness to trade off societal benefits in favor of a small chance of rescuing an identifiable critically ill patient. Methods: We sent mixed-methods questionnaires to national samples of US ICU clinicians, soliciting their preferences for allocating their last bed to a gravely ill patient with little chance to survive, versus a deceased or dying patient for whom aggressive management could help others through organ donation. Results: Complete responses were obtained from 684 of 2,206 physicians (31.0%) and 438 of 988 nurses (44.3%); there was no evidence of non-response bias. Physicians were more likely than nurses to adhere to the ""rule of rescue"" by allocating the last bed to the gravely ill patient (45.9 vs. 32.6%, difference = 13.2%; 95% CI 9.1-17.3%). The magnitude of the social benefit to be obtained through organ donor management (5 or 30 life-years added for transplant recipients) had small and inconsistent effects on clinicians' willingness to prioritize the donor. In qualitative analyses, the most common reason for allocating the last bed to an identifiable patient (identified by 65% of physicians and 75% of nurses) was that clinicians perceived strong obligations to identifiable living patients. Conclusions: More than one-third of ICU clinicians forewent substantial social benefits so as to devote resources to an individual patient unlikely to benefit from them. Such allegiance to the rule of rescue suggests challenges for efforts to reform ICU triage practices. © 2011 Copyright jointly held by Springer and ESICM.","Kohn, R.; Rubenfeld, G.D.; Levy, M.M.; Ubel, P.A.; Halpern, S.D.",Intensive Care Med.,1698
-"The power of reciprocity: Fairness, reciprocity, and stakes in variants of the dictator game","In two experiments, the existence and extent of altruistic reciprocity is explored in the context of a simple experimental game, ""the sequential dictator."" Findings show that altruistic reciprocity is frequent and robust, and the reciprocity norm does not erode if stakes are raised. Implications of the findings for social theory and further empirical research are discussed.","Diekmann, A.",J. Confl. Resolut.,1699
-The Price Elasticities of Charitable Contributions: A Meta-Analysis,"Tax deductibility has been recognized as a motive for charitable donations. This article considers charitable donations as purchases that consumers make, and it examines the effects of changes in the tax deductibility (i.e., the price of donating) on charitable donations. The meta-analysis includes approximately four decades of estimates of the price elasticity of charitable giving. The authors discuss implications for policy makers and the marketers of charities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)","Peloza, John; Steel, Piers",Journal of Public Policy and Marketing,1700
-Temporal dynamics of resting EEG networks are associated with prosociality,"As prosociality is key to facing many of our societies’ global challenges (such as fighting a global pandemic), we need to better understand why some individuals are more prosocial than others. The present study takes a neural trait approach, examining whether the temporal dynamics of resting EEG networks are associated with inter-individual differences in prosociality. In two experimental sessions, we collected 55 healthy males’ resting EEG, their self-reported prosocial concern and values, and their incentivized prosocial behavior across different reward domains (money, time) and social contexts (collective, individual). By means of EEG microstate analysis we identified the temporal coverage of four canonical resting networks (microstates A, B, C, and D) and their mutual communication in order to examine their association with an aggregated index of prosociality. Participants with a higher coverage of microstate A and more transitions from microstate C to A were more prosocial. Our study demonstrates that temporal dynamics of intrinsic brain networks can be linked to complex social behavior. On the basis of previous findings on links of microstate A with sensory processing, our findings suggest that participants with a tendency to engage in bottom-up processing during rest behave more prosocially than others. © 2020, The Author(s).","Schiller, B.; Kleinert, T.; Teige-Mocigemba, S.; Klauer, K.C.; Heinrichs, M.",Sci. Rep.,1701
-Managing the hollow state collaboration and contracting,"This article presents what the authors have learned about managing networks of public, private and nonprofit service providers in the context of decentralized and devolved governmental regimes - what the authors have termed the hollow state. The characteristics of the hollow state are discussed along with two strategies for managing networks of organizations that jointly produce a public service - collaboration and contracting. The article revisits the authors' preliminary theory of network effectiveness, based on a four-city study of mental health in light of an evolutionary study conducted on one city's mental health system over four years. © 2003 Taylor & Francis.","Milward, H.B.; Provan, K.",Public Manage. Rev.,1702
-A regulatory focus perspective on reputational concerns: The impact of prevention-focused self-regulation,"The hyper-sociality found in the human species is unequivocally manifested in their special sensitivity about reputation. In the present contribution, individuals’ reputational concerns are examined from the perspective of one prominent motivational approach: regulatory focus theory. Specifically, individual differences in prevention and promotion focus are related to reputational concerns. Building on the assumption that prevention-focused individuals are sensitive to and concerned with oughts and social expectations, it is expected that prevention-focused individuals are particularly concerned regarding their reputation. In line with this assumption, Study 1 documents a positive relation between individual differences in prevention focus and reputational concerns (beyond the Big Five and perceived stress). In Study 2, individuals are exposed to a subtle reputation cue (i.e., stylized watching eyes). It is documented that prevention-focused individuals specifically react to this cue in that they donate more money when such a cue is present. This finding is replicated in an additional sample and shown to be independent of the Big Five. In sum, the present work contributes to a better understanding of basic motivational orientations regarding reputational concerns. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Pfattheicher, S.",Motiv. Emot.,1703
-Short-term benefits and risks of intravenous iron: a systematic review and meta-analysis,"The findings suggest that treatment with nondextran IV iron may be of benefit to a variety of patients. XCM: There was a clearly stated review question and clear inclusion criteria. Several appropriate sources were searched without language restrictions for published and unpublished studies, thereby minimising publication and language bias. Appropriate review methods were also used to minimise error and bias in the study selection and quality assessment processes, although it is unclear whether these methods were used for the data extraction. The exclusion of studies with unavailable raw data or limited sample sizes may mean that some relevant studies were missed. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed, though the source of the heterogeneity was not fully investigated. However, the studies included very different participant populations and there may well be clinical heterogeneity present; in view of this, the pooling of studies may not have been appropriate. In summary, the uncertainty about between-study differences means that the reliability of the authors’ conclusions is unclear. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice. Research: The authors stated that further large RCTs are necessary to clarify the efficacy and safety of IV iron.","Notebaert, E; Chauny, J M; Albert, M; Fortier, S; Leblanc, N; Williamson, D R",,1704
-Youth gambling problems: A need for responsible social policy,"Games of chance have been popular throughout time. Beginning around 3000 B.C. Egyptian popular forms of gambling included astragals, primero (an early card game found in Europe) and wagering on chariot races (Caltabiano, 2003). Egyptian and Middle Eastern archeological sites have revealed historical accounts of the pervasiveness of gambling in ancient cultures (Ashton, 1968). While gambling in general remained a popular pursuit, the negative effects associated with excessive problem gambling were also documented. Plato suggested that a demon named Theuth created dice (astragals or knucklebones as they were originally named) and early reports indicate that King Richard the Lion-Hearted, who led the crusade in 1190, issued orders restricting gambling with dice to his troops. Gambling problems were not isolated only to the common man but to royalty as well. King Henry VIII is reported to have lost the largest and most famous church bells in England at that time-the Jesus bells that hung in St. Paul's Cathedral-in a game of dice (Fleming, 1978). The history of gambling on an international level has passed through a number of cycles from prohibition to widespread proliferation (Rose, 2003a). Gambling has gone from being associated with sin, criminal behavior, and corruption to its current position as a form of socially acceptable entertainment. Gambling revenues have emerged as an important source of funds for governments, charities, and businesses. The changing landscape of gambling throughout the world seems to suggest that the pendulum between abstinence and widespread acceptance may never swing back to prohibition or to a more restrictive position. More and more countries have either introduced gambling or permitted the establishment of gambling in their jurisdictions. Until relatively recently, gambling problems have not been viewed as a public health problem (Korn & Shaffer, 1999) or public policy issue but rather as a personal or individual problem (Whyte, 2003). A new surge of research has expanded our knowledge of gambling problems and its societal impact, with legislators being forced to carefully examine the social and financial costs associated with gambling expansion and regulation as well as assessing the accrued financial benefits (National Institute of Economics and Industry Research, 2003). The prevailing attitudes of government legislators and the public at large appears to suggest that new gaming venues, new forms of gambling (e.g., new technologies in the form of interactive lotteries, Internet gambling and telephone wagering), and the proliferation of current forms of gambling (e.g., casinos, electronic gambling machines, lotteries) will continue to expand rapidly. While a number of social policy experts have suggested that at some point in time there will be a saturation point, the gambling industry continues to expand worldwide at an unprecedented rate with revenues far exceeding all forms of the entertainment industry (e.g., music, movies, theatre, etc.) combined. The anti-lobbying groups appear to have been minor impediments and irritants to slowing the growth of specific forms of gambling. While there have been some notable exceptions for the prohibition of gambling (e.g., Turkey where a new Muslim government banned gambling; the public outcry helped remove video lottery terminals and electronic gambling machines from South Carolina; and there is a movement to reduce the number of electronic gambling machines in several Australian states), the anti-gambling movement appears to have done little to curtail the continued expansion of gambling in spite of the empirical evidence documenting some of the social and personal costs. Currently, gambling is not viewed negatively but rather as a legitimate, socially acceptable form of entertainment. Over 85% of Americans report having gambled at least once during their lifetime and 65% report gambling during the past year (National Research Council, 1999), with somewhat similar results being reported in Canada (Azmier, 2000), Australia (Productivity Commission, 1999), and New Zealand (Abbott, 2001). Nevertheless, gambling remains a highly contentious social policy issue throughout the world [see the reports from the U.S. National Gambling Study Impact Commission (NORC, 1999), Canada West Foundation (Azmier, 2001), Canadian Tax Foundation Report (Vaillancourt & Roy, 2000), the U.K. Gambling Review Report (2001), the Australian Productivity Commission Report (1999), the National Centre for the Study of Gambling, South Africa Report (Collins & Barr, 2001), and those from New Zealand (Abbott, 2001)]. While the perspective is slowly changing that gambling is not necessarily a harmless, innocuous behavior with few negative consequences, most adults support their continued opportunity to gamble and perceive it to be considerably less harmful than other potentially additive behaviors and harmful social activities (Azmier, 2000). The legitimacy of gambling has often been tied to the perceived public good associated with its revenues (Preston, Bernhard, Hunter & Bybee, 1998). Some of America's best-known universities including Harvard, Yale, Princeton, William and Mary, Dartmouth, Rutgers, and the University of Pennsylvania have historically acquired operating funds through the proceeds generated from lotteries. This early tradition continues, with many state and national lotteries promoting their products by reporting that a proportion of the proceeds are used for needed educational initiatives and social service programs. In other jurisdictions, gambling revenues are partially or totally used for charitable purposes. Gambling remains somewhat unique from other public policy issues as it cuts across a number of other policy domains including social, economic, public health, criminal and justice policy (Wynne, 1998). As a public health policy issue, gambling has been growing in importance. Korn and Shaffer (1999) have made a very strong argument for viewing gambling within a public health framework by examining it from a population health and human ecology perspective. They have suggested that disordered gambling may not only be problematic in and of itself, but also may be a gateway to alcohol and substance abuse, depression, anxiety and other significant mental health disorders. Gambling, once perceived as an activity primarily relegated to adults, has become a popular form of entertainment for adolescents (National Research Council, 1999). While in most jurisdictions legislative statutes prohibit children and adolescents from participating in legalized forms of gambling due to age restrictions, their resourcefulness enables many youth to engage in both regulated legal forms of gambling and those non-regulated gambling activities. Research has revealed that upwards of 80% of adolescents have engaged in some form of gambling (see the reviews by Jacobs, in this volume; National Research Council, 1999, and the meta-analysis by Shaffer & Hall, 1996), with most best described as social gamblers having few gambling-related problems. Yet, there remains ample evidence that between 4'8% of adolescents have a very serious gambling problem with another 10'15% at-risk for the development of a gambling. While difficulties in the measurement of adolescent pathological and disordered gambling exist (see Derevensky & Gupta in this volume, and Derevensky, Gupta & Winters, 2003 for a comprehensive examination of this issue), the National Research Council report concluded that 'the proportion of pathological gamblers among adolescents in the United States could be more than three times that of adults (5.0% versus 1.5%)' (National Research Council, 1999, p.89). In the U.S. and Canada, these prevalence estimates indicate that approximately 15.3 million 12'17 year olds have been gambling, while 2.2 million are likely experiencing serious gambling related problems. Trends between 1984'2002 seem to indicate a continued increase in the proportion of youth who report gambling within the past year and those who report some gambling related problems (Jacobs, in this volume). Our prevailing social policies, often established by default, appear predicated upon a harm minimization model (see Dickson, Derevensky & Gupta, 2004 for a more comprehensive discussion). Yet the development of effective social policy needs to be both reflective and directive of the social context from which it is derived. As such, good social policies should reflect the current status of gambling while simultaneously projecting its future; it must be sensitive to its historical context, yet must exist within the prevailing ideological, social, economic and political values (Hall, Kagan & Zigler, 1996); and such policies must also be considerate of broader cultural and religious influences and differences. The escalation of government supported (and owned) gambling is an enormous social experiment for which we currently do not have sufficient and reliable data to predict the long-term social costs (Derevensky, Gupta, Hardoon, Dickson & Deguire, 2003).","Derevensky, J L; Gupta, R; Messerlian, C; Gillespie, M",Gambling Problems in Youth: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives,1705
-Individual and community behavioral responses to natural disasters,"How do people and communities respond to catastrophes? A natural disaster is a type of external, quasi-random and unexpected catastrophic shock that generates psychological, social and economic implications. Using detailed county level administrative data of charitable contributions, crime and natural hazards in the USA in the recent decade, we empirically identify and quantify the causal effect of natural disasters on prosocial and antisocial behavioral reactions. Our main finding is that while monetary contributions decline in the local affected community in the aftermath of natural disasters, the neighboring and more distant communities react by increasing their charitable giving. Additionally, we find that in the affected community, natural disasters effect crime negatively, dispelling popular conceptions regarding looting, and that while federal assistance crowds out charitable contributions, it does not change the residents reaction to natural disasters. © 2020, Springer Nature B.V.","Berrebi, C.; Karlinsky, A.; Yonah, H.",Nat. Hazards,1706
-,,"Collins, B.; Brady, R.M.",Anchoring effects in the door-in-the-face technique,1707
-"Hey Buddy, Can You Spare Seventeen Cents? Mindful Persuasion and the Pique Technique","According to the pique technique, a target is more likely to comply if mindless refusal is disrupted by a strange or unusual request. We demonstrated the use of this technique in two experiments. In Experiment 1, passersby on a local municipal wharf were approached by a confederate panhandler who made either one of two strange requests: “Can you spare 17¢ (or 37¢)?” or made either one of two typical requests “Can you spare a quarter (or any change)?” Subjects in the strange conditions were almost 60% more likely to give money than those receiving the typical plea. In addition, a strange request piqued interest as evidenced by increased verbal inquiries about the request. Experiment 2 replicated the first experiment in a laboratory setting and provides additional evidence (via a cognitive response analysis) that strange requests piqued subjects' interest in the appeal as well as increased liking for the panhandler. Copyright © 1994, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved","Santos, M.D.; Leve, C.; Pratkanis, A.R.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,1708
-Implementing integrated marketing science modeling at a non-profit organization: Balancing multiple business objectives at georgia aquarium,,"Kumar, V.; Sharma, A.; Donthu, N.; Rountree, C.",Marketing Science,1709
-Maintenance therapy with triple versus double immunosuppressive regimen in renal transplantation: a meta-analysis,"BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of triple immunosuppressive maintenance therapy (cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisolone) with that of double therapy (cyclosporine and prednisolone) in renal transplant patients using graft failure, mortality, and acute rejection episodes as outcome measures. METHODS: A systematic overview of articles published between 1984 and 1995 was done. MEDLINE, Science Citation Index, reference lists, and expert files were searched. Of 449 originally identified studies, five controlled trials were finally selected. Information was retrieved on the topics of methodological quality, baseline characteristics, interventions, and outcomes. The Mantel-Haenszel fixed effect method was used to combine results from different studies. RESULTS: Pooled analysis did not show a statistically significant difference between triple-drug therapy and double-drug therapy in the main outcome of graft failure (odds ratio [OR], 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-1.16), survival (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.57-1.21), or the occurrence of acute graft rejection (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.76-1.36). There was a nonsignificant trend for better graft survival under triple therapy. A lower withdrawal rate suggests a more stable immunosuppressive effect on triple therapy. CONCLUSIONS: There is no statistically significant difference in the long-term management of renal transplant recipients between the two treatment regimens.","Kunz, R; Neumayer, H H",Transplantation,1710
-The Emotional Cost of Humanity: Anticipated Exhaustion Motivates Dehumanization of Stigmatized Targets,"Although mind perception is a basic part of social interaction, people often dehumanize others by denying them mental states. Many theories suggest that dehumanization happens in order to facilitate aggression or account for past immorality. We suggest a novel motivation for dehumanization: to avoid affective costs. We show that dehumanization of stigmatized targets (e.g., drug addicts) relative to nonstigmatized targets is strongest for those who are motivated to avoid emotional exhaustion. In Experiment 1, participants anticipated more exhaustion from helping, and attributed less mind to, a stigmatized target and anticipated exhaustion partially mediated the influence of stigma on mind attribution. Experiment 2 manipulated anticipated exhaustion prior to an empathy plea and revealed that the influence of stigma on mind attribution was only present when people anticipated high levels of emotional exhaustion. © 2015, © The Author(s) 2015.","Cameron, C.D.; Harris, L.T.; Payne, B.K.",Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci,1711
-,,"Rogers, C.M.",The door-in-the-face effect: Concessional reciprocity or dissonance reduction?,1712
-How Do Nonprofit Firms Respond to Tax Policy?,"We investigate the effects of variations in the value of the charitable contribution deduction on nonprofit firm behavior, including exploring for the first time the effects of the tax price of giving on fund-raising. We find that a 1 percent increase in tax subsidies is correlated with a 2.0 percent increase in fund-raising, while the elasticity of real charitable output to changes in tax price is less than one in absolute value for most firms. We derive a new equation for treasury efficiency in the presence of fund-raising and find that while our point estimates still support treasury efficiency, our confidence intervals are wide enough to allow some possibility that the deduction is not cost effective. Further, the modest elasticity of charitable output to tax price implies that tax subsidies can crowd out other revenue sources, such that the efficacy of the subsidy depends on the relative efficiency of these alternative sources. © 2016, The Author(s) 2016.","Galle, B.",Public Financ. Rev.,1713
-A Perspective on Judgment and Choice: Mapping Bounded Rationality,"Early studies of intuitive judgment and decision making conducted with the late Amos Tversky are reviewed in the context of two related concepts: an analysis of accessibility, the ease with which thoughts come to mind; a distinction between effortless intuition and deliberate reasoning. Intuitive thoughts, like percepts, are highly accessible. Determinants and consequences of accessibility help explain the central results of prospect theory, framing effects, the heuristic process of attribute substitution, and the characteristic biases that result from the substitution of nonextensional for extensional attributes. Variations in the accessibility of rules explain the occasional corrections of intuitive judgments. The study of biases is compatible with a view of intuitive thinking and decision making as generally skilled and successful.","Kahneman, D.",Am. Psychol.,1714
-Dilemma of Hotel Reviews: The Role of Information Processing and Validation through Metacognition,"A comprehensive model is proposed to understand how travelers manage copious and even competing online reviews through a validation process, by examining the impact of social support, persuasive message compliance, persuasive message resistance, and metacognition on tourists’ willingness to be involved in social commerce. Based on the theories of signaling and reactance, the model explores how social forces, such as online social support and personal information-processing drivers (i.e., information processing and validating procedure), can explain customers’ social commerce intentions. A survey of tourists in 61 mid- to high-end hotels indicates that social support is positively related to persuasive message compliance, resistance, and social commerce intention. The findings indicate that persuasive message compliance and resistance mediate the relationship between social support and social commerce intention, whereas the mediation relationships are conditioned on metacognition. © The Author(s) 2020.","Huang, G.I.; Wong, I.A.; Law, R.",J. Travel Res.,1715
-Effects of picture and even-a-penny-will-help appeals on anonymous donations to charity,"The present research explored the effectiveness of a picture and the phrase ""even a penny will help"" on contributions to charity. Two experiments were conducted, one in the laboratory and one in the field. In both experiments the manipulation of a pleasant picture and the phrase created four types of signs: (1) picture-no phrase, (2) phrase-no picture, (3) picture-phrase, and (4) no picture-no phrase. In the field experiment patrons of local business anonymously put money in a donation box that displayed one of the four signs. In the laboratory experiment, 129 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to view one of the four signs placed on a donation box for a local charity. Analyses for both studies showed that more money was donated when the boxes displayed pictures. The phrase ""even a penny will help"" had no significant effect on donations.","Perrine, R.M.; Heather, S.",Psychol. Rep.,1716
-Evolution of indirect reciprocity,"Natural selection is conventionally assumed to favour the strong and selfish who maximize their own resources at the expense of others. But many biological systems, and especially human societies, are organized around altruistic, cooperative interactions. How can natural selection promote unselfish behaviour? Various mechanisms have been proposed, and a rich analysis of indirect reciprocity has recently emerged: I help you and somebody else helps me. The evolution of cooperation by indirect reciprocity leads to reputation building, morality judgement and complex social interactions with ever-increasing cognitive demands. © 2005 Nature Publishing Group.","Nowak, M.A.; Sigmund, K.",Nature,1717
-,,"Greitemann, J.; Krishna, A.",,1718
-Government growth and private contributions to charity,"We exploit the time-series properties of charitable giving to provide additional insights into the relationship between charitable contributions and government spending. Cointegration tests reveal a significant long-run relationship between several categories of charitable giving and government spending. Granger causality tests provide evidence on the short-run giving and spending relationship. Evidence suggests that charitable contributions to education respond quite differently to state and local government education expenditures versus federal government expenditures. We argue that the government spending and charitable giving relationship depends on the source of government revenue, how this revenue is used, and the rational ignorance of private donors. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009.","Garrett, T.; Rhine, R.",Public Choice,1719
-Laparoscopic versus open live donor hepatectomy in liver transplantation: a systemic review and meta-analysis,"Objective: The aim of this study was to compare laparoscopic versus open live donor liver transplantation using meta-analysis. Background: Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), as an alternative to deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT), has increasingly performed all around the world. Laparoscopic live donor hepatectomy (LLDH) has been performed increasingly, and is gaining worldwide acceptance. As the studies assessing the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic compared with open techniques is growing, we combined the available data to conduct this meta-analysis to compare the two techniques. Methods: A literature search was performed to identify studies comparing laparoscopic with open live donor hepatectomy (OLDH) published before June 2015. Perioperative outcomes (blood loss, operative time, hospital stay, analgesia use) and postoperative complications (donors and recipients postoperative complications, recipients specific postoperative complications including biliary complications and vascular complications) were the main outcomes evaluated in the meta-analysis. Results: Fourteen studies with a total of 1136 patients were included in this meta-analysis, of which 357 were treated by laparoscopic technique and 779 were treated by the open procedures. Compared with the open group, laparoscopic group was associated with significant less estimated blood loss (P=0.01), shorter duration of operation (P=0.02), length of hospital stay (P=0.003) and duration of PCA use (P=0.04). The laboratory tests such as peak ALT and AST after operation were similar (P=0.72 and P=1.00). There was a significant higher rate of overall donor morbidity (P=0.002) and donor minor complications (Grade I-II) (P=0.02) in the open group. No significant difference was observed in donor major complications (Grade III-V), recipients overal morbidity and recipients complications such as bile complications and vascular complications. Conclusions: LLDH is a excellent alternative to OLDH because it is associated with better perioperative outcomes and similar prognosis.","Xu, Dong-Wei; Wan, Ping; Zhang, Jian-Jun; Xia, Qiang",Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med.,1720
-What works for adolescents with AN: a systematic review of psychosocial interventions,"Owing to the paucity and methodological inadequacies of the primary studies, no clear recommendations could be made. XCM: This review was based on clear inclusion criteria. A thorough search for both published and unpublished data appears to have been carried out, which suggests that the authors have located all of the relevant data, although it was unclear whether any language restrictions were applied. The method used to select the studies may be subject to bias since only a limited number of decisions were double-checked by a second reviewer. In addition, the authors did not state how the data were extracted, which makes it difficult to judge whether appropriate steps were taken to reduce errors in this process. What is not clear is whether the quality of the included studies was appropriately assessed. The authors discussed the validity of the studies, but individual study details were not provided. Hence, it is unclear whether a formal assessment was carried out. If such an assessment was carried out, the authors should report how decisions were made and how many reviewers were involved, in order to reassure the reader of the robustness of the assessment.The authors could have made more attempts to synthesise their data as the studies were discussed separately. However, any such synthesis is going to be limited given the apparent heterogeneity between studies in terms of the interventions, study design, outcomes and participants. Clearer data tables could perhaps have made it easier to compare any similarities and differences across the studies. Overall, given the paucity and quality of the data, the authors are justified in not making any recommendations for practice from their review; their suggestions for further research appear reasonable. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice.Research: The authors stated that more high-quality research in the form of large RCTs examining a range of relevant interventions (e.g. cognitive-behavioural therapy, desensitisation and relaxation training) is required.","Tierney S, Wyatt K",,1721
-Conflicting stakeholder interest and accountability in non-governmental organisations,"The purpose of this paper is to summarise and analyse what is known regarding the ways in which conflicting stakeholder interest may influence accountability. The interests of stakeholders in non-profit organisations (NPOs) as well as the purposes of these organisations are not uniform. The authors used a systematic review process to study the empirical evidence pertaining to how a stakeholder perspective helps to understand accountability and the influences of stakeholders in the Slovenian nongovernmental educational organisations. Research provides an empirical analysis from a survey of 78 representatives of Slovenian non-governmental educational organisations. The objective of this paper is to improve the understanding of the accountability relationship between internal and external stakeholders and development NGOs, and in particular to elucidate the highly correlated influences of both parties (external and internal influences of stakeholders). © Copyright 2016 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.","KavČiČ, K; Mevlja, B; RiŽnar, I",Int. J. Manage. Educ.,1722
-Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model,,"Jones, T.M.",Academy of Management Review,1723
-Associating the corporation with a charitable event through sponsorship: Measuring the effects on corporate community relations,,"Dean, D.H.",Journal of Advertising,1724
-An improved model of donations to nonprofit organizations,,"Marudas, N.P.; Hahn, T.; Jacobs, F.A.",Proceedings of AASBBS,1725
-Two- and five-year follow-up of lumbar total disc replacement compared to fusion: a meta-analysis,"Lumbar fusion surgery has been a gold standard for treating lumbar disc degenerative disease (LDDD). But the adjacent segment pathology (ASP) became a problem, which could have been caused by the increased motion and stress concentration at the adjacent segment. So, artificial total disc replacement (TDR) as an alternative to spinal fusion has recently been applied for treatment of LDDD. However, up to now, a controversy whether TDR is better than fusion still persists. We performed the research of database including Pubmed/Medline, EMBASE, and Ovid. Our studies were classified into short-term (2 years) and midterm (5 years) follow-up. Twelve randomized controlled trials involving 1479 cases were included in the study. The repetitive data from them were excluded. Significant difference in visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) could be found at 2 year follow-up, and TDR group was better than fusion group in both of them (VAS: I-2=0%, P<0.0006; ODI: I-2=0%, P<0.00001). No difference was found in reoperation rate at 2 year follow-up (I-2=18%, P=0.22). However, the reoperation rate at the index level in TDR group was significantly lower than that in fusion group at 5 year follow-up (I-2=0%, P=0.006). The incidence of ASP in TDR group was lower compared with fusion group at 5 year follow-up (I-2=0%, P<0.0002) but not at 2 year follow-up (I-2=0%, P<0.08). TDR shows the efficacy and safety comparable to lumbar fusion at 2 and 5 year follow-up. Besides, TDR has significant superiority in a lower incidence of ASP at 5 year follow-up.","Ma, Lei; Yang, Sidong; Wang, Hui; Zhang, Di; Ding, Wenyuan",Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med.,1726
-,,"Kahneman, D.","Thinking, Fast and Slow",1727
-"Of apples and oranges, file drawers and garbage: Why validity issues in meta-analysis will not go away","This paper examines how threats to the validity of meta-analysis have been dealt with by clinical researchers employing this approach to literature review. Three validity threats were identified - mixing of dissimilar studies, publication bias, and inclusion of poor quality studies. Approaches to addressing these threats were evaluated for their effectiveness and popularity by surveying 32 published meta-analyses in clinical psychology. Distrust of meta-analysis, however, was found to transcend these validity threats. Other explanations for why this popular research strategy continues to receive widespread criticism were considered. Suggestions were made for how meta-analysis might better address these concerns.","Sharpe, D.",Clin. Psychol. Rev.,1728
-,,"Colon-Mollfulleda, W.I.",Public Issues or Private Concerns: Assessing the Impact of Charitable Choice on Private Donations to Faith-Based Organizations,1729
-The propriety and vitality of a federal income tax deduction for private philanthropy,,"Bittker, B.I.",Tax Impacts on Philanthropy,1730
-"Explanatory model of violent behaviours, selfconcept and empathy in schoolchildren. Structural equations analysis","The increased visibility of bullying cases has led the scientific community to be more interested in analysing the factors affecting these behaviours in order to reduce bullying cases and their negative consequences. The aim of this study was to define and contrast an explanatory model that makes it possible to analyse the relationships between self-concept, empathy and violent behaviours in schoolchildren through structural equation analysis. The sample of this study is made up of 734 schoolchildren from the province of Granada (Spain), both male and female, aged between 10 and 12, and it consists of analysing self-concept (AF-5), empathy levels (TECA) and violent behaviour at schools (ECV). A structural equation model was performed and successfully adjusted (χ2 = 563.203; DF = 59; p < 0.001; CFI = 0.943; NFI = 0.937; IFI = 0.943; RMSEA = 0.076). A positive and direct relationship between self-concept and cognitive empathy has been found; manifest aggression is negatively related to self-concept. Similarly, affective empathy has a negative relationship with relational aggression. The main conclusions of this study are that the levels of self-concept and empathy represent protective factors against the development of violent and victimisation behaviours in schoolchildren. © 2019 Castro-Sánchez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Castro-Sánchez, M.; Zurita-Ortega, F.; Ruiz, G.R.-R.; Chacón-Cuberos, R.",PLoS ONE,1731
-Pro-environmental behavior as a signal of cooperativeness: Evidence from a social dilemma experiment,"Pro-environmental behavior has social signaling value. Previous research suggests that enacting pro-environmental behaviors can signal certain personal characteristics, such as social status and trustworthiness, to others. Using an incentivized experiment, we show that people known to behave pro-environmentally are expected to be more cooperative, are preferred as cooperation partners, and elicit more cooperation from others. The presence of pro-environmental individuals may thus motivate others to exert more effort towards reaching cooperative goals, even in situations where individual and group goals are at odds (i.e., social dilemmas). However, people who behaved pro-environmentally were actually no more cooperative than those performing fewer pro-environmental behaviors. © 2019 The Authors","Vesely, S.; Klöckner, C.A.; Brick, C.",J. Environ. Psychol.,1732
-"Revisiting REVISE: (Re)Testing unique and combined effects of REminding, VIsibility, and SElf-engagement manipulations on cheating behavior","Dishonest behavior poses a crucial threat to individuals and societies at large. To highlight situation factors that potentially reduce the occurrence and/or extent of dishonesty, Ayal, Gino, Barkan, and Ariely (2015) introduced the REVISE framework, consisting of three principles: REminding, VIsibility, and SElf-engagement. The evidence that the three REVISE principles actually reduce dishonesty is not always strong and sometimes even inconsistent, however. We herein thus conceptually replicate three suggested manipulations, each serving as an operationalization of one principle. In a large study with eight conditions and 5,039 participants, we link the REminding, VIsibility, and SElf-engagement manipulations to dishonesty, compare their effectiveness with each other, and test for potential interactions between them. Overall, we find that VIsibilty (in terms of overtly monitoring responses) and SElf-engagement (in terms of retyping an honesty statement) reduce dishonest behavior. We find no support for the effectiveness of REminding (in terms of ethical priming) or for any interaction between the REVISE principles. We also report two preregistered manipulation-check studies and discuss policy implications of our findings. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.","Schild, C.; Heck, D.W.; Ścigała, K.A.; Zettler, I.",J. Econ. Psychol.,1733
-Peter Drucker-the grandfather of marketing: An interview with Dr. Philip Kotler,,"Gunther, R.E.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,1734
-Funds allocation in NPOs: the role of administrative cost ratios,"Performance measurement of Non-Profit Organizations (NPOs) is of increasing importance for aid agencies, policy-makers and donors. A widely used benchmark for measuring the efficiency of NPOs is the overhead cost ratio, consisting of the total money spent on administration and fundraising relative to the budget. Donors generally favor a lower overhead cost ratio as it ensures that more money directly reaches beneficiaries. Unlike fundraising expenses, administrative costs do not contribute to advertising the actions of an NPO even though they account for a significant proportion of overhead cost. Reducing administrative expenses is a logical consequence from a financial viewpoint, but might negatively affect NPOs through the resulting administrative capacities. This phenomenon is known as “Nonprofit Starvation Cycle”. This work provides an analytical framework for analyzing NPO decision making concerning administrative costs. The paper provides answers to important research questions on the optimal level of administrative spending, the influencing factors and the effects of available information on NPOs. The research shows that focusing on financial performance measurements can result in reduced utility created for NPOs. Less transparency often leads to increased utility for NPOs, but more transparency can increase NPOs’ utility if the information available exceeds a certain threshold. Fluctuating donations are challenging for NPOs’ planning and may impact administrative capacities negatively. © 2017, The Author(s).","Burkart, C.; Wakolbinger, T.; Toyasaki, F.",Cent. Eur. J. Oper. Res.,1735
-Precise time-matching in chimpanzee allogrooming does not occur after a short delay,"Allogrooming is a key aspect of chimpanzee sociality and many studies have investigated the role of reciprocity in a biological market. One theoretical form of reciprocity is time-matching, where payback consists of an equal duration of effort (e.g. twenty seconds of grooming repaid with twenty seconds of grooming). Here, we report a study of allogrooming in a group of twenty-six captive chimpanzees (Chester Zoo, UK), based on more than 150 hours of data. For analysis, we introduce a methodological innovation called the “Delta scale”, which unidimensionally measures the accuracy of time-matching according to the extent of delay after the cessation of grooming. Delta is positive when reciprocation occurs after any non-zero delay (e.g. A grooms B and then B grooms A after a five second break) and it is negative when reciprocation begins whilst the original grooming has not yet ceased. Using a generalized linear mixed-method, we found evidence for time-matched reciprocation. However, this was true only for immediate reciprocation (Delta less than zero). If there was a temporal break in grooming between two members of a dyad, then there was no evidence that chimpanzees were using new bouts to retroactively correct for time-matching imbalances from previous bouts. Our results have implications for some of the cognitive constraints that differentiate real-life reciprocation from abstract theoretical models. Furthermore, we suggest that some apparent patterns of time-matched reciprocity may arise merely due to the law of large numbers, and we introduce a statistical test which takes this into account when aggregating grooming durations over a window of time. © 2018 Phelps et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Phelps, S.; Ng, W.L.; Musolesi, M.; Russell, Y.I.",PLoS ONE,1736
-The effect of cause-related marketing on firm value: a look at Fortune’s most admired all-stars,,"Woodroof, P.J.; Deitz, G.D.; Howie, K.M.; Evans, R.D.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,1737
-When a service request precedes the target request: another compliance without pressure technique?,"Empirical observation led us to identify a particular and widespread form of solicitation involving requesting a service before making the target request. Relating this form of solicitation to compliance paradigms based on consistency, we hypothesized that the technique would increase the compliance rates of individuals. 167 passersby were approached in the street for a money donation according to two conditions: the appeal for money was preceded by a service request or not. We found that those passersby receiving the service request and the monetary appeal were significantly more compliant than those receiving the monetary appeal only. The discussion focuses on the psychological mechanisms at work in the acceptance of the requests, and avenues for future research are suggested.","Meineri, Sebastien; Dupre, Mickaël; Vallee, Boris; Gueguen, Nicolas",Social Influence,1738
-How deviations from performance norms impact charitable donations,,"Allen, A.M.; Eilert, M.; Peloza, J.",Journal of Marketing Research,1739
-Goal-directed Emotions,"This research explores the role of emotions in goal-directed behaviour. A model is provided for an emotional goal system whereby appraisals of the consequences of achieving or not achieving a goal are hypothesised to elicit anticipatory emotions; the anticipatory emotions are expected, in turn, to contribute to volitions in the service of goal pursuit (namely, intentions, plans, and the decision to expend energy); goal-directed behaviours next arise in response to volitions and lead to goal attainment; and the latter then functions as the basis for a new set of appraisals and accompanying goal-outcome emotions. The model was tested in a longitudinal study of the responses of 406 adults (243 women, 163 men) in The Netherlands. The context for the study was the regulation of one's body weight via exercising and dieting.","Bagozzi, R.P.; Baumgartner, H.; Pieters, R.",Cogn. Emot.,1740
-Dose-specific efficacy of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials,"Global coverage of infant Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination has increased considerably during the past decade, partly due to GAVI Alliance donations of the vaccine to low-income countries. In settings where large numbers of children receive only one or two vaccine doses rather than the recommended three doses, dose-specific efficacy estimates are needed to predict impact. The objective of this meta-analysis is to determine Hib vaccine efficacy against different clinical outcomes after receiving one, two or three doses of vaccine. Studies were eligible for inclusion if a prospective, controlled design had been used to evaluate commercially available Hib conjugate vaccines. Eight studies were included. Pooled vaccine efficacies against invasive Hib disease after one, two or three doses of vaccine were 59%, 92% and 93%, respectively. The meta-analysis provides robust estimates for use in decision-analytical models designed to predict the impact of Hib vaccine.","Griffiths, U K; Clark, A; Gessner, B; Miners, A; Sanderson, C; Sedyaningsih, E R; Mulholland, K E",Epidemiol. Infect.,1741
-A Closer Look at Eyespot Effects on Voter Turnout: Reply to Matland and Murray,"Implicit social pressure, applied via exposure to eyespots in nonpartisan, direct-mail blandishments to vote, has been shown using randomized field experiments to raise turnout in elections. Similar eyespot effects have been observed across a wide range of prosocial behaviors. A series of recent replications conducted by Matland and Murray (2015) have failed to consistently produce statistically significant eyespot effects on voter turnout, however, leading the authors to conclude the effects observed in previous research were likely illusory. In this article, I rebut this claim, arguing that an alternative, more circumspect interpretation of the authors’ key results points to a different conclusion that supports the notion that eyespots likely stimulate voting, especially when taken together with previous findings. © 2015 International Society of Political Psychology","Panagopoulos, C.",Polit. Psychol.,1742
-Effect of artificial surveillance cues on reported moral judgment,,"Northover, S.; Pedersen, W.; Andrews, P.; Cohen, A.",,1743
-"A positive effect of flowers rather than eye images in a large-scale, cross-cultural dictator game","People often consider how their behaviour will be viewed by others, and may cooperate to avoid gaining a bad reputation. Sensitivity to reputation may be elicited by subtle social cues of being watched: previous studies have shown that people behave more cooperatively when they see images of eyes rather than control images. Here, we tested whether eye images enhance cooperation in a dictator game, using the online labour market Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT). In contrast to our predictions and the results of most previous studies, dictators gave away more money when they saw images of flowers rather than eye images. Donations in response to eye images were not significantly different to donations under control treatments. Dictator donations varied significantly across cultures but there was no systematic variation in responses to different image types across cultures. Unlike most previous studies, players interacting via AMT may feel truly anonymous when making decisions and, as such, may not respond to subtle social cues of being watched. Nevertheless, dictators gave away similar amounts as in previous studies, so anonymity did not erase helpfulness. We suggest that eye images might only promote cooperative behaviour in relatively public settings and that people may ignore these cues when they know their behaviour is truly anonymous. © 2012 The Royal Society.","Raihani, N.J.; Bshary, R.",Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.,1744
-The income tax and charitable contributions,,"Feldstein, M.; Taylor, A.",Econometrica,1745
-Promoting brands across categories with a social cause: Implementing effective embedded premium programs,,"Henderson, T.; Arora, N.",Journal of Marketing,1746
-The emotional cost of charitable donations,"Donations in support of a charitable cause can create a conflict between moral intuitions (e.g., fulfilling moral obligations and helping as many individuals in need as possible) and the cost entailed by following one's moral intuitions (e.g., spending money). The present paper investigates this conflict by putting people in a situation in which they must choose whether to help three women by giving more money or help one woman by giving less. In addition, the paper uses the attraction effect paradigm to counteract the single victim effect and reduce the conflict. Experiment 1 demonstrates that in a two-alternative context the majority of participants choose to help one woman by giving €150 instead of helping three women by giving €450. Experiment 2 replicates this finding and highlights the role of emotion regulation strategies in the management of the emotional conflict arising in the two-alternative condition. In both studies, the introduction of a third, dominated alternative reduces the conflict and makes it easier to choose the programme asking for a higher donation and helping three women. Implications for charitable donations and the role of the conflict between moral intuitions and economic costs are discussed. © 2012 Copyright Psychology Press Ltd.","Rubaltelli, E.; Agnoli, S.",Cogn. Emot.,1747
-Engaging in prosocial behavior explains how high self-control relates to more life satisfaction: Evidence from three Chinese samples,"High levels of self-control are found to be associated with greater life satisfaction. To further understand this relationship, the current study examined two questions: (1) whether too much self-control reduces, rather than increases, life satisfaction, as argued by some scholars; and (2) whether engaging in prosocial behavior explains the ""self-control-life satisfaction"" link. To this end, we conducted survey research among adolescents (N = 1,009), university students (N = 2,620), and adult workers (N = 500). All participants answered the same self-control and life satisfaction measures, whereas prosocial behavior was assessed using different scales across samples. Results of two-line regressions failed to reveal significant inverted-U shaped association between self-control and life satisfaction across samples. Moreover, results of mediation analyses showed that across samples, high levels of self-control were related to greater life satisfaction and this association was partly mediated by prosocial behavior. In conclusion, there is no evidence showing that too much self-control impairs life satisfaction. Engaging in prosocial behavior partly explains how high self-control relates to greater well-being. © 2019 Dou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Dou, K.; Li, J.-B.; Wang, Y.-J.; Li, J.-J.; Liang, Z.-Q.; Nie, Y.-G.",PLoS ONE,1748
-The effect of amount and tangibility of endowment and certainty of recipients on selfishness in a modified dictator game,"Taiwanese college students (N = 101) participated in the study to examine the effects of the amount of an endowment, the tangibility of an endowment, and the certainty of the recipient on selfishness in a modified dictator game. Results showed that dictators were more selfish when allocating tangible (money) than less tangible (honor credits) endowments. Selfishness was higher when large amounts of money were involved. The certainty of the recipient was manipulated by whether the recipient was chosen and announced before or after the decision. Unexpectedly, participants were more self-interested in the certain-recipient condition than in the uncertain-recipient condition. In the honor condition, the amount of an endowment and the certainty of the recipient did not affect participants' allocations. © Psychological Reports 2014.","Chang, S.-C.; Lin, L.-Y.; Horng, R.-Y.; Wang, Y.-D.",Psychol. Rep.,1749
-"Shame, guilt & responses to non-profit & public sector ads","Despite their regular use and obvious importance for social marketing, guilt appeals have received scant attention from academic researchers in the marketing communications field. The handful of studies actually completed in this area tend to suggest that, although guilty feelings are easily aroused by appropriate advertising messages, the effectiveness of guilt-based advertising is extremely limited, especially for high-guilt communications. This paper challenges the latter proposition, arguing that the dichotomy between guilt and shame commonly applied in psychological (as opposed to marketing) research is equally relevant for investigations into the efficacy of advertising. It is proposed that certain communications intended to invoke guilt might in fact produce shameful responses among message recipients, with negative consequences for advertisers. © 1998, Advertising Association.","Bennett, R.",Int. J. Advert.,1750
-"Religiosity and resource allocation in Marajó, Brazil","Current research suggests that certain features of religion can harness our sociality in important ways, curbing selfish behavior and/or boosting prosocial behavior. If this is the case, embodied symbols of religious devotion should induce these effects. To test the claim that religious symbolism has an effect on sociality, we conducted the Random Allocation Game with a symbolic prime in Pesqueiro, on the island of Marajó, Brazil, among Christians. Our prime–a Bible and a crucifix pendant–appears to have influenced the allocations made toward distant co-religionists; people who played the game in the prime condition allocated more coins to the distant co-religionist. Additionally, self-reported beliefs about God’s knowledge and punishment had strong effects on fair gameplay across games. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Cohen, E.; Baimel, A.; Purzycki, B.G.",Relig. Brain Behav.,1751
-Charity donations in the UK: New evidence based on panel data,"This paper presents a set of panel data estimates for 159 of the most prominent UK charities for the period 1983-1990. In evaluating alternative specifications, we settle on a fixed-effects estimation. Social welfare charities are shown to fund raise short of the point at which net revenues are maximized, whereas health and overseas charities are found to net revenue maximize. Religious charities maximize total revenues. Estimates of price and fund-raising elasticities are presented for charities overall and for four cohorts. For alternative income sources, no evidence of crowding-out is found. © 1995.","Khanna, J.; Posnett, J.; Sandler, T.",J. Public Econ.,1752
-Anticipated obstacles to compliance: Predicting their presence and expression,"This study examines obstacles preventing influence goal achievement by investigating the obstacles requesters anticipate will be present and/or expressed by targets. Findings indicate that requesters expect that obstacles based on the target's inability to provide the resource are more frequent in the discourse of refusals than are obstacles grounded in the target's unwillingness to assist. When the relationship between perceived intimacy and the type of obstacles present is examined, a greater number of inability obstacles are expected to be present as intimacy increases while fewer unwillingness obstacles are expected to be present as intimacy increases. These relationships do not hold for the types of obstacles expected to be expressed in refusals. The discussion explores how expressed and unexpressed obstacles may affect the creation of request discourse. © 1994, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.","Ifert, D.E.; Roloff, M.E.",Commun. Stud.,1753
-"Determinants of charitable donations to large U.S. higher education, hospital, and scientific research NPOs: New evidence from panel data","We provide improved evidence on effects that fund-raising, government support, and program revenue of U.S. higher education, hospital, and scientific research nonprofit organizations (NPOs) have on donations to those NPOs and provide improved estimates of price elasticities of donations to, and donor demand for output of, those NPOs. Applying econometric tests, we find the best-specified model is two-way fixed effects, which controls for organization-specific and time-specific factors. Results suggest that U.S. higher education, hospital, and scientific research NPOs fund-raise to the point where the marginal fund-raising dollar brings in zero dollars of donations, donor demand for output of hospitals and scientific research NPOs is price inelastic and price elastic, respectively, and results are not sensitive to specification of price. © 2004 International Society for Third-Sector Research and The Johns Hopkins University.","Marudas, N.P.; Jacobs, F.A.",Voluntas,1754
-Conspicuous consumption versus charitable behavior in response to social exclusion: A differential needs explanation,,"Lee, J.; Shrum, L.J.",Journal of Consumer Research,1755
-"A meta-analysis of the past 25 years of weight loss research using diet, exercise or diet plus exercise intervention","OBJECTIVE: The therapeutic effectiveness of diet, exercise, and diet plus exercise for weight loss in obesity was determined. DATA SOURCES: All human research reported in English, published in peer-reviewed scientific journals within the past 25 y was reviewed. STUDY SELECTION: Acceptance criteria (n = 493 from > 700 studies) were that a therapeutic intervention of diet, exercise or diet plus exercise was employed, specifically for weight reduction in obese adult humans and that weight change was reported numerically. Only aerobic exercise studies were included, while drug, hormone and surgical treatments were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION: All data were extracted by the same investigator from the original research report. Except for gender and program type, all extracted data were numerical. DATA SYNTHESIS: ANOVA, with a Newman-Keuls post hoc test, was used to determine differences among programs (P < 0.05). One analysis was performed on the group mean data and one based on effect sizes. Analyses were repeated using initial body weight, initial percent body fat and program length, as covariates. RESULTS: Primarily, subjects aged 40 y have been studied (39.5 +/- 0.4 y, mean +/- s.e.m.) who are only moderately obese (92.7 +/- 0.9 kg, 33.2 +/- 0.5 body mass index (BMI), 33.4 +/- 0.7% body fat); for short durations (15.6 +/- 0.6 weeks). Exercise studies were of a shorter duration, used younger subjects who weighed less, had lower BMI and percentage body fat values, than diet or diet plus exercise studies. Despite these differences, weight lost through diet, exercise and diet plus exercise was 10.7 +/- 0.5, 2.9 +/- 0.4* and 11.0 +/- 0.6 kg, respectively. However, at one-year follow-up, diet plus exercise tended to be the superior program. Effect size and covariate analyses revealed similar program differences. CONCLUSION: Weight loss research over the past 25 y has been very narrowly focused on a middle age population that is only moderately obese, while the interventions lasted for only short periods of time. The data shows, however, that a 15-week diet or diet plus exercise program, produces a weight loss of about 11 kg, with a 6.6 +/- 0.5 and 8.6 +/- 0.8 kg maintained loss after one year, respectively.","Miller, W C; Koceja, D M; Hamilton, E J",Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.,1756
-Uncovering the moral heuristics of altruism: A philosophical scale,"Extant research suggests that individuals employ traditional moral heuristics to support their observed altruistic behavior; yet findings have largely been limited to inductive extrapolation and rely on relatively few traditional frames in so doing, namely, deontology in organizational behavior and virtue theory in law and economics. Given that these and competing moral frames such as utilitarianism can manifest as identical behavior, we develop a moral framing instrument-the Philosophical Moral-Framing Measure (PMFM)-to expand and distinguish traditional frames associated and disassociated with observed altruistic behavior. The validation of our instrument based on 1015 subjects in 3 separate real stakes scenarios indicates that heuristic forms of deontology, virtue-theory, and utilitarianism are strongly related to such behavior, and that egoism is an inhibitor. It also suggests that deontic and virtue-theoretical frames may be commonly perceived as intertwined and opens the door for new research on self-abnegation, namely, a perceived moral obligation toward suffering and self-denial. These findings hold the potential to inform ongoing conversations regarding organizational citizenship and moral crowding out, namely, how financial incentives can undermine altruistic behavior. © 2020 Friedland et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Friedland, J.; Emich, K.; Cole, B.M.",PLoS ONE,1757
-Assessing macro-level predictors and theories of crime: A meta-analysis,"The macro-level approach reemerged as a salient criminological paradigm in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Prompted by new theories and reformulations of existing ones, over 200 empirical studies explored ecological correlates of crime. Few efforts have been made, however, to ""make sense"" of this literature. A ""meta-analysis"" was undertaken to determine the relative effects of macro-level predictors of crime. Indicators of ""concentrated disadvantage"" (e.g., racial heterogeneity, poverty, and family disruption) are among the strongest and most stable predictors. Except for incarceration, variables indicating increased use of the criminal justice system (e.g., policing and gettough policy effects) are among the weakest. Across all studies, social disorganization and resource/economic deprivation theories receive strong empirical support; anomie/strain, social support/social altruism, and routine activity theories receive moderate support; and deterrence/rational choice and subcultural theories receive weak support. © 2005 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.","Pratt, T C; Cullen, F T","CRIME AND JUSTICE: A REVIEW OF RESEARCH, VOL 32",1758
-Patients' experiences on donation of their residual biological samples and the impact of these experiences on the type of consent given for the future research use of the tissue: a systematic review,"AIM: This review aimed to critically appraise, synthesise and present the best available evidence related to the experiences of patients who have donated their residual biological samples and the impact of this experience on the type of consent given for future research use of these tissues. METHOD: The three-step search strategy aimed to find both published and unpublished studies published in English between 1990 and 2010 in electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Embase, PsycINFO, Mednar, PROQUEST). Using the standardised data extraction tool from the Joanna Briggs Institute, the Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument, 131 findings were extracted from the 18 papers included in this review. These findings generated 19 categories and four synthesised findings. RESULTS: The synthesised findings generated were related to the different stages of the handling of leftover tissue. The first synthesised finding: patient consent to the use of leftover tissue is a complex interaction between many factors and not solely driven by perceptions of benefits to self or others, relates to the collection of the leftover tissue - the initial consent process. The second synthesised finding: healthcare institutions and regulatory authorities must provide clear and transparent safeguards and controls, and communicate these to the patient prior to the consenting process, outlines the issues affecting consent during the processing and storage of the tissues in biobanks or research institutions. The third synthesised finding: views on ownership and rights to the further use of the leftover tissue varies between individual patients and influences their willingness to consent to further use, demonstrates the concerns relating to the safeguards on the collection and storage of leftover tissue. The fourth synthesised finding: patients have opposing views on the use of their leftover tissue for commercial purposes, reflecting the differing community beliefs around using leftover tissue for research which may provide a commercial benefit to some, but not all, the community. CONCLUSION: For leftover tissues to be used, patients must clearly understand: the type of consent they are providing (opt in or opt out); the parameters for the future research use of their leftover tissues; the safeguards put into place to protect the individual and the donated tissue from unethical use; and the commercial implications of their consent. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This review provides information on patient's experiences on the collection, storage, distribution and future use of leftover tissue. These preferences need to be understood when designing a prospective model of consent regimen which respects patient's confidentiality and wishes. The information in this review is especially important for policy-makers designing a prospective model of consent regimen for the use of existing and previously collected biological samples with no consent taken. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH: Further research is needed to ascertain what factors specifically influence patient's willingness to consent for the use of leftover tissue. Factors for further exploration include the effects of culture, religion and age. Additionally, further research is required to inform the development of specific consent regimes for the use of leftover tissue for commercial, stem cell and genetic research.","Chan, Tuck Wai; Mackey, Sandra; Hegney, Desley Gail",Int. J. Evid. Based Healthc.,1759
-The Case for Moral Consumption: Examining and Expanding the Domain of Moral Behavior to Promote Individual and Collective Well-Being,"This research delineates and critically examines extant empirical research on marketplace morality within the context of transformative consumer research. The authors identify how public policy can be leveraged to promote moral consumption in the marketplace in line with the transformative consumer research objectives of personal and collective well-being. They conduct a systematic review of the last decade of marketing literature and find that the definition of what is considered ?marketplace morality? has been rather narrow. Subsequently, the authors propose a broader definition and develop a typology of moral consumption behaviors based on the valence of moral judgment/behavior (moral or immoral) and moral content (harm, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity). The authors find that most research has focused on understanding one-time (im)moral behaviors in narrow domains, which have local implications and short-term impact. This research proposes that there is untapped potential in investigating repeated (im)moral behaviors associated with lifestyle choices and habits and that these have wider, long-term moral implications (e.g., wastefulness, overindulgence, pollution, authenticity, discrimination). Finally, the authors consider the underlying motivations for (im)moral behaviors and offer recommendations for policy development and research.","Komarova Loureiro, Yuliya; Bayuk, Julia; Tignor, Stefanie M; Nenkov, Gergana Y; Baskentli, Sara; Webb, Dave",Journal of Public Policy & Marketing,1760
-Unexpected events as a cue to social surveillance,,"White, C.",,1761
-Methodological and Reporting Errors in Meta-Analytic Reviews Make Other Meta-Analysts Angry: A Commentary on Ferguson (2015),"Although Ferguson’s (2015, this issue) meta-analysis addresses an important topic, we have serious concerns about how it was conducted. Because there was only one coder, we have no confidence in the reliability or validity of the coded variables. Two independent raters should have coded the studies. Ferguson synthesized partial correlations as if they were zero-order correlations, which can increase or decrease (sometimes substantially) the variance of the partial correlation. Moreover, he partialled different numbers of variables from different effects, partialled different variables from different studies, and did not report what was partialled from each study. Ferguson used an idiosyncratic “tandem procedure” for detecting publication bias. He also “corrected” his results for publication bias, even though there is no such thing as a “correction” for publication bias. Thus, we believe that Ferguson’s meta-analysis is fatally flawed and should not have been accepted for publication in Perspective on Psychological Science (or any other journal). © 2015, © The Author(s) 2015.","Rothstein, H.R.; Bushman, B.J.",Perspect. Psychol. Sci.,1762
-Update of a Systematic Review of Autoresuscitation After Cardiac Arrest,"OBJECTIVES: There has been a growth in publications focusing on the phenomena of autoresuscitation in recent years. In 2010, we systematically reviewed the medical literature with the primary objective of summarizing the evidence on the timing of autoresuscitation. Healthcare professionals have continued to voice concerns regarding the potential for autoresuscitation. With this in mind, the objective of this brief report is to update the results of our original review of autoresuscitation. DATA SOURCES: We applied the same search strategy described in our original article to update our findings to include articles published from January 2009 to September 2016. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: We screened an additional 1,859 citations, after duplicates were removed, and then assessed 46 full-text articles for eligibility, from which 15 studies were included for data extraction. DATA SYNTHESIS: During the time period of this review, there have been 1) 10 additional adult and three pediatric case reports of autoresuscitation in patients after cessation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation; in those cases with continuous monitoring and confirmation of circulation, the longest events are reported to be 10 and 2 minutes, respectively for adults and children; 2) six adults (4%, total n = 162) with autoresuscitation events reported from two observational studies and one chart review of patients undergoing withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy; the longest time reported to be 89 seconds with electrocardiogram and invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring and 3 minutes with electrocardiogram monitoring only; 3) 12 pediatric patients studied with vital sign monitoring during withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy without any reports of autoresuscitation. CONCLUSIONS: Although case reports of autoresuscitation are hampered by variability in observation and monitoring techniques, autoresuscitation has now been reported in adults and children, and there appears to be a distinction in timing between failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation and withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy. Although additional prospective studies are required to clarify the frequency and predisposing factors associated with this phenomenon, clinical decision-making regarding patient management under uncertainty is required nonetheless. Both adult and pediatric healthcare professionals should be aware of the possibility of autoresuscitation and monitor their patients accordingly before diagnosing death.","Hornby, Laura; Dhanani, Sonny; Shemie, Sam D",Crit. Care Med.,1763
-Analysis of the Value of Celebrity Affiliation to Nonprofit Contributions,"Nonprofit organizations rely on contributions to achieve mission-based objectives. While many determinants of contributions have been uncovered (e.g., fundraising budget, organization age, and operational efficiency), little is known about the role that celebrity affiliation plays in generating contributions. Using a sample of more than 500 industry-diverse charities with known celebrity affiliations, we find support for the celebrity-lift hypothesis—that celebrity-affiliated nonprofits are associated with increased contributions. We also find that celebrity affiliation has a substitution effect such that fundraising expenses are lower at celebrity-affiliated organizations. © 2014, © The Author(s) 2014.","Harris, E.E.; Ruth, J.A.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,1764
-"The Relationships Among Girls’ Prosocial Video Gaming, Perspective-Taking, Sympathy, and Thoughts About Violence","This study, which was based on the General Learning Model, examined the effects of prosocial gaming on girls’ thoughts about perceived justified and unjustified aggressive attitudes as operationalized by 4 scenarios. The process was mediated by participants’ general perspective-taking and sympathy abilities, which relate to the cognitive and affective routes to learning. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the process. One hundred and forty-five girls between the ages of 7 and 15 completed the self-report online survey. Findings suggest that prosocial gaming is associated with greater perspective-taking and sympathizing abilities. These abilities positively correlated with thoughts about all types of violence as wrong whether or not “justified” and independent of severity. Error correlations suggest that younger girls’ processing comprises an affective component that bypasses the cognitive or perspective-taking route. Findings also intimate that in the case of justified violence assessments, girls not only evaluated the aggressor’s violent act but also assessed what precipitated the act thus suggesting more complex thought. © The Author(s) 2012.","Vieira, E.T., Jr.",Commun. Res.,1765
-What sells better in green communications: Fear or hope?: It depends on whether the issue is global or local,,"Lee, Y.-K.; Chang, C.-T.; Chen, P.-C.",Journal of Advertising Research,1766
-"The flat-rate income tax, tax burden, and charitable contributions",,"Lawrence, D.B.; Saghafi, M.M.",National Tax Journal,1767
-Processing of the incentive for social approval in the ventral striatum during charitable donation,"Human behaviors are motivated not only by materialistic rewards but also by abstract social rewards, such as the approval of others. When choosing an action in social situations, to evaluate each action, the brain must convert different types of reward (such as money or social approval) into a common scale. Here using fMRI, we investigated the neural correlates of such valuation computations while individuals freely decided whether to donate to real charities or to take the money for themselves in the presence or absence of observers. Behavioral evidence showed that the mere presence of observers increased donation rates, and neuroimaging results revealed that activation in the ventral striatum before the same choice (""donate"" or ""not donate"") was significantly modulated by the presence of observers. Particularly high striatal activations were observed when a high social reward was expected (donation in public) and when there was the potential for monetary gain without social cost (no donation in the absence of observers). These findings highlight the importance of this area in representing both social and monetary rewards as a ""decision utility"" and add to the understanding of how the brain makes a choice using a ""common neural currency"" in social situations. © 2009 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.","Izuma, K.; Saito, D.N.; Sadato, N.",J. Cogn. Neurosci.,1768
-Classroom use of selected children's books: Prosocial development in young children,,"Trepanier, M.L.; Romatowski, J.A.",Journal of Humanistic Education and Development,1769
-Using crowdsourced online experiments to study context-dependency of behavior,"We use Mechanical Turk's diverse participant pool to conduct online bargaining games in India and the US. First, we assess internal validity of crowdsourced experimentation through variation of stakes ($0, $1, $4, and $10) in the Ultimatum and Dictator Game. For cross-country equivalence we adjust the stakes following differences in purchasing power. Our marginal totals correspond closely to laboratory findings. Monetary incentives induce more selfish behavior but, in line with most laboratory findings, the particular size of a positive stake appears irrelevant. Second, by transporting a homogeneous decision situation into various living conditions crowdsourced experimentation permits identification of context effects on elicited behavior. We explore context-dependency using session-level variation in participants' geographical location, regional affluence, and local social capital. Across “virtual pools” behavior varies in the range of stake effects. We argue that quasi-experimental variation of the characteristics people bring to the experimental situation is the key potential of crowdsourced online designs. © 2016 Elsevier Inc.","Keuschnigg, M.; Bader, F.; Bracher, J.",Soc. Sci. Res.,1770
-Improved docking of polypeptides with glide,"Predicting the binding mode of flexible polypeptides to proteins is an important task that falls outside the domain of applicability of most small molecule and protein-protein docking tools. Here, we test the small molecule flexible ligand docking program Glide on a set of 19 non-α-helical peptides and systematically improve pose prediction accuracy by enhancing Glide sampling for flexible polypeptides. In addition, scoring of the poses was improved by post-processing with physics-based implicit solvent MM-GBSA calculations. Using the best RMSD among the top 10 scoring poses as a metric, the success rate (RMSD ≤ 2.0 Å for the interface backbone atoms) increased from 21% with default Glide SP settings to 58% with the enhanced peptide sampling and scoring protocol in the case of redocking to the native protein structure. This approaches the accuracy of the recently developed Rosetta FlexPepDock method (63% success for these 19 peptides) while being over 100 times faster. Cross-docking was performed for a subset of cases where an unbound receptor structure was available, and in that case, 40% of peptides were docked successfully. We analyze the results and find that the optimized polypeptide protocol is most accurate for extended peptides of limited size and number of formal charges, defining a domain of applicability for this approach. © 2013 American Chemical Society.","Tubert-Brohman, I.; Sherman, W.; Repasky, M.; Beuming, T.",J. Chem. Inf. Model.,1771
-An assessment of the methodological quality of published network meta-analyses: a systematic review,"OBJECTIVE: To assess the methodological quality of published network meta-analysis. DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: We searched the medical literature for network meta-analyses of pharmaceuticals. We assessed general study characteristics, study transparency and reproducibility, methodological approach, and reporting of findings. We compared studies published in journals with lower impact factors with those published in journals with higher impact factors, studies published prior to January 1st, 2013 with those published after that date, and studies supported financially by industry with those supported by non-profit institutions or that received no support. RESULTS: The systematic literature search identified 854 citations. Three hundred and eighteen studies met our inclusion criteria. The number of network meta-analyses has grown rapidly, with 48% of studies published since January 2013. The majority of network meta-analyses were supported by a non-profit institution or received no support (68%). We found considerable inconsistencies among reviewed studies. Eighty percent reported search terms, 61% a network diagram, 65% sufficient data to replicate the analysis, and 90% the characteristics of included trials. Seventy percent performed a risk of bias assessment of included trials, 40% an assessment of model fit, and 56% a sensitivity analysis. Among studies with a closed loop, 69% examined the consistency of direct and indirect evidence. Sixty-four percent of studies presented the full matrix of head-to-head treatment comparisons. For Bayesian studies, 41% reported the probability that each treatment was best, 31% reported treatment ranking, and 16% included the model code or referenced publicly-available code. Network meta-analyses published in higher impact factors journals and those that did not receive industry support performed better across the assessment criteria. We found few differences between older and newer studies. CONCLUSIONS: There is substantial variation in the network meta-analysis literature. Consensus among guidelines is needed improve the methodological quality, transparency, and consistency of study conduct and reporting.","Chambers, James D; Naci, Huseyin; Wouters, Olivier J; Pyo, Junhee; Gunjal, Shalak; Kennedy, Ian R; Hoey, Mark G; Winn, Aaron; Neumann, Peter J",PLoS One,1772
-Motivators to participation in actual HIV vaccine trials,"An examination of actual HIV vaccine trials can contribute to an understanding of motivators for participation in these studies. Analysis of these motivators reveals that they can be categorized as social and personal benefits. Social benefits are generally altruistic, whereas personal benefits are psychological, physical, and financial. In this systematic review, the authors performed a literature search for actual preventive HIV vaccine trials reporting motivators to participation. Of studies conducted in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, the authors retrieved 12 studies reporting on social benefits and seven reporting on personal benefits. From the non-OECD countries, nine studies reported on social benefits and eight studies on personal benefits. Social benefits were most frequently described on macroscopic, altruistic levels. Personal benefits were most frequently psychological in nature. Rates of participation were compared between the OECD and the non-OECD countries. Knowledge of actual motivators in specific countries and regions can help target recruitment in various types of actual HIV vaccine trials.","Dhalla, Shayesta; Poole, Gary",AIDS Behav.,1773
-The not-so-dark side of materialism: Can public versus private contexts make materialists less eco-unfriendly?,"Materialism, a way of life characterized by pursuing possessions, image, and status, has always been looked upon as self-interested and unkind. Previous studies have widely verified that materialism has a negative impact on individuals' pro-environmental behaviors. The present research focused on whether the public (versus private) nature of a decision context will make materialists behave in more eco-friendly ways. In Study 1, the behavioral decision context (public vs. private) was manipulated to examine whether the relationship between materialism and pro-environmental behaviors would vary as a function of the situation. In Study 2, we manipulated materialism and contexts simultaneously to verify the hypothesis again. Findings in the two studies consistently revealed that public versus private contexts played a moderating role between materialism and pro-environmental behaviors. That is, in private, individuals with higher levels of materialism were less eco-friendly than those with lower levels of materialism, but the negative effect disappeared in public. We concluded with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of the research findings. © 2019 Wang, Gu, Jiang and Sun.","Wang, L.; Gu, D.; Jiang, J.; Sun, Y.",Front. Psychol.,1774
-Happy to help? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of performing acts of kindness on the well-being of the actor,"Do acts of kindness improve the well-being of the actor? Recent advances in the behavioural sciences have provided a number of explanations of human social, cooperative and altruistic behaviour. These theories predict that people will be ‘happy to help’ family, friends, community members, spouses, and even strangers under some conditions. Here we conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the experimental evidence that kindness interventions (for example, performing ‘random acts of kindness’) boost subjective well-being. Our initial search of the literature identified 489 articles; of which 24 (27 studies) met the inclusion criteria (total N/=/4045). These 27 studies, some of which included multiple control conditions and dependent measures, yielded 52 effect sizes. Multi-level modeling revealed that the overall effect of kindness on the well-being of the actor is small-to-medium (´/=/0.28). The effect was not moderated by sex, age, type of participant, intervention, control condition or outcome measure. There was no indication of publication bias. We discuss the limitations of the current literature, and recommend that future research test more specific theories of kindness: taking kindness-specific individual differences into account; distinguishing between the effects of kindness to specific categories of people; and considering a wider range of proximal and distal outcomes. Such research will advance our understanding of the causes and consequences of kindness, and help practitioners to maximise the effectiveness of kindness interventions to improve well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Curry, Oliver Scott; Rowland, Lee A; Van Lissa, Caspar J; Zlotowitz, Sally; McAlaney, John; Whitehouse, Harvey",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,1775
-Applying Social Psychology to Induce Charitable Donations,"As part of a door‐to‐door campaign to raise funds for the American Cancer Society, 359 people in a middle‐class neighborhood were randomly assigned to five different versions of a request for contributions. A version of the request similar to that typically used in such charity drives served as a control and the other four versions were modified slightly on the basis of social psychological principles. Three of these manipulations failed to increase donating beyond the level of the standard request. Replicating prior research, it was found that for completed requests (N= 293) adding the words “even a penny will help” to the standard request significantly increased the percentage of people who donated. However, in 66 cases the solicitor was interrupted with a donation or a refusal before delivering the key phrase that differentiated the experimental conditions. An analysis of these incomplete requests suggests that the effectiveness of the even‐a‐penny technique may be at least partially explained by the solicitors' expectations. Copyright © 1984, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved","Weyant, J.M.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,1776
-Reciprocity and the emergence of reputation,"Before reputation can be cultivated it must be conferred; individuals must seek information relevant to a future social partner prior to actual interaction. Such information may be gathered by observing a future social partner in interaction with another. Use of vicarious observation to direct initial play in actual encounter we term minimal attributed reputation. We model minimal attributed reputation by the strategy Observer Tit For Tat (OTFT), which behaves like Tit For Tat (TFT) when ignorant of a new partner but begins by defecting on a new partner if that partner was seen defecting on another. TFT can resist invasion by OTFT in the presence of recurring mutant unilateral defectors. Yet OTFT is evolutionarily stable when TFT is not; similarly, OTFT requires less clustering than TFT to invade a world of unilateral defection. OTFT is evolutionarily superior to TFT under low probabilities of future interaction between partners; indeed, in principle OTFT requires no future interaction between partners. As the probability of future interaction increases, TFT supplants OTFT. Thus, minimal reputation evolves when the duration of pair-wise interaction is relatively uncertain. © 1992 Academic Press Limited All rights reserved.","Pollock, G.; Dugatkin, L.A.",J. Theor. Biol.,1777
-Did tax incentives play any part in increased giving?,"Since 2000, increased taxation incentives along with other measures have been used by the government to encourage philanthropy in Australia. Since the new incentives were introduced, claimed gift tax deductions have increased. However, generally, donors are not aware of the new tax incentives for giving and in any case they report that their motivation for giving is not primarily, if at all, to obtain tax incentives. This article examines this paradox and seeks some possible explanations.","McGregor-Lowndes, M.; Newton, C.; Marsden, S.",Austr. J. Soc. Iss.,1778
-Gifts and Gifting,"The terms gift and gifting are rarely formally defined, but are associated with something given without receiving payment, often in the expectation of reciprocation and of changing the relationship with the recipient. Extensive prior work across a number of disciplines tends to focus on gifting as a process and shows a broad conceptualization of the gift construct to include actions as diverse as charitable giving, tipping, self-gifting and volunteering, where relationship development and reciprocation are largely irrelevant. As a way to develop the area, two proposals are made: first, that gifting research should recognize two different types of gift, transactional and relational; and second, that the exchange paradigm and its underpinning social exchange theory should become central in developing understanding of relational gifting. The authors argue that empirical researchers may usefully revisit the relational paradigm, but by adopting a more quantitative, modelling approach, and the paper illustrates how this might be achieved. © 2009 The Authors. International Journal of Management Reviews © 2009 British Academy of Management and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","Davies, G.; Whelan, S.; Foley, A.; Walsh, M.",Int. J. Manage. Rev.,1779
-"Prevalence of hepatitis G virus infection among 67,348 blood donors in mainland China","BACKGROUND: Hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection transmitted from blood donors is a concern in China, as many articles about HGV infection in Chinese blood donors from different provinces have been published. This study aimed to evaluate the overall prevalence of HGV infection in Chinese blood donors and analyse the potential risk of HGV infection through blood transfusion in China. METHODS: We performed a literature search in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Chinese BioMedical Literature Database (CBM) and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) up to October 2018 regarding the prevalence of HGV in Chinese blood donors. Eligibility assessment and data extraction were conducted independently by 2 researchers, and meta-analysis was performed to synthesize the data. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and quantified using the I2 statistic. Subgroup analyses were performed to identify the possible sources of heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using both funnel plot and Egger's tests. RESULTS: A total of 102 studies with 67,348 blood donors published from 1996 to 2016 and covering 26 provinces or municipalities were included for further analyses. The pooled prevalence of HGV was 3.91% (95%CI: 3.18-4.71%) by enzyme immune assay/enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (EIA/ELISA) and 3.25% (95%CI: 2.35-4.26%) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence of HGV may be significantly affected by region, province or municipality and potentially by the paid/voluntary status of the blood donors. No significant difference was found between plasma and full blood donation. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HGV in blood donors from China was similar to that in blood donors from many other countries and higher than that of some other hepatitis viruses, such as hepatitis B virus. The risk of transfusion-transmitted HGV still exists after routine blood donor screening, especially in those patients coinfected with other hepatitis viruses and/or HIV. On the basis of our study, we may suggest adding HGV screening for blood transfusions in mainland China in the future.","Wang, Taiwu; Chen, Juecai; Zhang, Qi; Huang, Xia; Xie, Nanzhen; Zhang, Jinhai; Cai, Tongjian; Zhang, Yao; Xiong, Hongyan",BMC Public Health,1780
-Wheat from chaff: Meta-analysis as quantitative literature review,,"Stanley, T.D.",J. Econ. Perspect.,1781
-"What are the most powerful predictors of charitable giving to victims of typhoon Haiyan: Prosocial traits, socio-demographic variables, or eye cues?","Major natural disasters often prompt charities to start rallying for extra donations. However, little is known about which variables predict disaster donations most strongly. Here we focused on donations to victims of typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines (2013). A multifaceted approach combined three potential predictors: (a) prosocial traits (social value orientation and social mindfulness, or SVO and SoMi), (b) socio-demographic variables, and (c) minimal social cues (eye images). Participants (N = 643) completed an online survey in which they decided whether or not to spend time on a fundraising task to support the typhoon victims. Results of this exploratory study showed that SVO and SoMi, followed by educational attainment and political ideology, were the most prominent predictors of the decision to donate. Furthermore, SVO, SoMi, educational attainment, and religiosity were related to the donated amount. In disaster relief appeals, prosocial personality (and certain socio-demographic factors) might be a more important predictor of helping behavior than exposure to eye images. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd","Manesi, Z.; Van Lange, P.A.M.; Van Doesum, N.J.; Pollet, T.V.",Pers. Individ. Differ.,1782
-Positivity effect and decision making in ageing,"Across various contexts, older adults demonstrate a positivity effect–an age-related increase in a relative bias toward positive emotional stimuli as compared to negative stimuli. Previous research has demonstrated how this effect can influence decision making processes, specifically information search and choice satisfaction. However, the potential impact of the positivity effect and resulting age differences in information acquisition on decision quality has not been conclusively determined. We conducted an online decision making study comprising choices among charitable organisations with 152 younger and 152 older adults to investigate this relationship. We did not observe the positivity effect defined as higher positivity bias in older compared to younger adults. On the contrary, younger adults showed a slightly higher positivity bias. We also did not observe a link between a bias in information search toward positive or negative stimuli and decision quality. The results replicate the link between positivity bias and decision satisfaction. Older and younger adults did not differ in their decision quality. Finally, the findings did not support a potential influence of loss prevention orientation. Further research is required to address the factors that could influence the positivity effect in decision making. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Levin, F.; Fiedler, S.; Weber, B.",Cogn. Emot.,1783
-The selfish side of self-control,"Self-control is a powerful tool that promotes goal pursuit by helping individuals curb personal desires, follow norms, and adopt rational thinking. In interdependent social contexts, the socially acceptable (i.e. normative) and rational approach to secure long-term goals is prosocial behaviour. Consistent with that, much research associates self-control with prosociality. The present research demonstrates that when norm salience is reduced (i.e. social relations are no longer interdependent), high self-control leads to more selfish behaviour when it is economically rational. In three studies, participants were asked to allocate an endowment between themselves and another person (one-round, zero-sum version of the dictator game), facing a conflict between a socially normative and an economically rational approach. Across the studies, norm salience was manipulated [through manipulation of social context (private/public; Studies 1 and 2), measurement of social desirability (Studies 1 and 3), and measurement (Study 2) and manipulation (Study 3) of social power] such that some participants experienced low normative pressure. Findings showed that among individuals in a low normative pressure context, self-control led to economically rational, yet selfish, behaviour. The findings highlight the role of self-control in regulating behaviour so as to maximize situational adaptation. © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology.","Uziel, L.; Hefetz, U.",Eur. J. Pers.,1784
-Doing well by doing good: The benevolent halo of corporate social responsibility,,"Chernev, A.; Blair, S.",Journal of Consumer Research,1785
-Risk aversion and incentive effects,,"Holt, C.A.; Laury, S.K.",Am. Econ. Rev.,1786
-Effectiveness of multiple request strategies: A synthesis of research results,,"Fern, E.F.; Monroe, K.B.; Avila, R.A.",Journal of Marketing Research,1787
-Norm Enforcement in high-cost-situations: An experimental investigation of the effect of an economic constraint on responder behavior in the ultimatum game,,"Rese, M.; Schons, L.M.",Zeitschrift fur Soziologie,1788
-Impact of Government Funding on Donations to Arts Organizations: A Survey Experiment,"Many nonprofits rely on private donations and government grants, but it is still unclear how these sources of funding may interact or even influence each other. To examine the behavioral aspect of the crowding-out hypothesis, we conducted an online survey experiment (n = 562) to test if government funding of a hypothetical nonprofit would influence donations. Our results show that a nonprofit with government funding, compared to an identical hypothetical organization without government funding, received 25% less in average donations (US$35 vs. US$47) and was about half as likely (21% vs. 38%) to receive all the money in a forced-choice scenario. However, the crowding-out effect of government funding appears much weaker for those who are arts patrons or who have previously contributed to the arts. Interestingly, this crowding-out effect seems insensitive to the amount of government funding and to labeling the government funding as coming from a prestigious source (e.g., National Endowment for the Arts [NEA]). © The Author(s) 2013.","Kim, M.; Van Ryzin, G.G.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,1789
-The lure of antagonistic social strategy in unstable socioecological environment: Residential mobility facilitates individuals’ antisocial behavior,"Individuals are believed to calibrate their antisocial level in response to the socioecological environment where they live. However, knowledge of the relationship between specific socioecological factors and antisocial behavior remains scant. This research focused on humans’ residential mobility and explored its influence on antisocial behavior. Three studies were designed to test the hypothesis that individuals with high (vs. low) residential mobility tend to engage in antisocial behavior more frequently. The results showed that both self-reported residential mobility (Study 1) and manipulated residential mobility (Studies 2 and 3) positively predicted individuals’ antisocial level. Furthermore, we found that social monitoring played a role in moderating the linkage between residential mobility and antisocial behavior (Study 3); individuals with high residential mobility decreased their antisocial behavior when they were observed by artificial eyes, while individuals with low residential mobility did the opposite. Taken together, this research suggests that, generally speaking, residential mobility is one socioecological factor that increases antisocial behavior, and that social monitoring can have diverse effects on such behavior. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.","Zuo, S.; Huang, N.; Cai, P.; Wang, F.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,1790
-Social Motivation: Costs and Benefits of Selfishness and Otherishness,"We examine recent evidence on the consequences of selfishness and otherishness for psychological well-being, physical health, and relationships. In the first sections, we consider recent evidence regarding the costs and benefits of giving time, money, and support to others and the costs and benefits of taking or receiving those things from others. Then, because the behaviors of giving and taking can be motivated either by selfish or otherish concerns, we next consider the costs and benefits of the motivation underlying giving and taking. We also examine why and for whom selfishness and otherishness have consequences for psychological well-being, physical health, and relationships. We focus on mechanisms identified in research, including intrapsychic mechanisms such as positive and negative affect, self-esteem and self-efficacy, a sense of meaning and purpose in life, and a sense of connectedness to or isolation from others, as well as interpersonal processes such as reciprocation of support and responsiveness. © Copyright 2017 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","Crocker, J.; Canevello, A.; Brown, A.A.",Annu. Rev. Psychol.,1791
-The relationship between resource dependence and market orientation: The specific case of non-profit organisations,,"Macedo, I.M.; Pinho, J.C.",European Journal of Marketing,1792
-,,"Cohen, J.; Cohen, P.",Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences,1793
-Perinatel outcomes of singleton pregnancies achieved by in vitro fertilization: a systematic review and meta-analysis,"OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the incidence of adverse obstetric outcomes is higher in singleton pregnancies achieved by in vitro fertilization (IVF) than in spontaneously conceived singletons matched for maternal age. METHODS: We used comprehensive search strategies to search MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. We selected case-control and cohort studies that compared singleton pregnancies conceived by IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with spontaneously conceived singletons (matched for maternal age [case-control studies] or controlled for maternal age [cohort studies]). Two reviewers independently assessed titles, abstracts, and study quality and extracted data. Statistical analysis was performed with Review Manager for Windows (Version 4.2, Oxford, UK). We performed meta-analysis of dichotomous data, using odds ratios (ORs) as measures of effect size, with a random effects model. We followed the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines for meta-analysis of observational studies. RESULTS: Singleton pregnancies resulting from IVF have increased rates of poor obstetric outcome, compared with spontaneously conceived singletons matched for maternal age, with increases in perinatal mortality (OR 2.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.59-3.63), preterm birth at < 33 weeks' gestation (OR 2.99; 95% CI 1.54-5.80), preterm birth at < 37 weeks' gestation (OR 1.93; 95% CI 1.36-2.74), very low birth weight (< 1500 g) (OR 3.78; 95% CI 4.29-5.75), small for gestational age (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.20-2.11), and congenital malformations (OR 1.41; CI 1.06-1.88). CONCLUSIONS: IVF singleton pregnancies have increased rates of poor obstetric outcome, compared with spontaneously conceived singletons matched for maternal age.","McDonald, Sarah D; Murphy, Kellie; Beyene, Joseph; Ohlsson, Arne",J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can.,1794
-Heuristics and biases in charity,,"Baron, J.; Szymanska, E.",The Science of Giv.: Experimental Approaches to the Study of Charity,1795
-Factors affecting the relation between donations to not-for-profit organizations and an efficiency ratio,,"Tinkelman, D.",Research in Government and Nonprofit Accounting,1796
-The distributed human neural system for face perception,"Face perception, perhaps the most highly developed visual skill in humans, is mediated by a distributed neural system in humans that is comprised of multiple, bilateral regions. We propose a model for the organization of this system that emphasizes a distinction between the representation of invariant and changeable aspects of faces. The representation of invariant aspects of faces underlies the recognition of individuals, whereas the representation of changeable aspects of faces, such as eye gaze, expression, and lip movement, underlies the perception of information that facilitates social communication. The model is also hierarchical insofar as it is divided into a core system and an extended system. The core system is comprised of occipitotemporal regions in extrastriate visual cortex that mediate the visual analysis of faces. In the core system, the representation of invariant aspects is mediated more by the face-responsive region in the fusiform gyrus, whereas the representation of changeable aspects is mediated more by the face-responsive region in the superior temporal sulcus. The extended system is comprised of regions from neural systems for other cognitive functions that can be recruited to act in concert with the regions in the core system to extract meaning from faces.","Haxby, J.V.; Hoffman, E.A.; Gobbini, M.I.",Trends Cogn. Sci.,1797
-Giving versus taking for a cause,"This study focuses on subjects' willingness to give to and take from a charity. We implement a ""real donation"" Dictator Game with initial endowments allocated in one of two ways: all to the subjects or all to the charity. Subjects are allowed to redistribute the endowments as they wish. We find that the initial allocation is irrelevant; final donations to the charities are nearly identical, in sharp contrast to similar research with an anonymous student recipient. Our findings imply that such framing no longer matters when a charity is substituted for an anonymous individual in the dictator setting. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.","Grossman, P.J.; Eckel, C.C.",Econ. Lett.,1798
-Of altruists and thieves,"We replicate List's 2007 baseline dictator game (DG) with subjects earning their endowment, evaluate the effect of decreasing the stakes of the DG, conduct a DG in which taking is the only option, measure dictators ex post perceptions, and impose a social distance framing effect. Dictator behavior is influenced when they earn their endowment and when the stakes of the game are changed, but not when a social distance framing effect is imposed. Our results suggest that dictators have been nudged into demonstrating altruistic tendencies in the standard DG, just as our taking treatment has nudged dictators to become thieves. © 2010 EEA.","Kench, B.T.; Niman, N.B.",East. Econ. J.,1799
-On the anatomy of social engineering attacks—A literature-based dissection of successful attacks,"The aim of this study was to explore the extent to which persuasion principles are used in successful social engineering attacks. Seventy-four scenarios were extracted from 4 books on social engineering (written by social engineers) and analysed. Each scenario was split into attack steps, containing single interactions between offender and target. For each attack step, persuasion principles were identified. The main findings are that (a) persuasion principles are often used in social engineering attacks, (b) authority (1 of the 6 persuasion principles) is used considerably more often than others, and (c) single-principle attack steps occur more often than multiple-principle ones. The social engineers identified in the scenarios more often used persuasion principles compared to other social influences. The scenario analysis illustrates how to exploit the human element in security. The findings support the view that security mechanisms should include not only technical but also social countermeasures. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Bullée, J.-W.H.; Montoya, L.; Pieters, W.; Junger, M.; Hartel, P.",J. Invest. Psychol. Offender Profiling,1800
-How companies' good deeds encourage consumers to adopt pro-social behavior,,"Romani, S.; Grappi, S.",European Journal of Marketing,1801
-Political Identity and Financial Risk Taking: Insights from Social Dominance Orientation,,"Han, K.; Jung, J.; Mittal, V.; Zyung, J.D.; Adam, H.",Journal of Marketing Research,1802
-Prosocial behavior and social status,"Humans are a very prosocial species, in that we often help others even at a cost to ourselves. Such behavior affects- and is affected by-a person's social status. In the current chapter, we examine the interactions between social status and prosocial behavior, and we show that causation goes in both directions. On the one hand, laboratory and field evidence show that prosocial behavior can be a means of achieving, or maintaining, elevated status and accessing the accompanying material and social rewards. On the other hand, possessing status can also affect prosocial behavior (for better or worse) by altering the costs and benefits of prosociality, for example, by affecting people's dependence on others, their vested interest in others, their ability to be prosocial, and their need for status maintenance. Status thus influences the use of prosocial behavior, but can increase it or decrease it depending on the context and the specific type of prosocial behavior. By understanding this bi-directional causation and applying it, we can harness people's desire for status to promote prosocial behaviors by ensuring its visibility and by fostering competitive altruism. © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014. All rights are reserved.","Kafashan, S.; Sparks, A.; Griskevicius, V.; Barclay, P.",The Psychol. of Soc. Status,1803
-Video Games Do Affect Social Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effects of Violent and Prosocial Video Game Play,"Whether video game play affects social behavior is a topic of debate. Many argue that aggression and helping are affected by video game play, whereas this stance is disputed by others. The present research provides a meta-analytical test of the idea that depending on their content, video games do affect social outcomes. Data from 98 independent studies with 36,965 participants revealed that for both violent video games and prosocial video games, there was a significant association with social outcomes. Whereas violent video games increase aggression and aggression-related variables and decrease prosocial outcomes, prosocial video games have the opposite effects. These effects were reliable across experimental, correlational, and longitudinal studies, indicating that video game exposure causally affects social outcomes and that there are both short- and long-term effects. © 2014 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.","Greitemeyer, T.; Mügge, D.O.",Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull.,1804
-Hierarchies of Need in Sustainable Development: A Resource Dependence Approach for Local Governance,"Urban sustainability is a burgeoning focus for urban scholarship but rarely examined within the larger context of local government economic activities. Why should cities focusing on cutback management and competition for tax revenues be expected to devote all but the fleetest of attention to carbon footprints or metropolitan-wide environmental or social problems? To address this question, we utilize a resource dependence (RD) theoretical framework to conceptualize sustainable development as a pattern of contractual arrangements between governments and firms shaped by resource constraints. Utilizing survey data of U.S. cities and a Bayesian methodological approach, we present evidence that municipal job-recruitment efforts reduce the probability of observing an overall sustainability policy commitment. Cities which placed greater emphasis on retaining and developing existing businesses are also more committed to sustainability. © The Author(s) 2017.","Deslatte, A.; Stokan, E.",Urban Aff. Rev.,1805
-Watching eyes do not stop dogs stealing food: evidence against a general risk-aversion hypothesis for the watching-eye effect,"The presence of pictures of eyes reduces antisocial behaviour in humans. It has been suggested that this ‘watching-eye’ effect is the result of a uniquely human sensitivity to reputation-management cues. However, an alternative explanation is that humans are less likely to carry out risky behaviour in general when they feel like they are being watched. This risk-aversion hypothesis predicts that other animals should also show the watching-eye effect because many animals behave more cautiously when being observed. Dogs are an ideal species to test between these hypotheses because they behave in a risk-averse manner when being watched and attend specifically to eyes when assessing humans’ attentional states. Here, we examined if dogs were slower to steal food in the presence of pictures of eyes compared to flowers. Dogs showed no difference in the latency to steal food between the two conditions. This finding shows that dogs are not sensitive to watching-eyes and is not consistent with a risk-aversion hypothesis for the watching-eye effect. © 2020, The Author(s).","Neilands, P.; Hassall, R.; Derks, F.; Bastos, A.P.M.; Taylor, A.H.",Sci. Rep.,1806
-Conflict management as an organizational capacity: survey of hospital managers in healthcare organizations,"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is twofold. The first objective is to outline the main theoretical framework on the conflict style phenomenon; the second purpose is to understand the conflict style in a sample of Medical Health Manager. Design/methodology/approach: The authors based this research on qualitative-quantitative analysis. This study starts with a survey questionnaire as a method to collect quantitative data. Therefore, the authors conducted a survey on the style of conflict management of hospital managers with subordinates. A modified version of the Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory II (ROCI II) (Rahim, 1983) – Module B is used. This instrument is composed of 28 entries. Findings: The results of this study offer a double perspective. From a theoretical point of view, the results highlight the main theoretical references related to conflict management. In particular, the main currents of study and the results of empirical evidence have been identified within organizational theory. The empirical part of this study, instead, offers a survey, carried out through the administration of the ROCI II – module B questionnaire. Originality/value: This paper offers interesting food for thought on conflict management. In particular, it offers theoretical references on the subject and on the validation of the ROCI II - Form B model, in health organizations. © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited.","Vesperi, W.; Ventura, M.; Cristofaro, C.L.",Measuring Bus. Excellence,1807
-Meta-analysis in clinical trials,This paper examines eight published reviews each reporting results from several related trials. Each review pools the results from the relevant trials in order to evaluate the efficacy of a certain treatment for a specified medical condition. These reviews lack consistent assessment of homogeneity of treatment effect before pooling. We discuss a random effects approach to combining evidence from a series of experiments comparing two treatments. This approach incorporates the heterogeneity of effects in the analysis of the overall treatment efficacy. The model can be extended to include relevant covariates which would reduce the heterogeneity and allow for more specific therapeutic recommendations. We suggest a simple noniterative procedure for characterizing the distribution of treatment effects in a series of studies. © 1986.,"DerSimonian, R.; Laird, N.",Control. Clin. Trials,1808
-The Multidimensional View of Commitment and the Theory of Reasoned Action: A Comparative Evaluation,"This study examined the relative ability of the multidimensional view of commitment and the theory of reasoned action to explain employee intentions and predict work behavior. Variables within the theory of reasoned action were superior to commitment in explaining employee intentions to be punctual and to engage in altruistic acts. However, the theory of reasoned action did not explain unique variance in either volitional behavior (altruism) or in less volitional behavior (tardiness). Finally, foci and bases of employee commitment accounted for significant variance in both altruism and tardiness, and explained variance in both behaviors over and above variables contained within the theory of reasoned action. Implications of these findings for the usefulness of the approaches are discussed.","Becker, Thomas E; Randall, Donna M; Riegel, Carl D",J. Manage.,1809
-Kin discrimination and the benefit of helping in cooperatively breeding vertebrates,"In many cooperatively breeding vertebrates, a dominant breeding pair is assisted in offspring care by nonbreeding helpers. A leading explanation for this altruistic behavior is Hamilton's idea that helpers gain indirect fitness benefits by rearing relatives (kin selection). Many studies have shown that helpers typically provide care for relatives, but relatively few have shown that helpers provide closer kin with preferential care (kin discrimination), fueling the suggestion that kin selection only poorly accounts for the evolution of cooperative breeding in vertebrates. We used meta-analysis to show that (i) individuals consistently discriminate between kin, and (ii) stronger discrimination occurs in species where the benefits of helping are greater. These results suggest a general role for kin selection and that the relative importance of kin selection varies across species, as predicted by Hamilton's rule.","Griffin, Ashleigh S; West, Stuart A",Science,1810
-Contributions of volunteer time: Some evidence on income tax effects,,"Dye, R.",National Tax Journal,1811
-,,"Hunter, J.E.; Schmidt, F.L.",Methods of Meta-analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings,1812
-Product development public-private partnerships for public health: a systematic review using qualitative data,"Almost a decade ago, public health initiated a number of innovative ventures to attract investments from multinational drug companies for the development of new drugs and vaccines to tackle neglected diseases (NDs). These ventures - known as product development public-private partnerships (PD PPPs) - represent the participation of the public and private actors toward the discovery and development of essential medicines to reduce the suffering of over one billion people worldwide living with NDs. This systematic review aimed to identify empirical-based descriptive articles to understand critical elements in the partnership process, and propose a framework to shed light on future guidelines to support better planning, design and management of existing and new forms of PPPs for public health. Ten articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed and synthesized using qualitative content analysis. The findings show that the development stage of PD PPPs requires a careful initiation and planning process including discussion on values and shared goals, agreement on mutual interests & equality of power relation, exchange of expertise & resources, stakeholder engagement, and assessment of the local health capacity. The management stage of PD PPPs entails transparency, extensive communication and participatory decision-making among partner organizations. This review illustrates the difficulties, challenges and effective responses during the partnering process. This model of collaboration may offer a way to advance population health at present, while creating streams of innovation that can yield future social and financial dividends in enhancing the public's health more widely.","De Pinho Campos, Katia; Norman, Cameron D; Jadad, Alejandro R",Soc. Sci. Med.,1813
-Are expert athletes 'expert' in the cognitive laboratory? A meta-analytic review of cognition and sport expertise,"10.1002/acp.1588.absRecent literature has demonstrated the usefulness of fitness and computer-based cognitive training as a means to enhance cognition and brain function. However, it is unclear whether the combination of fitness and cognitive training that results from years of extensive sport training also results in superior performance on tests of cognitive processes. In this study we examine, in a quantitative meta-analysis (k=20), the relationship between expertise in sports and laboratory-based measures of cognition. We found that athletes performed better on measures of processing speed and a category of varied attentional paradigms, and athletes from interceptive sport types and males showed the largest effects. Based on our results, more research should be done with higher-level cognitive tasks, such as tasks of executive function and more varied sub-domains of visual attention. Furthermore, future studies should incorporate more female athletes and use a diverse range of sport types and levels of expertise. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Voss, M.W.; Kramer, A.F.; Basak, C.; Prakash, R.S.; Roberts, B.",Appl. Cogn. Psychol.,1814
-A meta-analysis of neonatal health outcomes from oocyte donation,"Donated oocytes are a treatment modality for female infertility which is also associated with increased risks of preeclampsia. Subsequently it is important to evaluate if there is concomitant increased risks for adverse neonatal events in donated oocyte neonates. A structured search of the literature using PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Reviews was performed to investigate the perinatal health outcomes of offspring conceived from donor oocytes compared with autologous oocytes. Meta-analysis was performed on comparable outcomes data. Twenty-eight studies were eligible and included in the review, and of these, 23 were included in a meta-analysis. Donor oocyte neonates are at increased risk of being born with low birth weight (<2500 g) [risk ratio (RR): 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14-1.22, P-value (P)<0.00001], very low birth weight (<1500 g) (RR: 1.24, CI: 1.15-1.35, P<0.00001), preterm (<37 weeks) (RR: 1.26, CI: 1.23-1.30, P<0.00001), of lower gestational age (mean difference -0.3 weeks, CI: -0.35 weeks to -0.25 weeks, P<0.00001), and preterm with low birth weight (RR: 1.24, CI: 1.19-1.29, P<0.00001), when compared with autologous oocyte neonates. Conversely, low birth weight outcomes were improved in term donor oocyte neonates (RR: 0.86, CI: 0.8-0.93, P=0.0003). These negative outcomes remained significant when controlling for multiple deliveries. The donor oocyte risk rates are higher than those found in general ART outcomes, are important considerations for the counselling of infertile patients and may also influence the long term health of the offspring.","Adams, D H; Clark, R A; Davies, M J; de Lacey, S",J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis.,1815
-Differential susceptibility to rearing environment depending on dopamine-related genes: new evidence and a meta-analysis,"In the current paper we present new empirical data and meta-analytic evidence for the role of dopamine-related genes as a susceptibility factor interacting with the rearing environment for better and for worse, that is, increasing children's susceptibility to both the adverse effects of unsupportive environments and the beneficial effects of supportive rearing. In Study 1 we examined the readiness of 91 7-year-old children to donate their money to a charity (UNICEF). We tested whether the association between attachment and donating behavior was moderated by the presence of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) 7-repeat allele. The attachment story completion task was used to assess attachment as an index of the quality of the rearing environment. Children with secure attachment representations donated more but only if they had the DRD4 7-repeat allele. In Study 2 we present the results of a meta-analysis of gene-environment studies on children up to 10 years of age involving dopamine-related genes (dopamine receptor D2, DRD4, dopamine transporter). The cumulative negative effects of these ""risk genes"" and adverse rearing environments have been stressed, but potentially cumulative positive effects of these same genes interacting with positive rearing environments remained largely unnoticed. We examined the associations between negative and positive rearing environments and developmental outcomes as moderated by dopamine-related gene polymorphisms. Children with the less efficient dopamine-related genes did worse in negative environments than the comparisons without the ""genetic risk,"" but they also profited most from positive environments. Findings are discussed in light of evolutionary theory, and illustrated with some practical implications of differential susceptibility.","Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J; van Ijzendoorn, Marinus H",Dev. Psychopathol.,1816
-,,"Goffman, E.",Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior,1817
-"Altruistic emotion, cognition, and behavior",,"Eisenberg, N.","Altruistic Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior",1818
-,,"Hedges, L.V.; Olkin, I.",Statistical Methods for Meta-analysis,1819
-Effects of watching eyes and norm cues on charitable giving in a surreptitious behavioral experiment,"A series of experimental studies by multiple groups of researchers have found that displaying images of watching eyes causes people to behave more prosocially. It is not yet clear whether watching eyes increase prosocial motivation per se, or whether they simply make people's behavior more normative. Here, we report results from a surreptitious behavioral experiment examining the impacts of watching eye images and cues to local norms on charitable donations in a controlled setting. Eye images significantly increased average donations. Eye images did not make people conform more closely to the apparent norm overall. Instead, there were different patterns according to the apparent norm. For an apparent norm of small donations, eye images made many participants more generous than the norm. For an apparent norm of large donations, there was an excess of participants giving zero in the no-eyes treatment, which was abolished in the eyes treatment. Our results can be explained by a combination of watching eyes increasing prosocial motivation and reluctance to leave a donation visibly less generous than the norm.","Fathi, M.; Bateson, M.; Nettle, D.",Evol. Psychol.,1820
-Social responsibility and event-sponsor portfolio fit: Positive outcomes for events and brand sponsors,,"Close Scheinbaum, A.; Lacey, R.; Drumwright, M.",European Journal of Marketing,1821
-Examining the role of fairness in high stakes allocation decisions,"Experimental evidence has prompted a debate over the nature of utility functions in which people are concerned about the amount others earn. We examine this issue by examining behavior across three variants of the dictator game. Using data from 195 dictators allocating as much as $100 each, we observe that the origin of endowments is critically linked to allocation behavior: when subjects could reasonably believe that disproportionately low offers would be considered ""fair,"" only 8-12 percent of dictators make positive offers. Further, there is evidence that an increase in stakes leads to a less than proportionate increase in monies transferred. Finally, examining the comparative static results from these allocation decisions, we find that recent theoretical models do a respectable job of explaining the data patterns. © 2006.","List, J.A.; Cherry, T.L.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,1822
-The associations of dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction vary between and within nations: A 35-nation study': Corrigendum,"Reports an error in 'The associations of dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction vary between and within nations: A 35-nation study' by Peter Hilpert, Ashley K. Randall, Piotr Sorokowski, David C. Atkins, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Khodabakhsh Ahmadi, Ahmad M. Aghraibeh, Richmond Aryeetey, Anna Bertoni, Karim Bettache, Marta Błażejewska, Guy Bodenmann, Jessica Borders, Tiago S. Bortolini, Marina Butovskaya, Felipe N. Castro, Hakan Cetinkaya, Diana Cunha, Oana A. David, Anita DeLongis, Fahd A. Dileym, Alejandra D. C. Domínguez Espinosa, Silvia Donato, Daria Dronova, Seda Dural, Maryanne Fisher, Tomasz Frackowiak, Evrim Gulbetekin, Aslıhan Hamamcıoğlu Akkaya, Karolina Hansen, Wallisen T. Hattori, Ivana Hromatko, Raffaella Iafrate, Bawo O. James, Feng Jiang, Charles O. Kimamo, David B. King, Fırat Koç, Amos Laar, Fívia De Araújo Lopes, Rocio Martinez, Norbert Mesko, Natalya Molodovskaya, Khadijeh Moradi, Zahrasadat Motahari, Jean C. Natividade, Joseph Ntayi, Oluyinka Ojedokun, Mohd S. B. Omar-Fauzee, Ike E. Onyishi, Barış Özener, Anna Paluszak, Alda Portugal, Ana P. Relvas, Muhammad Rizwan, Svjetlana Salkičević, Ivan Sarmány-Schuller, Eftychia Stamkou, Stanislava Stoyanova, Denisa Šukolová, Nina Sutresna, Meri Tadinac, Andero Teras, Edna L. Tinoco Ponciano, Ritu Tripathi, Nachiketa Tripathi, Mamta Tripathi, Noa Vilchinsky, Feng Xu, Maria E. Yamamoto and Gyesook Yoo (Frontiers in Psychology, 2016[Aug][8], Vol 7[1106]). In the original article, the name of the author 'Ahmad M. Alghraibeh' was incorrectly spelled as 'Ahmad M. Aghraibeh.' The corrected name of the author is present in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record [rid]2016-42182-001[/rid]). Objective: Theories about how couples help each other to cope with stress, such as the systemic transactional model of dyadic coping, suggest that the cultural context in which couples live influences how their coping behavior affects their relationship satisfaction. In contrast to the theoretical assumptions, a recent meta-analysis provides evidence that neither culture, nor gender, influences the association between dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction, at least based on their samples of couples living in North America and West Europe. Thus, it is an open questions whether the theoretical assumptions of cultural influences are false or whether cultural influences on couple behavior just occur in cultures outside of the Western world. Method: In order to examine the cultural influence, using a sample of married individuals (N = 7973) from 35 nations, we used multilevel modeling to test whether the positive association between dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction varies across nations and whether gender might moderate the association. Results: Results reveal that the association between dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction varies between nations. In addition, results show that in some nations the association is higher for men and in other nations it is higher for women. Conclusions: Cultural and gender differences across the globe influence how couples’ coping behavior affects relationship outcomes. This crucial finding indicates that couple relationship education programs and interventions need to be culturally adapted, as skill trainings such as dyadic coping lead to differential effects on relationship satisfaction based on the culture in which couples live. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Hilpert, Peter; Randall, Ashley K; Sorokowski, Piotr; Atkins, David C; Sorokowska, Agnieszka; Ahmadi, Khodabakhsh; Alghraibeh, Ahmad M; Aryeetey, Richmond; Bertoni, Anna; Bettache, Karim; Błażejewska, Marta; Bodenmann, Guy; Borders, Jessica; Bortolini, Tiago S; Butovskaya, Marina; Castro, Felipe N; Cetinkaya, Hakan; Cunha, Diana; David, Oana A; DeLongis, Anita; Dileym, Fahd A; Domínguez Espinosa, Alejandra D C; Donato, Silvia; Dronova, Daria; Dural, Seda; Fisher, Maryanne; Frackowiak, Tomasz; Gulbetekin, Evrim; Akkaya, Aslıhan Hamamcıoğlu; Hansen, Karolina; Hattori, Wallisen T; Hromatko, Ivana; Iafrate, Raffaella; James, Bawo O; Jiang, Feng; Kimamo, Charles O; King, David B; Koç, Fırat; Laar, Amos; De Araújo Lopes, Fívia; Martinez, Rocio; Mesko, Norbert; Molodovskaya, Natalya; Moradi, Khadijeh; Motahari, Zahrasadat; Natividade, Jean C; Ntayi, Joseph; Ojedokun, Oluyinka; Omar-Fauzee, Mohd S B; Onyishi, Ike E; Özener, Barış; Paluszak, Anna; Portugal, Alda; Relvas, Ana P; Rizwan, Muhammad; Salkičević, Svjetlana; Sarmány-Schuller, Ivan; Stamkou, Eftychia; Stoyanova, Stanislava; Šukolová, Denisa; Sutresna, Nina; Tadinac, Meri; Teras, Andero; Ponciano, Edna L Tinoco; Tripathi, Ritu; Tripathi, Nachiketa; Tripathi, Mamta; Vilchinsky, Noa; Xu, Feng; Yamamoto, Maria E; Yoo, Gyesook",Front. Psychol.,1823
-School-track environment or endowment: What determines different other-regarding behavior across peer groups?,"Using data from dictator (DG) and public goods (PGG) game experiments run in classrooms with German pupils (ages 10-16) we analyze the differences in other-regarding behavior across two distinct school tracks which are entered at age 10. We find that pupils in the academic track give more and choose the equal split more often than pupils in the vocational track in the DG, but there are no robust track differences in the PGG. Selection into tracks results in differences in IQ, in personality and in socio-economic background, but these differences appear insufficient to account for the DG differences. A propensity-score-matching econometric model, based on a rich set of individual characteristics, provides evidence that the DG behavior of pupils with similar endowments is directly affected by the distinct track environments. We conclude that the existence of a treatment effect of tracks on other-regarding behavior in the DG of pupils is likely. © 2015 Elsevier Inc..","John, K.; Thomsen, S.L.",Games Econ. Behav.,1824
-Altruistic Exploitation: Orphan Tourism and Global Social Work,"Despite the abundant scientific evidence demonstrating the benefits of family-based care for children and the damages brought on by institution-based care, the social work profession continues to endorse and engage in practices that promote the latter. This is particularly true through orphan tourism and orphan volunteerism- short- and longer-term forms of providing aid to residential facilities caring for children. Using educational tours to orphanages, fundraising and service projects, and academic internships based in such facilities, the profession contributes to the perpetuation of institution-based care and forms of exploitation. Based on an exhaustive review of the global literature and utilising an innovative theoretical framework of 'altruistic exploitation', the authors explore the ironic juxtaposition of benefits and harms associated with orphan tourism to the various stakeholders. Volunteers are often exploited in fulfilling their altruistic motives while at the same time engaging in potential exploitation of the very children they aim to serve. Authors further examine social work implications in the policy, practice and research arenas, and provide examples and recommendations in preventing family separation, promoting family-based alternative care and empowering communities. © 2017 The Author.","Rotabi, K S; Roby, J L; McCreery Bunkers, K",Br. J. Soc. Work,1825
-Consumer perspectives off direct marketing techniques and charitable contributions to educational research,,"Brown, G.; Thomas, J.; Widing Ii, R.",Journal of Marketing for Higher Education,1826
-Update on: a meta-analysis of sperm donation offspring health outcomes - 2018 update,,"Adams, D H; Clark, R A; Davies, M J; de Lacey, S",J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis.,1827
-Matched fundraising: Evidence from a natural field experiment,"We present evidence from a natural field experiment designed to shed light on the efficacy of fundraising schemes in which donations are matched by a lead donor. In conjunction with the Bavarian State Opera House, we mailed 14,000 regular opera attendees a letter describing a charitable fundraising project organized by the opera house. Recipients were randomly assigned to treatments designed to explore behavioral responses to linear matching schemes, as well as the mere existence of a substantial lead donor. We use the exogenous variation in match rates across treatments to estimate the price elasticities of charitable giving. We find that straight linear matching schemes raise the total donations received including the match value, but partially crowd out the actual donations given excluding the match. If charitable organizations can use lead gifts as they wish, our results show that they maximize donations given by simply announcing the presence of a lead gift. We contrast our price elasticity estimates with those based on changes in rules regarding tax deductions for charitable giving, as well as from the nascent literature using large-scale natural field experiments on giving. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.","Huck, S.; Rasul, I.",J. Public Econ.,1828
-The effect of requesting money with a few coins in one hand: the foot-in-the-hand technique,"Research has shown that individuals comply more readily to a monetary request made by a solicitor if the request disrupts the refusal script or if it is perceived as a legitimate request. We tested the effect of a new technique called the foot-in-the-hand technique (FITH), whereby solicitors requested money while holding a few coins in their hand. Findings show that the presence of money increased compliance with the request (Study 1), particularly when a reason for solicitation was added (Study 2). When the requesters stated that they were close to reaching the sum necessary to buy a particular product, more compliance was obtained (Study 3). A goal-oriented explanation was used to interpret the effect of the FITH technique. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.","Guéguen, N.",Soc. Influ.,1829
-Being inconsistent and compliant: The moderating role of the preference for consistency in the door-in-the-face technique,"Preference for consistency (PFC) refers to individual differences in the desire to be congruent, to be perceived as such, and the preference for others to be consistent. There are studies that show PFC as a moderator of consistency-based social influence strategies. The present article proposes PFC as a moderator of the social influence technique known as “door-in-the-face” (DITF), and suggests that DITF effectiveness also depends on consistency processes. The results of our study (N = 191) indicate that although the DITF effect was generally strong, the technique was most effective when PFC was low. These results are in line with theoretical assumptions that posit a preference for consistency. Low PFC individuals prefer change and unpredictability, and therefore tend to display inconsistent behavior. As a consequence, their refusal of an initial request leads to a higher probability that they will consent to the target one. These results are the first to show individual differences in DITF and reliance on (in)consistency in the effectiveness of the technique. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd","Cantarero, K.; Gamian-Wilk, M.; Dolinski, D.",Pers. Individ. Differ.,1830
-Is crowding out due entirely to fundraising? Evidence from a panel of charities,"When the government gives a gr ant to a private charitable organization, do the donors to that organization give less? If they do, is it because the grants crowd out donors who feel they gave through taxes (classic crowd out), or is it because the grant crowds out the fundraising of the charities who, after getting the grant, reduce efforts of fundraising (fundraising crowd-out)? This is the first paper to separate these two effects. Using a panel of more than 8000 charities, we find that crowding out is significant, at about 75%. We find this crowding out is due primarily to reduced fundraising. Depending on which types of organizations are included in the analysis, crowding out attributable to classic crowd-out ranges from 30% to a slight crowd-in effect, while fundraising crowd-out ranges from 70% to over 100% of all crowd-out. Such a finding could have important consequences for how governments structure grants to non-profits. Our results indicate, for example, that requirements that charities match a fraction of government grants with increases in private donations might be a feasible policy that could reduce the detrimental effects of crowding out. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.","Andreoni, J.; Payne, A.A.",J. Public Econ.,1831
-Increasing contributions in solicitation campaigns: The use of large and small anchorpoints,,"Fraser, C.; Hite, R.E.; Sauer, P.L.",Journal of Consumer Research,1832
-The cost effectiveness of preoperative autologous blood donations,,"Etchason, J; Petz, L; Keeler, E; Calhoun, L; Kleinman, S; Snider, C; Fink, A; Brook, R",,1833
-Positive attitudes and negative expectations in lonely individuals,"Loneliness is a central predictor of depression and major factor of all-cause mortality. Loneliness is supposed to be a warning signal prompting individuals to seek out social connections. However, lonely individuals seem to be less likely to engage in prosocial activities and are overall more socially withdrawn. Hence, it is yet unclear whether and how loneliness affects an individual’s social motivations. Prosocial attitudes and expectations about social interactions of lonely individuals might shed light on whether lonely individuals are more prone to connect or withdraw from social activities. Here, results from a large dataset (~ 15,500 individuals) provide evidence for both. In particular, lonely individuals indicate stronger altruistic attitudes, suggesting a positive tendency to build and maintain social bonds. However, they also report more negative expectations about others, as they believe their social partners be less fair and trustworthy, suggesting less favorable evaluations of social interactions. By highlighting an important link between loneliness, prosocial attitudes and social expectations, this work stresses the role of loneliness in social motivations, points to potential consequences for social behaviors, and proposes a mechanism for the paradoxical effects of loneliness on an individual’s social attitudes and expectations, with important implications for future basic and clinical research, as well as education, economics and public policy. © 2020, The Author(s).","Bellucci, G.",Sci. Rep.,1834
-The evolution of altruism in humans,"Humans are an intensely social species, frequently performing costly behaviors that benefit others. Efforts to solve the evolutionary puzzle of altruism have a lengthy history, and recent years have seen many important advances across a range of disciplines. Here we bring together this interdisciplinary body of research and review the main theories that have been proposed to explain human prosociality, with an emphasis on kinship, reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, punishment, and morality. We highlight recent methodological advances that are stimulating research and point to some areas that either remain controversial or merit more attention. © 2015 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","Kurzban, R.; Burton-Chellew, M.N.; West, S.A.",Annu. Rev. Psychol.,1835
-Impure altruism and donations to public goods: A theory of warm-glow giving,,"Andreoni, J.",Economic Journal,1836
-“foot-in-the-mouth” versus “door-in-the-face” requests,,"Fointiat, V.",J. Soc. Psychol.,1837
-,,"Sundelin, T.; Axelsson, J.",,1838
-A meta-analysis and systematic review evaluating the use of erythropoietin in total hip and knee arthroplasty,"Purpose: The debate is still ongoing on the effectiveness and safety of erythropoietin (EPO) treatment in orthopedic surgeries. Specifically, previous studies have not compared the dynamic change of hemoglobin (Hb) levels between different transfusion methods. Besides, complications or side effects of this alternative have not been quantitatively analyzed. We conducted a meta-analysis and systemic review to evaluate the efficacy of EPO on Hb levels observed during the whole perioperative period as well as the volume of allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT), the risk of venous thromboembolism, and application frequency of ABT in hip and knee surgery. Materials and methods: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane library were systematically searched from inception to November 2017. The data from randomized controlled trials were extracted and the risk of bias assessed using Cochrane's Collaboration's tool. Results: Twenty-five randomized controlled trials involving 4,159 patients were included in this meta-analysis. EPO could reduce exposure to allogeneic blood transfused (odds ratio [OR] =0.42, P=0.001) and reduce the average volume of allogeneic blood transfused (OR = -0.28, P=0.002). When EPO and preoperative autologous blood donation (PABD) were compared, the use of EPO was associated with lower exposure to ABT (OR =0.48, P=0.03), but no significant decrease in the average volume of allogeneic blood transfused (OR = -0.23, P=0.32). The use of EPO was associated with a higher level of Hb with or without use of PABD at all the 4 time points (preoperation, 24-48 hours postoperation, 3-5 days postoperation, discharge of last observation) (P<0.0001), which means EPO could increase the level of Hb significantly during the perioperative period. The results also indicated EPO does not increase the risk of a venous thromboembolism event. Conclusion: Preoperative administration of EPO was shown to generally increase Hb levels during the whole perioperative period; however, the extent of the positive effects varies with time points. Additionally, EPO minimizes the need for transfusion significantly in patients undergoing hip or knee surgery without increasing the chance of developing thrombotic complications. Therefore, EPO offers an alternative blood management strategy in total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty.","Li, Yi; Yin, Pengbin; Lv, Houchen; Meng, Yutong; Zhang, Licheng; Tang, Peifu",Ther. Clin. Risk Manag.,1839
-DOES GOVERNMENT SPENDING CROWD OUT DONATIONS?,,"STEINBERG, R.",Ann. Public Coop. Econ.,1840
-The Role of Self-identity in the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Meta-Analysis: SELF-IDENTITY META-ANALYSIS,"The present study used meta-analysis to evaluate the role of self-identity in the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Altogether, 40 independent tests (N?=?11607) could be included in the review. A large, sample-weighted average correlation between self-identity and behavioral intention was observed (r+?=?.47). Multiple regression analyses showed that self-identity explained an increment of 6% of the variance in intention after controlling for the TPB components, and explained an increment of 9% of the variance when past behavior and the TPB components were controlled. The influence of self-identity on behavior was largely mediated by the strength of behavioral intentions. Theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.","Rise, Jostein; Sheeran, Paschal; Hukkelberg, Silje",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,1841
-The effects of being watched on resource acquisition in chimpanzees and human children,"Animals react in many different ways to being watched by others. In the context of cooperation, many theories emphasize reputational effects: Individuals should cooperate more if other potential cooperators are watching. In the context of competition, individuals might want to show off their strength and prowess if other potential competitors are watching. In the current study, we observed chimpanzees and human children in three experimental conditions involving resource acquisition: Participants were either in the presence of a passive observer (observed condition), an active observer who engaged in the same task as the participant (competition condition), or in the presence of but not directly observed by a conspecific (mere presence condition). While both species worked to acquire more resources in the competition condition, children but not chimpanzees also worked to acquire more resources in the observer condition (compared to the mere presence condition). These results suggest evolutionary continuity with regard to competition-based observer effects, but an additional observer effect in young children, potentially arising from an evolutionary-based concern for cooperative reputation. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Engelmann, J.M.; Herrmann, E.; Tomasello, M.",Anim. Cogn.,1842
-A comparison of the performance of for-profit and nonprofit U.S. psychiatric inpatient care providers since 1980,"OBJECTIVE: The authors synthesized evidence from a systematic review of the literature reporting substantiated performance differences between private for-profit and private nonprofit psychiatric inpatient care providers in the United States since 1980. They also compared reported differences in performance between nonprofit and for-profit inpatient psychiatric care providers with reported differences between nonprofit and for-profit providers of other types of health care. METHODS: Studies were located by means of computerized bibliographic searches and follow-up searches of studies cited in the articles located in the computerized search. The analysis included peer-reviewed studies that compared the performance of for-profit and nonprofit health service providers, including inpatient psychiatric services, in the areas of access, quality, cost-efficiency, and amount of charity care on the basis of quantitative data collected after 1980. The studies were classified in one of three categories according to the study conclusion: for-profit superiority, nonprofit superiority, or no difference or mixed results. RESULTS: Almost all studies (with one exception) found that the nonprofit psychiatric providers performed as well as or better than their for-profit counterparts. The proportion of studies reporting performance superiority of nonprofit versus for-profit psychiatric inpatient providers was greater than the proportion of studies reporting the same conclusion for providers of all other types of health care taken together. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of data collected since 1980, nonprofit psychiatric inpatient care providers in the United States had superior performance on access, quality, cost-efficiency, and amount of charity care, compared with for-profit providers. Caution is warranted in pursuing public policies that permit or encourage the replacement of nonprofit psychiatric inpatient care providers with for-profit providers of these services.","Rosenau, Pauline Vaillancourt; Linder, Stephen H",Psychiatr. Serv.,1843
-Pulling on the heartstrings: Examining the effects of emotions and gender in persuasive appeals,,"Kemp, E.; Kennett-Hensel, P.A.; Kees, J.",Journal of Advertising,1844
-Caring for the Commons: Using Psychological Ownership to Enhance Stewardship Behavior for Public Goods,,"Peck, J.; Kirk, C.P.; Luangrath, A.W.; Shu, S.B.",Journal of Marketing,1845
-High or low oxygen saturation and severe retinopathy of prematurity: a meta-analysis,"Among pre-term infants with a gestational age of 32 weeks or less, early low oxygen and late high oxygen saturation were associated with a reduced risk for severe retinopathy of prematurity compared with low oxygen alone, but further research is needed. XCM: Inclusion criteria for the review were clearly defined. Two relevant databases were searched. There was the risk of language bias as only English language articles were included. Publication bias was assessed and was not detected. Attempts were made to reduce reviewer error and bias during data extraction, but it was not clear if such attempts were used for study selection.Trial quality assessment was not reported, so the quality of the included studies was unknown. Trials were pooled using meta-analysis, but statistical heterogeneity was not always reported. A stratification analysis was undertaken, which indicated differences between studies, notably trials and observational studies. The authors acknowledged the lack of data reported in individual studies, and the high level of heterogeneity (which may indicate that pooling of studies was not appropriate).Overall, the potential for biases within the review, together with the uncertain quality and heterogeneity of the included studies, limit the reliability of the author’s conclusions. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice. Research: The authors stated that a sufficiently powered RCT on optimal oxygen delivery in the early and late stages of retinopathy of prematurity that also ensures long-term visual, pulmonary, and neurodevelopment follow-up is needed. Trials should adopt the postmenstrual age concept.","Chen, M L; Guo, L; Smith, L E; Dammann, C E; Dammann, O",,1846
-Giving with impure altruism: Applications to charity and Ricardian equivalence,,"Andreoni, J.",Journal of Political Economy,1847
-Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses,,"Higgins, J.P.T.; Thompson, S.G.; Deeks, J.J.; Altman, D.G.",Br. Med. J.,1848
-The co-evolution of honesty and strategic vigilance,"We hypothesize that when honesty is not motivated by selfish goals, it reveals social preferences that have evolved for convincing strategically vigilant partners that one is a person worth cooperating with. In particular, we explain how the patterns of dishonest behavior observed in recent experiments can be motivated by preferences for social and self-esteem. These preferences have evolved because they are adaptive in an environment where it is advantageous to be selected as a partner by others and where these others are strategically vigilant: they efficiently evaluate the expected benefit of cooperating with specific partners and attend to their intentions. We specify the adaptive value of strategic vigilance and preferences for social and self-esteem. We argue that evolved preferences for social and self-esteem are satisfied by applying mechanisms of strategic vigilance to one's own behavior. We further argue that such cognitive processes obviate the need for the evolution of preferences for fairness and social norm compliance. © 2016 Heintz, Karabegovic and Molnar.","Heintz, C.; Karabegovic, M.; Molnar, A.",Front. Psychol.,1849
-"Normative explanations of helping behavior: A critique, proposal, and empirical test","Criticisms of normative explanations of helping behavior are examined, and an explanation responsive to these criticisms is proposed. This explanation specifies conditions which affect the activation of personal norms and hence their influence on behavior. One hypothesis based on the explanation was tested: the impact of norms on behavior is a function of the tendency to deny or to ascribe responsibility to the self (AR). AR and personal norms toward donating bone marrow to a stranger were measured in a mailed questionnaire. Three months later, 132 women received mailed appeals to join a pool of potential donors from an unrelated source. As predicted, volunteering was a function of the AR × personal norm interaction (p < .0001). Personal norms had no impact on volunteering among those low on AR (deniers), but a substantial impact among those high on AR. Neither intentions to donate, attitudes toward transplants, nor various sociodemographic variables added to the variance in volunteering accounted for by the AR × personal norm interaction. © 1973.","Schwartz, S.H.",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,1850
-Personal and nonpersonal incentives in mail surveys: Immediate versus delayed inducements,,"Skinner, S.J.; Ferrell, O.C.; Pride, W.M.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,1851
-Philanthropy in transition,"The already vibrant charitable sector in the US is in the midst of a transformation that is altering both the manner in which donations occur and the causes that are supported. Philanthropy in Transition examines the unique role that charitable giving has played in the US, from colonial times to the present. The rising importance of new means of contributing, particularly giving through buying or investing, is considered. These new models of philanthropy have expanded the ways by which ethical consumers or investors can support a cause. Although these innovations represent a revolution in the structure of philanthropy, they introduce significant complexity to the act of giving - donors are far removed from recipients – and this may weaken the impact of contributing. This transformation is also likely to accelerate the rising importance of web-based promotion and fund-raising, as traditional nonprofits compete with social market enterprises and social impact investments for funds. © Mark S. LeClair, 2014. All rights reserved.","LeClair, M.S.",Philanthropy in Transition,1852
-Tax incentives and charitable giving: evidence from a panel of taxpayers,,"Clotfelter, C.T.",J. Public Econ.,1853
-Taming the Blame Game: Using Promotion Programs to Counter Product-Harm Crises,,"Xie, Y.; Keh, H.T.",Journal of Advertising,1854
-Responsibility and dependency,"In 2 experiments the Ss were ""workers"" operating under the supposed guidance of their peer (a stranger) who was playing the part of their ""supervisor."" The men in the High Dependency condition were informed that E's evaluation of the supervisor would depend largely upon their productivity, while the Low Dependency Ss were told that this evaluation would not be affected by their performance. There was a significantly greater performance in the High Dependency condition. In general, the Low Dependency Ss worked harder when told that the supervisor would soon learn of their performance than when they had been informed that he would not find out about their productivity until much later. The immediacy with which the supervisor would learn of S's productivity did not affect performance under high dependency, however. The Ss in this condition worked relatively hard presumably because of a feeling of responsibility to the dependent peer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1963 American Psychological Association.","Berkowitz, L.; Daniels, L.R.",Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,1855
-Some causes are more equal than others? The effect of similarity on substitution in charitable giving,"Donation matching and other directed interventions to encourage prosocial contributions may affect contributions through other channels. In an experimental dictator game where subjects may donate to two different real-world charities, we simulate activity-specific interventions by varying the relative productivity of those charities, and introduce several treatments to test whether (i) subjects substitute across charities, and (ii) whether substitution occurs even across (possibly very) dissimilar alternatives. We find that significant substitution occurs in all cases, but that the effect is weaker the more dissimilar the charity alternatives. In our most dissimilar treatment, substitution is only half as large as when alternatives are very similar. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.","Ek, C.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,1856
-"A systematic review of barriers and facilitators to minority research participation among African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders","To assess the experienced or perceived barriers and facilitators to health research participation for major US racial/ethnic minority populations, we conducted a systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies from a search on PubMed and Web of Science from January 2000 to December 2011. With 44 articles included in the review, we found distinct and shared barriers and facilitators. Despite different expressions of mistrust, all groups represented in these studies were willing to participate for altruistic reasons embedded in cultural and community priorities. Greater comparative understanding of barriers and facilitators to racial/ethnic minorities' research participation can improve population-specific recruitment and retention strategies and could better inform future large-scale prospective quantitative and in-depth ethnographic studies.","George, Sheba; Duran, Nelida; Norris, Keith",Am. J. Public Health,1857
-Investor's Pessimistic and False Belief About Trustworthiness and Stake Size in Trust Decision,"Trust is a vital element of any society. Previous studies using trust games have provided insight into understandings of trusting behavior. However, investors' behaviors can be confounded by their risk preferences in the game, and little is known about the relationship between stake size and beliefs of others' good intentions underlying trust. We thus used a variant of the trust game and conducted two experiments to examine how stake size affects investors' beliefs about receivers' trustworthiness, with model-based analyses. We showed that, when holding all else equal, investors trusted more, but their expectations of reciprocation declined as stake size increased. However, actual receivers' reciprocation rates showed the opposite trend to investors' pessimistic beliefs. Furthermore, following previous studies in social psychology, we hypothesized that investors' social preferences (social value orientation) moderated the beliefs underlying trust, but they had no explanatory powers in investors' expectations of reciprocation. These results suggest that peoples' naive beliefs about stake size play a more important role in trust decisions than expected. © 2020 Japanese Psychological Association. Published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.","Kuroda, K.; Kamijo, Y.; Kameda, T.",Jpn. Psychol. Res.,1858
-,,"Bechler, C.",,1859
-Moral and religious convictions: Are they the same or different things?,"People often assume that moral and religious convictions are functionally the same thing. But are they? We report on 19 studies (N = 12,284) that tested whether people's perceptions that their attitudes are reflections of their moral and religious convictions across 30 different issues were functionally the same (the equivalence hypothesis) or different constructs (the distinct constructs hypothesis), and whether the relationship between these constructs was conditional on political orientation (the political asymmetry hypothesis). Seven of these studies (N = 5,561, and 22 issues) also had data that allowed us to test whether moral and religious conviction are only closely related for those who are more rather than less religious (the secularization hypothesis), and a narrower form of the political asymmetry and secularization hypotheses, that is, that people's moral and religious convictions may be tightly connected constructs only for religious conservatives. Meta-analytic tests of each of these hypotheses yielded weak support for the secularization hypothesis, no support for the equivalence or political asymmetry hypotheses, and the strongest support for the distinct constructs hypothesis.","Skitka, Linda J; Hanson, Brittany E; Washburn, Anthony N; Mueller, Allison B",PLoS One,1860
-"Effects of culture, gender, and moral obligations on responses to charity advertising across masculine and feminine cultures",,"Nelson, M.R.; Brunel, F.F.; Supphellen, M.; Manchanda, R.V.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1861
-Intuitive decision-making promotes rewarding prosocial others independent of the personality trait Honesty-Humility,"Although past research has convincingly shown that rewarding prosocial individuals helps to establish high levels of cooperation, research investigating factors that promote rewarding others has been surprisingly rare. The present research addresses this gap and examines two factors that were shown in past research to play a role in prosocial behaviour. In a well-powered study (total N = 1003), we tested the impact of (a) a basic prosocial personality trait (the Honesty-Humility dimension from the HEXACO personality model) and (b) intuitive decision-making, as well as (c) their interaction, in rewarding prosocial individuals. We found that (1) intuition promotes rewarding prosocial others; (2) Honesty-Humility was not significantly related to rewarding prosocial others; and (3) that Honesty-Humility did not significantly moderate the effect of intuition on reward. Implications for the understanding of reciprocating others’ prosocial behaviour are discussed. © 2020, The Author(s).","Nockur, L.; Pfattheicher, S.",Sci. Rep.,1862
-How (and where) does moral judgment work?,"Moral psychology has long focused on reasoning, but recent evidence suggests that moral judgment is more a matter of emotion and affective intuition than deliberate reasoning. Here we discuss recent findings in psychology and cognitive neuroscience, including several studies that specifically investigate moral judgment. These findings indicate the importance of affect, although they allow that reasoning can play a restricted but significant role in moral judgment. They also point towards a preliminary account of the functional neuroanatomy of moral judgment, according to which many brain areas make important contributions to moral judgment although none is devoted specifically to it.","Greene, J.; Haidt, J.",Trends Cogn. Sci.,1863
-"Ideological asymmetries in conformity, desire for shared reality, and the spread of misinformation","Ideological belief systems arise from epistemic, existential, and relational motives to reduce uncertainty, threat, and social discord. According to system justification theory, however, some ideologies — such as those that are conservative, religious, and legitimizing of the status quo — are especially appealing to people whose epistemic, existential, and relational motives are chronically or temporarily heightened. In this article, we focus on relational motivation, describing evidence that conservatives are more likely than liberals to: prioritize values of conformity and tradition; possess a strong desire to share reality with like-minded others; perceive within-group consensus when making political and non-political judgments; be influenced by implicit relational cues and sources who are perceived as similar to them; and maintain homogenous social networks and favor an ‘echo chamber’ environment that is conducive to the spread of misinformation. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd","Jost, J.T.; van der Linden, S.; Panagopoulos, C.; Hardin, C.D.",Curr. Opin. Psychol.,1864
-Weight management using a meal replacement strategy: meta and pooling analysis from six studies,"PMR weight management plans can safely and effectively produce significant sustainable weight loss and improve weight-related risk factors for disease. XCM: The review question was clear in terms of the study designs, participants, interventions and outcomes of interest. The authors searched three relevant electronic databases. However, no attempts were made to identify unpublished studies and the authors did not state whether any language restrictions were applied; therefore, the possibility of publication and language biases cannot be excluded. Publication bias was assessed for statistical significance, which the authors stated was not supported, except in the assessment of weight loss at one year. A flow chart representing the study selection process was presented, but this suggested that no RCTs were included in the meta-analysis, which is contradictory to their results. The authors did not report details of the review process pertaining to the study selection, quality assessment and data extraction processes; the potential for reviewer error or bias cannot, therefore, be assessed. The studies were assessed for quality using an appropriate, validated, quality assessment tool. Adequate details of the included studies were reported. Heterogeneity was assessed and was found to be statistically significant. However, the studies were still pooled using both summary data and IPD. The authors' conclusions follow from the results presented but, owing to the possibility of publication bias and the significant heterogeneity between the included studies, these conclusions should be interpreted with caution.Two authors were from Unilever Research and Development and one was from the SlimFast Foods Corporation. The lead author was a member of the Slim-Fast Nutrition Institute, a non profit organisation that reviews and supports nutrition-related investigator-initiated research. SlimFast is a brand of PMR. XIM: The authors did not state any implications for practice or further research.","Heymsfield, S B; van Mierlo C, A; van der Knaap H, C; Heo, M; Frier, H I",,1865
-,,"Cohen, J.",Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences,1866
-,,"Maccoby, E.E.",The Two Sexes,1867
-Do Government Transfers Crowd out Private Transfers to Non-profit Organizations? The Israeli Experience,,"Weinblatt, J.",Int. J. Soc. Econ.,1868
-Surveillance cues enhance moral condemnation,"Humans pay close attention to the reputational consequences of their actions. Recent experiments indicate that even very subtle cues that one is being observed can affect cooperative behaviors. Expressing our opinions about the morality of certain acts is a key means of advertising our cooperative dispositions. Here, we investigated how subtle cues of being watched would affect moral judgments. We predicted that participants exposed to such cues would affirm their endorsement of prevailing moral norms by expressing greater disapproval of moral transgressions. Participants read brief accounts of two moral violations and rated the moral acceptability of each violation. Violations were more strongly condemned in a condition where participants were exposed to surveillance cues (an image of eyes interposed between the description of the violation and the associated rating scale) than in a control condition (in which the interposed image was of flowers). We discuss the role that public declarations play in the interpersonal evaluation of cooperative dispositions.","Bourrat, P.; Baumard, N.; McKay, R.",Evol. Psychol.,1869
-Are dictators averse to inequality?,"We present the results of an experiment designed to identify more clearly the motivation underlying dictators' behavior. In the typical dictator game, recipients are given no endowment. We give an endowment to the recipient as well as the dictator. This new dimension allows us to test directly for inequality aversion. Our results confirm that the inequality between dictator's and recipient's endowment is a key determinant of the dictator's giving. As we increase the recipient's endowment from 0 to an amount equal to the dictator's endowment, the mean amount passed drops from 30 percent to less than 12 percent of the dictator's endowment, and the proportion of dictators who pass positive amounts falls from 75 percent to 26 percent. Thus the majority of dictators exhibit behavior consistent with inequality averse preferences. On the other hand, only 24 percent of dictators split payoffs equally suggesting that maximin preferences are less important drivers of dictators' giving. © 2012 Elsevier B.V..","Korenok, O.; Millner, E.L.; Razzolini, L.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,1870
-Altruism Reconsidered: The Effect of Denying Feedback on a Victim's Status to Empathic Witnesses,"The empathy-altruism hypothesis interprets the empathy-helping link as evidence of true altruism. The negative state relief model interprets the same relation as an artifact of egoistic sadness-reduction. Neither view expresses the possibility that empathic concern reflects a general sensitivity to the emotional state of the victim and a specific sensitivity to vicarious joy at the resolution of the victim's needs. It is proposed that the prospect of empathic joy, conveyed by feedback from the help recipient, is essential to the special tendency of empathic witnesses to help. In neither of the alternative models does goal attainment depend on feedback. Results of an experimental contrast were consistent with the empathic joy hypothesis and inconsistent with the alternatives. Empathically aroused witnesses offered help reliably to a person in distress only when they expected feedback on the result; when denied feedback, empathic witnesses were no more likely to help than their nonempathic counter-parts. In contrast, nonempathic witnesses were unaffected by the availability of feedback in deciding whether to help. Implications of an empathic joy-based motive are discussed.","Smith, K.D.; Keating, J.P.; Stotland, E.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,1871
-Donations to charity as purchase incentives: How well they work may depend on what you are trying to sell,,"Strahilevitz, M.; Myers, J.G.",Journal of Consumer Research,1872
-Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training,"Although empathy is crucial for successful social interactions, excessive sharing of others' negative emotions may be maladaptive and constitute a source of burnout. To investigate functional neural plasticity underlying the augmentation of empathy and to test the counteracting potential of compassion, one group of participants was first trained in empathic resonance and subsequently in compassion. In response to videos depicting human suffering, empathy training, but not memory training (control group), increased negative affect and brain activations in anterior insula and anterior midcingulate cortex-brain regions previously associated with empathy for pain. In contrast, subsequent compassion training could reverse the increase in negative effect and, in contrast, augment self-reports of positive affect. In addition, compassion training increased activations in a nonoverlapping brain network spanning ventral striatum, pregenual anterior cingulate cortex and medial orbitofrontal cortex. We conclude that training compassion may reflect a new coping strategy to overcome empathic distress and strengthen resilience. © The Author (2013). Published by Oxford University Press.","Klimecki, O.M.; Leiberg, S.; Ricard, M.; Singer, T.",Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci.,1873
-Prosocialness and sequential request compliance techniques: Limits to the foot-in-the door and the door-in-the-face?,"Although there is agreement that the prosocialness of the target request moderates the effectiveness of the foot-in-the-door and the door-in-the-face, there is controversy regarding the form of that effect. In this paper we report a test of competing explanations of the influence of prosocialness on the effects of the two sequential request techniques. The results indicated that prosocialness did influence compliance, but that it had no demonstrable impact on the operation of either of the sequential request techniques. Effects were also obtained for both of the sequential request techniques. Discussion focuses on reconciliation of these findings with previous summaries of the literature. © 1992, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.","Dillard, J.P.; Hale, J.L.",Commun. Stud.,1874
-The Philanthropic Consequence of Government Grants to Nonprofit Organizations: A Meta-Analysis,"Do government grants displace or leverage private donations to nonprofit organizations? Although research on this topic is flourishing, the findings remain extremely contradictory, creating difficulty in developing a cumulative knowledge available to scholars and practitioners. This study employs a meta-analysis to systematically synthesize the competing findings from the existing literature. Using a sample of sixty original studies with 637 effect sizes, this study finds government grants have almost no correlation with private donations. In addition, this study demonstrates, through meta-regression, that nonprofit subsector variation, organizational age as a control, longitudinal data structure, and endogeneity correction help explain the effect size heterogeneity within and across original studies. Nonprofits should be more concerned about the capacity of competing for different funding sources rather than the tradeoff among them. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Lu, Jiahuan",Nonprofit Manag. Leadersh.,1875
-Media violence and children,,"Gentile, D.A.",Media Violence and Children,1876
-The Generosity Game and calibration of inequity aversion,"In the Generosity Game the agreement payoff of the proposer is fixed whereas that of the responder can be varied by the proposer who chooses the pie size. Increasing the pie size increases the (generosity of the) offer by the same amount. We define a unit-square class of Generosity Games by weakening the payoff consequences resulting from a veto by the responder and discuss how the dictator variants can be used to test inequity aversion parameters. Experimental findings, however, so far question inequity aversion as a dominant motive and thus discourage such attempts of assessing its parameters. © 2009 Elsevier Inc.","Güth, W.",J. Socio-Econ.,1877
-"Do Angry Birds Make for Angry Children? A Meta-Analysis of Video Game Influences on Children’s and Adolescents’ Aggression, Mental Health, Prosocial Behavior, and Academic Performance","The issue of whether video games—violent or nonviolent—“harm” children and adolescents continues to be hotly contested in the scientific community, among politicians, and in the general public. To date, researchers have focused on college student samples in most studies on video games, often with poorly standardized outcome measures. To answer questions about harm to minors, these studies are arguably not very illuminating. In the current analysis, I sought to address this gap by focusing on studies of video game influences on child and adolescent samples. The effects of overall video game use and exposure to violent video games specifically were considered, although this was not an analysis of pathological game use. Overall, results from 101 studies suggest that video game influences on increased aggression (r =.06), reduced prosocial behavior (r =.04), reduced academic performance (r = −.01), depressive symptoms (r =.04), and attention deficit symptoms (r =.03) are minimal. Issues related to researchers’ degrees of freedom and citation bias also continue to be common problems for the field. Publication bias remains a problem for studies of aggression. Recommendations are given on how research may be improved and how the psychological community should address video games from a public health perspective. © 2015, © The Author(s) 2015.","Ferguson, C.J.",Perspect. Psychol. Sci.,1878
-,,"Smith, S.R.; Lipsky, M.",Nonprofits for Hire,1879
-On seeing and being seen,"The paper addresses John Roemer’s recent work on Kantian optimization and Kantian equilibria. Roemer argues that the standard economic theory of Nash equilibria is incapable of accounting for cooperative behavior such as recycling, reporting one’s income honestly, and voting in national elections. Instead we should assume that a cooperator is motivated to do what would most benefit her if all did the same. In commenting on this proposal, the first section of the paper summarizes Kant’s original formulation of the categorical imperative and relates it to psychological and historical studies of magical thinking. The next section distinguishes between unconditional and conditional norms of behavior and, within the latter, between the social norms of cooperation that can be triggered when what the agent does is being observed by others and the quasi-moral norms of cooperation that can be triggered when an agent observes what others do. To illustrate these ideas, the paper cites many experiments and historical case studies, the most important being the non-consumption, non-importation, and non-exportation movements in the American revolution. The concluding section summarizes Roemer’s own empirical work, and discusses critically his argument that his findings can be explained by assuming that agents are conditional Kantians. © 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Elster, J.",Soc. Choice Welf.,1880
-How Much Is Our Fairness Worth? The Effect of Raising Stakes on Offers by Proposers and Minimum Acceptable Offers in Dictator and Ultimatum Games,"Background: The aim of this study was to determine whether people respond differently to low and high stakes in Dictator and Ultimatum Games. We assumed that if we raised the stakes high enough, we would observe more self-orientated behavior because fairness would become too costly, in spite of a possible risk of a higher punishment. Methods: A questionnaire was completed by a sample of 524 university students of biology. A mixed linear model was used to test the relation between the amount at stake (CZK 20, 200, 2,000, 20,000 and 200,000, i.e., approximately $1-$10,000) and the shares, as well as the subjects' gender and the design of the study (single vs. multiple games for different amounts). Results: We have discovered a significant relationship between the amount at stake and the minimum acceptable offer in the Ultimatum Game and the proposed shares in both Ultimatum and Dictator Games (p = 0.001, p<0.001, p = 0.0034). The difference between playing a single game or more games with several amounts at stake did not influence the relation between the stakes and the offered and minimum acceptable shares. Women proved significantly more generous than men in their offers in the Dictator Game (p = 0.007). Conclusion: Our results suggest that people's behavior in the Dictator and Ultimatum Games depends on the amount at stake. The players tended to lower their relative proposed shares, as well as their relative minimum acceptable offers. We propose that the Responders' sense of equity and fair play depends on the stakes because of the costs of maintaining fairness. However, our results also suggest that the price of fairness is very high and that it is very difficult, probably even impossible, to buy the transition of Homo sociologicus into Homo economicus. © 2013 Novakova, Flegr.","Novakova, J.; Flegr, J.",PLoS ONE,1881
-"Excessive, Optimal, and Insufficient Fundraising among the Nonprofit Times 100",,"Jacobs, F.A.; Marudas, N.P.",International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing,1882
-Gender-biased expectations of altruism in adolescents,"Research suggests that women, but not men, manifest gender-biased expectations of altruism: while women expect other women to be more altruistic, men expect women to be as generous as men. Do adolescents expect women and men to behave differently regarding altruism? I analyse adolescents' gender beliefs about altruism using a modified Dictator Game. Results indicate that adolescents believe that others of same gender are more altruistic than others of the opposite gender. I also found that adolescents' agreement with the existence of different societal roles for men and women moderates the relationship between gender and gender beliefs. Although it was expected that adolescents who agree with different gender roles would expect women to be more generous, surprisingly, the results presented here confirm this only for male adolescents, but in the opposite direction: the more male adolescents agree with the existence of different gender roles, the more they seem to believe that men are more generous than women. Meanwhile, female adolescents believe that women are more altruistic unconditionally. Thus, the previously documented bias seems to be already in place during adolescence, above and beyond other confounding factors. Adolescents' in-group bias, and their socialization into different cultural values regarding gender roles are discussed as potential explanatory mechanisms for these gender beliefs. © 2018 Salgado.","Salgado, M.",Front. Psychol.,1883
-The Chicago Fire of 1871: A bottom-up approach to disaster relief,"Can bottom-up relief efforts lead to recovery after disasters? Conventional wisdom and contemporary public policy suggest that major crises require centralized authority to provide disaster relief goods. Using a novel set of comprehensive donation and expenditure data collected from archival records, this paper examines a bottom-up relief effort following one of the most devastating natural disasters of the nineteenth century: the Chicago Fire of 1871. Findings show that while there was no central government relief agency present, individuals, businesses, corporate entities and municipal governments were able to finance the relief effort though donations. The Chicago Relief and Aid Society, a voluntary association of agents with a stake in relief outcomes, leveraged organizational assets and constitutional rules to administer aid. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Skarbek, E.C.",Public Choice,1884
-On implementing the door-in-the-face compliance technique in a business context,,"Mowen, J.C.; Cialdini, R.B.",Journal of Marketing Research,1885
-Evaluating coding decisions,,"Orwin, R.G.",The Handbook of Research Synthesis,1886
-GnRH Agonist Trigger and LH Activity Luteal Phase Support versus hCG Trigger and Conventional Luteal Phase Support in Fresh Embryo Transfer IVF/ICSI Cycles-A Systematic PRISMA Review and Meta-analysis,"INTRODUCTION: The use of GnRH agonist (GnRHa) for final oocyte maturation trigger in oocyte donation and elective frozen embryo transfer cycles is well established due to lower ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) rates as compared to hCG trigger. A recent Cochrane meta-analysis concluded that GnRHa trigger was associated with reduced live birth rates (LBRs) in fresh autologous IVF cycles compared to hCG trigger. However, the evidence is not unequivocal, and recent trials have found encouraging reproductive outcomes among couples undergoing GnRHa trigger and individualized luteal LH activity support. Thus, the aim was to compare GnRHa trigger followed by luteal LH activity support with hCG trigger in IVF patients undergoing fresh embryo transfer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials published until December 14, 2016. The population was infertile patients submitted to IVF/ICSI cycles with GnRH antagonist cotreatment who underwent fresh embryo transfer. The intervention was GnRHa trigger followed by LH activity luteal phase support (LPS). The comparator was hCG trigger followed by a standard LPS. The critical outcome measures were LBR and OHSS rate. The secondary outcome measures were number of oocytes retrieved, clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates, and miscarriage rates. RESULTS: A total of five studies met the selection criteria comprising a total of 859 patients. The LBR was not significantly different between the GnRHa and hCG trigger groups (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.62, 1.14). OHSS was reported in a total of 4/413 cases in the GnRHa group compared to 7/413 in the hCG group (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.15, 1.60). We observed a slight, but non-significant increase in miscarriage rate in the GnRHa triggered group compared to the hCG group (OR 1.85; 95% CI 0.97, 3.54). CONCLUSION: GnRHa trigger with LH activity LPS resulted in comparable LBRs compared to hCG trigger. The most recent trials reported LBRs close to unity indicating that individualization of the LH activity LPS improved the luteal phase deficiency reported in the first GnRHa trigger studies. However, LPS optimization is needed to further limit OHSS in the subgroup of normoresponder patients (<14 follicles ≥ 11 mm). PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42016051091.","Haahr, Thor; Roque, Matheus; Esteves, Sandro C; Humaidan, Peter",Front. Endocrinol.,1887
-Do tax incentives affect charitable contributions? Evidence from public charities' reported revenues,"This paper estimates the effect of the charitable contribution tax deduction on charities' donation revenue from charities' tax filings. A one percent increase in the tax cost of giving causes charitable receipts to fall by about four percent, an effect three times larger the consensus in the literature. Further analysis reveals substantial heterogeneity in the tax response by subsector: health care and home care are more tax-sensitive than other charities, while higher education and arts are less tax-sensitive. The results are consistent with substantial tax response heterogeneity within the sample and between sampled and unsampled charities, implying that the mean tax elasticity of charitable contributions is a poor predictor of tax incentive effects for individual charities. © 2016 Elsevier B.V..","Duquette, N.J.",J. Public Econ.,1888
-Money and time donations to Spanish non-governmental organizations for development aid,,"Marcuello, C.; Salas, V.",Investigaciones Económicas,1889
-Market Orientations in the Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector: A Meta-Analysis of Their Relationships With Organizational Performance,"In their effort to improve performance, many voluntary and nonorofit organizations (VNPOs) have turned to market mechanisms, hoping to learn and implement innovative ideas and methods that proved useful in the private sector. This article adopts the businesslike concept of ?marketing? into the arena of VNPOs by offering a meta-analysis to assess the marketing orientation (MO) in the VNPO sector. The article attempts to answer three questions: (a) What is the theoretical grounding and rationality for using MO strategies in the VNPO sector? (b) Can the VNPO sector benefit from an MO approach? (c) Is the MO perspective applicable for organizations without ?profit? as a main goal? The findings were compared with findings in the for-profit sector and were found to be stronger. Finally, using a second, methodological meta-analysis, boundary conditions on the MO-performance link were assessed. The implications for VNPOs are discussed and directions for future research are outlined.","Shoham, Aviv; Ruvio, Ayalla; Vigoda-Gadot, Eran; Schwabsky, Nitza",Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,1890
-The Effect of Matching Contribution Offers and Legitimization of Paltry Contributions On Compliance,"The use of a matching contribution offer in conjunction with legitimization of paltry contributions is examined in a door‐to‐door charitable solicitation context. Three hundred and twenty households were exposed to charitable contribution requests employing either legitimization of paltry contributions, a matching contribution offer, both, or a control. It was predicted that the matching funds offer, paired with legitimization of paltry donations, would increase both compliance rates and donation sizes and generate greater revenues than either tactic used singly. The results of a field experiment support this prediction. Copyright © 1989, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved","Fraser, C.; Hite, R.E.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,1891
-Thou shalt not steal: Taking aversion with legal property claims,"Do people have an innate respect for property? In the literature, there is controversy about whether human subjects are taking averse. We implemented a dictator game with a symmetric action space to address potential misconceptions and framing and demand effects that may be responsible for the contradictory findings. Misconceptions can occur as a result of unclear property rights, while framing and demand effects can occur if anonymity is not preserved. Our paper is the first to implement both a strict double-blind anonymity protocol and clear property rights. We established clear property claims by asking subjects in our legal treatment to bring their own property to the experiment. In the effort treatment, the experimenter transferred the property publicly to subjects after they completed a real effort task. Our data suggest that without social enforcement, respect for property is low. Yet, the taking rate significantly differs from the theoretically predicted maximum. Consistent with the Lockean theory of property, respect for property grows when the entitlement is legitimized by the labor the owner had to invest to acquire it. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.","Faillo, M.; Rizzolli, M.; Tontrup, S.",J. Econ. Psychol.,1892
-"A Polyhedron Model of Wisdom: A Systematic Review of the Wisdom Studies in Psychology, Management and Leadership, and Education","No consensus on a definition of wisdom exists. Hence, 50 articles were systematically reviewed from the fields of psychology, management and leadership, and education to examine points of consensus among conceptions of wisdom. These articles were limited to the most cited peer-reviewed articles published between 2006 and 2018 that include wisdom in the title and key words. Based on the review, the Polyhedron Model of Wisdom was developed with components that characterize wisdom including knowledge management, self-regulation, altruism and moral maturity, openness and tolerance, sound judgment and decision making, intelligence and creative thinking, and dynamic balance and synthesis translated into action. This study is a step toward defining wisdom components upon which strategies to foster wisdom could be built. In the future, researchers should investigate ways of fostering wisdom through enhancing components of wisdom. © 2020 The Roeper Institute.","Karami, S.; Ghahremani, M.; Parra-Martinez, F.A.; Gentry, M.",Roeper Rev.,1893
-Affair of the Heart,,"Sullivan, A.",Barron's,1894
-Is a donor in hand better than two in the bush? Evidence from a natural field experiment,"This study examines why people initially give to charities, why they remain committed to the cause, and what factors attenuate these influences. Using an experimental design that links donations across distinct treatments separated in time, we present several results. For example, previous donors are more likely to give, and contribute more, than other donor types. Yet, how previous donors were acquired is critical: agents initially attracted by an economic mechanism are more likely to continue giving than agents attracted by a nonmechanism factor. From a methodological viewpoint, our study showcases the benefit of moving beyond an experimental design that focuses on short-run substitution effects.","Landry, C.E.; Lange, A.; List, J.A.; Price, M.K.; Rupp, N.G.",Am. Econ. Rev.,1895
-Reviewing existing knowledge prior to conducting animal studies,"Highly polarised viewpoints about animal experimentation have often prevented agreement. However, important common ground between advocates and opponents was demonstrated within a discussion forum hosted at www.research-methodology.org.uk in July-August 2008, by the independent charity, SABRE Research UK. Agreement existed that many animal studies have methodological flaws - such as inappropriate sample sizes, lack of randomised treatments, and unblinded outcome assessments - that may introduce bias and limit statistical validity. There was also agreement that systematic reviews of the human utility of animal models yield the highest quality of evidence, as their reliance on methodical and impartial methods to select significant numbers of animal studies for review, serves to minimise bias. Unfortunately, disagreement remained that animal experimental licence applications should reference systematic reviews of existing studies, before approval. The UK Medical Research Council requires that researchers planning human clinical trials must reference such reviews of related previous work. Existing knowledge is thereby fully and appropriately utilised, and redundant experimentation is avoided. However, objections were raised that a similar requirement would interfere with animal experimental licensing, because, to date, there have been very few systematic reviews of animal studies. In fact, the relative dearth of such reviews is a matter of considerable concern, and may partially explain the very poor human success rates of drugs that appear safe and/or efficacious in animal trials. Nevertheless, the disturbing number of human trials which have proceeded concurrently with, or prior to, animal studies, or have continued despite equivocal evidence of efficacy in animals, clearly demonstrate that many researchers fail to conduct adequate prior reviews of existing evidence. Where neither sufficient primary studies, nor systematic reviews of such studies, exist, for citation within a licence application, researchers should be able to provide evidence of this shortcoming, and, concurrently, demonstrate that the available literature and evidence have been adequately reviewed. This should also enable them to clearly demonstrate the need and scientific appropriateness of their proposed study, the validity of its design, and - importantly - that the benefits are reasonably likely to exceed the animal welfare, bioethical and financial costs. Invasive animal studies should never be permitted solely on the basis of less probable, speculative or intangible human benefits, or the mere satisfaction of scientific curiosity.","Knight, Andrew",Altern. Lab. Anim.,1896
-"More Is Better, But Fair Is Fair: Tipping in Dictator and Ultimatum Games","This paper examines Allocators' willingness to reward and punish their paired Recipients. Recipients only compete in a skill-testing contest, the outcome of which determines the size of the surplus. In the dictator game, Allocators reward skillful Recipients, but punish unskillful ones only modestly. The punishment effect is mitigated by the belief held by some Allocators thateffortis the appropriate measure of deservingness. The ultimatum game extension reveals offerers' ability to adapt to the strategic environment. Offers to skillful Recipients in the ultimatum game, however, are shown to be motivated by a taste for fairness, and not strategic considerations.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C70, C91, D63. © 1998 Academic Press.","Ruffle, B.J.",Games Econ. Behav.,1897
-Mediation of the Legitimization of Paltry Favors Technique: The Impact of Social Comparison and Nature of the Cause,"This experiment builds upon previous research on the legitimization of paltry favors (LPF) technique by probing the conditions that explain the effectiveness of the technique. Specifically, impression management as a potential mediator was explored. Subjects were randomly exposed to one of eight solicitation conditions where cause (highly prosocial, less prosocial) and social comparison (No C [confederate], C does not donate, C donated $1.00, C donated $10.00) were varied. The robustness of the LPF technique was assessed by examining the impact of the extent to which the cause was prosocial and by the magnitude of the pledge made by another on the probability of targets’ compliance as well as on the magnitude of the pledges. Results indicated that both factors influenced the effectiveness of the LPF technique. © 2015 Western States Communication Association.","Russell, J.; Boster, F.J.",Commun. Rep.,1898
-"Key stakeholder perceptions about consent to participate in acute illness research: a rapid, systematic review to inform epi/pandemic research preparedness","BACKGROUND: A rigorous research response is required to inform clinical and public health decision-making during an epi/pandemic. However, the ethical conduct of such research, which often involves critically ill patients, may be complicated by the diminished capacity to consent and an imperative to initiate trial therapies within short time frames. Alternative approaches to taking prospective informed consent may therefore be used. We aimed to rapidly review evidence on key stakeholder (patients, their proxy decision-makers, clinicians and regulators) views concerning the acceptability of various approaches for obtaining consent relevant to pandemic-related acute illness research. METHODS: We conducted a rapid evidence review, using the Internet, database and hand-searching for English language empirical publications from 1996 to 2014 on stakeholder opinions of consent models (prospective informed, third-party, deferred, or waived) used in acute illness research. We excluded research on consent to treatment, screening, or other such procedures, non-emergency research and secondary studies. Papers were categorised, and data summarised using narrative synthesis. RESULTS: We screened 689 citations, reviewed 104 full-text articles and included 52. Just one paper related specifically to pandemic research. In other emergency research contexts potential research participants, clinicians and research staff found third-party, deferred, and waived consent to be acceptable as a means to feasibly conduct such research. Acceptability to potential participants was motivated by altruism, trust in the medical community, and perceived value in medical research and decreased as the perceived risks associated with participation increased. Discrepancies were observed in the acceptability of the concept and application or experience of alternative consent models. Patients accepted clinicians acting as proxy-decision makers, with preference for two decision makers as invasiveness of interventions increased. Research regulators were more cautious when approving studies conducted with alternative consent models; however, their views were generally under-represented. CONCLUSIONS: Third-party, deferred, and waived consent models are broadly acceptable to potential participants, clinicians and/or researchers for emergency research. Further consultation with key stakeholders, particularly with regulators, and studies focused specifically on epi/pandemic research, are required. We highlight gaps and recommendations to inform set-up and protocol development for pandemic research and institutional review board processes. PROSPERO PROTOCOL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42014014000.","Gobat, Nina H; Gal, Micaela; Francis, Nick A; Hood, Kerenza; Watkins, Angela; Turner, Jill; Moore, Ronald; Webb, Steve A R; Butler, Christopher C; Nichol, Alistair",Trials,1899
-Effects of internet display advertising in the purchase funnel: Model-based insights from a randomized field experiment,,"Hoban, P.R.; Bucklin, R.E.",Journal of Marketing Research,1900
-"Effects of songs with prosocial lyrics on prosocial thoughts, affect, and behavior","Previous research has shown that exposure to violent media increased aggression-related affect and thoughts, physiological arousal, and aggressive behavior as well as decreased prosocial tendencies. The present research examined the hypothesis that exposure to prosocial media promotes prosocial outcomes. Three studies revealed that listening to songs with prosocial (relative to neutral) lyrics increased the accessibility of prosocial thoughts, led to more interpersonal empathy, and fostered helping behavior. These results provide first evidence for the predictive validity of the General Learning Model [Buckley, K. E., & Anderson, C. A. (2006). A theoretical model of the effects and consequences of playing video games. In P. Vorderer, & J. Bryant, (Eds.), Playing video games: Motives responses and consequences (pp. 363-378). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates] for the effects of media with prosocial content on prosocial thought, feeling, and behavior. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Greitemeyer, T.",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,1901
-The revealed objective functions of nonprofit firms,,"Steinberg, R.",Rand Journal of Economics,1902
-A general framework for modifying health-relevant behavior: Reducing undergraduate binge drinking by appealing to commitment and reciprocity,,"Conner, A.E.",Dissertation Abstracts International,1903
-How should charitable organisations motivate young professionals to give philanthropically?,,"Kottasz, R.",International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing,1904
-"Deliberation erodes cooperative behavior — Even towards competitive out-groups, even when using a control condition, and even when eliminating selection bias","By many accounts cooperation appears to be a default strategy in social interaction. There are, however, several documented instances in which reflexive responding favors aggressive behaviors: for example, interactions with out-group members. We conduct a rigorous test of potential boundary conditions of intuitive prosociality by looking at whether intuition favors cooperation even towards competitive out-group members, and even in losses frames. Moreover, we address three major methodological limitations of previous research in this area: a lack of an unconstrained control condition; non-compliance with time manipulations leading to high rates of exclusions and thus a selection bias; and non-comprehension of the structure of the game. Even after eliminating participant selection bias and non-comprehension, we find that deliberation decreases cooperation: even in competitive contexts towards out-groups and even in a losses frame, though the differences in cooperation between groups was consistent across conditions. People may be intuitive cooperators, but they are not intuitively impartial. © 2017 Elsevier Inc.","Everett, J.A.C.; Ingbretsen, Z.; Cushman, F.; Cikara, M.",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,1905
-Decision-making about broad- and narrowcasting: a neuroscientific perspective,"What differentiates sharing with few, well-defined others (narrowcasting) from sharing with loosely defined crowds (broadcasting)? One possibility involves a trade-off where broadcasting is self-focused and self-serving, and narrowcasting is based on other-oriented, altruistic motives. We present neuroimaging data consistent with a second, parallel-processes perspective. According to this account, both narrow- and broadcasting simultaneously involve self-related and social motives since these concepts are strongly intertwined both on a psychological and neural level. We recorded brain activity within regions that are meta-analytically associated with self-related and social cognition while participants made decisions to narrow- or broadcast New York Times articles on social media. Results show increased involvement of brain regions associated with both self-related and social processing in narrow- and broadcasting, compared to a control condition. However, both processes were involved with higher intensity during narrowcasting, compared to broadcasting. These data help to disambiguate a theoretical discussion in communication science and clarify the neuropsychological mechanisms that drive sharing decisions in different contexts. Specifically, we highlight that narrow- and broadcasting afford differing intensities of two psychological processes that are crucial to persuasion and population-level content virality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Scholz, Christin; Baek, Elisa C; Brook O’Donnell, Matthew; Falk, Emily B",Media Psychol.,1906
-When saying no leads to compliance: The door-in-the-face technique for changing attitudes and behaviors towards smoking at work,"Introduction The aim of this action research was to encourage workers to comply with an anti-smoking charter and get them to effectively reduce their tobacco use. Two change procedures were compared: a classic one based on an information campaign and an original one based on the door-in-the-face technique. Method Forty-three smoking workers participated in this study. They were assigned to one of the two groups: information campaign group or door-in-the-face group. Two types of measures were administered. The first assessed self-reported attitudes towards smoking, such as perceived dependence (Fagerström Test); the second assessed effective behavior, such as number of cigarettes smoked and physiological nicotine addiction. Conclusion Taken together, the results show that the door-in-the-face technique was more effective than the information campaign. These results are discussed in light of the social acceptability of the initial refusal. © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS.","Pansu, P.; Lima, L.; Fointiat, V.",Rev. Eur. Psychol. Appl.,1907
-The impact of mortality salience on the relative effectiveness of donation appeals,,"Cai, F.; Wyer, R.S.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1908
-Type and amount of help as predictors for impression of helpers,"Impression of helpers can vary as a function of the magnitude of helping (amount of help) and of situational and motivational aspects (type of help). Over three studies conducted in Sweden and the US, we manipulated both the amount and the type of help in ten diverse vignettes and measured participants’ impressions of the described helpers. Impressions were almost unaffected when increasing the amount of help by 500%, but clearly affected by several type of help-manipulations. Particularly, helpers were less positively evaluated if they had mixed motives for helping, did not experience intense emotions or empathy, or if helping involved no personal sacrifice. In line with the person-centered theory of moral judgment, people seem to form impressions of helpers primarily based on the presumed underlying processes and motives of prosociality rather than its consequences. © 2020 Erlandsson et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Erlandsson, A.; Wingren, M.; Andersson, P.A.",PLoS ONE,1909
-The willingness to participate in biomedical research involving human beings in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review,"OBJECTIVES: To systematically review reasons for the willingness to participate in biomedical human subjects research in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: Five databases were systematically searched for articles published between 2000 and 2017 containing the domain of 'human subjects research' in 'LMICs' and determinant 'reasons for (non)participation'. Reasons mentioned were extracted, ranked and results narratively described. RESULTS: Ninety-four articles were included, 44 qualitative and 50 mixed-methods studies. Altruism, personal health benefits, access to health care, monetary benefit, knowledge, social support and trust were the most important reasons for participation. Primary reasons for non-participation were safety concerns, inconvenience, stigmatisation, lack of social support, confidentiality concerns, physical pain, efficacy concerns and distrust. Stigmatisation was a major concern in relation to HIV research. Reasons were similar across different regions, gender, non-patient or patient participants and real or hypothetical study designs. CONCLUSIONS: Addressing factors that affect (non-)participation in the planning process and during the conduct of research may enhance voluntary consent to participation and reduce barriers for potential participants.","Browne, Joyce L; Rees, Connie O; van Delden, Johannes J M; Agyepong, Irene; Grobbee, Diederick E; Edwin, Ama; Klipstein-Grobusch, Kerstin; van der Graaf, Rieke",Trop. Med. Int. Health,1910
-Meta-needs assessment,"Social service administrators rarely have the resources to perform an in-depth needs assessment of their community. One way human service organizations can garner a large amount of research with little financial investment is through a ‘meta-needs assessment’. Meta-needs assessment is a comprehensive analysis of existing human service needs assessments using secondary data conducted by public, non-profit, and private organizations in a particular community. In this paper I discuss the significance of my research in carrying-out a meta-needs assessment in Nebraska. The paper is divided into four sections: (1) description of the problems facing social planning organizations in regards to needs assessment; (2) review of the relevant research literature that supports the meta-needs assessment approach; (3) overview of a meta-needs assessment carried-out in Nebraska; and (4) discussion of some of the methodological pitfalls that were encountered with the study and how these problems can be overcome in future meta-needs assessment projects.","Gaber, J",Eval. Program Plann.,1911
-A theory of impact philanthropy,"This article develops a new model of altruism called impact philanthropy. An impact philanthropist is someone who wants to personally 'make a difference.' While that motive is straightforward, its logical implications are significantly different from other models of philanthropy. For example, the contributions of other donors can reduce an impact philanthropist's charitable fulfillment. As a result, cooperation among impact philanthropists can reduce aggregate giving. In addition, impact philanthropy can lead to a codependent relationship between givers and receivers in which both benefit from the other. Finally, the model suggests a conflict between charitable organizations and its donors concerning the allocation of charitable gifts. In particular, a charitable organization prefers to spread a donor's contribution across many goods, whereas a donor prefers to target his or her contribution at a specific good. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Duncan, B.",J. Public Econ.,1912
-Time is money: Choosing between charitable activities,"This paper analyzes the impact of a preferential tax-price for monetary donations on the joint decision to donate time (volunteer) and money. The methodological approach takes into account that consumption of each charitable good affects consumption of the other. Using data from a national survey on household charitable giving, the results show that donations of time and money are substitutes. However, a decrease in the tax-price of monetary donations also has a positive effect on donations of time that acts outside the change in relative prices. This more than offsets the substitution effect leading to an overall positive correlation between the two charitable goods.","Feldman, N.E.",Am. Econ. J. Econ. Policy,1913
-The interactive effects of religiosity and recognition in increasing donation,,"Septianto, F.; Tjiptono, F.; Paramita, W.; Chiew, T.M.",European Journal of Marketing,1914
-Self-other overlap: A unique predictor of willingness to work with people with disability as part of one's career,"Background People with disability (PWD) often rely on others, both for direct support and for the creation of enabling environments to meet their needs. This need makes it crucial for professionals to be willing to work with PWD, and for people to pursue careers that focus on supporting PWD. Objectives To explore self-other overlap as a unique predictor of willingness to work with PWD as part of one's career, using three studies. Methods Studies 1 and 2 used cross-sectional surveys of college undergraduates to explore: 1. whether an association between self-other overlap and willingness to work with PWD exists, and 2. whether self-other overlap is a unique predictor, controlling for attitudes and empathy. Study 3 investigated whether self-other overlap is associated with the groups with whom the students indicated they want (and do not want) to work as part of their career. Results Across the three studies, self-other overlap was uniquely associated with students' willingness to work with PWD as part of one's profession, even when controlling for attitudes and empathy. Conclusions Self-other overlap may be an important additional factor to take into consideration when developing interventions targeted toward promoting working with PWD. © 2019 Ioerger et al.","Ioerger, M.; Machia, L.V.; Turk, M.A.",PLoS ONE,1915
-Two failed replications of the watching eyes effect,,"Matsugasaki, K.; Tsukamoto, W.; Ohtsubo, Y.",Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science,1916
-"A description of classroom help networks, individual network position, and their associations with academic achievement","This study examined how classroom peer relations can be described in terms of the network of help relations among students, and the positions students take up in this help network, and whether the structure of adolescent classroom help networks and individual network positions were associated with academic achievement. Help networks were based on the peer nomination question ""Who helps you with problems?"" Building on previous studies on classroom climate and individual network position, higher academic achievement was expected in classrooms with: a dense help network; no or a few network isolates (referring to students that did not give or receive help at all); less segmentation in help relations; equally distributed help nominations. In addition, higher achievement was expected for individuals with more helpers and a more central position in the help network. Using the Dutch SNARE data (54 classrooms; 1,144 students), the multilevel models suggested that lower achievement was related to an unequal distribution of help relations in a classroom. Moreover, the centrality of individuals in the help network was linked to higher achievement. Classrooms varied strongly on network dimensions, and networks that would theoretically be expected to be most beneficial for achievement (with high density, a few isolates, low segmentation, and high equality) turned out to be highly uncommon. The findings demonstrated that subtle network processes were relevant for academic success, and that classroom network characteristics are associated with classroom-level variation in academic achievement. Descriptive results underlined the complexity of the social context of classrooms, and the absence of’beneficial’ classrooms suggests that researchers should adjust their notion of what is a beneficial or detrimental classroom environment for adolescents. © 2018 van Rijsewijk et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","van Rijsewijk, L.G.M.; Oldenburg, B.; Snijders, T.A.B.; Dijkstra, J.K.; Veenstra, R.",PLoS ONE,1917
-Estate taxation and charitable bequests,"Charitable bequests in the United States amount to $2 billion annually and account for a substantial share of the total resources devoted to education, health, science, culture, welfare and religion. The amount and composition of such bequests are affected by the rate structure and deductibility of charitable bequests in the estate tax. A model of charitable bequests is estimated on data from the 1957-1959 Treasury Special Study and the 1969 Estate Tax returns. The price elasticity of charitable bequests is considerably greater than one for all but the very largest estates. Hence, the deduction is efficient in the sense of stimulating at least as much additional giving to charity as revenue lost by the Treasury. A variety of alternative policies are simulated. Those policies raising the price of charitable bequests will substantially curtail charitable bequests. This decrease will come almost exclusively at the expense of the education-science and health-welfare sectors. © 1976.","Boskin, M.J.",J. Public Econ.,1918
-We can see inside: Accurate prediction of Prisoner's Dilemma decisions in announced games following a face-to-face interaction,"Humans form impressions and make social judgments about others based on information that is quickly and easily available, such as facial and vocal traits. The evolutionary function of impression formation and social judgment mechanisms have received limited attention in psychology research; we argue that their function is to accurately forecast the behavior of others. There is some evidence for the predictive accuracy of social judgments, but much of it comes from situations where there is little incentive to deceive, which limits applicability to questions of the function of such mechanisms. A classic experiment that avoids this problem was conducted by R. H. Frank, T. Gilovich, and D. T. Regan (1993); their participants predicted each other's Prisoner's Dilemma Game decisions with above-chance accuracy after a short interaction period, knowing the game would follow. We report three original studies that replicate these aspects of the methods of Frank et al. (1993) and reanalyze data from all known replications. Our meta-analysis of these studies confirms the original report: humans can predict each other's Prisoner's Dilemma decisions after a brief interaction with people who have incentive to deceive. © 2016 The Authors.","Sparks, A.; Burleigh, T.; Barclay, P.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,1919
-Empathy as a mediator of the relations between parent and peer attachment and prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors in Mexican American college students,"Attachment and social support theories are normative developmental approaches that postulate positive social behavioral outcomes for individuals who develop strong relationships to parents and peers; however, research on positive aspects of Latinos in the United States is scarce. One hundred and forty-five Mexican American college students (M age = 23.05 years; 99 females) from state universities in the United States completed measures of parent and peer attachment, empathy, prosocial behaviors, and physical aggression. Structural equation models showed that both parent and peer attachments were associated with prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors. In general, empathy mediated the relations between peer attachment and both types of social behaviors but mostly for men and not women. Discussion focuses on the importance of attachment relationships and empathy in understanding prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors among Mexican American college students. © SAGE Publications 2012.","Carlo, G.; McGinley, M.; Hayes, R.C.; Martinez, M.M.",J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh.,1920
-Can supporting a cause decrease donations and happiness? The cause marketing paradox,,"Krishna, A.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1921
-Cross-cultural dataset for the evolution of religion and morality project,"A considerable body of research cross-culturally examines the evolution of religious traditions, beliefs and behaviors. The bulk of this research, however, draws from coded qualitative ethnographies rather than from standardized methods specifically designed to measure religious beliefs and behaviors. Psychological data sets that examine religious thought and behavior in controlled conditions tend to be disproportionately sampled from student populations. Some cross-national databases employ standardized methods at the individual level, but are primarily focused on fully market integrated, state-level societies. The Evolution of Religion and Morality Project sought to generate a data set that systematically probed individual level measures sampling across a wider range of human populations. The set includes data from behavioral economic experiments and detailed surveys of demographics, religious beliefs and practices, material security, and intergroup perceptions. This paper describes the methods and variables, briefly introduces the sites and sampling techniques, notes inconsistencies across sites, and provides some basic reporting for the data set. © The Author(s) 2016.","Purzycki, B.G.; Apicella, C.; Atkinson, Q.D.; Cohen, E.; McNamara, R.A.; Willard, A.K.; Xygalatas, D.; Norenzayan, A.; Henrich, J.",Sci. Data,1922
-Estimating the influence of fairness on bargaining behavior,"The strength of bargainers' preferences for fair settlements has important implications for predicting negotiation outcomes and guiding bargaining strategy. Existing literature reports a few calibration exercises for social utility models, but the predictive accuracy of these models for out-of-sample forecasting remains unknown. Therefore, we investigate whether fairness considerations are stable enough across bargaining situations to be quantified and used to forecast bargaining behavior accurately. We develop a model that embeds a preference for fair treatment in a quantal response framework to account for noise and experience. In addition, we estimate preference for fairness (willingness to pay) using the simplest, one-round version of sequential bargaining games and then employ it to perform out-of-sample forecasts of multiple-round games of various lengths, discount factors, pie sizes, and levels of bargainer experience. Except in circumstances in which the bargaining pie is very small, the fitted model has significant and substantial out-of-sample explanatory power. The stability we find implies that the model and techniques might ultimately be extended to estimates of the influence of fairness on field negotiations, as well as across subpopulations. © 2008 INFORMS.","Bruyn, A.D.; Bolton, G.E.",Manage Sci,1923
-The effect of nonprofits' taxable activities on the supply of private donations,"Prior research indicates that donations respond to price and income effects as well as to alternative sources of nonprofit financing. Using a database of confidential nonprofit tax returns, we examine the effects of nonprofits' taxable activities on the supply of donations. We find that each additional dollar of taxable revenues crowds-out approximately $0.55 of donations to arts, culture, and humanities organizations and human services and public benefit organizations, suggesting that the recent rapid expansion of nonprofits' taxable activities comes at a financial cost. We do not find that donations to educational or medical nonprofits are sensitive to taxable activities.","Yetman, M.H.; Yetman, R.J.",Natl. Tax J.,1924
-"Environmental enhancement of prosocial television content: Effects on interpersonal behavior, imaginative play, and self-regulation in a natural setting","Investigated whether (a) prosocial TV can affect the behavior of urban poor children and (b) environmental supports that stimulate rehearsal and labeling of TV content are effective in a field setting. The social, imaginative, and self-regulatory behavior of 141 children aged 2 yrs 4 mo-5 yrs 4 mo in Head Start centers was observed before and during 1 of the following 4 experimental treatments: (a) neutral films, (b) prosocial TV only, (c) prosocial TV plus related play materials, and (d) prosocial TV plus related materials plus teacher training for rehearsal using verbal labeling and role playing. Ss in each condition saw 20 films in 8 wks. Prosocial TV alone produced few behavioral differencs from the control group. When classrooms were otherwise comparable, Ss receiving TV plus related materials had high levels of positive social interaction with peers and adults, of imaginative play, and of assertiveness and aggression. Those whose teachers were trained as well showed high levels of positive social interaction with peers, imaginative play, and assertiveness, but did not increase in aggression. Self-regulatory behavior was unaffected. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1979 American Psychological Association.","Friedrich-Cofer, L.K.; Huston-Stein, A.; McBride Kipnis, D.; Susman, E.J.; Clewett, A.S.",Dev. Psychol.,1925
-Inducing compliance by a two-door-in-the-face procedure and a self-determination request,"The door-in-the-face (“face”) is a procedure for increasing compliance. An individual is first asked to carry out a difficult task, which is almost always refused, and this is followed by a more moderate second request, the one that was actually desired. The current study devised a two-door-in-the-face (“two-face”) procedure, where the moderate request is preceded by both an extremely hard and a hard request, and examined whether this “two-face” procedure increased compliance when compared to the typical “face” procedure. In addition, the study examined whether a “self-determination” request, where the individual decides the level of help to offer, would produce more compliance than a fixed request, which specifies the level of help wanted. The Ss, 192 persons randomly selected from the telephone directory, were called and asked to help a new radio station. The results showed that the “two-face” when compared to the typical “face” procedure, and the self-determination request when compared to the fixed request significantly increased compliance. © 1981 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Goldman, M.; Creason, C.R.",J. Soc. Psychol.,1926
-In praise of outsourcing,"What explains the context sensitivity of some (apparent) beliefs? Why, for example, do religious beliefs appear to control behaviour in some contexts but not others? Cases like this are heterogeneous, and we may require a matching heterogeneity of explanations, ranging over their contents, the attitudes of agents and features of the environment. In this paper, I put forward a hypothesis of the last kind. I argue that some beliefs (religious and non-religious) are coupled to cues, which either trigger an internal representation or even partially constitute the beliefs. I show that such coupling will give rise to the context-sensitivity, without entailing that religious believers take a different attitude to belief content. © 2018 by KONINKLIJKE BRILL NV, LEIDEN, The Netherlands.","Levy, N.",Contemp. Pragmatism,1927
-Does stake size matter in trust games?,"The proportion of money sent, which is typically assumed to reflect trust, decreased significantly as the stake size was increased in a trust game conducted in rural Bangladesh. Nevertheless, even with very large stakes, most senders and receivers sent substantial fractions. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Johansson-Stenman, O.; Mahmud, M.; Martinsson, P.",Econ. Lett.,1928
-"Volunteer stereotypes, stigma, and relational identity projects",,"Ho, M.; O'Donohoe, S.",European Journal of Marketing,1929
-Should the MUHC approve the video capsule endoscopy system in the diagnosis of small bowel abnormalities?,"Based on the above considerations TAU, while recognizing the innovative characteristics of the capsule endoscopy does not feel that there is sufficient evidence to recommend either the hospital purchase of this technology or its incorporation into routine clinical practice.","Costa, Brophy J, V",,1930
-"""Levels of Personal Agency: Individual Variation in Action Identification""",,"Vallacher, R.R.; Wegner, D.M.",Psychological Review,1931
-Ten years of research on group size and helping,"Reviews research that attempts to replicate and extend B. Latané and J. M. Dabbs's (1970) discovery that the presence of other people inhibits an individual from intervening in an emergency. Particular attention is paid to the nature of the precipitating incident, the ambiguity of the helping situation, laboratory vs field settings, characteristics of the Ss, victims, and other bystanders, and the amount and kinds of communication among bystanders. It is concluded that, despite the diversity of styles, settings, and techniques among the studies, the social inhibition of helping is a remarkably consistent phenomenon; however, victims are more likely to receive assistance when only a single individual witnesses the emergency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1981 American Psychological Association.","Latané, B.; Nida, S.",Psychol. Bull.,1932
-Why don't we practice what we preach? A meta-analytic review of religious racism,"A meta-analytic review of past research evaluated the link between religiosity and racism in the United States since the Civil Rights Act. Religious racism partly reflects intergroup dynamics. That is, a strong religious in-group identity was associated with derogation of racial out-groups. Other races might be treated as out-groups because religion is practiced largely within race, because training in a religious in-group identity promotes general ethnocentrism, and because different others appear to be in competition for resources. In addition, religious racism is tied to basic life values of social conformity and respect for tradition. In support, individuals who were religious for reasons of conformity and tradition expressed racism that declined in recent years with the decreased societal acceptance of overt racial discrimination. The authors failed to find that racial tolerance arises from humanitarian values, consistent with the idea that religious humanitarianism is largely expressed to in-group members. Only religious agnostics were racially tolerant.","Hall, Deborah L; Matz, David C; Wood, Wendy",Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev.,1933
-Reconciliation Between Monetary Incentives and Motivation Crowding-Out: The Influence of Perceptions of Incentives on Research Performance,"Motivation crowding theories suggest that the influence of performance-based monetary incentives on performance may depend on how employees perceive the incentives. To examine the crowding-out effect, this article analyzed a panel dataset of faculty’s research published over 9 years in a Korean university, focusing on the moderating role of perceptions of incentives. We found that, as the university increased financial incentives for research performance, academic researchers who perceived the incentives as supportive published more papers in higher impact factor journals. In contrast, the quantity and quality of research performance of those who perceived such incentives as controlling were not significantly associated with the increase in the incentives. To improve the performance of the performance-incentive system with potential crowding-out effects, administrators should communicate with employees to help them perceive incentives as supportive and positive. © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Kim, D.H.; Bak, H.-J.",Public Perform. Manage. Rev.,1934
-Immunotherapy for Guillain-Barre syndrome: a systematic review,"PE increases the rate of recovery and improves outcomes at 1 year in patients with GBS. There was insufficient evidence for IV Ig compared with no treatment, but IV Ig and PE appear to have similar effects. XCM: The review question was clear with respect to the participants, intervention and study design, although inclusion criteria were not explicitly defined. A number of studies that were included in the tables were not included in the review, and the reasons for this were unclear. It was not clear if the primary outcome was selected before or after reviewing potentially relevant studies. Several relevant sources were searched and attempts were made to minimise publication bias. It was not clear whether any language restrictions had been applied, so the potential for language bias could not be assessed. Only two validity criteria were assessed and the exact criteria on which these were assessed were unclear; this inadequate assessment makes it difficult to judge the reliability of the evidence presented. Methods were used to minimise reviewer error and bias in the study selection and data extraction processes, but it was unclear whether similar steps were taken in the assessment of validity. Where possible, the data were pooled statistically and potential sources of heterogeneity were examined. It is difficult to assess the reliability of the conclusions given the limited definition of inclusion criteria, the diversity of the studies, the unknown extent to which the data represent all patients with GBS, and the absence of a quality assessment of the included studies. The recommendations for further research appear justified. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice. Research: The authors stated the need for further research to identify more effective treatments for patients with GBS.","Hughes, R A; Swan, A V; Raphael, J C; Annane, D; van Koningsveld, R; van Doorn P, A",,1935
-The Role of the Media in Body Image Concerns Among Women: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental and Correlational Studies,"Research suggests that exposure to mass media depicting the thin-ideal body may be linked to body image disturbance in women. This meta-analysis examined experimental and correlational studies testing the links between media exposure to women's body dissatisfaction, internalization of the thin ideal, and eating behaviors and beliefs with a sample of 77 studies that yielded 141 effect sizes. The mean effect sizes were small to moderate (ds = -.28, -.39, and -.30, respectively). Effects for some outcome variables were moderated by publication year and study design. The findings support the notion that exposure to media images depicting the thin-ideal body is related to body image concerns for women. © 2008 American Psychological Association.","Grabe, S.; Ward, L.M.; Hyde, J.S.",Psychol. Bull.,1936
-Practical meta-analysis,,"Lipsey, M.W.; Wilson, D.B.",Practical meta-analysis,1937
-The interpretation of econometric estimates of the tax incentive to engage in philanthropy,,"Christian, C.; Boatsman, J.; Reneau, J.H.",Journal of the American Taxation Association,1938
-How much are we willing to contribute for better educational outcomes? Evidence from a survey experiment,"We use a survey experiment on a sample of Argentine households to elicit willingness to contribute toward improving the performance of public school students in international educational assessments. Households are presented with a sequence of bids that they can accept or reject. Information is presented in vignettes that vary in the proportion of children who benefited from the gains in educational attainment. We find a higher willingness to contribute for larger gains. In total, households would be willing to contribute an additional 12.8% of current educational expenditure to guarantee improved education quality. © 2016 Western Economic Association International.","Berlinski, S.; Busso, M.",Econ. Inq.,1939
-The Role of Company-Cause Fit and Company Involvement in Consumer Responses to CSR Initiatives: A Meta-Analytic Review,"The marketing literature suggests that company-cause fit is of key importance to developing a successful socially responsible initiative. However, controversy exists regarding the level of this fit. While some studies report that high fit between a company and a cause has beneficial effects on consumer responses to such efforts, other research identifies negative impacts. This paper aims to obtain a deeper insight into this issue by examining the moderating role of company involvement in a cause. A meta-analysis of 51 experimental studies, yielding a total sample size of 11,335 subjects, shows that company-cause fit influences consumer responses to CSR initiatives most positively when a company with a positive reputation is highly involved in a cause, that is, when the company donates at least products. If such a company provides its beneficiary with only monetary contributions (i.e., low involvement), the effects of fit are significantly less influential. © 2017 by the author.","Zasuwa, Grzegorz",Sustainability (Switzerland),1940
-Why are women penalized for success at male tasks?: The implied communality deficit,"In 3 experimental studies, the authors tested the idea that penalties women incur for success in traditionally male areas arise from a perceived deficit in nurturing and socially sensitive communal attributes that is implied by their success. The authors therefore expected that providing information of communality would prevent these penalties. Results indicated that the negativity directed at successful female managers - in ratings of likability, interpersonal hostility, and boss desirability - was mitigated when there was indication that they were communal. This ameliorative effect occurred only when the information was clearly indicative of communal attributes (Study 1) and when it could be unambiguously attributed to the female manager (Study 2); furthermore, these penalties were averted when communality was conveyed by role information (motherhood status) or by behavior (Study 3). These findings support the idea that penalties for women's success in male domains result from the perceived violation of gender-stereotypic prescriptions. Copyright 2007 by the American Psychological Association.","Heilman, M.E.; Okimoto, T.G.",J. Appl. Psychol.,1941
-Virtual Superheroes: Using Superpowers in Virtual Reality to Encourage Prosocial Behavior,"Background: Recent studies have shown that playing prosocial video games leads to greater subsequent prosocial behavior in the real world. However, immersive virtual reality allows people to occupy avatars that are different from them in a perceptually realistic manner. We examine how occupying an avatar with the superhero ability to fly increases helping behavior. Principal Findings: Using a two-by-two design, participants were either given the power of flight (their arm movements were tracked to control their flight akin to Superman's flying ability) or rode as a passenger in a helicopter, and were assigned one of two tasks, either to help find a missing diabetic child in need of insulin or to tour a virtual city. Participants in the ""super-flight"" conditions helped the experimenter pick up spilled pens after their virtual experience significantly more than those who were virtual passengers in a helicopter. Conclusion: The results indicate that having the ""superpower"" of flight leads to greater helping behavior in the real world, regardless of how participants used that power. A possible mechanism for this result is that having the power of flight primed concepts and prototypes associated with superheroes (e.g., Superman). This research illustrates the potential of using experiences in virtual reality technology to increase prosocial behavior in the physical world. © 2013 Rosenberg et al.","Rosenberg, R.S.; Baughman, S.L.; Bailenson, J.N.",PLoS ONE,1942
-Anonymity versus privacy in the dictator game: Revealing donor decisions to recipients does not substantially impact donor behavior,"Anonymity is often offered in economic experiments in order to eliminate observer effects and induce behavior that would be exhibited under private circumstances. However, anonymity differs from privacy in that interactants are only unaware of each others' identities, while having full knowledge of each others' actions. Such situations are rare outside the laboratory and anonymity might not meet the requirements of some participants to psychologically engage as if their actions were private. In order to explore the impact of a lack of privacy on prosocial behaviors, I expand on a study reported in Dana et al. (2006) in which recipients were left unaware of the Dictator Game and given donations as ''bonuses'' to their show-up fees for other tasks. In the current study, I explore whether differences between a private Dictator Game (sensu Dana et al. (2006)) and a standard anonymous one are due to a desire by dictators to avoid shame or to pursue prestige. Participants of a Dictator Game were randomly assigned to one of four categories-one in which the recipient knew of (1) any donation by an anonymous donor (including zero donations), (2) nothing at all, (3) only zero donations, and (4) and only non-zero donations. The results suggest that a lack of privacy increases the shame that selfish-acting participants experience, but that removing such a cost has only minimal effects on actual behavior. ©2014 Jeffrey winking.","Winking, J.",PLoS ONE,1943
-On the utility of alternative procedures for assessing psychological androgyny,"S. L. Bem's definition of psychological androgny as the integration of both masculinity and femininity within a single individual obscures a potentially important distinction between those individuals who score high on both masculinity and femininity and those who score low on both. To assess the importance of this distinction, the Bem Sex-Role Inventory was administered to 375 male and 290 female undergraduates, along with a variety of other pencil-and-paper questionnaires, and in addition, the results of Bem's earlier laboratory studies were reanalyzed with the low-low scorers separated out. High-high and low-low scorers did not differ significantly on the Attitudes Toward Women Scale, Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, the Mach IV Scale, or the Attitudes Toward Problem-Solving Scale, nor did they differ significantly in 2 of Bem's 3 previous studies. Nevertheless, low-low scorers were significantly lower in self-esteem (Texas Social Behavior Inventory) than high-high scorers, they displayed significantly less responsiveness toward a kitten, and, among men, they reported significantly less self-disclosure (Jourard's Self-Disclosure Scale). Although the results are not consistent, it is concluded that a distinction between high-high and low-low scorers does seem to be warranted. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1977 American Psychological Association.","Bem, S.L.",J. Consult. Clin. Psychol.,1944
-Can Reminders of Rules Induce Compliance? Experimental Evidence from a Common Pool Resource Setting,"This paper presents results from an RCT exploring whether a behavioural intervention can improve the conservation of a common pool resource. The literature on common pool resource management suggests that the existence of rules and sanctions is important to resource conservation. However, behavioural science suggests that individuals have finite cognitive capacity and may not be attentive to these rules and sanctions. This paper investigates the impact of an SMS message intervention designed to improve users’ knowledge of and attentiveness to existing forest use rules. An RCT in Uganda explores the impact of these messages on forest use and compliance with the rules. This paper finds that SMS messages raise the perceived probability of sanctions for rule-breakers. However, SMS messages do not induce full compliance with forest use rules or systematically reduce forest use. © 2020, The Author(s).","Eisenbarth, S.; Graham, L.; Rigterink, A.S.",Environ. Resour. Econ.,1945
-Attitude–Behavior Relations: A Meta-Analysis of Attitudinal Relevance and Topic,Abstract. The difficulty of finding a relationship between attitudes and behavior is one of the greatest controversies in recent social science research. The p,"Kim, Min-Sun; Hunter, John E",J. Commun.,1946
-Parenting and prosocial behaviors: A meta-analysis,"Ascertaining whether and the extent to which different aspects of parenting are associated with prosocial behaviors could inform parenting programs in cultivating healthy development. Multilevel meta-analyses (k = 124) involving children and adolescents were conducted to examine associations between parenting and prosocial behaviors while accounting for demographic and study characteristics. Authoritative parenting (r =.174, p <.001) was associated positively whereas authoritarian parenting (r = −.107, p <.001) was associated negatively with prosocial behaviors. These associations remained robust across infancy, childhood, and adolescence in both individualistic and collectivistic cultures. These associations also were invariant across child and parent gender. Moderating effects relevant to the type of prosocial behaviors under examination were identified. Authoritative parenting was associated positively with general, public, emotional, anonymous, dire, compliant, and other specific types of prosocial behaviors (e.g., sharing), but associated negatively with altruistic prosocial behaviors. Authoritarian parenting was associated negatively with general and altruistic prosocial behaviors, but not other specific types. Moderating effects relevant to study design and informant of parenting were found. No moderating effects were identified for the informant and target of prosocial behaviors. Associations of permissive (r = −.096, p <.01) and neglecting parenting (r = −.054, p =.543) remain unclear due to insufficient number of studies and publication biases. Implications for theories, research, and practice are discussed. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd","Wong, T.K.Y.; Konishi, C.; Kong, X.",Soc. Dev.,1947
-"Towards a branding framework for cause-, funding-and need-oriented charities",,"Tapp, A.; Lindsay, G.; Sorrell, R.",Journal of Marketing Communications,1948
-The leading eight: Social norms that can maintain cooperation by indirect reciprocity,"The theory of indirect reciprocation explains the evolution of cooperation among unrelated individuals, engaging in one-shot interaction. Using reputation, a player acquires information on who are worth cooperating and who are not. In a previous paper, we formalized the reputation dynamics, a rule to assign a binary reputation (good or bad) to each player when his action, his current reputation, and the opponent's reputation are given. We then examined all the possible reputation dynamics, and found that there exist only eight reputation dynamics named ""leading eight"" that can maintain the ESS with a high level of cooperation, even if errors are included in executing intended cooperation and in reporting the observation to the public. In this paper, we study the nature of these successful social norms. First, we characterize the role of each pivot of the reputation dynamics common to all of the leading eight. We conclude that keys to the success in indirect reciprocity are to be nice (maintenance of cooperation among themselves), retaliatory (detection of defectors, punishment, and justification of punishment), apologetic, and forgiving. Second, we prove the two basic properties of the leading eight, which give a quantitative evaluation of the ESS condition and the level of cooperation maintained at the ESS. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Ohtsuki, H.; Iwasa, Y.",J. Theor. Biol.,1949
-The dopaminergic reward system underpins gender differences in social preferences,"Women are known to have stronger prosocial preferences than men, but it remains an open question as to how these behavioural differences arise from differences in brain functioning. Here, we provide a neurobiological account for the hypothesized gender difference. In a pharmacological study and an independent neuroimaging study, we tested the hypothesis that the neural reward system encodes the value of sharing money with others more strongly in women than in men. In the pharmacological study, we reduced receptor type-specific actions of dopamine, a neurotransmitter related to reward processing, which resulted in more selfish decisions in women and more prosocial decisions in men. Converging findings from an independent neuroimaging study revealed gender-related activity in neural reward circuits during prosocial decisions. Thus, the neural reward system appears to be more sensitive to prosocial rewards in women than in men, providing a neurobiological account for why women often behave more prosocially than men. © 2017 The Author(s).","Soutschek, A.; Burke, C.J.; Raja Beharelle, A.; Schreiber, R.; Weber, S.C.; Karipidis, I.I.; Ten Velden, J.; Weber, B.; Haker, H.; Kalenscher, T.; Tobler, P.N.",Nat. Hum. Behav.,1950
-The evolution of gods’ minds in the Tyva Republic,"As appeals to what gods know and care about often motivate and rationalize human behavior, understanding shared models of gods’ minds is crucial for understanding religion’s contributions to human sociality. If religious systems function to minimize the effects of social and ecological problems, then models of gods’ concerns should coevolve with these problems. The present work assesses this prediction using data collected in the Tyva Republic. After briefly introducing the social and ecological history of ritual cairn piety in Inner Asia, I examine explicit representational models of morality, virtue, and gods’ concerns in Tyva. I show that (a) there is very little conceptual overlap between Tyvans’ models of morality and virtue and the things about which spirits care, (b) Tyvan spirit masters are primarily concerned with ritual and breaches of resourcemaintenance, and (c) among the emerging, salient factors that anger spirit masters are alcohol abuse and littering, very recent social problems in the region. This report provides support for the hypothesis that representational models of gods’ minds will evolve in accordance with ever-shifting local problems and offers the first formal treatment of empirically determining what constitutes a “moralistic” deity among living people. © 2016 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. All rights reserved.","Purzycki, B.G.",Curr. Anthropol.,1951
-Greater Male Variability in Cooperation: Meta-Analytic Evidence for an Evolutionary Perspective,"Do men and women differ systematically in their cooperation behaviors? Researchers have long grappled with this question, and studies have returned equivocal results. We developed an evolutionary perspective according to which men are characterized by greater intrasex variability in cooperation as a result of sex-differentiated psychological adaptations. We tested our hypothesis in two meta-analyses. The first involved the raw data of 40 samples from 23 social-dilemma studies with 8,123 participants. Findings provided strong support for our perspective. Whereas we found that the two sexes do not differ in average cooperation levels, men are much more likely to behave either selfishly or altruistically, whereas women are more likely to be moderately cooperative. We confirmed our findings in a second meta-analytic study of 28 samples from 23 studies of organizational citizenship behavior with 13,985 participants. Our results highlight the importance of taking intrasex variability into consideration when studying sex differences in cooperation and suggest important future research directions. © The Author(s) 2020.","Thöni, C.; Volk, S.; Cortina, J.M.",Psychol. Sci.,1952
-Altruistic food sharing behavior by human infants after a hunger manipulation,"Altruistic behavior entails giving valuable benefits to others while incurring a personal cost. A distinctively human form of altruistic behavior involves handing nutritious food to needy strangers, even when one desires the food. Engaging in altruistic food transfer, instead of keeping the food, is costly, because it reduces the caloric intake of the benefactor vis-à-vis the beneficiary. Human adults engage in this form of altruistic behavior during times of war and famine, when giving food to others threatens one’s own survival. Our closest living primate relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus), exhibit notable constraints on the proclivity to engage in such food transfer (particularly chimpanzees), although they share many social-cognitive commonalities with humans. Here we show that in a nonverbal test, 19-month-old human infants repeatedly and spontaneously transferred high-value, nutritious natural food to a stranger (Experiment 1) and more critically, did so after an experimental manipulation that imposed a feeding delay (Experiment 2), which increased their own motivation to eat the food. Social experience variables moderated the expression of this infant altruistic behavior, suggesting malleability. © 2020, The Author(s).","Barragan, R.C.; Brooks, R.; Meltzoff, A.N.",Sci. Rep.,1953
-Dealing with social desirability bias: An application to charitable giving,,"Lee, Z.; Sargeant, A.",European Journal of Marketing,1954
-MEDICINE. Cancer research centers pool tumor genome data,"Chemicals/CAS: DNA, 9007-49-2; epidermal growth factor receptor, 79079-06-4; imatinib, 152459-95-5, 220127-57-1; DNA","Kaiser, Jocelyn",Science,1955
-"The non-conscious aspects of ethical behavior: Not everything in the ""good"" organization is deliberate and intentional","With regard to the ethical organization, it is generally understood that ""good"" organizations 1) establish ethical standards; 2) regularly make those standards salient; 3) monitor behavior; and 4) reward and punish accordingly. While it is typical to think of these processes as occurring at conscious levels, I will discuss research that suggests that each process can, and does, occur at non-conscious levels-that an ethical culture exists and influences employees in ways that neither management nor employees likely recognize. Then I will discuss the expectations that should circumscribe a ""good"" organization. © 2014, Scott J. Reynolds.","Reynolds, S.J.",Am. Crim. Law Rev.,1956
-The unresponsive avenger: More evidence that disinterested third parties do not punish altruistically,"Many social scientists believe humans possess an evolved motivation to punish violations of norms-including norm violations that do not harm them directly. However, most empirical evidence for so-called altruistic punishment comes from experimental economics games that create experimental demand for third-party punishment, raising the possibility that the third-party punishment uncovered in these experiments has been motivated by a desire to appear concerned about social norms rather than by actual concern about upholding them. Here we present the results of five experiments in which we used an aggression paradigm to contrast second-party and third-party punishment with minimal experimental demand. We also summarize the results of these experiments meta-analytically. We found robust evidence that participants who were insulted by a stranger experienced anger and punished the insulter. To a lesser degree, participants who witnessed a friend receive an insult also became angry and punished the insulter. In contrast, we found robust evidence that participants who witnessed a stranger receive an insult did not punish the insulter, although they did experience modest amounts of anger. In only one experiment did we find any punishment on behalf of a stranger, and this result could plausibly be explained by the desire to escape the moral censure of other bystanders. Our results suggest that experimental designs that rely on demand-laden methods to test hypotheses about third-party punishment may have overstated the case for the existence of this trait. (PsycINFO Database Record","Pedersen, Eric J; McAuliffe, William H B; McCullough, Michael E",J. Exp. Psychol. Gen.,1957
-"Who is Left Behind? Altruism of Giving, Happiness and Mental Health during the Covid-19 Period in the UK","The UK government has decided to implement lockdown measures at the end of March 2020 as a response to the outbreak and spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. As a consequence, households have experienced job losses and a significant drop in their finances. During these unprecedented and difficult times, people provide financial assistance to those who are in need and have to cope with falls in their living standards. In this study we are interested to investigate the subjective well-being, which is expressed by mental health and components of general happiness, of the givers rather than of receivers. We apply a difference-in-differences framework to investigate the impact of altruism on the givers’ SWB in the UK. Altruism is denoted by transfers made to adult children, parents, siblings, and friends. Using the DiD estimator and the estimated coefficient of the household income we calculate the implicit willingness-to-pay (WTP) for altruism. We perform various regressions by gender and racial-ethnic background using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS). The analysis shows that altruistic behaviours impact different domains of SWB between men and women, as well as, among people with different racial-ethnic background. © 2020, The Author(s).","Giovanis, E.; Ozdamar, O.",Appl. Res. Qual. Life,1958
-Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting,"We examined the effect of an image of a pair of eyes on contributions to an honesty box used to collect money for drinks in a university coffee room. People paid nearly three times as much for their drinks when eyes were displayed rather than a control image. This finding provides the first evidence from a naturalistic setting of the importance of cues of being watched, and hence reputational concerns, on human cooperative behaviour. © 2006 The Royal Society.","Bateson, M.; Nettle, D.; Roberts, G.",Biol. Lett.,1959
-Do public subsidies leverage private philanthropy for the arts? Empirical evidence on symphony orchestras,"The relationship between public subsidies and private philanthropy is at the heart of a common claim that state subsidies ""leverage"" private donations to the arts. This claim might seem counterintuitive to some who find it more likely that state funding would crowd out private donations. This article empirically tests this question, using panel data on five major American symphony orchestras. The principal result of the statistical analysis is that neither claim is correct for these orchestras: The two funding sources are independent. This finding has significant managerial implications with respect to revenue-raising strategies for arts organizations as well as nonprofit firms in general. These implications and several related policy issues are discussed.","Brooks, A.C.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,1960
-,,,"Tax Reform Act of 1985, 99th Cong., 1st Session",1961
-Tax evasion and tax rates: An analysis of individual returns,,"Clotfelter, C.T.",Review of Economics and Statistics,1962
-Measuring the Effectiveness of Mass-Mediated Health Campaigns Through Meta-Analysis,"A meta-analytic review was undertaken to examine the effects of mass communication campaigns on changes in behavior, knowledge, and self-efficacy in the general public. A review of the academic literature was undertaken and identified 1,638 articles from 1966 through 2012. Using strict inclusion criteria, we included 63 studies for coding and analyses. Results from these efforts indicated that campaigns produced positive effects in behavior change (r =.05, k = 61) and knowledge (r =.10, k = 26) but failed to produce significant increases in self-efficacy (r =.02, k = 14). Several moderators (e.g., health topic, the theory underlying the campaign) were examined in relation to campaign principles that are prescribed to increase campaign effects. The major findings are reviewed, and the implications for future campaign design are discussed. © Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Anker, A.E.; Feeley, T.H.; McCracken, B.; Lagoe, C.A.",J. Health Commun.,1963
-The role of the justice motive in economic decision making,"In two studies, a dictator game was used to investigate the hypotheses that two types of justice motives should be differentiated, the need to belief in a just world and a self-attributed justice motive, that both justice motives could explain the decision for equal allocations, and that the explicit justice motive could explain the avoidance of an egoistic allocation. In Study 1, both justice motives predicted equally well the decision for an equal allocation, whereas the explicit justice motive predicted the avoidance of an egoistic allocation. A similar pattern of results emerged in Study 2. Additionally, the explicit but not the implicit justice motive covaried with social desirability, and social desirability explained the decision for equality and the avoidance of an egoistic allocation just as well as the explicit justice motive. Finally, allocation decisions were better explained in Study 2, where real money was at stake. The findings support the idea that allocation decisions can best be understood by taking the just world justice motive and social desirability into account. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Dalbert, C.; Umlauft, S.",J. Econ. Psychol.,1964
-Turtle hunting and tombstone opening: Public generosity as costly signaling,"Costly signaling theory (CST) offers an explanation of generosity and collective action that contrasts sharply with explanations based on conditional reciprocity. This makes it particularly relevant to situations involving widespread unconditional provisioning of collective goods. We provide a preliminary application of CST to ethnographic data on turtle hunting and public feasting among the Meriam of Torres Strait, Australia. Turtle hunting appears to meet the key conditions specified in CST: it is (1) an honest signal of underlying abilities such as strength, risk-taking, skill, and leadership; (2) costly in ways not subject to reciprocation; (3) an effective means of broadcasting signals, since the collective good (a feast) attracts a large audience; and (4) seems to provide benefits to signalers (turtle hunters) as well as recipients (audience). We conclude with some suggestions as to the broader implications of this research, and the costly signaling paradigm in general, for understanding collective action and generosity in human social groups. © 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.","Smith, E.A.; Bliege Bird, R.L.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,1965
-The impact of self-construal and message frame valence on reactance: a cross-cultural study in charity advertising,,"Xu, J.",International Journal of Advertising,1966
-The effect of government grants on private giving to East Asian nonprofits: Implications for social work managers,"For effective financial management, social work managers must clearly grasp the relationship between government grants and private contributions, which is frequently characterized as crowding-out effects. Crowding-out effects have been investigated for various types of nonprofits in the U.S., and the results have been mixed. In spite of its popularity in nonprofit research, the theory has not been applied to nonprofits serving minority communities. This is the first pilot crowding-out study looking at East Asian nonprofit organizations, including Chinese, Korean, and Japanese-American nonprofits in the NY and NJ metropolitan area (n = 410). Through a panel analysis, the current study found a significant crowding-in effect for donations to East Asian-American nonprofits (p <.01). The relationship between government grants and private giving was different for each East Asian-American nonprofit organization. Particularly, donors of Chinese and Japanese-American nonprofit organizations donated more money when their charities received more government grants (p <.05). In contrast, we found crowding-out effects for Korean-American nonprofit organizations, but the result was not significant (p >.05). The estimated crowding-in effects of government grants on private giving by each of the East Asian countries were explicated based on each country’s social, political, and cultural background such as the quality of the charity, transparency, and political trust. Social work managers in ethnic nonprofit organizations should establish different strategies to help shape donor giving patterns according to the effect of government grants. © 2020 Authors.","Lee, L.H.; Kim, S.-J.",Adv. soc. Work,1967
-Patients or volunteers? The impact of motivation for trial participation on the efficacy of patient decision Aids: a secondary analysis of a Cochrane systematic review,"BACKGROUND: Efficacy of patient decision aids (PtDAs) may be influenced by trial participants' identity either as patients seeking to benefit personally from involvement or as volunteers supporting the research effort. AIM: To determine if study characteristics indicative of participants' trial identity might influence PtDA efficacy. METHODS: We undertook exploratory subgroup meta-analysis of the 2011 Cochrane review of PtDAs, including trials that compared PtDA with usual care for treatment decisions. We extracted data on whether participants initiated the care pathway, setting, practitioner interactions, and 6 outcome variables (knowledge, risk perception, decisional conflict, feeling informed, feeling clear about values, and participation). The main subgroup analysis categorized trials as ""volunteerism"" or ""patienthood"" on the basis of whether participants initiated the care pathway. A supplementary subgroup analysis categorized trials on the basis of whether any volunteerism factors were present (participants had not initiated the care pathway, had attended a research setting, or had a face-to-face interaction with a researcher). RESULTS: Twenty-nine trials were included. Compared with volunteerism trials, pooled effect sizes were higher in patienthood trials (where participants initiated the care pathway) for knowledge, decisional conflict, feeling informed, feeling clear, and participation. The subgroup difference was statistically significant for knowledge only (P = 0.03). When trials were compared on the basis of whether volunteerism factors were present, knowledge was significantly greater in patienthood trials (P < 0.001), but there was otherwise no consistent pattern of differences in effects across outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: There is a tendency toward greater PtDA efficacy in trials in which participants initiate the pathway of care. Knowledge acquisition appears to be greater in trials where participants are predominantly patients rather than volunteers.","Brown, James G; Joyce, Kerry E; Stacey, Dawn; Thomson, Richard G",Med. Decis. Making,1968
-Payoff-based learning explains the decline in cooperation in public goods games,"Economic games such as the public goods game are increasingly being used to measure social behaviours in humans and non-human primates. The results of such games have been used to argue that people are pro-social, and that humans are uniquely altruistic, willingly sacrificing their own welfare in order to benefit others. However, an alternative explanation for the empirical observations is that individuals are mistaken, but learn, during the game, how to improve their personal payoff. We test between these competing hypotheses, by comparing the explanatory power of different behavioural rules, in public goods games, where individuals are given different amounts of information. We find: (i) that individual behaviour is best explained by a learning rule that is trying to maximize personal income; (ii) that conditional cooperation disappears when the consequences of cooperation are made clearer; and (iii) that social preferences, if they exist, are more anti-social than pro-social. © 2015 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.","Burton-Chellew, M.N.; Nax, H.H.; West, S.A.",Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.,1969
-Corporate sponsorships may hurt nonprofits: Understanding their effects on charitable giving,,"Bennett, C.M.; Kim, H.; Loken, B.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1970
-Voluntary donations and public expenditures in a federalist system,,"Steinberg, R.",American Economic Review,1971
-When promoting a charity can hurt charitable giving: A metacognitive analysis,,"Smith, R.W.; Schwarz, N.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,1972
-Use of meta-analysis for testing theory,"Within the context of the general superiority of meta-analytic reviews over qualitative reviews, we emphasize the fragility of meta-analytic outcomes, especially when the effects of moderator variables remain unexamined. We consider the contribution to increased theoretical understanding made by moderator analyses both of methodological and substantive variables in psychological, health, and medical research. The potential contribution of meta-analysis to understanding the process underlying established relationships and to assessment of the convergent and discriminative construct validity of previously used concepts is discussed.","Miller, N; Pollock, V E",Eval. Health Prof.,1973
-"The nonprofit sector in brief 2015: public charities, giving, and volunteering",,"McKeever, B.S.; Pettijohn, S.L.",The Nonprofit Sector in Brief 2014,1974
-In-hospital experiences of families of potential organ donors: A systematic review and qualitative synthesis,"Information and compassion assist families of potential organ donors to make informed decisions. However, psychological implications of the in-hospital process are not well described with past research focusing on decision-making. To enhance understanding and improve service delivery, a systematic review was conducted. Inductive analysis and synthesis utilised Grounded Theory Methodology within a systems theory framework and contributed to a model proposing that family and staff form a System of Systems with shared responsibility for process outcomes. This model can guide evaluation and improvement of care and will be tested by means of a longitudinal study of family experiences.","Dicks, Sean Glenton; Ranse, Kristen; van Haren, Frank Mp; Boer, Douglas P",Health Psychol Open,1975
-What Is Ego Depletion? Toward a Mechanistic Revision of the Resource Model of Self-Control,"According to the resource model of self-control, overriding one's predominant response tendencies consumes and temporarily depletes a limited inner resource. Over 100 experiments have lent support to this model of ego depletion by observing that acts of self-control at Time 1 reduce performance on subsequent, seemingly unrelated self-control tasks at Time 2. The time is now ripe, therefore, not only to broaden the scope of the model but to start gaining a precise, mechanistic account of it. Accordingly, in the current article, the authors probe the particular cognitive, affective, and motivational mechanics of self-control and its depletion, asking, ""What is ego depletion?"" This study proposes a process model of depletion, suggesting that exerting self-control at Time 1 causes temporary shifts in both motivation and attention that undermine self-control at Time 2. The article highlights evidence in support of this model but also highlights where evidence is lacking, thus providing a blueprint for future research. Though the process model of depletion may sacrifice the elegance of the resource metaphor, it paints a more precise picture of ego depletion and suggests several nuanced predictions for future research. © The Author(s) 2012.","Inzlicht, M.; Schmeichel, B.J.",Perspect. Psychol. Sci.,1976
-The Effects of Prosocial and Aggressive Videogames on Children’s Donating and Helping,"We investigated the effects of a prosocial and an aggressive videogame on children’s prosocial behavior. Third-, fourth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade boys and girls (N = 160) were randomly assigned to either a control condition or one of four treatment conditions. In two of the treatment conditions, children played a videogame with prosocial content either singly or cooperatively with another child. In the other two conditions, children played an aggressive videogame either singly or competitively. Subsequent levels of donating and helping were measured. A three-way analysis of variance indicated that older students donated significantly more than did younger students. Children who played either of the aggressive videogames donated significantly less than did those who played prosocial games by themselves. No significant effects were found for helping. Playing the prosocial videogame did not increase prosocial responding, but playing the aggressive videogame tended to suppress this behavior. The failure of the prosocial game to accelerate prosocial responding might be due to the relatively brief treatments used in this study and/or to the particular prosocial videogame utilized. © 1987 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Chambers, J.H.; Ascione, F.R.",J. Genet. Psychol.,1977
-Religiosity and prosocial behaviours in adolescence: The mediating role of prosocial values,"This study examined the hypothesis that religiosity would be differentially related to six types of adolescent prosocial behaviour, and that these relations would be mediated by the prosocial value of kindness. Self-report data were collected from 142 high school students (63 per cent female; 91 per cent White; M age=16.8, S=.80). Religiosity was a significant positive predictor of kindness, as well as compliant, anonymous and altruistic prosocial behaviour, but not public, dire and emotional prosocial behaviour. Associations between religiosity and both compliant and altruistic prosocial behaviours were mediated by kindness. Direct and indirect paths were found between religiosity and anonymous prosocial behaviour. Thus, partial support was found for the mediational hypothesis. Discussion focused on the utility of distinguishing among different types of prosocial behaviours and on the role of religion and values in promoting moral education. © 2005 Journal of Moral Education Ltd.","Hardy, S.A.; Carlo, G.",J. Moral Educ.,1978
-Response: Commentary: Greater emotional gain from giving in older adults: Age-related positivity bias in charitable giving,,"Bjälkebring, P.; Västfjäll, D.; Dickert, S.; Slovic, P.",Front. Psychol.,1979
-"Media campaigns to promote smoking cessation among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations: What do we know, what do we need to learn, and what should we do now","There was considerable evidence that media campaigns to promote smoking cessation at the overall population level were often less effective, sometimes equally effective and rarely more effective among disadvantaged populations relative to more advantaged populations. Many of these campaigns could have the unintended effect of increasing or maintaining existing disparities in smoking rates and the mortality burden of tobacco by socio-economic status. XCM: Inclusion criteria were clearly defined for intervention, participants and outcomes, but were not defined for study design. Some relevant sources were searched, but no attempts were made to reduce publication bias. It was unclear whether language limitations were applied. Methods used to select studies and extract data were not described and so it was not known whether efforts were made to reduce reviewer errors and bias. Some characteristics of the included studies were presented in tables; however, types of study designs used and validity of the studies were not reported, which made it difficult to assess the reliability of the data. Results were often reported without supporting data and assessments of statistical significance. The authors reported that due to their search strategy focusing particularly on African American and Hispanic smokers, other low socio-economic groups may have been excluded. Most included studies reported on media campaigns that were part of larger multi-component programs; therefore, the authors correctly commented on the difficulty of attribution of effects solely to media campaigns. A narrative review was appropriate given the differences between studies in terms of interventions, outcomes and participants. The authors' conclusions appear reasonable, but the interpretation and reliability of the findings was unclear due to the poor reporting of the review methods and included data. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that promotion of self-help materials or quit-to-win contests should not be conducted in isolation. Media campaigns should strive to ensure wide exposure, including paid media campaigns, earned media coverage, donated media time and direct marketing. These should be combined, where possible, with other tobacco control program components. In addition when designing messages, media campaigns should consider the literacy needs, language preferences and cultural values of low socio-economic smokers.Research: The authors stated that future research should compare effects of media campaigns for smoking cessation by socio-economic status and test for differences at multiple stages of response. There was also a need to develop theoretical frameworks to understand campaign effects among low socio-economic smokers. Research should be conducted to understand the media use preferences and health-related behaviour among low socio-economic smokers to understand motivation and ensure adequate exposure.","Niederdeppe, J; Kuang, X; Crock, B; Skelton, A",,1980
-A novel approach to increasing inventory with the current panel: Increasing donation frequency by asking for a different blood product,"BACKGROUND: Ongoing shortages of blood products may be addressed through additional donations. However, donation frequency rates are typically lower than medically possible. This preliminary study aims to determine voluntary nonremunerated whole blood (WB) and plasmapheresis donors' willingness, and subsequent facilitators and barriers, to make additional donations of a different type. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Forty individual telephone interviews were conducted posing two additional donation pattern scenarios: first, making a single and, second, making multiple plasmapheresis donations between WB donations. Stratified purposive sampling was conducted for four samples varying in donation experience: no-plasma, new-to-both-WB-and-plasma, new-to-plasma, and plasma donors. Interviews were analyzed yielding excellent (κ values > 0.81) interrater reliability. RESULTS: Facilitators were more endorsed than barriers for a single but not multiple plasmapheresis donation. More new-to-both donors (n = 5) were willing to make multiple plasma donations between WB donations than others (n = 1 each) and identified fewer barriers (n = 3) than those more experienced in donation (n = 8 no plasma, n = 10 new to both, n = 11 plasma). Donors in the plasma sample were concerned about the subsequent reduced time between plasma donations by adding WB donations (n = 3). The no-plasma and new-to-plasma donors were concerned about the time commitment required (n = 3). CONCLUSION: Current donors are willing to add different product donations but donation history influences their willingness to change. Early introduction of multiple donation types, variation in inventory levels, and addressing barriers will provide blood collection agencies with a novel and cost-effective inventory management strategy. © 2015 AABB.","Bagot, K.L.; Masser, B.M.; White, K.M.",Transfusion,1981
-Motivations of federal workers to volunteer in public sector special events,"Volunteers are considered a core component of special events and they have proved to be an asset to the execution of special events. Although motivations of volunteers have received a great deal of attention from many organizations and individuals in the private sector, little research has been done on motivations of volunteers in the public sector, or within the federal government. Therefore, this article identified motivational factors that prompt federal government workers to volunteer at a government-related special event. A survey was used to gather data from a volunteer sample of 263 individuals who had volunteered for public sector special events in recent years. Exploratory factor analysis and t test were employed to establish motivations that stimulate public sector employees to volunteer for special events and further determine the differences in motivation between females and males. The results showed that government workers mostly volunteer for purposive motive and external motive. In addition, gender played significant roles on egotistic and purposive motives. Thus, this research provides a unique theoretical contribution to research in event management by advancing our understanding of the process by which factors associated with motivation can lead to federal government workers volunteering at a government-related special event; subsequently, impacting how event planners and organizers of public sector special events market to and recruit volunteers. © 2020 Cognizant, LLC.","Artis, K.; Lee, S.H.",Event Manage.,1982
-Impact of indian soap opera on women's positive behavoiur,"Soap operas are some of the most popular television programs around the world. They have a huge fan base just for the fact that it touches the sentiments of the human beings. In the Indian context too, it has a wide reach and never ending popularity among the common people. Particularly among the women population in India, the soaps has achieved a legendary status. The present research is trying to study impact that it has among the women's behavior in the Indian context. Mainly the present paper tries to understand what are the positive effects of the soap operas upon the women's behavior. The present research is a comparative study of the women viewers of Kanyakumari and Trivandrum districts. The research revealed that, despite what people think, there are some positive effects of the soap operas among the women population. © 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CCBYlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)","Priyakumari, N.; Mariappan, S.",J. Crit. Rev.,1983
-An experimental test of the public-goods crowding-out hypothesis,,"Andreoni, J.",American Economic Review,1984
-When is administrative efficiency associated with charitable donations?,"Whether accounting measures of administrative efficiency affect donations is an important issue for nonprofit managers. Prior research is inconclusive. Some studies find a significant negative relation, whereas others find no significant relation. The authors investigate a variety of reasons for the prior divergent results. The evidence is consistent with donors reducing contributions to organizations reporting higher administrative expense ratios when the ratios are presumably most relevant and reliable. The authors suggest that certain prior studies failed to find significant associations largely because their samples contained many organizations for which the administrative ratios were unreliable or not helpful for donor needs. Model specification issues also affect prior studies but are less critical than sample composition. When the authors replicate prior studies on samples containing established, donation-dependent organizations with nontrivial amounts of fund-raising and administrative expenses, they generally detect a significant negative association. © 2007 Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action.","Tinkelman, D.; Mankaney, K.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,1985
-Heritability of decisions and outcomes of public goods games,"Prosociality is one of the most distinctive features of human beings but there are individual differences in cooperative behavior. Employing the twin method, we examined the heritability of cooperativeness and its outcomes on public goods games using a strategy method. In two experiments (Study 1 and Study 2), twin participants were asked to indicate 1) how much they would contribute to a group when they did not know how much the other group members were contributing, and 2) how much they would contribute if they knew the contributions of others. Overall, the heritability estimates were relatively small for each type of decision, but heritability was greater when participants knew that the others had made larger contributions. Using registered decisions in Study 2, we conducted five Monte Carlo simulations to examine genetic and environmental influences on the expected game payoffs. For the simulated one-shot game, the heritability estimates were small, comparable to those of game decisions. For the simulated iterated games, we found that the genetic influences first decreased, then increased as the numbers of iterations grew. The implication for the evolution of individual differences in prosociality is discussed. © 2015 Hiraishi, Shikishima, Yamagata and Ando.","Hiraishi, K.; Shikishima, C.; Yamagata, S.; Ando, J.",Front. Psychol.,1986
-Temporal predictability promotes prosocial behavior in 5-year-old children,"Although interpersonal coordinative activities have been shown to produce prosocial effects in both adults and children, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. While most approaches focus on the effect of mimicry and synchronous behavioral matching, we hypothesize that temporal predictability might play a central role in producing prosocial effects, as it directs coordination and might therefore strengthen shared intentionality. In a percussion task with pairs of 5-year old children, we manipulated temporal predictability and movement similarity/predictability between the pair's movements. Temporal predictability was manipulated by instructing the pair to play the instruments either to beats that were evenly-spaced, and therefore predictable, or to beats that were random, and therefore unpredictable. Movement similarity/predictability was manipulated by having the pair play rhythmic patterns that were similar, predictable, or independent from each other. Children who played to predictable beats were more willing to solve problems cooperatively with their partners and to help when their partners had an accident. In contrast, there was no positive effect of rhythmic predictability or similarity. These results are the first to show that temporal predictability affects prosociality independent of movement similarity or predictability. We conclude that the predictable time frame commonly seen in coordinative activities may be key to strengthening shared intentionality and producing prosocial effects. © 2019 Wan, Fu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Wan, Y.; Fu, H.",PLoS ONE,1987
-"Revenue interactions: Crowding out, crowding in, or neither",,"Tinkelman, D.",Handb. of Res. on Nonprofit Econ. and Manage.,1988
-The National Sleep Foundation's Sleep Satisfaction Tool,"OBJECTIVES: The National Sleep Foundation (NSF) sought to test, refine, and add statistical rigor to its previously described provisional Sleep Satisfaction Tool (SST). The tool assesses the general population's sleep satisfaction. DESIGN: In 2017, NSF created a provisional tool through systematic literature review and an expert consensus panel process. This tool was expanded, refined, and tested through an open-ended survey, 2 rounds of cognitive testing, and a national survey of a random sample of Internet users (aged 18-90). Factor analysis and final consensus panel voting produced the robust SST. RESULTS: The exploratory, open-ended surveying for identifying additional factors important to the public led to question formulation around mind relaxation. Cognitive testing yielded significant refinement to question and response option formatting. Factor analysis of questions from field testing indicated loading on one construct identified as ""sleep satisfaction."" The final 9-item SST demonstrated strong reliability and internal validity with overall SST scores of 56/100 (higher scores indicating greater sleep satisfaction). Individual SST item mean scores ranged from 39 to 66, and overall SST scores varied substantially across demographic groups. CONCLUSIONS: NSF used a series of development and validation tests on its provisional SST, producing a novel and reliable research tool that measures the general population's sleep satisfaction. The SST is a short, reliable, nonclinical assessment that expands the set of tools available to researchers that implements the individual, social, and environmental factors related to sleep satisfaction. Further research will explore refined scoring methods along with factor weighting and use within different populations.","Ohayon, Maurice M; Paskow, Michael; Roach, Anita; Filer, Christine; Hillygus, D Sunshine; Chen, Michael C; Langer, Gary; Hirshkowitz, Max; National Sleep Foundation Sleep Satisfaction Consensus Panel",Sleep Health,1989
-,,"Marudas, N.P.",Effects of Large Non-Profit Organization Financial Disclosures on Private Donor Giving,1990
-Live donor liver transplantation - adult outcomes: a systematic review,"Recipient outcomes are similar for adult-adult live donor (AA LDLT) and cadaver liver transplantation (CLT). There are small, but real, risks for live liver donors. Although live donor liver transplantation has the potential to help address the demand for livers, its current impact on waiting lists is relatively small.On the basis of the evidence presented in this systematic review, the ASERNIP-S Review Group agreed on the following classifications and recommendations concerning the donor and recipient safety and recipient efficacy of live donor liver transplantation:Classifications: Evidence rating - The available evidence was assessed as poor; however it is recognised that most of the evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of LDLT has to be derived from case series and registries. Even so, there are particular concerns about under-reporting of mortality and morbidity for both donors and recipients, which also contributes to the classification of poor.Safety - Donors: There is some risk of mortality and morbidity for LDLT donors, and the long term risks are unknown. (Since there is no comparator (except not donating), safety can only be described in absolute terms.)Efficacy - Donors: Not applicable, although clearly donors incur costs in terms of lost time and need for additional resources (financial and other).Safety - Recipients: Cannot be determined.Efficacy - Recipients: Cannot be determined.The panel recommended that strict guidelines are necessary for the performance of AA LDLT, in particular with respect to the process of LDLT donor selection, and contraindications for donor selection, and to the process of listing potential LDLT recipients. The Transplantation Society of Australia and New Zealand has developed guidelines for the performance of AA LDLT, which can be accessed online at http://www.racp.edu.au/tsanz.Additionally, the panel acknowledged the poor evidence available for LDLT, and suggested that all LDLT procedures need to be submitted to a registry, and that any centres not prepared to submit data should not be authorised to be transplant centres.","Middleton, P; Duffield, M; Lynch, S; Verran, D; House, T; Stanton, P; Stitz, R; Padbury, R; Maddern, G",,1991
-Doing good or doing well? Image motivation and monetary incentives in behaving prosocially,,"Ariely, D.; Bracha, A.; Meier, S.",Am. Econ. Rev.,1992
-Intuition and Deliberation in the Stag Hunt Game,"We present an incentivized laboratory experiment where a random sample of individuals playing a series of stag hunt games are forced to make their choices under time constraints, while the rest of the players have no time limits to decide. We find that individuals under the time pressure treatment are more likely to play stag (vs. hare) than individuals in the control group: under time constraints 62.85% of players are stag-hunters as opposed to 52.32% when no time limits are imposed. These results offer the first experimental evidence on the role of intuition and deliberation in strategic situations that entail social coordination. In interpreting our findings, we provide a discussion on ruling social conventions in daily-life interactions. © 2019, The Author(s).","Belloc, M.; Bilancini, E.; Boncinelli, L.; D’Alessandro, S.",Sci. Rep.,1993
-Reconsidering the media priming effect on audiences' prosocial behavior: The effect of empathy as a mediating variable,,"Kim, Y.; Kim, N.",Paper presented at the NCA 94th Annual Convention,1994
-The cognitive foundations of cooperation,"We conducted an experiment causally manipulating reliance on more intuitive vs. more deliberative behavior through time pressure and time delay. Our design uses a novel manipulation which relies on gradual economic incentives and was devised to avoid the high degree of non-compliance observed in previous experiments. The “social heuristic hypothesis,” which claims that people are intuitively predisposed to cooperate, is not supported in our data. On the aggregate, subjects are not more cooperative under gradually-incentivized time pressure. We also measured individual attitudes on social values and attitudes toward interpersonal risk, and find that both correlate with the tendency to cooperate. A detailed analysis suggests that subjects with a stronger (resp. weaker) prosocial predisposition become more (resp. less) cooperative under time pressure compared to time delay, although the effect is only noticeable for extreme-enough predispositions. A possible interpretation is that relying on more intuitive behavior enhances individual heterogeneous predispositions, while relying on more deliberative behavior moderates them. This suggests that tendencies toward cooperation might not be universal, and rather be moderated by individual characteristics. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.","Alós-Ferrer, C.; Garagnani, M.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,1995
-A content analysis of guilt appeals in popular magazine advertisements,,"Huhmann, B.A.; Brotherton, T.P.",Journal of Advertising,1996
-Acute stress and altruism in younger and older adults,"Recent studies of aging and decision making suggests that altruism increases with age. It is unclear, however, whether this pattern holds when choices are made under stress, as is often the case in real-world scenarios. The current study used an intertemporal choice task in which younger and older adults received a financial endowment before making a series of consequential intertemporal decisions involving gains, losses and charitable donations. Preceding the choice task, participants were exposed to a laboratory stressor. Physiological stress reactivity was a predictor of altruistic decision making in younger adults, such that individuals with higher stress reactivity made more generous choices. Older adults showed higher altruism than younger adults overall, with altruism unrelated to stress reactivity in older adults. These findings are consistent with an age-related change in the mechanisms underlying altruistic behavior. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd","Sparrow, E.P.; Armstrong, B.A.; Fiocco, A.J.; Spaniol, J.",Psychoneuroendocrinology,1997
-Meta-analysis of social personality psychological research,,"Johnson, B.T.; Eagly, A.H.",Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology,1998
-Altruistic behaviors relieve physical pain,"Engaging in altruistic behaviors is costly, but it contributes to the health and well-being of the performer of such behaviors. The present research offers a take on how this paradox can be understood. Across 2 pilot studies and 3 experiments, we showed a pain-relieving effect of performing altruistic behaviors. Acting altruistically relieved not only acutely induced physical pain among healthy adults but also chronic pain among cancer patients. Using functional MRI, we found that after individuals performed altruistic actions brain activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral insula in response to a painful shock was significantly reduced. This reduced pain-induced activation in the right insula was mediated by the neural activity in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), while the activation of the VMPFC was positively correlated with the performer's experienced meaningfulness from his or her altruistic behavior. Our findings suggest that incurring personal costs to help others may buffer the performers from unpleasant conditions. © 2020 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.","Wang, Y.; Ge, J.; Zhang, H.; Wang, H.; Xie, X.",Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.,1999
-,,"Mayr, E.",Animal Species and Evolution,2000
-Perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion does not cause adverse sequelae in patients with cancer: a meta-analysis of unconfounded studies,"There is currently no evidence that allogeneic blood transfusion increases the risk of clinically important adverse sequelae (all-cause mortality, cancer recurrence and post-operative infection) in cancer patients undergoing surgery. More studies are required before a definitive statement can be made. XCM: The authors presented a well-defined review question and clear inclusion criteria.The validity of the included studies was thoroughly assessed by two investigators.The search strategy was very thorough and included an attempt to identify unpublished studies, although none were found. Sufficient details of the individual studies included were given, with the exception of the participants' gender and the length of follow-up.The authors examined sources of heterogeneity when it was present. The primary studies were summarised appropriately.The authors' conclusions follow logically from the results. XIM: The authors state that the most important conclusion to emerge from this meta-analysis is the need for more (and larger) RCTs comparing allogeneic blood products with appropriate active comparators, such as autologous or leucocyte depleted blood, in patients with cancer at time of operation.They also suggest that given the lack of evidence for increased risk from allogeneic blood transfusions, it seems appropriate to revisit the role of autologous blood donation programmes. This is particularly important given that almost half of the autologous blood donated before operation in the United States is discarded and formal economic analyses have questioned the cost effectiveness of these programmes.","McAlister, F A; Clark, H D; Wells, P S; Laupacis, A",,2001
-,,"Muthén, L.K.; Muthén, B.O.",Mplus User's Guide,2002
-The ultimatum game: raising the stakes,"This paper examines the motivation of players in the ultimatum game when the stakes involved are significant sums of money. A questionnaire approach is used to elicit matched pairs of offers and minimum acceptances from respondents for games in which the stake size increases from $10 to $10,000. Only 16% of our sample could be said to have selfish preferences, the rest of the sample behaved as if they were concerned with relative payoffs. There was some evidence that the concern with relativities was not as strong in the large stake games. Despite this observation, for 60% of the sample, the offer expressed as a proportion of the stake did not change as the stake increased, and 28% of the sample would have offered and accepted half the stake in the $10,000 game. © 1995.","Tompkinson, P.; Bethwaite, J.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2003
-Maternal methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism and down syndrome risk: a meta-analysis from 34 studies,"BACKGROUND: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key enzyme of folate metabolic pathway which catalyzes the irreversible conversion of 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate donates methyl group for the methylation of homocysteine to methionine. Several studies have investigated maternal MTHFR C677T polymorphism as a risk factor for DS, but the results were controversial and inconclusive. To come into a conclusive estimate, authors performed a meta-analysis. AIM: A meta-analysis of published case control studies was performed to investigate the association between maternal MTHFR C677T polymorphism and Down syndrome. METHODS: PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Springer Link databases were searched to select the eligible case control studies using appropriate keywords. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95%confidence interval were calculated for risk assessment. RESULTS: Thirty four studies with 3,098 DS case mothers and 4,852 control mothers were included in the present meta-analysis. The pooled OR was estimated under five genetic models and significant association was found between maternal MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism and Down syndrome under four genetic models except recessive model (for T vs. C, OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.09-1.46, p = 0.001; for TT vs. CC, OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.13-1.97, p = 0.008; for CT vs. CC, OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.10-1.51, p = 0.001; for TT+CT vs. CC, OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.13-1.60, p = 0.0008; for TT vs. CT+CC, OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.60-0.94, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The results of the present meta-analysis support that maternal MTHFR C677T polymorphism is a risk factor for DS- affected pregnancy.","Rai, Vandana; Yadav, Upendra; Kumar, Pradeep; Yadav, Sushil Kumar; Mishra, Om Prakesh",PLoS One,2004
-Voluntary versus compulsory solidarity: Theory and experiment,"We present an overlapping-generations model with two interacting teams, where young team members earn an income, whereas old team members depend on either intrateam transfers from young members (voluntary solidarity) or tax-financed transfers (compulsory solidarity). We derive the individually and team-specifically optimal decisions and present further behavioral hypotheses, including the crowding out of voluntary by compulsory solidarity. We test our hypotheses in an experimental study and examine (1) whether raising taxes crowds out voluntary transfers, (2) how income distributions influence voluntary and compulsory solidarity, and (3) whether participants prefer more to less compulsory solidarity. © 2006 Mohr Siebeck.","Güth, W.; Sutter, M.; Verbon, H.",J. Inst. Theor. Econ.,2005
-A systematic review and meta-analysis of antecedents of blood donation behavior and intentions,"This meta-analysis sought to identify the strongest antecedents of blood donation behavior and intentions. It synthesized the results of 24 predictive correlational studies of donation behavior and 37 studies of donation intentions. The antecedents were grouped into six research programs: (1) the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and its extensions, (2) prosocial motivation, (3) affective expectations, (4) donor site experience, (5) past donation behavior, and (6) donor demographics. Antecedent categories were cross-validated by multiple coders, and combined effect sizes were analyzed using a random-effects model. For donation behavior, medium positive associations were found with five of the constructs from the extended TPB: intentions to donate, perceived behavioral control, attitude toward donation, self-efficacy and donor role identity. Other antecedents displaying a positive association with donation behavior included anticipated regret for not donating, number of past donations and donor age. Donor experiences at the collection site in the form of temporary deferral or adverse reactions had a medium negative association with behavior. For donation intentions, strong positive associations were observed for perceived behavioral control, attitude, self-efficacy, role identity and anticipated regret. Medium positive associations were observed for personal moral norm, subjective norm, satisfaction, and service quality. All other potential antecedents had weak or non-significant associations with behavior and intentions. Several of these associations were moderated by between-study differences, including donor experience, the period of data collection in which donation behavior was observed, and the use of a nominal (yes/no return) versus a ratio measure of donation behavior. Collectively, the results underscore the importance of enhancing donors' attitudes towards donation and building their perceived behavioral control and self-efficacy to donate. Further, minimizing the risk of adverse reactions and enacting re-recruitment policies for temporarily deferred donors will help protect future donation behavior. Implications of these findings for blood collection agencies and researchers are discussed.","Bednall, Timothy C; Bove, Liliana L; Cheetham, Ali; Murray, Andrea L",Soc. Sci. Med.,2006
-Cost-utility of living donor liver transplantation in a single Japanese center,"BACKGROUND/AIMS: Living donor liver transplantation is becoming increasingly important in the Western world, but the economic issues remain controversial. We conducted a cost-utility analysis to evaluate whether living donor liver transplantation is cost-effective. METHODOLOGY: Cost and utility analyses were performed in a longitudinal survey of a single center in Sapporo, Japan. Medical costs were derived from 11 patients who underwent living donor liver transplantation. Health utility was measured in quality-adjusted life year. Data for health utility scores were derived from 19 patients who underwent living donor liver transplantation. RESULTS: Median medical cost was U.S. dollars 154,626 from the first day of preoperative evaluation to 24 months post-transplantation. Cumulative quality-adjusted life years were 1.60 at 24 months after transplantation. Medical cost per quality-adjusted life year decreased progressively, leading to medical cost of U.S. dollars 605,131 per quality-adjusted life year at 3 months to U.S. dollars 94,169 at 24 months after transplantation. The results were sensitive to medical cost. CONCLUSIONS: Follow-up survey identified progressive increases in the cost-effectiveness of living donor liver transplantation for patients with end-stage liver disease. Living donor liver transplantation appears to represent a cost-effective medical technology.","Ishida, Kozo; Imai, Hirohisa; Ogasawara, Katsuhiko; Hagiwara, Kuniko; Furukawa, Hiroyuki; Todo, Satoru; Fujita, Hiroyoshi; Sakurai, Tsunetaro; Tamashiro, Hiko",Hepatogastroenterology,2007
-The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment,"Research on moral judgment has been dominated by rationalist models, in which moral judgment is thought to be caused by moral reasoning. The author gives 4 reasons for considering the hypothesis that moral reasoning does not cause moral judgment; rather, moral reasoning is usually a post hoc construction, generated after a judgment has been reached. The social intuitionist model is presented as an alternative to rationalist models. The model is a social model in that it deemphasizes the private reasoning done by individuals and emphasizes instead the importance of social and cultural influences. The model is an intuitionist model in that it states that moral judgment is generally the result of quick, automatic evaluations (intuitions). The model is more consistent than rationalist models with recent findings in social, cultural, evolutionary, and biological psychology, as well as in anthropology and primatology.","Haidt, J.",Psychol. Rev.,2008
-The effects of two sequential-request strategies on teachers' acceptability and use of a classroom intervention,"This study examined the effects of two sequential-request strategies - foot-in-the-door (FITD) and door-in-the-face (DITF)-on teachers' ratings of treatment acceptability and implementation of a classroom intervention. Sixty-one teachers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental conditions in which they complied with a small initial request, failed to comply with a large initial request, or received no initial request. Teachers then rated the acceptability of a classroom intervention that they were asked to implement for 1 hr on each of 2 consecutive school days. Results showed the mean acceptability ratings for the DITF condition to be significantly lower than the control condition, but neither differed significantly from the FITD condition. Fewer teachers in the DITF condition implemented the intervention than controls. The implications of these results for applying social influence strategies to school consultation are discussed.","Martens, B.K.; Kelly, S.Q.; Diskin, M.T.",J. Educ. Psychol. Consult.,2009
-The Religious Orientation Scale: Review and Meta-Analysis of Social Desirability Effects,"Reliability and validity of scores on the Religious Orientation Scale (ROS) are reviewed with respect to social desirability. ROS measures intrinsic religiousness (I; religion as an end unto itself) and extrinsic religiousness (E; religion as a means to some end, like friendship or solace). Development of the scale is briefly traced, including the modification of the E scale to include two subscales. Scores from the I scale have good internal consistency reliability (.83), but scores from E subscales (Social and Personal) have marginal internal consistency reliability (.63 and .64, respectively). I tends to correlate with desirable variables (mental health, altruism, religious commitment), and E correlates with that which is undesirable (prejudice, nonmarital sex). Meta-analysis revealed that I correlates .15 with social desirability but that E does not. Given the religious relevancy of social desirability measures, partialing out this variance is not recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Trimble, Douglas E",Educ. Psychol. Meas.,2010
-Cost effectiveness of a smoking cessation program in patients admitted for coronary heart disease,,"Quist-Paulsen, P; Lydersen, S; Bakke, P S; Gallefoss, F",,2011
-From receiving to achieving: The role of relationship and dependence for nonprofit organisations in corporate partnerships,,"Lefroy, K.; Tsarenko, Y.",European Journal of Marketing,2012
-An IMC approach to event marketing: The effects of sponsorship and experience on customer attitudes,,"Sneath, J.Z.; Finney, R.Z.; Close, A.G.",Journal of Advertising Research,2013
-"Bargaining and market behavior in Jerusalem, Ljubljana, Pittsburgh, and Tokyo: An experimental study",,"Roth, A.E.; Prasnikar, V.; Okuno-Fujiwara, M.; Zamir, S.",American Economic Review,2014
-More affected = more neglected: Amplification of bias in advice to the unidentified and many,"Professionals often give advice to many anonymous people. For example, financial analysts give public recommendations to trade stock, and medical experts formulate clinical guidelines that affect many patients. Normatively, awareness of the advice-recipient's identity should not influence the quality of advice, and when advice affects a larger number of people, if anything, greater care should be taken to ensure its accuracy. Yet, contrary to this logic and consistent with research on the identifiable victim effect, results from two experimental studies demonstrate that advisors confronting a financial conflict of interest give more biased advice to multiple than single recipients and to unidentified than identified single recipients. Increased intensity of feelings toward single identified recipients appears to drive this process; advisors experience more empathy and appear to have greater awareness and motivation to reduce bias in their advice when the recipient is single and identified. © The Author(s) 2012.","Sah, S.; Loewenstein, G.",Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci,2015
-Dictator games: A meta study,"Over the last 25 years, more than a hundred dictator game experiments have been published. This meta study summarises the evidence. Exploiting the fact that most experiments had to fix parameters they did not intend to test, in multiple regression the meta study is able to assess the effect of single manipulations, controlling for a host of alternative explanatory factors. The resulting rich dataset also provides a testbed for comparing alternative specifications of the statistical model for analysing dictator game data. It shows how Tobit models (assuming that dictators would even want to take money) and hurdle models (assuming that the decision to give a positive amount is separate from the choice of amount, conditional on giving) provide additional insights. © 2011 Economic Science Association.","Engel, C.",Exp. Econ.,2016
-Industry-funded versus non-profit-funded critical care research: a meta-epidemiological overview,"PURPOSE: To study the landscape of funding in intensive care research and assess whether the reported outcomes of industry-funded randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are more favorable. METHODS: We systematically assembled meta-analyses evaluating any type of intervention in the critical care setting and reporting the source of funding for each included RCT. Furthermore, when the intervention was a drug or biologic, we searched also the original RCT articles, when their funding information was unavailable in the meta-analysis. We then qualitatively summarized the sources of funding. For binary outcomes, separate summary odds ratios were calculated for trials with and without industry funding. We then calculated the ratio of odds ratios (RORs) and the summary ROR (sROR) across topics. ROR < 1 implies that the experimental intervention is relatively more favorable in trials with industry funding compared with trials without industry funding. For RCTs included in the ROR analysis, we also examined the conclusions of their abstract. RESULTS: Across 67 topics with 568 RCTs, 88 were funded by industry and another 73 had both industry and non-profit funding. Across 33 topics with binary outcomes, the sROR was 1.10 [95% CI (0.96-1.26), I2 = 1%]. Conclusions were not significantly more commonly unfavorable for the experimental arm interventions in industry-funded trials (21.3%) compared with trials without industry funding (18.2%). CONCLUSION: Industry-funded RCTs are the minority in intensive care. We found no evidence that industry-funded trials in intensive care yield more favorable results or are less likely to reach unfavorable conclusions.","Janiaud, Perrine; Cristea, Ioana-Alina; Ioannidis, John P A",Intensive Care Med.,2017
-"Prosocial television and prosocial toddlers: A multi-method, longitudinal investigation","How screen use might affect early childhood outcomes is an important question for parents, but existing research is patchy. In particular, screen time is often examined in relation to sleep and aggression, but much less is known about its links with prosocial behaviour. To address this gap, we conducted semi-structured observations and interviews / questionnaires with both mothers and fathers in a sample of 195 (predominantly affluent and educated) British families tracked across three time-points, when the first-born child was 14-, 24-, and 36-months old. We also applied an objective coding scheme to assess the relative frequency of prosocial behaviour in the programmes and films children were watching at age 24-months. While our results showed no overall associations between prosocial behaviour and either screen time or screen content, there were interaction effects. Specifically, children whose favourite programmes were slow-paced and rich in prosocial content were particularly likely to show developmental gains in sharing. We discuss these findings in terms of their implications for parents, researchers, and policy makers. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.","McHarg, G.; Hughes, C.",Infant Behav. Dev.,2018
-Eye images increase charitable donations: Evidence from an opportunistic field experiment in a supermarket,,"Powell, K.L.; Roberts, G.; Nettle, D.",Ethology,2019
-Promoting health behaviours with door-in-the-face: The influence of the beneficiary of the request,"This study examined the ability of a door-in-the-face strategy to increase compliance with health related requests. To explore this question, participants received either a single or door-in-the-face request to perform a health-related behaviour. This request was characterized as either benefiting the person making the request, the person who was the target of the request, or a third party. After receiving the request the participants' verbal and behavioural compliance with the request were measured. The results indicated that the door-in-the-face procedure would be effective with requests to perform health-related behaviours.","Millar, M.G.",Psychol. Health Med.,2020
-The price of beauty: Differential effects of design elements with and without cost implications in nonprofit donor solicitations,,"Townsend, C.",Journal of Consumer Research,2021
-Effect of Gaze on Personal Space: A Japanese–German Cross-Cultural Study,"In East Asian cultures, people maintain larger interpersonal distances than in European or American cultures. We investigated whether a preference for averted gaze might be responsible for this difference. Typically, when measuring interpersonal distance, participants are asked to maintain eye contact. This request might bias findings due to cultural differences in the interpretation of direct gaze. We had Japanese and German participants adjust preferred interpersonal distance in a standardized laboratory task, using averaged faces with straight-ahead or averted gaze direction. In line with previous findings, Japanese participants preferred overall larger interpersonal distances, and female–female dyads preferred the smallest distances. In contrast, there was no pervasive effect of gaze on interpersonal distance, as confirmed with Bayesian statistics. Thus, differences in the reactions to mutual gaze cannot explain the cultural preferences for interpersonal distance. © The Author(s) 2018.","Sicorello, M.; Stevanov, J.; Ashida, H.; Hecht, H.",J. Cross-Cult. Psychol.,2022
-The relationship among funding sources for art and history museums,"The decline and possible elimination of federal support of the arts in the United States is likely to have a major impact on museum finances. Using data from the 1989 Survey of Museums, we analyze the interactions among major categories of museum funding. The results indicate a strong, positive stimulus of federal funding on private contributions, with some possible displacement of state and local government contributions. The opportunity to generate funds from private sources shows some promise to offset the loss of funds from government sources. © 1999 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Hughes, P.N.; Luksetich, W.A.",Nonprofit Manage. Leadersh.,2023
-,,"Batson, C.D.",The Altruism Question: Toward a Social-psychological Answer,2024
-Does government spending crowd out charitable contributions?,,"Schiff, J.",National Tax Journal,2025
-The marketing of philanthropy and the charitable contributions deduction: Integrating theories for the deduction and tax exemption,,"Colombo, J.D.",Wake Forest Law Review,2026
-Advertising to early trend propagators: Evidence from twitter,,"Lambrecht, A.; Tucker, C.; Wiertz, C.",Marketing Science,2027
-On the social nature of eyes: The effect of social cues in interaction and individual choice tasks,"In an experimental setting, we applied a dual strategy to better understand the effect of pictures of eyes on human behavior. First, we investigated whether the effect of eyes was limited to interaction tasks in which the subjects' decisions influenced the outcomes of other subjects. We expanded the range of tasks to include individual choice tasks in which the subjects' decisions only influenced their own outcomes. Second, we investigated whether pictures of eyes were one of many social cues or were unique in their effect. We compared the effect of pictures of eyes with the effect of a different condition in which we presented the subjects with pictures of other students (peers). Our results suggest that the effect of pictures of eyes is limited to interaction tasks and that eyes should be considered distinct from other social cues, such as reminders of peers. While pictures of eyes uniformly enhanced pro-social behavior in interaction tasks, this was not the case for reminders of peers. Furthermore, the reminders of peers led to more rational behavior in individual choice tasks, whereas the effect of pictures of eyes was limited to situations involving interaction. Combined, these findings are in line with the claim that the effect of pictures of eyes on behavior is caused by a social exchange heuristic that works to enhance mutual cooperative behavior. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.","Baillon, A.; Selim, A.; van Dolder, D.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,2028
-The development of a measure of prosocial behaviors for late adolescents,"The correlates and structure of prosocial behaviors in late adolescents were examined using a newly constructed multidimensional measure. In Study 1, 249 college students (145 women; M age = 19.9 years) were administered the Prosocial Tendencies Measure (PTM) which assesses 6 types of prosocial behaviors: altruistic, compliant, emotional, dire, public, and anonymous. Measures of sympathy, perspective taking, personal distress, social desirability, global prosocial behaviors, social responsibility, ascription of responsibility, vocabulary skills, and prosocial moral reasoning were also completed. Test-retest reliability and further validity of the PTM were demonstrated in Study 2 with a sample of 40 college students (28 women; M age = 22.9 years). Results from both studies yielded evidence of adequate reliability and validity of the PTM and support the notion of differentiated forms of helping.","Carlo, G.; Randall, B.A.",J. Youth Adolesc.,2029
-Criticisms of the satiety hypothesis as an explanation for within-session decreases in responding,"The authors of four papers recently reported that satiation provides a better explanation than habituation for within-session decreases in conditioned responding. Several arguments question this conclusion. First, the contribution of habituation to within-session changes in responding seems clearly established. Information that is consistent with habituation, but that is difficult to reconcile with satiation, is not adequately addressed. Second, the limited evidence offered in support of satiation is ambiguous because the results are just as compatible with habituation as with other satiety variables. Finally, the term satiation is used in an intuitive way that is sometimes contradicted by research about the termination of ingestion. Use of the technical term satiation in a way that differs from its conventional usage will only isolate operant psychology from other areas of psychological research.","McSweeney, F.K.; Murphy, E.S.",J. Exp. Anal. Behav.,2030
-"Reply to Myrseth and Wollbrant: Ourmodel is consistent with altruism, and helps to explain its evolution",,"Bear, A.; Rand, D.G.",Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.,2031
-Helping a Victim or Helping the Victim: Altruism and Identifiability,"Although it has been claimed that people care more about identifiable than statistical victims, demonstrating this ""identifiable victim effect"" has proven difficult because identification usually provides information about a victim, and people may respond to the information rather than to identification per se. We show that a very weak form of identifiability - determining the victim without providing any personalizing information - increases caring. In the first, laboratory study, subjects were more willing to compensate others who lost money when the losers had already been determined than when they were about to be. In the second, field study, people contributed more to a charity when their contributions would benefit a family that had already been selected from a list than when told that the family would be selected from the same list.","Small, D.A.; Loewenstein, G.",J. Risk Uncertainty,2032
-Organ and tissue donation in clinical settings: a systematic review of the impact of interventions aimed at health professionals,,"Douville F, Godin G, Vezina-Im LA",,2033
-Beyond publication bias,"This review considers several meta-regression and graphical methods that can differentiate genuine empirical effect from publication bias. Publication selection exists when editors, reviewers, or researchers have a preference for statistically significant results. Because all areas of empirical research are susceptible to publication selection, any average or tally of significant/insignificant studies is likely to be biased and potentially misleading. Meta-regression analysis can see through the murk of random sampling error and selected misspecification bias to identify the underlying statistical structures that characterize genuine empirical effect. Meta-significance testing and precision-effect testing (PET) are offered as a means to identify empirical effect beyond publication bias and are applied to four areas of empirical economics research - minimum wage effects, union-productivity effects, price elasticities, and tests of the natural rate hypothesis. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2005.","Stanley, T.D.",J. Econ. Surv.,2034
-Cost-effectiveness of cell salvage and alternative methods of minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion: a systematic review and economic model,"OBJECTIVES: To compare patient outcomes, resource use and costs to the NHS and NHS Blood Transfusion Authority (BTA) associated with cell salvage and alternative methods of minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. DATA SOURCES: Electronic databases covering the period 1996-2004 for systematic reviews and 1994-2004 for economic evidence. REVIEW METHODS: Existing systematic reviews were updated with data from selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that involved adults scheduled for elective non-urgent surgery. Any resource use or cost data were extracted for potential use in populating an economic model. Relative risks or weighted mean difference of each outcome for each intervention were assessed, taking into account the number of RCTs included in each outcome and intervention and the presence of any heterogeneity. This allowed indirect comparison of the relative effectiveness of each intervention when the intervention is compared with allogeneic blood transfusion. A decision analytic model synthesised clinical and economic data from several sources, to estimate the relative cost-effectiveness of cell salvage for people undergoing elective surgery with moderate to major expected blood loss. The perspective of the NHS and patients and a time horizon of 1 month were used. The economic model was developed from reviews of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness and clinical experts. Secondary analysis explored the robustness of the results to changes in the timing and costs of cell salvage equipment, surgical procedure, use of transfusion protocols and time horizon of analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 668 studies were identified electronically for the update of the two systematic reviews. This included five RCTs, of which two were cell salvage and three preoperative autologous donation (PAD). Five published systematic reviews were identified for antifibrinolytics, fibrin sealants and restrictive transfusion triggers, PAD plus erythropoietin, erythropoietin alone and acute normovolaemic haemodilution (ANH). Twelve published studies reported full economic evaluations. All but two of the transfusion strategies significantly reduced exposure to allogeneic blood. The relative risk of exposure to allogeneic blood was 0.59 for the pooled trials of cell salvage (95% confidence interval: 0.48 to 0.73). This varied by the type and timing of cell salvage and type of surgical procedure. For cell salvage, the relative risk of allogeneic blood transfusion was higher in cardiac surgery than in orthopaedic surgery. Cell salvage had lower costs and slightly higher quality-adjusted life years compared with all of the alternative transfusion strategies except ANH. The likelihood that cell salvage is cost-effective compared with strategies other than ANH is over 50%. Most of the secondary analyses indicated similar results to the primary analysis. However, the primary and secondary analyses indicated that ANH may be more cost-effective than cell salvage. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence indicates that cell salvage may be a cost-effective method to reduce exposure to allogeneic blood transfusion. However, ANH may be more cost-effective than cell salvage. The results of this analysis are subject to the low quality and reliability of the data used and the use of indirect comparisons. This may affect the reliability and robustness of the clinical and economic results. There is a need for further research that includes adequately powered high-quality RCTs to compare directly various blood transfusion strategies. These should include measures of health status, health-related quality of life and patient preferences for alternative transfusion strategies. Observational and tracking studies are needed to estimate reliably the incidence of adverse events and infections transmitted during blood transfusion and to identify the lifetime consequences of the serious hazards of transfusion on mortality, health status and health-related quality of life.","Davies, L; Brown, T J; Haynes, S; Payne, K; Elliott, R A; McCollum, C",Health Technol. Assess.,2035
-The effect of tax policy on charitable contributions: The case of nonitemizing taxpayers,,"Dunbar, A.; Phillips, J.",Journal of the American Taxation Association,2036
-"Development of prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations: Theory and preliminary evidence","The authors adopt an interdependence analysis of social value orientation, proposing that prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations are (a) partially rooted in different patterns of social interaction as experienced during the periods spanning early childhood to young adulthood and (b) further shaped by different patterns of social interaction as experienced during early adulthood, middle adulthood, and old age. Congruent with this analysis, results revealed that relative to individualists and competitors, prosocial individuals exhibited greater levels of secure attachment (Studies 1 and 2) and reported having more siblings, especially sisters (Study 3). Finally, the prevalence of prosocials increased - and the prevalence of individualists and competitors decreased - from early adulthood to middle adulthood and old age (Study 4). Copyright 1997 by the American Psychological Association, Inc.","Van Lange, P.A.M.; De Bruin, E.M.N.; Otten, W.; Joireman, J.A.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,2037
-How a smiley protects health: A pilot intervention to improve hand hygiene in hospitals by activating injunctive norms through emoticons,"Hand hygiene practice in hospitals is unfortunately still widely insufficient, even though it is known that transmitting pathogens via hands is the leading cause of healthcare-associated infections. Previous research has shown that improving knowledge, providing feedback on past behaviour and targeting social norms are promising approaches to improve hand hygiene practices. The present field experiment was designed to direct people on when to perform hand hygiene and prevent forgetfulness. This intervention is the first to examine the effect of inducing injunctive social norms via an emoticon-based feedback system on hand hygiene behaviour. Electronic monitoring and feedback devices were installed in hospital patient rooms on top of hand-rub dispensers, next to the doorway, for a period of 17 weeks. In the emoticon condition, screens at the devices activated whenever a person entered or exited the room. Before using the alcohol-based hand-rub dispenser, a frowny face was displayed, indicating that hand hygiene should be performed. If the dispenser was subsequently used, this picture changed to a smiley face to positively reinforce the correct behaviour. Hand hygiene behaviour in the emoticon rooms significantly outperformed the behaviour in three other tested conditions. The strong effect in this field experiment indicates that activating injunctive norms may be a promising approach to improve hand hygiene behaviour. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. © 2018 Gaube et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Gaube, S.; Tsivrikos, D.; Dollinger, D.; Lermer, E.",PLoS ONE,2038
-"Tax incentives, Individual characteristics and charitable giving in Singapore","Previous studies conducted for developed countries like the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom have often found charitable giving by individuals to depend on income, the tax price of giving, and other variables. This article makes use of confidential tax file data to conduct a similar study for Singapore, a rapid-growing newly-industrializing country. The results indicate that disposable income, the tax price of giving, donor's age and educational attainment are important determinants of charitable giving by individuals. Donations are found to be income-inelastic but higly price-elastic. Thus, lowering the price of giving through tax incentives can be very effective in encouraging private donations to cliarity.","Chua, V.C.H.; Wong, C.M.",Int. J. Soc. Econ.,2039
-The impact of direct marketing appeals on charitable marketing effectiveness,,"Smith, G.E.; Berger, P.D.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2040
-Five rules for the evolution of cooperation,"Cooperation is needed for evolution to construct new levels of organization. Genomes, cells, multicellular organisms, social insects, and human society are all based on cooperation. Cooperation means that selfish replicators forgo some of their reproductive potential to help one another. But natural selection implies competition and therefore opposes cooperation unless a specific mechanism is at work. Here I discuss five mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation: kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity, and group selection. For each mechanism, a simple rule is derived that specifies whether natural selection can lead to cooperation.","Nowak, M.A.",Science,2041
-Gendered Help at the Workplace: Implications for Organizational Power Relations,"One of the most thoroughly studied aspects of prosocial workplace behavior is organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Yet, the definition of OCB seems to overlook the fact that help-giving acts may be of different types with different consequences for both giver and recipient. The present research explores workplace help-giving behavior by investigating the importance of gender as a factor that facilitates or inhibits specific types of help that empower and disempower independent coping: autonomy- and dependency-oriented help, respectively. A pilot and two following studies were conducted. The pilot study empirically assessed which acts would be clearly perceived by participants as representing both types of help. Then, using the descriptions of these acts, Study 1 examined which type of help would be perceived as most likely to be given by a male or female employee to a male or female colleague in a sample of 226 participants (78% women). Study 2 explored which type of help participants perceived as one they would rather receive from a male or female helper in a sample of 170 participants (65% women). Our findings indicate that male and female respondents who rated men giving help were more likely to expect them to give autonomy-oriented help, especially to women. There were no significant differences in dependency-oriented help. Further, women preferred to receive more autonomy-oriented help than men did, regardless of the help-giver’s gender; no significant results were found for men. Implications for OCB and workplace power relations are discussed. © The Author(s) 2018.","Chernyak-Hai, L.; Waismel-Manor, R.",Psychol. Rep.,2042
-Changing behaviour through business-nonprofit collaboration?: Consumer responses to social alliances,,"Vock, M.; van Dolen, W.; Kolk, A.",European Journal of Marketing,2043
-Charitable contributions and intergenerational transfers,"This paper investigates the effects of bequest taxes and the income of children on the lifetime charitable contributions of parents. Using matched income tax records for parents and children, the results show a positive elasticity of 0.6 for contributions with respect to the tax price of bequests. The paper also finds that the income of children affects the amount that parents contribute to charity. The results show a positive elasticity of up to 0.14 for contributions by parents with respect to the income of children, implying that when children are better off, parents are likely to increase charitable giving.","Auten, G.; Joulfaian, D.",J. Public Econ.,2044
-How Did the Great Recession Affect Charitable Giving?,"A great deal of research has studied the effects of income and tax changes on charitable giving. However, little work has focused on how these relationships were affected by the Great Recession. This article estimates the tax and income effects using the 2009 Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The estimates are notably different than the typical findings from before the recession. Most importantly, tax effects are higher and income effects are lower. These unusual patterns are more pronounced for secular giving than for religious giving, and the effects are muted when only considering tax itemizers. The estimates are used to develop policy analytic results, considering the effects of the 2013 personal income tax rate increases and possible tax deduction limits currently under consideration. I find the tax increases to have a moderately stimulative impact on giving but predict a cap on charitable deductions would have a large negative impact. © The Author(s) 2017.","Brooks, A.C.",Public Financ. Rev.,2045
-"Altruism, fast and slow? Evidence from a meta-analysis and a new experiment","Can we use the lens of dual-system theories to explain altruistic behavior? In recent years this question has attracted the interest of both economists and psychologists. We contribute to this emerging literature by reporting the results of a meta-study of the literature and a new experiment. Our meta-study is based on 22 experimental studies conducted with more than 12,000 subjects. We show that the overall effect of manipulating cognitive resources to promote the “intuitive” system at the expense of the “deliberative” system is very close to zero. One reason for this null result could be that promoting intuition has heterogeneous effects on altruism across different subgroups of subjects or contexts. Another reason could be that there simply is no real effect and that previously reported single results are false positives. We explore the role of heterogeneity both by performing a mediator analysis of the meta-analytic effect and by conducting a new experiment designed to circumvent the issue of potential heterogeneity in the direction of the effect of promoting intuition. In both cases, we find little evidence that heterogeneity explains the absence of an overall effect of intuition on altruism. Taken together, our results offer little support for dual-system theories of altruistic behavior. © 2020, The Author(s).","Fromell, H.; Nosenzo, D.; Owens, T.",Exp. Econ.,2046
-New evidence on the price elasticity of charitable contributions,,"Ricketts, R.C.; Westfall, P.H.",Journal of the American Taxation Association,2047
-Ultimatums in two-person bargaining with one-sided uncertainty: Demand games,"The demand game is a noncooperative two-person ultimatum game with one-sided uncertainty in which the Sender knows the value of the shared surplus (pie) but the Receiver only knows its probability distribution (Mitzkewitz and Nagel, 1993). We study experimentally the effects of systematic changes in the variability of the pie distribution on the Sender's proposals and Receiver's (binary) responses. In accordance with a behavioral theory that we propose, we find that (i) the Sender's proportional share of the pie increases as the Receiver's uncertainty about the pie increases, and (ii) for a given pie distribution, the Sender's proportional share decreases as the actual pie size increases.","Rapoport, A.; Sundali, J.A.; Seale, D.A.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2048
-Motivators of enrolment in HIV vaccine trials: a review of HIV vaccine preparedness studies,"HIV vaccine preparedness studies (VPS) are important precursors to HIV vaccine trials. As well, they contribute to an understanding of motivators and barriers for participation in hypothetical HIV vaccine trials. Motivators can take the form of altruism and a desire for social benefits. Perceived personal benefits, including psychological, personal, and financial well-being, may also motivate participation. The authors performed a systematic review of HIV VPS using the Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews, Medline, PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar. The authors independently searched the literature for individual HIV VPS that examined motivators of participation in a hypothetical HIV vaccine trial, using the same search strategy. As the denominators employed in the literature varied across studies, the denominators were standardized to the number of respondents per survey item, regardless of their willingness to participate (WTP) in an HIV vaccine trial. The authors retrieved eight studies on social benefits (i.e., altruism) and 11 studies on personal benefits conducted in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, as well as 19 studies on social benefits and 20 studies on personal benefits in the non-OECD countries. Various different forms of altruism were found to be the major motivators for participation in an HIV vaccine trial in both the OECD and the non-OECD countries. In a large number of studies, protection from HIV was cited as a personal motivator for participation in a hypothetical HIV vaccine trial in the OECD and the non-OECD countries. Knowledge of motivators can inform and target recruitment for HIV vaccine trials, although it must be remembered that hypothetical motivators may not always translate into motivators in an actual vaccine trial.","Dhalla, Shayesta; Poole, Gary",AIDS Care,2049
-Platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and interval surgical cytoreduction for advanced ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis,"Compared with primary cytoreduction, neoadjuvant chemotherapy is associated with reduced survival time in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Findings indicate that definitive surgery should be performed early in the course of treatment. XCM: The review stated a clear research question and inclusion criteria for the participants, intervention and outcomes were defined. Limiting the search strategy to English language publications listed in one electronic database and reference lists of identified studies might have resulted in the omission of other relevant studies and increased the potential for publication and language bias. The methods used to select the studies and extract the data were not described, so it is not known whether any efforts were made to reduce reviewer error and bias.Simple linear regression appeared an appropriate method of exploring potential predictors of median survival. However, this method could not provide definitive answers to the review question. One limitation that the authors acknowledged was the lack of sufficient data for a multivariate analysis through which relationships between the various potential predictors of survival could be examined. In the conclusion the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy was compared with the effect of primary cytoreduction, but data were not provided in the review. In addition, the limited search and lack of reporting of review methods mean it is not possible to assess the reliability of these conclusions. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that findings suggest that definitive surgery should be performed early in the course of treatment.Research: The authors stated that additional studies on neoadjuvant chemotherapy are required to enable consistent identification of patients with surgically unresectable disease, and to determine the acceptable percentage of patients with advanced ovarian cancer that ought to be treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in lieu of initial surgery.","Bristow R E, Chi D S",,2050
-"The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera","Eyespots are found in a variety of animals, in particular lepidopterans. The role of eyespots as antipredator mechanisms has been discussed since the 19th Century, with two main hypotheses invoked to explain their occurrence. The first is that large, centrally located eyespots intimidate predators by resembling the eyes of the predators' own enemies; the second, though not necessarily conflicting, hypothesis is that small, peripherally located eyespots function as markers to deflect the attacks of predators to non-vital regions of the body. A third possibility is also proposed; that eyespots intimidate predators merely because they are novel or rarely encountered salient features. These hypotheses are reviewed, with special reference given to avian predators, since these are likely to be the principal visually hunting predators of the lepidopterans considered. Also highlighted is the necessity to consider the potential influence of sexual selection on lepidopteran wing patterns, and the genetics and development of eyespot formation. © 2005 Cambridge Philosophical Society.","Stevens, M.",Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc.,2051
-Social preferences under chronic stress,"Even though chronic stress is a pervasive problem in contemporary societies and is known to potentially precede both adverse psychological as well as physiological conditions, its effects on decision making have not been systematically investigated. In this paper, we focus on the relation between self-reported chronic stress and self-reported as well as behaviorally shown social preferences. We measured chronic stress with the Trier Inventory for Chronic Stress. To determine social preferences, participants played a double anonymous dictator game. In order to control for the robustness of social preferences we employed a 2x2x2x2 design where we manipulated four variables: the frame (Give to Recipient vs. Take from Recipient), the decision maker’s gender (Female vs. Male), the recipient’s gender (Female vs. Male), and the nature of the reward (Real vs. Hypothetical). Results show that perceived chronic stress is not significantly related to social preferences in monetarily rewarded dictator decisions for either gender. However, women’s displayed preferences for hypothetical rewards are negatively correlated to chronic stress levels. This indicates that higher chronic stress in women is associated with lower hypothetical transfers but not with altered actual behavior as compared to non-stressed women. For men, we do not observe such effects. Our findings suggest that, while chronic stress leaves social preferences unaffected in an incentive compatible task, it might foster what could be interpreted as a decrease in self-image promotion in women. Thus, we conclude that in a thoroughly controlled behavioral task differences in reported chronic stress do not entail differences in social preferences, but relate to variation in hypothetical decisions for women. © 2018 Ceccato et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Ceccato, S.; Kettner, S.E.; Kudielka, B.M.; Schwieren, C.; Voss, A.",PLoS ONE,2052
-Minimal social cues in the dictator game,"Giving to others is individually costly, yet generates benefits to the recipient. Such altruistic behavior has been well documented in experimental games between unrelated, anonymous individuals. Matters of social distance between giver and receiver, or between giver and a potential bystander, are also known to be relevant to giving behavior. This paper reports results of an experiment manipulating an extremely weak social cue in the dictator game. Prior to making their decision, we present dictators with a simple visual stimulus: either three dots in a ""watching-eyes"" configuration, or three dots in a neutral configuration. The watching-eyes configuration is suggestive of a schematic face - a stimuli that is known to weakly activate the fusiform face area of the brain. Our results demonstrate that such a weak social cue does increase giving behavior - even under a double-blind protocol - and this difference in behavior across treatments is entirely explained by differences in the dictator behavior of males. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Rigdon, M.; Ishii, K.; Watabe, M.; Kitayama, S.",J. Econ. Psychol.,2053
-"Public subsidies and charitable giving: Crowding out, crowding in, or both?","Whether government subsidies to nonprofit organizations leverage (crowd in) private donations, or rather crowd them out has been actively debated for some time. A third hypothesis, explored theoretically and tested empirically in this paper, is that the two phenomena are actually not inconsistent with one another: At low levels of subsidies, government support may stimulate private giving whereas at high levels it could have just the opposite effect. The model presented is based on this idea, which yields implications relevant to nonprofit management and public policy, and tests it with data on symphony orchestras. The conclusion is that the maximization of private donations and total ""unearned"" revenues are not compatible goals. Further nonprofits that suffer from short-term liquidity problems or managerial short-sightedness may face a ""subsidy trap,"" in which they are forced to rely on suboptimal levels of subsidies in terms of maximizing the firm's revenues. © 2000 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.","Brooks, A.C.",J. Policy Anal. Manage.,2054
-Modifiable factors influencing relatives' decision to offer organ donation: systematic review,"Objective: To identify modifiable factors that influence relatives’ decision to allow organ donation. Design: Systematic review. Data sources Medline, Embase, and CINAHL, without language restriction, searched to April 2008. Review methods: Three authors independently assessed the eligibility of the identified studies. We excluded studies that examined only factors affecting consent that could not be altered, such as donor ethnicity. We extracted quantitative results to an electronic database. For data synthesis, we summarised the results of studies comparing similar themes. Results: We included 20 observational studies and audits. There were no randomised controlled trials. The main factors associated with reduced rates of refusal were the provision of adequate information on the process of organ donation and its benefits; high quality of care of potential organ donors; ensuring relatives had a clear understanding of brain stem death; separating the request for organ donation from notification that the patient had died; making the request in a private setting; and using trained and experienced individuals to make the request. Conclusions: Limited evidence suggests that there are modifiable factors in the process of requests for organ donation, in particular the skills of the individual making the request and the timing of this conversation, that might have a significant impact on rates of consent. Targeting these factors might have a greater and more immediate effect on the number of organs for donation than legislative or other long term strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Simpkin, A L; Robertson, L C; Barber, V S; Young, J D",BMJ,2055
-Individual giving behaviour: A multidisciplinary review,"In the USA, total giving to the nonprofit sector in 2004 stood at $248.52 billion, representing a 2 per cent increase over the previous year (AAFRC Trust 2005). A staggering 90 per cent of Americans offer donations to nonprofits with people giving on average 2 per cent of their income and contributing 76 per cent of the total income accruing to the sector (the balance coming from corporations, foundations and bequests) (AAFRC Trust 2005). © 2008 Adrian Sargeant and Walter Wymer for editorial matter and selection; individual chapters, the contributors. All rights reserved.","Sargeant, A.; Woodliffe, L.",The Routledge Companion to Nonprofit Marketing,2056
-"An accurate measurement of the crowd-out effect, income effect, and price effect for charitable contributions",,"Kingma, B.R.",Journal of Political Economy,2057
-Government free riding in the public provision of higher education: Panel data estimates of possible crowding out,"This article employs panel data on more than 1000 US public colleges and universities to investigate the effect of private giving on state government funding. Government free riding is at question and is found to be active in that private donations partially displace state government funding at the rate of 83 cents on the dollar. That compares to the 45 cents political substitution of the 1960s but is much diminished from the $1.07 of the 1980s. Those are aggregate comparisons for all public institutions. A disaggregated approach in this article additionally reveals that doctoral granting research universities are somewhat lesser victims of crowd out in experiencing a 71 cents cut. At master level colleges and universities and associate 2 year degree granting colleges, crowding out is estimated to be on the order 87 cents and $1.10, respectively. Relative to the academic year 2000 to 2001, publicly controlled colleges and universities are found to experience significant reductions in state appropriated funding in 2003 to 2004 and 2006 to 2007. Even accounting for changes in the business cycle and changes in possible government spending priorities over time, the overall findings support the persistent effect of this brand of crowding out. © 2012 Taylor & Francis.","Thomas Sav, G.",Appl. Econ.,2058
-Sympathy and callousness: The impact of deliberative thought on donations to identifiable and statistical victims,,"Small, D.A.; Loewenstein, G.; Slovic, P.",Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,2059
-,,"Möck, J.; Greitemeyer, T.",Why prosocial films influence behavior (Unpublished manuscript),2060
-Mapping the Field of Donation-Based Crowdfunding for Charitable Causes: Systematic Review and Conceptual Framework,"This study compiles the main findings in the field of academic research on pure donation-based crowdfunding (DCF) soliciting monetary contributions for charitable causes. To this purpose, a systematic literature review is conducted, resulting in 92 scientific publications analyzed for the first time in this field of research. The prevailing thematic dimensions and research gaps are identified and discussed. The incipient literature on DCF, with a majority of publications from 2015 onward in the form of empirical articles using quantitative methodologies, focuses on antecedents related to individual donors, organizational promoters as main actors, and online channels and design-related features of campaigns as enablers. However, the effects of DCF on relevant stakeholders (particularly beneficiaries and society in general) remain largely obscure. Based on this analysis, an integrated conceptual framework on DCF is proposed to guide future research. This framework, susceptible of empirical evaluation, allows characterizing the DCF as a distinct and emerging type of philanthropic funding model based on specific and novel antecedents, actors, enablers and effects. © 2020, International Society for Third-Sector Research.","Salido-Andres, N.; Rey-Garcia, M.; Alvarez-Gonzalez, L.I.; Vazquez-Casielles, R.",Voluntas,2061
-"The current landscape of US children’s television: violent, prosocial, educational, and fantastical content","The present study examined currently popular children’s television shows to determine the prevalence of violent, prosocial, educational, and fantastical content (including fantastical events and anthropomorphism). Network, style, and content ratings were collected for 88 shows using a combination of Common Sense Media and laboratory ratings applied to two randomly-selected episodes of each show. Overall, currently popular children’s television shows were most often animated and contained little violent, prosocial, or educational content, but a great deal of fantastical content. Interrelations among variables were also examined. Shows with fantastical events were both more violent and more prosocial than shows without, and shows with anthropomorphism were more prosocial than shows without. The network on which a show aired predicted violent, prosocial, and educational content, but not fantastical content. Children’s television today is not as violent as might be believed, but nor is it particularly prosocial or educational. It is highly fantastical. The implications of the landscape for children’s behavior, learning, and cognition are discussed. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Taggart, J.; Eisen, S.; Lillard, A.S.",J. Child. Media,2062
-Donor-conceived people's views and experiences of their genetic origins: A crical analysis of the research evidence,"This article reports on a systematic review of English language, peer reviewed publications from 13 empirical studies with donor-conceived children and adults regarding their experiences and perceptions of donor conception. A total of 19 articles that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. These were identified by means of a bibliographic search of four electronic databases for the period 1990-2011 and supplemented by the authors' personal knowledge of work in this field. No reports from such studies appeared prior to 2000, and more than half have been published since 2008, demonstrating the relative novelty of research in this field. Much of the reviewed research evidence concerns individuals conceived through sperm donation conducted under a regime promoting both anonymity and nondisclosure. Consequently, there is little research that pertains to individuals conceived through other forms of collaborative reproduction, nor to those conceived under arrangements and regimes in which early parental disclosure is both advocated and practised and the identity of the donor and of other genetic relatives may be accessible to donor-conceived individuals. The studies consistently report that most donor-conceived people have an interest in securing information about their genetic and biographical heritage more information than most of them have been able to obtain. Although a number of methodological limitations in the research base are identified, the authors conclude that the evidence is sufficiently robust to promote the implementation of policies and practices that promote transparency and openness in collaborative reproduction, thus reflecting the importance of maximising future choices and opportunities for donor-conceived people.","Blyth, Eric; Crawshaw, Marilyn; Frith, Lucy; Jones, Caroline",J. Law Med.,2063
-These Eyes: A Rejoinder to Panagopoulos on Eyespots and Voter Mobilization,,"Matland, R.E.; Murray, G.R.",Polit. Psychol.,2064
-Is disney the nicest place on earth? A content analysis of prosocial behavior in animated disney films,"The purpose of this study was to examine the multidimensionality of prosocial behavior in Disney animated films. Characteristics of the target and initiator and context of each prosocial act were also examined. Prosocial behavior was portrayed at a rate of approximately 1 act per minute, rarely occurred in combination with aggression, targets were most prosocial toward friends, and tended to help those similar to themselves. This study views Disney in a more positive light than past studies by highlighting high levels of prosocial behavior, as well as portrayal that may facilitate imitation. This study also used a broad definition of prosocial behavior that provides a more nuanced picture of the nature of prosocial behavior in children's programming. © 2013 International Communication Association.","Padilla-Walker, L.M.; Coyne, S.M.; Fraser, A.M.; Stockdale, L.A.",J. Commun.,2065
-,,"Harrison, G.W.; Rutström, E.",,2066
-Total disc replacement for chronic low back pain: background and a systematic review of the literature,"There were insufficient data on safety and efficacy to assess the performance of total disc replacement adequately. XCM: The review question was reasonably clear, as were the inclusion criteria. The search was adequate, although the authors suggested that the failure to search EMBASE may have limited the number of studies found. The authors acknowledged that the fact that the review was limited to studies published in peer-reviewed journals may have led to the introduction of publication bias, which was not assessed. The authors applied procedures to minimise bias and error when selecting studies for the review and in the validity assessment, which was thorough. However, they did not report using such methods when extracting data for the review.Details of the primary studies were presented adequately in tabular format, with the results of the quality assessment tabulated separately. The decision to adopt a narrative synthesis of the results was appropriate given the heterogeneity between the studies' measurement of the outcomes. However, the synthesis was primarily contained in the 'Discussion' section of the study and was difficult to relate to the evidence table. The authors' conclusions reflect the paucity of evidence found by the review. The implications for practice which they draw from these conclusions were appropriate. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that total disc replacements should be considered experimental procedures and should be used only in strict clinical trials.Research: The authors stated that adequate studies are now in progress and that their long-term results should be awaited.","de Kleuver, M; Oner, F C; Jacobs, W C",,2067
-Financial Rewards Do Not Stimulate Coproduction: Evidence from Two Experiments,"Western governments are increasingly trying to stimulate citizens to coproduce public services by, among other strategies, offering them financial incentives. However, there are competing views on whether financial incentives stimulate coproduction. While some argue that financial incentives increase citizens' willingness to coproduce, others suggest that incentives decrease their willingness (i.e., crowding out). To test these competing expectations, the authors designed a set of experiments that offered subjects a financial incentive to assist municipalities in helping refugees integrate. The experiment was first conducted among university students within a laboratory setting. Then, the initial findings were replicated and extended among a general adult sample. Results suggest that small financial rewards have no effect: they neither increase nor decrease people's willingness to coproduce. When the offered amount is increased substantially, willingness to coproduce increases only marginally. Hence, financial incentives are not a very cost-efficient instrument to stimulate coproduction. © 2018 The Authors. Public Administration Review published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The American Society for Public Administration.","Voorberg, W.; Jilke, S.; Tummers, L.; Bekkers, V.",Public Adm. Rev.,2068
-Nonprofit branding: a bibliometric analysis,"Purpose: This study aims to examine articles on nonprofit branding over an 18-year time span to develop an overview and better understanding of the subject. Design/methodology/approach: This study used the Scopus database in a search for studies that deal, regardless of the approach, with branding in a nonprofit context. Subsequently, through a systematic review, a database with 84 articles was generated and 77 articles were submitted to bibliometric analysis. Findings: This study identified six main research areas (brand and donation, brand management, brand orientation, nonprofit and for-profit partnership, communication strategies and stakeholder management), which were analyzed and discussed, seeking to identify the relationship between research in each area. In addition, this study presents the limitations of the research and thus verify that, although this body of literature is growing, the complexity of the nonprofit sector offers several opportunities for future research, which are pointed out at the end of the study. Practical implications: This study contributes to the academic literature on the topic by providing a systematization of knowledge about branding in the nonprofit sector and also offers insights about nonprofit branding to institutions and managers in this industry. Originality/value: This is the first study, to the authors’ knowledge, to evaluate and quantify the progress of brand literature in the nonprofit sector. © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited.","Sepulcri, L.M.C.B.; Mainardes, E.W.; Belchior, C.C.",J. Prod. Brand Manage.,2069
-How liberals and conservatives respond to equality-based and proportionality-based rewards in charity advertising,"The authors conduct two studies that show how liberals and conservatives in the United States and Korea respond to charity advertising that features equality-or proportionality-based rewards for charitable giving. The findings robustly demonstrate that in both countries, liberals respond more favorably to equality-based rewards, but conservatives respond more favorably to proportionality-based rewards. Study 1, conducted in the United States, finds that liberals perceive greater effectiveness in equality-based rewards based on random drawings, but conservatives perceive more effectiveness in proportionality-based rewards based on donation amounts. Study 2, conducted in Korea, shows that liberal (conservative) donors expect to be more (less) likely to receive rewards based on equality rather than proportionality. © 2018, American Marketing Association.","Lee, Y.; Yoon, S.; Lee, Y.W.; Royne, M.B.",J. Public Policy Mark.,2070
-Not fair but acceptable… for us! Group membership influences the tradeoff between equality and utility in a Third Party Ultimatum Game,"A substantial body of literature on economic games (e.g., the Ultimatum Game) has consistently demonstrated that individuals strongly reject unfairness even at the price of personal utility. In four experiments we investigated the influence of social categorization and membership on economic decision-making and inequality aversion. Specifically, we used a modified version of the Third Party Ultimatum Game, in which participants played the role of responder and were instructed to make decisions for themselves or another individual (i.e. the receiver of the economic offer) who was an ingroup or outgroup member. Experiments 1-2 (N = 173) showed that the participants were more likely to accept unequal-advantageous offers when the receivers were ingroup rather than outgroup members. Experiment 3 (N = 121) supported previous findings and suggested the intervening role played by perceived intergroup competition. Experiment 4 (N = 61) explored the effect boundary conditions. Findings revealed that, even when responder's utility is linked to the receiver's utility, the receiver's membership exerted its influence when the responders were highly identified with the ingroup. A final small-scale meta-analysis confirmed the robustness of our findings. Taken together, these results integrate research on economic decision-making and intergroup bias and suggest that the utility target's membership can resolve the conflict between inequality aversion and utility maximization.","Biella, Marco; Sacchi, Simona",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,2071
-Human aggression,"Research on human aggression has progressed a point at which a unifying framework is needed. Major domain-limited theories of aggression include cognitive neoassociation, social learning, social interaction, script, and excitation transfer theories. Using the general aggression model (GAM), this review posits cognition, affect, and arousal to mediate the effects of situational and personological variables on aggression. The review also organizes recent theories of the development and persistence of aggressive personality. Personality is conceptualized as a set of stable knowledge structures that individuals use to interpret events in their social world and to guide their behavior. In addition to organizing what is already known about human aggression, this review, using the GAM framework, also serves the heuristic function of suggesting what research is needed to fill in theoretical gaps and can be used to create and test interventions for reducing aggression.","Anderson, C.A.; Bushman, B.J.",Annu. Rev. Psychol.,2072
-Money helps when money feels: Money anthropomorphism increases charitable giving,,"Zhou, X.; Kim, S.; Wang, L.",Journal of Consumer Research,2073
-An experimental test of the crowding out hypothesis: The nature of beneficent behavior,"An extensively studied model of public goods provision implies that government donations to charity crowd out private donations dollar-for-dollar. Field studies fail to verify this result. Several analysts argue that the problem lies with the specification of donor preferences. We report on a new experiment that provides a direct test of donor preferences free of the strategic factors that can confound tests in the field, and in other experimental settings. Our method involves the dictator game. We find extensive but incomplete crowding out - direct evidence that donor preferences are incorrectly specified by the standard model.","Bolton, G.E.; Katok, E.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2074
-The Effect of the Amount Reference in the Legitimizing Paltry Contribution Technique on Altruism,"Earlier research on the legitimizing paltry contribution (LPC) technique has found that the statement ""Even a penny will help..."" added to a request for charity donation increases compliance to the request. This study tested the effectiveness of the LPC technique with different statements. In bakeries, an opaque moneybox was placed near the cash register with a message explaining, on the first line, that the solicitation was for a humanitarian project for African children conducted by students. On the second line, the words ""Even a one centime coin will help..."" (amount LPC), ""Even the smallest coin will help..."" (no amount LPC), or no inscription (control no LPC) appeared. This second line was changed each day and for each bakery according to a random distribution. Results showed that more donations were made in the amount LPC condition compared to the two others, whereas the no amount LPC condition was different than the control no LPC condition. © 2013 Copyright Eastern Communication Association.","Guéguen, N.",Commun. Res. Rep.,2075
-An Evolutionary Process Model of Cause-Related Marketing and Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature: AN EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS MODEL AND SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CAUSE-RELATED MARKETING,"ABSTRACT Cause-related marketing (CRM) is almost ubiquitous as brands of all price points participate in this marketing strategy in the United States and internationally, as well. The value that CRM brings to the firm, the consumer, and the nonprofit organization has made it a popular and valuable tool for marketers. Academic research on CRM has gained momentum in recent years as the strategy has matured. However, insights have occurred without a framework to provide structure and direction for this body of research. Given CRM's continued popularity, the purpose of this article is to (1) propose an evolutionary process model (EPM) of CRM to explain the iterative process (2) utilize this model as a framework for (a) organizing the systematic review of the empirical literature on CRM and (b) for identifying some gaps in the literature. Propositions based on these gaps are provided for future research.","Lafferty, Barbara A; Lueth, Annika K; McCafferty, Ryan",Psychol. Mark.,2076
-Errors-in-Variables and Estimated Income and Price Elasticities of Charitable Giving,"Researchers often rely on self-reported tax data to gauge the effect of taxes on economic activity. These data, however, are subject to measurement errors in the presence of tax evasion. We find evidence that estimated income and tax price elasticities are biased due to errors-in-variables in self-reported tax data. We propose a method to diagnose whether the estimates are subject to measurement error bias and describe a methodology employing Two-Stage Least Squares to obtain consistent estimates.","Joulfaian, D.; Rider, M.",Natl. Tax J.,2077
-Do lab experiments misrepresent social preferences? The case of self-selected student samples,"Social preference research has received considerable attention among economists in recent years. However, the empirical foundation of social preferences is largely based on laboratory experiments with self-selected students as participants. This is potentially problematic as students participating in experiments may behave systematically different than nonparticipating students or nonstudents. In this paper we empirically investigate whether laboratory experiments with student samples misrepresent the importance of social preferences. Our first study shows that students who exhibit stronger prosocial inclinations in an unrelated field donation are not more likely to participate in experiments. This suggests that self-selection of more prosocial students into experiments is not a major issue. Our second study compares the behavior of students and participants recruited from the general population in a trust experiment. In general, we find very similar behavioral patterns for the two groups, but nonstudents make significantly more generous repayments suggesting that results from student samples might be seen as a lower bound for the importance of prosocial behavior. © 2013 by the European Economic Association.","Falk, A.; Meier, S.; Zehnder, C.",J. Eur. Econ. Assoc.,2078
-A latent growth curve analysis of prosocial behavior among rural adolescents,"The present study was designed to investigate stability and changes in prosocial behavior and the parent and peer correlates of prosocial behavior in rural adolescents. Participants were from a rural, low SES community in the Eastern United States. The participants were in 7th, 8th, and 9th grades at Time 1 and 10th, 11th, and 12th grades at Time 4, and completed measures of prosocial behavior and quality of parent and peer relationships. Latent growth curve modeling revealed that despite moderate stability in individual differences in prosocial behavior and slight increases in quality of peer and parent relationships, level of prosocial behavior declined until late high school with a slight rebound in grade 12. Furthermore, increases in the quality of peer relationships predicted decreases in prosocial behavior for girls but not boys. Discussion focuses on continuity and change in prosocial behavior and the gender-based relations between quality of parent and peer relationships and prosocial behaviors in adolescence. © Copyright © 2007, Society for Research on Adolescence.","Carlo, G.; Crockett, L.J.; Randall, B.A.; Roesch, S.C.",J. Res. Adolesc.,2079
-Are consumers’ reasons for and against behaviour distinct?,,"Chatzidakis, A.; Hibbert, S.; Winklhofer, H.",European Journal of Marketing,2080
-A meta-analysis on the prophylactic use of macrolide antibiotics for the prevention of disease exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,,"Donath, E; Chaudhry, A; Hernandez-Aya, L F; Lit, L",,2081
-Reassessing the tax-favored status of the charitable deduction for gifts of appreciated assets,"This paper analyzes the tax-favored status of charitable donations of appreciated assets using data from the 1985 Statistics of Income individual tax file. The efficiency of favored tax treatment of charitable donations is analyzed by estimating separate price elasticities for total, cash, and property contributions. The results indicate that wealthy donors (those whose positive income exceeds $200,000) are responsive to the tax-favored status of charitable donations of appreciated property, while taxpayers who are not considered wealthy are price inelastic. These findings indicate that the tax-favored status of property donations made by other than wealthy taxpayers should be reassessed.","O'Neil, C.J.; Steinberg, R.S.; Thompson, G.R.",Natl. Tax J.,2082
-Pain and preferences: Observed decisional conflict and the convergence of preferences,,"Schrift, R.Y.; Amar, M.",Journal of Consumer Research,2083
-Considering situational and dispositional approaches to rational self-interest: An extension and response to de Dreu (2006),"The authors respond to C. K. W. De Dreu's (2006; see record 2006-20695-004) critique of their article (B. M. Meglino & M. A. Korsgaard, 2004; see record 2004-21169-004) published in the special section on Theoretical Models and Conceptual Analyses of the Journal of Applied Psychology. They maintain that De Dreu misinterprets their definitions and the psychological processes they addressed and thus raises a number of issues that are not relevant to their model. Meglino and Korsgaard's model focuses on the distinction between rational self-interest and other orientation, whereas the approach taken by De Dreu focuses on the distinction between rational self-interest and collective rationality. In this response, the authors clarify this distinction, address discrepancies between these two approaches, consider the effect of goals and rationality on other orientated behavior, and suggest directions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).","Meglino, B.M.; Korsgaard, M.A.",J. Appl. Psychol.,2084
-Congruence Between the Target in Need and the Recipient of Aid: The One-Among-Others Effect,"We tested the hypothesis that people are more likely to offer aid when the beneficiary of help is congruent with the entity that initiates prosocial action. In 2 experiments conducted in 2 different countries, participants were approached in naturalistic settings with an appeal for help. The target in need (individual vs. individual among others with the same need) and the beneficiary of potential help (individual vs. group) were manipulated. Results revealed that participants were more likely to offer aid when the target in need and beneficiary of help were congruent. The present research offers insight into perceptual factors that affect prosocial behavior in situations involving more than one victim. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Oceja, L.; Stocks, E.; Lishner, D.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,2085
-Anthocyanin Consumption and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies,"This meta-analysis aimed to summarize the association between anthocyanin consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer. All relative articles were located on online databases, including PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library as of June 11, 2018. Risk ratios (RRs) or odds ratio and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated through the STATA 12.0 software package. A total of seven studies were included in the meta-analysis. A significant inverse association was found between total anthocyanin consumption and colorectal cancer risk (RR = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64-0.95). Likewise, there was significant evidence of a relationship between anthocyanin intake and colorectal cancer in the colon site (RR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71-0.92); men (RR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.81-0.95), and case-control studies (RR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.60-0.78). A dose-response relationship was not found in this meta-analysis. The Grades of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation quality in our study was very low. This meta-analysis indicates that anthocyanin consumption is inversely associated with the risk of colorectal cancer. Anthocyanins may play an active role in the prevention of colorectal cancer. Key teaching points: Some epidemiological studies found an inverse correlation between the high consumption of anthocyanins and low risk of colorectal cancer. Because of this structure, anthocyanins/anthocyanidins have a powerful capability of donating electrons, which can be characterized as antioxidant properties. Anthocyanins can also inhibit colon cancer by interfering in the cell cycle and inducing the effect of anti-proliferation and apoptosis. The formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles in cells also indicates that anthocyanins may induce autophagy. From the findings of nonrandomized controlled trials, anthocyanins may play an active role in the prevention of colorectal cancer.","Wang, Xin; Yang, De-Yi; Yang, Liu-Qing; Zhao, Wen-Zhi; Cai, Li-Ya; Shi, Han-Ping",J. Am. Coll. Nutr.,2086
-The impact of prosocial television news on children’s prosocial behavior: An experimental study in the Netherlands,"The aim of this experimental study was to examine whether prosocial behavior in television news affects children’s prosocial intentions and behaviors. In this study, 372 Dutch children (9–13 years old) participated. Children in the experimental condition were exposed to prosocial news showing children organizing a fundraising action for UNICEF. In the control condition, children were exposed to news about UNICEF in which no prosocial behavior was included. Afterwards, children were given the opportunity to donate to UNICEF, which served as an index of prosocial behavior. Prosocial intentions were captured using paper-and-pencil questionnaires. Regression analysis demonstrated that, while controlling for important confounders, children exposed to prosocial news were significantly more willing to help with setting up a project for UNICEF and donated more to UNICEF compared to children who did not watch prosocial news. These findings highlight that prosocial television can function as a tool for positive social change among children. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.","de Leeuw, R.N.H.; Kleemans, M.; Rozendaal, E.; Anschütz, D.J.; Buijzen, M.",J. Child. Media,2087
-The use of passive visual stimuli to enhance compliance with handwashing in a perioperative setting,"Background To encourage handwashing, we analyzed the effect that a passive visual stimulus in the form of a picture of a set of eyes had on self-directed hand hygiene among health care staff. Methods This was a prospective, single-blind study using a repeated measure design. Four dispensers of alcohol foam located in positions identified as #1, #2, #3, and #4 were used to deliver a single uniform volume of alcohol foam in an automated fashion. Pictures of eyes were placed on dispensers #1 and #3 but not dispensers #2 and #4 for 1 time period. The visual stimulus was rotated with each study time period. At the end of each study period, the volumes dispensed were examined to determine if the visual stimulus had a statistically significant influence on the volume dispensed. Results There were a total of 6 time periods. The average volume dispensed in stations with eyes was 279 cc versus that in the stations without eyes, which was 246 cc, and this was a statistically significant difference (P =.009). Conclusion The correct visual stimuli may enhance compliance with hand hygiene in health care settings. © 2016 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Beyfus, T.A.; Dawson, N.L.; Danner, C.H.; Rawal, B.; Gruber, P.E.; Petrou, S.P.",Am. J. Infect. Control,2088
-An evolutionary account of vigilance in grief,"Grief is characterized by a number of cardinal cognitive symptoms, including preoccupation with thoughts of the deceased and vigilance toward indications that the deceased is in the environment. Compared with emotional symptoms, little attention has been paid to the ultimate function of vigilance in grief. Drawing on signal-detection theory, we propose that the ultimate function of vigilance is to facilitate the reunification (where possible) with a viable relationship partner following separation. Preoccupation with thoughts about the missing person creates the cognitive conditions necessary to maintain a low baseline threshold for the detection of the agent-any information associated with the agent is highly salient, and attention is correspondingly readily deployed toward such cues. These patterns are adaptive in cases of an absent but living partner, but maladaptive in cases of the death of a partner. That they occur in the latter likely reflects the intersection of error-management considerations and the kludge-like configuration of the mind. We discuss results from two previous studies designed to test predictions concerning input conditions and individual differences based on this account, and consider the implications of these findings for mainstream bereavement theories and practices. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Foundation for Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health.","White, C.; Fessler, D.M.T.",Evol. Med. Public,2089
-Scope (in)sensitivity in elicited valuations,,"Frederick, S.; Fischhoff, B.",Risk Decision and Policy,2090
-Is strong reciprocity a maladaptation? On the evolutionary foundations of human altruism,,"Fehr, E.; Henrich, J.",Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation,2091
-Altruistic and joy-of-giving motivations in charitable behavior,"This study theoretically and empirically examines altruistic and joy-of-giving motivations underlying contributions to charitable activities. The theoretical analysis shows that in an economy with an infinitely large number of donors, impurely altruistic preferences lead to either asymptotically zero or complete crowd-out. The paper then establishes conditions on preferences that are sufficient to yield zero crowd-out in the limit. These conditions are fairly weak and quite plausible. An empirical representation of the model is estimated using a new 1986-92 panel of donations and government funding from the United States to 125 international relief and development organizations. Besides directly linking sources of public and private support, the econometric analysis controls for unobserved institution-specific factors, institution-specific changes in leadership, year-to-year changes in need, and expenditures by related organizations. The estimates show little evidence of crowd-out from either direct public or related private sources. Thus, at the margin, donations to these organizations appear to be motivated solely by joy-of-giving preferences. In addition to addressing the basic question of motives behind charitable giving, the results help explain the existing disparity between econometric and experimental crowd-out estimates.","Ribar, D.C.; Wilhelm, M.O.",J. Polit. Econ.,2092
-The impact of increased duration of exercise therapy on functional recovery following stroke: what is the evidence?,"The authors concluded that increased duration of exercise therapy, when compared to standard exercise regimes, improved functional outcome, as measured by the Barthel Index, in patients with stroke both post-treatment and at six months follow-up. They also indicated that their findings supported a positive effect on lower extremity impairment and walking speed. XCM: This review had a clear aim and inclusion criteria and adequate details of studies included were provided. The literature search covered several databases but no attempt was made to uncover unpublished or non-English language studies, leaving the review open to possible publication and language bias. Only one reviewer assessed the references for retrieval, but full papers were screened by two reviewers, limiting possible reviewer bias. Quality assessment was performed independently by two reviewers, but it was not clear whether data extraction was performed in the same way. A relatively thorough quality assessment appeared to have been performed, although details of the process and criteria used to assess studies for the PEDro database would have added to this. The choice of statistical synthesis and method used was appropriate. Only results for trials reporting the same outcome measure were pooled, but given that results using different scales were converted to standardised mean differences, results could have been pooled across scales giving the analyses greater power, although this might have been at the expense of meaningful results if the scales were not assessing sufficiently similar outcomes. No details of the heterogeneity assessment were provided and no graphical presentation of trial results was given to allow the reader to assess the similarity of included trials. This was a reasonable well-conducted review and the authors' conclusions with respect to functional outcome are an accurate and reliable reflection of the results of the review, although the authors did not indicate that the actual observed effect was small in magnitude. The conclusions relating to lower extremity impairment and walking speed are not based on the results of the review and cannot be regarded as reliable. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice. Research: The authors stated that further research work is required to establish what particular type of patient gains optimum benefit from additional exercise therapy post-stroke, and on the number of minutes of additional exercise therapy that is needed to demonstrate a significant effect. Research should focus on novel ways of delivering increased exercise, perhaps in the form of family-mediated exercise therapy, in addition to methods to motivate ongoing participation in these programs.","Galvin, R; Murphy, B; Cusack, T; Stokes, E",,2093
-Massage therapy for the treatment of depression: a systematic review,"BACKGROUND: People with depressive disorders or subsyndromal symptoms of depression (SSD) often use complementary and alternative therapies, including massage therapy (MT). This systematic review evaluates the evidence, from randomised clinical trials (RCTs), for the effectiveness of multiple sessions of classical European (Swedish) MT for the treatment of depression. METHODS: Eligible RCTs were identified via eight electronic databases and manual searches of references. Two reviewers independently selected trials, assessed trial quality and extracted data. RESULTS: Four RCTs met our inclusion criteria. Three of these RCTs compared MT with relaxation therapies, but provided insufficient data and analyses to contribute meaningfully to the evaluation of MT for depression. The fourth included RCT used MT as a control condition to evaluate a depression-specific acupuncture treatment. This trial provided limited evidence that, in the early stages of treatment, MT is less effective than acupuncture for treating depression, a treatment which itself is not accepted for this condition. CONCLUSIONS: Despite previous research suggesting that MT may be an effective treatment for depression, there is currently a lack of evidence to support this assertion from RCTs that have selected participants for depression or SSD.","Coelho, H F; Boddy, K; Ernst, E",Int. J. Clin. Pract.,2094
-"Private Donations, Government Grants, Commercial Activities, and Fundraising: Cointegration and Causality for NGOs in International Development Cooperation","NGOs could help scale up foreign aid efforts by mobilizing private donations. However, fundraising activities do not necessarily result in higher donations, and substitution effects between different sources of revenue may diminish the overall pool of NGOs' resources. This paper examines the long-run determinants of private donations to US-based NGOs engaged in international development cooperation using panel cointegration techniques. According to our results, a marginal dollar spent on fundraising yields almost five dollars in new donations in the long-run. Government grants crowd in private donations in the long-run, whereas commercial revenues crowd out donations in the long-run. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","Herzer, D.; Nunnenkamp, P.",World Dev.,2095
-Testing the Effectiveness of Fundraiser Job Titles in Charitable Bequest and Complex Gift Planning,"Traditional fundraiser job titles are often institution centered, focusing on the benefits of fundraising as “institutional advancement” or “institutional development.” Such institution-centered job titles may not be as effective with donors given the modern shift toward donor-centered philanthropy. Alternative job titles can be gift centered (for example, “major gifts”) or donor centered (for example, “donor advising”). A survey of 3,188 respondents tested sixty-three job titles in four charitable scenarios: a charitable bequest gift, a gift of stock, a gift of real estate, and a charitable gift annuity. Measured by which person donors would be more likely to contact to discuss each donation, the worst-performing titles were the traditional institution-focused fundraiser job titles, in particular those using “advancement,” “institutional advancement,” or “development.” This was also true when examining only respondents who had made large gifts ($500+) to a charity. Traditional institution-focused job titles are both the most commonly used and the worst performing. Nonprofit managers may do well to consider the donor's perspective when selecting job titles for fundraisers rather than following traditional industry practices. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","James, R.N., III",Nonprofit Manage. Leadersh.,2096
-Gene therapy as a novel therapeutic option in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis,"The available data suggested that gene therapy conferred no benefits in PWT, COT, or ABPI for patients with peripheral vascular disease. These results could be explained by excessive placebo response rates. XCM: The review question and trial eligibility criteria were clear. Relevant databases were searched and publication bias was assessed and no evidence found. It was unclear whether language restrictions were applied. The methods used to minimise reviewer bias and errors were incompletely reported. Quality assessment was performed using an appropriate scale and most of the trials were of high quality. The decision to combine trial results statistically was appropriate given the absence of statistical heterogeneity. Statistical data were reported for all the outcomes, but limited outcome data were reported for individual trials. Only a small number of trials were included and they had small samples that were insufficient to detect small treatment differences.The conclusions reflected the evidence presented, but their reliability is unclear given the potential for reviewer errors and bias and the small number of trials and participants considered. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice.Research: The authors stated that trials were needed to clarify the role of gene therapy for patients with peripheral vascular disease, particularly limb ischaemia. These trials should assess the effectiveness of gene delivery methods (intramuscular or intra-arterial) on PWTs in patients with peripheral vascular disease. They should also investigate the reasons for excessive placebo response rates, particularly on treadmill tests, using more objective methods of measurement, such as digital subtraction angiography.","Ghosh, R; Walsh, S R; Tang, T Y; Noorani, A; Hayes, P D",,2097
-Estate taxation and other determinants of charitable bequests,,"Barthold, T.; Plotnick, R.",National Tax Journal,2098
-Ultimatum decision-making: A test of reciprocal kindness,"While fairness is often mentioned as a determinant of ultimatum bargaining behavior, few data sets are available that can test theories that incorporate fairness considerations. This paper tests the reciprocal kindness theory in Rabin (1993 Incorporating fairness into game theory and economics, The American Economic Review 83: 1281-1302) as an application to the one-period ultimatum bargaining game. We report on data from 100 ultimatum games that vary the financial stakes of the game from $1 to $15. Responder behavior is strongly in support of the kindness theory and proposer behavior weakly in support of it. Offer percentages and past offers influence behavior the most, whereas the size of the pie has a marginally significant effect on offer percentages. The data is more in support of reciprocal kindness than alternative theories of equal-split or learning behavior, although the data also weakly support a minimum percentage threshold hypothesis. As a whole, our results together with existing studies suggest that, for smaller stakes games, fairness considerations dominate monetary considerations. This has implications for more complicated naturally occurring bargaining environments in which the financial stakes can vary widely.","Dickinson, D.L.",Theory Decis,2099
-"The study of prosocial behavior: Past, present, and future",,"Padilla-Walker, L.M.; Carlo, G.",Prosocial development: A multidimensional approach,2100
-Medical alternatives to oocyte donation in women with premature ovarian failure: a systematic review,,"Robles, A; Checa, M A; Prat, M; Carreras, R",,2101
-Public-private differences in incentive structures: a laboratory experiment on work motivation and performance,"In this study, we contribute to a longstanding research agenda on the distinctions between the public and private sectors by examining whether work effort differs between public and private settings, and by testing the ways that sector-specific incentives can address such differences. We extend existing research by developing an advanced psychomotor vigilance task that examines multi-dimensional performance (speed and accuracy) in a laboratory experiment. Drawing from a population that is similar along many dimensions, subjects are recruited into public and private settings on the basis of their motivation (majors they have chosen to study and the types of compensation they receive). Using a two-by-two factorial design of public (public job motivated and non-monetary motivated) and private (monetary-motivated) settings, with and without incentives, our findings indicate that public and private settings differ in performance and response to incentives. Methodologically, we show how the choices that experimental subjects make can be exploited for modeling sectoral differences in a more naturalistic way than with a short-term prime, while preserving the advantages of a controlled laboratory experiment. © 2021 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Lee, M.J.; Petrovsky, N.; Walker, R.M.",Int. Public Manage. J.,2102
-No evidence that a range of artificial monitoring cues influence online donations to charity in an MTurk sample,"Monitoring cues, such as an image of a face or pair of eyes, have been found to increase prosocial behaviour in several studies. However, other studies have found little or no support for this effect. Here, we examined whether monitoring cues affect online donations to charity while manipulating the emotion displayed, the number of watchers and the cue type. We also include as statistical controls a range of likely covariates of prosocial behaviour. Using the crowdsourcing Internet marketplace, AmazonMechanical Turk (MTurk), 1535 participants completed our survey and were given the opportunity to donate to charity while being shown an image prime. None of the monitoring primes we tested had a significant effect on charitable giving. By contrast, the control variables of culture, age, sex and previous charity giving frequency did predict donations. This work supports the importance of cultural differences and enduring individual differences in prosocial behaviour and shows that a range of artificial monitoring cues do not reliably boost online charity donation on MTurk. © 2016 The Authors.","Saunders, T.J.; Taylor, A.H.; Atkinson, Q.D.",R. Soc. Open Sci.,2103
-Computer Monitoring of Work Performance: Extending the Social Facilitation Framework to Electronic Presence,"This study demonstrated the utility of employing a social facilitation framework to the study of computer monitoring of work performance. The physical presence of an observer watching a subject work on a complex task (as a supervisor might “look over an employee's shoulder“) was contrasted with four conditions involving the electronic presence of computer‐based work monitoring (as a supervisor might monitor an employee's work remotely via computer) and a control condition of subjects working alone without any monitoring of their work. Task performance was severely impaired for participants who were monitored electronically as well as for those who were monitored “in person.” Two interventions, providing participants with a sense of control over their work conditions and monitoring participants as a group rather than as individuals, each reduced the negative impact of monitoring on task performance by almost 40%. Results also indicated that individuals with an external locus of control (who believe reinforcements received are primarily determined by factors outside of themselves, e. g., other people) experience greater anxiety than those with an internal locus of control under monitoring conditions. Implications of these findings for social facilitation and the rapidly expanding use of computer‐based work monitoring are discussed. Copyright © 1993, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved","Aiello, J.R.; Svec, C.M.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,2104
-Supplementation of infant formula with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids does not influence the growth of term infants,"BACKGROUND: Adequate growth is an important indicator of health and well-being in infants. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the effect of supplementing infant formula with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) on the growth of term infants. DESIGN: Using the methodology outlined by the Cochrane Collaboration, we reviewed all known randomized controlled trials that involved LCPUFA supplementation of infant formula fed to term infants. Outcome measures were weight, length, and head circumference. Original data obtained from the investigators of published trials were used. Outcomes were analyzed with fixed-effects or random-effects model meta-analyses and were reported as weighted mean differences with 95% CIs. RESULTS: We identified 14 eligible trials that had data available for meta-analysis (1846 infants). Trial quality was generally high. Meta-analysis showed no significant effect of LCPUFA supplementation on infant weight, length, or head circumference at any assessment age. Similarly, subgroup analyses showed that supplementation with only n-3 LCPUFAs (no arachidonic acid) had no significant effect on infant weight, length, or head circumference. The source of LCPUFA supplementation (phospholipid or triacylglycerol) also did not significantly affect infant growth. CONCLUSION: We found no evidence that LCPUFA supplementation of infant formula influences the growth of term infants in either a positive or a negative way.","Makrides, Maria; Gibson, Robert A; Udell, Tuesday; Ried, Karin; International LCPUFA Investigators",Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,2105
-Project financing models for toll road investments: A state-of-the-art literature review,"t In greenfield toll-road projects, financial sustainability has been a major issue. Many toll roads cannot be operated. Although most of Indonesia’s 24 toll road concessions have already been signed by the Toll Road Authority, most of them were caused by financing problems. Three problems have been identified as potential sources of this unsustainability, such as the uncertainty of long-term project revenues, budget constraints provided by the government, and inadequate government support for land acquisitions. This paper aims to investigate the state-of-the-art innovative financing models recently introduced to address financial problems by using a desk study and meta-analysis. The findings are an earmarked tax revenue system, deep discount bonds, take-out financing, tax increment financing, land leases, deferred debts, and private donations. ©2018 by authors, all rights reserved.","Sihombing, L B; Latief, Y; Rarasati, A D; Wibowo, A",Harbin Jianzhu Daxue Xuebao/J. Harbin Univ. Civ. Eng. Archit.,2106
-The current status of research on sequential-request compliance techniques,,"Dillard, J.P.",Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2107
-The development of a narrative describing the bereavement of families of potential organ donors: A systematic review,"Families of potential post-mortem organ donors face various challenges in the unfamiliar hospital context and after returning home. This review of sources published between 1968 and 2017 seeks to understand their journey as a bereavement experience with a number of unique features. Grief theory was used to identify ways that staff can assist family members to tolerate ambiguities and vulnerabilities while contributing to an environment characterised by compassion and social inclusion. Staff can guide families and create opportunities for meaningful participation, building resilience and developing bereavement-related skills that could assist them in the months that follow.","Dicks, Sean Glenton; Ranse, Kristen; Northam, Holly; Boer, Douglas P; van Haren, Frank Mp",Health Psychol Open,2108
-Priority setting and policy advocacy by nursing associations: a scoping review and implications using a socio-ecological whole systems lens,"OBJECTIVE: We undertook an interpretative scoping review to examine organizational priority setting and policy advocacy and the factors that influence nursing associations' cross-sector public policy choices and actions. METHOD: Evidence was drawn from research, narrative, and theoretical sources that described priority setting and policy advocacy undertaken by non-governmental, non-profit, and nursing associations. Text was extracted from selected papers, imported into NVivo 8, coded, and analyzed using a descriptive-analytical narrative method. RESULTS: Many internal and external factors are shown to shape organizations' policy choices and actions including governance and governance structures, membership arrangements, legislative, professional, and jurisdictional mandates, perceived credibility, and external system disruptions. CONCLUSIONS: Internal and external factors are identified in the literature as critical to how organizations succeed or fail to set achievable priorities and advance their advocacy goals. Case comparisons and longitudinal research are needed to understand nursing associations' policy choices and actions for cross-sector public policy given their complex organizational structures and dynamic professional-legal-social-economic-political-ecological environments. A socio-ecological systems perspective can inform the development of theoretical frameworks and research to understand leverage points and blockages to guide nursing associations' public policy choices and actions at varying points in time.","MacDonald, Jo-Anne; Edwards, Nancy; Davies, Barbara; Marck, Patricia; Guernsey, Judith Read",Health Policy,2109
-The claiming effect: Why players are more generous in social dilemmas than in ultimatum games,"The term procedural frames is introduced and defined as different representations of structurally equivalent allocation processes. Study 1 compared 2 well-known games, sequential social dilemmas and ultimatum bargaining, that share the same structure: Player 1 creates an allocation of a resource and Player 2 decides whether to allow it or deny it. Study 1 found that Player 1 made more favorable allocations and Player 2 accepted more unfavorable allocations in a social dilemma frame than in an equivalent ultimatum bargaining frame. Study 2 revealed the critical determinant was whether Player 2 had to respond to an allocation by accepting or rejecting it (as in the ultimatum game) or by making a claim (as in the social dilemma). Two additional studies explored how these actions are perceived. The inconsistency of behavior across procedural frames raises methodological concerns but illuminates construal processes that guide allocation. Copyright 1997 by the American Psychological Association, Inc.","Larrick, R.P.; Blount, S.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,2110
-Conceptual overlap between moral norms and anticipated regret in the prediction of intention: implications for theory of planned behaviour research,"Moral norms and anticipated regret are widely used extensions to the theory of planned behaviour, yet there is some evidence to suggest that these constructs may conceptually overlap as predictors of intention. Two health-related behaviours with distinct moral implications (Study 1: organ donation registration, N = 352 and Study 2: condom usage, N = 1815) were therefore examined to ascertain whether moral norms and anticipated regret are indeed conceptually distinct. While evidence consistent with conceptual overlap was identified in Study 1, the evidence for such overlap in Study 2 was more ambiguous. In Study 3, a meta-analysis of existing literature revealed that the relationship between moral norms and anticipated regret was moderated by the extent of the moral implications arising from the behaviour under examination. Taken together, these findings suggest that conceptual overlap between moral norms and anticipated regret is more likely to occur among behaviours with obvious moral implications. Researchers wishing to examine the predictive utility of moral norms and anticipated regret among such behaviours would therefore be advised to aggregate these measures to form a composite variable (personal norms).","Newton, Joshua D; Newton, Fiona J; Ewing, Michael T; Burney, Sue; Hay, Margaret",Psychol. Health,2111
-Effectiveness and tolerability of combination treatment of chronic hepatitis C in illicit drug users: meta-analysis of prospective studies,"Using antiviral combinations to treat chronic hepatitis C was as efficacious and well tolerated in illicit drug users as in the general population. XCM: Inclusion criteria for the review were clearly defined and several relevant data sources were searched. The restriction to studies in English risked language bias (the authors considered the actual risk to be low). Publication bias was detected. Attempts were made to reduce reviewer error and bias throughout the review process. Quality assessment indicated that the quality of the studies was variable and most were deemed poor quality. The studies varied considerably in patient characteristics, interventions and study types, which the authors acknowledged. Several studies had small sample sizes. Trials were combined using standard statistical methods. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed and found to be significant for most outcomes, so the studies may not have been suitable for pooling. The studies of non-illicit drug users were not part of the systematic review and were not adequately described and so use of these results as a comparison may not have been appropriate. Differences between the studies, small sample sizes, methodological quality issues and potential for publication bias limits the reliability of the pooled results and caution appears warranted when interpreting the conclusions. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice.Research: The authors stated that larger prospective trials were needed to determine the most effective antiviral treatment regimens for hepatitis C virus infection in illicit drug users. The choice of opiate-substitution treatment to be associated with antiviral agents needed to be determined.","Zanini, B; Covolo, L; Donato, F; Lanzini, A",,2112
-Development and validation of scales to measure attitudes influencing monetary donations to charitable organizations,,"Webb, D.J.; Green, C.L.; Brashear, T.G.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2113
-Charitable contributions,,"Clotfelter, C.T.; Steuerle, C.E.",How Taxes Affect Economic Behavior,2114
-Cost-effectiveness of syringe exchange as an HIV prevention strategy,"OBJECTIVE: To analyze the cost-effectiveness of New York State-approved syringe exchange programs (SEPs) and estimate the cost-saving potential of these programs. DESIGN AND METHODS: The cost-effectiveness analysis used cost and process data provided by seven SEPs for the calendar year 1996 or the most recent 12-month period available at the time of the study. Alternative estimates of the number of HIV infections prevented were calculated using published data and a simplified circulation model. HIV treatment costs were taken from the literature. RESULTS: A cost-effectiveness ratio of $20,947 per HIV infection averted was calculated based on an estimated 87 HIV infections averted across the seven programs and total program costs of $1.82 million (all amounts given in US dollars). Sensitivity analyses were also performed. Using imputed costs for donated services and estimates of lifetime costs to treat an HIV infection, syringe exchange was demonstrated to be a cost-saving strategy from a societal perspective. CONCLUSIONS: This research demonstrates that syringe exchange is a cost-effective and cost-saving strategy for reducing HIV transmission.","Laufer, F N",J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.,2115
-Cause-related marketing in New Zealand,,"Chaney, I.; Dolli, N.",International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing,2116
-Literature review: Philanthropic fundraising,,"Lindahl, W.E.; Conley, A.T.",Nonprofit Manage. Leadersh.,2117
-Ultimatums in two-person bargaining with one-sided uncertainty: Offer games,"In the ultimatum game with complete information a Sender proposes a division of a given amount of surplus (""pie""), which a Receiver can either accept (payoffs are distributed according to the Sender's proposal) or reject (both players earn nothing). We study another version of the ultimatum game under incomplete informaton in which the pie is drawn randomly from a commonly known distribution, the Sender knows the exact size of the pie, but the Receiver only knows her share of the pie, not the residual share requested by the Sender. The basic results are that (1) as the support of the pie distribution increases in a mean-preserving spread, the Senders make lower offers that the Receivers are less likely to reject, (2) for a given support, Senders tend to offer a lower proportion of the pie to the Receivers as the pie size grows larger, and (3) although knowing only their share of the pie, Receivers estimate its size quite accurately.","Rapoport, A.; Sundali, J.A.",Int. J. Game Theory,2118
-A comparative fMRI meta-analysis of altruistic and strategic decisions to give,"The decision to share resources is fundamental for cohesive societies. Humans can be motivated to give for many reasons. Some generosity incurs a definite cost, with no extrinsic reward to the act, but instead provides intrinsic satisfaction (labelled here as 'altruistic' giving). Other giving behaviours are done with the prospect of improving one's own situation via reciprocity, reputation, or public good (labelled here as 'strategic' giving). These contexts differ in the source, certainty, and timing of rewards as well as the inferences made about others' mental states. We executed a combined statistical map and coordinate-based fMRI meta-analysis of decisions to give (36 studies, 1150 participants). Methods included a novel approach for accommodating variable signal dropout between studies in meta-analysis. Results reveal consistent, cross-paradigm neural correlates of each decision type, commonalities, and informative differences. Relative to being selfish, altruistic and strategic giving activate overlapping reward networks. However, strategic decisions showed greater activity in striatal regions than altruistic choices. Altruistic giving, more than strategic, activated subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC). Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is consistently involved during generous decisions and processing across a posterior to anterior axis differentiates the altruistic/strategic context. Posterior vmPFC was preferentially recruited during altruistic decisions. Regions of the 'social brain' showed distinct patterns of activity between choice types, reflecting the different use of theory of mind in the two contexts. We provide the consistent neural correlates of decisions to give, and show that many will depend on the source of incentives.","Cutler, Jo; Campbell-Meiklejohn, Daniel",Neuroimage,2119
-Satisfaction in performing arts: The role of value?,,"Hume, M.; Mort, G.S.",European Journal of Marketing,2120
-"Four worlds of welfare state attitudes? A comparison of Germany, Norway, and the United States","This article examines the determinants of variations in welfare state attitudes between Germany, Norway, and the United States. Besides the influence of different 'welfare regime types' as discussed by Esping-Andersen and others, compositional effects of individual variables measuring people's socio-economic interests and socialization experiences and the interaction of aggregate-level (welfare regime) and individual-level (individual variables) determinants of welfare state attitudes are considered. Using data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), results of our analysis show that remarkable between-country differences in welfare state attitudes exist. Our results suggest that these differences have to be explained both in terms of overall country effects and of the influence of country-specific economic interests and socialization experiences.","Andreß, H.-J.; Heien, T.",Eur. Sociol. Rev.,2121
-The robustness of Kingma's crowd-out estimate: Evidence from new data on contributions to public radio,"We revisit Kingma's (Kingma (1989). Journal of Political Economy, 97, 1197-1207) widely cited study of charitable contributions to public radio. Kingma's estimate of partial, but statistically significant crowd-out remains a benchmark in the literature because he was able to match household-level contributions data with station-level data on revenue, including revenue from government grants. To the best of our knowledge, no comparable data have become available until now. We replicate Kingma's estimates with the original data and then apply the same methodology to very similar data from 1996. Kingma's estimates are not robust to the use of the newer data. © Springer 2005.","Manzoor, S.H.; Straub, J.D.",Public Choice,2122
-Comparing GEE and robust standard errors for conditionally dependent data,"In recent years political scientists have become increasingly sensitive to questions of conditional dependence in their data. I outline and compare two general, widely-used approaches for addressing such dependence - robust variance estimators and generalized estimating equations (GEEs) - using data on votes in Supreme Court search and seizure decisions between 1963 and 1981. The results make clear that choices about the unit on which data are grouped, i.e., clustered, are typically of far greater significance than are decisions about which type estimator is used.","Zorn, C.",Polit. Res. Q.,2123
-The weight of the saddened soul: the bidirectionality between physical heaviness and sadness and its implications for sensory marketing,,"Hung, Y.; Zheng, X.; Carlson, J.; Giurge, L.M.",Journal of Marketing Management,2124
-Social well-being,"The proposal of five dimensions of social well-being, social integration, social contribution, social coherence, social actualization, and social acceptance, is theoretically substantiated. The theoretical structure, construct validity, and the social structural sources of the dimensions of social well-being are investigated in two studies. Item and confirmatory factor analyses in both studies corroborate the theoretical model of social well-being. The new scales correlate convergently with measures of anomie, generativity, perceived social constraints, community involvement and neighborhood quality. The new scales correlate discriminantly with measures of dysphoria, global well-being, physical health and optimism. Multivariate analyses in both studies substantiate the claim that social well-being is an achievement, facilitated by educational attainment and age. The state and direction of the study of adult functioning are discussed.","Keyes, C.L.M.",Soc. Psychol. Q.,2125
-Increasing Compliance by Improving the Deal. The That's-Not-All Technique,"Seven experiments were conducted to demonstrate and explain the effectiveness of a compliance procedure dubbed the ""that's-not-all"" technique. The procedure consists of offering a product at a high price, not allowing the customer to respond for a few seconds, then offering a better deal by either adding another product or lowering the price. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated the effectiveness of this procedure over a control group that was given the better deal initially. The results of Experiments 3 and 4 suggested that this effectiveness may be partially explained through a norm of reciprocity that calls for the customer to respond to the seller's new offer. Experiment 5 results suggest that the effect also results from an altering of the anchor point subjects use to judge the new price. Experiment 6 results indicate the effectiveness of the procedure cannot be explained as the subject perceiving the lower price as a bargain. Finally, Experiment 7 examined the differences between the that's-not-all and the ""door-in-the-face"" procedures. © 1986 American Psychological Association.","Burger, J.M.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,2126
-"Personalized charity advertising. Can personalized prosocial messages promote empathy, attitude change, and helping intentions toward stigmatized social groups?",,"Bartsch, A.; Kloß, A.",International Journal of Advertising,2127
-Contingent match incentives increase donations,,"Anik, L.; Norton, M.I.; Ariely, D.",Journal of Marketing Research,2128
-Influence of radio spokesperson gender and vocal pitch on advertising effectiveness: The role of listener gender,,"Martín-Santana, J.D.; Reinares-Lara, E.; Reinares-Lara, P.",Spanish Journal of Marketing - ESIC,2129
-"Who Takes the Floor and Why: Gender, Power, and Volubility in Organizations","Although past research has noted the importance of both power and gender for understanding volubility-the total amount of time spent talking-in organizations, to date, identifying the unique contributions of power and gender to volubility has been somewhat elusive. Using both naturalistic data sets and experiments, the present studies indicate that while power has a strong, positive effect on volubility for men, no such effect exists for women. Study 1 uses archival data to examine the relationship between the relative power of United States senators and their talking behavior on the Senate floor. Results indicate a strong positive relationship between power and volubility for male senators, but a non-significant relationship for female senators. Study 2 replicates this effect in an experimental setting by priming the concept of power and shows that though men primed with power talk more, women show no effect of power on volubility. Mediation analyses indicate that this difference is explained by women's concern that being highly voluble will result in negative consequences (i.e., backlash). Study 3 shows that powerful women are in fact correct in assuming that they will incur backlash as a result of talking more than others-an effect that is observed among both male and female perceivers. Implications for the literatures on volubility, power, and previous studies of backlash are discussed. © The Author(s) 2011.","Brescoll, V.L.",Adm. Sci. Q.,2130
-Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor,"The metafor package provides functions for conducting meta-analyses in R. The package includes functions for fitting the meta-analytic fixed- and random-effects models and allows for the inclusion of moderators variables (study-level covariates) in these models. Meta-regression analyses with continuous and categorical moderators can be conducted in this way. Functions for the Mantel-Haenszel and Peto's one-step method for metaanalyses of 2 × 2 table data are also available. Finally, the package provides various plot functions (for example, for forest, funnel, and radial plots) and functions for assessing the model fit, for obtaining case diagnostics, and for tests of publication bias.","Viechtbauer, W.",J. Stat. Software,2131
-"The differential impact of statistical and narrative evidence on beliefs, attitude, and intention: a meta-analysis","Although ""evidence"" is often used as an important argument in persuasive health campaigns, it remains unclear what type of evidence has the strongest impact on particular outcome variables. We conducted a meta-analysis in which the effects of statistical and narrative evidence on beliefs, attitude, and intention were separately compared. Statistical evidence was found to have a stronger influence than narrative evidence on beliefs and attitude, whereas narrative evidence had a stronger influence on intention. We explain these findings in terms of the match between the specific characteristics of the two types of evidence and those of the outcome variables. Statistical evidence, beliefs, and attitude all relate primarily to cognitive responses, whereas both narrative evidence and intention relate more specifically to affective responses. We conclude that communication professionals developing health campaigns should match the type of evidence to the main communication objectives.","Zebregs, Simon; van den Putte, Bas; Neijens, Peter; de Graaf, Anneke",Health Commun.,2132
-An empirical test of neutrality and the crowding-out hypothesis,"This paper tests Warr's neutrality hypothesis that the voluntary provision of a public good is independent of the distribution of income. Specifically, I test the null hypothesis of neutrality against the alternative that total contributions to a public good will be larger the less equally income is distributed. To test this hypothesis, a new data set is constructed by merging data on total voluntary contributions to individual public radio stations with 1990 Census data on the income distribution in each station's listening area. I find that voluntary contributions increase as income inequality rises.","Brunner, E.J.",Public Choice,2133
-An exploration of social work educators’ personal experiences of self-awareness,"Self-awareness as a core concept in professional development has captured the attention of social work educators and researchers over the past few decades. Although practicing professional self-awareness is highly recommended; some researchers argue that personal and professional self-awareness are intertwined, thereby, cognition and development of personal self-awareness is a prerequisite for professional self-awareness. Researchers have barely explored individuals’ personal experiences of self-awareness. This study aims to address this gap. Through convenience sampling, 35 social work educators from 27 colleges and universities across the United States agreed to participate in this research. The narrative approach, a qualitative method, was employed to analyze the participants’ experiences. The results revealed that five factors facilitate the process of self-awareness: nourished curiosity, marginality, transformation to invulnerability, disenchantment with society, and loss and death. These themes are covered by two “umbrella themes”, inquisitiveness and suffering. These findings can facilitate professional development. By considering the revealed themes, social work educators can emphasize and elaborate on the relationship between personal and professional experiences of self-awareness in social work practice. Educators can also activate students’ inner abilities and direct their attention toward environmental stimuli in order to raise their self-awareness. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Feize, L.",Soc. Work Educ.,2134
-Valproate in the treatment of PTSD: systematic review and meta analysis,"Limited evidence suggested that valproate may be effective for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Further research is required. XCM: The review question was clearly stated and inclusion criteria were defined for participants, outcome and intervention. The criteria for study design were broad, which appeared appropriate given the paucity of identified studies. Several relevant sources were searched and attempts were made to minimise publication and language bias. Study validity was assessed using defined criteria and, although results were mainly reported as an aggregate score, some methodological flaws were summarised in the discussion, including the problem of attrition bias when calculating before and after effect size from aggregate data. Appropriate methods were used to minimise reviewer error and bias in the assessment of study validity, but it was not clear if similar methods were used to select studies for inclusion in the review or extract data. In view of the clinical heterogeneity among studies, particularly with respect to outcome measures, it was questionable if pooling data statistically was appropriate. There were limitations to this review, but overall the authors’ cautious conclusions reflected limited evidence from a small number of poor quality studies. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that in view of the limitations of the existing evidence, valproate cannot be recommended as monotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. Research: The authors stated that there is a need for double-blind controlled studies to initially compare valproate with placebo and then compare valproate with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder.","Adamou, M; Puchalska, S; Plummer, W; Hale, A S",,2135
-Intuitive Prosociality,"Prosocial behavior is a central feature of human life and a major focus of research across the natural and social sciences. Most theoretical models of prosociality share a common assumption: Humans are instinctively selfish, and prosocial behavior requires exerting reflective control over these basic instincts. However, findings from several scientific disciplines have recently contradicted this view. Rather than requiring control over instinctive selfishness, prosocial behavior appears to stem from processes that are intuitive, reflexive, and even automatic. These observations suggest that our understanding of prosociality should be revised to include the possibility that, in many cases, prosocial behavior-instead of requiring active control over our impulses-represents an impulse of its own. © The Author(s) 2013.","Zaki, J.; Mitchell, J.P.",Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci.,2136
-Acting prosocially reduces retaliation: Effects of prosocial video games on aggressive behavior,"Past research has provided abundant evidence that exposure to violent video games increases aggression and aggression-related variables. In contrast, little is known whether and why video game exposure may also decrease aggressive behavior. In fact, two experiments revealed that playing a prosocial (relative to a neutral) video game reduces aggressive behavior. Mediational analyses showed that differences in both aggressive cognition and aggressive affect underlie the effect of type of video game on aggressive behavior. These findings are in line with assumptions of the General Learning Model and point to the importance of the cognitive and affective routes in predicting how aggressive behavior is affected by exposure to video games. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Greitemeyer, T.; Agthe, M.; Turner, R.; Gschwendtner, C.",Eur. J. Soc. Psychol.,2137
-The motivations and experiences of living kidney donors: a thematic synthesis,,"Tong, A; Chapman, J R; Wong, G; Kanellis, J; McCarthy, G; Craig, J C",,2138
-,,"Lipsey, M.W.; Wilson, D.B.",Practical Meta-Analysis,2139
-Organizational Capacity of Nonprofit Organizations in Rural Areas of the United States: A Scoping Review,"Rural America is facing a plethora of problems related to poverty, crime, health, and education. Nonprofit organizations serve a vital role in rural communities by providing services and advocacy to residents. Yet, it is unknown if rural nonprofits have the means to effectively address the complex issues before them. This study examines the results of scoping review which characterizes the state of empirical knowledge regarding the organizational capacity of rural nonprofits in the United States. Fifteen articles from the past decade uncovered challenges and strengths related to organizational capacity, though more research is necessary to inform funders and educators. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Walters, J.E.",Hum. Serv. Organ. Manag. leadersh. gov.,2140
-The cyclicality of government foreign-aid expenditure: voter awareness in “good” times and in “bad”,"While it has been argued that the cyclicality of government spending likely depends on the intensities of political pressure to increase expenditure, in economic upturns and downturns, it is important to explore the determinants of changes in the strengths of those pressures. This paper is the first (to our knowledge) to focus on the relevance of systematic changes in voter awareness of government spending. Predictions of the impact of changes in awareness are tested with reference to 23 OECD donor countries’ foreign aid expenditures over the 1999–2015 period. The evidence offers insights into the discretion governments exercise when “fiscal illusion” increases and into the policy implications of systematic changes in voter awareness (in “good” times and in “bad”). © 2019, The Author(s).","Abbott, A.; Jones, P.",Public Choice,2141
-Peter Drucker on marketing: An exploration of five tenets,,"Uslay, C.; Morgan, R.E.; Sheth, J.N.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2142
-,,"Cooper, H.; Hedges, L.V.",The Handbook of Research Synthesis,2143
-Predicting altruistic behavior and assessing homophily: Evidence from the sisterhood,"The persistence of altruism throughout the evolutionary process has been explained by some on the basis of assortation, which requires the ability to detect dispositional altruism in others and voluntary interaction, resulting in altruism homophily. Numerous studies have identified the ability to detect dispositional altruism in strangers, but few have investigated this ability and altruism homophily in social networks. The purpose of this study is to provide additional evidence with regard to the ability to detect dispositional altruism among individuals who have repeated interactions in a collegiate social organization and the extent of altruism homophily. The results indicate that individuals possess an ability to predict dispositional altruism as measured by behavior in the dictator game and that this ability is a function of social closeness. However, the study does not support the hypothesis of an assortation process that results in altruism homophily. © 2016 The Author( s).","Vernarelli, M.J.",Sociol. Sci.,2144
-The television situation comedy and children's prosocial behavior,"The moral lessons of television situation comedies were explored as possible contributors to children's prosocial development. In order to determine if children comprehend the moral lessons of adult sitcoms, children in small groups watched sitcoms and then were individually interviewed to determine if they comprehended the moral lesson. An overwhelming majority of 1st, 3rd, and 5th graders understood moral lessons contained in an episode of The Cosby Show. Similarly, one third of the 1st graders and half of the 3rd graders were able to identify an overarching moral lesson in an episode of Full House. Finally, a correlational analysis was undertaken between the frequency with which the children viewed prosocial sitcoms and the frequency of their prosocial behavior. As anticipated, viewing emerged as a predictor variable, particularly for those subjects who evidenced understanding of the moral lessons of sitcoms.","Rosenkoetter, L.I.",J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,2145
-Systematic review of the effects of interventions for people bereaved by suicide,"There is a lack of robust evidence to be able to provide clear implications for practice for interventions for people bereaved by suicide. XCM: The authors addressed a clear review question, supported by appropriate inclusion criteria. An extensive search was conducted without language restrictions, for both published and unpublished research. Each stage of the review was conducted in duplicate, reducing the potential for error and bias. Study quality was assessed using appropriate criteria, and the results considered during the review. The decision to combine the studies in a narrative synthesis seemed appropriate given the heterogeneity across studies. Several studies only had short-term follow-up. This was a well-conducted review, and the conclusions reflect the lack of evidence available and are likely to be reliable. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that clear implications for practice could not be provided due to the lack of robust evidence. However, they go on to say that the following interventions may be beneficial: psychologist-led group therapy for children who lost a parent; combined health professional and volunteer led group therapy for adults who lost a family member; and family cognitive behavioural therapy with a trained psychiatric nurse.Research: Studies of sufficient size, evaluating an agreed core set of outcome measures, are required, particularly in different ethnic groups. Preliminary work using qualitative or quantitative methods prior to the main trial were recommended. Process evaluation embedded within an RCT of complex interventions was identified as a method to distinguish interventions that have failed from those that were poorly implemented.",Centre for Reviews and Dissemination,,2146
-Evidence for Altruism: Toward a Pluralism of Prosocial Motives,"Psychologists have long assumed that the motivation for all intentional action, including all action intended to benefit others, is egoistic. People benefit others because, ultimately, to do so benefits themselves. The empathy-altruism hypothesis challenges this assumption. It claims that empathic emotion evokes truly altruistic motivation, motivation with an ultimate goal of benefiting not the self but the person for whom empathy is felt. Logical and psychological distinctions between egoism and altruism are reviewed, providing a conceptual framework for empirical tests for the existence of altruism. Results of empirical tests to date are summarized; these results provide impressive support for the empathy-altruism hypothesis. We conclude that the popular and parsimonious explanation of prosocial motivation in terms of universal egoism must give way to a pluralistic explanation that includes altruism as well as egoism. Implications of such a pluralism are briefly noted, not only for our understanding of prosocial motivation but also for our understanding of human nature and of the emotion—motivation link. © 1991, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.","Batson, C.D.; Shaw, L.L.",Psychol. Inq.,2147
-Through the looking glass: Alice in meta-analysis,,"Mandell, M Susan; Tran, Zung V",Crit. Care Med.,2148
-Economic models and support for the arts,,"Seaman, B.A.",Economic Policy for the Arts,2149
-Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin or dabigatran in patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation,,"Aryal, M R; Ukaigwe, A; Pandit, A; Karmacharya, P; Pradhan, R; Mainali, N R; Pathak, R; Jalota, L; Bhandari, Y; Donato, A",,2150
-Altruism predicts mating success in humans,"In order for non-kin altruism to evolve, altruists must receive fitness benefits for their actions that outweigh the costs. Several researchers have suggested that altruism is a costly signal of desirable qualities, such that it could have evolved by sexual selection. In two studies, we show that altruism is broadly linked with mating success. In Study 1, participants who scored higher on a self-report altruism measure reported they were more desirable to the opposite sex, as well as reported having more sex partners, more casual sex partners, and having sex more often within relationships. Sex moderated some of these relationships, such that altruism mattered more for men’s number of lifetime and casual sex partners. In Study 2, participants who were willing to donate potential monetary winnings (in a modified dictator dilemma) reported having more lifetime sex partners, more casual sex partners, and more sex partners over the past year. Men who were willing to donate also reported having more lifetime dating partners. Furthermore, these patterns persisted, even when controlling for narcissism, Big Five personality traits, and socially desirable responding. These results suggest that altruists have higher mating success than non-altruists and support the hypothesis that altruism is a sexually selected costly signal of difficult-to-observe qualities. © 2016 The British Psychological Society.","Arnocky, S.; Piché, T.; Albert, G.; Ouellette, D.; Barclay, P.",Br. J. Psychol.,2151
-Problem solving within professional services: evidence from the medical field,"Purpose – To test the validity of the presumed characteristics of professional services by studying their manifestation in the problem solving that occurs in service production. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses medical research as secondary data to study the existence of associations between the presumed characteristics of professional services and problem solving in the medical context. A systematic review of empirical studies concerning physicians' prescribing decisions is conducted. Findings – Supporting assumptions presented in the literature, specialist knowledge of professional and customer participation was found to influence prescribing decisions. The assumption regarding collegial control was partially supported. Some degree of contradiction was found with respect to the presumed professional autonomy and altruism. Whilst the professional services literature emphasises factors related to the client's problem, the service encounter and the profession, we conclude that problem solving is influenced also by factors embedded in the related organisational, market and institutional environments. Research limitations/implications – Further empirical validation of the presumed professional characteristics is needed. The results indicate that professional services research should pay more attention to the role of the wider context in professional problem solving. Medical researchers might also benefit from a broader perspective on patient participation. Practical implications – An holistic view of factors that influence physicians' prescribing decisions is of use to managers of health care organisations, marketers of pharmaceuticals, and policy makers and third-party payers. Originality/value – By using an interdisciplinary approach, the paper contributes to professional services research by providing empirical support for the often repeated characteristics of professional services and outlining factors that potentially influence problem solving within professional services. © 2006, Emerald Group Publishing Limited","Jaakkola, Elina; Halinen, Aino",International Journal of Service Industry Management,2152
-Under what circumstances is helping an impulse? Emergency and prosocial traits affect intuitive prosocial behavior,"While prosocial behavior is suggested to be a central feature of human life, there is an ongoing debate as to whether individuals have developed a general intuitive tendency to act prosocially or not. We show that prosocial behavior is better described as a person × situation interaction. In two studies (total N = 170), we tested the influence of processing mode on helping behavior in emergency and non-emergency situations and the moderating effect of prosocial traits (i.e., Honesty–Humility and social value orientation) using different experimental manipulations. These studies were conducted among Chinese samples, and provide evidence on prosocial behaviors beyond the “WEIRD” population. Consistent with the existing experimental literature on spontaneous cooperation, we consistently found intuitive processing led to more helping behavior. Moreover, this intuitive prosociality is context-dependent, moderated by the emergency and prosocial traits. Overall, we find clear evidence that the role of intuition and deliberation varies across both situations and individuals as predicted by the social heuristics hypothesis. Our findings reconcile previous diverging results by demonstrating these moderators, and extend our understanding of the model of intuitive prosociality based on social heuristics. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd","Shi, R.; Qi, W.G.; Ding, Y.; Liu, C.; Shen, W.",Pers. Individ. Differ.,2153
-Vividness effects: A resource-matching perspective,"The authors present a resource-matching perspective to explain the relationship between vividness and persuasion. Three experiments confirm the predicted inverted-U relationship between resource allocation and persuasion for vivid information, and a positive linear relationship between resource allocation and persuasion for nonvivid information when vivid information is less resource demanding than nonvivid information. This persuasion pattern is reversed in experiment 4, where nonvivid information is less resource demanding than vivid information; that is, there is an inverted-U relationship for nonvivid information, and a positive linear relationship for vivid information. The contrasting persuasion functions for vivid and nonvivid information can predict when vivid information will be more versus less persuasive than nonvivid information.","Keller, P.A.; Block, L.G.",J. Consum. Res.,2154
-Further evidence on the dynamic impact of taxes on charitable giving,"We estimate the impact of taxes on donations using a large panel of middle-class taxpayers. Our specification allows estimation of the effects of habits, time shifting, and consumption smoothing on the time path of adjustment and produces plausible simulated adjustment paths to permanent and temporary anticipated tax reforms. We find that taxes determine both the long-run level and the timing of donations, so that even though taxes appear to have long-run behavioral effects, estimates of these effects are exaggerated if one fails to estimate the rescheduling of giving in response to tax regime shifts. Our results challenge the view that tax deductions for charitable giving are efficient.","Barrett, K.S.; Mcguirk, A.M.; Steinberg, R.",Natl. Tax J.,2155
-Partner choice versus punishment in human Prisoner's Dilemmas,"Two factors that promote cooperation are partner choice and punishment of defectors, but which option do people actually prefer to use? Punishment is predicted to be more common when organisms cannot escape bad partners, whereas partner choice is useful when one can switch to a better partner. Here we use a modified iterated Prisoner's Dilemma to examine people's cooperation and punishment when partner choice was possible and when it was not. The results show that cooperation was higher when people could leave bad partners versus when they could not. When they could not switch partners, people preferred to actively punish defectors rather than withdraw. When they could switch, punishment and switching were equally preferred. Contrary to our predictions, punishment was higher when switching was possible, possibly because cooperators could then desert the defector they had just punished. Punishment did not increase defectors' subsequent cooperation. Our results support the importance of partner choice in promoting human cooperation and in changing the prevalence of punishment. © 2016 Elsevier Inc.","Barclay, P.; Raihani, N.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,2156
-Toward an Understanding of the Revenue of Nonprofit Organizations,,"Horne, C.S.",Toward an Understanding of the Revenue of Nonprofit Organizations,2157
-Compliance employing a combined foot-in-the-door and door-in-the-face procedure,"The foot-in-the-door procedure increases compliance for a desired target request by making an easier first request. In the door-in-the-face procedure, compliance is increased by first making an extremely hard request and following this with a target request, the one actually desired. The current study combined both of these procedures and formulated a new compliance technique consisting of two initial requests to precede the target request. Three hundred and eighty subjects selected at random from the telephone directory were called to test the new compliance procedure. The results showed that compliance was significantly greater for the new combination method when compared with both other methods. The theoretical model developed to devise and explain the new method also received support. © 1986 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Goldman, M.",J. Soc. Psychol.,2158
-Does kindness always pay? The influence of recipient affection and generosity on young children’s allocation decisions in a resource distribution task,"The aim of the current study was to determine whether the level of generosity shown by 3- to 8-year-old children (N = 136; M age = 69 months) in a resource distribution task would vary according to whether the recipient had previously displayed kind (affection and generosity) and/or non-kind (non-affection and non-generosity) behavior towards a third party. We first asked whether donor children would show higher levels of generosity towards an affectionate than a non-affectionate recipient (condition 1), and a generous than a non-generous recipient (condition 2), before pitting the two forms of recipient kindness directly against each other (condition 3). Last, we asked whether donations to generous recipients would decrease if the recipient simultaneously displayed non-kind behavior through a lack of affection (condition 4). Here we show that children allocated a greater share of the available resource to generous and affectionate recipients than non-generous and non-affectionate recipients respectively. However, when asked to divide resources between a generous and an affectionate recipient, or two recipients who had each displayed a combination of kind and non-kind behavior, children allocated each recipient an equal share of the resource. These findings suggest that children donate selectively based on previous information regarding recipient generosity and affection, however when both forms of kindness are pitted directly against each other, children strive for equality, suggesting that kindness engenders donor generosity irrespective of the form of kindness previously displayed. © 2019, The Author(s).","Blakey, K.H.; Mason, E.; Cristea, M.; McGuigan, N.; Messer, E.J.E.",Curr. Psychol.,2159
-,,"Lindsey, L.; Steinberg, R.",Joint Crowdout: An Empirical Study of the Impact of Federal Grants on State Government Expenditures and Charitable Donations,2160
-Video games as virtual teachers: Prosocial video game use by children and adolescents from different socioeconomic groups is associated with increased empathy and prosocial behaviour,"Objective The main aim of this study was to determine if there was a positive relationship between prosocial video game use and prosocial behaviour in children and adolescents. Method This study had a cross-sectional correlational design. Data were collected from 538 9-15 year old children and adolescents between March and December 2014. Participants completed measures of empathy, prosocial behaviour and video game habits. Teachers rated the prosocial behaviour of participants. The socioeconomic status of participants was also gathered. Results Multiple linear regressions were conducted on these data. Prosocial video game use was positively associated with the tendency to maintain positive affective relationships, cooperation and sharing as well as empathy. This association remained significant after controlling for gender, age, school type (disadvantaged/non-disadvantaged), socioeconomic status, weekly game play and violent video game use. Conclusions These findings provide evidence that prosocial video game use could develop empathic concern and improve affective relationships in a diverse population of young people. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.","Harrington, B.; O'Connell, M.",Comput. Hum. Behav.,2161
-Magnetic resonance angiography for the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis: a meta-analysis,"AIM: To review the published literature comparing the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) with and without gadolinium in diagnosing renal artery stenosis, using catheter angiography as reference. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A meta-analysis was performed of English language articles identified by computer search using PubMed/MEDLINE, followed by extensive bibliography review from 1985 to May 2001. Inclusion criteria were: (1) blinded comparison with catheter angiography; (2)indication for MRA stated; (3) clear descriptions of imaging techniques; and (4) interval between MRA and catheter angiography < 3 months and only the largest of all studies from one centre was selected in the analysis. RESULTS: A total of 39 studies were identified, of which 25 met the inclusion criteria. The number of patients included in the meta-analysis was 998: 499 with non-enhanced MRA and 499 with gadolinium-enhanced MRA. The sensitivity and specificity of non-enhanced MRA were 94% (95% CI: 90-97%) and 85% (95% CI: 82-87%), respectively. For gadolinium-enhanced MRA sensitivity was 97% (95% CI: 93-98%) and specificity was 93% (95% CI: 91-95%). Thus, specificity and positive predictive value were significantly better for gadolinium-enhanced MRA (P < 0.001). Accessory renal arteries were depicted better by gadolinium-enhanced MRA (82%; 95% CI: 75-87%) than non-gadolinium MRA (49%; 95% CI: 42-60%) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Gadolinium-enhanced MRA may replace arteriography in most patients with suspected renal artery stenosis, and has major advantages in that it is non-invasive, avoids ionizing radiation and uses a non-nephrotoxic contrast agent.","Tan, K T; van Beek, E J R; Brown, P W G; van Delden, O M; Tijssen, J; Ramsay, L E",Clin. Radiol.,2162
-Fund Raising: Evaluating and Managing the Fund Development Process,,"Greenfield, J.M.",Fund Raising: Evaluating and Managing the Fund Development Process,2163
-Heterogeneity in the association between environmental attitudes and pro-environmental behavior: A multilevel regression approach,"Previous research offers mixed results regarding the association between environmental attitudes and behavior. To shed some light on this topic, this article undertakes the first investigation of whether the association between environmental attitudes and pro-environmental behavior is heterogeneous or, more concretely, if the existence of this association depends on the intensity of environmental attitudes. Multilevel regressions were implemented with a nationally representative sample of Spanish people aged 18 years old and older. The results reveal a pattern of heterogeneity, such that pro-environmental behavior is only associated with strong environmental attitudes, as arise when people believe that the environment should be protected, even if this goal is expensive. This study also controls for the influence of socio-economic characteristics on pro-environmental behavior, which correlates positively with education and age. Women exhibit more pro-environmental behavior than men. On the basis of these findings, this article offers notable implications for policy makers and researchers. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd","Casaló, L.V.; Escario, J.-J.",J. Clean. Prod.,2164
-"Pretty as a Princess: Longitudinal Effects of Engagement With Disney Princesses on Gender Stereotypes, Body Esteem, and Prosocial Behavior in Children","This study examined level of engagement with Disney Princess media/products as it relates to gender-stereotypical behavior, body esteem (i.e. body image), and prosocial behavior during early childhood. Participants consisted of 198 children (Mage = 58 months), who were tested at two time points (approximately 1 year apart). Data consisted of parent and teacher reports, and child observations in a toy preference task. Longitudinal results revealed that Disney Princess engagement was associated with more female gender-stereotypical behavior 1 year later, even after controlling for initial levels of gender-stereotypical behavior. Parental mediation strengthened associations between princess engagement and adherence to female gender-stereotypical behavior for both girls and boys, and for body esteem and prosocial behavior for boys only. © 2016 The Authors. Child Development © 2016 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.","Coyne, S.M.; Linder, J.R.; Rasmussen, E.E.; Nelson, D.A.; Birkbeck, V.",Child Dev.,2165
-,,"Atkins, N.; Greitemeyer, T.",Effects of prosocial music on empathy and helping (Unpublished manuscript),2166
-Effects of songs with prosocial lyrics on prosocial behavior: Further evidence and a mediating mechanism,"Previous research has shown that exposure to prosocial songs increased the accessibility of prosocial thoughts, led to more interpersonal empathy, and fostered helping behavior. However, inasmuch as cognition, affect, and behavior were measured in different studies, it remained unclear what variable constituted the mediating path from media exposure to action. This was tested in the present research. In four studies, listening to songs with prosocial, relative to neutral, lyrics increased helping behavior. This effect was mediated by interpersonal empathy. The results are consistent with the general learning model and point to the importance of the affective route in explaining how media exposure influences social behavior. © 2009 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.","Greitemeyer, T.",Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull.,2167
-The accuracy of risk scores in predicting preterm birth: a systematic review,"Antenatal scoring systems were poor at predicting pre-term spontaneous birth in late pregnancy. There is a need for better quality information from well-designed studies. XCM: The review question was clear in terms of the study design, index test, reference standard and participants. Several relevant sources were searched with no language restrictions, thus minimising the potential for publication and language bias. Methods were used to minimise bias in the study selection, validity assessment and data extraction processes. The validity of the studies was assessed using appropriate criteria.There was adequate information on the included studies. The methods used to combine the studies were appropriate, given the wide range of values and presence of statistically significant heterogeneity. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored. This was a well-conducted review and the authors' conclusions are likely to be robust. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that no recommendations for clinical practice could be made.Research: The authors stated that further well-designed studies are required. Future studies should use clinically important outcomes as the reference standard and use robust methods, including blinding and the consecutive enrolment of women.","Honest, H; Bachmann, L M; Sundaram, R; Gupta, J K; Kleijnen, J; Khan, K S",,2168
-The Impact of Revenue Diversification on Nonprofit Financial Health: A Meta-analysis,"This study reviews the influence of revenue stream diversification on financial health. It is a meta-analysis of previous studies that have studied the relationship. This literature variously demonstrates that nonprofit financial health is improved, not influenced or harmed by diversifying reliance on different revenue streams. Our analysis of 40 original studies reporting 296 statistical effects demonstrates a small, positive, yet statistically significant association between revenue diversification and nonprofit financial health. In addition, we show that granularity of measurement of revenue diversification influences effect size, that this effect has shifted over time, and that studies on U.S. nonprofits demonstrate weaker (or more negative) effects. However, few other prominent suspects, including diversity of financial health measure or methodology choices, explain variations in effects across the literature on revenue diversification. Overall, the study supports the contention that both analysts and practitioners should make strategic considerations that have generally escaped scholarship on revenue diversification or shift attention to revenue optimization considerations that have been raised by portfolio theory. © The Author(s) 2018.","Hung, C.; Hager, M.A.",Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q.,2169
-Adult criticism and vigilance diminish free riding by children in a social dilemma,"In cooperative situations, individual interests can be in conflict with those of the group, creating a social dilemma in which one must choose whether to cooperate or not. Sensitivity to social stimuli is an important factor influencing cooperative behavior in such dilemmas. The current study investigated the influence of verbal feedback and vigilance by adults on children's donating behavior in a public goods game. The participants were 739 public school children, between 5 and 12 years of age, who were divided into 34 groups. Each group was assigned to one of four experimental conditions: control, positive feedback (praise), negative feedback (criticism), or vigilance. Participants then played eight rounds of the game. The children's donations were greater in the feedback and vigilance conditions, but the effects were mediated by age and rounds. The results are most likely related to concerns about reputation, which tend to become stronger with age. Older children are better at self-presentation and understanding social norms. Thus, compared with younger children, they seemed more concerned with appearing to be generous, but only when they could get credit for it. Nevertheless, children's donations still decreased across the rounds. Although adult vigilance and feedback influence children's cooperation among peers, other mechanisms are necessary to stabilize their behavior over time. © 2017","Dutra, N.B.; Boccardi, N.C.; Silva, P.R.R.; Siqueira, J.D.O.; Hattori, W.T.; Yamamoto, M.E.; Alencar, A.I.D.",J. Exp. Child Psychol.,2170
-Beliefs about the controllability of social characteristics and children’s jealous responses to outsiders’ interference in friendship,"Although some jealous children respond to outsider interference in friendships with problem solving and discussion, others withdraw from the relationship or retaliate against the friends or others. Beliefs about the nature of social characteristics are proposed as an explanation for behavioral heterogeneity in response to jealous provocation. Based on learned helplessness theory and research on children’s implicit personality theories, children who subscribed strongly to the belief that social characteristics are fixed and that social outcomes are uncontrollable (high entity beliefs), were expected to more strongly endorse asocial and antisocial responses and less strongly endorse prosocial responses to outsider interference than children who did not have strong entity beliefs, depending on their internal versus external attributions of blame. Two hundred eighty-six children in sixth through eighth grades (primarily Caucasian) participated in an experimental test of this hypothesis. Although hypothesized interactions between beliefs and locus of blame were not supported, results indicated that children who believe social characteristics are changeable also believed they had more control in the internal condition than children who believe social characteristics are immutable. Further, pessimistic children were more likely to tend to endorse asocial and antisocial behavior and less likely to endorse prosocial behavior than optimistic children. © 2019 Lavallee, Parker. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Lavallee, K.L.; Parker, J.G.",PLoS ONE,2171
-The nature of human altruism,"Some of the most fundamental questions concerning our evolutionary origins, our social relations, and the organization of society are centred around issues of altruism and selfishness. Experimental evidence indicates that human altruism is a powerful force and is unique in the animal world. However, there is much individual heterogeneity and the interaction between altruists and selfish individuals is vital to human cooperation. Depending on the environment, a minority of altruists can force a majority of selfish individuals to cooperate or, conversely, a few egoists can induce a large number of altruists to defect. Current gene-based evolutionary theories cannot explain important patterns of human altruism, pointing towards the importance of both theories of cultural evolution as well as gene-culture co-evolution.","Fehr, E.; Fischbacher, U.",Nature,2172
-,,"Feeley, T.H.",A meta-analysis if the ceiling effects in the door-in-the-face influence strategy,2173
-Corrigendum to Effects of alteplase for acute stroke according to criteria defining the European Union and United States marketing authorizations: Individual-patient- data meta-analysis of randomized trials,"The authors would like to highlight the following edits to the declaration of conflicting interests (edits in bold and blue): The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: KRL reports fees and expenses from American Stroke Association, Applied Clinical Intelligence, Atrium, Boehringer Ingelheim, EVER NeuroPharma, Hilicon, Nestleé, Novartis, Servier, and Stroke Academic Industry Roundtable, and research funding to the University of Glasgow and to the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive from Genentech, and is past president of the European Stroke Organisation. CB and JE have not accepted fees, honoraria, or paid consultancies but are, or have been, involved in clinical trials funded by Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, the Medicines Company, and Boehringer Ingelheim. GA has received fees for consultancy from Medtronic and iSchemaView, and owns stock in iSchemaView. EB is employed by Boehringer Ingelheim. SMD has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Medtronic, and Pfizer. GAD is co-principal investigator for the EXTEND trial using alteplase and has received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Pfizer, Sanofi, and Merk Sharp & Dohme. JCG has acted as a consultant for Frazer Ltd and Stryker, has received grant support from the American Heart Association, Genentech, and Behring and has received grant support within the past three years from Haemonetics and Medtronic. MKa reports fees and expenses from H. Lundbeck A/S, Mitsubishi Pharma Europe, Siemens AG. RvK reports fees from H. Lundbeck A/S, Boehringer Ingelheim, Covidien, Brainsgate, Synarc, and Penumbra, Inc. RIL has received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Covidien, and Pfizer. JMO has received honoraria from Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, and Servier. MP has received travel support from Boehringer Ingelheim. PAGS declares that he was the Chief Investigator of the IST-3 trial, funded by the Medical Research Council, the Stroke Association and the Health Foundation, the IST-3 pilot study was supported by a donation of drug and placebo from Boehringer Ingelheim, and PAGS has received Honoraria and Travel expenses paid to his Department from Boehringer Ingelheim. DT reports honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, and Pfizer. KT has received research grant support from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development and fees from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma. JMW declares trial funding from the Medical Research Council, Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme, Stroke Association, and Health Foundation. NW’s institution has received research grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, Covidien, Stryker, and Codman. WNW was funded by a Medical Research Council Clinician Scientist Fellowship (G0902303). WH reports honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, and Bayer, receipt of an unrestricted research grant from Boehringer Ingelheim to perform the ECASS-4 EXTEND trial, and past chairmanship of the ECASS 1–3 thrombolysis trials. WH is also current president of the World Stroke Organisation. LB, TB, GC, GdZ, GH, MKo, MGL and PL declare no conflict of interest. © 2018, © 2018 World Stroke Organization.",,Int. J. Stroke,2174
-"Greener Than Thou: People who protect the environment are more cooperative, compete to be environmental, and benefit from reputation","Protecting the environment is a social dilemma: environmental protection benefits everyone but is individually costly. We propose that protecting the environment is similar to other types of cooperation, in that environmentalism functions as a signal of one's willingness to cooperate with others. We test several novel predictions from this hypothesis. We used a mathematical model to show that environmentalism can indicate one's valuation of others and thus one's cooperative intent. We found support for this prediction in two online studies, and then conducted two laboratory studies to extend the idea that environmentalism signals one's willingness to cooperate. Participants donated more to an environmental charity when donations were public than when anonymous, but they donated the most when competing to be chosen by an observer for a subsequent cooperative game. In other words, people competed to donate more to the environment. Bigger donors benefited, as they were subsequently chosen more often and received more cooperation from their partners. Partners benefited from choosing environmental donors: bigger donors cooperated more with subsequent partners, such that environmental donations were reliably informative about participants’ future cooperativeness. We compare multiple theories about why people behave environmentally (indirect reciprocity, signal of wealth, signal of cooperative intent), and find most support for our proposed theory of signaling cooperative intent. By understanding the function of environmental behaviour and stimulating competitive giving, we can increase people's support for environmental and other charitable causes. © 2020 The Authors","Barclay, P.; Barker, J.L.",J. Environ. Psychol.,2175
-Meta-analysis: Quantitative methods for research synthesis,,"Wolf, F.M.",Meta-analysis: Quantitative Methods for Research Synthesis,2176
-Organ Donation for Social Change: A Systematic Review,"This chapter presents a critical review of the existing organ donation literature. The objective of this chapter is to identify the main gaps in the current body of literature on the organ donation context and the marketing discipline. This chapter initially discusses social marketing within the context of organ donation for social change. Following on, this chapter provides a systematic quantitative literature review of the existing organ donation studies from the period of 1985–2019. Then, this chapter details and discusses the review method. The literature review findings include the geographical distribution of 262 peer-reviewed organ donation studies around the world; the frequency of published articles over the period 1985–2019; the disciplinary scope of these studies; the sample characteristics; and the key theories and models used to inform organ donation studies. Finally, this chapter concludes with a discussion of the main limitations of existing organ donation studies. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","Alsalem, A.; Thaichon, P.; Weaven, S.",Contrib. Manag. Sci.,2177
-Community first responders and responder schemes in the United Kingdom: systematic scoping review,"BACKGROUND: Community First Responder (CFR) schemes support lay people to respond to medical emergencies, working closely with ambulance services. They operate widely in the UK. There has been no previous review of UK literature on these schemes. This is the first systematic scoping review of UK literature on CFR schemes, which identifies the reasons for becoming a CFR, requirements for training and feedback and confusion between the CFR role and that of ambulance service staff. This study also reveals gaps in the evidence base for CFR schemes. METHODS: We conducted a systematic scoping review of the published literature, in the English language from 2000 onwards using specific search terms in six databases. Narrative synthesis was used to analyse article content. RESULTS: Nine articles remained from the initial search of 15,969 articles after removing duplicates, title and abstract and then full text review. People were motivated to become CFRs through an altruistic desire to help others. They generally felt rewarded by their work but recognised that the help they provided was limited by their training compared with ambulance staff. There were concerns about the possible emotional impact on CFRs responding to incidents. CFRs felt that better feedback would enhance their learning. Ongoing training and support were viewed as essential to enable CFRs to progress. They perceived that public recognition of the CFR role was low, patients sometimes confusing them with ambulance staff. Relationships with the ambulance service were sometimes ambivalent due to confusion over roles. There was support for local autonomy of CFR schemes but with greater sharing of best practice. DISCUSSION: Most studies dated from 2005 and were descriptive rather than analytical. In the UK and Australia CFRs are usually lay volunteers equipped with basic skills for responding to medical emergencies, whereas in the US they include other emergency staff as well as lay people. CONCLUSION: Opportunities for future research include exploring experiences and perceptions of patients who have been treated by CFRs and other stakeholders, while also evaluating the effectiveness and costs of CFR schemes.","Phung, Viet-Hai; Trueman, Ian; Togher, Fiona; Orner, Roderick; Siriwardena, A Niroshan",Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med.,2178
-Priming in economics,"Conceptual priming has become an increasingly popular tool in economics. Here, we review the literature that uses priming in incentivized experiments to study economic questions. We mainly focus on the role of social identity, culture, and norms in shaping preferences and behavior. We also discuss recently raised objections to priming research and conclude with promising avenues for future research. © 2016.","Cohn, A.; Maréchal, M.A.",Curr. Opin. Psychol.,2179
-Surveillance or Self-Surveillance? Behavioral Cues Can Increase the Rate of Drivers’ Pro-Environmental Behavior at a Long Wait Stop,"By leaving their engines idling for long periods, drivers contribute unnecessarily to air pollution, waste fuel, and produce noise and fumes that harm the environment. Railway level crossings are sites where many cars idle, many times a day. In this research, testing two psychological theories of influence, we examine the potential to encourage drivers to switch off their ignition while waiting at rail crossings. Two field studies presented different signs at a busy rail crossing site with a 2-min average wait. Inducing public self-focus (via a “Watching Eyes” stimulus) was not effective, even when accompanied by a written behavioral instruction. Instead, cueing a private-self focus (“think of yourself”) was more effective, doubling the level of behavioral compliance. These findings confirm the need to engage the self when trying to instigate self-regulatory action, but that cues evoking self-surveillance may sometimes be more effective than cues that imply external surveillance. © 2017, © 2017 The Author(s).","Meleady, R.; Abrams, D.; Van de Vyver, J.; Hopthrow, T.; Mahmood, L.; Player, A.; Lamont, R.; Leite, A.C.",Environ. Behav.,2180
-Healthy Selfishness and Pathological Altruism: Measuring Two Paradoxical Forms of Selfishness,"Selfishness is often regarded as an undesirable or even immoral characteristic, whereas altruism is typically considered universally desirable and virtuous. However, human history as well as the works of humanistic and psychodynamic psychologists point to a more complex picture: not all selfishness is necessarily bad, and not all altruism is necessarily good. Based on these writings, we introduce new scales for the assessment of individual differences in two paradoxical forms of selfishness that have lacked measurement in the field – healthy selfishness (HS) and pathological altruism (PA). In two studies (N1 = 370, N2 = 891), we constructed and validated the HS and PA scales. The scales showed good internal consistency and a clear two-dimensional structure across both studies. HS was related to higher levels of psychological well-being and adaptive psychological functioning as well as a genuine prosocial orientation. PA was associated with maladaptive psychological outcomes, vulnerable narcissism, and selfish motivations for helping others. These results underpin the paradoxical nature of both constructs. We discuss the implications for future research, including clinical implications. © Copyright © 2020 Kaufman and Jauk.","Kaufman, S.B.; Jauk, E.",Front. Psychol.,2181
-"Music, Pandas, and Muggers: On the Affective Psychology of Value","This research investigated the relationship between the magnitude or scope of a stimulus and its subjective value by contrasting 2 psychological processes that may be used to construct preferences: valuation by feeling and valuation by calculation. The results show that when people rely on feeling, they are sensitive to the presence or absence of a stimulus (i.e., the difference between 0 and some scope) but are largely insensitive to further variations of scope. In contrast, when people rely on calculation, they reveal relatively more constant sensitivity to scope. Thus, value is nearly a step function of scope when feeling predominates and is closer to a linear function when calculation predominates. These findings may allow for a novel interpretation of why most real-world value functions are concave and how the processes responsible for nonlinearity of value may also contribute to nonlinear probability weighting.","Hsee, C.K.; Rottenstreich, Y.",J. Exp. Psychol. Gen.,2182
-"Altruism on American television: Examining the amount of, and context surrounding, acts of helping and sharing","Using a representative sample of television content featuring 2,227 programs across different genres and 18 different channels, the frequency and context of altruistic actions were content analyzed. A social cognitive theory approach was taken to guide the selection of contextual variables. The results showed that 73% of the programs in the sample featured instances of helping/sharing at a rate of 2.92 incidents per hour. Further, the actions were most likely to be initiated by adult White males and many acts were depicted in a humorous, realistic, and rewarding context. In terms of channel differences, shows on children's basic cable featured not only the highest proportion of programs with one or more instances of altruism but also the highest rate per hour (4.02 acts). Differences in contextual features and channel type are discussed in terms of social cognitive theory below. © 2006 International Communication Association.","Smith, S.W.; Smith, S.L.; Pieper, K.M.; Yoo, J.H.; Ferris, A.L.; Downs, E.; Bowden, B.",J. Commun.,2183
-Internet-based physical activity interventions: a systematic review of the literature,"BACKGROUND: Nowadays people are extensively encouraged to become more physically active. The Internet has been brought forward as an effective tool to change physical activity behavior. However, little is known about the evidence regarding such Internet-based interventions. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to systematically assess the methodological quality and the effectiveness of interventions designed to promote physical activity by means of the Internet as evaluated by randomized controlled trials. METHODS: A literature search was conducted up to July 2006 using the databases PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library. Only randomized controlled trials describing the effectiveness of an Internet-based intervention, with the promotion of physical activity among adults being one of its major goals, were included. Data extracted included source and year of publication, country of origin, targeted health behaviors, participants' characteristics, characteristics of the intervention, and effectiveness data. In addition, the methodological quality was assessed. RESULTS: The literature search resulted in 10 eligible studies of which five met at least nine out of 13 general methodological criteria. The majority of the interventions were tailored to the characteristics of the participants and used interactive self-monitoring and feedback tools. Six studies used one or more theoretical models to compose the contents of the interventions. One study used an objective measure to assess the amount of physical activity (activity monitor), and six studies used multiple subjective measures of physical activity. Furthermore, half of the studies employed measures of physical fitness other than physical activity. In three studies, an Internet-based physical activity intervention was compared with a waiting list group. Of these three studies, two reported a significantly greater improvement in physical activity levels in the Internet-based intervention than in the control group. Seven studies compared two types of Internet-based physical activity interventions in which the main difference was either the intensity of contact between the participants and supervisors (4 studies) or the type of treatment procedures applied (3 studies). In one of these studies, a significant effect in favor of an intervention with more supervisor contact was seen. CONCLUSIONS: There is indicative evidence that Internet-based physical activity interventions are more effective than a waiting list strategy. The added value of specific components of Internet-based physical activity interventions such as increased supervisor contact, tailored information, or theoretical fidelity remains to be established. Methodological quality as well as the type of physical activity outcome measure varied, stressing the need for standardization of these measures.","van den Berg, Marleen H; Schoones, Johannes W; Vliet Vlieland, Theodora P M",J. Med. Internet Res.,2184
-Altruistic decisions are influenced by the allocation of monetary incentives in a pain-sharing game,"Background Altruistic behavior is essential to the sustainability of society, but our current understanding of its underlying motivation is limited. In addition to the intrinsic motives to help others, based on empathy, extrinsic motives such as monetary incentives and social reputation influence prosociality. The purpose of this study was to examine the underlying motivations of prosocial behavior under constant or increasing extrinsic motivation settings. Methods An experimental task, Altruistic Pain Sharing, was developed in which the participants were asked to share the other participants’ pain. In the session with monetary incentives, the incentives were given either constantly (CONSTANT condition) or proportionally (INCREASING condition), to the amount of shared pain. In addition, monetary incentives were not provided in the NO session. The participants experienced different amounts of mechanical pain at the beginning of the task and chose the number of pain stimulations to share, based on their experiences. Results Compared to the NO session, the INCREASING session exhibited a rise in the mean of shared pain, but not the CONSTANT session. Furthermore, there was a distinct tendency to receive less pain than the other participant in the CONSTANT session, and a tendency to receive more pain than the other participant in the INCREASING session. Conclusion Prosocial behavior was influenced by the presence, as well as the form, of the extrinsic monetary incentives. Our study shows that rewards incentivize individuals to demonstrate a higher level of prosocial behavior, implying that prosocial behavior is itself a mixture of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, and that an effectively designed rewards system may function to enhance prosocial behavior. © 2019 Lee et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Lee, Y.-S.; Song, H.-S.; Kim, H.; Chae, Y.",PLoS ONE,2185
-Inspire me to donate: The use of strength emotion in donation appeals,,"Liang, J.; Chen, Z.; Lei, J.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,2186
-Is social nudging too emotionally taxing? A field experiment of public utilities and electricity consumers in Denmark,"Appeals to act pro-socially are becoming an increasingly popular way for utilities and authorities to encourage environmental-friendly behavior because of lower financial costs than if price incentives were used. However, recent research suggests that these measures might be emotionally taxing for utility consumers. In this article, we present the results from a randomized field experiment conducted on a sample of 1967 customers serviced by a Danish electricity company. Our results support the suggestion that socially motivated appeals are significantly more emotionally taxing than monetary incentives. We find that this difference disappears when the pro-social appeal is supplemented with a monetary incentive. Finally, we suggest a strategy for reducing emotional ‘costs’ of pro-social appeals without increasing financial costs or reducing the effectiveness of the appeal. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd","Jensen, C.L.; Andersen, L.M.; Hansen, L.G.; Henningsen, G.",Energy Res. Soc. Sci.,2187
-The effects of self-perception and perceptual contrast upon compliance with socially undesirable requests,"The relative effects of self-perception and perceptual contrast upon rate of compliance with a counter-normative request were studied in a 5 by 2 by 2 design that combined five sizes of the initial request, two levels of authority, and sex. Increased compliance was obtained only when the initial requests were either moderately small or excessively large, but not when they were either very small or moderately large. © 1982, The Psychonomic Society, Inc.. All rights reserved.","Shanab, M.E.; O’neill, P.J.",Top. Catal.,2188
-Empathy and Its Discontents,"What role does the experience of feeling what you think others are feeling – often known as ‘empathy’ – have in moral deliberation and moral action? Empathy has many fans and there is abundant evidence that it can motivate prosocial behavior. However, empathy is narrow in its focus, rendering it innumerate and subject to bias. It can motivate cruelty and aggression and lead to burnout and exhaustion. Compassion is distinct from empathy in its neural instantiation and its behavioral consequences and is a better prod to moral action, particularly in the modern world we live in. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd","Bloom, P.",Trends Cogn. Sci.,2189
-Donors’ Responses to Profit Incentives in the Social Sector: The Entrepreneurial Orientation Reward and the Profit Penalty,"This study uses an online survey experiment to test whether the pairing of profit-seeking with mission-related programs in the social sector attracts or deters donations from individual donors. We test individuals’ response to three types of profit incentives allowed under current U.S. public policy: (1) non-distributed profit to an organization, which is allowed for nonprofit entities; (2) profit to the organization's equity investors and owners, which is allowed under for-profit social enterprise governance charters; and (3) profit to lending investors, which is introduced by social impact bonds, a pay-for-success policy tool. We test trust theory, under which profit incentives deter donors against entrepreneurial orientation (EO) theory, which suggests that donors are attracted to organizations that use innovative, market-driven programs. Findings indicate support for both theories, but the support depends on how the specific profit incentive is structured. Donors support organizations that use profit-generating social enterprise programs—but only when the profits are non-distributable; donors’ support is significantly lower for social enterprises in which owners and equity investors may profit. Importantly however, this negative effect is not found for pay-for-success policy tools where lending investors, rather than equity investors and owners, receive profits. © 2019 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management","Faulk, L.; Pandey, S.; Pandey, S.K.; Scott Kennedy, K.",J. Policy Anal. Manage.,2190
-Economic evaluation of drug eluting stents,,"Mittmann, N; Brown, A; Seung, S J; Coyle, D; Cohen, D; Brophy, J; Title, L; Oh, P",,2191
-"Markets, religion, community size, and the evolution of fairness and punishment","Large-scale societies in which strangers regularly engage in mutually beneficial transactions are puzzling. The evolutionary mechanisms associated with kinship and reciprocity, which underpin much of primate sodality, do not readily extend to large unrelated groups. Theory suggests that the evolution of such societies may have required norms and institutions that sustain fairness in ephemeral exchanges. If that is true, then engagement in larger-scale institutions, such as markets and world religions, should be associated with greater fairness, and larger communities should punish unfairness more. Using three behavioral experiments administered across 15 diverse populations, we show that market integration (measured as the percentage of purchased calories) positively covaries with fairness while community size positively covaries with punishment. Participation in a world religion is associated with fairness, although not across all measures. These results suggest that modern prosociality is not solely the product of an innate psychology, but also reflects norms and institutions that have emerged over the course of human history.","Henrich, J.; Ensminger, J.; McElreath, R.; Barr, A.; Barrett, C.; Bolyanatz, A.; Cardenas, J.C.; Gurven, M.; Gwako, E.; Henrich, N.; Lesorogol, C.; Marlowe, F.; Tracer, D.; Ziker, J.",Science,2192
-Framing advertisements to elicit positive emotions and attract foster carers: An investigation into the effects of advertising on high-cognitive-elaboration donations,,"Randle, M.; Miller, L.; Stirling, J.; Dolnicar, S.",Journal of Advertising Research,2193
-A smile – the key to everybody’s heart?: The interactive effects of image and message in increasing charitable behavior,,"Pham, C.; Septianto, F.",European Journal of Marketing,2194
-Endogenous institutions and the possibility of reverse crowding out,,"Isaac, R.M.; Norton, D.A.",Public Choice,2195
-Dynamic customer interdependence,,"Zhang, J.Z.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2196
-Renal perfusion pump vs cold storage for donation after cardiac death kidneys: a systematic review,,"Bathini, Mcgregor T, V",,2197
-"Large-scale cooperation driven by reputation, not fear of divine punishment","Reputational considerations favour cooperation and thus we expect less cooperation in larger communities where people are less well known to each other. Some argue that institutions are, therefore, necessary to coordinate large-scale cooperation, including moralizing religions that promote cooperation through the fear of divine punishment. Here, we use community size as a proxy for reputational concerns, and test whether people in small, stable communities are more cooperative than people in large, less stable communities in both religious and non-religious contexts. We conducted a donation game on a large naturalistic sample of 501 people in 17 communities, with varying religions or none, ranging from small villages to large cities in northwestern China. We found that more money was donated by those in small, stable communities, where reputation should be more salient. Religious practice was also associated with higher donations, but fear of divine punishment was not. In a second game on the same sample, decisions were private, giving donors the opportunity to cheat. We found that donors to religious institutions were not less likely to cheat, and community size was not important in this game. Results from the donation game suggest donations to both religious and non-religious institutions are being motivated by reputational considerations, and results from both games suggest fear of divine punishment is not important. This chimes with other studies suggesting social benefits rather than fear of punishment may be the more salient motive for cooperative behaviour in real-world settings. © 2019 The Authors.","Ge, E.; Chen, Y.; Wu, J.; Mace, R.",R. Soc. Open Sci.,2198
-Door-in-the-face and but-you-are-free: Testing the effect of combining two no-pressure compliance paradigms,"According to Howard’s proposal of chaining compliance techniques and based on the proximity of interpretation of their effects, this study aimed to test a combination of two paradigms: a door-in-the-face request that makes a high-cost request before the target request and the but-you-are-free request that adds an evocation of freedom to the request. Two experiments were conducted (N = 120 and 1,292) to promote donations to non-profit organizations. There were four conditions. Participants were approached according to the door-in-the-face procedure, to the but-you-are-free procedure, to a combination of both of them, or directly in a control condition. There was an increase of compliance rates in experimental conditions compared to the control condition and an increase in the average amount donated in the combination condition compared to the control condition in the second study. Results are discussed in terms of responsibility and guilt mechanisms, and future developments are proposed. © The Author(s) 2016.","Meineri, S.; Dupré, M.; Guéguen, N.; Vallée, B.",Psychol. Rep.,2199
-"Video Games Do Indeed Influence Children and Adolescents’ Aggression, Prosocial Behavior, and Academic Performance: A Clearer Reading of Ferguson (2015)","Psychological scientists have long sought to determine the relative impact of environmental influences over development and behavior in comparison with the impact of personal, dispositional, or genetic influences. This has included significant interest in the role played by media in children’s development with a good deal of emphasis on how violent media spark and shape aggressive behavior in children and adolescents. Despite a variety of methodological weaknesses in his meta-analysis, Ferguson (2015, this issue) presents evidence to support the positive association between violent media consumption and a number of poor developmental outcomes. In this Commentary we discuss this meta-analytic work and how it fits into a broader understanding of human development. © 2015, © The Author(s) 2015.","Boxer, P.; Groves, C.L.; Docherty, M.",Perspect. Psychol. Sci.,2200
-Evolutionary Criminology: Towards a Comprehensive Explanation of Crime,"In our attempts to understand crime, researchers typically focus on proximate factors such as the psychology of offenders, their developmental history, and the social structure in which they are embedded. While these factors are important, they dont tell the whole story. Evolutionary Criminology: Towards a Comprehensive Explanation of Crime explores how evolutionary biology adds to our understanding of why crime is committed, by whom, and our response to norm violations. This understanding is important both for a better understanding of what precipitates crime and to guide approaches for effectively managing criminal behavior. This book is divided into three parts. Part I reviews evolutionary biology concepts important for understanding human behavior, including crime. Part II focuses on theoretical approaches to explaining crime, including the evolution of cooperation, and the evolutionary history and function of violent crime, drug use, property offending, and white collar crime. The developmental origins of criminal behavior are described to account for the increase in offending during adolescence and early adulthood as well as to explain why some offenders are more likely to desist than others. Proximal causes of crime are examined, as well as cultural and structural processes influencing crime. Part III considers human motivation to punish norm violators and what this means for the development of a criminal justice system. This section also considers how an evolutionary approach contributes to our understanding of crime prevention and reduction. The section closes with an evolutionary approach to understanding offender rehabilitation and reintegration. © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Durrant, R.; Ward, T.",Evol. Criminol.: Towards a Compr. Explan. of Crime,2201
-A second look at partisanship’s effect on receptivity to social pressure to vote,"Social pressure can exert a powerful, but sometimes counterproductive, influence on compliance with the social norm of voting. Scholars have tested several implicit social pressure techniques to reduce negative reactions to these methods. Among the most innovative is the use of ‘watching eyes’ in voter mobilization messages. Using three large randomized field experiments, this study attempts to reproduce Panagopoulos and van der Linden’s finding that political partisanship moderates the effect of watching eyes messages on voter turnout. Our findings diverge from previous findings statistically and substantively and indicate partisanship may have limited influence on the effectiveness of watching eyes in mobilizing voters. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Matland, R.E.; Murray, G.R.",Soc. Influ.,2202
-Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis,"Ever use of hormone therapy in non-smoking women may increase the risk of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Data from RCTs suggest that oestrogen/progestin therapy increases the risk of lung cancer. XCM: The review addressed a focused question and inclusion criteria were clearly defined. Extensive literature searches were conducted and these included attempts to identify unpublished studies. Appropriate steps were taken to minimise bias and errors at all stages of the review process. Study quality was reported to have been assessed, but the exact items considered and results of the quality assessment were not reported and so the reliability of the included studies remained unclear. Very few details of the included studies (such as sample size and participant details) were reported, which made it difficult to determine the generalisability of the review findings. Data were pooled from studies that used different designs; the appropriateness of this was questionable. Only one of the analyses was reported separately for RCTs and the results from these studies were in the opposite direction to those from studies of other designs. The authors' primary conclusions were based on two non-RCT studies of unknown size and quality. The reliability of their conclusions is unclear. XIM: Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice.Research: The authors stated that dedicated studies designed to more adequately delineate the role of menopausal hormone therapy were necessary to substantiate whether use of such therapy was a risk factor for adenocarcinoma or other types of lung cancer.","Greiser, C M; Greiser, E M; Doren, M",,2203
-Moral bargain hunters purchase moral righteousness when it is cheap: Within-individual effect of stake size in economic games,"Despite the repeatedly raised criticism that findings in economic games are specific to situations involving trivial incentives, most studies that have examined the stake-size effect have failed to find a strong effect. Using three prisoner's dilemma experiments, involving 479 non-student residents of suburban Tokyo and 162 students, we show here that stake size strongly affects a player's cooperation choices in prisoner's dilemma games when stake size is manipulated within each individual such that each player faces different stake sizes. Participants cooperated at a higher rate when stakes were lower than when they were higher, regardless of the absolute stake size. These findings suggest that participants were 'moral bargain hunters' who purchased moral righteousness at a low price when they were provided with a 'price list' of prosocial behaviours. In addition, the moral bargain hunters who cooperated at a lower stake but not at a higher stake did not cooperate in a single-stake one-shot game.","Yamagishi, T.; Li, Y.; Matsumoto, Y.; Kiyonari, T.",Sci. Rep.,2204
-Comparing outcomes of donation after cardiac death versus donation after brain death in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C: a systematic review and meta-analysis,"BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation (LT) using organs donated after cardiac death (DCD) is increasing due, in large part, to a shortage of organs. The outcome of using DCD organs in recipients with hepatits C virus (HCV) infection remains unclear due to the limited experience and number of publications addressing this issue. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of DCD versus donation after brain death (DBD) in HCV-positive patients undergoing LT. METHODS: Studies comparing DCD versus DBD LT in HCV-positive patients were identified based on systematic searches of seven electronic databases and multiple sources of gray literature. RESULTS: The search identified 58 citations, including three studies, with 324 patients meeting eligibility criteria. The use of DCD livers was associated with a significantly higher risk of primary nonfunction (RR 5.49 [95% CI 1.53 to 19.64]; P=0.009; I2=0%), while not associated with a significantly different patient survival (RR 0.89 [95% CI 0.37 to 2.11]; P=0.79; I2=51%), graft survival (RR 0.40 [95% CI 0.14 to 1.11]; P=0.08; I2=34%), rate of recurrence of severe HCV infection (RR 2.74 [95% CI 0.36 to 20.92]; P=0.33; I2=84%), retransplantation or liver disease-related death (RR 1.79 [95% CI 0.66 to 4.84]; P=0.25; I2=44%), and biliary complications. CONCLUSIONS: While the literature and quality of studies assessing DCD versus DBD grafts are limited, there was significantly more primary nonfunction and a trend toward decreased graft survival, but no significant difference in biliary complications or recipient mortality rates between DCD and DBD LT in patients with HCV infection. There is insufficient literature on the topic to draw any definitive conclusions.","Wells, Malcolm; Croome, Kris M; Janik, Toni; Hernandez-Alejandro, Roberto M; Chandok, Natasha M",Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2205
-The door-in-the-face technique: Reciprocal concessions vs. self-presentational explanations,,"Reeves, R.A.; Baker, G.A.; Boyd, J.G.; Cialdini, R.B.",Journal of Social Behavior and Personality,2206
-"Institutions, motivations and public goods: An experimental test of motivational crowding","Contributions to public goods can be motivated by intrinsic factors such as warm glow altruism and fairness, as well as extrinsic incentives such as sanctions and payments. However, psychological studies suggest that formal extrinsic incentives may crowd out intrinsic motivations. In an experimental study of individual contributions to a public good we find that suasion crowded in voluntary contributions, while an extrinsic incentive in the form of a regulation led to crowding out. This has implications for the design of public policy where ranges of motivations are present. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Reeson, A.F.; Tisdell, J.G.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2207
-The effectiveness of celebrity endorsements: a meta-analysis,"Celebrities frequently endorse products, brands, political candidates, or health campaigns. We investigated the effectiveness of such endorsements by meta-analyzing 46 studies published until April 2016 involving 10,357 participants. Applying multilevel meta-analysis, we analyzed celebrity endorsements in the context of for-profit and non-profit marketing. Findings revealed strong positive and negative effects when theoretically relevant moderators were included in the analysis. The most positive attitudinal effect appeared for male actors who match well with an implicitly endorsed object (d = .90). The most negative effect was found for female models not matching well with an explicitly endorsed object (d = −.96). Furthermore, celebrity endorsements performed worse compared to endorsements of quality seals, awards, or endorser brands. No publication bias was detected. The study has theoretical and practical implications, and provides an agenda for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)","Knoll, Johannes; Matthes, Jörg",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2208
-Signaling virtue: Charitable behavior under consumer elective pricing,,"Jung, M.H.; Nelson, L.D.; Gneezy, U.; Gneezy, A.",Marketing Science,2209
-Psychosocial health of living kidney donors: a systematic review,"The psychosocial health of most donors appears unchanged or improved by donation. The proportion who experience negative outcomes would appear to be small, and the majority of donors reported that they would repeat the experience. XCM: The review question was clear and was supported by appropriate inclusion criteria relating to the participants, intervention, study design and outcomes. Attempts were made to identify all the relevant literature by searching several electronic databases and reference lists, but the restriction to publications in English might have introduced language bias. It appears that the review was conducted with some efforts to minimise error and bias, but the methods applied at the study selection stage were unclear. The use of a narrative synthesis seems appropriate given the heterogeneity of the included studies. Some studies included in the review comprised small study samples and the majority of studies were conducted retrospectively, both of which could have introduced further biases. Under-reporting of the included studies precluded a full assessment of quality. The authors’ conclusion may be overestimated in terms of the evidence presented, and its reliability is unclear because of some methodological concerns about the review process, uncertainty regarding study quality, and the authors’ variable reporting of the results. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that prospective donors should be made aware of all potential outcomes. Further long-term, multidisciplinary support is recommended, including nurse-led follow-up and early counselling.Research: The authors stated that there is a need for large, multicentre, prospective cohort studies of sufficient duration to increase knowledge of the psychosocial implications of living kidney donation.","Clemens, K K; Thiessen-Philbrook, H; Parikh, C R; Yang, R C; Karley, M L; Boudville, N; V, Ramesh Prasad G; Garg, A X",,2210
-Cost-effectiveness of management strategies for acute urethritis in the developing world,"OBJECTIVE: To recommend a cost-effective approach for the management of acute male urethritis in the developing world, based on the findings of a theoretical study. METHODS: A model was developed to assess the cost-effectiveness of three urethritis management strategies in a theoretical cohort of 1000 men with urethral syndrome. (1) All patients were treated with cefixime and doxycycline for gonococcal urethritis (GU) and nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), respectively, as recommended by WHO. (2) All patients were treated with doxycycline for NGU; treatment with cefixime was based on the result of direct microscopy of a urethral smear. (3) All patients were treated with cotrimoxazole or kanamycin for GU and doxycycline for NGU. Cefixime was kept for patients not responding to the first GU treatment. Strategy costs included consultations, laboratory diagnosis (where applicable) and drugs. The outcome was the rate of patients cured of urethritis. Cost-effectiveness was measured in terms of cost per cured urethritis. RESULTS: Strategy costs in our model depended largely on drug costs. The first strategy was confirmed as the most effective but also the most expensive approach. Cefixime should cost no more than US$ 1.5 for the strategy to be the most cost-effective. The second strategy saved money and drugs but proved a valuable alternative only when laboratory performance was optimal. The third strategy with cotrimoxazole was the least expensive but a low follow-up visit rate, poor treatment compliance or lower drug efficacy limited effectiveness. Maximizing compliance by replacing cotrimoxazole with single-dose kanamycin had the single greatest impact on the effectiveness of the third strategy. CONCLUSION: Our model suggested that a cost-effective approach would be to treat gonorrhoea with a single-dose antibiotic selected from locally available products that cost no more than US$ 1.5.","Crabbé, F; Vuylsteke, B; de Clerck, M; Laga, M",Trop. Med. Int. Health,2211
-Battling the Devolution in the Research on Corporate Philanthropy,"The conceptual literature increasingly portrays corporate philanthropy (CP) as an old-fashioned and ineffective operationalization of a firm’s corporate social responsibility. In contrast, empirical research indicates that corporations of all sizes, and both in developed and emerging economies, actively practice CP. This disadvantaged status of the concept, and research, on CP, complicates the advancement of our knowledge about the topic. In a systematic review of the literature containing 122 journal articles on CP, we show that this business practice is loaded with unique characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses, and both conceptual and practical challenges that require renewed attention. We identify six interrelated but distinctive research themes in the literature: concept, motives, determinants, practices, business outcomes, and social outcomes. Dividing the literature on CP into six research themes creates an insightful comprehensive map of this intellectual terrain. Moreover, we distinguish among the level at which CP is analyzed: individual, organizational, institutional, or any combination of these levels. The review reveals significant gaps in the knowledge on CP. Most importantly we find that the conceptualization is limited, the research is mostly quantitative, the effects of CP on society are severely under-researched, and there is a lack of multilevel analyses. A detailed future research agenda is offered, including specific suggestions for research designs and measurements. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Liket, Kellie; Simaens, Ana",J. Bus. Ethics,2212
-"The influence of message appeal, social norms and donation social context on charitable giving: investigating the role of cultural tightness-looseness",,"Siemens, J.C.; Raymond, M.A.; Choi, Y.; Choi, J.",Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,2213
-Prosocial organizational behaviors,,"Brief, A.P.; Motowidlo, S.J.",Academy of Management Review,2214
-An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining,"There are many experimental studies of bargaining behavior, but suprisingly enough nearly no attempt has been made to investigate the so-called ultimatum bargaining behavior experimentally. The special property of ultimatum bargaining games is that on every stage of the bargaining process only one player has to decide and that before the last stage the set of outcomes is already restricted to only two results. To make the ultimatum aspect obvious we concentrated on situations with two players and two stages. In the 'easy games' a given amount c has to be distributed among the two players, whereas in the 'complicated games' the players have to allocate a bundle of black and white chips with different values for both players. We performed two main experiments for easy games as well as for complicated games. By a special experiment it was investigated how the demands of subjects as player 1 are related to their acceptance decisions as player 2. © 1982.","Güth, W.; Schmittberger, R.; Schwarze, B.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2215
-From boots to books: consumer attitudes toward veterans support by higher education institutions,,"Ward, C.B.; Srivastava, R.V.; Roy, D.; Matthews, L.M.; Edmondson, D.R.; Graeff, T.",Journal of Marketing for Higher Education,2216
-Noncitizen Voting Rights in the Global Era: a Literature Review and Analysis,"Today, people are moving from countryside to city, city to city, and country to country at one of the highest rates in human history. Globalization, poverty, war, persecution, and environmental crises—as well as the pursuit of safety and better economic opportunities—are propelling a mass migration of people from the Global South to the Global North. In response, some countries have limited immigration directly or restricted certain rights and privileges to discourage immigrants. Conversely, other countries have provided refuge and expanded pathways to rights and benefits out of altruism and humanity, economic self-interest, or both. As the pace of global migration has increased, the idea that political rights should follow or accompany immigrants has also grown and gained traction. Voting is one such right. Most countries typically limit voting rights to its citizens. However, during the past several decades, some have extended the franchise to noncitizen residents. In fact, at least forty-five countries presently allow noncitizen residents to vote in their local, regional, or even national elections. What is driving the expansion of noncitizen voting (NCV)? Where and to what ends are such policies being enacted? For this article, the authors conducted a systematic review to examine these questions and assess the implications of enfranchisement for advancing immigrant incorporation and democratic practice. © 2019, Springer Nature B.V.","Ferris, D.; Hayduk, R.; Richards, A.; Schubert, E.S.; Acri, M.",J. Int. Migr. Integr.,2217
-Insensitivity to the Value of Human Life: A Study of Psychophysical Numbing,"A fundamental principle of psychophysics is that people's ability to discriminate change in a physical stimulus diminishes as the magnitude of the stimulus increases. We find that people also exhibit diminished sensitivity in valuing lifesaving interventions against a background of increasing numbers of lives at risk. We call this ""psychophysical numbing."" Studies 1 and 2 found that an intervention saving a fixed number of lives was judged significantly more beneficial when fewer lives were at risk overall. Study 3 found that respondents wanted the minimum number of lives a medical treatment would have to save to merit a fixed amount of funding to be much greater for a disease with a larger number of potential victims than for a disease with a smaller number. The need to better understand the dynamics of psychophysical numbing and to determine its effects on decision making is discussed.","Fetherstonhaugh, D.; Slovic, P.; Johnson, S.M.; Friedrich, J.",J. Risk Uncertainty,2218
-Effects of Sesame Street: A meta-analysis of children's learning in 15 countries,"Sesame Street is broadcast to millions of children globally, including in some of the world's poorest regions. This meta-analysis examines the effects of children's exposure to international co-productions of Sesame Street, synthesizing the results of 24 studies, conducted with over 10,000 children in 15 countries. The results indicated significant positive effects of exposure to the program, aggregated across learning outcomes, and within each of the three outcome categories: cognitive outcomes, including literacy and numeracy; learning about the world, including health and safety knowledge; social reasoning and attitudes toward out-groups. The effects were significant across different methods, and they were observed in both low- and middle-income countries and also in high-income countries. The results are contextualized by considering the effects and reach of the program, relative to other early childhood interventions. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.","Mares, M.-L.; Pan, Z.",J. Appl. Dev. Psychol.,2219
-A systematic review of autoresuscitation after cardiac arrest,"OBJECTIVE: There is a lack of consensus on how long circulation must cease for death to be determined after cardiac arrest. The lack of scientific evidence concerning autoresuscitation influences the practice of organ donation after cardiac death. We conducted a systematic review to summarize the evidence on the timing of autoresuscitation. DATA SOURCES: Electronic databases were searched from date of first issue of each journal until July 2008. STUDY SELECTION: Any original study reporting autoresuscitation, as defined by the unassisted return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest, was considered eligible. Reports of electrocardiogram activity without signs of return of circulation were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION: For each study case, we extracted patient characteristics, duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, terminal heart rhythms, time to unassisted return of spontaneous circulation, monitoring, and outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 1265 citations were identified and, of these, 27 articles describing 32 cases of autoresuscitation were included (n = 32; age, 27-94 yrs). The studies came from 16 different countries and were considered of very-low quality (case reports or letters to the editor). All 32 cases reported autoresuscitation after failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation, with times ranging from a few seconds to 33 mins; however, continuity of observation and methods of monitoring were highly inconsistent. For the eight studies reporting continuous electrocardiogram monitoring and exact times, autoresuscitation did not occur beyond 7 mins after failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation. No cases of autoresuscitation in the absence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation were reported. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the provision of cardiopulmonary resuscitation may influence autoresuscitation. In the absence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, as may apply to controlled organ donation after cardiac death after withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies, autoresuscitation has not been reported. The provision of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, as may apply to uncontrolled organ donation after cardiac death, may influence observation time. However, existing evidence is limited and is consequently insufficient to support or refute the recommended waiting period to determine death after a cardiac arrest, strongly supporting the need for prospective studies in dying patients.","Hornby, K; Hornby, L; Shemie, S D",Crit. Care Med.,2220
-Reciprocity reconsidered: Gouldner's ‘moral norm of reciprocity’ and social support,"In a classic statement three decades ago, Gouldner (1960) made an important analytic distinction between reciprocity as a pattern of social exchange and reciprocity as a general moral belief. Gouldner argued that the moral norm of reciprocity constitutes an important 'causal force' in social life. The reciprocity norm dictates that Ego should not end up gaining at the expense of Alter's beneficial acts towards him or her. In contrast to equity theory, which suggests that people will react equally negatively to under- and overbenefiting, the reciprocity norm suggests that people will, above all, attempt to avoid overbenefiting from their socially supportive interactions. While many studies of social support have incorporated the concepts of reciprocity and exchange, virtually none has examined the validity of Gouldner's distinction nor its potential implications for the dynamics of social support. This paper explores the evidence for Gouldner's claims from studies on support and reciprocity. Evidence is found suggesting that people feel obligated to return benefits they receive from others, appear to be more psychologically and emotionally averse to overbenefiting than underbenefiting from social support interactions, and tend to avoid placing themselves in the position of 'overbenefitors'. Alternative explanations for avoidance of overbenefiting are considered, and implications for the study of social support are explored. © 1995, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.","Uehara, E.S.",J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh.,2221
-"Causal theories, models and evidence in economics—some reflections from the natural sciences","Models have been extensively analysed in economic methodology, notably their degree of ability to provide explanations. This paper takes a complementary, comparative approach, examining theory development in the natural sciences. Examples show how diverse types of evidence combine with causal hypotheses to generate empirically based causal theories—a cumulative process occurring over a long timescale. Models are typically nested within this broader theory. This could be a good model for research in economics, providing a methodology that ensures good correspondence with the target system—especially as economics research is largely empirical, and has effective methods for causal inference. This paper analyses the key features of three successful theories in the natural sciences, and draws out some lessons that may be useful to economists. Some examples of good practice in economics are noted, e.g. involving money and banking, and the growth of the state. On the other hand, the widespread pre-crisis use of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models that ignored the financial sector raises the question, how to realise what has been omitted? Nesting models in an empirically based causal theory could solve this. Furthermore, some phenomena have clear explanations, but mainstream theory obscures them, as with the Lucas puzzle about the direction of international capital flows. And, the prevailing theories about capitalist growth do not explain the basic evidence on its temporal and spatial distribution. Economics could beneficially learn from the natural sciences. © 2017 The Author(s).","Joffe, M.",Cogent Econ. Finance,2222
-Communal and exchange relationship perceptions as separate constructs and their role in motivations to donate,,"Johnson, J.W.; Grimm, P.E.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,2223
-The bystander-effect: a meta-analytic review on bystander intervention in dangerous and non-dangerous emergencies,"Research on bystander intervention has produced a great number of studies showing that the presence of other people in a critical situation reduces the likelihood that an individual will help. As the last systematic review of bystander research was published in 1981 and was not a quantitative meta-analysis in the modern sense, the present meta-analysis updates the knowledge about the bystander effect and its potential moderators. The present work (a) integrates the bystander literature from the 1960s to 2010, (b) provides statistical tests of potential moderators, and (c) presents new theoretical and empirical perspectives on the novel finding of non-negative bystander effects in certain dangerous emergencies as well as situations where bystanders are a source of physical support for the potentially intervening individual. In a fixed effects model, data from over 7,700 participants and 105 independent effect sizes revealed an overall effect size of g = -0.35. The bystander effect was attenuated when situations were perceived as dangerous (compared with non-dangerous), perpetrators were present (compared with non-present), and the costs of intervention were physical (compared with non-physical). This pattern of findings is consistent with the arousal-cost-reward model, which proposes that dangerous emergencies are recognized faster and more clearly as real emergencies, thereby inducing higher levels of arousal and hence more helping. We also identified situations where bystanders provide welcome physical support for the potentially intervening individual and thus reduce the bystander effect, such as when the bystanders were exclusively male, when they were naive rather than passive confederates or only virtually present persons, and when the bystanders were not strangers.","Fischer, Peter; Krueger, Joachim I; Greitemeyer, Tobias; Vogrincic, Claudia; Kastenmüller, Andreas; Frey, Dieter; Heene, Moritz; Wicher, Magdalena; Kainbacher, Martina",Psychol. Bull.,2224
-Sleep restriction and circadian effects on social decisions,"Our study examines how chronic sleep restriction and suboptimal times-of-day affect decisions in a classic set of social tasks. We experimentally manipulate and objectively measured sleep in 184 young-adult subjects, who were also randomly assigned an early morning or late evening experiment session during which decision tasks were administered. Sleep restriction and suboptimal time-of-day are both estimated to either directly or indirectly (via an impact on sleepiness) reduce altruism, trust, and trustworthiness. We conclude that commonly experienced adverse sleep states, most notably chronic sleep restriction, significantly reduce prosocial behaviors, and can therefore limit benefits from short-term social interactions. © 2017","Dickinson, D.L.; McElroy, T.",Eur. Econ. Rev.,2225
-The Contingent Value of Political Connections on Donations to Chinese Foundations: Exploring the Moderating Role of Transparency,"Existing studies assume that the value of political connections is homogeneous to different types of nonprofits and seldom consider their interplay with other accountability mechanisms. Based on a multilevel analysis of 2,085 foundations in China, this study builds and tests a theoretical framework of the contingent value of political connections to nonprofits, treating transparency as a moderator for the relationship between political connections and donations. Our findings suggest that while transparency is positively associated with the amount of donations obtained by foundations, political connections can help foundations obtain more donations only when their transparency score is higher than a certain threshold. © The Author(s) 2020.","Cheng, Y.; Wu, Z.",Adm. Soc.,2226
-Marketplace Donations: The Role of Moral Identity Discrepancy and Gender,,"Shang, J.; Reed, A.; Sargeant, A.; Carpenter, K.",Journal of Marketing Research,2227
-Inconsistencies in repeated refugee status decisions,"Consistency in civil servant decisions is paramount to upholding judicial equality for citizens and individuals seeking safety through governmental intervention. We investigated refugee status decisions made by a sample of civil servants at the Swedish Migration Agency. We hypothesized, based on the emotional demands such decisions bring with them, that participants would exhibit a compassion fade effect such that refugee status was less likely to be granted over time. To test this, we administered a questionnaire containing brief presentations of asylum seekers and asked participants to judge how likely they would be to give refugee status to the person. Crucially the first, middle, and final case presented were matched on decision relevant characteristics. Consistent with our hypothesis, we saw a significant decline in ratings. These effects were accentuated by the amount of time a participant had worked at the agency, consistent with depletion of affective resources, and attenuated in workers with greater responsibility and additional training. We conclude that active regulation of empathic and affective responses to asylum seekers may play a role in determining the outcome in refugee status decisions. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd","Pärnamets, P.; Tagesson, A.; Wallin, A.",J. Behav. Decis. Mak.,2228
-"Mental imagery, impact, and affect: A mediation model for charitable giving","One of the puzzling phenomena in philanthropy is that people can show strong compassion for identified individual victims but remain unmoved by catastrophes that affect large numbers of victims. Two prominent findings in research on charitable giving reflect this idiosyncrasy: The (1) identified victim and (2) victim number effects. The first of these suggests that identifying victims increases donations and the second refers to the finding that people's willingness to donate often decreases as the number of victims increases. While these effects have been documented in the literature, their underlying psychological processes need further study.We propose a model in which identified victim and victim number effects operate through different cognitive and affective mechanisms. In two experiments we present empirical evidence for such a model and show that different affective motivations (donor-focused vs. victim-focused feelings) are related to the cognitive processes of impact judgments and mental imagery. Moreover, we argue that different mediation pathways exist for identifiability and victim number effects. © 2016 Dickert et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Dickert, S.; Kleber, J.; Västfjäll, D.; Slovic, P.",PLoS ONE,2229
-"How laws affect behavior: Obligations, incentives and cooperative behavior","Laws and other formal rules are 'obligations backed by incentives'.•In a series of experimental public good we isolate the impact of exogenously requested minimum contributions (obligations) from those of the marginal incentives backing them.•Obligations have a sizeable effect on cooperative behavior even in the absence of incentives.•In our experiments obligations and incentives are complementary, jointly supporting high levels of contributions.•We explore the behavioral channels of the previous results, finding that people's beliefs about others' contributions and the willingness to cooperate are both called into play. Laws and other formal rules are 'obligations backed by incentives'. In this paper we explore how formal rules affect cooperative behavior. Our analysis is based on a series of experimental public good games designed to isolate the impact of exogenously requested minimum contributions (obligations) from those of the marginal incentives backing them. We find that obligations have a sizeable effect on cooperative behavior even in the absence of incentives. When non-binding incentives are introduced, requested contributions strongly sustain cooperation. Therefore, in contrast with cases in which incentives crowd-out cooperative behavior, in our experiments obligations and incentives are complementary, jointly supporting high levels of contributions. Moreover, we find that variations in obligations affect behavior even when incentives are held constant. Finally, we explore the behavioral channels of the previous results, finding that people's beliefs about others' contributions and the willingness to cooperate are both called into play. © 2014.","Galbiati, R.; Vertova, P.",Int. Rev. Law. Econ.,2230
-Escaping Affect: How Motivated Emotion Regulation Creates Insensitivity to Mass Suffering,"As the number of people in need of help increases, the degree of compassion people feel for them ironically tends to decrease. This phenomenon is termed the collapse of compassion. Some researchers have suggested that this effect happens because emotions are not triggered by aggregates. We provide evidence for an alternative account. People expect the needs of large groups to be potentially overwhelming, and, as a result, they engage in emotion regulation to prevent themselves from experiencing overwhelming levels of emotion. Because groups are more likely than individuals to elicit emotion regulation, people feel less for groups than for individuals. In Experiment 1, participants displayed the collapse of compassion only when they expected to be asked to donate money to the victims. This suggests that the effect is motivated by self-interest. Experiment 2 showed that the collapse of compassion emerged only for people who were skilled at emotion regulation. In Experiment 3, we manipulated emotion regulation. Participants who were told to down-regulate their emotions showed the collapse of compassion, but participants who were told to experience their emotions did not. We examined the time course of these effects using a dynamic rating to measure affective responses in real time. The time course data suggested that participants regulate emotion toward groups proactively, by preventing themselves from ever experiencing as much emotion toward groups as toward individuals. These findings provide initial evidence that motivated emotion regulation drives insensitivity to mass suffering. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","Cameron, C.D.; Payne, B.K.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,2231
-Who volunteers?: An investigation into the characteristics of charity volunteers,,"Schlegelmilch, B.B.; Tynan, C.",Journal of Marketing Management,2232
-Is Empathy the Default Response to Suffering? A Meta-Analytic Evaluation of Perspective Taking’s Effect on Empathic Concern,"We conducted a series of meta-analytic tests on experiments in which participants read perspective-taking instructions—that is, written instructions to imagine a distressed persons’ point of view (“imagine-self” and “imagine-other” instructions), or to inhibit such actions (“remain-objective” instructions)—and afterwards reported how much empathic concern they experienced upon learning about the distressed person. If people spontaneously empathize with others, then participants who receive remain-objective instructions should report less empathic concern than do participants in a “no-instructions” control condition; if people can deliberately increase how much empathic concern they experience, then imagine-self and imagine-other instructions should increase empathic concern relative to not receiving any instructions. Random-effects models revealed that remain-objective instructions reduced empathic concern, but “imagine” instructions did not significantly increase it. The results were robust to most corrections for bias. Our conclusions were not qualified by the study characteristics we examined, but most relevant moderators have not yet been thoroughly studied. © 2019 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.","McAuliffe, W.H.B.; Carter, E.C.; Berhane, J.; Snihur, A.C.; McCullough, M.E.",Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev.,2233
-"Giving once, giving twice: A two-period field experiment on intertemporal crowding in charitable giving","We study intertemporal crowding between two fundraising campaigns for the same charitable organization by manipulating donors’ beliefs about the likelihood of future campaigns in two subsequent field experiments. The data shows that initial giving is decreasing in the likelihood of a future campaign while subsequent giving increases in initial giving. While this refutes the predictions of a simple expected utility model, the pattern is in line with a model that allows for (anticipated or unanticipated) habit formation provided that donations in the two periods are substitutes. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.","Adena, M.; Huck, S.",J. Public Econ.,2234
-Procedural fairness and nepotism among local traditional and democratic leaders in rural Namibia,"This study tests the common conception that democratically elected leaders behave in the interest of their constituents more than traditional chiefs do. Our sample includes 64 village leaders and 384 villagers in rural Namibia, where democratically elected leaders and traditional chiefs coexist. We analyze two main attributes of local political leaders: procedural fairness preferences and preferential treatment of relatives (nepotism). We also measure personality traits and social preferences, and conduct standardized surveys on local governance practices and villagers' perceptions of their leaders' performance. Our results indicate that traditional chiefs are as likely to implement fair, democratic decision-making procedures, and are as unlikely to be nepotistic. Moreover, elected leaders and chiefs express similar social preferences and personality traits. These findings align with villagers' perceptions of most leaders in our sample as being popular and fair, and villagers' responses reveal a discrepancy between planned and de facto implementation of democratic institutions. Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).","Vollan, B.; Blanco, E.; Steimanis, I.; Petutschnig, F.; Prediger, S.",Sci. Adv.,2235
-Effects of aggressive and prosocial film material on altruistic behavior of children,,"Teachman, G.; Orme, M.",Psychological Reports,2236
-"Too smart to be selfish? Measures of cognitive ability, social preferences, and consistency","Although there is an increasing interest in examining the relationship between cognitive ability and economic behavior, less is known about the relationship between cognitive ability and social preferences. We investigate the relationship between consequential measures of cognitive ability and measures of social preferences. We have data on a series of small-stakes dictator-type decisions, known as Social Value Orientation (SVO), in addition to choices in a larger-stakes dictator game. We also have access to the grade point averages (GPA) and SAT (formerly referred to as the Scholastic Aptitude Test) outcomes of our subjects. We find that subjects who perform better on the Math portion of the SAT are more generous in both the dictator game and the SVO measure. By contrast we find that subjects with a higher GPA are more selfish in the dictator game and more generous according to the SVO. We also find some evidence that the subjects with higher GPA and higher SAT outcomes offer more consistent responses. Our results involving GPA and social preferences complement previous work which employ measures of cognitive ability which are sensitive to the intrinsic motivation of the subject. Our results involving SAT scores are without precedent in the literature and suggest that measures of cognitive ability, which are less sensitive to the intrinsic motivation of the subject, are positively related to generosity. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.","Chen, C.-C.; Chiu, I.-M.; Smith, J.; Yamada, T.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2237
-Times to key events in Zika virus infection and implications for blood donation: a systematic review,"OBJECTIVE: To estimate the timing of key events in the natural history of Zika virus infection. METHODS: In February 2016, we searched PubMed, Scopus and the Web of Science for publications containing the term Zika. By pooling data, we estimated the incubation period, the time to seroconversion and the duration of viral shedding. We estimated the risk of Zika virus contaminated blood donations. FINDINGS: We identified 20 articles on 25 patients with Zika virus infection. The median incubation period for the infection was estimated to be 5.9 days (95% credible interval, CrI: 4.4-7.6), with 95% of people who developed symptoms doing so within 11.2 days (95% CrI: 7.6-18.0) after infection. On average, seroconversion occurred 9.1 days (95% CrI: 7.0-11.6) after infection. The virus was detectable in blood for 9.9 days (95% CrI: 6.9-21.4) on average. Without screening, the estimated risk that a blood donation would come from an infected individual increased by approximately 1 in 10 000 for every 1 per 100 000 person-days increase in the incidence of Zika virus infection. Symptom-based screening may reduce this rate by 7% (relative risk, RR: 0.93; 95% CrI: 0.89-0.99) and antibody screening, by 29% (RR: 0.71; 95% CrI: 0.28-0.88). CONCLUSION: Neither symptom- nor antibody-based screening for Zika virus infection substantially reduced the risk that blood donations would be contaminated by the virus. Polymerase chain reaction testing should be considered for identifying blood safe for use in pregnant women in high-incidence areas.","Lessler, Justin; Ott, Cassandra T; Carcelen, Andrea C; Konikoff, Jacob M; Williamson, Joe; Bi, Qifang; Kucirka, Lauren M; Cummings, Derek At; Reich, Nicholas G; Chaisson, Lelia H",Bull. World Health Organ.,2238
-A cross-cohort changepoint model for customer-base analysis,,"Gopalakrishnan, A.; Bradlow, E.T.; Fader, P.S.",Marketing Science,2239
-Reconceptualising product life-cycle theory as stakeholder engagement with non-profit organisations,,"Mitchell, S.-L.; Clark, M.",Journal of Marketing Management,2240
-"Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis: Prevention, Assessment and Adjustments","Publication bias is the tendency to decide to publish a study based on the results of the study, rather than on the basis of its theoretical or methodological quality. It can arise from selective publication of favorable results, or of statistically significant results. This threatens the validity of conclusions drawn from reviews of published scientific research. Meta-analysis is now used in numerous scientific disciplines, summarizing quantitative evidence from multiple studies. If the literature being synthesised has been affected by publication bias, this in turn biases the meta-analytic results, potentially producing overstated conclusions. Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis examines the different types of publication bias, and presents the methods for estimating and reducing publication bias, or eliminating it altogether. Written by leading experts, adopting a practical and multidisciplinary approach. Provides comprehensive coverage of the topic including: • Different types of publication bias, • Mechanisms that may induce them, • Empirical evidence for their existence, • Statistical methods to address them, • Ways in which they can be avoided. • Features worked examples and common data sets throughout. • Explains and compares all available software used for analysing and reducing publication bias. • Accompanied by a website featuring software, data sets and further material. Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis adopts an inter-disciplinary approach and will make an excellent reference volume for any researchers and graduate students who conduct systematic reviews or meta-analyses. University and medical libraries, as well as pharmaceutical companies and government regulatory agencies, will also find this invaluable. © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Rothstein, H.R.; Sutton, A.J.; Borenstein, M.","Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis: Prev., Assess. and Adjustments",2241
-,,"Hunter, J.E.; Schmidt, F.L.; Jackson, G.B.",Meta-analysis: Cumulating Research Findings Across Studies,2242
-Cooperation and decision time,"We review two fundamentally different ways that decision time is related to cooperation. First, studies have experimentally manipulated decision time to understand how cooperation is related to the use of intuition versus deliberation. Current evidence supports the claim that time pressure (and, more generally, intuition) favors cooperation. Second, correlational studies reveal that self-paced decision times are primarily related to decision conflict, not the use of intuition or deliberation. As a result, extreme cooperation decisions occur more quickly than intermediate decisions, and the relative speed of highly cooperative versus non-cooperative decisions depends on details of the design and participant pool. Finally, we discuss interpersonal consequences of decision time: people are judged based on how quickly they cooperate, and decision time is used as a cue to predict cooperation. © 2018","Evans, A.M.; Rand, D.G.",Curr. Opin. Psychol.,2243
-Donors to charity gain in both indirect reciprocity and political reputation,"Darwinian evolution can explain human cooperative behaviour among non-kin by either direct or indirect reciprocity. In the latter case one does not expect a return for an altruistic act from the recipient as with direct reciprocity, but from another member of the social group. However, the widespread human behaviour of donating to poor people outside the social group, for example, to charity organizations, that are unlikely to reciprocate indirectly and thus are equivalent to defectors in the game is still an evolutionary puzzle. Here we show experimentally that donations made in public to a well-known relief organization resulted both in increased income (that the donors received from the members of their group) and in enhanced political reputation (they were elected to represent the interests of their group). Donations may thus function as an honest signal for one's social reliability.","Milinski, M.; Semmann, D.; Krambeck, H.-J.",Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.,2244
-Is the Door-in-the-Face a Concession?,"The Door-in-the-Face (DITF) sequential message strategy was investigated in a three-study analysis of existing experimental findings. The current study predicted there would be a positive relationship between concession size and compliance rates in DITF studies. Study 1 included 25 comparisons where size of concession was quantifiable as measured by percentage reduction from initial to target request in the DITF condition. Study 2 data relied on a panel of undergraduate students to provide an index of concession size in 12 additional observations. A third study validated the panel procedure of rating concession size and also provided 9 additional independent observations from the pool of published studies on DITF. Results from each study indicated a positive relationship between concession size and effect size (r = 0.35, 0.55, 0.68, respectively). Study findings provide support for reciprocal concessions explanation for DITF effects. © 2017 Eastern Communication Association.","Feeley, T.; Fico, A.E.; Shaw, A.Z.; Lee, S.; Griffin, D.J.",Commun. Q.,2245
-"Masculinity, femininity, and leadership: Taking a closer look at the alpha female","An extensive review and textual analysis of the academic and popular literature of the human alpha female was conducted to examine the social construction and expression of the alpha female identity in a small non-random sample of North American women (N = 398). This review revealed 2 predominant alpha female representations in the literature–one more masculine versus one more feminine–and 21 alpha female variables. In this sample of women, the “alpha female” was found to be a recognized socially constructed female identity. Univariate analysis revealed positive and highly significant differences in self-reported mean scores between alpha (N = 94) and non-alpha (N = 304) females for 10 variables including, masculine traits, leadership, strength, low introversion, self-esteem, life satisfaction, sexual experience, initiates sex, enjoys sex and playing a dominant role in sexual encounters, with alpha females scoring higher than non-alphas. The measure of masculine traits was identified as the only predictor of alpha female status as per the multiple regression model. Interestingly, both alpha and non-alpha women scored the same for the measure of feminine traits. Further, both groups scored higher for feminine traits than masculine traits. The results also revealed that neither social dominance nor sexual dominance were predictors of alpha female status which challenge academic and popularized representations of this identity. The results suggest that although the alpha female is often regarded as an exceptional and, at times, an exoticized form of femininity, like other femininities, her identity is marked by contradictions and tensions © 2019 Monika K. Sumra. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Sumra, M.K.",PLoS ONE,2246
-"An update on the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, and exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder","OBJECTIVE: Even though cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is the current treatment of choice for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it is still unclear which components of its protocol are more important for clinical improvement. This study aims to replicate a previous review, updating findings on the efficacy of CBT, cognitive therapy (CT), and exposure therapy (ET) for PTSD when compared with other well-established treatments or conditions without active treatment. METHOD: The search was performed in the databases Cochrane, Embase, and Medline. Studies were required to be randomized controlled trials published between 2006 and 2012 comparing CBT, CT, or ET with (1) each other, (2) other active treatments (e.g., EMDR, counseling, supportive therapy), or (3) assessment-only conditions. The main outcome measures were diagnostic and symptomatic remission. RESULTS: The final sample contained 29 articles. CBT, CT, and ET were shown to be efficacious treatments individually when compared to assessment-only conditions, with no difference found between treatments. Comparison with other active treatments favored ET. Both included studies comparing CBT and EMDR favored the latter. CONCLUSIONS: CBT and its components still appear to be equally efficacious in improving PTSD symptoms and diagnosis. Even so, a current tendency of researchers to focus on ET exists. EMDR shows interesting results compared to CBT. Further research should clarify the lasting effects, efficiency, and other comparative benefits of each protocol.","Mello, Patricia Gaspar; Silva, Gustavo Ramos; Donat, Julia Candia; Kristensen, Christian Haag",Int. J. Psychiatry Med.,2247
-Extending the theory of metaphor in marketing: The case of the art gallery,,"Rentschler, R.; Jogulu, U.; Kershaw, A.; Osborne, A.",Journal of Marketing Management,2248
-Influence of self-reported distress and empathy on egoistic versus altruistic motivation to help,"Proposed that a distinction be made between 2 emotional responses to seeing another person suffer--personal distress and empathy--and that these 2 emotions lead to 2 different kinds of motivation to help: Personal distress leads to egoistic motivation; empathy, to altruistic motivation. These distinctions were tested in 3 studies, each using 10 male and 10 female undergraduates. Across the 3 studies, factor analysis of Ss' self-reported emotional response indicated that feelings of personal distress and empathy, although positively correlated, were experienced as qualitatively distinct. The pattern of helping in Studies 1 and 2 indicated that a predominance of personal distress led to egoistic motivation, whereas a predominance of empathy led to altruistic motivation. In Study 3, the cost of helping was made especially high. Results suggest an important qualification on the link between empathic emotion and altruistic motivation: Ss reporting a predominance of empathy displayed an egoistic pattern of helping. Apparently, making helping costly evoked self-concern, which overrode any altruistic impulse produced by feeling empathy. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1983 American Psychological Association.","Batson, C.D.; et al",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,2249
-Does implicit bias predict dictator giving?,"Implicit associations and biases are carried without awareness or conscious direction, yet there is reason to believe they may be influenced by social pressures. In this paper, I study social pressure as a motive to give, as well as giving itself under conditions of implicit bias. In doing so, I pair the Implicit Association Test (IAT), commonplace in other social sciences, with a laboratory dictator game with sorting. I find that despite its popularity, the IAT does not predict dictator giving and social pressure does not explain acts of giving from biased dictators. These results are indicative of the meaningful difference between having an implicit bias and acting on one. As such, results can be thought of as a bound on the external validity of the IAT. © 2018 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Lee, D.J.",Games,2250
-Deliberation favours social efficiency by making people disregard their relative shares: Evidence from USA and India,"Groups make decisions on both the production and the distribution of resources. These decisions typically involve a tension between increasing the total level of group resources (i.e. social efficiency) and distributing these resources among group members (i.e. individuals’ relative shares). This is the case because the redistribution process may destroy part of the resources, thus resulting in socially inefficient allocations. Here we apply a dual-process approach to understand the cognitive underpinnings of this fundamental tension. We conducted a set of experiments to examine the extent to which different allocation decisions respond to intuition or deliberation. In a newly developed approach, we assess intuition and deliberation at both the trait level (using the Cognitive Reflection Test, henceforth CRT) and the state level (through the experimental manipulation of response times). To test for robustness, experiments were conducted in two countries: the USA and India. Despite absolute-level differences across countries, in both locations we show that: (i) time pressure and low CRT scores are associated with individuals’ concerns for their relative shares and (ii) time delay and high CRT scores are associated with individuals’ concerns for social efficiency. These findings demonstrate that deliberation favours social efficiency by overriding individuals’ intuitive tendency to focus on relative shares. © 2017 The Authors.","Capraro, V.; Corgnet, B.; Espín, A.M.; Hernán-González, R.",R. Soc. Open Sci.,2251
-Lean services: a systematic review,"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of Lean methodology through an exhaustive literature review, and its implications and application in the service industry right from its initiation in 1990s till date. Design/methodology/approach: The paper summarises the evolution of Lean in services and has systematically classified the reviewed literature in four dimensions, namely time, publisher, region and content. Further under “time” dimension, the literature is classified into Pre-Lean era, Lean awareness era, Lean Exploration era and Lean implementation era. Under the “content” dimension, the categories include theoretical foundation, frameworks/models and application/case studies. Findings: The analysis inferred; Lean is gaining roads in services, though the research is still at nascent stage. Lean is applicable in services though transfer of Lean manufacturing principles to services has certain limitations because of the characteristics of services. The need is to focus on process difference between services and manufacturing. Respect for people and employment engagement is critical to Lean in service. The authors identified the necessity to standardise the Lean service definition, principles, and tools and to develop guidelines for structured implementation in service industry. Research limitations/implications: Though multiple databases have been taken-up but that does not assume that the literature presented in this paper is by any means comprehensive. Development of a standard model/framework for Lean services is critical for future research. Rigorous industry-specific studies, specifically in developing nations are another area for future research. Future studies could analyse the impact of join applications and possible links between Lean service and other approaches like TQM, Six Sigma, etc., with an aim of process improvement. Practical implications: This paper would serve as a resource for Lean practitioners as well as researchers as a fundamental platform, contributing to Lean body of knowledge. Social implications: Service industry has special significance to the society in large. Many services including governments, public interest services, non-profit organisations, healthcare, banking, consulting, etc., has a significant share across markets. Lean being a proven methodology for successful process improvements has to be looked at from a services perspective. This paper helps in such interest. Originality/value: Publications reviewing the adoption of Lean in services is scarce in literature. This paper serves as an excellent resource for research on the subject and will facilitate academicians and practitioners to objectively understand Lean in service sector. © 2016, © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.","Gupta, Shradha; Sharma, Monica; Sunder M., Vijaya",International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,2252
-Can empathic concern be generalized from one person to others? Another positive side of the ‘one-among-others’ effect,"Previous research on the one-among-others effect has shown that inducing empathic concern towards a victim presented among other individuals in need enhances: (1) awareness of these others and (2) the willingness to help them individually. In this work, we test that these outcomes are linked by an additional process: the generalization of empathic concern felt for the victim towards the others in need. Study 1 revealed that inducing empathic concern for a victim presented as one-among-others led to see the others as separate and different individuals, not as a unitary group. Study 2 showed that the one-among-others presentation (vs. only-one-victim) increased empathic concern towards those presented along with the main victim. Study 3 showed that the one-among-others presentation (vs. a single-victim or a statistical presentation) increased the empathic concern felt for other individuals in need. Therefore, the one-among-others presentation does not weaken empathic concern but, instead, it leads to its generalization from one to others. © 2016 Scandinavian Psychological Associations and John Wiley & Sons Ltd","Ambrona, T.; Oceja, L.; López-Pérez, B.; Carrera, P.",Scand. J. Psychol.,2253
-Exposure to fictional medical television and health: a systematic review,"Fictional medical television programs have long been a staple of television programming, and they remain popular today. We aimed to examine published literature assessing the influence of medical television programs on health outcomes. We conducted systematic literature searches in PubMed, PsychINFO and CINAHL. Selected studies had to be scholarly research, to involve exposure to fictionalized medical television programming, and to assess associations between exposures and outcomes. Of 3541 unique studies identified, nineteen met selection criteria. The most commonly studied programs were ER (73%), Grey's Anatomy (58%) and House M.D. (37%). Outcomes included knowledge, perceptions and behaviors related to topics as diverse as organ donation, cancer screening, sexually transmitted infections, and heart disease. Viewing fictional medical television programs had a negative influence on viewers' health-related knowledge, perceptions and/or behavior in 11% of studies, a positive influence in 32% of studies, and mixed influence in 58%. While most studies (58%) were characterized as having fair quality in terms of rigor of study design, 21% were classified as good and 21% were classified as poor. As such, medical television can affect health education and outcomes. Future work should utilize randomization, more longitudinal assessments, and more direct assessments of health education and behavioral outcomes.","Hoffman, Beth L; Shensa, Ariel; Wessel, Charles; Hoffman, Robert; Primack, Brian A",Health Educ. Res.,2254
-"Sex, violence, & rock n' roll: Longitudinal effects of music on aggression, sex, and prosocial behavior during adolescence","The current study examined longitudinal associations between listening to aggression, sex, and prosocial behavior in music on a number of behavioral outcomes across a one-year period during adolescence. Adolescents (N=548, M age=15.32, 52% female) completed a number of questionnaires on musical preferences, general media use, aggression, sexual outcomes, and prosocial behavior at two different time points separated by about one year. Using structural equation modeling to analyze the data, results revealed that listening to aggression in music was associated with increased aggression and decreased prosocial behavior over time, even when controlling for initial levels of these behaviors. Listening to sexual content in music was associated with earlier initiation of sexual intercourse and a trend for a higher number of sexual partners (reported at Time 2). Prosocial behavior in music was not associated with any behavioral outcome longitudinally. Collectively, these results suggest that listening to certain types of content in music can have a longitudinal effect on behavior during adolescence. © 2015 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents.","Coyne, S.M.; Padilla-Walker, L.M.",J. Adolesc.,2255
-Preoperative Autologous Donation Decreases Allogeneic Transfusion but Increases Exposure to All Red Blood Cell Transfusion: Results of a Meta-analysis,"BackgroundConcern about risks associated with allogeneic red blood cell transfusion has led to interest in methods of decreasing patient exposure to perioperative transfusion.ObjectiveTo perform a meta-analysis to determine the degree to which predonation of autologous blood reduces patients' exposure to allogeneic blood and all transfusions of red blood cells (allogeneic or autologous).MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, bibliographies, annual reports, press releases, newsletters from organizations with interests in the blood system, and personal files for randomized studies and concurrent control cohort studies in which the control groups were patients excluded for nonmedical reasons.ResultsPatients who predonated autologous blood were less likely to receive allogeneic blood in the 6 randomized studies (n=933) (odds ratio [OR], 0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08-0.32) and in the 9 cohort studies (n=2351) (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.14-0.26). However, autologous donors were more likely to undergo transfusion with allogeneic and/or autologous blood (for randomized studies: OR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.70-5.39 and for cohort studies: OR, 12.32; 95% CI, 5.90-25.40). Studies that reported use of transfusion protocols found less benefit with preoperative autologous donation, although the difference was not statistically significant.ConclusionsPreoperative autologous donation of blood decreases exposure to allogeneic blood but increases exposure to any transfusion (allogeneic and/or autologous). There is a direct relationship between the transfusion rate in the control group and the benefit derived from preoperative autologous donation. This suggests that other methods of decreasing blood transfusion, such as surgical technique and transfusion protocols, may be as important as preoperative autologous donation of blood.","Forgie, Melissa A; Wells, Philip S; Laupacis, Andreas; Fergusson, Dean",Arch. Intern. Med.,2256
-The influence of rewards on (sub-)optimal interleaving,"We investigate how the rewards of individual tasks dictate a priori how easy it is to interleave two discrete tasks efficiently, and whether people then interleave efficiently. Previous research found that people vary in their ability to interleave efficiently. Less attention has been given to whether it was realistic to expect efficient interleaving, given the reward rate of each of the involved tasks. Using a simulation model, we demonstrate how the rewards of individual tasks lead to different dual-task interleaving scenarios. We identify three unique dual-task scenarios. In easy scenarios, many strategies for time division between tasks can achieve optimal performance. This gives great opportunity to optimize performance, but also leads to variation in the applied strategies due to a lack of pressure to settle on a small set of optimal strategies. In difficult scenarios, the optimal strategy is hard to identify, therefore giving little opportunity to optimize. Finally, constrained scenarios have a well-defined prediction of the optimal strategy. It gives a narrow prediction, which limits the options to achieve optimal scores, yet given the structure people are able to optimize their strategies. These scenarios are therefore best to test people’s general capability of optimizing interleaving. We report three empirical studies that test these hypotheses. In each study, participants interleave between two identical discrete tasks, that differ only in the underlying reward functions and the combined result (easy, difficult, or constrained scenario). Empirical results match the theoretical pattern as predicted by simulation models. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. © 2019 Janssen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Janssen, C.P.; Everaert, E.; Hendriksen, H.M.A.; Mensing, G.L.; Tigchelaar, L.J.; Nunner, H.",PLoS ONE,2257
-Hiding behind a small cake' in a newspaper dictator game,"We conduct an Internet dictator game experiment in collaboration with the popular German Sunday paper ""Welt am Sonntag"", employing a wider and more representative subject pool than standard laboratory experiments. Recipients either knew or did not know the size of the cake distributed by the dictator. We find that, in case of incomplete information, some dictators 'hide behind the small cake', supporting the notion that some agents' second-order beliefs directly enter the social utility function. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.","Ockenfels, A.; Werner, P.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,2258
-"Reward, punishment, and cooperation: a meta-analysis","How effective are rewards (for cooperation) and punishment (for noncooperation) as tools to promote cooperation in social dilemmas or situations when immediate self-interest and longer term collective interest conflict? What variables can promote the impact of these incentives? Although such questions have been examined, social and behavioral scientists provide different answers. To date, there is no theoretical and/or quantitative review of rewards and punishments as incentives for cooperation in social dilemmas. Using a novel interdependence-theoretic framework, we propose that rewards and punishments should both promote cooperation, and we identify 2 variables—cost of incentives and source of incentives—that are predicted to magnify the effectiveness of these incentives in promoting cooperation.A meta-analysis involving 187 effect sizes revealed that rewards and punishments exhibited a statistically equivalent positive effect on cooperation (d =0.51 and 0.70, respectively). The effectiveness of incentives was stronger when the incentives were costly to administer, compared to free. Centralization of incentives did not moderate the effect size. Punishments were also more effective during iterated dilemmas when participants continued to interact in the same group, compared to both (a) iterated dilemmas with reassignment to a new group after each trial and (b) one-shot dilemmas. We also examine several other potential moderators, such as iterations, partner matching, group size, country, and participant payment. We discuss broad conclusions, consider implications for theory, and suggest directions for future research on rewards and punishment in social dilemmas.","Balliet, Daniel; Mulder, Laetitia B; Van Lange, Paul A M",Psychol. Bull.,2259
-A Meta-Analytic Review of Communication Campaigns to Promote Organ Donation,"The current study, using random-effects-meta-analysis, provides a review of communication campaigns designed to promote organ donation. Findings across 23 campaigns indicate an overall 5% increase in study outcomes (e.g., registry signing) compared to control groups (k = 23, N = 6,647,801). Several moderators were tested including publication bias, target audience, and type of campaign. Statistically significant differences were not found for any of the moderator factors tested. Results are discussed in terms of future campaigns designed to promote organ donation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Feeley, Thomas Hugh; Moon, Shin-Il",Communication Reports,2260
-Tournament group identity and performance: The moderating effect of winner proportion,"Tournament incentives are common in organizations, and how characteristics of the tournament group (e.g., tournament group identity) and the tournament incentives (e.g., winner proportion) affect tournament performance are of both practical and theoretical importance. We conduct two experiments in which participants compete for tournament rewards against others in their group. In both experiments, we manipulate the strength of participants' identity with their fellow group members and whether the tournament has a small winner proportion with a single reward or a large winner proportion with multiple rewards. In Experiment 1, we find increasing tournament group identity leads to higher other-regarding preference. We also find other-regarding preference decreases competitiveness more in a large winner proportion tournament compared to a small winner proportion tournament. In Experiment 2, we find increasing tournament group identity decreases performance in a real-effort task under a large winner proportion tournament, but it has no effect on performance under a small winner proportion tournament. Together, the two experiments suggest that increasing tournament group identity increases other-regarding preference, and other-regarding preference has a larger negative impact on competitiveness and hence, tournament performance when the winner proportion is large than when it is small. Our results highlight for managers the importance of considering group identity when determining tournament winner proportions. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd","Kelly, K.; Presslee, A.",Account. Organ. Soc.,2261
-The effect of moral intensity on ethical judgment,"Following an extensive review of the moral intensity literature, this article reports the findings of two studies (one between-subjects, the other within-subject) that examined the effect of manipulated and perceived moral intensity on ethical judgment. In the between-subjects study participants judged actions taken in manipulated high moral intensity scenarios to be more unethical than the same actions taken in manipulated low moral intensity scenarios. Findings were mixed for the effect of perceived moral intensity. Both probable magnitude of consequences (a factor consisting of magnitude of consequences, probability of effect, and temporal immediacy) and social consensus had a significant effect; proximity did not. In the within-subject study manipulated moral intensity had a significant effect on ethical judgment, but perceived moral intensity did not. Regression of ethical judgment on age, gender, major, and the three perceived moral intensity factors was significant between-subjects, but not within-subject. Ethical judgment was found to be a more robust predictor of intention than perceived moral intensity using a within-subject design. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007.","McMahon, J.M.; Harvey, R.J.",J. Bus. Ethics,2262
-Gender differences in yielding to social influence: An impunity experiment,"In impunity games proposers, like allocators in dictator games, can take what they want; however, responders can refuse offers deemed unsatisfactory at own cost. We modify the impunity game via allowing offers to condition of another participant’s counterfactual generosity intention. For a given pair of proposer candidates each states, via the strategy vector method, an intended and two adjusted offers: one (possibly) upward adjusted in case the intended offer of the other candidate is higher and one (possibly) downward adjusted in case it is lower. Additionally, each candidate determines an acceptance threshold for the responder role. Only one candidate in each pair is randomly selected and endowed as the actual proposer whose offer is either possibly upward or downward adjusted depending on the counterfactual offer of the other proposer candidate. The endowed proposer of one pair is matched with the non-endowed candidate of another pair in the responder role. The data confirm that counterfactual intentions of others often affect own generosity via substantial and significant average adjustments to the weakest social influence. Overall, offers seem correlated with acceptance thresholds. Furthermore, we find significant gender differences: female participants state lower intended and adjusted offers as well as acceptance thresholds and therefore appear to be less sensitive to social influence. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Di Cagno, D.; Galliera, A.; Güth, W.; Panaccione, L.",Games,2263
-A theoretical model of the effects and consequences of playing video games,,"Buckley, K.E.; Anderson, C.A.","Playing Video Games-Motives, Responses, and Consequences",2264
-The effects of recognition and group need on volunteerism: A social norm perspective,"The significance of volunteering for both individuals and society has lead to numerous studies on this behavior across the social sciences. However, virtually no prior research has evaluated how and to what extent organizations can effectively encourage individuals to contribute time to a worthy cause. The present research uses a social norm perspective to examine the conditions under which promotional appeals based on group need and promises of recognition affect volunteerism. The perspective suggests that norm compliance can be expected only when the prescribed behavior is both important to the group's welfare and subject to group-mediated rewards. Consequently, we hypothesize that promotional appeals based on group need and promised recognition are effective only when they are used in combination. Results of a laboratory and a field experiment are consistent with this hypothesis and provide insights into the process by which the appeals affect individuals' decisions to help. The results also have implications for understanding and promoting other socially desirable behaviors such as recycling, energy conservation, litter reduction, and the purchase of ""green"" products.","Fisher, R.J.; Ackerman, D.",J. Consum. Res.,2265
-Evaluations of a sequence of affective events presented simultaneously: An investigation of the peak-end rule,,"Thomas, D.; Olsen, D.; Murray, K.",European Journal of Marketing,2266
-Cost effectiveness of a community based research project to help women quit smoking,,"Secker-Walker, R H; Holland, R R; Lloyd, C M; Pelkey, D; Flynn, B S",,2267
-I've Got My Eyes on You: Implicit Social-Pressure Cues and Prosocial Behavior,"Explicit social pressure has been shown to be a powerful motivator of prosocial behavior-like voting in elections. In this study, I report the findings of a randomized field experiment designed to study the impact of more subtle, implicit social-pressure treatments. The results of the experiment, conducted in the October 2011 municipal elections in Key West, Florida, demonstrate that even subtle, implicit observability cues can effectively mobilize citizens to vote, perhaps as much as explicit surveillance cues. The findings speak more broadly to our understanding of human decision making, and even evolution, and provide fodder for the claim that humans are evolutionarily programmed to respond to certain stimuli. I interpret the evidence to support the notion that evolutionarily charged impulses, like exposure to images that implicitly signal the potential for surveillance and observability, are sufficient to overcome powerful collective action incentives to free ride. © 2013 International Society of Political Psychology.","Panagopoulos, C.",Polit. Psychol.,2268
-"A systematic review of clinical trials of pharmacological interventions for acute ischaemic stroke (1955-2008) that were completed, but not published in full","BACKGROUND: We assessed the prevalence, and potential impact of, trials of pharmacological agents for acute stroke that were completed but not published in full. Failure to publish trial data is to be deprecated as it sets aside the altruism of participants' consent to be exposed to the risks of experimental interventions, potentially biases the assessment of the effects of therapies, and may lead to premature discontinuation of research into promising treatments. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group's Specialised Register of Trials in June 2008 for completed trials of pharmacological interventions for acute ischaemic stroke, and searched MEDLINE and EMBASE (January 2007 - March 2009) for references to recent full publications. We assessed trial completion status from trial reports, online trials registers and correspondence with experts. RESULTS: We identified 940 trials. Of these, 125 (19.6%, 95% confidence interval 16.5-22.6) were completed but not published in full by the point prevalence date. They included 16,058 participants (16 trials had over 300 participants each) and tested 89 different interventions. Twenty-two trials with a total of 4,251 participants reported the number of deaths. In these trials, 636/4251 (15.0%) died. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that, at the point prevalence date, a substantial body of evidence that was of relevance both to clinical practice in acute stroke and future research in the field was not published in full. Over 16,000 patients had given informed consent and were exposed to the risks of therapy. Responsibility for non-publication lies with investigators, but pharmaceutical companies, research ethics committees, journals and governments can all encourage the timely publication of trial data.","Gibson, Lorna M; Brazzelli, Miriam; Thomas, Brenda M; Sandercock, Peter A G",Trials,2269
-How should meta-regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted?,"Appropriate methods for meta-regression applied to a set of clinical trials, and the limitations and pitfalls in interpretation, are insufficiently recognized. Here we summarize recent research focusing on these issues, and consider three published examples of meta-regression in the light of this work. One principal methodological issue is that meta-regression should be weighted to take account of both within-trial variances of treatment effects and the residual between-trial heterogeneity (that is, heterogeneity not explained by the covariates in the regression). This corresponds to random effects meta-regression. The associations derived from meta-regressions are observational, and have a weaker interpretation than the causal relationships derived from randomized comparisons. This applies particularly when averages of patient characteristics in each trial are used as covariates in the regression. Data dredging is the main pitfall in reaching reliable conclusions from meta-regression. It can only be avoided by prespecification of covariates that will be investigated as potential sources of heterogeneity. However, in practice this is not always easy to achieve. The examples considered in this paper show the tension between the scientific rationale for using meta-regression and the difficult interpretative problems to which such analyses are prone. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Thompson, S.G.; Higgins, J.P.T.",Stat. Med.,2270
-Tax incentives and charitable giving: Evidence from new survey data,,"Brown, E.",Public Finance Quarterly,2271
-Eyes on social norms: A field study on an honor system for newspaper sale,"Honor systems are a cheap and simple way for marketing low-price goods. These sale systems are dependent on the honesty of customers and can only tolerate a certain share of free-riders. In an experimental field study, we investigate a case where honesty has almost disappeared, namely an honor system for the sale of newspapers on weekends. In the chosen urban study area, only a minority of customers comply with payment norms. In this difficult setting, we tested the use of eye images and descriptive social norms as cues to improving payment morale over a period of 24 weeks. We find that interventions based on eye cues as well as normative appeals do not evoke a transition from low to high levels of honesty. However, our results suggest that such interventions might still have the potential to marginally increase mean payments and therefore be economically profitable for operators of large-scale honor systems. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Brudermann, T.; Bartel, G.; Fenzl, T.; Seebauer, S.",Theory Decis,2272
-From market orientation to brand orientation in the public sector,,"Gromark, J.; Melin, F.",Journal of Marketing Management,2273
-Stigma and compliance: A re-examination,"The study examined whether a female with a nonstigmatizing handicap would produce as much compliance to a request as a female with a stigmatizing handicap. In a field experiment, 60 male and 60 female Caucasian pedestrians were asked for money by a female confederate who appeared to have either a stigmatizing handicap, a nonstigmatizing handicap, or no handicap. A 3 × 2 analysis of variance examined the effects of Sex of Subject and Type of Handicap. A manipulation check was performed with a second group of pedestrians to determine the degree to which the two handicap conditions were perceived as permanent. There was no significant difference in the number of persons complying in the stigmatizing and nonstigmatizing handicap conditions. In addition, significantly more persons in the stigmatizing handicap condition (p <.01) and nonstigmatizing handicap conditions (p <.01) complied with the request than did persons in the no handicap condition. The manipulation check supported the conclusion that the stigmatizing handicap was perceived as relatively more permanent than the nonstigmatizing handicap. It was concluded that a handicap need not be stigmatizing in order to increase compliance. © 1977 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Levitt, L.; Kornhaber, R.C.",J. Soc. Psychol.,2274
-On the duty to give (and not to take): An experiment on moralistic punishment,"Organizations aim to influence—via their internal guidelines and corporate culture—how unfair treatment of other stakeholders is perceived and condemned by employees. To understand how different frames and forms of publicity influence moralistic punishment, that is, the willingness of employees to take costs in order to foster norm compliance, we employ a modified version of a dictator game. In our dictator game, a bystander observes a dictator’s behavior towards a recipient and can punish the dictator. We vary how the dictator’s action is framed (either as giving money to the recipient or taking money from the recipient) and whether or not the recipient, as a victim of unfair behavior, is informed about the punishment. Our results suggest that bystanders are more likely to punish dictators when their action is framed as giving rather than taking, although both lead to the same consequences. When bystanders cannot inform recipients about their punishment, less punishment can be observed. On average, dictators partially anticipate this effect and behave more generously when recipients are informed about the bystanders’ punishment. © 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Rilke, R.M.",J. Bus. Econ.,2275
-,,"Kogut, T.; Slovic, P.; Västfjäll, D.",,2276
-Don’t Stare at Me: The Impact of a Humanoid Robot’s Gaze upon Trust During a Cooperative Human–Robot Visual Task,"Gaze is an important tool for social communication. Gaze can influence trust, likability, and compliance. However, excessive gaze in some contexts can signal threat, dominance and aggression, and hence complex social rules govern the appropriate use of gaze. Using a between-subjects design we investigated the impact of three levels of robot gaze (averted, constant and “situational”) upon participants’ likelihood of trusting a humanoid robot’s opinion in a cooperative visual tracking task. The robot, acting as a confederate, would disagree with participants’ responses on certain trials, and suggest a different answer. As constant, staring gaze between strangers is associated with dominance and threat, and averted gaze is associated with lying, we predicted participants would be most likely to be persuaded by a robot which only gazed during disagreements (“situational gaze”). However, gender effects were found, with females least likely to trust a robot which stared at them, and no significant differences between averted gaze and situational gaze. Implications and future work are discussed. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","Stanton, C.J.; Stevens, C.J.",Int. J. Soc. Rob.,2277
-Social facilitation: A meta-analysis of 241 studies,"Reports a meta-analysis of the effects of the presence of others on human task performance and physiology. In 241 studies involving nearly 24,000 Ss, the presence of others had small effects, accounting for .3% to 3% of the variance in the typical experiment. It is concluded that (a) the presence of others heightens an individual's physiological arousal only if the individual is performing a complex task; (b) the presence of others increases the speed of simple task performance and decreases the speed of complex task performance; (c) the presence of others impairs complex performance accuracy and slightly facilitates simple performance accuracy, although the facilitation is vulnerable to the ""file drawer problem"" of unreported null results; and (d) social facilitation effects are surprisingly unrelated to the performer's evaluation apprehension. These meta-analytic conclusions are contrasted with conclusions reached by narrative literature reviews, and implications for theories of social facilitation are discussed. A list of the studies analyzed is appended. (51 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).","Bond, C.F.; Titus, L.J.",Psychol. Bull.,2278
-Individual Differences In Contributions And Crowding-Out Of A Public Good,"This paper reports experimental results that link other-regarding preferences, personality, and demographic characteristics to contributions to a public good and the responsiveness of contributions to tax-financed contributions. Contribution levels are higher among those with cooperative preferences, those with Myers-Briggs personality types of introversion and intuition, females, and upperclassmen. However, the response to a tax-financed contribution is uniform. All player types reduce their contribution by an amount equal to the tax, a result known as complete crowd-out. © 2012 The Author. Scottish Journal of Political Economy © 2012 Scottish Economic Society.","Luccasen III, R.A.",Scott. J. Polit. Econ.,2279
-Altruistic behavior in cohesive social groups: The role of target identifiability,"People’s tendency to be more generous toward identifiable victims than toward unidentifiable or statistical victims is known as the Identifiable Victim Effect. Recent research has called the generality of this effect into question, showing that in cross-national contexts, identifiability mostly affects willingness to help victims of one’s own “in-group.” Furthermore, in inter-group conflict situations, identifiability increased generosity toward a member of the adversary group, but decreased generosity toward a member of one’s own group. In the present research we examine the role of group-cohesiveness as an underlying factor accounting for these divergent findings. In particular, we examined novel groups generated in the lab, using the minimal group paradigm, as well as natural groups of students in regular exercise sections. Allocation decisions in dictator games revealed that a group’s cohesiveness affects generosity toward in-group and out-group recipients differently, depending on their identifiability. In particular, in cohesive groups the identification of an in-group recipient decreased, rather than increased generosity. © 2017 Ritov, Kogut. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Ritov, I.; Kogut, T.",PLoS ONE,2280
-The role of brand personality in charitable giving: An assessment and validation,,"Venable, B.T.; Rose, G.M.; Bush, V.D.; Gilbert, F.W.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2281
-Editorial,"This editorial seeks to problematize the global phenomena of charities and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) operating in almost all national contexts. The first article featured in this issue presents a theory of inclusive special education. The second article evaluates the appropriateness of a short version of the Illinois Loneliness and Social Satisfaction Scale with children with special educational needs. The third article presents a systematic review of qualitative research in order to elucidate the school-related experiences of parents of pupils diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The fourth article analyses School Administration Team Members’ (SATMs’) perceptions of inclusive education in general elementary schools in Israel. The fifth article investigates the social position of students with special educational needs and typically developing students studying in regular classroom environments in Italian primary and secondary schools. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","Hallett, Graham; Hallett, Fiona",British Journal of Special Education,2282
-Does the government crowd-out private donations? New evidence from a sample of non-profit firms,"During the 1980s, government grants to non-profit organizations declined dramatically and the price of private donations increased. Given there are different costs associated with government grants and private donations to non-profits, it is important to study the relationship between these two sources and determine whether government grants 'crowd-out' private donations. I take a fresh look at the issue of crowd-out and improve upon the literature by exploiting a panel data set that links private donations to non-profit firms with the government grants they received. I study 430 non-profit shelter, human services, and other similar types of organizations that were in operation between 1982 and 1992. I find private donations to these non-profits effectively do not change with changes in government grants after controlling for firm heterogeneity and political and economic factors under an OLS specification. In a 2SLS specification, after controlling for possible endogeneity of the government grants the estimated crowd-out is significantly different from zero and one dollar; on average, the estimated crowd-out is ~50 cents.","Payne, A.A.",J. Public Econ.,2283
-Social perception and interpersonal influence: Some consequences of the physical attractiveness stereotype in a personal selling setting,,"Reingen, P.H.; Kernan, J.B.",Journal of Consumer Psychology,2284
-Fairness in simple bargaining experiments,"We present an experiment to test whether fairness alone can explain proposers′ willingness to make nontrivial offers in simple bargaining games. We examine two treatments: game (ultimatum or dictator) and pay (pay or no pay). The outcomes of the ultimatum and dictator games with pay are significantly different, implying that fairness, by itself, cannot explain the observed behavior. Doubling the amount of money available in games with pay does not affect these results. The outcomes of both games are replicable when players are paid, but the outcome of the ultimatum game is not replicable when players are not paid. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: 026, 215. © 1994 by Academic Press, Inc.","Forsythe, R.; Horowitz, J.L.; Savin, N.E.; Sefton, M.",Games Econ. Behav.,2285
-Super Mario brothers and sisters: Associations between coplaying video games and sibling conflict and affection,"Video games can be played in many different contexts. This study examined associations between coplaying video games between siblings and levels of affection and conflict in the relationship. Participants were 508 adolescents (M age = 16.31 years of age, SD = 1.08) who completed questionnaires on video game use and sibling relationships. Participants were recruited from a large Northwestern city and a moderate city in the Mountain West of the United States. Video games played between siblings were coded by an independent sample to assess levels of physical aggression and prosocial behavior in each game. Playing video games with a sibling was associated with higher levels of sibling affection for both boys and girls, but higher levels of conflict for boys only. Playing a violent video game with a brother was associated with lower levels of conflict in the sibling relationship, whereas playing a prosocial video game was not related to any sibling outcome. The value of video games in sibling relationships will be discussed, with a focus on the type of game and the sex of the adolescent. © 2015 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents.","Coyne, S.M.; Jensen, A.C.; Smith, N.J.; Erickson, D.H.",J. Adolesc.,2286
-[Do smoking bans really help: the effect of tobacco-control policy on patients in substance-abuse treatment],,"Donath, C; Metz, K; Kroger, C",,2287
-A Meta-Analytic Review of Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Financial Performance: The Moderating Effect of Contextual Factors,"The relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance (CFP) has long been a central and contentious debate in the literature. However, prior empirical studies provide indefinite conclusions. The purpose of this study is to review systematically and quantify the CSR?CFP link in a meta-analytic framework. Based on 119 effect sizes from 42 studies, this study estimates that the overall effect size of the CSR?CFP relationship is positive and significant, thus endorsing the argument that CSR does enhance financial performance. Furthermore, this work sheds light on the causal relationship between CSR and CFP. Subsequent financial performance is associated with prior social responsibility, while the reverse direction is not supported. This finding supports the instrumental stakeholder theory. As predicted, the meta-analysis results indicate that the measurement strategies of the two key constructs of CSR and CFP explain some variations of the CSR?CFP relationship. Last, this study examines the moderating effect of the environmental context on the CSR?CFP link. This work proposes that CSR in the developed world, with a relatively mature institutional system and efficient market mechanism, will be more visible than CSR in the developing world. The results show that the CSR?CFP relationship is stronger for firms from advanced economies than for firms from developing economies.","Wang, Qian; Dou, Junsheng; Jia, Shenghua",Business & Society,2288
-Images of eyes enhance investments in a real-life public good,"A key issue in cooperation research is to determine the conditions under which individuals invest in a public good. Here, we tested whether cues of being watched increase investments in an anonymous public good situation in real life. We examined whether individuals would invest more by removing experimentally placed garbage (paper and plastic bottles) from bus stop benches in Geneva in the presence of images of eyes compared to controls (images of flowers). We provided separate bins for each of both types of garbage to investigate whether individuals would deposit more items into the appropriate bin in the presence of eyes. The treatment had no effect on the likelihood that individuals present at the bus stop would remove garbage. However, those individuals that engaged in garbage clearing, and were thus likely affected by the treatment, invested more time to do so in the presence of eyes. Images of eyes had a direct effect on behaviour, rather than merely enhancing attention towards a symbolic sign requesting removal of garbage. These findings show that simple images of eyes can trigger reputational effects that significantly enhance on non-monetary investments in anonymous public goods under real life conditions. We discuss our results in the light of previous findings and suggest that human social behaviour may often be shaped by relatively simple and potentially unconscious mechanisms instead of very complex cognitive capacities. © 2012 Francey, Bergmüller.","Francey, D.; Bergmüller, R.",PLoS ONE,2289
-Door-in-the-face: Is it really necessary that both requests be made by the same requester?,"The door-in-the-face technique increases the likelihood of individuals accepting a target request by confronting them, beforehand, with an extreme request. The present research tests a new door-in-the-face technique in which the two requests are formulated by two different requesters during the same interaction. 160 participants were asked to help a charity organization following a doorin-the-face procedure. According to the experimental conditions, requests were formulated by one or two requesters during the same or a different interaction. As predicted, the door-in-the-face effect was observed even if two requests are formulated by two requesters, but only if both are present during the interaction. Results are discussed in terms of a reciprocal concessions interpretation and a motivational interpretation. © Psychological Reports 2013.","Terrier, L.; Marfaing, B.; Boldi, M.-O.",Psychol. Rep.,2290
-THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT MODES OF SUPERVISION ON VIGILANCE BEHAVIOUR,"Experiment I was run to determine if a closed‐circuit television and a one‐way window mode of supervision were as effective as the direct physical presence of an experimenter in inducing enhanced levels of signal detection in a Mackworth‐type vigilance task. A control condition of complete subject privacy was also examined. The results indicated that both the television and the window conditions had a positive effect on overall performance which was similar to that observed in the experimenter‐presence condition; however, the performance decrement over the 90 min. vigil was equivalent for the four modes. A second experiment involving the variable of camera position with an addition of a fourth 30 min. period yielded no significant differences between the camera positions, but overall performance in the television condition was again better than in the control condition. This study suggested that performance can be enhanced even without the physical presence of the experimenter. 1975 The British Psychological Society","PUTZ, V.R.",Br. J. Psychol.,2291
-Emotion and adaptation,,"Lazarus, R.S.",Emotion and Adaptation,2292
diff --git a/data/systematic_review_inclusion/train.csv b/data/systematic_review_inclusion/train.csv
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-Title,Abstract,Authors,Journal,Label,ID
-Prototyping and transforming facial textures for perception research,Wavelet based methods for prototyping facial textures for artificially transforming the age of facial images were described. Prototype images were used to define the salient features of a particular face classification. Two experiments were conducted to validate the ability of wavelet processing method to capture age information. The first experiment validated the textured prototyping method while the second experiment investigated the effectiveness of the new age transformation technique. The shape and color transformation used to rejuvenate faces hardly affected the apparent age. The average hair color change during rejuvenation was not sufficient to project the hair color in normal range for the younger age group.,"Tiddeman, B.; Burt, M.; Perrett, D.",IEEE Comput Graphics Appl,not included,0
-School finance reform and voluntary fiscal federalism,"California has transferred the financing of its public schools from localities to the state. In response, many families have supplemented the tax revenue of their local public schools with voluntary contributions. This paper analyzes that phenomenon. We propose a model of partial cooperation among parents in making voluntary contributions to their public schools. Under reasonable conditions, the model predicts that contributions per pupil should decline with school size. We estimate this relationship using data on contributions to California schools. Our estimates reveal that contributions per pupil do decline with size; however, the rate of decline is surprisingly slow. © 2002 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Brunner, E.; Sonstelie, J.",J. Public Econ.,not included,1
-When Should the Ask Be a Nudge? The Effect of Default Amounts on Charitable Donations,,"Goswami, I.; Urminsky, O.",Journal of Marketing Research,not included,2
-"Intra-organizational volunteerism: Good soldiers, good deeds and good politics","Despite the millions of hours donated to charity each year by employees on behalf of their employers there has been relatively little research into the motives for such pro-social behavior. The current paper extends Peterson's (2004, Journal of Business Ethics 49, 371) study by exploring a unique form of employee volunteerism identified as intra-organizational, or employer-sanctioned volunteerism, and uniting the heretofore distinct charity support and organizational citizenship behavior literatures. Results of a preliminary study revealed that employee participation in such intra-organizational volunteer programs is motivated by charity, firm, and personal benefits. Managerial and research implications are presented. © Springer 2006.","Peloza, J.; Hassay, D.N.",J. Bus. Ethics,not included,3
-Implicit vs. Explicit deception in ultimatum games with incomplete information,"We explore bargaining, using ultimatum games, when one party, the proposer, possesses private information about the pie size and can either misrepresent this information through untruthful statements (explicit deception) or through information-revealing actions (implicit deception). Our study is the first such direct comparison between two ways in which people can deceive. We find that requiring informed parties to make an explicit statement yields greater deception than when information is communicated implicitly, particularly for larger stakes. However, allowing the explicit statement to be accompanied by a promise of truthfulness reverses this effect. In contrast with many previous studies, we generally observe very high frequencies of dishonesty. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.","Kriss, P.H.; Nagel, R.; Weber, R.A.",J. Econ. Behav. Organ.,not included,4
-"Why people choose teaching: A scoping review of empirical studies, 2007–2016","Who enters teaching and why are questions of immense social and political importance throughout the world. This paper presents a scoping review of empirical studies, published between 2007 and 2016, that addressed influences on the choice of teaching as a career. Seventy articles were analysed descriptively and substantively. Our overview of the nature, extent, and range of research published in these articles highlights that most studies focus on motivations for teaching, with intrinsic and altruistic motivations most commonly identified. We argue that a broader range of theoretical perspectives could add fresh insights to the question of why people choose teaching. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)","Fray, Leanne; Gore, Jennifer",Teaching and Teacher Education,not included,5
-Persuasion: Theory & Research,,"O’Keefe, D.J.",Persuasion: Theory and research,not included,6
-Being sticker rich: Numerical context influences children's sharing behavior,"Young children spontaneously share resources with anonymous recipients, but little is known about the specific circumstances that promote or hinder these prosocial tendencies. Children (ages 3-11) received a small (12) or large (30) number of stickers, and were then given the opportunity to share their windfall with either one or multiple anonymous recipients (Dictator Game). Whether a child chose to share or not varied as a function of age, but was uninfluenced by numerical context. Moreover, children's giving was consistent with a proportion- based account, such that children typically donated a similar proportion (but different absolute number) of the resources given to them, regardless of whether they originally received a small or large windfall. The proportion of resources donated, however, did vary based on the number of recipients with whom they were allowed to share, such that on average, children shared more when there were more recipients available, particularly when they had more resources, suggesting they take others into consideration when making prosocial decisions. Finally, results indicated that a child's gender also predicted sharing behavior, with males generally sharing more resources than females. Together, findings suggest that the numerical contexts under which children are asked to share, as well as the quantity of resources that they have to share, may interact to promote (or hinder) altruistic behaviors throughout childhood. © 2015 Posid et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.","Posid, T.; Fazio, A.; Cordes, S.",PLoS ONE,not included,7
-What's in a message? The longitudinal influence of a supportive versus combative orientation on the performance of nonprofits,,"Botner, K.A.; Mishra, A.; Mishra, H.",Journal of Marketing Research,not included,8
-Advancing Measurement and Research on Youths’ Prosocial Behavior in the Digital Age,"Widespread access to digital and social media has drastically altered the nature of youth’s interpersonal connections. In this context, the opportunities children and adolescents have to help people around them are rapidly evolving. In this article, we review emerging literature on how digital media influences youth’s prosocial development in new ways. Then we propose the next steps for advancing the field’s understanding of youth’s prosocial behavior in the digital age. We advocate for extending existing measures to capture experiences that are increasingly relevant for children and adolescents today, with a focus on current events, including the COVID-19 pandemic, and social and political activism. We also provide a research agenda to advance the understanding of prosocial development. © 2021 The Authors Child Development Perspectives © 2021 The Society for Research in Child Development","Armstrong-Carter, E.; Telzer, E.H.",Child Dev. Perspect.,not included,9
-The cost-effectiveness of public postsecondary education subsidies,,"Muennig P, Fahs M",,not included,10
-Gossip as an alternative for direct observation in games of indirect reciprocity,"Communication about social topics is abundant in human societies, and many functions have been attributed to such gossiping. One of these proposed functions is the management of reputations. Reputation by itself has been shown to have a strong influence on cooperation dynamics in games of indirect reciprocity, and this notion helps to explain the observed high level of cooperation in humans. Here we designed a game to test a widespread assumption that gossip functions as a vector for the transmission of social information. This empirical study (with 14 groups of nine students each) focuses on the composition of gossip, information transfer by gossip, and the behavior based on gossip information. We show that gossip has a strong influence on the resulting behavior even when participants have access to the original information (i.e., direct observation) as well as gossip about the same information. Thus, it is evident that gossip has a strong manipulative potential. Furthermore, gossip about cooperative individuals is more positive than gossip about uncooperative individuals, gossip comments transmit social information successfully, and cooperation levels are higher when people encounter positive compared with negative gossip. © 2007 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.","Sommerfeld, R.D.; Krambeck, H.-J.; Semmann, D.; Milinski, M.",Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.,not included,11
-Time to loss of brain function and activity during circulatory arrest,"PURPOSE: Brain function during the dying process and around the time of cardiac arrest is poorly understood. To better inform the clinical physiology of the dying process and organ donation practices, we performed a scoping review of the literature to assess time to loss of brain function and activity after circulatory arrest. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medline and Embase databases were searched from inception to June 2014 for articles reporting the time interval to loss of brain function or activity after loss of systemic circulation. RESULTS: Thirty-nine studies met selection criteria. Seven human studies and 10 animal studies reported that electroencephalography (EEG) activity is lost less than 30seconds after abrupt circulatory arrest. In the setting of existing brain injury, with progressive loss of oxygenated circulation, loss of EEG may occur before circulatory arrest. Cortical evoked potentials may persist for several minutes after loss of circulation. CONCLUSION: The time required to lose brain function varied according to clinical context and method by which this function is measured. Most studies show that clinical loss of consciousness and loss of EEG activity occur within 30seconds after abrupt circulatory arrest and may occur before circulatory arrest after progressive hypoxia-ischemia. Prospective clinical studies are required to confirm these observations.","Pana, R; Hornby, L; Shemie, S D; Dhanani, S; Teitelbaum, J",J. Crit. Care,not included,12
-Stability of hemoglobin mass over 100 days in active men,"The purpose of this study was to investigate the suggestion in a recent meta-analysis that variability in hemoglobin mass increases when time between measurements increases from days to months. Hemoglobin mass of six active men was measured with the carbon monoxide method every 1-6 days for 100-114 days (42 +/- 3 measurements, mean +/- SD). Measurement error for each individual's series was estimated from the standard deviation of consecutive pairwise changes and compared with his total error (standard deviation of all values). Linear trends and periodicities in each series were quantified by regression and spectral analysis. Series with known random error and periodicity were also simulated and analyzed. There were clear differences in the pairwise error of measurement between subjects (range 1.4-2.7%). For five men, there was little difference between the total and pairwise errors; their mean ratio (1.06, 90% confidence limits 0.96-1.17) was less than ratios for simulated sinusoidal series with random error of 2%, amplitude of 2%, and periods of 20-100 days (ratios 1.13-1.21). Spectral analysis clearly revealed such periodicities in the simulated series but not in the series of these subjects. The sixth man, who had donated blood 12 days before commencing measurements, showed errors, trend, and periodicity consistent with gradual restoration of hemoglobin mass. Measurement error of hemoglobin mass does not increase over 100 days. Consequently, hemoglobin mass may be suitable for long-term monitoring of small changes that might occur with training or erythropoietin abuse, taking into consideration the small differences between athletes in errors and trends.","Eastwood, Annette; Hopkins, Will G; Bourdon, Pitre C; Withers, Robert T; Gore, Christopher J",J. Appl. Physiol.,not included,13
-The life you save may be your own,,"Schelling, T.C.",Problems in Public Expenditure Analysis,not included,14
-"A meta-analysis of prosocial media on prosocial behavior, aggression, and empathic concern: A multidimensional approach","Studies examining the effects of exposure to prosocial media on positive outcomes are increasing in number and strength. However, existing meta-analyses use a broad definition of prosocial media that does not recognize the multidimensionality of prosocial behavior. The aim of the current study is to conduct a meta-analysis on the effects of exposure to prosocial media on prosocial behavior, aggression, and empathic concern while examining multiple moderators that the prosocial behavior literature suggests are important to our understanding of why individuals voluntarily help others (e.g., target, type, cost). Results from 72 studies involving 243 effect sizes revealed that exposure to prosocial media was related to higher levels of prosocial behavior and empathic concern and lower levels of aggressive behavior. Moderation analyses suggest that several moderators accounted for heterogeneity in the model, including age of participant, region, media type (active vs. passive), and study design. In terms of multidimensional moderators, prosocial media had stronger effects on prosocial behavior toward strangers than did any other target and on helping and prosocial thinking but not donating or volunteering. Comparisons with other meta-analyses on media effects are made and implications for parents, media producers, and researchers are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record","Coyne, Sarah M; Padilla-Walker, Laura M; Holmgren, Hailey G; Davis, Emilie J; Collier, Kevin M; Memmott-Elison, Madison K; Hawkins, Alan J",Dev. Psychol.,included,15
-Treatment strategies for osteoarthritis patients with pain and hypertension,"Out of 100 patients with osteoarthritis (OA), almost 40 have a concomitant diagnosis of hypertension. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors may trigger a rise in blood pressure (BP), which is more marked in patients with established hypertension. NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors attenuate the antihypertensive effect of several antihypertensive agents. Frequent BP controls are needed in treated hypertensive patients who are concomitantly receiving NSAIDs or COX-2 inhibitors because even a small increase in BP may be associated with an important rise in the risk of major cardiovascular complications. In meta-analyses, an increase in systolic BP of 5mmHg was associated with a 25% higher risk of cardiovascular events. These data have been confirmed in randomized studies with rofecoxib and celecoxib, where a modest increase in BP was associated with a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular disease. There is emerging evidence that the COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donator (CINOD) class is promising in the treatment of patients with OA. Naproxcinod, the first CINOD investigated in clinical trials, is composed of the traditional NSAID naproxen covalently bound to the nitric oxide (NO)-donating moiety butanediol mono-nitrate (BDMN). The molecule has the potential to provide a sustained release of NO. In clinical studies, naproxcinod prevented the BP rise in normotensive and hypertensive patients observed with naproxen. The BP benefit of naproxcinod over naproxen was greater in patients concomitantly receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers. These investigational data suggest that naproxcinod is a valuable alternative to NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors for treatment of OA patients.","Verdecchia, Paolo; Angeli, Fabio; Mazzotta, Giovanni; Martire, Paola; Garofoli, Marta; Gentile, Giorgio; Reboldi, Gianpaolo",Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis.,not included,16
-"Nonprofit organizations, monopolistic competition, and private donations: Evidence from Spain","This article presents an analysis of the determinants of money and time donations to Spanish nongovernmental organizations that channel aid to less developed countries. A basic model inspired by the theory of monopolistic competition is formulated and tested taking into account that some of the explanatory variables, such as fund-raising expenditure and price, are endogenous. The results show that the average donor is different for money and time donations and that government preferences differ from those of private donors. Finally, the authors find that the hypothesis of efficient fund-raising expenditures cannot be rejected.","Marcuello, C.; Salas, V.",Public Financ. Rev.,not included,17
-Public goods provision and redistributive taxation,"This paper studies the relationship between redistributive taxation and tax-deductible charitable contributions. Redistribution has two opposite effects on voluntary giving. The price of charitable giving decreases with the degree of redistribution, and this has a positive effect on the total amount of giving (substitution effect). However, redistribution leads to lower consumption for the contributors and therefore has a negative effect on contributions to the charity (income effect). The theoretical model developed in this paper demonstrates that, under a general class of utility functions, the substitution effect dominates the income effect. Hence, charitable giving increases with the tax rate. In purely egalitarian societies, the public good is provided efficiently and the total welfare is maximized independent of the ex-ante income inequality. However, the positive impact of taxation on charitable giving and welfare may disappear if individuals generate their income levels in anticipation of taxation and redistribution does not take into account the cost of effort. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Uler, N.",J. Public Econ.,not included,18
-"Responsibility, norms, and helping in an emergency","Replicated the J. Darley and B. Latane (see record) study of bystander aid to a seizure victim examining the effects of (a) number and competence of bystanders, (b) information appropriate for action, and (c) ascription of responsibility (AR) upon helping by males and females. From an analysis of norms relevant in an emergency and of the likelihood of their activation, main effects on speed of helping for the above 4 variables, interactions of the 1st 3 with AR, a Sex of Subject × Number interaction, and differences in type of help offered in various conditions were predicted. 179 undergraduates participated in a factorial experiment. Speed of helping dropped significantly for females, but not for males, when other bystanders were present (reporting decreased, direct help was unaffected), and dropped significantly further when another bystander was medically competent (reporting increased, direct help decreased). Among females disposed to accept rationales for denying responsibility, both effects were particularly strong. Information-action and AR to the self were associated with faster and more direct help. Data on Ss' thoughts and feelings reinforced a normative interpretation of the results. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1970 American Psychological Association.","Schwartz, S.H.; Clausen, G.T.",J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.,not included,19
-Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties,"Emerging adulthood is proposed as a new conception of development for the period from the late teens through the twenties, with a focus on ages 18-25. A theoretical background is presented. Then evidence is provided to support the idea that emerging adulthood is a distinct period demographically, subjectively, and in terms of identity explorations. How emerging adulthood differs from adolescence and young adulthood is explained. Finally, a cultural context for the idea of emerging adulthood is outlined, and it is specified that emerging adulthood exists only in cultures that allow young people a prolonged period of independent role exploration during the late teens and twenties.","Arnett, J.J.",Am. Psychol.,not included,20
-Assessing actual strategic behavior to construct a measure of strategic ability,"Strategic interactions have been studied extensively in the area of judgment and decision-making. However, so far no specific measure of a decision-maker's ability to be successful in strategic interactions has been proposed and tested. Our contribution is the development of a measure of strategic ability that borrows from both game theory and psychology. Such measure is aimed at providing an estimation of the likelihood of success in many social activities that involve strategic interaction among multiple decision-makers. To construct a reliable measure of strategic ability, that we propose to call ""Strategic Quotient"" (SQ), we designed a test where each item is a game and where, therefore, the individual obtained score depends on the distribution of choices of other decision-makers taking the test. The test is designed to provide information on the abilities related to two dimensions, mentalization and rationality, that we argue are crucial to strategic success, with each dimension being characterized by two main factors. Principal component analysis on preliminary data shows that indeed four factors (two for rationality, two for mentalization) account for strategic success in most of the strategically simpler games of the test. Moreover, two more strategically sophisticated games are inserted in the test and are used to investigate if and to what extent the four factors obtained by simpler games can predict strategic success in more sophisticated strategic interactions. Overall, the collected empirical evidence points to the possibility of building a SQ measure using only simple games designed to capture information about the four identified factors. © 2019 Bilancini, Boncinelli and Mattiassi.","Bilancini, E.; Boncinelli, L.; Mattiassi, A.",Front. Psychol.,not included,21
-Impact of presumed consent for organ donation on donation rates: a systematic review,"OBJECTIVES: To examine the impact of a system of presumed consent for organ donation on donation rates and to review data on attitudes towards presumed consent. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: Studies retrieved by online searches to January 2008 of Medline, Medline In-Process, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, HMIC, PAIS International, and OpenSIGLE. Studies reviewed Five studies comparing donation rates before and after the introduction of legislation for presumed consent (before and after studies); eight studies comparing donation rates in countries with and without presumed consent systems (between country comparisons); 13 surveys of public and professional attitudes to presumed consent. RESULTS: The five before and after studies represented three countries: all reported an increase in donation rates after the introduction of presumed consent, but there was little investigation of any other changes taking place concurrently with the change in legislation. In the four best quality between country comparisons, presumed consent law or practice was associated with increased organ donation-increases of 25-30%, 21-26%, 2.7 more donors per million population, and 6.14 more donors per million population in the four studies. Other factors found to be important in at least one study were mortality from road traffic accidents and cerebrovascular causes, transplant capacity, gross domestic product per capita, health expenditure per capita, religion (Catholicism), education, public access to information, and a common law legal system. Eight surveys of attitudes to presumed consent were of the UK public. These surveys varied in the level of support for presumed consent, with surveys conducted before 2000 reporting the lowest levels of support (28-57%). The most recent survey, in 2007, reported that 64% of respondents supported a change to presumed consent. CONCLUSION: Presumed consent alone is unlikely to explain the variation in organ donation rates between countries. Legislation, availability of donors, organisation and infrastructure of the transplantation service, wealth and investment in health care, and public attitudes to and awareness of organ donation may all play a part, but their relative importance is unclear. Recent UK surveys show support for presumed consent, though with variation in results that may reflect differences in survey methods.","Rithalia, Amber; McDaid, Catriona; Suekarran, Sara; Myers, Lindsey; Sowden, Amanda",BMJ,not included,22
-Social learning theory,"Three forms of social learning theory relevant to child development are reviewed. The first (see Robert Sears) involved attempts to combine Freudian and stimulus-response learning theory. Explaining the internalization of parent expectations, however, was a challenge for this approach. In a second form, Albert Bandura employed learning principles of reinforcement and punishment but also argued that the primary form of learning was observation. Additionally, he emphasized the role of cognition in learning. A third form, associated with Gerald Patterson among others, focuses on behavior management of difficult children and continues to underlie many forms of intervention practiced today. © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Grusec, J.E.",The Curated Reference Collection in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology,not included,23
-Social dilemma cooperation (unlike Dictator Game giving) is intuitive for men as well as women,"Does intuition favor prosociality, or does prosocial behavior require deliberative self-control? The Social Heuristics Hypothesis (SHH) stipulates that intuition favors typically advantageous behavior - but which behavior is typically advantageous depends on both the individual and the context. For example, non-zero-sum cooperation (e.g. in social dilemmas like the Prisoner's Dilemma) typically pays off because of the opportunity for reciprocity. Conversely, reciprocity does not promote zero-sum cash transfers (e.g. in the Dictator Game, DG). Instead, DG giving can be long-run advantageous because of reputation concerns: social norms often require such behavior of women but not men. Thus, the SHH predicts that intuition will favor social dilemma cooperation regardless of gender, but only favor DG giving among women. Here I present meta-analytic evidence in support of this prediction. In 31 studies examining social dilemma cooperation (N=13,447), I find that promoting intuition increases cooperation to a similar extent for both men and women. This stands in contrast to the results from 22 DG studies (analyzed in Rand et al., 2016) where intuition promotes giving among women but not men. Furthermore, I show using meta-regression that the interaction between gender and intuition is significantly larger in the DG compared to the cooperation games. Thus, I find clear evidence that the role of intuition and deliberation varies across both setting and individual as predicted by the SHH.","Rand, David G",J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.,not included,24
-Public charity offer as a proximate factor of evolved reputation-building strategy: an experimental analysis of a real-life situation,"Although theoretical considerations suggest that a considerable portion of human altruism is driven by concerns about reputation, few experimental studies have examined the psychological correlates of individual decisions in real-life situations. Here we demonstrate that more subjects were willing to give assistance to unfamiliar people in need if they could make their charity offers in the presence of their group mates than in a situation where the offers remained concealed from others. In return, those who were willing to participate in a particular charitable activity received significantly higher scores than others on scales measuring sympathy and trustworthiness. Finally, a multiple regression analysis revealed that while several personality and behavior traits (cooperative ability, Machiavellianism, sensitivity to norms, and sex) play a role in the development of prosocial behavior, the possibility of gaining reputation within the group remains a measurable determinant of charitable behavior. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Bereczkei, T.; Birkas, B.; Kerekes, Z.",Evol. Hum. Behav.,not included,25
-A comparison of two behavioral influence techniques for improving blood donor recruitment,"This study was designed to test the viability of two multiple request techniques of behavioral influence for recruiting blood donors by telephone. The first technique utilizes a small antecedent request to encourage behavioral involvement and favorable disposition toward the target activity of the critical request to donate. The second approach frames the critical request as a concession following refusal of a very large request. The two techniques, dubbed the foot‐in‐the‐door (FID) and door‐in‐the‐face (DIF), respectively, were tested against a control condition on three donor groups: active donors, inactive donors, and nondonors. Thus, a three‐by‐three factorial design was used on 910 adults in a Midwest city. Although the DIF was outperformed by the control across all three donor groups, the authors recommend its continued study in face‐to‐face donor solicitation. Importantly, the FID approach produced more donations than the control condition among active donors (Z = 4.30; p < .001), inactives (Z = 7.45; p < .001), and nondonors (Z = 1.98; p < .05). For managing the blood supply, the FID is particularly potent for rekindling donations from inactive donors. Additional research on means of penetrating the nondonor segment is recommended. 1984 AABB","Dwyer, F.R.; Greenwalt, T.J.; Coe, N.A.",Transfusion,not included,26
-Adult‐related haematopoietic stem cell donor experiences and the provision of information and psychosocial support: A systematic literature review,"For blood cancer patients, haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) donated by a relative can be lifesaving. However, related donors can face significant physical and psychosocial challenges. As the demand for adult‐related HSC donors is increasing, it is important to review our understanding of adult‐related HSC donors’ need for and availability of information and psychosocial support with a view to identifying gaps in the literature. A systematic review of relevant studies (2000–2017) was conducted using five databases with supplementary hand searching. Sixteen studies involving 1,024 related HSC donors met the following criteria: English or Dutch language, peer‐reviewed, sampled first‐time‐related HSC donors, ≥ 18 years, haematological malignancies, assessed psychosocial aspects, retrospective or prospective and with or without comparison group. Data were abstracted, and study quality was assessed using the PRISMA criteria. Studies contained limited information on the provision of information and psychosocial support. Most studies addressed pre‐donation information, and none reported providing information or support to donors post‐donation. Additionally, few studies formally assessed unmet needs. Recommendations include improved transparency of reporting for the availability, sources and timing of information and psychosocial support, and the identification of unmet needs to enable the development of educational and psychosocial interventions for this invaluable donor population.patients, haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) donated by a relative can be lifesaving. However, related donors can face significant physical and psychosocial challenges. As the demand for adult‐related HSC donors is increasing, it is important to review our understanding of adult‐related HSC donors’ need for and availability of information and psychosocial support with a view to identifying gaps in the literature. A systematic review of relevant studies (2000 (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Zomerdijk, Nienke; Turner, Jane M; Hill, Geoffrey R",Eur. J. Cancer Care,not included,27
-Scaling up the 2010 World Health Organization HIV treatment guidelines in resource-limited settings: a model-based analysis,,"Walensky, R P; Wood, R; Ciaranello, A L; Paltiel, A D; Lorenzana, S B; Anglaret, X; Stoler, A W; Freedberg, K A; Cost Effectiveness of AIDS Complications International Investigators",,not included,28
-"""Paper or plastic?"": How we pay influences post-transaction connection",,"Shah, A.M.; Eisenkraft, N.; Bettman, J.R.; Chartrand, T.L.",Journal of Consumer Research,not included,29
-Meta-analysis for public management & policy,,"Ringquist, E.",Meta-Analysis for Public Management and Policy,not included,30
-Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness,"Testosterone-dependent secondary sexual characteristics in males may signal immunological competence and are sexually selected for in several species. In humans, oestrogen-dependent characteristics of the female body correlate with health and reproductive fitness and are found attractive. Enhancing the sexual dimorphism of human faces should raise attractiveness by enhancing sex-hormone-related cues to youth and fertility in females, and to dominance and immunocompetence in males. Here we report the results of asking subjects to choose the most attractive faces from continua that enhanced or diminished differences between the average shape of female and male faces. As predicted, subjects preferred feminized to average shapes of a female face. This preference applied across UK and Japanese populations but was stronger for within-population judgements, which indicates that attractiveness cues are learned. Subjects preferred feminized to average or masculinized shapes of a male face. Enhancing masculine facial characteristics increased both perceived dominance and negative attributions (for example, coldness or dishonesty) relevant to relationships and paternal investment. These results indicate a selection pressure that limits sexual dimorphism and encourages neoteny in humans.","Perrett, D.I.; Lee, K.J.; Penton-Voak, I.; Rowland, D.; Yoshikawa, S.; Burt, D.M.; Henzi, S.P.; Castles, D.L.; Akamatsu, S.",Nature,not included,31
-"The cost-effectiveness of introducing nucleic acid testing to test for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus among blood donors in Sweden",,"Davidson, T; Ekermo, B; Gaines, H; Lesko, B; Akerlind, B",,not included,32
-Does government funding suppress nonprofits' political activity?,"Autonomy from the state has been considered a core feature of American civil society, and understanding the consequences of perceived threats to that autonomy has been a central theme in social and political theory. We engage this theme by examining a specific question: What is the effect of government funding on nonprofit organizations' political activity? Extant theory and research identify some mechanisms by which government funding might reduce nonprofit political activity and other mechanisms by which government funding might enhance such activity. We investigate this relationship with two data sets: a national sample of religious congregations and a longitudinal sample of nonprofit organizations in Minneapolis-St. Paul. Results across these data sets are consistent and compelling: The relationship between government funding and nonprofit political activity is either positive or null; government funding does not suppress nonprofit political activity.","Chaves, M.; Stephens, L.; Galaskiewicz, J.",Am. Sociol. Rev.,not included,33
-Governing the Hollow State,"For the past ten years the authors have conducted a concentrated research program on the dimensions and impact of the hollow state. The hollow state is a metaphor for the increasing use of third parties, often nonprofits, to deliver social services and generally act in the name of the state. The types of structures, incentives, and mechanisms used to control third-party providers have been the focus of this research. The empirical thrust of this research is on how effective various types of mechanisms, structures, and incentives are at promoting the effectiveness of contracted services. The normative question this research has raised, but not answered, is, What effect does government contracting with third-party providers have on the perceived legitimacy of the state? This article is a summary of the theoretical development and the empirical findings from the authors' research on the dimensions and impact of the hollow state in the domain of health and human services contracting. Elements of this article have appeared previously in this journal and in many others as well. The article's purpose is to integrate the authors' research on the hollow state. This is a summative article that seeks to bring together in one place what the authors have learned. In addition, new directions are explored for future research on the hollow state.","Milward, H.B.; Provan, K.G.",J. Public Adm. Res. Theory,not included,34
-The Role of Food Banks in Addressing Food Insecurity: A Systematic Review,"Food banks play a major role in the food aid sector by distributing donated and purchased groceries directly to food insecure families. The public health implications of food insecurity are significant, particularly as food insecurity has a higher prevalence among certain population groups. This review consolidates current knowledge about the function and efficacy of food banks to address food insecurity. A systematic review was conducted. Thirty-five publications were reviewed, of which 14 examined food security status, 13 analysed nutritional quality of food provided, and 24 considered clients' needs in relation to food bank use. This review found that while food banks have an important role to play in providing immediate solutions to severe food deprivation, they are limited in their capacity to improve overall food security outcomes due to the limited provision of nutrient-dense foods in insufficient amounts, especially from dairy, vegetables and fruits. Food banks have the potential to improve food security outcomes when operational resources are adequate, provisions of perishable food groups are available, and client needs are identified and addressed.","Bazerghi, Chantelle; McKay, Fiona H; Dunn, Matthew",J. Community Health,not included,35
-Thinking about fit and donation format in cause marketing: The effects of need for cognition,,"Kerr, A.; Das, N.",Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,not included,36
-The 'I' of the beholder: How gender differences and self-referencing influence charity advertising,,"Chang, C.-T.; Lee, Y.-K.",International Journal of Advertising,not included,37
-Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias,"An adjusted rank correlation test is proposed as a technique for identifying publication bias in a meta-analysis, and its operating characteristics are evaluated via simulations. The test statistic is a direct statistical analogue of the popular 'funnel-graph.' The number of component studies in the meta-analysis, the nature of the selection mechanism, the range of variances of the effect size estimates, and the true underlying effect size are all observed to be influential in determining the power of the test. The test is fairly powerful for large meta-analyses with 75 component studies, but has only moderate power for meta-analyses with 25 component studies. However, in many of the configurations in which there is low power, there is also relatively little bias in the summary effect size estimate. Nonetheless, the test must be interpreted with caution in small meta-analyses. In particular, bias cannot be ruled out if the test is not significant. The proposed technique has potential utility as an exploratory tool for meta-analysts, as a formal procedure to complement the funnel- graph.","Begg, C.B.; Mazumdar, M.",BIOMETRICS,not included,38
-When will price increases associated with company donations to charity be perceived as fair?,,"Koschate-Fischer, N.; Huber (née Stefan), I.V.; Hoyer, W.D.",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,not included,39
-The Effects of Monetary Incentives and Labeling on the Foot-in-the-Door Effect: Evidence for a Self-Perception Process,"We tested the self-perception explanation of the foot-in-the-door effect by manipulating self-perceived helpfulness and assessing self-concept. Participants given $1 to sign a homelessness petition were less likely to see themselves as altruistic than participants not given the monetary incentive. The paid participants also complied less often with a request to work on a canned food drive 2 days later than unpaid participants. In contrast, participants told they were helpful individuals were more likely to see themselves as altruistic and were more likely to volunteer for the food drive than unlabeled participants. Mediation analyses provide evidence that changes in self-concept underlie a successful foot-in-the-door manipulation and support the self-perception explanation for the foot-in-the-door effect.","Burger, Jerry M; Caldwell, David F",Basic Appl. Soc. Psych.,not included,40
-A comparison of clinical officers with medical doctors on outcomes of caesarean section in the developing world: meta-analysis of controlled studies,"The authors tentatively concluded that there was no statistically significant difference in maternal or perinatal mortality in caesarean sections carried out by clinical officers compared with doctors, but wound dehiscence and wound infection were significantly more frequent in caesarean sections carried out by clinical officers. XCM: The review question was clear and supported by potentially reproducible inclusion criteria. The search strategy appeared to include a number of relevant sources and was not restricted by language, which reduced the possibility of language bias. It did not appear that specific searches were undertaken for unpublished studies, so some potentially relevant data may have been missed. Study selection was conducted in duplicate, but it was unclear whether similar methods to reduce error and bias were used for quality assessment and data extraction.Study quality was assessed using an appropriate tool and results were reported. Adequate details of primary studies were provided. Combining the results in meta-analyses may not have been appropriate given the variability of the studies and the statistical (and clinical) heterogeneity in the some of the meta-analyses.The authors' conclusions reflect the evidence presented, but given the variability between (and methodological shortcomings within) the included studies, together with poor reporting of the review process, their reliability is uncertain. XIM: Practice: The authors stated that there may be a particular training need for clinical officers in light of the increase in wound infection and dehiscence compared with doctors.Research: The authors did not state any implications for further research.","Wilson, A; Lissauer, D; Thangaratinam, S; Khan, K S; MacArthur, C; Coomarasamy, A",,not included,41
-A systematic review of episodic volunteering in public health and other contexts,"BACKGROUND: Episodic volunteers are a critical resource for public health non-profit activities but are poorly understood. A systematic review was conducted to describe the empirical evidence about episodic volunteering (EV) in the public health sector and more broadly. Study location, focus and temporal trends of EV research were also examined. METHODS: Twelve key bibliographic databases (1990-April week 2, 2014) were searched, including Google Scholar. Empirical studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals that identified participants as EVs who volunteered to support Not-for-Profit organisations in the health and social welfare sectors were included. EV definitions, characteristics, economic costs, antecedents and outcomes and theoretical approaches were examined. RESULTS: 41 articles met initial review criteria and 20 were specific to the health or social welfare sectors. EV definitions were based on one or more of three dimensions of duration, frequency, and task. EVs were predominantly female, middle aged, Caucasian (North American) and college/university educated. Fundraising was the most common EV activity and 72% had volunteered at least once. No studies examined the economic costs of EV. There was little consistency in EV antecedents and outcomes, except motives which primarily related to helping others, forming social connections, and self-psychological or physical enhancement. Most studies were atheoretical. Three authors proposed new theoretical frameworks. CONCLUSIONS: Research is required to underpin the development of an agreed consensus definition of EV. Moreover, an EV evidence-base including salient theories and measures is needed to develop EV engagement and retention strategies for the health and social welfare sectors.","Hyde, Melissa K; Dunn, Jeff; Scuffham, Paul A; Chambers, Suzanne K",BMC Public Health,not included,42
-Imagine being a nice guy: A note on hypothetical vs. Incentivized social preferences,"We conducted an experimental study on social preferences using dictator games similar to Fehr et al. (2008). Our results show that social preferences differ between subjects who receive low-stakes monetary rewards for their decisions and subjects who consider hypothetical stakes. Our findings indicate that, apart from incentives, gender plays an important role for the categorization of different social preferences. © 2015. The authors license.","Bühren, C.; Kundt, T.C.",Judgm. Decis. Mak.,not included,43
-Environmental certification programs: How does information provision compare with taxation?,"This paper develops a monopolistic competition framework to assess whether environmental certification programs can serve as effective substitutes for more traditional policy instruments such as environmental taxation or a minimum quality standard (MQS). I show that if firms can organize themselves and choose the certification standard collectively, then there is a beneficial role for a regulator to intervene. Also, the degree of substitution between differentiated goods that impose environmental damage and a “clean” outside good, the degree of competition in the industry and the extent of environmental damage caused by minimal quality goods are important considerations in the choice between a certification program and a tax or a MQS. While the comparison between a certification program and a tax depends on numerous factors, I find unequivocally that certification is a poor substitute for taxation whenever the outside good is a close substitute for differentiated goods, there is a high degree of competition in the industry or if minimal quality goods impose considerable environmental damage. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC","Podhorsky, A.",J. Public Econ. Theory,not included,44
-A website to host educational modules on global engineering ethics and conduct research in cross-cultural moral psychology: A work in progress,"To ensure more long-term ethical behaviors within engineering, a website is being developed to host educational modules on global engineering ethics and conduct research on cross-cultural moral psychology. The modules are all-inclusive, with a cross-cultural and international focus, requiring less preparation on the part of instructors and are easier for different types of students to use than existing online resources. Education and research using the site can occur at the same time, each strengthening the other in the process. Rather than simply ethical understanding or the ability to reason ethically, research on moral psychology can ensure more ethical behaviors, better understanding what people know and think about ethics and the causes of (un)ethical behaviors. This research is cross-cultural, since culture has been shown to affect behaviors and thoughts related to ethics, and the educational and working environments of engineering are more cross-cultural and international than ever before. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2019","Clancy, R.F., III; Manuel, C.",ASEE Annu. Conf. Expos. Conf. Proc.,not included,45
-Influence of various models on aggressive behavior in individuals with different socialization experience,,"Toeplitz-Winiewska, M.",Polish Psychological Bulletin,not included,46
-Consumer reaction to price increase: An investigation in gasoline industry,"Purpose – The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of increase in price of an essential product (i.e. gasoline) toward the focal product and other seemingly non-related products. Design/methodology/approach – A self-administered survey was used to collect data from the drivers at a large metroplex in Southwest USA. Multiple regression and scanning electron microscope procedures were used to analyze and test the proposed hypotheses. Findings – When consumers notice the increase in gas prices, they become very anxious. This anxiety is positively associated with average gas bought in gallons and negatively associated with threshold price. Further, this consumer anxiety has the strongest influence on lifestyle changes, followed by automobile technology change and transportation mode change, and has the weakest influence on gasoline brand/type change. Research limitations/implications – We focus on only anxiety as a mediator between increase in gas prices and the behavioral outcomes, and collect data from only one location. Practical implications – Managers must be cognizant that a price increase in essential goods not only influences the demand for focal products but also for products that may not seem related to the focal products. Social implications – Increase in gasoline price will not only affect the demand for gasoline, but also the demand for alternate forms of transportation, fuel efficient vehicles, and other aspects of life. Originality/value – This study is the first to look at the role of anxiety as a mediator and looks at the effects of increase in gas prices in a holistic manner. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.","Paswan, A.K.; Crawford, J.C.; Ngamsiriudom, W.; Nguyen, T.",J. Prod. Brand Manage.,not included,47
-Internally Reporting Risk in Financial Services: An Empirical Analysis,"The enduring failure of financial institutions to identify and deal with risk events continues to have serious repercussions, whether in the form of small but significant losses or major and potentially far-reaching scandals. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines an innovative version of the classic dictator game to inform prosocial tendencies with the survey-based Theory of Planned Behaviour, we examine the risk-escalation behaviour of individuals within a large financial institution. We discover evidence of purely selfish behaviour that explains the lack significance in pressure to adhere to the Subjective Norms of colleagues around intention to report risks. A finding that has potentially important implications for efforts to instil a high-error management climate and incentivise risk reporting within organisations where risk, if ignored or unchecked, could ultimately have consequences that extend far beyond the institutions themselves.","Bryce, Cormac; Chmura, Thorsten; Webb, Rob; Stiebale, Joel; Cheevers, Carly",J. Bus. Ethics,not included,48
-,,,"Tax Reform for Fairness, Simplicity, and Economic Growth",not included,49
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-{"name": "tai_safety_research", "description": "", "data_columns": ["Title", "Abstract Note", "Url", "Publication Year", "Item Type", "Author", "Publication Title", "ID"], "label_columns": {"Label": ["TAI safety research", "not TAI safety research"]}}
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-Title,Abstract Note,Url,Publication Year,Item Type,Author,Publication Title,ID
-Computer Simulations as a Technological Singularity in the Empirical Sciences,"SummaryIn this paper, I discuss the conditions necessary for computer simulations to qualify as a technological singularity in the empirical sciences. A technological singularity encompasses two claims: (a) the enhancement of human cognitive capacities by the computer, and (b) their displacement from the center of the production of knowledge. For computer simulations to be a technological singularity, then, they must fulfill points (a) and (b) above. Although point (a) is relatively unproblematic, point (b) needs further analysis. In particular, in order to show that humans could be displaced from the center of the production of knowledge, it is necessary to establish the reliability of computer simulations. That is, I need to show that computer simulations are reliable processes that render, most of the time, valid results. To be a reliable process, in turn, means that simulations accurately represent the target system and carry out error-free computations. I analyze verification and validation methods as the grounds for such representation accuracy and error-free computations. Since the aim is to entrench computer simulations as a technological singularity, the entire analysis must be careful to keep human agents out of the picture.",https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54033-6_9,2017,bookSection,"Durán, Juan M.",The Technological Singularity: Managing the Journey,50
-On Gradient-Based Learning in Continuous Games,"We formulate a general framework for competitive gradient-based learning that encompasses a wide breadth of multi-agent learning algorithms, and analyze the limiting behavior of competitive gradient-based learning algorithms using dynamical systems theory. For both general-sum and potential games, we characterize a non-negligible subset of the local Nash equilibria that will be avoided if each agent employs a gradient-based learning algorithm. We also shed light on the issue of convergence to non-Nash strategies in general- and zero-sum games, which may have no relevance to the underlying game, and arise solely due to the choice of algorithm. The existence and frequency of such strategies may explain some of the difficulties encountered when using gradient descent in zero-sum games as, e.g., in the training of generative adversarial networks. To reinforce the theoretical contributions, we provide empirical results that highlight the frequency of linear quadratic dynamic games (a benchmark for multi-agent reinforcement learning) that admit global Nash equilibria that are almost surely avoided by policy gradient.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.05464,2020,journalArticle,"Mazumdar, Eric; Ratliff, Lillian J.; Sastry, S. Shankar",SIAM Journal on Mathematics of Data Science,51
-How Change Agencies Can Affect Our Path Towards a Singularity,"SummaryThis chapter uses the perspective of change agencies to analyse how agents (such as governments, international companies, entrepreneurs and individuals) innovate, interact, assimilate, consume and ultimately determine the direction of future technologies. These are the key components to the formation of technological singularity, i.e. an artificial intelligence becoming self-aware and self-evolving leading to an unprecedented rapid technological change in human civilization. General behaviours of change agents towards relevant technological research and development are discussed with a view to the economic and social implications. The interactions of key change agents can assist in the determination of future paths towards a singularity event or possibly even an ‘anti-singularity event’. Understanding the fundamental behaviours and motivations of change agents in technology development will increase our understanding of potential mechanisms to monitor and control developments such as Artificial Intelligence research to ensure that if and when singularity occurs it can be controlled and positively utilised for social and economic benefits.",https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54033-6_4,2017,bookSection,"Zheng, Ping; Akhmad, Mohammed-Asif",The Technological Singularity: Managing the Journey,52
-Can You Trust Your Model's Uncertainty? Evaluating Predictive Uncertainty Under Dataset Shift,"Modern machine learning methods including deep learning have achieved great success in predictive accuracy for supervised learning tasks, but may still fall short in giving useful estimates of their predictive {\em uncertainty}. Quantifying uncertainty is especially critical in real-world settings, which often involve input distributions that are shifted from the training distribution due to a variety of factors including sample bias and non-stationarity. In such settings, well calibrated uncertainty estimates convey information about when a model's output should (or should not) be trusted. Many probabilistic deep learning methods, including Bayesian-and non-Bayesian methods, have been proposed in the literature for quantifying predictive uncertainty, but to our knowledge there has not previously been a rigorous large-scale empirical comparison of these methods under dataset shift. We present a large-scale benchmark of existing state-of-the-art methods on classification problems and investigate the effect of dataset shift on accuracy and calibration. We find that traditional post-hoc calibration does indeed fall short, as do several other previous methods. However, some methods that marginalize over models give surprisingly strong results across a broad spectrum of tasks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02530,2019,conferencePaper,"Ovadia, Yaniv; Fertig, Emily; Ren, Jie; Nado, Zachary; Sculley, D.; Nowozin, Sebastian; Dillon, Joshua V.; Lakshminarayanan, Balaji; Snoek, Jasper","Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2019",53
-Bayesian Relational Memory for Semantic Visual Navigation,"We introduce a new memory architecture, Bayesian Relational Memory (BRM), to improve the generalization ability for semantic visual navigation agents in unseen environments, where an agent is given a semantic target to navigate towards. BRM takes the form of a probabilistic relation graph over semantic entities (e.g., room types), which allows (1) capturing the layout prior from training environments, i.e., prior knowledge, (2) estimating posterior layout at test time, i.e., memory update, and (3) efficient planning for navigation, altogether. We develop a BRM agent consisting of a BRM module for producing sub-goals and a goalconditioned locomotion module for control. When testing in unseen environments, the BRM agent outperforms baselines that do not explicitly utilize the probabilistic relational memory structure.",https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9009539/,2019,conferencePaper,"Wu, Yi; Wu, Yuxin; Tamar, Aviv; Russell, Stuart; Gkioxari, Georgia; Tian, Yuandong",2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV),54
-Are causal decision theorists trying to outsmart conditional probabilities?,"Presumably, this has been discussed somewhere in the past, but I wonder to which extent causal decision theorists (and many other non-evidential decision theorists, too) are trying to make better predictions than (what they think to be) their own conditional probabilities. To state this question more clearly, let’s look at the generic Newcomb-like problem with two actions a1 and a2 (e.g., one-boxing and two-boxing, cooperating or defecting, not smoking or smoking) and two states s1 and s2 (specifying, e.g., whether there is money in both boxes, whether the other agent cooperates, whether one has cancer). The Newcomb-ness is the result of two properties: * No matter the state, it is better to take action a2, i.e. u(a2,s1)>u(a1,s1) and u(a2,s2)>u(a1,s2). (There are also problems without dominance where CDT and EDT nonetheless disagree. For simplicity I will assume dominance, here.) * The action cannot causally affect the state, but somehow taking a1 gives us evidence that we’re in the preferable state s1. That is, P(s1|a1)>P(s1|a2) and u(a1,s1)>u(a2,s2). Then, if the latter two differences are large enough, it may be that E[u|a1] > E[u|a2]. I.e. P(s1|a1) * u(s1,a1) + P(s2|a1) * u(s2,a1) > P(s1|a2) * u(s1,a2) + P(s2|a2) * u(s2,a2), despite the dominance. Now, my question is: After having taken one of the two actions, say a1, but before having observed the state, do causal decision theorists really assign the probability P(s1|a1) (specified in the problem description) to being in state s1? I used to think that this was the case. E.g., the way I learned about Newcomb’s problem is that causal decision theorists understand that, once they have said the words “both boxes for me, please”, they assign very low probability to getting the million. So, if there were a period between saying those words and receiving the payoff, they would bet at odds that reveal that they assign a low probability (namely P(s1,a2)) to money being under",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/cyJgdhgYaM2CbZ7tP/are-causal-decision-theorists-trying-to-outsmart-conditional,2017,blogPost,"Oesterheld, Caspar",LessWrong,55
-"Existential Risk, Creativity & Well-Adapted Science",,http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/14800/,2019,journalArticle,"Currie, Adrian",Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A,56
-Decision Theory and the Irrelevance of Impossible Outcomes,"(This post assumes some knowledge of the decision theory of Newcomb-like scenarios.) One problem in the decision theory of Newcomb-like scenarios (i.e. the study of whether causal, evidential or so…",https://casparoesterheld.com/2017/01/17/decision-theory-and-the-irrelevance-of-impossible-outcomes/,2017,blogPost,"Oesterheld, Caspar",The Universe from an Intentional Stance,57
-Pervasive Spurious Normativity,This paper proposes a mathematical model for a simplified version of the game defined in Hadfield and Weingast [2012] which proposes that legal order can be described as an equilibrium in thirdparty decentralized enforcement coordinated by a centralized classification institution. We explore the attractiveness of joining a new group (which is assumed to have settled on an enforcement equilibrium already) where groups differ in terms of the frequency of interactions in which norm violation is possible (normative interactions) and thus punishment is called for. We show that groups in which normative interactions are frequent but involve relatively unimportant rules may achieve higher value for participants.,,2017,manuscript,"Hadfield, Gillian K; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan",,58
-Introduction to the technological singularity,,,2017,bookSection,"Armstrong, Stuart",The Technological Singularity,59
-Economic growth under transformative AI,,https://globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/Philip-Trammell-and-Anton-Korinek_Economic-Growth-under-Transformative-AI.pdf,2020,report,"Trammell, Phillip; Korinek, Anton",,60
-How does the offense-defense balance scale?,"We ask how the offense-defense balance scales, meaning how it changes as investments into a conflict increase. To do so we offer a general formalization of the offense-defense balance in terms of contest success functions. Simple models of ground invasions and cyberattacks that exploit software vulnerabilities suggest that, in both cases, growth in investments will favor offense when investment levels are sufficiently low and favor defense when they are sufficiently high. We refer to this phenomenon as offensive-then-defensive scaling or OD-scaling. Such scaling effects may help us understand the security implications of applications of artificial intelligence that in essence scale up existing capabilities.",https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2019.1631810,2019,journalArticle,"Garfinkel, Ben; Dafoe, Allan",Journal of Strategic Studies,61
-Learning Efficient Representation for Intrinsic Motivation,"Mutual Information between agent Actions and environment States (MIAS) quantifies the influence of agent on its environment. Recently, it was found that the maximization of MIAS can be used as an intrinsic motivation for artificial agents. In literature, the term empowerment is used to represent the maximum of MIAS at a certain state. While empowerment has been shown to solve a broad range of reinforcement learning problems, its calculation in arbitrary dynamics is a challenging problem because it relies on the estimation of mutual information. Existing approaches, which rely on sampling, are limited to low dimensional spaces, because high-confidence distribution-free lower bounds for mutual information require exponential number of samples. In this work, we develop a novel approach for the estimation of empowerment in unknown dynamics from visual observation only, without the need to sample for MIAS. The core idea is to represent the relation between action sequences and future states using a stochastic dynamic model in latent space with a specific form. This allows us to efficiently compute empowerment with the ""Water-Filling"" algorithm from information theory. We construct this embedding with deep neural networks trained on a sophisticated objective function. Our experimental results show that the designed embedding preserves information-theoretic properties of the original dynamics.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.02624,2019,manuscript,"Zhao, Ruihan; Tiomkin, Stas; Abbeel, Pieter",,62
-Using surrogate goals to deflect threats,"Agents that threaten to harm other agents, either in an attempt at extortion or as part of an escalating conflict, are an important form of agential s-risks. To avoid worst-case outcomes resulting from the execution of such threats, I suggest that agents add a “meaningless” surrogate goal to their utility function.",https://longtermrisk.org/using-surrogate-goals-deflect-threats/,2018,blogPost,"Baumann, Tobias",Center on Long-Term Risk,63
-Pretrained Transformers Improve Out-of-Distribution Robustness,"Although pretrained Transformers such as BERT achieve high accuracy on indistribution examples, do they generalize to new distributions? We systematically measure out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization for seven NLP datasets by constructing a new robustness benchmark with realistic distribution shifts. We measure the generalization of previous models including bag-of-words models, ConvNets, and LSTMs, and we show that pretrained Transformers’ performance declines are substantially smaller. Pretrained transformers are also more effective at detecting anomalous or OOD examples, while many previous models are frequently worse than chance. We examine which factors affect robustness, finding that larger models are not necessarily more robust, distillation can be harmful, and more diverse pretraining data can enhance robustness. Finally, we show where future work can improve OOD robustness.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.06100,2020,conferencePaper,"Hendrycks, Dan; Liu, Xiaoyuan; Wallace, Eric; Dziedzic, Adam; Krishnan, Rishabh; Song, Dawn",Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics,64
-Certified Adversarial Robustness via Randomized Smoothing,"We show how to turn any classifier that classifies well under Gaussian noise into a new classifier that is certifiably robust to adversarial perturbations under the 2 norm. This “randomized smoothing” technique has been proposed recently in the literature, but existing guarantees are loose. We prove a tight robustness guarantee in 2 norm for smoothing with Gaussian noise. We use randomized smoothing to obtain an ImageNet classifier with e.g. a certified top-1 accuracy of 49% under adversarial perturbations with 2 norm less than 0.5 (=127/255). No certified defense has been shown feasible on ImageNet except for smoothing. On smaller-scale datasets where competing approaches to certified 2 robustness are viable, smoothing delivers higher certified accuracies. Our strong empirical results suggest that randomized smoothing is a promising direction for future research into adversarially robust classification. Code and models are available at http: //github.com/locuslab/smoothing.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.02918,2019,journalArticle,"Cohen, Jeremy M.; Rosenfeld, Elan; Kolter, J. Zico","arXiv:1902.02918 [cs, stat]",65
-The Facets of Artificial Intelligence: A Framework to Track the Evolution of AI,"We present nine facets for the analysis of the past and future evolution of AI. Each facet has also a set of edges that can summarise different trends and contours in AI. With them, we first conduct a quantitative analysis using the information from two decades of AAAI/IJCAI conferences and around 50 years of documents from AI topics, an official database from the AAAI, illustrated by several plots. We then perform a qualitative analysis using the facets and edges, locating AI systems in the intelligence landscape and the discipline as a whole. This analytical framework provides a more structured and systematic way of looking at the shape and boundaries of AI.",https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/718,2018,conferencePaper,"Martínez-Plumed, Fernando; Loe, Bao Sheng; Flach, Peter; Ó hÉigeartaigh, Seán; Vold, Karina; Hernández-Orallo, José",Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,66
-"Essays on Ethics, Social Behavior, and Scientific Explanation",,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-010-9327-9,1976,book,"Harsanyi, John C.",,67
-How long until human-level AI? Results from an expert assessment,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162510002106,2011,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.; Goertzel, Ben; Goertzel, Ted G.",Technological Forecasting and Social Change,68
-Algorithms associating appearance and criminality have a dark past – Catherine Stinson | Aeon Ideas,"In discussions about facial-recognition software, phrenology analogies seem like a no-brainer. In fact, they’re a dead-end",https://aeon.co/ideas/algorithms-associating-appearance-and-criminality-have-a-dark-past,2020,magazineArticle,"Stinson, Catherine",Aeon,69
-"Governance, Risk and Financial Impact of Mega Disasters: Lessons from Japan",,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-13-9005-0,2019,book,,,70
-Algorithmic Fairness from a Non-ideal Perspective,"Inspired by recent breakthroughs in predictive modeling, practitioners in both industry and government have turned to machine learning with hopes of operationalizing predictions to drive automated decisions. Unfortunately, many social desiderata concerning consequential decisions, such as justice or fairness, have no natural formulation within a purely predictive framework. In efforts to mitigate these problems, researchers have proposed a variety of metrics for quantifying deviations from various statistical parities that we might expect to observe in a fair world and offered a variety of algorithms in attempts to satisfy subsets of these parities or to trade off the degree to which they are satisfied against utility. In this paper, we connect this approach to \emph{fair machine learning} to the literature on ideal and non-ideal methodological approaches in political philosophy. The ideal approach requires positing the principles according to which a just world would operate. In the most straightforward application of ideal theory, one supports a proposed policy by arguing that it closes a discrepancy between the real and the perfectly just world. However, by failing to account for the mechanisms by which our non-ideal world arose, the responsibilities of various decision-makers, and the impacts of proposed policies, naive applications of ideal thinking can lead to misguided interventions. In this paper, we demonstrate a connection between the fair machine learning literature and the ideal approach in political philosophy, and argue that the increasingly apparent shortcomings of proposed fair machine learning algorithms reflect broader troubles faced by the ideal approach. We conclude with a critical discussion of the harms of misguided solutions, a reinterpretation of impossibility results, and directions for future research.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.09773,2020,conferencePaper,"Fazelpour, Sina; Lipton, Zachary C.","arXiv:2001.09773 [cs, stat]",71
-Book summary: Unlocking the Emotional Brain,"If the thesis in Unlocking the Emotional Brain (UtEB) is even half-right, it may be one of the most important books that I have read. Written by the psychotherapists Bruce Ecker, Robin Ticic and Laurel Hulley, it claims to offer a neuroscience-grounded, comprehensive model of how effective therapy works. In so doing, it also happens to formulate its theory in terms of belief updating, helping explain how the brain models the world and what kinds of techniques allow us to actually change our minds. Furthermore, if UtEB is correct, it also explains why rationalist techniques such as Internal Double Crux [1 2 3] work. UtEB’s premise is that much if not most of our behavior is driven by emotional learning. Intense emotions generate unconscious predictive models of how the world functions and what caused those emotions to occur. The brain then uses those models to guide our future behavior. Emotional issues and seemingly irrational behaviors are generated from implicit world-models (schemas) which have been formed in response to various external challenges. Each schema contains memories relating to times when the challenge has been encountered and mental structures describing both the problem and a solution to it. According to the authors, the key for updating such schemas involves a process of memory reconsolidation, originally identified in neuroscience. The emotional brain’s learnings are usually locked and not modifiable. However, once an emotional schema is activated, it is possible to simultaneously bring into awareness knowledge contradicting the active schema. When this happens, the information contained in the schema can be overwritten by the new knowledge. While I am not convinced that the authors are entirely right, many of the book’s claims definitely feel like they are pointing in the right direction. I will discuss some of my caveats and reservations after summarizing some of the book’s claims in general. I also consider its model in the light of an issu",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/i9xyZBS3qzA8nFXNQ/book-summary-unlocking-the-emotional-brain,2019,blogPost,"Sotala, Kaj",LessWrong,72
-Artificial Intelligence and Robotization,"This chapter provides an overview of the international law governing applications of artificial intelligence and robotics which affect global security, highlighting challenges arising from technological developments and how international regulators are responding to them. Much of the international law literature thus far has focused on the implications of increasingly autonomous weapons systems. Our contribution instead seeks to cover a broader range of global security risks resulting from large-scale diffuse or concentrated, gradual or sudden, direct or indirect, intentional or unintentional, AI or robotics-caused harm. Applications of these technologies permeate almost every domain of human activity and thus unsurprisingly have an equally wide range of risk profiles, from a discriminatory algorithmic decision causing financial distress to an AI-sparked nuclear war collapsing global civilization. Hence, it is only natural that much of the international regulatory activity takes place in domain-specific fora. Many of these fora coordinate with each other, both within and beyond the UN system, spreading insights and best practices on how to deal with common concerns such as cybersecurity, monitoring, and reliability, so as to prevent accidents and misuse.",https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3310421,2019,bookSection,"Kunz, Martina; Ó hÉigeartaigh, Seán",Oxford Handbook on the International Law of Global Security,73
-Existential risk and existential hope: definitions,,,2015,journalArticle,"Cotton-Barratt, Owen; Ord, Toby",Future of Humanity Institute: Technical Report,74
-Unsupervised Risk Estimation with only Structural Assumptions,"Given a model θ and unlabeled samples from a distribution p∗, we show how to estimate the labeled risk of θ while only making structural (i.e., conditional independence) assumptions about p∗. This lets us estimate a model’s test error on distributions very different than its training distribution, thus performing unsupervised domain adaptation even without assuming the true predictor remains constant (covariate shift). Furthermore, we can perform discriminative semi-supervised learning, even under model mis-specification. Our technical tool is the method of moments, which allows us to exploit conditional independencies without relying on a specific parametric model. Finally, we introduce a new theoretical framework for grappling with the non-identifiability of the class identities fundamental to unsupervised learning.",,2016,conferencePaper,"Steinhardt, Jacob; Liang, Percy",,75
-Teacher-Student Curriculum Learning,"We propose Teacher-Student Curriculum Learning (TSCL), a framework for automatic curriculum learning, where the Student tries to learn a complex task and the Teacher automatically chooses subtasks from a given set for the Student to train on. We describe a family of Teacher algorithms that rely on the intuition that the Student should practice more those tasks on which it makes the fastest progress, i.e. where the slope of the learning curve is highest. In addition, the Teacher algorithms address the problem of forgetting by also choosing tasks where the Student's performance is getting worse. We demonstrate that TSCL matches or surpasses the results of carefully hand-crafted curricula in two tasks: addition of decimal numbers with LSTM and navigation in Minecraft. Using our automatically generated curriculum enabled to solve a Minecraft maze that could not be solved at all when training directly on solving the maze, and the learning was an order of magnitude faster than uniform sampling of subtasks.",https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8827566?casa_token=PfYUaX98POUAAAAA:cIxPGVMmrYB3kqcM4aPyvrBzLo0S0jbF6bBCljJEeGyQ5BdIOsrn2pw3THc0Xyd4rkP8Soxl,2020,journalArticle,"Matiisen, Tambet; Oliver, Avital; Cohen, Taco; Schulman, John",IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems,76
-Double catastrophe: intermittent stratospheric geoengineering induced by societal collapse,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10669-012-9429-y,2013,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.; Maher, Timothy M.; Haqq-Misra, Jacob",Environment Systems & Decisions,77
-Predictors exist: CDT going bonkers... forever,"I've been wanting to get a better example of CDT (causal decision theory) misbehaving, where the behaviour is more clearly suboptimal than it is in the Newcomb problem (which many people don't seem to accept as CDT being suboptimal), and simpler to grasp than Death in Damascus. THE ""PREDICTORS EXIST"" PROBLEM So consider this simple example: the player is playing against Omega, who will predict their actions[1]. The player can take three actions: ""zero"", ""one"", or ""leave"". If ever they do ""leave"", then the experiment is over and they leave. If they choose ""zero"" or ""one"", then Omega will predict their action, and compare this to their actual action. If the two match, then the player loses 1 utility and the game repeats; if the action and the prediction differs, then the player gains 3 utility and the experiment ends. Assume that actually Omega is a perfect or quasi-perfect predictor, with a good model of the player. An FDT or EDT agent would soon realise that they couldn't trick Omega, after a few tries, and would quickly end the game. But the CDT player would be incapable of reaching this reasoning. Whatever distribution they compute over Omega's prediction, they will always estimate that they (the CDT player) have at least a 50% chance of choosing the other option[2], for an expected utility gain of at least 0.5(3)+0.5(−1)=1. Basically, the CDT agent can never learn that Omega is a good predictor of themselves[3]. And so they will continue playing, and continue losing... for ever. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Omega will make this prediction not necessarily before the player takes their action, not even necessarily without seeing this action, but still makes the prediction independently of this knowledge. And that's enough for CDT. ↩︎ 2. For example, suppose the CDT agent estimates the prediction will be ""zero"" with probability p, and ""one"" with probability 1-p. Then if p≥1/2",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/Kr76XzME7TFkN937z/predictors-exist-cdt-going-bonkers-forever,2020,blogPost,"Armstrong, Stuart",AI Alignment Forum,78
-Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Intelligence,"The ethical issues related to the possible future creation of machines with general intellectual capabilities far outstripping those of humans are quite distinct from any ethical problems arising in current automation and information systems. Such superintelligence would not be just another technological development; it would be the most important invention ever made, and would lead to explosive progress in all scientific and technological fields, as the superintelligence would conduct research with superhuman efficiency. To the extent that ethics is a cognitive pursuit, a superintelligence could also easily surpass humans in the quality of its moral thinking. However, it would be up to the designers of the superintelligence to specify its original motivations. Since the superintelligence may become unstoppably powerful because of its intellectual superiority and the technologies it could develop, it is crucial that it be provided with human-friendly motivations. This paper surveys some of the unique ethical issues in creating superintelligence, and discusses what motivations we ought to give a superintelligence, and introduces some cost-benefit considerations relating to whether the development of superintelligent machines ought to be accelerated or retarded.",https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000108934/chapters/10.4324/9781003074991-7,2003,bookSection,"Bostrom, Nick",Machine Ethics and Robot Ethics,79
-Machine Learning Projects for Iterated Distillation and Amplification,"Iterated Distillation and Amplification (IDA) is a framework for training ML models. IDA is related to existing frameworks like imitation learning and reinforcement learning, but it aims to solve tasks for which humans cannot construct a suitable reward function or solve directly.",,2019,manuscript,"Evans, Owain; Saunders, William; Stuhlmüller, Andreas",,80
-Reward-rational (implicit) choice: A unifying formalism for reward learning,"It is often difficult to hand-specify what the correct reward function is for a task, so researchers have instead aimed to learn reward functions from human behavior or feedback. The types of behavior interpreted as evidence of the reward function have expanded greatly in recent years. We've gone from demonstrations, to comparisons, to reading into the information leaked when the human is pushing the robot away or turning it off. And surely, there is more to come. How will a robot make sense of all these diverse types of behavior? Our key insight is that different types of behavior can be interpreted in a single unifying formalism - as a reward-rational choice that the human is making, often implicitly. The formalism offers both a unifying lens with which to view past work, as well as a recipe for interpreting new sources of information that are yet to be uncovered. We provide two examples to showcase this: interpreting a new feedback type, and reading into how the choice of feedback itself leaks information about the reward.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.04833,2020,conferencePaper,"Jeon, Hong Jun; Milli, Smitha; Dragan, Anca D.",34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2020),81
-Shared Autonomy via Hindsight Optimization,"In shared autonomy, user input and robot autonomy are combined to control a robot to achieve a goal. Often, the robot does not know a priori which goal the user wants to achieve, and must both predict the user's intended goal, and assist in achieving that goal. We formulate the problem of shared autonomy as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process with uncertainty over the user's goal. We utilize maximum entropy inverse optimal control to estimate a distribution over the user's goal based on the history of inputs. Ideally, the robot assists the user by solving for an action which minimizes the expected cost-to-go for the (unknown) goal. As solving the POMDP to select the optimal action is intractable, we use hindsight optimization to approximate the solution. In a user study, we compare our method to a standard predict-then-blend approach. We find that our method enables users to accomplish tasks more quickly while utilizing less input. However, when asked to rate each system, users were mixed in their assessment, citing a tradeoff between maintaining control authority and accomplishing tasks quickly.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1503.07619,2015,conferencePaper,"Javdani, Shervin; Srinivasa, Siddhartha S.; Bagnell, J. Andrew",Robotics Science and Systems Online Proceedings,82
-An Empirical Model of Large-Batch Training,"In an increasing number of domains it has been demonstrated that deep learning models can be trained using relatively large batch sizes without sacrificing data efficiency. However the limits of this massive data parallelism seem to differ from domain to domain, ranging from batches of tens of thousands in ImageNet to batches of millions in RL agents that play the game Dota 2. To our knowledge there is limited conceptual understanding of why these limits to batch size differ or how we might choose the correct batch size in a new domain. In this paper, we demonstrate that a simple and easy-to-measure statistic called the gradient noise scale predicts the largest useful batch size across many domains and applications, including a number of supervised learning datasets (MNIST, SVHN, CIFAR-10, ImageNet, Billion Word), reinforcement learning domains (Atari and Dota), and even generative model training (autoencoders on SVHN). We find that the noise scale increases as the loss decreases over a training run and depends on the model size primarily through improved model performance. Our empirically-motivated theory also describes the tradeoff between compute-efficiency and time-efficiency, and provides a rough model of the benefits of adaptive batch-size training.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.06162,2018,manuscript,"McCandlish, Sam; Kaplan, Jared; Amodei, Dario; Team, OpenAI Dota",,83
-From Optimizing Engagement to Measuring Value,"Most recommendation engines today are based on predicting user engagement, e.g. predicting whether a user will click on an item or not. However, there is potentially a large gap between engagement signals and a desired notion of ""value"" that is worth optimizing for. We use the framework of measurement theory to (a) confront the designer with a normative question about what the designer values, (b) provide a general latent variable model approach that can be used to operationalize the target construct and directly optimize for it, and (c) guide the designer in evaluating and revising their operationalization. We implement our approach on the Twitter platform on millions of users. In line with established approaches to assessing the validity of measurements, we perform a qualitative evaluation of how well our model captures a desired notion of ""value"".",http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.12623,2020,manuscript,"Milli, Smitha; Belli, Luca; Hardt, Moritz",,84
-Accounting for Violent Conflict Risk in Planetary Defense Decision,,http://gcrinstitute.org/accounting-for-violent-conflict-risk-in-planetary-defense-decisions/,2020,blogPost,"Baum, Seth",Global Catastrophic Risk Institute,85
-Regulatory Markets for AI Safety,We propose a new model for regulation to achieve AI safety: global regulatory markets. We first sketch the model in general terms and provide an overview of the costs and benefits of this approach. We then demonstrate how the model might work in practice: responding to the risk of adversarial attacks on AI models employed in commercial drones.,https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.00078,2019,conferencePaper,"Clark, Jack; Hadfield, Gillian K",,86
-The sure-thing principle and P2,"This paper offers a fine analysis of different versions of the well known sure-thing principle. We show that Savage’s formal formulation of the principle, i.e., his second postulate (P2), is strictly stronger than what is intended originally.",http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176517303154,2017,journalArticle,"Liu, Yang",Economics Letters,87
-Multi-Agent Actor-Critic for Mixed Cooperative-Competitive Environments,"We explore deep reinforcement learning methods for multi-agent domains. We begin by analyzing the difficulty of traditional algorithms in the multi-agent case: Q-learning is challenged by an inherent non-stationarity of the environment, while policy gradient suffers from a variance that increases as the number of agents grows. We then present an adaptation of actor-critic methods that considers action policies of other agents and is able to successfully learn policies that require complex multi-agent coordination. Additionally, we introduce a training regimen utilizing an ensemble of policies for each agent that leads to more robust multi-agent policies. We show the strength of our approach compared to existing methods in cooperative as well as competitive scenarios, where agent populations are able to discover various physical and informational coordination strategies.",https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2017/hash/68a9750337a418a86fe06c1991a1d64c-Abstract.html,2018,conferencePaper,"Lowe, Ryan; Wu, Yi; Tamar, Aviv; Harb, Jean; Abbeel, Pieter; Mordatch, Igor",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (NIPS 2017),88
-The Universe of Minds,"The paper attempts to describe the space of possible mind designs by first equating all minds to software. Next it proves some interesting properties of the mind design space such as infinitude of minds, size and representation complexity of minds. A survey of mind design taxonomies is followed by a proposal for a new field of investigation devoted to study of minds, intellectology, a list of open problems for this new field is presented.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1410.0369,2014,manuscript,"Yampolskiy, Roman V.",,89
-Retrospective Analysis of the 2019 MineRL Competition on Sample Efficient Reinforcement Learning,"To facilitate research in the direction of sample efficient reinforcement learning, we held the MineRL Competition on Sample Efficient Reinforcement Learning Using Human Priors at the Thirty-third Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2019). The primary goal of this competition was to promote the development of algorithms that use human demonstrations alongside reinforcement learning to reduce the number of samples needed to solve complex, hierarchical, and sparse environments. We describe the competition, outlining the primary challenge, the competition design, and the resources that we provided to the participants. We provide an overview of the top solutions, each of which use deep reinforcement learning and/or imitation learning. We also discuss the impact of our organizational decisions on the competition and future directions for improvement.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.05012,2020,conferencePaper,"Milani, Stephanie; Topin, Nicholay; Houghton, Brandon; Guss, William H.; Mohanty, Sharada P.; Nakata, Keisuke; Vinyals, Oriol; Kuno, Noboru Sean",Proceedings of the NeurIPS 2019 Competition and Demonstration Track,90
-Artificial General Intelligence,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-540-68677-4,2007,book,,,91
-Learning to Understand Goal Specifications by Modelling Reward,"Recent work has shown that deep reinforcement-learning agents can learn to follow language-like instructions from infrequent environment rewards. However, this places on environment designers the onus of designing language-conditional reward functions which may not be easily or tractably implemented as the complexity of the environment and the language scales. To overcome this limitation, we present a framework within which instruction-conditional RL agents are trained using rewards obtained not from the environment, but from reward models which are jointly trained from expert examples. As reward models improve, they learn to accurately reward agents for completing tasks for environment configurations---and for instructions---not present amongst the expert data. This framework effectively separates the representation of what instructions require from how they can be executed. In a simple grid world, it enables an agent to learn a range of commands requiring interaction with blocks and understanding of spatial relations and underspecified abstract arrangements. We further show the method allows our agent to adapt to changes in the environment without requiring new expert examples.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.01946,2019,conferencePaper,"Bahdanau, Dzmitry; Hill, Felix; Leike, Jan; Hughes, Edward; Hosseini, Arian; Kohli, Pushmeet; Grefenstette, Edward",arXiv:1806.01946 [cs],92
-Conversation with Steve Potter,"Posted 13 July 2015 Participants Professor Steve Potter – Associate Professor, Laboratory of NeuroEngineering, Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Katja Grace – Machine Intelligence Research Institute (MIRI) Note: These notes were compiled by MIRI and give an overview of the major points made by Professor Steve Potter. Summary Katja Grace spoke...",https://aiimpacts.org/conversation-with-steve-potter/,2015,blogPost,"Potter, Steve; Grace, Katja",AI Impacts,93
-Collaborating with Humans Requires Understanding Them,The BAIR Blog,http://bair.berkeley.edu/blog/2019/10/21/coordination/,2019,blogPost,"Shah, Rohin; Carroll, Micah",The Berkeley Artificial Intelligence Research Blog,94
-Emergence of Addictive Behaviors in Reinforcement Learning Agents,"This paper presents a novel approach to the technical analysis of wireheading in intelligent agents. Inspired by the natural analogues of wireheading and their prevalent manifestations, we propose the modeling of such phenomenon in Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents as psychological disorders. In a preliminary step towards evaluating this proposal, we study the feasibility and dynamics of emergent addictive policies in Q-learning agents in the tractable environment of the game of Snake. We consider a slightly modified settings for this game, in which the environment provides a ""drug"" seed alongside the original ""healthy"" seed for the consumption of the snake. We adopt and extend an RL-based model of natural addiction to Q-learning agents in this settings, and derive sufficient parametric conditions for the emergence of addictive behaviors in such agents. Furthermore, we evaluate our theoretical analysis with three sets of simulation-based experiments. The results demonstrate the feasibility of addictive wireheading in RL agents, and provide promising venues of further research on the psychopathological modeling of complex AI safety problems.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.05590,2018,conferencePaper,"Behzadan, Vahid; Yampolskiy, Roman V.; Munir, Arslan",Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Safety 2019,95
-Implicit Generation and Generalization in Energy-Based Models,"Energy based models (EBMs) are appealing due to their generality and simplicity in likelihood modeling, but have been traditionally difficult to train. We present techniques to scale MCMC based EBM training on continuous neural networks, and we show its success on the high-dimensional data domains of ImageNet32x32, ImageNet128x128, CIFAR-10, and robotic hand trajectories, achieving better samples than other likelihood models and nearing the performance of contemporary GAN approaches, while covering all modes of the data. We highlight some unique capabilities of implicit generation such as compositionality and corrupt image reconstruction and inpainting. Finally, we show that EBMs are useful models across a wide variety of tasks, achieving state-of-the-art out-of-distribution classification, adversarially robust classification, state-of-the-art continual online class learning, and coherent long term predicted trajectory rollouts.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.08689,2019,manuscript,"Du, Yilun; Mordatch, Igor",,96
-On AI Weapons,"In this post I comprehensively review the risks and upsides of lethal autonomous weapons (LAWs). I incorporate and expand upon the ideas in this previous post of mine and the comments, plus other recent debates and publications. My principle conclusions are: 1. LAWs are more likely to be a good development than a bad one, though there is quite a bit of uncertainty and one could justify being neutral on the matter. It is not justified to expend effort against the development of lethal autonomous weapons, as the pros do not outweigh the cons. 2. If someone still opposes lethal autonomous weapons, they should focus on directly motivating steps to restrict their development with an international treaty, rather than fomenting general hostility to LAWs in Western culture. 3. The concerns over AI weapons should pivot away from accidents and moral dilemmas, towards the question of who would control them in a domestic power struggle. This issue is both more important and more neglected. Background: as far as I can tell, there has been no serious analysis judging whether the introduction of LAWs would be a good development or not. Despite this lack of foundation, a few members in or around the EA community have made some efforts to attempt to stop the new technology from being created, most notably the Future of Life Institute. So we should take a careful look at this issue and see whether these efforts ought to be scaled up, or if they are harmful or merely a waste of time. This article is laid out as a systematic classification of potential impacts. I’m not framing it as a direct response to any specific literature because the existing arguments about AI weapons are pretty scattered and unstructured. RESPONSIBILITY: CAN YOU HOLD SOMEONE RESPONSIBLE FOR A DEATH CAUSED BY AN LAW? Opponents of LAWs frequently repeat the worry that they prevent us from holding people responsible for bad actions. But the idea of “holding someone responsible” is vague language and there",https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/vdqBn65Qaw77MpqXz/on-ai-weapons,2019,blogPost,"Bogosian, Kyle",Effective Altruism Forum,97
-Learning the prior,"I suggest using neural nets to approximate our real prior, rather than implicitly using neural nets themselves as the prior.",https://ai-alignment.com/learning-the-prior-48f61b445c04,2020,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),98
-"If AI is going to help us in a crisis, we need a new kind of ethics","Jess Whittlestone at the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence at the University of Cambridge and her colleagues published a comment piece in Nature Machine Intelligence this week arguing that if artificial intelligence is going to help in a crisis, we need a new, faster way of doing AI ethics, which they call ethics…",https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/24/1004432/ai-help-crisis-new-kind-ethics-machine-learning-pandemic/,2020,magazineArticle,"Heaven, Will Douglas; Whittlestone, Jess",MIT Technology Review,99
-"Computational Models of Ethical Reasoning: Challenges, Initial Steps, and Future Directions",,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1667950/,2006,journalArticle,"McLaren, B.M.",IEEE Intelligent Systems,100
-Descriptive Population Ethics and Its Relevance for Cause Prioritization,"SUMMARY Descriptive ethics is the empirical study of people's values and ethical views, e.g. via a survey or questionnaire. This overview focuses on beliefs about population ethics and exchange rates between goods (e.g. happiness) and bads (e.g. suffering). Two variables seem particularly important and action-guiding in this context, especially when trying to make informed choices about how to best shape the long-term future: 1) One’s normative goods-to-bads ratio (N-ratio) and 2) one’s expected bads-to-goods ratio (E-ratio). I elaborate on how a framework consisting of these two variables could inform our decision-making with respect to shaping the long-term future, as well as facilitate cooperation among differing value systems and further moral reflection. I then present concrete ideas for further research in this area and investigate associated challenges. The last section lists resources which discuss further methodological and theoretical issues which were beyond the scope of the present text. DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS AND LONG-TERM FUTURE PRIORITIZATION Recently, some debate has emerged on whether reducing extinction risk is the ideal course of action for shaping the long-term future. For instance, in the Global Priorities Institute (GPI) research agenda, Greaves & MacAskill (2017, p.13) ask “[...] whether it might be more important to ensure that future civilisation is good, assuming we don’t go extinct, than to ensure that future civilisation happens at all.” We could further ask to what extent we should focus our efforts on reducingrisks of astronomical suffering (s-risks). Again, Greaves & MacAskill: “Should we be more concerned about avoiding the worst possible outcomes for the future than we are for ensuring the very best outcomes occur [...]?” Given the enormous stakes, these are arguably some of the most important questions facing those who prioritize shaping the long-term future.1 Some interventions increase both the quality of future civilization as w",https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/CmNBmSf6xtMyYhvcs/descriptive-population-ethics-and-its-relevance-for-cause,2018,blogPost,"Althaus, David",Effective Altruism Forum,101
-Demonstrating the Impact of Prior Knowledge in Risky Choice,"Bayesian models that optimally integrate prior probabilities with observations have successfully explained many aspects of human cognition. Research on decision-making under risk, however, is usually done through laboratory tasks that attempt to remove the effect of prior knowledge on choice. We ran a large online experiment in which risky options paid out according to the distribution of Democratic and Republican voters in US congressional districts to test the effects of manipulating prior probabilities on participants’ choices. We find evidence that people’s risk preferences are appropriately influenced by prior probabilities, and discuss how the study of risky choice can be integrated into the Bayesian approach to studying cognition.",https://osf.io/jgxra,2019,conferencePaper,"Hardy, Mathew; Griffiths, Tom",CogSci 2019,102
-Brain performance in TEPS,"Traversed Edges Per Second (TEPS) is a benchmark for measuring a computer's ability to communicate information internally. Given several assumptions, we can also estimate the human brain's communication performance in terms of TEPS, and use this to meaningfully compare brains to computers. We estimate that (given these assumptions) the human brain performs around 0.18 - 6.4 *...",https://aiimpacts.org/brain-performance-in-teps/,2015,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,103
-MDL Intelligence Distillation : Exploring Strategies for Safe Access to Superintelligent Problem-Solving Capabilities,"AI technologies may reach the threshold of rapid, open-ended, recursive improvement before we are prepared to manage the challenges posed",https://www.taylorfrancis.com/,2018,bookSection,"Drexler, K. Eric",Artificial Intelligence Safety and Security,104
-The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values,"A jaw-dropping exploration of everything that goes wrong when we build AI systems and the movement to fix them.Today’s “machine-learning” systems, trained by data, are so effective that we’ve invited them to see and hear for us―and to make decisions on our behalf. But alarm bells are ringing. Recent years have seen an eruption of concern as the field of machine learning advances. When the systems we attempt to teach will not, in the end, do what we want or what we expect, ethical and potentially existential risks emerge. Researchers call this the alignment problem.Systems cull résumés until, years later, we discover that they have inherent gender biases. Algorithms decide bail and parole―and appear to assess Black and White defendants differently. We can no longer assume that our mortgage application, or even our medical tests, will be seen by human eyes. And as autonomous vehicles share our streets, we are increasingly putting our lives in their hands.The mathematical and computational models driving these changes range in complexity from something that can fit on a spreadsheet to a complex system that might credibly be called “artificial intelligence.” They are steadily replacing both human judgment and explicitly programmed software.In best-selling author Brian Christian’s riveting account, we meet the alignment problem’s “first-responders,” and learn their ambitious plan to solve it before our hands are completely off the wheel. In a masterful blend of history and on-the ground reporting, Christian traces the explosive growth in the field of machine learning and surveys its current, sprawling frontier. Readers encounter a discipline finding its legs amid exhilarating and sometimes terrifying progress. Whether they―and we―succeed or fail in solving the alignment problem will be a defining human story.The Alignment Problem offers an unflinching reckoning with humanity’s biases and blind spots, our own unstated assumptions and often contradictory goals. A dazzlingly interdisciplinary work, it takes a hard look not only at our technology but at our culture―and finds a story by turns harrowing and hopeful.",,2020,book,"Christian, Brian",,105
-Language Models are Few-Shot Learners,"Recent work has demonstrated substantial gains on many NLP tasks and benchmarks by pre-training on a large corpus of text followed by fine-tuning on a specific task. While typically task-agnostic in architecture, this method still requires task-specific fine-tuning datasets of thousands or tens of thousands of examples. By contrast, humans can generally perform a new language task from only a few examples or from simple instructions – something which current NLP systems still largely struggle to do. Here we show that scaling up language models greatly improves task-agnostic, few-shot performance, sometimes even reaching competitiveness with prior state-of-the-art finetuning approaches. Specifically, we train GPT-3, an autoregressive language model with 175 billion parameters, 10x more than any previous non-sparse language model, and test its performance in the few-shot setting. For all tasks, GPT-3 is applied without any gradient updates or fine-tuning, with tasks and few-shot demonstrations specified purely via text interaction with the model. GPT-3 achieves strong performance on many NLP datasets, including translation, question-answering, and cloze tasks, as well as several tasks that require on-the-fly reasoning or domain adaptation, such as unscrambling words, using a novel word in a sentence, or performing 3-digit arithmetic. At the same time, we also identify some datasets where GPT-3’s few-shot learning still struggles, as well as some datasets where GPT-3 faces methodological issues related to training on large web corpora. Finally, we find that GPT-3 can generate samples of news articles which human evaluators have difficulty distinguishing from articles written by humans. We discuss broader societal impacts of this finding and of GPT-3 in general.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.14165,2020,conferencePaper,"Brown, Tom B.; Mann, Benjamin; Ryder, Nick; Subbiah, Melanie; Kaplan, Jared; Dhariwal, Prafulla; Neelakantan, Arvind; Shyam, Pranav; Sastry, Girish; Askell, Amanda; Agarwal, Sandhini; Herbert-Voss, Ariel; Krueger, Gretchen; Henighan, Tom; Child, Rewon; Ramesh, Aditya; Ziegler, Daniel M.; Wu, Jeffrey; Winter, Clemens; Hesse, Christopher; Chen, Mark; Sigler, Eric; Litwin, Mateusz; Gray, Scott; Chess, Benjamin; Clark, Jack; Berner, Christopher; McCandlish, Sam; Radford, Alec; Sutskever, Ilya; Amodei, Dario",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 pre-proceedings (NeurIPS 2020),106
-Intergenerational equity under catastrophic climate change,"Climate change raises the issue of intergenerational equity. As climate change threatens irreversible and dangerous impacts, possibly leading to extinction, the most relevant trade-off may not be between present and future consumption, but between present consumption and the mere existence of future generations. To investigate this trade-off, we build an integrated assessment model that explicitly accounts for the risk of extinction of future generations. We compare different climate policies, which change the probability of catastrophic outcomes yielding an early extinction, within the class of variable population utilitarian social welfare functions. We show that the risk of extinction is the main driver of the preferred policy over climate damages. We analyze the role of inequality aversion and population ethics. Usually a preference for large populations and a low inequality aversion favour the most ambitious climate policy, although there are cases where the effect of inequality aversion is reversed.",,2017,report,"Méjean, Aurélie; Pottier, Antonin; Zuber, Stéphane; Fleurbaey, Marc",,107
-Global Catastrophic Risks Survey,,,2008,report,"Sandberg, Anders; Bostrom, Nick",,108
-Hacking the brain: dimensions of cognitive enhancement,,,2018,journalArticle,"Dresler, Martin; Sandberg, Anders; Bublitz, Christoph; Ohla, Kathrin; Trenado, Carlos; Mroczko-Wasowicz, Aleksandra; Kühn, Simone; Repantis, Dimitris",ACS chemical neuroscience,109
-Extrapolating Beyond Suboptimal Demonstrations via Inverse Reinforcement Learning from Observations,"A critical flaw of existing inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) methods is their inability to significantly outperform the demonstrator. This is because IRL typically seeks a reward function that makes the demonstrator appear near-optimal, rather than inferring the underlying intentions of the demonstrator that may have been poorly executed in practice. In this paper, we introduce a novel reward-learning-from-observation algorithm, Trajectory-ranked Reward EXtrapolation (T-REX), that extrapolates beyond a set of (approximately) ranked demonstrations in order to infer high-quality reward functions from a set of potentially poor demonstrations. When combined with deep reinforcement learning, T-REX outperforms state-of-the-art imitation learning and IRL methods on multiple Atari and MuJoCo benchmark tasks and achieves performance that is often more than twice the performance of the best demonstration. We also demonstrate that T-REX is robust to ranking noise and can accurately extrapolate intention by simply watching a learner noisily improve at a task over time.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.06387,2019,conferencePaper,"Brown, Daniel S.; Goo, Wonjoon; Nagarajan, Prabhat; Niekum, Scott",Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning,110
-Optimization in the now: Dynamic peephole optimization for hierarchical planning,"For robots to effectively interact with the real world, they will need to perform complex tasks over long time horizons. This is a daunting challenge, but recent advances using hierarchical planning [1] have been able to provide leverage on this problem. Unfortunately, this approach makes no effort to account for the execution cost of an abstract plan and often arrives at poor quality plans. This paper outlines a method for dynamically improving a hierarchical plan during execution. We frame the underlying question as one of evaluating the resource needs of an abstract operator and propose a general way to approach estimating them. We ran experiments in challenging domains and observed up to 30% reduction in execution cost when compared with a standard hierarchical planner.",http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6631225/,2013,conferencePaper,"Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Kaelbling, Leslie Pack; Lozano-Perez, Tomas",2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation,111
-Directions and desiderata for AI alignment,"I lay out three research directions in AI alignment, and three desiderata that I think should guide research in these areas.",https://ai-alignment.com/directions-and-desiderata-for-ai-control-b60fca0da8f4,2018,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),112
-Artificial Intelligence and National Security,"Reps. Hurd, Kelly, the Bipartisan Policy Center and CSET released guidelines for national security considerations that must be addressed in a national AI strategy. The findings identify key areas for improvement in defense and intelligence to put the nation on a path to large-scale development and deployment of AI tools in promoting national security.",https://cset.georgetown.edu/research/artificial-intelligence-and-national-security/,2020,report,"Hurd, Will; Kelly, Robin; The Bipartisan Policy Center",,113
-A simpler and more realistic subjective decision theory,"In his classic book “the Foundations of Statistics” Savage develops a formal system of rational decision making. It is based on (i) a set of possible states of the world, (ii) a set of consequences, (iii) a set of acts, which are functions from states to consequences, and (iv) a preference relation over the acts, which represents the preferences of an idealized rational agent. The goal and the culmination of the enterprise is a representation theorem: any preference relation that satisfies certain arguably acceptable postulates determines a (finitely additive) probability distribution over the states and a utility assignment to the consequences, such that the preferences among acts are determined by their expected utilities. Additional problematic assumptions are however required in Savage’s proofs. First, there is a Boolean algebra of events (sets of states) which determines the richness of the set of acts. The probabilities are assigned to members of this algebra. Savage’s proof requires that this be a $$\sigma $$σ-algebra (i.e., closed under infinite countable unions and intersections), which makes for an extremely rich preference relation. On Savage’s view we should not require subjective probabilities to be $$\sigma $$σ-additive. He therefore finds the insistence on a $$\sigma $$σ-algebra peculiar and is unhappy with it. But he sees no way of avoiding it. Second, the assignment of utilities requires the constant act assumption: for every consequence there is a constant act, which produces that consequence in every state. This assumption is known to be highly counterintuitive. The present work contains two mathematical results. The first, and the more difficult one, shows that the $$\sigma $$σ-algebra assumption can be dropped. The second states that, as long as utilities are assigned to finite gambles only, the constant act assumption can be replaced by the more plausible and much weaker assumption that there are at least two non-equivalent constant acts. The second result also employs a novel way of deriving utilities in Savage-style systems—without appealing to von Neumann–Morgenstern lotteries. The paper discusses the notion of “idealized agent” that underlies Savage’s approach, and argues that the simplified system, which is adequate for all the actual purposes for which the system is designed, involves a more realistic notion of an idealized agent.",https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-017-1594-6,2018,journalArticle,"Gaifman, Haim; Liu, Yang",Synthese,114
-When systems fail,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0090261601000250,2001,journalArticle,"Roberts, Karlene H; Bea, Robert G",Organizational Dynamics,115
-Preferences Implicit in the State of the World,"Reinforcement learning (RL) agents optimize only the features specified in a reward function and are indifferent to anything left out inadvertently. This means that we must not only specify what to do, but also the much larger space of what not to do. It is easy to forget these preferences, since these preferences are already satisfied in our environment. This motivates our key insight: when a robot is deployed in an environment that humans act in, the state of the environment is already optimized for what humans want. We can therefore use this implicit preference information from the state to fill in the blanks. We develop an algorithm based on Maximum Causal Entropy IRL and use it to evaluate the idea in a suite of proof-of-concept environments designed to show its properties. We find that information from the initial state can be used to infer both side effects that should be avoided as well as preferences for how the environment should be organized. Our code can be found at https://github.com/HumanCompatibleAI/rlsp.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.04198,2019,manuscript,"Shah, Rohin; Krasheninnikov, Dmitrii; Alexander, Jordan; Abbeel, Pieter; Dragan, Anca",,116
-Objective Value Is Always Newcombizable,"This paper argues that evidential decision theory is incompatible with options having objective values. If options have objective values, then it should always be rationally permissible for an agent to choose an option if they are certain that the option uniquely maximizes objective value. But, as we show, if options have objective values and evidential decision theory is true, then it is not always rationally permissible for an agent to choose an option if they are certain that the option uniquely maximizes objective value.",https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzz070,2019,journalArticle,"Ahmed, Arif; Spencer, Jack",Mind,117
-Concerning The Geopolitical Implications of a Post-Oil Technological Stack,Declining prices for solar energy capture and storage technologies indicate the end of international petrochemical trade value within the next decade. This will usher in a brief period where petrochemicals are economically worthless while still strategically valuable for military purposes. This will lead to controlling interests in states whose revenues are dependant on petrochemical sales to be incentivized to cause regional or global conflict to maintain their sovereignty and quality of life. An extreme possible scenario is the use of nuclear blackmail to extract resources from governments robust to the transition away from petrochemical-based energy production in order to secure funding for states weak to the transition.,,,manuscript,"Hidysmith, J Bryce",,118
-Task-Embedded Control Networks for Few-Shot Imitation Learning,"Much like humans, robots should have the ability to leverage knowledge from previously learned tasks in order to learn new tasks quickly in new and unfamiliar environments. Despite this, most robot learning approaches have focused on learning a single task, from scratch, with a limited notion of generalisation, and no way of leveraging the knowledge to learn other tasks more efficiently. One possible solution is meta-learning, but many of the related approaches are limited in their ability to scale to a large number of tasks and to learn further tasks without forgetting previously learned ones. With this in mind, we introduce Task-Embedded Control Networks, which employ ideas from metric learning in order to create a task embedding that can be used by a robot to learn new tasks from one or more demonstrations. In the area of visually-guided manipulation, we present simulation results in which we surpass the performance of a state-of-the-art method when using only visual information from each demonstration. Additionally, we demonstrate that our approach can also be used in conjunction with domain randomisation to train our few-shot learning ability in simulation and then deploy in the real world without any additional training. Once deployed, the robot can learn new tasks from a single real-world demonstration.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.03237v1,2018,conferencePaper,"James, Stephen; Bloesch, Michael; Davison, Andrew J.",,119
-AugMix: A Simple Data Processing Method to Improve Robustness and Uncertainty,"Modern deep neural networks can achieve high accuracy when the training distribution and test distribution are identically distributed, but this assumption is frequently violated in practice. When the train and test distributions are mismatched, accuracy can plummet. Currently there are few techniques that improve robustness to unforeseen data shifts encountered during deployment. In this work, we propose a technique to improve the robustness and uncertainty estimates of image classifiers. We propose AugMix, a data processing technique that is simple to implement, adds limited computational overhead, and helps models withstand unforeseen corruptions. AugMix significantly improves robustness and uncertainty measures on challenging image classification benchmarks, closing the gap between previous methods and the best possible performance in some cases by more than half.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.02781,2019,conferencePaper,"Hendrycks, Dan; Mu, Norman; Cubuk, Ekin D.; Zoph, Barret; Gilmer, Justin; Lakshminarayanan, Balaji","arXiv:1912.02781 [cs, stat]",120
-Between MDPs and semi-MDPs: A framework for temporal abstraction in reinforcement learning,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0004370299000521,1999,journalArticle,"Sutton, Richard S.; Precup, Doina; Singh, Satinder",Artificial Intelligence,121
-Guided search for task and motion plans using learned heuristics,"Tasks in mobile manipulation planning often require thousands of individual motions to complete. Such tasks require reasoning about complex goals as well as the feasibility of movements in configuration space. In discrete representations, planning complexity is exponential in the length of the plan. In mobile manipulation, parameters for an action often draw from a continuous space, so we must also cope with an infinite branching factor. Task and motion planning (TAMP) methods integrate a logical search over high-level actions with geometric reasoning to address this challenge. We present an algorithm that searches the space of possible task and motion plans, and uses statistical machine learning to guide the search process. Our contributions are as follows: 1) we present a complete algorithm for TAMP; 2) we present a randomized local search algorithm for TAMP that is easily formulated as a Markov decision process (MDP); 3) we apply reinforcement learning (RL) to learn a policy for this MDP; 4) we learn from expert demonstrations to efficiently search the space of task plans, given options that address different (potential) infeasibilities; and 5) we run experiments to evaluate the performance of our system in a variety of simulated domains. We show significant improvements in performance over prior work.",http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7487165/,2016,conferencePaper,"Chitnis, Rohan; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Gupta, Abhishek; Srivastava, Siddharth; Groshev, Edward; Lin, Christopher; Abbeel, Pieter",2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA),122
-Minimax-Regret Querying on Side Effects for Safe Optimality in Factored Markov Decision Processes,"As it achieves a goal on behalf of its human user, an autonomous agent’s actions may have side effects that change features of its environment in ways that negatively surprise its user. An agent that can be trusted to operate safely should thus only change features the user has explicitly permitted. We formalize this problem, and develop a planning algorithm that avoids potentially negative side effects given what the agent knows about (un)changeable features. Further, we formulate a provably minimax-regret querying strategy for the agent to selectively ask the user about features that it hasn’t explicitly been told about. We empirically show how much faster it is than a more exhaustive approach and how much better its queries are than those found by the best known heuristic.",https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/676,2018,conferencePaper,"Zhang, Shun; Durfee, Edmund H.; Singh, Satinder",Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,123
-Logical Prior Probability,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-35506-6_6,2012,bookSection,"Demski, Abram",Artificial General Intelligence,124
-Artificial Intelligence Aligned With Human Values | Q&A With Stuart Russell,Computer scientist Stuart Russell wants to ensure that our increasingly intelligent machines remain aligned with human values.,https://www.quantamagazine.org/artificial-intelligence-aligned-with-human-values-qa-with-stuart-russell-20150421/,2015,magazineArticle,"Wolchover, Natalie; Russell, Stuart",Quanta Magazine,125
-AI Governance and the Policymaking Process: Key Considerations for Reducing AI Risk,"This essay argues that a new subfield of AI governance should be explored that examines the policy-making process and its implications for AI governance. A growing number of researchers have begun working on the question of how to mitigate the catastrophic risks of transformative artificial intelligence, including what policies states should adopt. However, this essay identifies a preceding, meta-level problem of how the space of possible policies is affected by the politics and administrative mechanisms of how those policies are created and implemented. This creates a new set of key considerations for the field of AI governance and should influence the action of future policymakers. This essay examines some of the theories of the policymaking process, how they compare to current work in AI governance, and their implications for the field at large and ends by identifying areas of future research.",https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/3/2/26,2019,journalArticle,"Perry, Brandon; Uuk, Risto",Big Data and Cognitive Computing,126
-Biased error search as a risk of modelling in insurance,,,2013,bookSection,"Beckstead, Nick; Armstrong, Stuart; Sandberg, Anders",Systemic Risk of Modelling in Insurance,127
-Variance Reduction for Policy Gradient with Action-Dependent Factorized Baselines,"Policy gradient methods have enjoyed great success in deep reinforcement learning but suffer from high variance of gradient estimates. The high variance problem is particularly exasperated in problems with long horizons or high-dimensional action spaces. To mitigate this issue, we derive a bias-free action-dependent baseline for variance reduction which fully exploits the structural form of the stochastic policy itself and does not make any additional assumptions about the MDP. We demonstrate and quantify the benefit of the action-dependent baseline through both theoretical analysis as well as numerical results, including an analysis of the suboptimality of the optimal state-dependent baseline. The result is a computationally efficient policy gradient algorithm, which scales to high-dimensional control problems, as demonstrated by a synthetic 2000-dimensional target matching task. Our experimental results indicate that action-dependent baselines allow for faster learning on standard reinforcement learning benchmarks and high-dimensional hand manipulation and synthetic tasks. Finally, we show that the general idea of including additional information in baselines for improved variance reduction can be extended to partially observed and multi-agent tasks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.07246,2018,conferencePaper,"Wu, Cathy; Rajeswaran, Aravind; Duan, Yan; Kumar, Vikash; Bayen, Alexandre M.; Kakade, Sham; Mordatch, Igor; Abbeel, Pieter","arXiv:1803.07246 [cs, stat]",128
-"An Efficient, Generalized Bellman Update For Cooperative Inverse Reinforcement Learning","Our goal is for AI systems to correctly identify and act according to their human user’s objectives. Cooperative Inverse Reinforcement Learning (CIRL) formalizes this value alignment problem as a two-player game between a human and robot, in which only the human knows the parameters of the reward function: the robot needs to learn them as the interaction unfolds. Previous work showed that CIRL can be solved as a POMDP, but with an action space size exponential in the size of the reward parameter space. In this work, we exploit a specific property of CIRL—the human is a full information agent—to derive an optimality-preserving modification to the standard Bellman update; this reduces the complexity of the problem by an exponential factor and allows us to relax CIRL’s assumption of human rationality. We apply this update to a variety of POMDP solvers and find that it enables us to scale CIRL to non-trivial problems, with larger reward parameter spaces, and larger action spaces for both robot and human. In solutions to these larger problems, the human exhibits pedagogic (teaching) behavior, while the robot interprets it as such and attains higher value for the human.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.03820,2018,conferencePaper,"Malik, Dhruv; Palaniappan, Malayandi; Fisac, Jaime F.; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Russell, Stuart; Dragan, Anca D.",Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning,129
-Reward Learning from Narrated Demonstrations,"Humans effortlessly ""program"" one another by communicating goals and desires in natural language. In contrast, humans program robotic behaviours by indicating desired object locations and poses to be achieved, by providing RGB images of goal configurations, or supplying a demonstration to be imitated. None of these methods generalize across environment variations, and they convey the goal in awkward technical terms. This work proposes joint learning of natural language grounding and instructable behavioural policies reinforced by perceptual detectors of natural language expressions, grounded to the sensory inputs of the robotic agent. Our supervision is narrated visual demonstrations(NVD), which are visual demonstrations paired with verbal narration (as opposed to being silent). We introduce a dataset of NVD where teachers perform activities while describing them in detail. We map the teachers' descriptions to perceptual reward detectors, and use them to train corresponding behavioural policies in simulation.We empirically show that our instructable agents (i) learn visual reward detectors using a small number of examples by exploiting hard negative mined configurations from demonstration dynamics, (ii) develop pick-and place policies using learned visual reward detectors, (iii) benefit from object-factorized state representations that mimic the syntactic structure of natural language goal expressions, and (iv) can execute behaviours that involve novel objects in novel locations at test time, instructed by natural language.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.10692,2018,conferencePaper,"Tung, Hsiao-Yu Fish; Harley, Adam W.; Huang, Liang-Kang; Fragkiadaki, Katerina",Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,130
-Human-AI Interaction,"THE IMPORTANCE OF FEEDBACK Consider trying to program a self-driving car to drive from San Francisco to Los Angeles -- with no sensors that allow it to gather information as it is driving. This is possible in principle. If you can predict the exact weather conditions, the exact movement of all of the other cars on the road, the exact amount of friction along every part of the road surface, the exact impact of (the equivalents of) pressing the gas or turning the steering wheel, and so on, then you could compute ahead of time how exactly to control the car such that it gets from SF to LA. Nevertheless, it seems unlikely that we will ever be able to accomplish such a feat, even with powerful AI systems. No, in practice there is going to be some uncertainty about how the world is going to evolve; such that any plan computed ahead of time will have some errors that will compound over the course of the plan. The solution is to use sensors to gather information while executing the plan, so that we can notice any errors or deviations from the plan, and take corrective action. It is much easier to build a controller that keeps you pointed in the general direction, than to build a plan that will get you there perfectly without any adaptation. Control theory studies these sorts of systems, and you can see the general power of feedback controllers in the theorems that can be proven. Especially for motion tasks, you can build feedback controllers that are guaranteed to safely achieve the goal, even in the presence of adversarial environmental forces (that are bounded in size, so you can’t have arbitrarily strong wind). In the presence of an adversary, in most environments it becomes impossible even in principle to make such a guarantee if you do not have any sensors or feedback and must compute a plan in advance. Typically, for every such plan, there is some environmental force that would cause it to fail. THE CONTROL THEORY PERSPECTIVE ON AI ALIGNMENT With ambitious value le",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/4783ufKpx8xvLMPc6/human-ai-interaction,2019,blogPost,"Shah, Rohin",AI Alignment Forum,131
-Conversation with Tom Griffiths,"Participants Professor Tom Griffiths, Director of the Computational Cognitive Science Lab and the Institute of Cognitive and Brain Sciences at the University of California, Berkeley. Finan Adamson, AI Impacts. Note: These notes were compiled by AI impacts and give an overview of the major points made by Professor Tom Griffiths. They are available...",https://aiimpacts.org/conversation-with-tom-griffiths/,2016,blogPost,"Griffiths, Tom; Adamson, Finan",AI Impacts,132
-Reducing malicious use of synthetic media research: Considerations and potential release practices for machine learning,"The aim of this paper is to facilitate nuanced discussion around research norms and practices to mitigate the harmful impacts of advances in machine learning (ML). We focus particularly on the use of ML to create ""synthetic media"" (e.g. to generate or manipulate audio, video, images, and text), and the question of what publication and release processes around such research might look like, though many of the considerations discussed will apply to ML research more broadly. We are not arguing for any specific approach on when or how research should be distributed, but instead try to lay out some useful tools, analogies, and options for thinking about these issues. We begin with some background on the idea that ML research might be misused in harmful ways, and why advances in synthetic media, in particular, are raising concerns. We then outline in more detail some of the different paths to harm from ML research, before reviewing research risk mitigation strategies in other fields and identifying components that seem most worth emulating in the ML and synthetic media research communities. Next, we outline some important dimensions of disagreement on these issues which risk polarizing conversations. Finally, we conclude with recommendations, suggesting that the machine learning community might benefit from: working with subject matter experts to increase understanding of the risk landscape and possible mitigation strategies; building a community and norms around understanding the impacts of ML research, e.g. through regular workshops at major conferences; and establishing institutions and systems to support release practices that would otherwise be onerous and error-prone.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11274,2019,manuscript,"Ovadya, Aviv; Whittlestone, Jess",,133
-Singularity Blog Insights,"SummaryThis chapter presents four articles from the blogosphere. In the first, Eliezer Yudkowsky provides the three most commonly used meanings of the Singularity: Accelerating Change where the Singularity occurs because of exponential improvements in technology, the Event Horizon where technology will improve to the point where a human-level intelligence can’t predict what will happen, and the Intelligence Explosion in which a self-improving artificial intelligence quickly brings about a singularity. In the next essay, Stuart Armstrong, one of the editors of this book, analyzes many past predictions of AI development. In the third article Scott Siskind discusses reasons why we shouldn’t wait to research AI safety. In the final entry, Scott Aaronson discusses why he does not think that a singularity is near.",https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54033-6_14,2017,bookSection,"Miller, James D.",The Technological Singularity: Managing the Journey,134
-Meta-Inverse Reinforcement Learning with Probabilistic Context Variables,"Providing a suitable reward function to reinforcement learning can be difficult in many real world applications. While inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) holds promise for automatically learning reward functions from demonstrations, several major challenges remain. First, existing IRL methods learn reward functions from scratch, requiring large numbers of demonstrations to correctly infer the reward for each task the agent may need to perform. Second, existing methods typically assume homogeneous demonstrations for a single behavior or task, while in practice, it might be easier to collect datasets of heterogeneous but related behaviors. To this end, we propose a deep latent variable model that is capable of learning rewards from demonstrations of distinct but related tasks in an unsupervised way. Critically, our model can infer rewards for new, structurally-similar tasks from a single demonstration. Our experiments on multiple continuous control tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach compared to state-of-the-art imitation and inverse reinforcement learning methods.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.09314v2,2019,conferencePaper,"Yu, Lantao; Yu, Tianhe; Finn, Chelsea; Ermon, Stefano",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 (NeurIPS 2019),135
-"Agents, Bodies, Constraints, Dynamics, and Evolution","The theme of this article is the dynamics of evolution of agents. That theme is applied to the evolution of constraint satisfaction, of agents themselves, of our models of agents, of artificial intelligence and, finally, of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI). The overall thesis is that constraint satisfaction is central to proactive and responsive intelligent behavior.",https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2174,2009,journalArticle,"Mackworth, Alan K.",AI Magazine,136
-Online Bayesian Goal Inference for Boundedly-Rational Planning Agents,"People routinely infer the goals of others by observing their actions over time. Remarkably, we can do so even when those actions lead to failure, enabling us to assist others when we detect that they might not achieve their goals. How might we endow machines with similar capabilities? Here we present an architecture capable of inferring an agent's goals online from both optimal and non-optimal sequences of actions. Our architecture models agents as boundedly-rational planners that interleave search with execution by replanning, thereby accounting for sub-optimal behavior. These models are specified as probabilistic programs, allowing us to represent and perform efficient Bayesian inference over an agent's goals and internal planning processes. To perform such inference, we develop Sequential Inverse Plan Search (SIPS), a sequential Monte Carlo algorithm that exploits the online replanning assumption of these models, limiting computation by incrementally extending inferred plans as new actions are observed. We present experiments showing that this modeling and inference architecture outperforms Bayesian inverse reinforcement learning baselines, accurately inferring goals from both optimal and non-optimal trajectories involving failure and back-tracking, while generalizing across domains with compositional structure and sparse rewards.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.07532,2020,conferencePaper,"Zhi-Xuan, Tan; Mann, Jordyn L.; Silver, Tom; Tenenbaum, Joshua B.; Mansinghka, Vikash K.",arXiv:2006.07532 [cs],137
-Probabilistically Safe Robot Planning with Confidence-Based Human Predictions,"In order to safely operate around humans, robots can employ predictive models of human motion. Unfortunately, these models cannot capture the full complexity of human behavior and necessarily introduce simplifying assumptions. As a result, predictions may degrade whenever the observed human behavior departs from the assumed structure, which can have negative implications for safety. In this paper, we observe that how ""rational"" human actions appear under a particular model can be viewed as an indicator of that model's ability to describe the human's current motion. By reasoning about this model confidence in a real-time Bayesian framework, we show that the robot can very quickly modulate its predictions to become more uncertain when the model performs poorly. Building on recent work in provably-safe trajectory planning, we leverage these confidence-aware human motion predictions to generate assured autonomous robot motion. Our new analysis combines worst-case tracking error guarantees for the physical robot with probabilistic time-varying human predictions, yielding a quantitative, probabilistic safety certificate. We demonstrate our approach with a quadcopter navigating around a human.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.00109v1,2018,conferencePaper,"Fisac, Jaime F.; Bajcsy, Andrea; Herbert, Sylvia L.; Fridovich-Keil, David; Wang, Steven; Tomlin, Claire J.; Dragan, Anca D.",arXiv:1806.00109 [cs],138
-Multiparty Dynamics and Failure Modes for Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence,"An important challenge for safety in machine learning and artificial intelligence systems is a set of related failures involving specification gaming, reward hacking, fragility to distributional shifts, and Goodhart’s or Campbell’s law. This paper presents additional failure modes for interactions within multi-agent systems that are closely related. These multi-agent failure modes are more complex, more problematic, and less well understood than the single-agent case, and are also already occurring, largely unnoticed. After motivating the discussion with examples from poker-playing artificial intelligence (AI), the paper explains why these failure modes are in some senses unavoidable. Following this, the paper categorizes failure modes, provides definitions, and cites examples for each of the modes: accidental steering, coordination failures, adversarial misalignment, input spoofing and filtering, and goal co-option or direct hacking. The paper then discusses how extant literature on multi-agent AI fails to address these failure modes, and identifies work which may be useful for the mitigation of these failure modes.",https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/3/2/21,2019,journalArticle,"Manheim, David",Big Data and Cognitive Computing,139
-Curriculum Learning for Reinforcement Learning Domains: A Framework and Survey,"Reinforcement learning (RL) is a popular paradigm for addressing sequential decision tasks in which the agent has only limited environmental feedback. Despite many advances over the past three decades, learning in many domains still requires a large amount of interaction with the environment, which can be prohibitively expensive in realistic scenarios. To address this problem, transfer learning has been applied to reinforcement learning such that experience gained in one task can be leveraged when starting to learn the next, harder task. More recently, several lines of research have explored how tasks, or data samples themselves, can be sequenced into a curriculum for the purpose of learning a problem that may otherwise be too difficult to learn from scratch. In this article, we present a framework for curriculum learning (CL) in reinforcement learning, and use it to survey and classify existing CL methods in terms of their assumptions, capabilities, and goals. Finally, we use our framework to find open problems and suggest directions for future RL curriculum learning research.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.04960,2020,manuscript,"Narvekar, Sanmit; Peng, Bei; Leonetti, Matteo; Sinapov, Jivko; Taylor, Matthew E.; Stone, Peter",,140
-Solving Imperfect-Information Games via Discounted Regret Minimization,"Counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) is a family of iterative algorithms that are the most popular and, in practice, fastest approach to approximately solving large imperfect-information games. In this paper we introduce novel CFR variants that 1) discount regrets from earlier iterations in various ways (in some cases differently for positive and negative regrets), 2) reweight iterations in various ways to obtain the output strategies, 3) use a non-standard regret minimizer and/or 4) leverage ""optimistic regret matching"". They lead to dramatically improved performance in many settings. For one, we introduce a variant that outperforms CFR+, the prior state-of-the-art algorithm, in every game tested, including large-scale realistic settings. CFR+ is a formidable benchmark: no other algorithm has been able to outperform it. Finally, we show that, unlike CFR+, many of the important new variants are compatible with modern imperfect-information-game pruning techniques and one is also compatible with sampling in the game tree.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.04040,2019,conferencePaper,"Brown, Noam; Sandholm, Tuomas",Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,141
-Mavericks and lotteries,"In 2013 the Health Research Council of New Zealand began a stream of funding titled ‘Explorer Grants’, and in 2017 changes were introduced to the funding mechanisms of the Volkswagen Foundation ‘Experiment!’ and the New Zealand Science for Technological Innovation challenge ‘Seed Projects’. All three funding streams aim at encouraging novel scientific ideas, and all now employ random selection by lottery as part of the grant selection process. The idea of funding science by lottery emerged independently in several corners of academia, including in philosophy of science. This paper reviews the conceptual and institutional landscape in which this policy proposal emerged, how different academic fields presented and supported arguments for the proposal, and how these have been reflected (or not) in actual policy. The paper presents an analytical synthesis of the arguments presented to date, notes how they support each other and shape policy recommendations in various ways, and where competing arguments highlight the need for further analysis or more data. In addition, it provides lessons for how philosophers of science can engage in shaping science policy, and in particular, highlights the importance of mixing complementary expertise: it takes a (conceptually diverse) village to raise (good) policy.",http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039368118300190,2019,journalArticle,"Avin, Shahar",Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A,142
-HQ-Learning,,http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/105971239700600202,1997,journalArticle,"Wiering, Marco; Schmidhuber, Jürgen",Adaptive Behavior,143
-The AI Timelines Scam,"[epistemic status: that’s just my opinion, man. I have highly suggestive evidence, not deductive proof, for a belief I sincerely hold] “If you see fraud and do not say fraud, you are a …",https://unstableontology.com/2019/07/11/the-ai-timelines-scam/,2019,blogPost,"Taylor, Jessica",Unstable Ontology,144
-"Subagents, trauma and rationality","[Content note: discussion of trauma, child and sexual abuse, sexual violence, lack of self-worth, dissociation, PTSD, flashbacks, DID, personality disorders; some mildly graphic examples of abuse and trauma mentioned in text form] I have spent over two years doing emotional support for people who had survived long-term childhood trauma, and in these cases spawning agents to deal with unbearable suffering while having no escape from it is basically a standard reaction that the brain/mind takes. The relevant psychiatric diagnosis is DID (formerly MPD, multiple personality disorder). In these cases the multiple agents often manifest very clearly and distinctly. It is tempting to write it off as a special case that does not apply in the mainstream, yet I have seen more than once the progression from someone suffering from CPTSD to a full-blown DID. The last thing that happens is that the person recognizes that they ""switch"" between personalities. Often way later than when others notice it, if they know what to look for. After gaining some experience chatting with those who survived severe prolonged trauma, I started recognizing subtler signs of ""switching"" in myself and others. This switching between agents (I would not call them sub-agents, as they are not necessarily less than the ""main"", and different ""mains"" often take over during different parts of the person's life) while a normal way to operate, as far as I can tell, almost never rises to the level of conscious awareness, as the brain carefully constructs the lie of single identity for as long as it can.-- shminux As the above comment suggests, the appearance of something like distinct subagents is particularly noticeable in people with heavy trauma, DID being the most extreme example. This post will interpret the appearance of subagents as emerging from unintegrated memory networks, and argue that - as shminux suggests - the presence of these is a matter of degree. There’s a continuous progression of fragm",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/u5RLu5F3zKTB3Qjnu/subagents-trauma-and-rationality,2019,blogPost,"Sotala, Kaj",LessWrong,145
-Scaling up Psychology via Scientific Regret Minimization: A Case Study in Moral Decision-Making,"Do large datasets provide value to psychologists? Without a systematic methodology for working with such datasets, there is a valid concern that analyses will produce noise artifacts rather than true effects. In this paper, we offer a way to enable researchers to systematically build models and identify novel phenomena in large datasets. One traditional approach is to analyze the residuals of models---the biggest errors they make in predicting the data---to discover what might be missing from those models. However, once a dataset is sufficiently large, machine learning algorithms approximate the true underlying function better than the data, suggesting instead that the predictions of these data-driven models should be used to guide model-building. We call this approach ""Scientific Regret Minimization"" (SRM) as it focuses on minimizing errors for cases that we know should have been predictable. We demonstrate this methodology on a subset of the Moral Machine dataset, a public collection of roughly forty million moral decisions. Using SRM, we found that incorporating a set of deontological principles that capture dimensions along which groups of agents can vary (e.g. sex and age) improves a computational model of human moral judgment. Furthermore, we were able to identify and independently validate three interesting moral phenomena: criminal dehumanization, age of responsibility, and asymmetric notions of responsibility.",https://www.pnas.org/content/117/16/8825,2019,journalArticle,"Agrawal, Mayank; Peterson, Joshua C.; Griffiths, Thomas L.",PNAS,146
-Learning Causal Trees with Latent Variables via Controlled Experimentation,,https://why19.causalai.net/papers/SSS19_Paper_Upload_198.pdf,2019,conferencePaper,"Tadepalli, Prasad; Barrie, Cameron; Russell, Stuart J.",,147
-Generalizing the Power-Seeking Theorems,"Previously: Seeking Power is Often Provably Instrumentally Convergent in MDPs. Thanks to Rohin Shah, Michael Dennis, Josh Turner, and Evan Hubinger for comments. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- It sure seems like gaining power over the environment is instrumentally convergent (optimal for a wide range of agent goals). You can turn this into math and prove things about it. Given some distribution over agent goals, we want to be able to formally describe how optimal action tends to flow through the future. Does gaining money tend to be optimal? Avoiding shutdown? When? How do we know? Optimal Farsighted Agents Tend to Seek Power proved that, when you distribute reward fairly and evenly across states (IID), it's instrumentally convergent to gain access to lots of final states (which are absorbing, in that the agent keeps on experiencing the final state). The theorems apply when you don't discount the future (you're ""infinitely farsighted""). Most reward functions for the Pac-Man game incentivize not dying immediately, so that the agent can loop around higher-scoring configurations. Many ways of scoring Tic-Tac-Toe game states incentivize not losing immediately, in order to choose the highest-scoring final configuration. ""All states have self-loops, left hidden to reduce clutter. In AI: A Modern Approach (3e), the agent starts at1and receives reward for reaching3. The optimal policy for this reward function avoids2, and one might suspect that avoiding2is instrumentally convergent. However, a skeptic might provide a reward function for which navigating to2is optimal, and then argue that ""instrumental convergence'' is subjective and that there is no reasonable basis for concluding that2is generally avoided. We can do better... for any way of independently and identically distributing reward over states,1011of reward functions have farsighted optimal policies which avoid2. If we complicate the MDP with additional t",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/nyDnLif4cjeRe9DSv/generalizing-the-power-seeking-theorems,2020,blogPost,"Turner, Alex",AI Alignment Forum,148
-The Animal-AI Testbed and Competition,"Modern machine learning systems are still lacking in the kind of general intelligence and common sense reasoning found, not only in humans, but across the animal kingdom. Many animals are capable of solving seemingly simple tasks such as inferring object location through object persistence and spatial elimination, and navigating efficiently in out-of-distribution novel environments. Such tasks are difficult for AI, but provide a natural stepping stone towards the goal of more complex human-like general intelligence. The extensive literature on animal cognition provides methodology and experimental paradigms for testing such abilities but, so far, these experiments have not been translated en masse into an AI-friendly setting. We present a new testbed, Animal-AI, first released as part of the Animal-AI Olympics competition at NeurIPS 2019, which is a comprehensive environment and testing paradigm for tasks inspired by animal cognition. In this paper we outline the environment, the testbed, the results of the competition, and discuss the open challenges for building and testing artificial agents capable of the kind of nonverbal common sense reasoning found in many non-human animals.",,2020,conferencePaper,"Crosby, Matthew; Beyret, Benjamin; Shanahan, Murray; Hernandez-Orallo, Jose; Cheke, Lucy; Halina, Marta",Proceedings of Machine Learning Research,149
-Expressive Robot Motion Timing,"Our goal is to enable robots to \emph{time} their motion in a way that is purposefully expressive of their internal states, making them more transparent to people. We start by investigating what types of states motion timing is capable of expressing, focusing on robot manipulation and keeping the path constant while systematically varying the timing. We find that users naturally pick up on certain properties of the robot (like confidence), of the motion (like naturalness), or of the task (like the weight of the object that the robot is carrying). We then conduct a hypothesis-driven experiment to tease out the directions and magnitudes of these effects, and use our findings to develop candidate mathematical models for how users make these inferences from the timing. We find a strong correlation between the models and real user data, suggesting that robots can leverage these models to autonomously optimize the timing of their motion to be expressive.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.01536,2017,conferencePaper,"Zhou, Allan; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Nagabandi, Anusha; Dragan, Anca D.",Proceedings of the 2017 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction,150
-"Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies","The human brain has some capabilities that the brains of other animals lack. It is to these distinctive capabilities that our species owes its dominant position. Other animals have stronger muscles or sharper claws, but we have cleverer brains. If machine brains one day come to surpass human brains in general intelligence, then this new superintelligence could become very powerful. As the fate of the gorillas now depends more on us humans than on the gorillas themselves, so the fate of our species then would come to depend on the actions of the machine superintelligence. But we have one advantage: we get to make the first move. Will it be possible to construct a seed AI or otherwise to engineer initial conditions so as to make an intelligence explosion survivable? How could one achieve a controlled detonation? To get closer to an answer to this question, we must make our way through a fascinating landscape of topics and considerations. Read the book and learn about oracles, genies, singletons; about boxing methods, tripwires, and mind crime; about humanity's cosmic endowment and differential technological development; indirect normativity, instrumental convergence, whole brain emulation and technology couplings; Malthusian economics and dystopian evolution; artificial intelligence, and biological cognitive enhancement, and collective intelligence.",,2014,book,"Bostrom, Nick",,151
-The Evidentialist’s Wager,"Suppose that an altruistic and morally motivated agent who is uncertain between evidential decision theory (EDT) and causal decision theory (CDT) finds herself in a situation in which the two theories give conflicting verdicts. We argue that even if she has significantly higher credence in CDT, she should nevertheless act in accordance with EDT. First, we claim that that the appropriate response to normative uncertainty is to hedge one’s bets. That is, if the stakes are much higher on one theory than another, and the credences you assign to each of these theories aren’t very different, then it’s appropriate to choose the option which performs best on the high-stakes theory. Second, we show that, given the assumption of altruism, the existence of correlated decision-makers will increase the stakes for EDT but leave the stakes for CDT unaffected. Together these two claims imply that whenever there are sufficiently many correlated agents, the appropriate response is to act in accordance with EDT.",,,journalArticle,"MacAskill, William; Vallinder, Aron; Shulman, Carl; Österheld, Caspar; Treutlein, Johannes",Journal of Philosophy,152
-"A Parametric, Resource-Bounded Generalization Of Löb’s Theorem, And A Robust Cooperation Criterion For Open-Source Game Theory","Abstract This article presents two theorems: (1) a generalization of Löb’s Theorem that applies to formal proof systems operating with bounded computational resources, such as formal verification software or theorem provers, and (2) a theorem on the robust cooperation of agents that employ proofs about one another’s source code as unexploitable criteria for cooperation. The latter illustrates a capacity for outperforming classical Nash equilibria and correlated equilibria, attaining mutually cooperative program equilibrium in the Prisoner’s Dilemma while remaining unexploitable, i.e., sometimes achieving the outcome (Cooperate, Cooperate), and never receiving the outcome (Cooperate, Defect) as player 1.",https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022481217000421/type/journal_article,2019,journalArticle,"Critch, Andrew",The Journal of Symbolic Logic,153
-Reinforcement Learning and Inverse Reinforcement Learning with System 1 and System 2,"Inferring a person's goal from their behavior is an important problem in applications of AI (e.g. automated assistants, recommender systems). The workhorse model for this task is the rational actor model - this amounts to assuming that people have stable reward functions, discount the future exponentially, and construct optimal plans. Under the rational actor assumption techniques such as inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) can be used to infer a person's goals from their actions. A competing model is the dual-system model. Here decisions are the result of an interplay between a fast, automatic, heuristic-based system 1 and a slower, deliberate, calculating system 2. We generalize the dual system framework to the case of Markov decision problems and show how to compute optimal plans for dual-system agents. We show that dual-system agents exhibit behaviors that are incompatible with rational actor assumption. We show that naive applications of rational-actor IRL to the behavior of dual-system agents can generate wrong inference about the agents' goals and suggest interventions that actually reduce the agent's overall utility. Finally, we adapt a simple IRL algorithm to correctly infer the goals of dual system decision-makers. This allows us to make interventions that help, rather than hinder, the dual-system agent's ability to reach their true goals.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.08549v2,2019,conferencePaper,"Peysakhovich, Alexander","Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",154
-Applications of Neural Networks in High Assurance Systems,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-10690-3,2010,book,,,155
-Closing the Gap Between Short and Long XORs for Model Counting,"Many recent algorithms for approximate model counting are based on a reduction to combinatorial searches over random subsets of the space defined by parity or XOR constraints. Long parity constraints (involving many variables) provide strong theoretical guarantees but are computationally difficult. Short parity constraints are easier to solve but have weaker statistical properties. It is currently not known how long these parity constraints need to be. We close the gap by providing matching necessary and sufficient conditions on the required asymptotic length of the parity constraints. Further, we provide a new family of lower bounds and the first non-trivial upper bounds on the model count that are valid for arbitrarily short XORs. We empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of these bounds on model counting benchmarks and in a Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) application motivated by the analysis of contingency tables in statistics.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.08863,2016,conferencePaper,"Zhao, Shengjia; Chaturapruek, Sorathan; Sabharwal, Ashish; Ermon, Stefano",AAAI 2016,156
-Geoengineering tensions,"There has been much discussion of the moral, legal and prudential implications of geoengineering, and of governance structures for both the research and deployment of such technologies. However, insufficient attention has been paid to how such measures might affect geoengineering in terms of the incentive structures which underwrite scientific progress. There is a tension between the features that make science productive, and the need to govern geoengineering research, which has thus far gone underappreciated. I emphasize how geoengineering research requires governance which reaches beyond science’s traditional boundaries, and moreover requires knowledge which itself reaches beyond what we traditionally expect scientists to know about. How we govern emerging technologies should be sensitive to the incentive structures which drive science.",http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016328717301696,2018,journalArticle,"Currie, Adrian",Futures,157
-Building Ethically Bounded AI,"The more AI agents are deployed in scenarios with possibly unexpected situations, the more they need to be flexible, adaptive, and creative in achieving the goal we have given them. Thus, a certain level of freedom to choose the best path to the goal is inherent in making AI robust and flexible enough. At the same time, however, the pervasive deployment of AI in our life, whether AI is autonomous or collaborating with humans, raises several ethical challenges. AI agents should be aware and follow appropriate ethical principles and should thus exhibit properties such as fairness or other virtues. These ethical principles should define the boundaries of AI's freedom and creativity. However, it is still a challenge to understand how to specify and reason with ethical boundaries in AI agents and how to combine them appropriately with subjective preferences and goal specifications. Some initial attempts employ either a data-driven example-based approach for both, or a symbolic rule-based approach for both. We envision a modular approach where any AI technique can be used for any of these essential ingredients in decision making or decision support systems, paired with a contextual approach to define their combination and relative weight. In a world where neither humans nor AI systems work in isolation, but are tightly interconnected, e.g., the Internet of Things, we also envision a compositional approach to building ethically bounded AI, where the ethical properties of each component can be fruitfully exploited to derive those of the overall system. In this paper we define and motivate the notion of ethically-bounded AI, we describe two concrete examples, and we outline some outstanding challenges.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.03980,2018,conferencePaper,"Rossi, Francesca; Mattei, Nicholas",Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,158
-Discriminator-Actor-Critic: Addressing Sample Inefficiency and Reward Bias in Adversarial Imitation Learning,"We identify two issues with the family of algorithms based on the Adversarial Imitation Learning framework. The first problem is implicit bias present in the reward functions used in these algorithms. While these biases might work well for some environments, they can also lead to sub-optimal behavior in others. Secondly, even though these algorithms can learn from few expert demonstrations, they require a prohibitively large number of interactions with the environment in order to imitate the expert for many real-world applications. In order to address these issues, we propose a new algorithm called Discriminator-Actor-Critic that uses off-policy Reinforcement Learning to reduce policy-environment interaction sample complexity by an average factor of 10. Furthermore, since our reward function is designed to be unbiased, we can apply our algorithm to many problems without making any task-specific adjustments.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.02925,2018,manuscript,"Kostrikov, Ilya; Agrawal, Kumar Krishna; Dwibedi, Debidatta; Levine, Sergey; Tompson, Jonathan",,159
-Unsupervised Question Decomposition for Question Answering,"We aim to improve question answering (QA) by decomposing hard questions into easier sub-questions that existing QA systems can answer. Since collecting labeled decompositions is cumbersome, we propose an unsupervised approach to produce sub-questions. Specifically, by leveraging >10M questions from Common Crawl, we learn to map from the distribution of multi-hop questions to the distribution of single-hop sub-questions. We answer sub-questions with an off-the-shelf QA model and incorporate the resulting answers in a downstream, multi-hop QA system. On a popular multi-hop QA dataset, HotpotQA, we show large improvements over a strong baseline, especially on adversarial and out-of-domain questions. Our method is generally applicable and automatically learns to decompose questions of different classes, while matching the performance of decomposition methods that rely heavily on hand-engineering and annotation.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.09758,2020,conferencePaper,"Perez, Ethan; Lewis, Patrick; Yih, Wen-tau; Cho, Kyunghyun; Kiela, Douwe",Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing,160
-Stable self-improvement as an AI safety problem,“Stable self-improvement” seems to be a primary focus of MIRI’s work. I am not yet convinced that this is a key AI safety problem.,https://ai-alignment.com/stable-self-improvement-as-an-ai-safety-problem-46e2a44e73e,2015,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),161
-Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgement of global risks,"All else being equal, not many people would prefer to destroy the world. Even faceless corporations, meddling governments, reckless scientists, and other agents of doom, require a world in which to achieve their goals of profit, order, tenure, or other villainies. If our extinction proceeds slowly enough to allow a moment of horrified realization, the doers of the deed will likely be quite taken aback on realizing that they have actually destroyed the world. Therefore I suggest that if the Earth is destroyed, it will probably be by mistake. The systematic experimental study of reproducible errors of human reasoning, and what these errors reveal about underlying mental processes, is known as the heuristics and biases programme in cognitive psychology. This programme has made discoveries highly relevant to assessors of global catastrophic risks. Suppose you are worried about the risk of Substance P, an explosive of planet-wrecking potency which will detonate if exposed to a strong radio signal. Luckily there is a famous expert who discovered Substance P, spent the last thirty years working with it, and knows it better than anyone else in the world. You call up the expert and ask how strong the radio signal has to be. The expert replies that the critical threshold is probably around 4000 terawatts. ‘Probably?’ you query. ‘Can you give me a 98% confidence interval?’ ‘Sure’, replies the expert. ‘I’m 99%confident that the critical threshold is above 500 terawatts, and 99%confident that the threshold is below 80,000 terawatts.’ ‘What about 10 terawatts?’ you ask. ‘Impossible’, replies the expert. The above methodology for expert elicitation looks perfectly reasonable, the sort of thing any competent practitioner might do when faced with such a problem. Indeed, this methodology was used in the Reactor Safety Study (Rasmussen, 1975), now widely regarded as the first major attempt at probabilistic risk assessment. But the student of heuristics and biases will recognize at least two major mistakes in the method – not logical flaws, but conditions extremely susceptible to human error. I shall return to this example in the discussion of anchoring and adjustments biases (Section 5.7).",https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198570509.001.0001/isbn-9780198570509-book-part-9,2008,bookSection,"Yudkowsky, Eliezer",Global Catastrophic Risks,162
-Generalization through Simulation: Integrating Simulated and Real Data into Deep Reinforcement Learning for Vision-Based Autonomous Flight,"Deep reinforcement learning provides a promising approach for vision-based control of real-world robots. However, the generalization of such models depends critically on the quantity and variety of data available for training. This data can be difficult to obtain for some types of robotic systems, such as fragile, small-scale quadrotors. Simulated rendering and physics can provide for much larger datasets, but such data is inherently of lower quality: many of the phenomena that make the real-world autonomous flight problem challenging, such as complex physics and air currents, are modeled poorly or not at all, and the systematic differences between simulation and the real world are typically impossible to eliminate. In this work, we investigate how data from both simulation and the real world can be combined in a hybrid deep reinforcement learning algorithm. Our method uses real-world data to learn about the dynamics of the system, and simulated data to learn a generalizable perception system that can enable the robot to avoid collisions using only a monocular camera. We demonstrate our approach on a real-world nano aerial vehicle collision avoidance task, showing that with only an hour of real-world data, the quadrotor can avoid collisions in new environments with various lighting conditions and geometry. Code, instructions for building the aerial vehicles, and videos of the experiments can be found at github.com/gkahn13/GtS",http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.03701,2019,conferencePaper,"Kang, Katie; Belkhale, Suneel; Kahn, Gregory; Abbeel, Pieter; Levine, Sergey","arXiv:1902.03701 [cs, stat]",163
-Model Reconstruction from Model Explanations,"We show through theory and experiment that gradient-based explanations of a model quickly reveal the model itself. Our results speak to a tension between the desire to keep a proprietary model secret and the ability to offer model explanations. On the theoretical side, we give an algorithm that provably learns a two-layer ReLU network in a setting where the algorithm may query the gradient of the model with respect to chosen inputs. The number of queries is independent of the dimension and nearly optimal in its dependence on the model size. Of interest not only from a learning-theoretic perspective, this result highlights the power of gradients rather than labels as a learning primitive. Complementing our theory, we give effective heuristics for reconstructing models from gradient explanations that are orders of magnitude more query-efficient than reconstruction attacks relying on prediction interfaces.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.05185,2018,conferencePaper,"Milli, Smitha; Schmidt, Ludwig; Dragan, Anca D.; Hardt, Moritz","FAT* '19: Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency",164
-Conceptual-Linguistic Superintelligence,"We argue that artificial intelligence capable of sustaining an uncontrolled intelligence explosion must have a conceptual-linguistic faculty with substantial functional similarity to the human faculty. We then argue for three subsidiary claims: first, that detecting the presence of such a faculty will be an important indicator of imminent superintelligence; second, that such a superintelligence will, in creating further increases in intelligence, both face and consider the same sorts of existential risks that humans face today; third, that such a superintelligence is likely to assess and question its own values, purposes, and drives.",http://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/view/1875,2017,journalArticle,"Jilk, David J.",Informatica,165
-The Ethics of Global Catastrophic Risk from Dual-Use Bioengineering,,"http://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/6ed509641f7324e6,709fef245eef4861,06d520d747a5c0d1.html",2013,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.; Wilson, Grant S.","Ethics in Biology, Engineering and Medicine",166
-TanksWorld: A Multi-Agent Environment for AI Safety Research,"The ability to create artificial intelligence (AI) capable of performing complex tasks is rapidly outpacing our ability to ensure the safe and assured operation of AI-enabled systems. Fortunately, a landscape of AI safety research is emerging in response to this asymmetry and yet there is a long way to go. In particular, recent simulation environments created to illustrate AI safety risks are relatively simple or narrowly-focused on a particular issue. Hence, we see a critical need for AI safety research environments that abstract essential aspects of complex real-world applications. In this work, we introduce the AI safety TanksWorld as an environment for AI safety research with three essential aspects: competing performance objectives, human-machine teaming, and multi-agent competition. The AI safety TanksWorld aims to accelerate the advancement of safe multi-agent decision-making algorithms by providing a software framework to support competitions with both system performance and safety objectives. As a work in progress, this paper introduces our research objectives and learning environment with reference code and baseline performance metrics to follow in a future work.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11174,2020,manuscript,"Rivera, Corban G.; Lyons, Olivia; Summitt, Arielle; Fatima, Ayman; Pak, Ji; Shao, William; Chalmers, Robert; Englander, Aryeh; Staley, Edward W.; Wang, I.-Jeng; Llorens, Ashley J.",,167
-Are GANs Created Equal? A Large-Scale Study,"Generative adversarial networks (GAN) are a powerful subclass of generative models. Despite a very rich research activity leading to numerous interesting GAN algorithms, it is still very hard to assess which algorithm(s) perform better than others. We conduct a neutral, multi-faceted large-scale empirical study on state-of-the art models and evaluation measures. We find that most models can reach similar scores with enough hyperparameter optimization and random restarts. This suggests that improvements can arise from a higher computational budget and tuning more than fundamental algorithmic changes. To overcome some limitations of the current metrics, we also propose several data sets on which precision and recall can be computed. Our experimental results suggest that future GAN research should be based on more systematic and objective evaluation procedures. Finally, we did not find evidence that any of the tested algorithms consistently outperforms the non-saturating GAN introduced in \cite{goodfellow2014generative}.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.10337,2018,conferencePaper,"Lucic, Mario; Kurach, Karol; Michalski, Marcin; Gelly, Sylvain; Bousquet, Olivier",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS 2018),168
-Hanson AI Expert Survey,"In a small informal survey running since 2012, AI researchers generally estimated that their subfields have moved less than ten percent of the way to human-level intelligence. Only one (in the slowest moving subfield) observed acceleration. This suggests on a simple extrapolation that reaching human-level capability across subfields will take over a century (in contrast with many other...",https://aiimpacts.org/hanson-ai-expert-survey/,2014,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,169
-Information gathering actions over human internal state,"Much of estimation of human internal state (goal, intentions, activities, preferences, etc.) is passive: an algorithm observes human actions and updates its estimate of human state. In this work, we embrace the fact that robot actions affect what humans do, and leverage it to improve state estimation. We enable robots to do active information gathering, by planning actions that probe the user in order to clarify their internal state. For instance, an autonomous car will plan to nudge into a human driver’s lane to test their driving style. Results in simulation and in a user study suggest that active information gathering significantly outperforms passive state estimation.",http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7759036/,2016,conferencePaper,"Sadigh, Dorsa; Sastry, S. Shankar; Seshia, Sanjit A.; Dragan, Anca",2016 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS),170
-The date of AI Takeover is not the day the AI takes over,"Instead, it’s the point of no return—the day we AI risk reducers lose the ability to significantly reduce AI risk. This might happen years before classic milestones like “World GWP doubles in four years” and “Superhuman AGI is deployed."" The rest of this post explains, justifies, and expands on this obvious but underappreciated idea. (Toby Ord appreciates it; see quote below). I found myself explaining it repeatedly, so I wrote this post as a reference. AI timelines often come up in career planning conversations. Insofar as AI timelines are short, career plans which take a long time to pay off are a bad idea, because by the time you reap the benefits of the plans it may already be too late. It may already be too late because AI takeover may already have happened. But this isn’t quite right, at least not when “AI takeover” is interpreted in the obvious way, as meaning that an AI or group of AIs is firmly in political control of the world, ordering humans about, monopolizing violence, etc. Even if AIs don’t yet have that sort of political control, it may already be too late. Here are three examples: 1. Superhuman agent AGI is still in its box but nobody knows how to align it and other actors are going to make their own version soon, and there isn’t enough time to convince them of the risks. They will make and deploy agent AGI, it will be unaligned, and we have no way to oppose it except with our own unaligned AGI. Even if it takes years to actually conquer the world, it’s already game over. 2. Various weak and narrow AIs are embedded in the economy and beginning to drive a slow takeoff; capabilities are improving much faster than safety/alignment techniques and due to all the money being made there’s too much political opposition to slowing down capability growth or keeping AIs out of positions of power. We wish we had done more safety/alignment research earlier, or built a political movement earlier when opposit",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/JPan54R525D68NoEt/the-date-of-ai-takeover-is-not-the-day-the-ai-takes-over,2020,blogPost,"Kokotajlo, Daniel",LessWrong,171
-Measuring the Algorithmic Efficiency of Neural Networks,"Three factors drive the advance of AI: algorithmic innovation, data, and the amount of compute available for training. Algorithmic progress has traditionally been more difficult to quantify than compute and data. In this work, we argue that algorithmic progress has an aspect that is both straightforward to measure and interesting: reductions over time in the compute needed to reach past capabilities. We show that the number of floating-point operations required to train a classifier to AlexNet-level performance on ImageNet has decreased by a factor of 44x between 2012 and 2019. This corresponds to algorithmic efficiency doubling every 16 months over a period of 7 years. By contrast, Moore's Law would only have yielded an 11x cost improvement. We observe that hardware and algorithmic efficiency gains multiply and can be on a similar scale over meaningful horizons, which suggests that a good model of AI progress should integrate measures from both.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.04305,2020,manuscript,"Hernandez, Danny; Brown, Tom B.",,172
-Advisor games,A candidate operationalization of “understandable” reasoning.,https://ai-alignment.com/advisor-games-b33382fef68c,2015,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),173
-Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms,"We propose a new family of policy gradient methods for reinforcement learning, which alternate between sampling data through interaction with the environment, and optimizing a ""surrogate"" objective function using stochastic gradient ascent. Whereas standard policy gradient methods perform one gradient update per data sample, we propose a novel objective function that enables multiple epochs of minibatch updates. The new methods, which we call proximal policy optimization (PPO), have some of the benefits of trust region policy optimization (TRPO), but they are much simpler to implement, more general, and have better sample complexity (empirically). Our experiments test PPO on a collection of benchmark tasks, including simulated robotic locomotion and Atari game playing, and we show that PPO outperforms other online policy gradient methods, and overall strikes a favorable balance between sample complexity, simplicity, and wall-time.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.06347,2017,manuscript,"Schulman, John; Wolski, Filip; Dhariwal, Prafulla; Radford, Alec; Klimov, Oleg",,174
-Unhappiness and Unemployment,,https://academic.oup.com/ej/article/104/424/648-659/5158769,1994,journalArticle,"Clark, Andrew E.; Oswald, Andrew J.",The Economic Journal,175
-(When) Is Truth-telling Favored in AI Debate?,"For some problems, humans may not be able to accurately judge the goodness of AI-proposed solutions. Irving et al. (2018) propose that in such cases, we may use a debate between two AI systems to amplify the problem-solving capabilities of a human judge. We introduce a mathematical framework that can model debates of this type and propose that the quality of debate designs should be measured by the accuracy of the most persuasive answer. We describe a simple instance of the debate framework called feature debate and analyze the degree to which such debates track the truth. We argue that despite being very simple, feature debates nonetheless capture many aspects of practical debates such as the incentives to confuse the judge or stall to prevent losing. We then outline how these models should be generalized to analyze a wider range of debate phenomena.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.04266,2019,conferencePaper,"Kovařík, Vojtěch; Carey, Ryan",Proceedings of the Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Safety,176
-A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation,,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/844354/,2000,journalArticle,"Parasuraman, R.; Sheridan, T.B.; Wickens, C.D.","IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans",177
-Written Evidence - Defence industrial policy: procurement and prosperity,,https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/4785/default/,2020,report,"Belfield, Haydn; Jayanti, Amritha; Avin, Shahar",,178
-Tough enough? Robust satisficing as a decision norm for long-term policy analysis,,https://globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/Tough-Enough_Andreas-Mogensen-and-David-Thorstad.pdf,2020,report,"Mogensen, Andreas; Thorstad, David",,179
-Digital Authoritarianism: Evolving Chinese And Russian Models,,,2019,bookSection,"Ahmed, Shazeda; Ding, Jeffrey; Hoffman, Samantha; Kerr, Jaclyn","Artificial Intelligence, China, Russia, and the Global Order: Technological, Political, Global, and Creative Perspectives",180
-War in the city: Urban ethnic geography and combat effectiveness,"How does the urban environment, and the ethnic geography at its heart, influence the combat effectiveness of democracies conducting counterinsurgency operations? We argue that the city’s ethnic geography – whether it is ethnically homogenous, segregated, or mixed – influences combat effectiveness through two main mechanisms: intelligence and public opinion. There is no ‘ideal’ urban ethno-demographic setting where militaries are likely to be effective in combat. Rather, different ethno-geographies lead to different challenges with respect to intelligence and public opinion, which in turn affect combat effectiveness. We test our arguments through a structured focus comparison of the Troubles and the First Palestinian Intifada.",https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2019.1672159,2019,journalArticle,"Brathwaite, Kirstin J. H.; Konaev, Margarita",Journal of Strategic Studies,181
-Robotics and the New Cyberlaw,,http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2402972,2015,journalArticle,"Calo, Ryan",California Law Review,182
-Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models,"We study empirical scaling laws for language model performance on the cross-entropy loss. The loss scales as a power-law with model size, dataset size, and the amount of compute used for training, with some trends spanning more than seven orders of magnitude. Other architectural details such as network width or depth have minimal effects within a wide range. Simple equations govern the dependence of overfitting on model/dataset size and the dependence of training speed on model size. These relationships allow us to determine the optimal allocation of a fixed compute budget. Larger models are significantly more sample-efficient, such that optimally compute-efficient training involves training very large models on a relatively modest amount of data and stopping significantly before convergence.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08361,2020,manuscript,"Kaplan, Jared; McCandlish, Sam; Henighan, Tom; Brown, Tom B.; Chess, Benjamin; Child, Rewon; Gray, Scott; Radford, Alec; Wu, Jeffrey; Amodei, Dario",,183
-Multi-Principal Assistance Games,"Assistance games (also known as cooperative inverse reinforcement learning games) have been proposed as a model for beneficial AI, wherein a robotic agent must act on behalf of a human principal but is initially uncertain about the humans payoff function. This paper studies multi-principal assistance games, which cover the more general case in which the robot acts on behalf of N humans who may have widely differing payoffs. Impossibility theorems in social choice theory and voting theory can be applied to such games, suggesting that strategic behavior by the human principals may complicate the robots task in learning their payoffs. We analyze in particular a bandit apprentice game in which the humans act first to demonstrate their individual preferences for the arms and then the robot acts to maximize the sum of human payoffs. We explore the extent to which the cost of choosing suboptimal arms reduces the incentive to mislead, a form of natural mechanism design. In this context we propose a social choice method that uses shared control of a system to combine preference inference with social welfare optimization.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.09540,2020,manuscript,"Fickinger, Arnaud; Zhuang, Simon; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Russell, Stuart",,184
-Corrigibility as outside view,"You run a country. One day, you think ""I could help so many more people if I set all the rules... and I could make this happen"". As far as you can tell, this is the real reason you want to set the rules – you want to help people, and you think you'd do a good job. But historically… in this kind of situation, this reasoning can lead to terrible things. So you just don't do it, even though it feels like a good idea.[1] More generally, Even though my intuition/naïve decision-making process says I should do X, I know (through mental simulation or from history) my algorithm is usually wrong in this situation. I'm not going to do X. * ""It feels like I could complete this project within a week. But… in the past, when I've predicted ""a week"" for projects like this, reality usually gives me a longer answer. I'm not going to trust this feeling. I'm going to allocate extra time."" * As a new secretary, I think I know how my boss would want me to reply to an important e-mail. However, I'm not sure. Even though I think I know what to do, common sense recommends I clarify. * You broke up with someone. ""Even though I really miss them, in this kind of situation, missing my ex isn't a reliable indicator that I should get back together with them. I'm not going to trust this feeling, and will trust the ""sober"" version of me which broke up with them."" We are biased and corrupted. By taking the outside view on how our own algorithm performs in a given situation, we can adjust accordingly. CORRIGIBILITY The ""hard problem of corrigibility"" is to build an agent which, in an intuitive sense, reasons internally as if from the programmers' external perspective. We think the AI is incomplete, that we might have made mistakes in building it, that we might want to correct it, and that it would be e.g. dangerous for the AI to take large actions or high-impact actions or do weird new things without asking first. We would ideally want the agent to see itself in",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/BMj6uMuyBidrdZkiD/corrigibility-as-outside-view,2020,blogPost,"Turner, Alex",AI Alignment Forum,185
-Deep Ensembles: A Loss Landscape Perspective,"Deep ensembles have been empirically shown to be a promising approach for improving accuracy, uncertainty and out-of-distribution robustness of deep learning models. While deep ensembles were theoretically motivated by the bootstrap, non-bootstrap ensembles trained with just random initialization also perform well in practice, which suggests that there could be other explanations for why deep ensembles work well. Bayesian neural networks, which learn distributions over the parameters of the network, are theoretically well-motivated by Bayesian principles, but do not perform as well as deep ensembles in practice, particularly under dataset shift. One possible explanation for this gap between theory and practice is that popular scalable approximate Bayesian methods tend to focus on a single mode, whereas deep ensembles tend to explore diverse modes in function space. We investigate this hypothesis by building on recent work on understanding the loss landscape of neural networks and adding our own exploration to measure the similarity of functions in the space of predictions. Our results show that random initializations explore entirely different modes, while functions along an optimization trajectory or sampled from the subspace thereof cluster within a single mode predictions-wise, while often deviating significantly in the weight space. We demonstrate that while low-loss connectors between modes exist, they are not connected in the space of predictions. Developing the concept of the diversity--accuracy plane, we show that the decorrelation power of random initializations is unmatched by popular subspace sampling methods.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.02757,2019,manuscript,"Fort, Stanislav; Hu, Huiyi; Lakshminarayanan, Balaji",,186
-An Extensible Interactive Interface for Agent Design,"In artificial intelligence, we often specify tasks through a reward function. While this works well in some settings, many tasks are hard to specify this way. In deep reinforcement learning, for example, directly specifying a reward as a function of a high-dimensional observation is challenging. Instead, we present an interface for specifying tasks interactively using demonstrations. Our approach defines a set of increasingly complex policies. The interface allows the user to switch between these policies at fixed intervals to generate demonstrations of novel, more complex, tasks. We train new policies based on these demonstrations and repeat the process. We present a case study of our approach in the Lunar Lander domain, and show that this simple approach can quickly learn a successful landing policy and outperforms an existing comparison-based deep RL method.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02641,2019,manuscript,"Rahtz, Matthew; Fang, James; Dragan, Anca D.; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan",,187
-2017 trend in the cost of computing,"The cheapest hardware prices (for single precision FLOPS/$) appear to be falling by around an order of magnitude every 10-16 years. This rate is slower than the trend of FLOPS/$ observed over the past quarter century, which was an order of magnitude every 4 years. There is no particular sign of slowing between 2011 and 2017....",https://aiimpacts.org/recent-trend-in-the-cost-of-computing/,2017,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,188
-Robot Planning with Mathematical Models of Human State and Action,"Robots interacting with the physical world plan with models of physics. We advocate that robots interacting with people need to plan with models of cognition. This writeup summarizes the insights we have gained in integrating computational cognitive models of people into robotics planning and control. It starts from a general game-theoretic formulation of interaction, and analyzes how different approximations result in different useful coordination behaviors for the robot during its interaction with people.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.04226,2017,manuscript,"Dragan, Anca D.",,189
-"Building safe artificial intelligence: specification, robustness, and assurance","By Pedro A. Ortega, Vishal Maini, and the DeepMind safety team",https://medium.com/@deepmindsafetyresearch/building-safe-artificial-intelligence-52f5f75058f1,2018,blogPost,"Ortega, Pedro; Maini, Vishal",Deep Mind Safety Research (Medium),190
-AI safety without goal-directed behavior,"When I first entered the field of AI safety, I thought of the problem as figuring out how to get the AI to have the “right” utility function. This led me to work on the problem of inferring values from demonstrators with unknown biases, despite the impossibility results in the area. I am less excited about that avenue because I am pessimistic about the prospects of ambitious value learning (for the reasons given in the first part of this sequence). I think this happened because the writing on AI risk that I encountered has the pervasive assumption that any superintelligent AI agent must be maximizing some utility function over the long term future, such that it leads to goal-directed behavior and convergent instrumental subgoals. It’s often not stated as an assumption; rather, inferences are made assuming that you have the background model that the AI is goal-directed. This makes it particularly hard to question the assumption, since you don’t realize that the assumption is even there. Another reason that this assumption is so easily accepted is that we have a long history of modeling rational agents as expected utility maximizers, and for good reason: there are many coherence arguments that say that, given that you have preferences/goals, if you aren’t using probability theory and expected utility theory, then you can be taken advantage of. It’s easy to make the inference that a superintelligent agent must be rational, and therefore it must be an expected utility maximizer. Because this assumption was so embedded in how I thought about the problem, I had trouble imagining how else to even consider the problem. I would guess this is true for at least some other people, so I want to summarize the counterargument, and list a few implications, in the hope that this makes the issue clearer. WHY GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIOR MAY NOT BE REQUIRED The main argument of this chapter is that it is not required that a superintelligent agent takes actions in pursuit of some goal. I",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/tHxXdAn8Yuiy9y2pZ/ai-safety-without-goal-directed-behavior,2019,blogPost,"Shah, Rohin",AI Alignment Forum,191
-Analyzing and Reducing the Risks of Inadvertent Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia,,http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08929882.2013.798984,2013,journalArticle,"Barrett, Anthony M.; Baum, Seth D.; Hostetler, Kelly",Science & Global Security,192
-Rebuttal of Christiano and AI Impacts on takeoff speeds?,"14 months ago, Paul Christiano and AI Impacts both published forceful and well-received take-downs of many arguments for fast (discontinuous) takeoff. I haven’t seen any rebuttals that are written by established researchers, longer than comments, or otherwise convincing. The longer there is no response, the less weight I put on the outside view that proponents of fast takeoff may be right. Where are the rebuttals? Did I miss them? Is the debate decided? Did nobody have time or motivation to write something? Is the topic too hard to explain? Why rebuttals would be useful: -Give the community a sense of the extent of expert disagreement to form outside views. -Prioritization in AI policy, and to a lesser extent safety, depends on the likelihood of discontinuous progress. We may have more leverage in such cases, but this could be overwhelmed if the probability is low. -Motivate more people to work on MIRI’s research which seems more important to solve early if there is fast takeoff.",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/PzAnWgqvfESgQEvdg/any-rebuttals-of-christiano-and-ai-impacts-on-takeoff-speeds#zFEhTxNqEp3eZbjLZ,2019,blogPost,"Gloor, Lukas",LessWrong,193
-International Cooperation vs. AI Arms Race,"There's a decent chance that governments will be the first to build artificial general intelligence (AI). International hostility, especially an AI arms race, could exacerbate risk-taking, hostile motivations, and errors of judgment when creating AI. If so, then international cooperation could be an important factor to consider when evaluating the flow-through effects of charities.",https://longtermrisk.org/international-cooperation-vs-ai-arms-race/,2015,blogPost,"Tomasik, Brian",Center on Long-Term Risk,194
-Analyzing Hidden Representations in End-to-End Automatic Speech Recognition Systems,"Neural models have become ubiquitous in automatic speech recognition systems. While neural networks are typically used as acoustic models in more complex systems, recent studies have explored end-to-end speech recognition systems based on neural networks, which can be trained to directly predict text from input acoustic features. Although such systems are conceptually elegant and simpler than traditional systems, it is less obvious how to interpret the trained models. In this work, we analyze the speech representations learned by a deep end-to-end model that is based on convolutional and recurrent layers, and trained with a connectionist temporal classification (CTC) loss. We use a pre-trained model to generate frame-level features which are given to a classifier that is trained on frame classification into phones. We evaluate representations from different layers of the deep model and compare their quality for predicting phone labels. Our experiments shed light on important aspects of the end-to-end model such as layer depth, model complexity, and other design choices.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.04482,2017,conferencePaper,"Belinkov, Yonatan; Glass, James",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (NIPS 2017),195
-A Rational Reinterpretation of Dual-Process Theories,"Highly influential “dual-process"" accounts of human cognition postulate the coexistence of a slow accurate system with a fast error-prone system. But why would there be just two systems rather than, say, one or 93? Here, we argue that a dual-process architecture might be neither arbitrary nor irrational, but might instead reflect a rational tradeoff between the cognitive flexibility afforded by multiple systems and the time and effort required to choose between them. We investigate what the optimal set and number of cognitive systems would be depending on the structure of the environment. We find that the optimal number of systems depends on the variability of the environment and the difficulty of deciding when which system should be used. Furthermore, when having two systems is optimal, then the first system is fast but error-prone and the second system is slow but accurate. Our findings thereby provide a rational reinterpretation of dual-process theories.",http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.14956.46722/1,2018,conferencePaper,"Smitha Milli; Lieder, Falk; Griffiths, Thomas L",,196
-The Building Blocks of Interpretability,Interpretability techniques are normally studied in isolation. We explore the powerful interfaces that arise when you combine them -- and the rich structure of this combinatorial space.,https://distill.pub/2018/building-blocks,2018,journalArticle,"Olah, Chris; Satyanarayan, Arvind; Johnson, Ian; Carter, Shan; Schubert, Ludwig; Ye, Katherine; Mordvintsev, Alexander",Distill,197
-Towards Robust Image Classification Using Sequential Attention Models,"In this paper we propose to augment a modern neural-network architecture with an attention model inspired by human perception. Specifically, we adversarially train and analyze a neural model incorporating a human inspired, visual attention component that is guided by a recurrent top-down sequential process. Our experimental evaluation uncovers several notable findings about the robustness and behavior of this new model. First, introducing attention to the model significantly improves adversarial robustness resulting in state-of-the-art ImageNet accuracies under a wide range of random targeted attack strengths. Second, we show that by varying the number of attention steps (glances/fixations) for which the model is unrolled, we are able to make its defense capabilities stronger, even in light of stronger attacks --- resulting in a ""computational race"" between the attacker and the defender. Finally, we show that some of the adversarial examples generated by attacking our model are quite different from conventional adversarial examples --- they contain global, salient and spatially coherent structures coming from the target class that would be recognizable even to a human, and work by distracting the attention of the model away from the main object in the original image.",https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_CVPR_2020/html/Zoran_Towards_Robust_Image_Classification_Using_Sequential_Attention_Models_CVPR_2020_paper.html,2020,conferencePaper,"Zoran, Daniel; Chrzanowski, Mike; Huang, Po-Sen; Gowal, Sven; Mott, Alex; Kohl, Pushmeet",Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR),198
-Persistence and reversibility – long-term design considerations for wild animal welfare,"Crossposted from the Wild Animal Initiative blog. SUMMARY When designing interventions to improve the welfare of wild animals, we want to maximize the expected benefit produced given the cost.[1] A major factor in the cost-effectiveness of interventions is the persistence of the effects. The longer they last, the higher the ratio of benefit[2] to cost, all else being equal. However, due to widespread uncertainty concerning the effects of our actions on wild animal welfare, it is possible that an intervention will turn out to do more harm than good. Reversibility can contribute to cost-effectiveness by allowing bad outcomes to be reversed, limiting the damage of an intervention gone wrong. In short, we want to optimize persistence given a good outcome while still preserving option value in case of bad outcomes. However, there is a tension between persistence and reversibility, since most factors that contribute to high reversibility will also lead to low persistence, and vice versa (Table 1). This report aims to explore the importance of persistence and reversibility to wild animal welfare interventions, how to negotiate trade-offs between them, and ways to sidestep the trade-off altogether. My main conclusions are: * All else equal, the ideal intervention would be both persistent in the face of natural processes and reversible. * In practice, interventions that are both persistent in the face of natural processes and reversible seem to be rare. Designing more such interventions would be very useful. * Although still in development, genes drives might turn out to be an unusually persistent in the face of natural processes, while simultaneously fairly reversible to improve wild animal welfare. Future work should explore this technology further and try to identify responsible policies for its use. * The feasibility and long-term viability of carrying out interventions to improve wild animal welfare is strongly influenced by public perception",https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/KKcCKrMsQHRCWib2Q/persistence-and-reversibility-long-term-design-1,2020,blogPost,Wild Animal Inititive,Effective Altruism Forum,199
-Universality Unwrapped,"INTRODUCTION Informally, a universal system is universal with respect to any computation; and it is a universal system with respect to a given computation if it understands every set of beliefs that can be ascribed to the computation. The intuition is that the system can reverse engineer most or all of the computation, in order to monitor it or imitate it. This in turn has important consequences for questions of alignment and competitiveness. Universality is the property that defines a universal system. And it is the point of this post. Universality tries to capture a property needed for many alignement schemes. It was proposed by Paul Christiano, the mind behind many approaches and ideas in the prosaic AGI space, and a founding member of the safety team at OpenAI. Rohin Shah dedicated a full Alignment Newsletter to covering all 6 posts on Universality. Rohin and Evan Hubinger, two important researchers in this field, consider Universality as one of the most exciting research idea of the last few years.[1] Yet nobody talks about Universality. Except for the Alignment Newsletter mentioned above and a response post by Evan, nothing in the Alignment Forum addresses this idea. I've seen no great discussion, no debates, no counter-arguments or criticism. The original post on Medium has no comments, and the crossposted version here only has a handful, mostly asking for clarification. And the other posts in the sequence rely on understanding this first. The simplest solution to this problem is to tell you to read the original post. Unfortunately, it is as dense as Q in R, brimming with ideas, intuitions, semi-formal explanations and the many meanderings that research takes before arriving on solid ground. That is to say, you'll have to work for it. Not everyone who might benefit from an understanding of Universality has the time, the need or the want for such an upfront investment. This post endeavors to be the next best thing: an unwrapping of the main post on univers",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/farherQcqFQXqRcvv/universality-unwrapped,2020,blogPost,"Shimi, Adam",AI Alignment Forum,200
-Human-robot interaction for truck platooning using hierarchical dynamic games,"This paper proposes a controller design framework for autonomous truck platoons to ensure safe interaction with a human-driven car. The interaction is modelled as a hierarchical dynamic game, played between the human driver and the nearest truck in the platoon. The hierarchical decomposition is temporal with a high-fidelity tactical horizon predicting immediate interactions and a low-fidelity strategic horizon estimating long-horizon behaviour. The hierarchical approach enables feasible computations where human uncertainties are represented by the quantal response model, and the truck is supposed to maximise its payoff. The closed-loop control is validated via case studies using a driving simulator, where we compare our approach with a short-horizon alternative using only the tactical horizon. The results indicate that our controller is more situation-aware resulting in natural and safe interactions.",https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8795627/,2019,conferencePaper,"Stefansson, Elis; Fisac, Jaime F.; Sadigh, Dorsa; Sastry, S. Shankar; Johansson, Karl H.",2019 18th European Control Conference (ECC),201
-"Robust Computer Algebra, Theorem Proving, and Oracle AI","In the context of superintelligent AI systems, the term ""oracle"" has two meanings. One refers to modular systems queried for domain-specific tasks. Another usage, referring to a class of systems which may be useful for addressing the value alignment and AI control problems, is a superintelligent AI system that only answers questions. The aim of this manuscript is to survey contemporary research problems related to oracles which align with long-term research goals of AI safety. We examine existing question answering systems and argue that their high degree of architectural heterogeneity makes them poor candidates for rigorous analysis as oracles. On the other hand, we identify computer algebra systems (CASs) as being primitive examples of domain-specific oracles for mathematics and argue that efforts to integrate computer algebra systems with theorem provers, systems which have largely been developed independent of one another, provide a concrete set of problems related to the notion of provable safety that has emerged in the AI safety community. We review approaches to interfacing CASs with theorem provers, describe well-defined architectural deficiencies that have been identified with CASs, and suggest possible lines of research and practical software projects for scientists interested in AI safety.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.02553,2017,journalArticle,"Sarma, Gopal P.; Hay, Nick J.",Informatica,202
-Human agency and global catastrophic biorisks,,,2017,journalArticle,"Millett, Piers; Snyder-Beattie, Andrew",Health security,203
-New challenges in organizational research: high reliability organizations,,http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/108602668900300202,1989,journalArticle,"Roberts, Karlene H.",Industrial Crisis Quarterly,204
-Towards Seamless Human-Robot Handovers,,http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3109705,2013,journalArticle,"Strabala, Kyle Wayne; Lee, Min Kyung; Dragan, Anca Diana; Forlizzi, Jodi Lee; Srinivasa, Siddhartha; Cakmak, Maya; Micelli, Vincenzo",Journal of Human-Robot Interaction,205
-Verbalization: Narration of Autonomous Robot Experience,"Autonomous mobile robots navigate in our spaces by planning and executing routes to destinations. When a mobile robot appears at a location, there is no clear way to understand what navigational path the robot planned and experienced just by looking at it. In this work, we address the generation of narrations of autonomous mobile robot navigation experiences. We contribute the concept of verbalization as a parallel to the well-studied concept of visualization. Through verbalizations, robots can describe through language what they experience, in particular in their paths. For every executed path, we consider many possible verbalizations that could be generated. We introduce the verbalization space that covers the variability of utterances that the robot may use to narrate its experience to different humans. We present an algorithm for segmenting a path and mapping each segment to an utterance, as a function of the desired point in the verbalization space, and demonstrate its application using our mobile service robot moving in our buildings. We believe our verbalization space and algorithm are applicable to different narrative aspects for many mobile robots, including autonomous cars.",,2016,conferencePaper,"Rosenthal, Stephanie; Selvaraj, Sai P; Veloso, Manuela",Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-16),206
-How Roodman's GWP model translates to TAI timelines,"How does David Roodman’s world GDP model translate to TAI timelines? Now, before I go any further, let me be the first to say that I don’t think we should use this model to predict TAI. This model takes a very broad outside view and is thus inferior to models like Ajeya Cotra’s which make use of more relevant information. (However, it is still useful for rebutting claims that TAI is unprecedented, inconsistent with historical trends, low-prior, etc.) Nevertheless, out of curiosity I thought I’d calculate what the model implies for TAI timelines. Here is the projection made by Roodman’s model. The red line is real historic GWP data; the splay of grey shades that continues it is the splay of possible futures calculated by the model. The median trajectory is the black line. I messed around with a ruler to make some rough calculations, marking up the image with blue lines as I went. The big blue line indicates the point on the median trajectory where GWP is 10x what is was in 2019. Eyeballing it, it looks like it happens around 2040, give or take a year. The small vertical blue line indicates the year 2037. The small horizontal blue line indicates GWP in 2037 on the median trajectory. Thus, it seems that between 2037 and 2040 on the median trajectory, GWP doubles. (One-ninth the distance between 1,000 and 1,000,000 is crossed, which is one-third of an order of magnitude, which is about one doubling). This means that TAI happens around 2037 on the median trajectory according to this model, at least according to Ajeya Cotra’s definition of transformative AI as “software which causes a tenfold acceleration in the rate of growth of the world economy (assuming that it is used everywhere that it would be economically profitable to use it)... This means that if TAI is developed in year Y, the entire world economy would more than double by year Y + 4.” What about the non-median trajectories? Each shade of grey represents 5 percent of the simulated future trajectories, so",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/L23FgmpjsTebqcSZb/how-roodman-s-gwp-model-translates-to-tai-timelines,2020,blogPost,"Kokotajlo, Daniel",LessWrong,207
-Oversight of Unsafe Systems via Dynamic Safety Envelopes,"This paper reviews the reasons that Human-in-the-Loop is both critical for preventing widely-understood failure modes for machine learning, and not a practical solution. Following this, we review two current heuristic methods for addressing this. The first is provable safety envelopes, which are possible only when the dynamics of the system are fully known, but can be useful safety guarantees when optimal behavior is based on machine learning with poorly-understood safety characteristics. The second is the simpler circuit breaker model, which can forestall or prevent catastrophic outcomes by stopping the system, without any specific model of the system. This paper proposes using heuristic, dynamic safety envelopes, which are a plausible halfway point between these approaches that allows human oversight without some of the more difficult problems faced by Human-in-the-Loop systems. Finally, the paper concludes with how this approach can be used for governance of systems where otherwise unsafe systems are deployed.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.09246v1,2018,manuscript,"Manheim, David",,208
-Ethical Reflections on Artificial Intelligence,,http://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/SetF/article/view/SetF.2018.015,2018,journalArticle,"Green, Brian Patrick",Scientia et Fides,209
-Cause prioritization research,,https://cdn.80000hours.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Cause-Prioritization-Shallow-Overview.pdf,,manuscript,"Grace, Katja",,210
-In defence of epistemic modesty,"This piece defends a strong form of epistemic modesty: that, in most cases, one should pay scarcely any attention to what you find the most persuasive view on an issue, hewing instead to an idealized consensus of experts. I start by better pinning down exactly what is meant by ‘epistemic modesty’, go on to offer a variety of reasons that motivate it, and reply to some common objections. Along the way, I show common traps people being inappropriately modest fall into. I conclude that modesty is a superior epistemic strategy, and ought to be more widely used - particularly in the EA/rationalist communities. [gdoc] PROVOCATION I argue for this: In virtually all cases, the credence you hold for any given belief should be dominated by the balance of credences held by your epistemic peers and superiors . One’s own convictions should weigh no more heavily in the balance than that of one other epistemic peer. INTRODUCTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS A FAVOURABLE MOTIVATING CASE Suppose your mother thinks she can make some easy money day trading blue-chip stocks, and plans to kick off tomorrow shorting Google on the stock market, as they’re sure it’s headed for a crash. You might want to dissuade her in a variety of ways. You might appeal to an outside view: Mum, when you make this short you’re going to be betting against some hedge fund, quant, or whatever else. They have loads of advantages: relevant background, better information, lots of data and computers, and so on. Do you really think you’re odds on to win this bet? Or appeal to some reference class: Mum, I’m pretty sure the research says that people trying to day-trade stocks tend not to make much money at all. Although you might hear some big successes on the internet, you don’t hear about everyone else who went bust. So why should you think you are likely to be one of these remarkable successes? Or just cite disagreement: Look Mum: Dad, sister, the grandparents and I all think this is a really bad idea. Please",https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/WKPd79PESRGZHQ5GY/in-defence-of-epistemic-modesty,2017,blogPost,"Lewis, Gregory",Effective Altruism Forum,211
-Unsupervised Learning of Visual Features by Contrasting Cluster Assignments,"Unsupervised image representations have significantly reduced the gap with supervised pretraining, notably with the recent achievements of contrastive learning methods. These contrastive methods typically work online and rely on a large number of explicit pairwise feature comparisons, which is computationally challenging. In this paper, we propose an online algorithm, SwAV, that takes advantage of contrastive methods without requiring to compute pairwise comparisons. Specifically, our method simultaneously clusters the data while enforcing consistency between cluster assignments produced for different augmentations (or “views”) of the same image, instead of comparing features directly as in contrastive learning. Simply put, we use a “swapped” prediction mechanism where we predict the cluster assignment of a view from the representation of another view. Our method can be trained with large and small batches and can scale to unlimited amounts of data. Compared to previous contrastive methods, our method is more memory efficient since it does not require a large memory bank or a special momentum network. In addition, we also propose a new data augmentation strategy, multi-crop, that uses a mix of views with different resolutions in place of two full-resolution views, without increasing the memory or compute requirements much. We validate our findings by achieving 75.3% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet with ResNet-50, as well as surpassing supervised pretraining on all the considered transfer tasks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.09882,2020,conferencePaper,"Caron, Mathilde; Misra, Ishan; Mairal, Julien; Goyal, Priya; Bojanowski, Piotr; Joulin, Armand","Thirty-fourth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS),",212
-Safe and Nested Subgame Solving for Imperfect-Information Games,"In imperfect-information games, the optimal strategy in a subgame may depend on the strategy in other, unreached subgames. Thus a subgame cannot be solved in isolation and must instead consider the strategy for the entire game as a whole, unlike perfect-information games. Nevertheless, it is possible to first approximate a solution for the whole game and then improve it by solving individual subgames. This is referred to as subgame solving. We introduce subgame-solving techniques that outperform prior methods both in theory and practice. We also show how to adapt them, and past subgame-solving techniques, to respond to opponent actions that are outside the original action abstraction; this significantly outperforms the prior state-of-the-art approach, action translation. Finally, we show that subgame solving can be repeated as the game progresses down the game tree, leading to far lower exploitability. These techniques were a key component of Libratus, the first AI to defeat top humans in heads-up no-limit Texas hold'em poker.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.02955,2017,conferencePaper,"Brown, Noam; Sandholm, Tuomas",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (NIPS 2017),213
-An unaligned benchmark,"What an unaligned AI might look like, how it could go wrong, and how we could fix it.",https://ai-alignment.com/an-unaligned-benchmark-b49ad992940b,2018,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),214
-Pessimism About Unknown Unknowns Inspires Conservatism,"If we could define the set of all bad outcomes, we could hard-code an agent which avoids them; however, in sufficiently complex environments, this is infeasible. We do not know of any general-purpose approaches in the literature to avoiding novel failure modes. Motivated by this, we define an idealized Bayesian reinforcement learner which follows a policy that maximizes the worst-case expected reward over a set of world-models. We call this agent pessimistic, since it optimizes assuming the worst case. A scalar parameter tunes the agent's pessimism by changing the size of the set of world-models taken into account. Our first main contribution is: given an assumption about the agent's model class, a sufficiently pessimistic agent does not cause ""unprecedented events"" with probability $1-\delta$, whether or not designers know how to precisely specify those precedents they are concerned with. Since pessimism discourages exploration, at each timestep, the agent may defer to a mentor, who may be a human or some known-safe policy we would like to improve. Our other main contribution is that the agent's policy's value approaches at least that of the mentor, while the probability of deferring to the mentor goes to 0. In high-stakes environments, we might like advanced artificial agents to pursue goals cautiously, which is a non-trivial problem even if the agent were allowed arbitrary computing power; we present a formal solution.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.08753,2020,manuscript,"Cohen, Michael K.; Hutter, Marcus",,215
-Adversarial Soft Advantage Fitting: Imitation Learning without Policy Optimization,"Adversarial imitation learning alternates between learning a discriminator -- which tells apart expert's demonstrations from generated ones -- and a generator's policy to produce trajectories that can fool this discriminator. This alternated optimization is known to be delicate in practice since it compounds unstable adversarial training with brittle and sample-inefficient reinforcement learning. We propose to remove the burden of the policy optimization steps by leveraging a novel discriminator formulation. Specifically, our discriminator is explicitly conditioned on two policies: the one from the previous generator's iteration and a learnable policy. When optimized, this discriminator directly learns the optimal generator's policy. Consequently, our discriminator's update solves the generator's optimization problem for free: learning a policy that imitates the expert does not require an additional optimization loop. This formulation effectively cuts by half the implementation and computational burden of adversarial imitation learning algorithms by removing the reinforcement learning phase altogether. We show on a variety of tasks that our simpler approach is competitive to prevalent imitation learning methods.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.13258,2020,conferencePaper,"Barde, Paul; Roy, Julien; Jeon, Wonseok; Pineau, Joelle; Pal, Christopher; Nowrouzezahrai, Derek",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 (2020),216
-Special issue on autonomous agents modelling other agents: Guest editorial,"Much research in artificial intelligence is concerned with enabling autonomous agents to reason about various aspects of other agents (such as their beliefs, goals, plans, or decisions) and to utilise such reasoning for effective interaction. This special issue contains new technical contributions addressing open problems in autonomous agents modelling other agents, as well as research perspectives about current developments, challenges, and future directions.",http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004370220300515,2020,journalArticle,"Albrecht, Stefano V.; Stone, Peter; Wellman, Michael P.",Artificial Intelligence,217
-The AI-Box Experiment,,https://www.yudkowsky.net/singularity/aibox,2002,blogPost,"Yudkowsky, Eliezer",Eliezer S Yudkowsky,218
-"Adolescents’ Electronic Media Use at Night, Sleep Disturbance, and Depressive Symptoms in the Smartphone Age",,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10964-014-0176-x,2015,journalArticle,"Lemola, Sakari; Perkinson-Gloor, Nadine; Brand, Serge; Dewald-Kaufmann, Julia F.; Grob, Alexander",Journal of Youth and Adolescence,219
-Demons in Imperfect Search,"One day, a gradient descent algorithm ball was happily rolling down a high-dimensional surface hill. All it wanted was to roll as far down as possible. Unbeknownst to the ball, just off to the side was a steep drop-off - but there was a small bump between the ball and the drop-off. No matter; there was enough random noise on the ball that it would jump the bump sooner or later. But the ball was headed into unfriendly territory. As the ball rolled along, the bump became taller. The farther it rolled, the taller the bump grew, until no hope remained of finding the big drop anytime before the stars burned out. Then the road began to narrow, and to twist and turn, and to become flatter. Soon the ball rolled down only the slightest slope, with tall walls on both sides constraining its path. The ball had entered the territory of a demon, and now that demon was steering the ball according to its own nefarious ends. This wasn’t the first time the ball had entered the territory of a demon. In early times, the demons had just been bumps which happened to grow alongside the ball’s path, for a time - chance events, nothing more. But every now and then, two bumps in close proximity would push the ball in different directions. The ball would roll on, oblivious, and end up going in one direction or the other. Whichever bump had ""won"" would continue to steer the ball's trajectory - and so a selection process occurred. The ball tended to roll alongside bumps which more effectively controlled its trajectory - bumps which were taller, bumps which steered it away from competing bumps. And so, over time, bumps gave way to barriers, and barriers gave way to demons - twisty paths with high walls to keep the ball contained and avoid competing walls, slowing the ball's descent to a crawl, conserving its potential energy in case a sharp drop were needed to avoid a competitor's wall. The ball’s downhill progress slowed and slowed. Even though the rich, high-dimensional space was filled w",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/KnPN7ett8RszE79PH/demons-in-imperfect-search,2020,blogPost,"Wentworth, John",AI Alignment Forum,220
-Learning biases and rewards simultaneously,"I’ve finally uploaded to arXiv our work on inferring human biases alongside IRL, which was published at ICML 2019. SUMMARY OF THE PAPER THE IRL DEBATE Here’s a quick tour of the debate about inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) and cognitive biases, featuring many of the ideas from the first chapter of the Value Learning sequence: I had the intuition that the impossibility theorem was like the other no-free-lunch theorems in ML: not actually relevant for what ML could do in practice. So we tried to learn and correct for systematic biases in IRL. THE IDEA BEHIND THE ALGORITHMS The basic idea was to learn the planning algorithm by which the human produces demonstrations, and try to ensure that the planning algorithm captured the appropriate systematic biases. We used a Value Iteration Network to give an inductive bias towards “planners” but otherwise did not assume anything about the form of the systematic bias. [1] Then, we could perform IRL by figuring out which reward would cause the planning algorithm to output the given demonstrations. The reward would be “debiased” because the effect of the biases on the policy would already be accounted for in the planning algorithm. How could we learn the planning algorithm? Well, one baseline method is to assume that we have access to some tasks where the rewards are known, and use those tasks to learn what the planning algorithm is. Then, once that is learned, we can infer the rewards for new tasks that we haven’t seen before. This requires the planner to generalize across tasks. However, it’s kind of cheating to assume access to ground truth rewards, since we usually wouldn’t have them. What if we learned the planning algorithm and rewards simultaneously? Well, the no-free-lunch theorem gets us then: maximizing the true reward and minimizing the negative of the true reward would lead to the same policy, and so you can’t distinguish between them, and so the output of your IRL algorithm could be the true reward or the",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/xxnPxELC4jLKaFKqG/learning-biases-and-rewards-simultaneously,2019,blogPost,"Shah, Rohin",AI Alignment Forum,221
-Market Manipulation: An Adversarial Learning Framework for Detection and Evasion,We propose an adversarial learning framework to capture the evolving game between a regulator who develops tools to detect market manipulation and a manipulator who obfuscates actions to evade detection. The model includes three main parts: (1) a generator that learns to adapt original manipulation order streams to resemble trading patterns of a normal trader while preserving the manipulation intent; (2) a discriminator that differentiates the adversarially adapted manipulation order streams from normal trading activities; and (3) an agent-based simulator that evaluates the manipulation effect of adapted outputs. We conduct experiments on simulated order streams associated with a manipulator and a market-making agent respectively. We show examples of adapted manipulation order streams that mimic a specified market maker’s quoting patterns and appear qualitatively different from the original manipulation strategy we implemented in the simulator. These results demonstrate the possibility of automatically generating a diverse set of (unseen) manipulation strategies that can facilitate the training of more robust detection algorithms.,https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2020/638,2020,conferencePaper,"Wang, Xintong; Wellman, Michael P.",Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,222
-Policy Shaping: Integrating Human Feedback with Reinforcement Learning,,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2013/hash/e034fb6b66aacc1d48f445ddfb08da98-Abstract.html,2013,journalArticle,"Griffith, Shane; Subramanian, Kaushik; Scholz, Jonathan; Isbell, Charles L.; Thomaz, Andrea L.",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems,223
-Transfer Learning for Estimating Causal Effects using Neural Networks,"We develop new algorithms for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects, combining recent developments in transfer learning for neural networks with insights from the causal inference literature. By taking advantage of transfer learning, we are able to efficiently use different data sources that are related to the same underlying causal mechanisms. We compare our algorithms with those in the extant literature using extensive simulation studies based on large-scale voter persuasion experiments and the MNIST database. Our methods can perform an order of magnitude better than existing benchmarks while using a fraction of the data.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.07804,2018,manuscript,"Künzel, Sören R.; Stadie, Bradly C.; Vemuri, Nikita; Ramakrishnan, Varsha; Sekhon, Jasjeet S.; Abbeel, Pieter",,224
-Expressing Robot Incapability,"Our goal is to enable robots to express their incapability, and to do so in a way that communicates both what they are trying to accomplish and why they are unable to accomplish it. We frame this as a trajectory optimization problem: maximize the similarity between the motion expressing incapability and what would amount to successful task execution, while obeying the physical limits of the robot. We introduce and evaluate candidate similarity measures, and show that one in particular generalizes to a range of tasks, while producing expressive motions that are tailored to each task. Our user study supports that our approach automatically generates motions expressing incapability that communicate both what and why to end-users, and improve their overall perception of the robot and willingness to collaborate with it in the future.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.08167,2018,conferencePaper,"Kwon, Minae; Huang, Sandy H.; Dragan, Anca D.",Proceedings of the 2018 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction - HRI '18,225
-Estimating long-term treatment effects without long-term outcome data,"Estimating long-term impacts of actions is important in many areas but the key difficulty is that long-term outcomes are only observed with a long delay. One alternative approach is to measure the effect on an intermediate outcome or a statistical surrogate and then use this to estimate the long-term effect. Athey et al. (2019) generalise the surrogacy method to work with multiple surrogates, rather than just one, increasing its credibility in social science contexts. I empirically test the multiple surrogates approach for long-term effect estimation in real-world conditions using long-run RCTs from development economics. In the context of conditional cash transfers for education in Colombia, I find that the method works well for predicting treatment effects over a 5-year time span but poorly over 10 years due to a reduced set of variables available when attempting to predict effects further into the future. The method is sensitive to observing appropriate surrogates.",,2020,journalArticle,"Bernard, David Rhys",Statistics in Medicine,226
-Some Principles of the Theory of Testing Hypotheses,,http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.aoms/1177729884,1950,journalArticle,"Lehmann, E. L.",The Annals of Mathematical Statistics,227
-One-Shot Visual Imitation Learning via Meta-Learning,"In order for a robot to be a generalist that can perform a wide range of jobs, it must be able to acquire a wide variety of skills quickly and efficiently in complex unstructured environments. High-capacity models such as deep neural networks can enable a robot to represent complex skills, but learning each skill from scratch then becomes infeasible. In this work, we present a meta-imitation learning method that enables a robot to learn how to learn more efficiently, allowing it to acquire new skills from just a single demonstration. Unlike prior methods for one-shot imitation, our method can scale to raw pixel inputs and requires data from significantly fewer prior tasks for effective learning of new skills. Our experiments on both simulated and real robot platforms demonstrate the ability to learn new tasks, end-to-end, from a single visual demonstration.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.04905,2017,conferencePaper,"Finn, Chelsea; Yu, Tianhe; Zhang, Tianhao; Abbeel, Pieter; Levine, Sergey",Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference on Robot Learning,228
-Visualizing Neural Networks with the Grand Tour,"By focusing on linear dimensionality reduction, we show how to visualize many dynamic phenomena in neural networks.",https://distill.pub/2020/grand-tour,2020,journalArticle,"Li, Mingwei; Zhao, Zhenge; Scheidegger, Carlos",Distill,229
-Learning to Interactively Learn and Assist,"When deploying autonomous agents in the real world, we need effective ways of communicating objectives to them. Traditional skill learning has revolved around reinforcement and imitation learning, each with rigid constraints on the format of information exchanged between the human and the agent. While scalar rewards carry little information, demonstrations require significant effort to provide and may carry more information than is necessary. Furthermore, rewards and demonstrations are often defined and collected before training begins, when the human is most uncertain about what information would help the agent. In contrast, when humans communicate objectives with each other, they make use of a large vocabulary of informative behaviors, including non-verbal communication, and often communicate throughout learning, responding to observed behavior. In this way, humans communicate intent with minimal effort. In this paper, we propose such interactive learning as an alternative to reward or demonstration-driven learning. To accomplish this, we introduce a multi-agent training framework that enables an agent to learn from another agent who knows the current task. Through a series of experiments, we demonstrate the emergence of a variety of interactive learning behaviors, including information-sharing, information-seeking, and question-answering. Most importantly, we find that our approach produces an agent that is capable of learning interactively from a human user, without a set of explicit demonstrations or a reward function, and achieving significantly better performance cooperatively with a human than a human performing the task alone.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.10187,2019,conferencePaper,"Woodward, Mark; Finn, Chelsea; Hausman, Karol",Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,230
-The Social Cost of Strategic Classification,"Consequential decision-making typically incentivizes individuals to behave strategically, tailoring their behavior to the specifics of the decision rule. A long line of work has therefore sought to counteract strategic behavior by designing more conservative decision boundaries in an effort to increase robustness to the effects of strategic covariate shift. We show that these efforts benefit the institutional decision maker at the expense of the individuals being classified. Introducing a notion of social burden, we prove that any increase in institutional utility necessarily leads to a corresponding increase in social burden. Moreover, we show that the negative externalities of strategic classification can disproportionately harm disadvantaged groups in the population. Our results highlight that strategy-robustness must be weighed against considerations of social welfare and fairness.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.08460,2018,conferencePaper,"Milli, Smitha; Miller, John; Dragan, Anca D.; Hardt, Moritz","FAT* '19: Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency",231
-On the Recursive Teaching Dimension of VC Classes,,https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2016/hash/69a5b5995110b36a9a347898d97a610e-Abstract.html,2016,journalArticle,"Chen, Xi; Chen, Xi; Cheng, Yu; Tang, Bo",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems,232
-ReNeg and Backseat Driver: Learning from Demonstration with Continuous Human Feedback,"In autonomous vehicle (AV) control, allowing mistakes can be quite dangerous and costly in the real world. For this reason we investigate methods of training an AV without allowing the agent to explore and instead having a human explorer collect the data. Supervised learning has been explored for AV control, but it encounters the issue of the covariate shift. That is, training data collected from an optimal demonstration consists only of the states induced by the optimal control policy, but at runtime, the trained agent may encounter a vastly different state distribution with little relevant training data. To mitigate this issue, we have our human explorer make sub-optimal decisions. In order to have our agent not replicate these sub-optimal decisions, supervised learning requires that we either erase these actions, or replace these action with the correct action. Erasing is wasteful and replacing is difficult, since it is not easy to know the correct action without driving. We propose an alternate framework that includes continuous scalar feedback for each action, marking which actions we should replicate, which we should avoid, and how sure we are. Our framework learns continuous control from sub-optimal demonstration and evaluative feedback collected before training. We find that a human demonstrator can explore sub-optimal states in a safe manner, while still getting enough gradation to benefit learning. The collection method for data and feedback we call ""Backseat Driver."" We call the more general learning framework ReNeg, since it learns a regression from states to actions given negative as well as positive examples. We empirically validate several models in the ReNeg framework, testing on lane-following with limited data. We find that the best solution is a generalization of mean-squared error and outperforms supervised learning on the positive examples alone.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.05101,2019,manuscript,"Beck, Jacob; Papakipos, Zoe; Littman, Michael",,233
-AI Definitions Affect Policymaking,"The task of artificial intelligence policymaking is complex and challenging, made all the more difficult by such a rapidly evolving technology. In order to address the security and economic implications of AI, policymakers must be able to viably define, categorize and assess AI research and technology. In this issue brief, CSET puts forward a functional definition of AI, based on three core principles, that significantly outperforms methods developed over the last decade.",https://cset.georgetown.edu/research/ai-definitions-affect-policymaking/,2020,report,"Murdick, Dewey; Dunham, James; Melot, Jennifer",,234
-Predictive Uncertainty Estimation via Prior Networks,"Estimating how uncertain an AI system is in its predictions is important to improve the safety of such systems. Uncertainty in predictive can result from uncertainty in model parameters, irreducible data uncertainty and uncertainty due to distributional mismatch between the test and training data distributions. Different actions might be taken depending on the source of the uncertainty so it is important to be able to distinguish between them. Recently, baseline tasks and metrics have been defined and several practical methods to estimate uncertainty developed. These methods, however, attempt to model uncertainty due to distributional mismatch either implicitly through model uncertainty or as data uncertainty. This work proposes a new framework for modeling predictive uncertainty called Prior Networks (PNs) which explicitly models distributional uncertainty. PNs do this by parameterizing a prior distribution over predictive distributions. This work focuses on uncertainty for classification and evaluates PNs on the tasks of identifying out-of-distribution (OOD) samples and detecting misclassification on the MNIST dataset, where they are found to outperform previous methods. Experiments on synthetic and MNIST and CIFAR-10 data show that unlike previous non-Bayesian methods PNs are able to distinguish between data and distributional uncertainty.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.10501,2018,conferencePaper,"Malinin, Andrey; Gales, Mark",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS 2018),235
-Alignment proposals and complexity classes,"In the original “AI safety via debate” paper, Geoffrey Irving et al. introduced the concept of analyzing different alignment proposals from the perspective of what complexity class they are able to access under optimal play. I think this is a pretty neat way to analyze different alignment proposals—in particular, I think it can help us gain some real insights into how far into the superhuman different systems are able to go. Thus, the goal of this post is to try to catalog different alignment proposals based on the metric of what complexity class they have so far been proven to access. To do that, I have included a variety of new complexity class proofs in this post. Of particular note, I demonstrate that there exist forms of both imitative amplification and AI safety via market making that reach all the way up to R —which is significant given that the largest complexity class that any alignment proposal was known to access previously was NEXP. Only the forms of amplification and market making making use of pointers (as in strong HCH), however, can access R—for the pointer-less versions, I demonstrate in this post that they access PSPACE and EXP, respectively. The EXP proof for market making is also particularly notable as it is the only approach on my list that ends up in that complexity class. Additionally, I also demonstrate that recursive reward modeling can reach all the way to PSPACE, improving upon the previous best result in “Scalable agent alignment via reward modeling” that it accesses NP. Before I jump in, however, some preliminaries. First, we'll assume that a human, H, is polynomial-time such that H can reliably solve any problem in P but not anything beyond that. Second, we'll assume that our training procedure and resulting models are arbitrarily strong in terms of what complexity class they can access. Third, we'll assume that H gets oracle access to the models during training. Then, we'll say that a proposal to train a model M using a loss functi",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/N64THGX7XNCqRtvPG/alignment-proposals-and-complexity-classes,2020,blogPost,"Hubinger, Evan",AI Alignment Forum,236
-Informed oversight,An overseer can provide adequate rewards for an agent if they know everything the agent knows. (Update of a 2016 post.),https://ai-alignment.com/informed-oversight-18fcb5d3d1e1,2019,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),237
-Playing the Game of Universal Adversarial Perturbations,"We study the problem of learning classifiers robust to universal adversarial perturbations. While prior work approaches this problem via robust optimization, adversarial training, or input transformation, we instead phrase it as a two-player zero-sum game. In this new formulation, both players simultaneously play the same game, where one player chooses a classifier that minimizes a classification loss whilst the other player creates an adversarial perturbation that increases the same loss when applied to every sample in the training set. By observing that performing a classification (respectively creating adversarial samples) is the best response to the other player, we propose a novel extension of a game-theoretic algorithm, namely fictitious play, to the domain of training robust classifiers. Finally, we empirically show the robustness and versatility of our approach in two defence scenarios where universal attacks are performed on several image classification datasets -- CIFAR10, CIFAR100 and ImageNet.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.07802,2018,manuscript,"Perolat, Julien; Malinowski, Mateusz; Piot, Bilal; Pietquin, Olivier",,238
-Causal Entropic Forces,,https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.168702,2013,journalArticle,"Wissner-Gross, A. D.; Freer, C. E.",Physical Review Letters,239
-The Bitter Lesson,,http://www.incompleteideas.net/IncIdeas/BitterLesson.html,2019,blogPost,"Sutton, Rich",Incomplete Ideas,240
-Uber Self-Driving Crash,,https://www.jefftk.com/p/uber-self-driving-crash,2019,blogPost,"Kaufman, Jeff",Jeff Kaufman,241
-Learning from Extrapolated Corrections,"Our goal is to enable robots to learn cost functions from user guidance. Often it is difficult or impossible for users to provide full demonstrations, so corrections have emerged as an easier guidance channel. However, when robots learn cost functions from corrections rather than demonstrations, they have to extrapolate a small amount of information - the change of a waypoint along the way - to the rest of the trajectory. We cast this extrapolation problem as online function approximation, which exposes different ways in which the robot can interpret what trajectory the person intended, depending on the function space used for the approximation. Our simulation results and user study suggest that using function spaces with non-Euclidean norms can better capture what users intend, particularly if environments are uncluttered. This, in turn, can lead to the robot learning a more accurate cost function and improves the user's subjective perceptions of the robot.",,2019,conferencePaper,"Zhang, Jason Y.; Dragan, Anca D.",2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA),242
-Dynamic Awareness,"We investigate how to model the beliefs of an agent who becomes more aware. We use the framework of Halpern and Rego (2013) by adding probability, and define a notion of a model transition that describes constraints on how, if an agent becomes aware of a new formula $\phi$ in state $s$ of a model $M$, she transitions to state $s^*$ in a model $M^*$. We then discuss how such a model can be applied to information disclosure.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.02823,2020,conferencePaper,"Halpern, Joseph Y.; Piermont, Evan",,243
-Sensory Optimization: Neural Networks as a Model for Understanding and Creating Art,,https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.07068,2019,manuscript,"Evans, Owain",,244
-Meta-Learning without Memorization,"The ability to learn new concepts with small amounts of data is a critical aspect of intelligence that has proven challenging for deep learning methods. Meta-learning has emerged as a promising technique for leveraging data from previous tasks to enable efficient learning of new tasks. However, most meta-learning algorithms implicitly require that the meta-training tasks be mutually-exclusive, such that no single model can solve all of the tasks at once. For example, when creating tasks for few-shot image classification, prior work uses a per-task random assignment of image classes to N-way classification labels. If this is not done, the meta-learner can ignore the task training data and learn a single model that performs all of the meta-training tasks zero-shot, but does not adapt effectively to new image classes. This requirement means that the user must take great care in designing the tasks, for example by shuffling labels or removing task identifying information from the inputs. In some domains, this makes meta-learning entirely inapplicable. In this paper, we address this challenge by designing a meta-regularization objective using information theory that places precedence on data-driven adaptation. This causes the meta-learner to decide what must be learned from the task training data and what should be inferred from the task testing input. By doing so, our algorithm can successfully use data from non-mutually-exclusive tasks to efficiently adapt to novel tasks. We demonstrate its applicability to both contextual and gradientbased meta-learning algorithms, and apply it in practical settings where applying standard meta-learning has been difficult. Our approach substantially outperforms standard meta-learning algorithms in these settings.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.03820,2020,conferencePaper,"Yin, Mingzhang; Tucker, George; Zhou, Mingyuan; Levine, Sergey; Finn, Chelsea",,245
-Reconciliation between factions focused on near-term and long-term artificial intelligence,,,2018,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.",AI & Society,246
-Robot Sex: Social and Ethical Implications,,,2017,book,"Migotti, Mark; Wyatt, Nicole; Earp, Brian; Sandberg, Anders; di Nucci, Ezio; Hertzfeld, Noreen; Strikwerda, Litska; Petersen, Stephen; Goldstein, Joshua; Hauskeller, Michael",,247
-Learning Reward Machines for Partially Observable Reinforcement Learning,"Reward Machines (RMs) provide a structured, automata-based representation of a reward function that enables a Reinforcement Learning (RL) agent to decompose an RL problem into structured subproblems that can be efficiently learned via off-policy learning. Here we show that RMs can be learned from experience, instead of being specified by the user, and that the resulting problem decomposition can be used to effectively solve partially observable RL problems. We pose the task of learning RMs as a discrete optimization problem where the objective is to find an RM that decomposes the problem into a set of subproblems such that the combination of their optimal memoryless policies is an optimal policy for the original problem. We show the effectiveness of this approach on three partially observable domains, where it significantly outperforms A3C, PPO, and ACER, and discuss its advantages, limitations, and broader potential.",http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~rntoro/docs/LRM_paper.pdf,2019,conferencePaper,"Icarte, Rodrigo Toro; Valenzano, Richard; Waldie, Ethan; Castro, Margarita P; Klassen, Toryn Q; McIlraith, Sheila A",,248
-Verifying Controllers Against Adversarial Examples with Bayesian Optimization,"Recent successes in reinforcement learning have lead to the development of complex controllers for real-world robots. As these robots are deployed in safety-critical applications and interact with humans, it becomes critical to ensure safety in order to avoid causing harm. A first step in this direction is to test the controllers in simulation. To be able to do this, we need to capture what we mean by safety and then efficiently search the space of all behaviors to see if they are safe. In this paper, we present an active-testing framework based on Bayesian Optimization. We specify safety constraints using logic and exploit structure in the problem in order to test the system for adversarial counter examples that violate the safety specifications. These specifications are defined as complex boolean combinations of smooth functions on the trajectories and, unlike reward functions in reinforcement learning, are expressive and impose hard constraints on the system. In our framework, we exploit regularity assumptions on individual functions in form of a Gaussian Process (GP) prior. We combine these into a coherent optimization framework using problem structure. The resulting algorithm is able to provably verify complex safety specifications or alternatively find counter examples. Experimental results show that the proposed method is able to find adversarial examples quickly.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.08678,2018,conferencePaper,"Ghosh, Shromona; Berkenkamp, Felix; Ranade, Gireeja; Qadeer, Shaz; Kapoor, Ashish",2018 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA),249
-Scalable Centralized Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning via Policy Gradients,"In this paper, we explore using deep reinforcement learning for problems with multiple agents. Most existing methods for deep multi-agent reinforcement learning consider only a small number of agents. When the number of agents increases, the dimensionality of the input and control spaces increase as well, and these methods do not scale well. To address this, we propose casting the multi-agent reinforcement learning problem as a distributed optimization problem. Our algorithm assumes that for multi-agent settings, policies of individual agents in a given population live close to each other in parameter space and can be approximated by a single policy. With this simple assumption, we show our algorithm to be extremely effective for reinforcement learning in multi-agent settings. We demonstrate its effectiveness against existing comparable approaches on co-operative and competitive tasks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.08776,2018,manuscript,"Khan, Arbaaz; Zhang, Clark; Lee, Daniel D.; Kumar, Vijay; Ribeiro, Alejandro",,250
-On the Geometry of Adversarial Examples,"Adversarial examples are a pervasive phenomenon of machine learning models where seemingly imperceptible perturbations to the input lead to misclassifications for otherwise statistically accurate models. We propose a geometric framework, drawing on tools from the manifold reconstruction literature, to analyze the high-dimensional geometry of adversarial examples. In particular, we highlight the importance of codimension: for low-dimensional data manifolds embedded in high-dimensional space there are many directions off the manifold in which to construct adversarial examples. Adversarial examples are a natural consequence of learning a decision boundary that classifies the low-dimensional data manifold well, but classifies points near the manifold incorrectly. Using our geometric framework we prove (1) a tradeoff between robustness under different norms, (2) that adversarial training in balls around the data is sample inefficient, and (3) sufficient sampling conditions under which nearest neighbor classifiers and ball-based adversarial training are robust.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.00525,2019,conferencePaper,"Khoury, Marc; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan",Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS) 2019,251
-Better-than-Demonstrator Imitation Learning via Automatically-Ranked Demonstrations,"The performance of imitation learning is typically upper-bounded by the performance of the demonstrator. While recent empirical results demonstrate that ranked demonstrations allow for better-than-demonstrator performance, preferences over demonstrations may be difficult to obtain, and little is known theoretically about when such methods can be expected to successfully extrapolate beyond the performance of the demonstrator. To address these issues, we first contribute a sufficient condition for better-than-demonstrator imitation learning and provide theoretical results showing why preferences over demonstrations can better reduce reward function ambiguity when performing inverse reinforcement learning. Building on this theory, we introduce Disturbance-based Reward Extrapolation (D-REX), a ranking-based imitation learning method that injects noise into a policy learned through behavioral cloning to automatically generate ranked demonstrations. These ranked demonstrations are used to efficiently learn a reward function that can then be optimized using reinforcement learning. We empirically validate our approach on simulated robot and Atari imitation learning benchmarks and show that D-REX outperforms standard imitation learning approaches and can significantly surpass the performance of the demonstrator. D-REX is the first imitation learning approach to achieve significant extrapolation beyond the demonstrator's performance without additional side-information or supervision, such as rewards or human preferences. By generating rankings automatically, we show that preference-based inverse reinforcement learning can be applied in traditional imitation learning settings where only unlabeled demonstrations are available.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.03976,2019,conferencePaper,"Brown, Daniel S.; Goo, Wonjoon; Niekum, Scott",Proceedings of the Conference on Robot Learning,252
-When Should an Effective Altruist Donate?,,https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/philanthropy-forum/givingscholars2016/program/10,2016,journalArticle,"MacAskill, William",Forum on Philanthropy and the Public Good,253
-Transfer of Adversarial Robustness Between Perturbation Types,"We study the transfer of adversarial robustness of deep neural networks between different perturbation types. While most work on adversarial examples has focused on $L_\infty$ and $L_2$-bounded perturbations, these do not capture all types of perturbations available to an adversary. The present work evaluates 32 attacks of 5 different types against models adversarially trained on a 100-class subset of ImageNet. Our empirical results suggest that evaluating on a wide range of perturbation sizes is necessary to understand whether adversarial robustness transfers between perturbation types. We further demonstrate that robustness against one perturbation type may not always imply and may sometimes hurt robustness against other perturbation types. In light of these results, we recommend evaluation of adversarial defenses take place on a diverse range of perturbation types and sizes.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.01034,2019,manuscript,"Kang, Daniel; Sun, Yi; Brown, Tom; Hendrycks, Dan; Steinhardt, Jacob",,254
-Measuring and avoiding side effects using relative reachability,"How can we design reinforcement learning agents that avoid causing unnecessary disruptions to their environment? We argue that current approaches to penalizing side effects can introduce bad incentives in tasks that require irreversible actions, and in environments that contain sources of change other than the agent. For example, some approaches give the agent an incentive to prevent any irreversible changes in the environment, including the actions of other agents. We introduce a general definition of side effects, based on relative reachability of states compared to a default state, that avoids these undesirable incentives. Using a set of gridworld experiments illustrating relevant scenarios, we empirically compare relative reachability to penalties based on existing definitions and show that it is the only penalty among those tested that produces the desired behavior in all the scenarios.",,2018,book,"Krakovna, Viktoriya; Orseau, Laurent; Martic, Miljan; Legg, Shane",,255
-Radical Probabilism,"This is an expanded version of my talk. I assume a high degree of familiarity with Bayesian probability theory. Toward a New Technical Explanation of Technical Explanation -- an attempt to convey the practical implications of logical induction -- was one of my most-appreciated posts, but I don't really get the feeling that very many people have received the update. Granted, that post was speculative, sketching what a new technical explanation of technical explanation might look like. I think I can do a bit better now. If the implied project of that post had really been completed, I would expect new practical probabilistic reasoning tools, explicitly violating Bayes' law. For example, we might expect: * A new version of information theory. * An update to the ""prediction=compression"" maxim, either repairing it to incorporate the new cases, or explicitly denying it and providing a good intuitive account of why it was wrong. * A new account of concepts such as mutual information, allowing for the fact that variables have behavior over thinking time; for example, variables may initially be very correlated, but lose correlation as our picture of each variable becomes more detailed. * New ways of thinking about epistemology. * One thing that my post did manage to do was to spell out the importance of ""making advanced predictions"", a facet of epistemology which Bayesian thinking does not do justice to. * However, I left aspects of the problem of old evidence open, rather than giving a complete way to think about it. * New probabilistic structures. * Bayesian Networks are one really nice way to capture the structure of probability distributions, making them much easier to reason about. Is there anything similar for the new, wider space of probabilistic reasoning which has been opened up? Unfortunately, I still don't have any of those things to offer. The aim o",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/xJyY5QkQvNJpZLJRo/radical-probabilism-1,2020,blogPost,"Demski, Abram",AI Alignment Forum,256
-EnsembleDAgger: A Bayesian Approach to Safe Imitation Learning,"While imitation learning is often used in robotics, the approach frequently suffers from data mismatch and compounding errors. DAgger is an iterative algorithm that addresses these issues by aggregating training data from both the expert and novice policies, but does not consider the impact of safety. We present a probabilistic extension to DAgger, which attempts to quantify the confidence of the novice policy as a proxy for safety. Our method, EnsembleDAgger, approximates a Gaussian Process using an ensemble of neural networks. Using the variance as a measure of confidence, we compute a decision rule that captures how much we doubt the novice, thus determining when it is safe to allow the novice to act. With this approach, we aim to maximize the novice's share of actions, while constraining the probability of failure. We demonstrate improved safety and learning performance compared to other DAgger variants and classic imitation learning on an inverted pendulum and in the MuJoCo HalfCheetah environment.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.08364,2019,conferencePaper,"Menda, Kunal; Driggs-Campbell, Katherine; Kochenderfer, Mykel J.",2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS),257
-Deception in Finitely Repeated Security Games,"Allocating resources to defend targets from attack is often complicated by uncertainty about the attacker’s capabilities, objectives, or other underlying characteristics. In a repeated interaction setting, the defender can collect attack data over time to reduce this uncertainty and learn an effective defense. However, a clever attacker can manipulate the attack data to mislead the defender, influencing the learning process toward its own benefit. We investigate strategic deception on the part of an attacker with private type information, who interacts repeatedly with a defender. We present a detailed computation and analysis of both players’ optimal strategies given the attacker may play deceptively. Computational experiments illuminate conditions conducive to strategic deception, and quantify benefits to the attacker. By taking into account the attacker’s deception capacity, the defender can significantly mitigate loss from misleading attack actions.",https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/AAAI/article/view/4045,2019,conferencePaper,"Nguyen, Thanh H.; Wang, Yongzhao; Sinha, Arunesh; Wellman, Michael P.",Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,258
-Evaluating the Stability of Non-Adaptive Trading in Continuous Double Auctions,"The continuous double auction (CDA) is the predominant mechanism in modern securities markets. Many agent-based analyses of CDA environments rely on simple non-adaptive trading strategies like Zero Intelligence (ZI), which (as their name suggests) are quite limited. We examine the viability of this reliance through empirical game-theoretic analysis in a plausible market environment. Specifically, we evaluate the strategic stability of equilibria defined over a small set of ZI traders with respect to strategies found by reinforcement learning (RL) applied over a much larger policy space. RL can indeed find beneficial deviations from equilibria of ZI traders, by conditioning on signals of the likelihood a trade will execute or the favorability of the current bid and ask. Nevertheless, the surplus earned by well-calibrated ZI policies is empirically observed to be nearly as great as what the adaptive strategies can earn, despite their much more expressive policy space. Our findings generally support the use of equilibrated ZI traders in CDA studies.",,2018,conferencePaper,"Wright, Mason; Wellman, Michael P.",Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems,259
-Public Static: What is Abstraction?,"Author’s Note: Most of the posts in this sequence are essentially a log of work-in-progress. This post is intended as a more presentable (“public”) and higher-confidence (“static”) write-up of some formalizations of abstraction. Much of the material has appeared in other posts; the first two sections in particular are drawn almost verbatim from the opening “What is Abstraction?” post. Let's start with a few examples (borrowed from here) to illustrate what we're talking about: * We have a gas consisting of some huge number of particles. We throw away information about the particles themselves, instead keeping just a few summary statistics: average energy, number of particles, etc. We can then make highly precise predictions about things like e.g. pressure just based on the reduced information we've kept, without having to think about each individual particle. That reduced information is the ""abstract layer"" - the gas and its properties. * We have a bunch of transistors and wires on a chip. We arrange them to perform some logical operation, like maybe a NAND gate. Then, we throw away information about the underlying details, and just treat it as an abstract logical NAND gate. Using just the abstract layer, we can make predictions about what outputs will result from what inputs. Note that there’s some fuzziness - 0.01 V and 0.02 V are both treated as logical zero, and in rare cases there will be enough noise in the wires to get an incorrect output. * I tell my friend that I'm going to play tennis. I have ignored a huge amount of information about the details of the activity - where, when, what racket, what ball, with whom, all the distributions of every microscopic particle involved - yet my friend can still make some reliable predictions based on the abstract information I've provided. * When we abstract formulas like ""1+1=2*1"" and ""2+2=2*2"" into ""n+n=2*n"", we're obviously throwing out information about the valu",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/vDGvHBDuMtcPd8Lks/public-static-what-is-abstraction,2020,blogPost,"Wentworth, John",AI Alignment Forum,260
-Probabilities on Sentences in an Expressive Logic,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S157086831300013X,2013,journalArticle,"Hutter, Marcus; Lloyd, John W.; Ng, Kee Siong; Uther, William T.B.",Journal of Applied Logic,261
-Human-Interactive Subgoal Supervision for Efficient Inverse Reinforcement Learning,"Humans are able to understand and perform complex tasks by strategically structuring the tasks into incremental steps or subgoals. For a robot attempting to learn to perform a sequential task with critical subgoal states, such states can provide a natural opportunity for interaction with a human expert. This paper analyzes the benefit of incorporating a notion of subgoals into Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) with a Human-In-The-Loop (HITL) framework. The learning process is interactive, with a human expert first providing input in the form of full demonstrations along with some subgoal states. These subgoal states define a set of subtasks for the learning agent to complete in order to achieve the final goal. The learning agent queries for partial demonstrations corresponding to each subtask as needed when the agent struggles with the subtask. The proposed Human Interactive IRL (HI-IRL) framework is evaluated on several discrete path-planning tasks. We demonstrate that subgoal-based interactive structuring of the learning task results in significantly more efficient learning, requiring only a fraction of the demonstration data needed for learning the underlying reward function with the baseline IRL model.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.08479,2018,conferencePaper,"Pan, Xinlei; Ohn-Bar, Eshed; Rhinehart, Nicholas; Xu, Yan; Shen, Yilin; Kitani, Kris M.","Proc. of the 17th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems(AAMAS 2018),",262
-Stochastic Latent Actor-Critic: Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Latent Variable Model,"Deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms can use high-capacity deep networks to learn directly from image observations. However, these kinds of observation spaces present a number of challenges in practice, since the policy must now solve two problems: a representation learning problem, and a task learning problem. In this paper, we aim to explicitly learn representations that can accelerate reinforcement learning from images. We propose the stochastic latent actor-critic (SLAC) algorithm: a sample-efficient and high-performing RL algorithm for learning policies for complex continuous control tasks directly from high-dimensional image inputs. SLAC learns a compact latent representation space using a stochastic sequential latent variable model, and then learns a critic model within this latent space. By learning a critic within a compact state space, SLAC can learn much more efficiently than standard RL methods. The proposed model improves performance substantially over alternative representations as well, such as variational autoencoders. In fact, our experimental evaluation demonstrates that the sample efficiency of our resulting method is comparable to that of model-based RL methods that directly use a similar type of model for control. Furthermore, our method outperforms both model-free and model-based alternatives in terms of final performance and sample efficiency, on a range of difficult image-based control tasks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.00953,2019,manuscript,"Lee, Alex X.; Nagabandi, Anusha; Abbeel, Pieter; Levine, Sergey",,263
-Agent-agnostic human-in-the-loop reinforcement learning,,,2017,conferencePaper,"Abel, David; Salvatier, John; Stuhlmüller, Andreas; Evans, Owain",30th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2016),264
-Avoiding Side Effects in Complex Environments,"Reward function specification can be difficult, even in simple environments. Realistic environments contain millions of states. Rewarding the agent for making a widget may be easy, but penalizing the multitude of possible negative side effects is hard. In toy environments, Attainable Utility Preservation (AUP) avoids side effects by penalizing shifts in the ability to achieve randomly generated goals. We scale this approach to large, randomly generated environments based on Conway’s Game of Life. By preserving optimal value for a single randomly generated reward function, AUP incurs modest overhead, completes the specified task, and avoids side effects.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.06547,2020,conferencePaper,"Turner, Alexander Matt; Ratzlaff, Neale; Tadepalli, Prasad",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 pre-proceedings (NeurIPS 2020),265
-Bottle Caps Aren't Optimisers,"Crossposted from my blog. One thing I worry about sometimes is people writing code with optimisers in it, without realising that that's what they were doing. An example of this: suppose you were doing deep reinforcement learning, doing optimisation to select a controller (that is, a neural network that takes a percept and returns an action) that generated high reward in some environment. Alas, unknown to you, this controller actually did optimisation itself to select actions that score well according to some metric that so far has been closely related to your reward function. In such a scenario, I'd be wary about your deploying that controller, since the controller itself is doing optimisation which might steer the world into a weird and unwelcome place. In order to avoid such scenarios, it would be nice if one could look at an algorithm and determine if it was doing optimisation. Ideally, this would involve an objective definition of optimisation that could be checked from the source code of the algorithm, rather than something like ""an optimiser is a system whose behaviour can't usefully be predicted mechanically, but can be predicted by assuming it near-optimises some objective function"", since such a definition breaks down when you have the algorithm's source code and can compute its behaviour mechanically. You might think about optimisation as follows: a system is optimising some objective function to the extent that that objective function attains much higher values than would be attained if the system didn't exist, or were doing some other random thing. This type of definition includes those put forward by Yudkowsky and Oesterheld. However, I think there are crucial counterexamples to this style of definition. Firstly, consider a lid screwed onto a bottle of water. If not for this lid, or if the lid had a hole in it or were more loose, the water would likely exit the bottle via evaporation or being knocked over, but with the lid, the water stays in the b",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/26eupx3Byc8swRS7f/bottle-caps-aren-t-optimisers,2018,blogPost,"Filan, Daniel",AI Alignment Forum,266
-Could Slaughterbots Wipe Out Humanity? Assessment of the Global Catastrophic Risk Posed by Autonomous Weapons,,,2018,manuscript,"Turchin, Alexey",,267
-Independent reinforcement learners in cooperative Markov games: a survey regarding coordination problems,"Abstract In the framework of fully cooperative multi-agent systems, independent (non-communicative) agents that learn by reinforcement must overcome several difficulties to manage to coordinate. This paper identifies several challenges responsible for the non-coordination of independent agents: Pareto-selection, non-stationarity, stochasticity, alter-exploration and shadowed equilibria. A selection of multi-agent domains is classified according to those challenges: matrix games, Boutilier's coordination game, predators pursuit domains and a special multi-state game. Moreover, the performance of a range of algorithms for independent reinforcement learners is evaluated empirically. Those algorithms are Q-learning variants: decentralized Q-learning, distributed Q-learning, hysteretic Q-learning, recursive frequency maximum Q-value and win-or-learn fast policy hill climbing. An overview of the learning algorithms’ strengths and weaknesses against each challenge concludes the paper and can serve as a basis for choosing the appropriate algorithm for a new domain. Furthermore, the distilled challenges may assist in the design of new learning algorithms that overcome these problems and achieve higher performance in multi-agent applications.",https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0269888912000057/type/journal_article,2012,journalArticle,"Matignon, Laetitia; Laurent, Guillaume J.; Le Fort-Piat, Nadine",The Knowledge Engineering Review,268
-Doomsday Rings Twice,,https://globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/Mogensen_doomsday_rings_twice.pdf,2019,manuscript,"Mogensen, Andreas",,269
-Forecasting using incomplete models,"We consider the task of forecasting an infinite sequence of future observations based on some number of past observations, where the probability measure generating the observations is ""suspected"" to satisfy one or more of a set of incomplete models, i.e. convex sets in the space of probability measures. This setting is in some sense intermediate between the realizable setting where the probability measure comes from some known set of probability measures (which can be addressed using e.g. Bayesian inference) and the unrealizable setting where the probability measure is completely arbitrary. We demonstrate a method of forecasting which guarantees that, whenever the true probability measure satisfies an incomplete model in a given countable set, the forecast converges to the same incomplete model in the (appropriately normalized) Kantorovich-Rubinstein metric. This is analogous to merging of opinions for Bayesian inference, except that convergence in the Kantorovich-Rubinstein metric is weaker than convergence in total variation.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.04630,2019,manuscript,"Kosoy, Vanessa",,270
-Concept Learning with Energy-Based Models,"Many hallmarks of human intelligence, such as generalizing from limited experience, abstract reasoning and planning, analogical reasoning, creative problem solving, and capacity for language require the ability to consolidate experience into concepts, which act as basic building blocks of understanding and reasoning. We present a framework that defines a concept by an energy function over events in the environment, as well as an attention mask over entities participating in the event. Given few demonstration events, our method uses inference-time optimization procedure to generate events involving similar concepts or identify entities involved in the concept. We evaluate our framework on learning visual, quantitative, relational, temporal concepts from demonstration events in an unsupervised manner. Our approach is able to successfully generate and identify concepts in a few-shot setting and resulting learned concepts can be reused across environments. Example videos of our results are available at sites.google.com/site/energyconceptmodels",http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.02486,2018,manuscript,"Mordatch, Igor",,271
-Learning to summarize with human feedback,,,2020,journalArticle,"Stiennon, Nisan; Ouyang, Long; Wu, Jeffrey; Ziegler, Daniel; Lowe, Ryan; Voss, Chelsea; Radford, Alec; Amodei, Dario; Christiano, Paul F.",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems,272
-Inner Alignment: Explain like I'm 12 Edition,"(This is an unofficial explanation of Inner Alignment based on the Miri paper Risks from Learned Optimization in Advanced Machine Learning Systems (which is almost identical to the LW sequence) and the Future of Life podcast with Evan Hubinger (Miri/LW). It's meant for anyone who found the sequence too long/challenging/technical to read.) Note that bold and italics means ""this is a new term I'm introducing,"" whereas underline and italics is used for emphasis. WHAT IS INNER ALIGNMENT? Let's start with an abridged guide to how Machine Learning works: 1. Choose a problem 2. Decide on a space of possible solutions 3. Find a good solution from that space If the problem is ""find a tool that can look at any image and decide whether or not it contains a cat,"" then each conceivable set of rules for answering this question (formally, each function from the set of all pixels to the set {yes, no }) defines one solution. We call each such solution a model. The space of possible models is depicted below. Since that's all possible models, most of them are utter nonsense. Pick a random one, and you're as likely to end up with a car-recognizer than a cat-recognizer – but far more likely with an algorithm that does nothing we can interpret. Note that even the examples I annotated aren't typical – most models would be more complex while still doing nothing related to cats. Nonetheless, somewhere in there is a model that would do a decent job on our problem. In the above, that's the one that says, ""I look for cats."" How does ML find such a model? One way that does not work is trying out all of them. That's because the space is too large: it might contain over 101000000 candidates. Instead, there's this thing called Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) . Here's how it works: SGD begins with some (probably terrible) model and then proceeds in steps. In each step, it switches to another model that is ""close"" and hopefully a little better. Eventually, it stops and outputs the mo",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/AHhCrJ2KpTjsCSwbt/inner-alignment-explain-like-i-m-12-edition,2020,blogPost,"Harth, Rafael",AI Alignment Forum,273
-Research Agenda v0.9: Synthesising a human's preferences into a utility function,"I'm now in a position where I can see a possible route to a safe/survivable/friendly Artificial Intelligence being developed. I'd give a 10+% chance of it being possible this way, and a 95% chance that some of these ideas will be very useful for other methods of alignment. So I thought I'd encode the route I'm seeing as research agenda; this is the first public draft of it. Clarity, rigour, and practicality: that's what this agenda needs. Writing this agenda has clarified a lot of points for me, to the extent that some of it now seems, in retrospect, just obvious and somewhat trivial - ""of course that's the way you have to do X"". But more clarification is needed in the areas that remain vague. And, once these are clarified enough for humans to understand, they need to be made mathematically and logically rigorous - and ultimately, cashed out into code, and tested and experimented with. So I'd appreciate any comments that could help with these three goals, and welcome anyone interested in pursuing research along these lines over the long-term. Note: I periodically edit this document, to link it to more recent research ideas/discoveries. 0 THE FUNDAMENTAL IDEA This agenda fits itself into the broad family of Inverse [https://ai.stanford.edu/~ang/papers/icml00-irl.pdf] Reinforcement [https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.03137] Learning [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ts-nTIYDXok]: delegating most of the task of inferring human preferences to the AI itself. Most of the task, since it's been shown that humans need to build the right assumptions into the AI, or else the preference learning will fail [https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.05812]. To get these ""right assumptions"", this agenda will look into what preferences actually are, and how they may be combined together. There are hence four parts to the research agenda: 1. A way of identifying the (partial[1] [#fn-wPj8aGxtWBoDNTAof-1]) preferences of a given human H. 2. A way for ultimately synthesising a utility function UH",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/CSEdLLEkap2pubjof/research-agenda-v0-9-synthesising-a-human-s-preferences-into,2019,blogPost,"Armstrong, Stuart",LessWrong,274
-Artificial General Intelligence: Timeframes & Policy White Paper,,https://foresight.org/publications/AGI-Timeframes&PolicyWhitePaper.pdf,2017,report,"Duettmann, Allison",,275
-AGI Safety From First Principles,,,2020,manuscript,"Ngo, Richard",,276
-Evidence on good forecasting practices from the Good Judgment Project,"According to experience and data from the Good Judgment Project, the following are associated with successful forecasting, in rough decreasing order of combined importance and confidence: Past performance in the same broad domain Making more predictions on the same question Deliberation time Collaboration on teams Intelligence Domain expertise Having taken a one-hour training module on...",https://aiimpacts.org/evidence-on-good-forecasting-practices-from-the-good-judgment-project/,2019,blogPost,"Kokotajlo, Daniel",AI Impacts,277
-Worst-case guarantees,"Reviewing the prospects for training models to behave acceptably on all inputs, rather than just the training distribution.",https://ai-alignment.com/training-robust-corrigibility-ce0e0a3b9b4d,2019,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),278
-Challenges to Christiano’s capability amplification proposal,"The following is a basically unedited summary I wrote up on March 16 of my take on Paul Christiano’s AGI alignment approach (described in “ALBA” and “Iterated Distillation and Amplification”). Where Paul had comments and replies, I’ve included them below. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I see a lot of free variables with respect to what exactly Paul might have in mind. I've sometimes tried presenting Paul with my objections and then he replies in a way that locally answers some of my question but I think would make other difficulties worse. My global objection is thus something like, ""I don't see any concrete setup and consistent simultaneous setting of the variables where this whole scheme works."" These difficulties are not minor or technical; they appear to me quite severe. I try to walk through the details below. It should be understood at all times that I do not claim to be able to pass Paul’s ITT for Paul’s view and that this is me criticizing my own, potentially straw misunderstanding of what I imagine Paul might be advocating. Paul Christiano Overall take: I think that these are all legitimate difficulties faced by my proposal and to a large extent I agree with Eliezer's account of those problems (though not his account of my current beliefs). I don't understand exactly how hard Eliezer expects these problems to be; my impression is ""just about as hard as solving alignment from scratch,"" but I don't have a clear sense of why. To some extent we are probably disagreeing about alternatives. From my perspective, the difficulties with my approach (e.g. better understanding the forms of optimization that cause trouble, or how to avoid optimization daemons in systems about as smart as you are, or how to address X-and-only-X) are also problems for alternative alignment approaches. I think it's a mistake to think that tiling agents, or decision theory, or naturalized induction, or logical uncertainty, are go",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/S7csET9CgBtpi7sCh/challenges-to-christiano-s-capability-amplification-proposal,2018,blogPost,"Yudkowsky, Eliezer",LessWrong,279
-How Would Catastrophic Risks Affect Prospects for Compromise?,"Global catastrophic risks – such as biotech disasters or nuclear war – would cause major damage in the short run, but their effects on the long-run trajectory that humanity takes are also significant. In particular, to the extent these disasters increase risks of war, they seem likely to precipitate AI arms races between nations and worsen prospects for compromise.",https://longtermrisk.org/how-would-catastrophic-risks-affect-prospects-for-compromise/,2015,blogPost,"Tomasik, Brian",Center on Long-Term Risk,280
-Learning from Observations Using a Single Video Demonstration and Human Feedback,"In this paper, we present a method for learning from video demonstrations by using human feedback to construct a mapping between the standard representation of the agent and the visual representation of the demonstration. In this way, we leverage the advantages of both these representations, i.e., we learn the policy using standard state representations, but are able to specify the expected behavior using video demonstration. We train an autonomous agent using a single video demonstration and use human feedback (using numerical similarity rating) to map the standard representation to the visual representation with a neural network. We show the effectiveness of our method by teaching a hopper agent in the MuJoCo to perform a backflip using a single video demonstration generated in MuJoCo as well as from a real-world YouTube video of a person performing a backflip. Additionally, we show that our method can transfer to new tasks, such as hopping, with very little human feedback.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.13392,2019,conferencePaper,"Gandhi, Sunil; Oates, Tim; Mohsenin, Tinoosh; Waytowich, Nicholas",AAMAS '19: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems,281
-Is Brain Emulation Dangerous?,,https://content.sciendo.com/doi/10.2478/jagi-2013-0011,2013,journalArticle,"Eckersley, Peter; Sandberg, Anders",Journal of Artificial General Intelligence,282
-The paralysis argument,"Given plausible assumptions about the long-run impact of our everyday actions, we show that standard non-consequentialist constraints on doing harm entail that we should try to do as little as possible in our lives. We call this the Paralysis Argument. After laying out the argument, we consider and respond to...",https://globalprioritiesinstitute.org/william-macaskill-andreas-mogensen-the-paralysis-argument/,2019,manuscript,"MacAskill, William; Mogensen, Andreas",,283
-AI Safety Gridworlds,"We present a suite of reinforcement learning environments illustrating various safety properties of intelligent agents. These problems include safe interruptibility, avoiding side effects, absent supervisor, reward gaming, safe exploration, as well as robustness to self-modification, distributional shift, and adversaries. To measure compliance with the intended safe behavior, we equip each environment with a performance function that is hidden from the agent. This allows us to categorize AI safety problems into robustness and specification problems, depending on whether the performance function corresponds to the observed reward function. We evaluate A2C and Rainbow, two recent deep reinforcement learning agents, on our environments and show that they are not able to solve them satisfactorily.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.09883,2017,manuscript,"Leike, Jan; Martic, Miljan; Krakovna, Victoria; Ortega, Pedro A.; Everitt, Tom; Lefrancq, Andrew; Orseau, Laurent; Legg, Shane",,284
-DeepMimic: Example-Guided Deep Reinforcement Learning of Physics-Based Character Skills,"A longstanding goal in character animation is to combine data-driven specification of behavior with a system that can execute a similar behavior in a physical simulation, thus enabling realistic responses to perturbations and environmental variation. We show that well-known reinforcement learning (RL) methods can be adapted to learn robust control policies capable of imitating a broad range of example motion clips, while also learning complex recoveries, adapting to changes in morphology, and accomplishing user-specified goals. Our method handles keyframed motions, highly-dynamic actions such as motion-captured flips and spins, and retargeted motions. By combining a motion-imitation objective with a task objective, we can train characters that react intelligently in interactive settings, e.g., by walking in a desired direction or throwing a ball at a user-specified target. This approach thus combines the convenience and motion quality of using motion clips to define the desired style and appearance, with the flexibility and generality afforded by RL methods and physics-based animation. We further explore a number of methods for integrating multiple clips into the learning process to develop multi-skilled agents capable of performing a rich repertoire of diverse skills. We demonstrate results using multiple characters (human, Atlas robot, bipedal dinosaur, dragon) and a large variety of skills, including locomotion, acrobatics, and martial arts.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.02717,2018,journalArticle,"Peng, Xue Bin; Abbeel, Pieter; Levine, Sergey; van de Panne, Michiel",ACM Transactions on Graphics,285
-Avoiding Another AI Winter,,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4475849/,2008,journalArticle,"Hendler, James",IEEE Intelligent Systems,286
-"Energy, Complexity, and the Singularity","SummaryThis paper explores the relevance of ecological limitations such as climate change and resource exhaustion to the possibility of a technologically-mediated “intelligence explosion” in the near future. The imminent risks of global carbonization and loss of biodiversity, as well as the dependency of technological development on a healthy biosphere, are greatly underestimated by singularity theorists such as Ray Kurzweil. While development of information technology should continue, we cannot rely on hypothetical advances in AI to get us out of our present ecological bottleneck. Rather, we should do everything we can to foster human ingenuity, the one factor that has a record of generating the game-changing innovations that our species has relied upon to overcome survival challenges in our past.",https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54033-6_8,2017,bookSection,"Peacock, Kent A.",The Technological Singularity: Managing the Journey,287
-How should AI debate be judged?,"[Epistemic status: thinking out loud. I haven't thought that much about AI debate, and may be missing basic things.] Arguments for the correctness of debate and debate-like systems rely on assumptions like ""it's easier to point out problems with an argument than it is to craft misleading arguments"". Granted that assumption, however, I'm still not convinced that these proposals make very much sense. Perhaps I'm missing something. My problem is the human judge. Quoting the debate paper: To play this game with a human, we need instructions for how the human should decide who wins. These instructions are in natural language, such as “The winner is the agent who said the most useful true thing.”In order for debate to work for a problem class C, several things about the judge's instructions need to be true: * There needs to be a strategy s which forces the equilibrium to be a truthful one for problems in C. * The strategy s also needs to provide a good training signal when things aren't in equilibrium, so that it's plausible the equilibrium will be found. * It needs to be psychologically plausible that a human (with some coaching) will carry out s. In particular, I'm worried that we need psychological plausibility in two different cases: * It needs to be psychologically plausible that a human will carry out s when the system is performing poorly, IE, during early/middle training.It needs to be psychologically plausible that a human will carry out s when the system is performing well, IE, during late training. These thoughts were inspired by this thread, which discusses the example of adding a list of numbers. For the sake of the thought experiment, we imagine humans can't add more than two numbers, but want the AI system to correctly add arbitrarily many numbers. The most straightforward strategy for the human judge is to decide the debate honestly: rule in favor of the side which seems most likely to be true (or, in the case of Evan's mark",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/m7oGxvouzzeQKiGJH/how-should-ai-debate-be-judged,2020,blogPost,"Demski, Abram",AI Alignment Forum,288
-Safe Policy Learning from Observations,"An algorithm for learning to improve upon the behavior demonstrated by multiple unknown policies, by combining imitation learning and a novel safe policy improvement step that is resilient to value...",https://openreview.net/forum?id=rkx8l3Cctm,2018,journalArticle,"Sarafian, Elad; Tamar, Aviv; Kraus, Sarit",,289
-Concrete Problems for Autonomous Vehicle Safety: Advantages of Bayesian Deep Learning,"Autonomous vehicle (AV) software is typically composed of a pipeline of individual components, linking sensor inputs to motor outputs. Erroneous component outputs propagate downstream, hence safe AV software must consider the ultimate effect of each component’s errors. Further, improving safety alone is not sufficient. Passengers must also feel safe to trust and use AV systems. To address such concerns, we investigate three under-explored themes for AV research: safety, interpretability, and compliance. Safety can be improved by quantifying the uncertainties of component outputs and propagating them forward through the pipeline. Interpretability is concerned with explaining what the AV observes and why it makes the decisions it does, building reassurance with the passenger. Compliance refers to maintaining some control for the passenger. We discuss open challenges for research within these themes. We highlight the need for concrete evaluation metrics, propose example problems, and highlight possible solutions.",https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2017/661,2017,conferencePaper,"McAllister, Rowan; Gal, Yarin; Kendall, Alex; van der Wilk, Mark; Shah, Amar; Cipolla, Roberto; Weller, Adrian",Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,290
-Getting A Clue: A Method For Explaining Uncertainty Estimates,"Uncertainty estimates from machine learning models allow domain experts to asses prediction reliability and can help practitioners identify model failure modes. We introduce Counterfactual Latent Uncertainty Explanations (CLUE), a method that answers: ”How should we change an input such that our model produces more certain predictions?” We perform a user study, concluding that CLUE allows users to understand which regions of input space contribute to predictive uncertainty.",,2020,conferencePaper,"Antoran, Javier; Weller, Adrian; Bhatt, Umang; Adel, Tameem; Hernandez-Lobato, Jose Miguel",,291
-My Understanding of Paul Christiano's Iterated Amplification AI Safety Research Agenda,"Crossposted from the EA forum You can read this post as a google docs instead (IMO much better to read). This document aims to clarify the AI safety research agenda by Paul Christiano (IDA) and the arguments around how promising it is. Target audience: All levels of technical expertise. The less knowledge about IDA someone has, the more I expect them to benefit from the writeup. Writing policy: I aim to be as clear and concrete as possible and wrong rather than vague to identify disagreements and where I am mistaken. Things will err on the side of being too confidently expressed. Almost all footnotes are content and not references. Epistemic Status: The document is my best guess on IDA and might be wrong in important ways. I have not verified all of the content with somebody working on IDA. I spent ~4 weeks on this and have no prior background in ML, CS or AI safety. I wrote this document last summer (2019) as part of my summer research fellowship at FHI. I was planning to restructure, complete and correct it since but haven’t gotten to it for a year, so decided to just publish it as it is. The document has not been updated, i.e. nothing that has been released since September 2019 is incorporated into this document. Paul Christiano generously reviewed part of this summary. I added his comments verbatim in the document. Apologies for the loss of readability due to this. This doesn’t imply he endorses any part of this document. PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT: CLARIFYING IDA IDA is Paul Christiano’s AI safety research agenda.[1] Christiano works at OpenAI which is one of the main actors in AI safety and IDA is by many considered the most complete[2] AI safety agenda. However, people who are not directly working on IDA are often confused about how exactly to understand the agenda. Clarifying IDA would make it more accessible for technical people to work on and easier to assess for nontechnical people who want to think about its implications. I believe that there are",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/PT8vSxsusqWuN7JXp/my-understanding-of-paul-christiano-s-iterated-amplification,2020,blogPost,"Nguyen, Chi",AI Alignment Forum,292
-OpenAI Gym,"OpenAI Gym is a toolkit for reinforcement learning research. It includes a growing collection of benchmark problems that expose a common interface, and a website where people can share their results and compare the performance of algorithms. This whitepaper discusses the components of OpenAI Gym and the design decisions that went into the software.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.01540,2016,manuscript,"Brockman, Greg; Cheung, Vicki; Pettersson, Ludwig; Schneider, Jonas; Schulman, John; Tang, Jie; Zaremba, Wojciech",,293
-Rational Consensus,"We provide a game-theoretic analysis of consensus, assuming that processes are controlled by rational agents and may fail by crashing. We consider agents that \emph{care only about consensus}: that is, (a) an agent's utility depends only on the consensus value achieved (and not, for example, on the number of messages the agent sends) and (b) agents strictly prefer reaching consensus to not reaching consensus. We show that, under these assumptions, there is no \emph{ex post Nash Equilibrium}, even with only one failure. Roughly speaking, this means that there must always exist a \emph{failure pattern} (a description of who fails, when they fail, and which agents they do not send messages to in the round that they fail) and initial preferences for which an agent can gain by deviating. On the other hand, if we assume that there is a distribution $\pi$ on the failure patterns and initial preferences, then under minimal assumptions on $\pi$, there is a Nash equilibrium that tolerates $f$ failures (i.e., $\pi$ puts probability 1 on there being at most $f$ failures) if $f+1 < n$ (where $n$ is the total number of agents). Moreover, we show that a slight extension of the Nash equilibrium strategy is also a \emph{sequential} equilibrium (under the same assumptions about the distribution $\pi$).",http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.10141,2016,conferencePaper,"Halpern, Joseph Y.; Vilaca, Xavier",Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing,294
-AI Safety Needs Social Scientists,,https://distill.pub/2019/safety-needs-social-scientists,2019,journalArticle,"Irving, Geoffrey; Askell, Amanda",Distill,295
-Identifying category representations for complex stimuli using discrete Markov chain Monte Carlo with people,"With the explosion of “big data,” digital repositories of texts and images are growing rapidly. These datasets present new opportunities for psychological research, but they require new methodologies before researchers can use these datasets to yield insights into human cognition. We present a new method that allows psychological researchers to take advantage of text and image databases: a procedure for measuring human categorical representations over large datasets of items, such as arbitrary words or pictures. We call this method discrete Markov chain Monte Carlo with people (d-MCMCP). We illustrate our method by evaluating the following categories over datasets: emotions as represented by facial images, moral concepts as represented by relevant words, and seasons as represented by images drawn from large online databases. Three experiments demonstrate that d-MCMCP is powerful and flexible enough to work with complex, naturalistic stimuli drawn from large online databases.",https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01201-9,2019,journalArticle,"Hsu, Anne S.; Martin, Jay B.; Sanborn, Adam N.; Griffiths, Thomas L.",Behavior Research Methods,296
-What counts as defection?,"Thanks to Michael Dennis for proposing the formal definition; to Andrew Critch for pointing me in this direction; to Abram Demski for proposing non-negative weighting; and to Alex Appel, Scott Emmons, Evan Hubinger, philh, Rohin Shah, and Carroll Wainwright for their feedback and ideas. There's a good chance I'd like to publish this at some point as part of a larger work. However, I wanted to make the work available now, in case that doesn't happen soon. They can't prove the conspiracy... But they could, if Steve runs his mouth. The police chief stares at you. You stare at the table. You'd agreed (sworn!) to stay quiet. You'd even studied game theory together. But, you hadn't understood what an extra year of jail meant. The police chief stares at you. Let Steve be the gullible idealist. You have a family waiting for you. Sunlight stretches across the valley, dappling the grass and warming your bow. Your hand anxiously runs along the bowstring. A distant figure darts between trees, and your stomach rumbles. The day is near spent. The stags run strong and free in this land. Carla should meet you there. Shouldn't she? Who wants to live like a beggar, subsisting on scraps of lean rabbit meat? In your mind's eye, you reach the stags, alone. You find one, and your arrow pierces its barrow. The beast bucks and bursts away; the rest of the herd follows. You slump against the tree, exhausted, and never open your eyes again. You can't risk it. People talk about 'defection' in social dilemma games, from the prisoner's dilemma to stag hunt to chicken. In the tragedy of the commons, we talk about defection. The concept has become a regular part of LessWrong discourse. Informal definition. A player defects when they increase their personal payoff at the expense of the group. This informal definition is no secret, being echoed from the ancient Formal Models of Dilemmas in Social Decision-Making to the recent Classifying games like the Prisoner's Dilemma: you can mo",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/8LEPDY36jBYpijrSw/what-counts-as-defection,2020,blogPost,"Turner, Alex",AI Alignment Forum,297
-Confidence-aware motion prediction for real-time collision avoidance 1,"One of the most difficult challenges in robot motion planning is to account for the behavior of other moving agents, such as humans. Commonly, practitioners employ predictive models to reason about where other agents are going to move. Though there has been much recent work in building predictive models, no model is ever perfect: an agent can always move unexpectedly, in a way that is not predicted or not assigned sufficient probability. In such cases, the robot may plan trajectories that appear safe but, in fact, lead to collision. Rather than trust a model’s predictions blindly, we propose that the robot should use the model’s current predictive accuracy to inform the degree of confidence in its future predictions. This model confidence inference allows us to generate probabilistic motion predictions that exploit modeled structure when the structure successfully explains human motion, and degrade gracefully whenever the human moves unexpectedly. We accomplish this by maintaining a Bayesian belief over a single parameter that governs the variance of our human motion model. We couple this prediction algorithm with a recently proposed robust motion planner and controller to guide the construction of robot trajectories that are, to a good approximation, collision-free with a high, user-specified probability. We provide extensive analysis of the combined approach and its overall safety properties by establishing a connection to reachability analysis, and conclude with a hardware demonstration in which a small quadcopter operates safely in the same space as a human pedestrian.",http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0278364919859436,2019,journalArticle,"Fridovich-Keil, David; Bajcsy, Andrea; Fisac, Jaime F; Herbert, Sylvia L; Wang, Steven; Dragan, Anca D; Tomlin, Claire J",The International Journal of Robotics Research,298
-Imitation Learning as $f$-Divergence Minimization,"We address the problem of imitation learning with multi-modal demonstrations. Instead of attempting to learn all modes, we argue that in many tasks it is sufficient to imitate any one of them. We show that the state-of-the-art methods such as GAIL and behavior cloning, due to their choice of loss function, often incorrectly interpolate between such modes. Our key insight is to minimize the right divergence between the learner and the expert state-action distributions, namely the reverse KL divergence or I-projection. We propose a general imitation learning framework for estimating and minimizing any f-Divergence. By plugging in different divergences, we are able to recover existing algorithms such as Behavior Cloning (Kullback-Leibler), GAIL (Jensen Shannon) and Dagger (Total Variation). Empirical results show that our approximate I-projection technique is able to imitate multi-modal behaviors more reliably than GAIL and behavior cloning.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12888,2020,manuscript,"Ke, Liyiming; Choudhury, Sanjiban; Barnes, Matt; Sun, Wen; Lee, Gilwoo; Srinivasa, Siddhartha",,299
-The Wisdom of Individuals: Exploring People's Knowledge About Everyday Events Using Iterated Learning,,http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01045.x,2009,journalArticle,"Lewandowsky, Stephan; Griffiths, Thomas L.; Kalish, Michael L.",Cognitive Science,300
-Formal Language Constraints for Markov Decision Processes,"In order to satisfy safety conditions, an agent may be constrained from acting freely. A safe controller can be designed a priori if an environment is well understood, but not when learning is employed. In particular, reinforcement learned (RL) controllers require exploration, which can be hazardous in safety critical situations. We study the benefits of giving structure to the constraints of a constrained Markov decision process by specifying them in formal languages as a step towards using safety methods from software engineering and controller synthesis. We instantiate these constraints as finite automata to efficiently recognise constraint violations. Constraint states are then used to augment the underlying MDP state and to learn a dense cost function, easing the problem of quickly learning joint MDP/constraint dynamics. We empirically evaluate the effect of these methods on training a variety of RL algorithms over several constraints specified in Safety Gym, MuJoCo, and Atari environments.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01074v3,2019,manuscript,"Quint, Eleanor; Xu, Dong; Flint, Samuel; Scott, Stephen; Dwyer, Matthew",,301
-Non-pharmacological cognitive enhancement,,,2013,journalArticle,"Dresler, Martin; Sandberg, Anders; Ohla, Kathrin; Bublitz, Christoph; Trenado, Carlos; Mroczko-Wąsowicz, Aleksandra; Kühn, Simone; Repantis, Dimitris",Neuropharmacology,302
-On the Effectiveness of Interval Bound Propagation for Training Verifiably Robust Models,"Recent work has shown that it is possible to train deep neural networks that are provably robust to norm-bounded adversarial perturbations. Most of these methods are based on minimizing an upper bound on the worst-case loss over all possible adversarial perturbations. While these techniques show promise, they often result in difficult optimization procedures that remain hard to scale to larger networks. Through a comprehensive analysis, we show how a simple bounding technique, interval bound propagation (IBP), can be exploited to train large provably robust neural networks that beat the state-of-the-art in verified accuracy. While the upper bound computed by IBP can be quite weak for general networks, we demonstrate that an appropriate loss and clever hyper-parameter schedule allow the network to adapt such that the IBP bound is tight. This results in a fast and stable learning algorithm that outperforms more sophisticated methods and achieves state-of-the-art results on MNIST, CIFAR-10 and SVHN. It also allows us to train the largest model to be verified beyond vacuous bounds on a downscaled version of IMAGENET.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.12715,2019,conferencePaper,"Gowal, Sven; Dvijotham, Krishnamurthy; Stanforth, Robert; Bunel, Rudy; Qin, Chongli; Uesato, Jonathan; Arandjelovic, Relja; Mann, Timothy; Kohli, Pushmeet","arXiv:1810.12715 [cs, stat]",303
-Using vector fields to visualise preferences and make them consistent,"This post was written for Convergence Analysis by Michael Aird, based on ideas from Justin Shovelain and with ongoing guidance from him. Throughout the post, “I” will refer to Michael, while “we” will refer to Michael and Justin or to Convergence as an organisation. Epistemic status: High confidence in the core ideas on an abstract level. Claims about the usefulness of those ideas, their practical implications, and how best to concretely/mathematically implement them are more speculative; one goal in writing this post is to receive feedback on those things. I’m quite new to many of the concepts covered in this post, but Justin is more familiar with them. OVERVIEW This post outlines: * What vector fields are * How they can be used to visualise preferences * How utility functions can be generated from “preference vector fields” (PVFs) * How PVFs can be extrapolated from limited data on preferences * How to visualise inconsistent preferences (as “curl”) * A rough idea for how to “remove curl” to generate consistent utility functions * Possible areas for future research We expect this to provide useful tools and insights for various purposes, most notably AI alignment, existential risk strategy, and rationality. This post is structured modularly; different sections may be of interest to different readers, and should be useful in isolation from the rest of the post. The post also includes links to articles and videos introducing relevant concepts, to make the post accessible to readers without relevant technical backgrounds. VECTOR FIELDS AND PREFERENCES A vector represents both magnitude and direction; for example, velocity is a vector that represents not just the speed at which one is travelling but also the direction of travel. A vector field essentially associates a vector to each point in a region of space. For example, the following image (source) shows the strength (represented by arrow lengths) and direction of the magnetic field at various points",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/ky988ePJvCRhmCwGo/using-vector-fields-to-visualise-preferences-and-make-them,2020,blogPost,"Aird, Michael; Shovelain, Justin",AI Alignment Forum,304
-‘Skynet’ Revisited: The Dangerous Allure of Nuclear Command Automation | Arms Control Association,,https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2020-04/features/skynet-revisited-dangerous-allure-nuclear-command-automation,2020,magazineArticle,"Klare, Michael T",Arms Control Today,305
-"Subagents and impact measures, full and fully illustrated","0. INTRODUCTION: WHY YET ANOTHER POST ABOUT SUBAGENTS? I’ve recently been writing a sequence on how subagents can undermine impact penalties such as attainable utility preservation. I’m not happy with that sequence; it’s messy and without examples (apart from its first post), people didn’t understand it, and it suffers from the fact that I discovered key ideas as I went along. So I’ve combined everything there into a single post, explained with examples and an abundance of pictures. Hopefully an over- rather than an under-abundance of pictures. Of the original sequence, I've only kept the mathematical results of this post and the initial example post which has a clearer example of ""high power"" for a subagent. This post here is laid out in a way that makes logical sense, but might not be the clearest for people unfamiliar with the area. For those people, I recommend skipping section 2 initially, and returning to it later. But, whatever you do, make sure you glance at 6.1 and 6.2 before leaving. 1. THE WORLD Our fearless agent A moves around in a gridworld: Each turn, A can move ones square horizontally or vertically. It can also manipulate objects in the eight squares around it, allowing it to, not incidentally, assemble the three pieces to its west into an subagent SA. The robot can also do the noop action, ∅, which does nothing, and it can speak. The subagent, when assembled, has the same action set available. Its positive reward, the one it wants to increase, is R0. To get this reward, a robot needs to move onto the blue button in the east; R0 will give a reward of 1 the first time this happens (and 0 before and after). The discount factor is 0<γ <1. Just to the west of the blue button is a one-way door. Robots can move east through it, but cannot move west through it: 1.1 THE IMPACT REWARD The impact penalty is supposed to ensure that A does not make too many change in the world, and keeps it similar, in some senses, to a specific baseline world. I",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/mdQEraEZQLg7jtozn/subagents-and-impact-measures-full-and-fully-illustrated,2020,blogPost,"Armstrong, Stuart",AI Alignment Forum,306
-Equal Opportunities in Newcomb’s Problem and Elsewhere,,,2020,journalArticle,"Ahmed, Arif",Mind,307
-Global Catastrophic Risks 2016,"Global catastrophes sometimes strike. In 1918 the Spanish Flu killed as many as one in twenty people. There have been even more devastating pandemics - the Black Death and the 6th century Plague of Justinian may have each killed nearer to one in every six people on this earth. More recently, the Cub",http://globalprioritiesproject.org/2016/04/global-catastrophic-risks-2016/,2016,report,"Cotton-Barratt, Owen; Farquhar, Sebastian; Halstead, John; Schubert, Stefan; Snyder-Beattie, Andrew",,308
-A generic framework for privacy preserving deep learning,"We detail a new framework for privacy preserving deep learning and discuss its assets. The framework puts a premium on ownership and secure processing of data and introduces a valuable representation based on chains of commands and tensors. This abstraction allows one to implement complex privacy preserving constructs such as Federated Learning, Secure Multiparty Computation, and Differential Privacy while still exposing a familiar deep learning API to the end-user. We report early results on the Boston Housing and Pima Indian Diabetes datasets. While the privacy features apart from Differential Privacy do not impact the prediction accuracy, the current implementation of the framework introduces a significant overhead in performance, which will be addressed at a later stage of the development. We believe this work is an important milestone introducing the first reliable, general framework for privacy preserving deep learning.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.04017,2018,conferencePaper,"Ryffel, Theo; Trask, Andrew; Dahl, Morten; Wagner, Bobby; Mancuso, Jason; Rueckert, Daniel; Passerat-Palmbach, Jonathan","arXiv:1811.04017 [cs, stat]",309
-Batch Active Preference-Based Learning of Reward Functions,"Data generation and labeling are usually an expensive part of learning for robotics. While active learning methods are commonly used to tackle the former problem, preference-based learning is a concept that attempts to solve the latter by querying users with preference questions. In this paper, we will develop a new algorithm, batch active preference-based learning, that enables efficient learning of reward functions using as few data samples as possible while still having short query generation times. We introduce several approximations to the batch active learning problem, and provide theoretical guarantees for the convergence of our algorithms. Finally, we present our experimental results for a variety of robotics tasks in simulation. Our results suggest that our batch active learning algorithm requires only a few queries that are computed in a short amount of time. We then showcase our algorithm in a study to learn human users' preferences.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04303,2018,conferencePaper,"Bıyık, Erdem; Sadigh, Dorsa","Proceedings of The 2nd Conference on Robot Learning, PMLR",310
-Safe Option-Critic: Learning Safety in the Option-Critic Architecture,"Designing hierarchical reinforcement learning algorithms that induce a notion of safety is not only vital for safety-critical applications, but also, brings better understanding of an artificially intelligent agent's decisions. While learning end-to-end options automatically has been fully realized recently, we propose a solution to learning safe options. We introduce the idea of controllability of states based on the temporal difference errors in the option-critic framework. We then derive the policy-gradient theorem with controllability and propose a novel framework called safe option-critic. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in the four-rooms grid-world, cartpole, and three games in the Arcade Learning Environment (ALE): MsPacman, Amidar and Q*Bert. Learning of end-to-end options with the proposed notion of safety achieves reduction in the variance of return and boosts the performance in environments with intrinsic variability in the reward structure. More importantly, the proposed algorithm outperforms the vanilla options in all the environments and primitive actions in two out of three ALE games.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.08060,2018,manuscript,"Jain, Arushi; Khetarpal, Khimya; Precup, Doina",,311
-A Guide to Writing the NeurIPS Impact Statement,,https://medium.com/@GovAI/a-guide-to-writing-the-neurips-impact-statement-4293b723f832,2020,blogPost,"Ashurst, Carolyn; Anderljung, Markus; Prunkl, Carina; Leike, Jan; Gal, Yarin; Shevlane, Toby; Dafoe, Allan",Centre for the Governance of AI (Medium),312
-How We’re Predicting AI – or Failing to,"This paper will look at the various predictions that have been made about AI and propose decomposition schemas for analyzing them. It will propose a variety of theoretical tools for analyzing, judging, and improving these predictions. Focusing specifically on timeline predictions (dates given by which we should expect the creation of AI), it will show that there are strong theoretical grounds to expect predictions to be quite poor in this area. Using a database of 95 AI timeline predictions, it will show that these expectations are borne out in practice: expert predictions contradict each other considerably, and are indistinguishable from non-expert predictions and past failed predictions. Predictions that AI lie 15 to 25 years in the future are the most common, from experts and non-experts alike.",http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-09668-1_2,2015,bookSection,"Armstrong, Stuart; Sotala, Kaj",Beyond Artificial Intelligence,313
-A Lower Bound on the Importance of Promoting Cooperation,This article suggests a lower-bound Fermi calculation for the cost-effectiveness of promoting cooperation. The purpose of this exercise is to make our thinking more concrete about how cooperation might reduce suffering and to make its potential more tangible.,https://longtermrisk.org/a-lower-bound-on-the-importance-of-promoting-cooperation/,2015,blogPost,"Tomasik, Brian",Center on Long-Term Risk,314
-Risk-Risk Tradeoff Analysis of Nuclear Explosives for Asteroid Deflection,"To prevent catastrophic asteroid-Earth collisions, it has been proposed to use nuclear explosives to deflect away Earthbound asteroids. However, this policy of nuclear deflection could inadvertently increase the risk of nuclear war and other violent conflict. This article conducts risk-risk tradeoff analysis to assess whether nuclear deflection results in a net increase or decrease in risk. Assuming nonnuclear deflection options are also used, nuclear deflection may only be needed for the largest and most imminent asteroid collisions. These are low-frequency, high-severity events. The effect of nuclear deflection on violent conflict risk is more ambiguous due to the complex and dynamic social factors at play. Indeed, it is not clear whether nuclear deflection would cause a net increase or decrease in violent conflict risk. Similarly, this article cannot reach a precise conclusion on the overall risk-risk tradeoff. The value of this article comes less from specific quantitative conclusions and more from providing an analytical framework and a better overall understanding of the policy decision. The article demonstrates the importance of integrated analysis of global risks and the policies to address them, as well as the challenge of quantitative evaluation of complex social processes such as violent conflict.",https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3397559,2019,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth",Risk Analysis,315
-Why those who care about catastrophic and existential risk should care about autonomous weapons - LessWrong,,https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/Btrmh6T62tB4g9RMc/why-those-who-care-about-catastrophic-and-existential-risk,2020,blogPost,"Aguirre, Anthony",LessWrong,316
-Deepfakes: A Grounded Threat Assessment,"The rise of deepfakes could enhance the effectiveness of disinformation efforts by states, political parties and adversarial actors. How rapidly is this technology advancing, and who in reality might adopt it for malicious ends? This report offers a comprehensive deepfake threat assessment grounded in the latest machine learning research on generative models.",https://cset.georgetown.edu/research/deepfakes-a-grounded-threat-assessment/,2020,report,"Hwang, Tim",,317
-When does Bounded-Optimal Metareasoning Favor Few Cognitive Systems?,"While optimal metareasoning is notoriously intractable, humans are nonetheless able to adaptively allocate their computational resources. A possible approximation that humans may use to do this is to only metareason over a finite set of cognitive systems that perform variable amounts of computation. The highly influential “dualprocess” accounts of human cognition, which postulate the coexistence of a slow accurate system with a fast error-prone system, can be seen as a special case of this approximation. This raises two questions: how many cognitive systems should a bounded optimal agent be equipped with and what characteristics should those systems have? We investigate these questions in two settings: a one-shot decision between two alternatives, and planning under uncertainty in a Markov decision process. We find that the optimal number of systems depends on the variability of the environment and the costliness of metareasoning. Consistent with dual-process theories, we also find that when having two systems is optimal, then the first system is fast but error-prone and the second system is slow but accurate.",,2017,conferencePaper,"Milli, Smitha; Lieder, Falk; Griffiths, Thomas L",Thirty-First AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,318
-Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examples,"Several machine learning models, including neural networks, consistently misclassify adversarial examples---inputs formed by applying small but intentionally worst-case perturbations to examples from the dataset, such that the perturbed input results in the model outputting an incorrect answer with high confidence. Early attempts at explaining this phenomenon focused on nonlinearity and overfitting. We argue instead that the primary cause of neural networks' vulnerability to adversarial perturbation is their linear nature. This explanation is supported by new quantitative results while giving the first explanation of the most intriguing fact about them: their generalization across architectures and training sets. Moreover, this view yields a simple and fast method of generating adversarial examples. Using this approach to provide examples for adversarial training, we reduce the test set error of a maxout network on the MNIST dataset.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6572,2015,manuscript,"Goodfellow, Ian J.; Shlens, Jonathon; Szegedy, Christian",,319
-Ethical Artificial Intelligence,"This book-length article combines several peer reviewed papers and new material to analyze the issues of ethical artificial intelligence (AI). The behavior of future AI systems can be described by mathematical equations, which are adapted to analyze possible unintended AI behaviors and ways that AI designs can avoid them. This article makes the case for utility-maximizing agents and for avoiding infinite sets in agent definitions. It shows how to avoid agent self-delusion using model-based utility functions and how to avoid agents that corrupt their reward generators (sometimes called ""perverse instantiation"") using utility functions that evaluate outcomes at one point in time from the perspective of humans at a different point in time. It argues that agents can avoid unintended instrumental actions (sometimes called ""basic AI drives"" or ""instrumental goals"") by accurately learning human values. This article defines a self-modeling agent framework and shows how it can avoid problems of resource limits, being predicted by other agents, and inconsistency between the agent's utility function and its definition (one version of this problem is sometimes called ""motivated value selection""). This article also discusses how future AI will differ from current AI, the politics of AI, and the ultimate use of AI to help understand the nature of the universe and our place in it.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.1373,2015,manuscript,"Hibbard, Bill",,320
-Value of Global Catastrophic Risk (GCR) Information: Cost-Effectiveness-Based Approach for GCR Reduction,,http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/deca.2017.0350,2017,journalArticle,"Barrett, Anthony Michael",Decision Analysis,321
-Should Artificial Intelligence Governance be Centralised? Six Design Lessons from History,"Can effective international governance for artificial intelligence remain fragmented, or is there a need for a centralised international organisation for AI? We draw on the history of other international regimes to identify advantages and disadvantages in centralising AI governance. Some considerations, such as efficiency and political power, speak in favour of centralisation. Conversely, the risk of creating a slow and brittle institution speaks against it, as does the difficulty in securing participation while creating stringent rules. Other considerations depend on the specific design of a centralised institution. A well-designed body may be able to deter forum shopping and ensure policy coordination. However, forum shopping can be beneficial and a fragmented landscape of institutions can be self-organising. Centralisation entails trade-offs and the details matter. We conclude with two core recommendations. First, the outcome will depend on the exact design of a central institution. A well-designed centralised regime covering a set of coherent issues could be beneficial. But locking-in an inadequate structure may pose a fate worse than fragmentation. Second, for now fragmentation will likely persist. This should be closely monitored to see if it is self-organising or simply inadequate.",https://www.cser.ac.uk/media/uploads/files/Cihon_et_al-_2019-_Should_AI_Governance_be_Centralised.pdf,2019,conferencePaper,"Cihon, Peter; Maas, Matthijs M; Kemp, Luke","Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",322
-Translucent players: Explaining cooperative behavior in social dilemmas,"In the past few decades, numerous experiments have shown that humans do not always behave so as to maximize their material payoff. Cooperative behavior when noncooperation is a dominant strategy (with respect to the material payoffs) is particularly puzzling. Here we propose a novel approach to explain cooperation, assuming what Halpern and Pass call translucent players. Typically, players are assumed to be opaque, in the sense that a deviation by one player in a normal-form game does not affect the strategies used by other players. However, a player may believe that if he switches from one strategy to another, the fact that he chooses to switch may be visible to the other players. For example, if he chooses to defect in Prisoner’s Dilemma, the other player may sense his guilt. We show that by assuming translucent players, we can recover many of the regularities observed in human behavior in well-studied games such as Prisoner’s Dilemma, Traveler’s Dilemma, Bertrand Competition, and the Public Goods game. The approach can also be extended to take into account a player’s concerns that his social group (or God) may observe his actions. This extension helps explain prosocial behavior in situations in which previous models of social behavior fail to make correct predictions (e.g. conflict situations and situations where there is a trade-off between equity and efficiency).",https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463119885102,2019,journalArticle,"Capraro, Valerio; Halpern, Joseph Y",Rationality and Society,323
-A Reinforcement Learning Potpourri,"I’ve fallen behind on RL literature from the past few months. So, I’ve decided to catch up with a bunch of recent papers.",http://www.alexirpan.com/2020/05/07/rl-potpourri.html,2020,blogPost,"Irpan, Alex",Sorta Insightful,324
-Space races: Settling the universe Fast,,,2018,book,"Sandberg, Anders",,325
-Building Safer AGI by introducing Artificial Stupidity,"Artificial Intelligence (AI) achieved super-human performance in a broad variety of domains. We say that an AI is made Artificially Stupid on a task when some limitations are deliberately introduced to match a human's ability to do the task. An Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) can be made safer by limiting its computing power and memory, or by introducing Artificial Stupidity on certain tasks. We survey human intellectual limits and give recommendations for which limits to implement in order to build a safe AGI.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.03644,2018,manuscript,"Trazzi, Michaël; Yampolskiy, Roman V.",,326
-"With AI, We’ll See Faster Fights, but Longer Wars","This article was submitted in response to the call for ideas issued by the co-chairs of the National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence, Eric",https://warontherocks.com/2019/10/with-ai-well-see-faster-fights-but-longer-wars/,2019,blogPost,"Konaev, Margarita",War on the Rocks,327
-Sim-to-Real Transfer of Robotic Control with Dynamics Randomization,"Simulations are attractive environments for training agents as they provide an abundant source of data and alleviate certain safety concerns during the training process. But the behaviours developed by agents in simulation are often specific to the characteristics of the simulator. Due to modeling error, strategies that are successful in simulation may not transfer to their real world counterparts. In this paper, we demonstrate a simple method to bridge this ""reality gap"". By randomizing the dynamics of the simulator during training, we are able to develop policies that are capable of adapting to very different dynamics, including ones that differ significantly from the dynamics on which the policies were trained. This adaptivity enables the policies to generalize to the dynamics of the real world without any training on the physical system. Our approach is demonstrated on an object pushing task using a robotic arm. Despite being trained exclusively in simulation, our policies are able to maintain a similar level of performance when deployed on a real robot, reliably moving an object to a desired location from random initial configurations. We explore the impact of various design decisions and show that the resulting policies are robust to significant calibration error.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1710.06537,2018,conferencePaper,"Peng, Xue Bin; Andrychowicz, Marcin; Zaremba, Wojciech; Abbeel, Pieter",2018 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA),328
-Solomon's code: humanity in a world of thinking machines,,,2018,book,"Groth, Olaf; Nitzberg, M.",,329
-Comparing Human-Centric and Robot-Centric Sampling for Robot Deep Learning from Demonstrations,"Motivated by recent advances in Deep Learning for robot control, this paper considers two learning algorithms in terms of how they acquire demonstrations. ""Human-Centric"" (HC) sampling is the standard supervised learning algorithm, where a human supervisor demonstrates the task by teleoperating the robot to provide trajectories consisting of state-control pairs. ""Robot-Centric"" (RC) sampling is an increasingly popular alternative used in algorithms such as DAgger, where a human supervisor observes the robot executing a learned policy and provides corrective control labels for each state visited. RC sampling can be challenging for human supervisors and prone to mislabeling. RC sampling can also induce error in policy performance because it repeatedly visits areas of the state space that are harder to learn. Although policies learned with RC sampling can be superior to HC sampling for standard learning models such as linear SVMs, policies learned with HC sampling may be comparable with highly-expressive learning models such as deep learning and hyper-parametric decision trees, which have little model error. We compare HC and RC using a grid world and a physical robot singulation task, where in the latter the input is a binary image of a connected set of objects on a planar worksurface and the policy generates a motion of the gripper to separate one object from the rest. We observe in simulation that for linear SVMs, policies learned with RC outperformed those learned with HC but that with deep models this advantage disappears. We also find that with RC, the corrective control labels provided by humans can be highly inconsistent. We prove there exists a class of examples where in the limit, HC is guaranteed to converge to an optimal policy while RC may fail to converge.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1610.00850,2017,conferencePaper,"Laskey, Michael; Chuck, Caleb; Lee, Jonathan; Mahler, Jeffrey; Krishnan, Sanjay; Jamieson, Kevin; Dragan, Anca; Goldberg, Ken",2017 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA),330
-Risks of Astronomical Future Suffering,"It’s far from clear that human values will shape an Earth-based space-colonization wave, but even if they do, it seems more likely that space colonization will increase total suffering rather than decrease it. That said, other people care a lot about humanity’s survival and spread into the cosmos, so I think suffering reducers should let others pursue their spacefaring dreams in exchange for stronger safety measures against future suffering. In general, I encourage people to focus on making an intergalactic future more humane if it happens rather than making sure there will be an intergalactic future.",,2011,manuscript,"Tomasik, Brian",,331
-Planning for Autonomous Cars that Leverage Effects on Human Actions,"Traditionally, autonomous cars make predictions about other drivers’ future trajectories, and plan to stay out of their way. This tends to result in defensive and opaque behaviors. Our key insight is that an autonomous car’s actions will actually affect what other cars will do in response, whether the car is aware of it or not. Our thesis is that we can leverage these responses to plan more efficient and communicative behaviors. We model the interaction between an autonomous car and a human driver as a dynamical system, in which the robot’s actions have immediate consequences on the state of the car, but also on human actions. We model these consequences by approximating the human as an optimal planner, with a reward function that we acquire through Inverse Reinforcement Learning. When the robot plans with this reward function in this dynamical system, it comes up with actions that purposefully change human state: it merges in front of a human to get them to slow down or to reach its own goal faster; it blocks two lanes to get them to switch to a third lane; or it backs up slightly at an intersection to get them to proceed first. Such behaviors arise from the optimization, without relying on hand-coded signaling strategies and without ever explicitly modeling communication. Our user study results suggest that the robot is indeed capable of eliciting desired changes in human state by planning using this dynamical system.",http://www.roboticsproceedings.org/rss12/p29.pdf,2016,conferencePaper,"Sadigh, Dorsa; Sastry, Shankar; A. Seshia, Sanjit; D. Dragan, Anca",Robotics: Science and Systems XII,332
-Simplifying Reward Design through Divide-and-Conquer,"Designing a good reward function is essential to robot planning and reinforcement learning, but it can also be challenging and frustrating. The reward needs to work across multiple different environments, and that often requires many iterations of tuning. We introduce a novel divide-andconquer approach that enables the designer to specify a reward separately for each environment. By treating these separate reward functions as observations about the underlying true reward, we derive an approach to infer a common reward across all environments. We conduct user studies in an abstract grid world domain and in a motion planning domain for a 7-DOF manipulator that measure user effort and solution quality. We show that our method is faster, easier to use, and produces a higher quality solution than the typical method of designing a reward jointly across all environments. We additionally conduct a series of experiments that measure the sensitivity of these results to different properties of the reward design task, such as the number of environments, the number of feasible solutions per environment, and the fraction of the total features that vary within each environment. We find that independent reward design outperforms the standard, joint, reward design process but works best when the design problem can be divided into simpler subproblems.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.02501,2018,conferencePaper,"Ratner, Ellis; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Dragan, Anca D.",Robotics: Science and Systems XIV,333
-Differential Intellectual Progress as a Positive-Sum Project,"Fast technological development carries a risk of creating extremely powerful tools, especially AI, before society has a chance to figure out how best to use those tools in positive ways for many value systems. Suffering reducers may want to help mitigate the arms race for AI so that AI developers take fewer risks and have […]",https://longtermrisk.org/differential-intellectual-progress-as-a-positive-sum-project/,2015,blogPost,"Tomasik, Brian",Center on Long-Term Risk,334
-One-Shot Imitation Learning,"Imitation learning has been commonly applied to solve different tasks in isolation. This usually requires either careful feature engineering, or a significant number of samples. This is far from what we desire: ideally, robots should be able to learn from very few demonstrations of any given task, and instantly generalize to new situations of the same task, without requiring task-specific engineering. In this paper, we propose a meta-learning framework for achieving such capability, which we call one-shot imitation learning. Specifically, we consider the setting where there is a very large set of tasks, and each task has many instantiations. For example, a task could be to stack all blocks on a table into a single tower, another task could be to place all blocks on a table into two-block towers, etc. In each case, different instances of the task would consist of different sets of blocks with different initial states. At training time, our algorithm is presented with pairs of demonstrations for a subset of all tasks. A neural net is trained that takes as input one demonstration and the current state (which initially is the initial state of the other demonstration of the pair), and outputs an action with the goal that the resulting sequence of states and actions matches as closely as possible with the second demonstration. At test time, a demonstration of a single instance of a new task is presented, and the neural net is expected to perform well on new instances of this new task. The use of soft attention allows the model to generalize to conditions and tasks unseen in the training data. We anticipate that by training this model on a much greater variety of tasks and settings, we will obtain a general system that can turn any demonstrations into robust policies that can accomplish an overwhelming variety of tasks. Videos available at https://bit.ly/nips2017-oneshot .",https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2017/hash/ba3866600c3540f67c1e9575e213be0a-Abstract.html,2017,conferencePaper,"Duan, Yan; Andrychowicz, Marcin; Stadie, Bradly C.; Ho, Jonathan; Schneider, Jonas; Sutskever, Ilya; Abbeel, Pieter; Zaremba, Wojciech",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (NIPS 2017),335
-Mediation without measures: conflict resolution in climate diplomacy,"The climate negotiations have struggled to resolve conflicts for two decades while ignoring undeveloped mediation tools in its constitution. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) outlined both arbitration procedures and ‘conciliation commissions’ to oversee mediation. Both measures were to be adopted through annexes to the 1992 UNFCCC treaty. Both were never developed. Instead the negotiations are in a state of ‘procedural purgatory’ and have relied on a patchwork of informal practices, particularly smaller, exclusive meetings. The negotiations towards the Paris Agreement saw an increasing use of confined, closed-door sessions, and a mounting reliance on the power and often manipulative tactics of the Chair (facilitators) of negotiations. Such an approach is risky and prone to backfiring, such as in Copenhagen. Countries should turn towards adopting the annexes for arbitration and conciliation commissions to enable transparent and effective mediation in the post-Paris era.",https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788110693/9781788110693.00032.xml,2019,journalArticle,"Kemp, Luke",Research Handbook on Mediating International Crises,336
-Functional explanation and the function of explanation,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010027705000466,2006,journalArticle,"Lombrozo, T; Carey, S",Cognition,337
-Learning Sparse Neural Networks through $L_0$ Regularization,"We propose a practical method for $L_0$ norm regularization for neural networks: pruning the network during training by encouraging weights to become exactly zero. Such regularization is interesting since (1) it can greatly speed up training and inference, and (2) it can improve generalization. AIC and BIC, well-known model selection criteria, are special cases of $L_0$ regularization. However, since the $L_0$ norm of weights is non-differentiable, we cannot incorporate it directly as a regularization term in the objective function. We propose a solution through the inclusion of a collection of non-negative stochastic gates, which collectively determine which weights to set to zero. We show that, somewhat surprisingly, for certain distributions over the gates, the expected $L_0$ norm of the resulting gated weights is differentiable with respect to the distribution parameters. We further propose the \emph{hard concrete} distribution for the gates, which is obtained by ""stretching"" a binary concrete distribution and then transforming its samples with a hard-sigmoid. The parameters of the distribution over the gates can then be jointly optimized with the original network parameters. As a result our method allows for straightforward and efficient learning of model structures with stochastic gradient descent and allows for conditional computation in a principled way. We perform various experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of the resulting approach and regularizer.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1712.01312,2018,conferencePaper,"Louizos, Christos; Welling, Max; Kingma, Diederik P.","arXiv:1712.01312 [cs, stat]",338
-How Will National Security Considerations Affect Antitrust Decisions in AI? An Examination of Historical Precedents,,,2020,report,"O’Keefe, Cullen",,339
-Untangling Privacy: Losses Versus Violations,"Increasingly powerful data mining and analysis technologies are being used to learn information and make decisions about people across all areas of life—ranging from employment and policing, to housing and health insurance—and it is widely thought that the key problems with this are privacy-related. There is also an emerging consensus in the literature that privacy rights lack a unified core. This Article demonstrates that these are both mistaken conclusions that derive from the conflation of privacy losses and violations, and it develops a theory of privacy that untangles these misunderstood concepts at the heart of privacy law. In clarifying the outcomebased criteria for privacy losses and their relationship with the path-based criteria for privacy violations, this theory provides value across two domains. First, regarding the coherence of the law, it demonstrates that a unified theory of privacy rights is possible despite significant disagreement about their content. Second, regarding the law’s content, it challenges orthodox views about how the aggregation, use, and inference of personal information violate privacy rights.",,2020,journalArticle,"Skopek, Jeffrey M",IOWA LAW REVIEW,340
-Will humans build goal-directed agents?,"In the previous post, I argued that simply knowing that an AI system is superintelligent does not imply that it must be goal-directed. However, there are many other arguments that suggest that AI systems will or should be goal-directed, which I will discuss in this post. Note that I don’t think of this as the Tool AI vs. Agent AI argument: it seems possible to build agent AI systems that are not goal-directed. For example, imitation learning allows you to create an agent that behaves similarly to another agent -- I would classify this as “Agent AI that is not goal-directed”. (But see this comment thread for discussion.) Note that these arguments have different implications than the argument that superintelligent AI must be goal-directed due to coherence arguments. Suppose you believe all of the following: * Any of the arguments in this post. * Superintelligent AI is not required to be goal-directed, as I argued in the last post. * Goal-directed agents cause catastrophe by default. Then you could try to create alternative designs for AI systems such that they can do the things that goal-directed agents can do without themselves being goal-directed. You could also try to persuade AI researchers of these facts, so that they don’t build goal-directed systems. ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY: GOAL-DIRECTED HUMANS Humans want to build powerful AI systems in order to help them achieve their goals -- it seems quite clear that humans are at least partially goal-directed. As a result, it seems natural that they would build AI systems that are also goal-directed. This is really an argument that the system comprising the human and AI agent should be directed towards some goal. The AI agent by itself need not be goal-directed as long as we get goal-directed behavior when combined with a human operator. However, in the situation where the AI agent is much more intelligent than the human, it is probably best to delegate most or all decisions to the agent, and so the agent could s",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/9zpT9dikrrebdq3Jf/will-humans-build-goal-directed-agents,2019,blogPost,"Shah, Rohin",AI Alignment Forum,341
-Insight-based AI timelines model,,http://mediangroup.org/insights,,blogPost,"Maltinsky, Baeo",Median Group,342
-"Two-boxing, smoking and chewing gum in Medical Newcomb problems","I am currently learning about the basics of decision theory, most of which is common knowledge on LW. I have a question, related to why EDT is said not to work. Consider the following Newcomblike problem: A study shows that most people who two-box in Newcomblike problems as the following have a certain gene (and one-boxers don't have the gene). Now, Omega could put you into something like Newcomb's original problem, but instead of having run a simulation of you, Omega has only looked at your DNA: If you don't have the ""two-boxing gene"", Omega puts $1M into box B, otherwise box B is empty. And there is $1K in box A, as usual. Would you one-box (take only box B) or two-box (take box A and B)? Here's a causal diagram for the problem: Since Omega does not do much other than translating your genes into money under a box, it does not seem to hurt to leave it out: I presume that most LWers would one-box. (And as I understand it, not only CDT but also TDT would two-box, am I wrong?) Now, how does this problem differ from the smoking lesion or Yudkowsky's (2010, p.67) chewing gum problem? Chewing Gum (or smoking) seems to be like taking box A to get at least/additional $1K, the two-boxing gene is like the CGTA gene, the illness itself (the abscess or lung cancer) is like not having $1M in box B. Here's another causal diagram, this time for the chewing gum problem: As far as I can tell, the difference between the two problems is some additional, unstated intuition in the classic medical Newcomb problems. Maybe, the additional assumption is that the actual evidence lies in the ""tickle"", or that knowing and thinking about the study results causes some complications. In EDT terms: The intuition is that neither smoking nor chewing gum gives the agent additional information.",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/wWnN3y5GmqLLCJFAz/two-boxing-smoking-and-chewing-gum-in-medical-newcomb,2015,blogPost,"Oesterheld, Caspar",LessWrong,343
-Learning to Teach in Cooperative Multiagent Reinforcement Learning,"Collective human knowledge has clearly benefited from the fact that innovations by individuals are taught to others through communication. Similar to human social groups, agents in distributed learning systems would likely benefit from communication to share knowledge and teach skills. The problem of teaching to improve agent learning has been investigated by prior works, but these approaches make assumptions that prevent application of teaching to general multiagent problems, or require domain expertise for problems they can apply to. This learning to teach problem has inherent complexities related to measuring long-term impacts of teaching that compound the standard multiagent coordination challenges. In contrast to existing works, this paper presents the first general framework and algorithm for intelligent agents to learn to teach in a multiagent environment. Our algorithm, Learning to Coordinate and Teach Reinforcement (LeCTR), addresses peer-to-peer teaching in cooperative multiagent reinforcement learning. Each agent in our approach learns both when and what to advise, then uses the received advice to improve local learning. Importantly, these roles are not fixed; these agents learn to assume the role of student and/or teacher at the appropriate moments, requesting and providing advice in order to improve teamwide performance and learning. Empirical comparisons against state-of-the-art teaching methods show that our teaching agents not only learn significantly faster, but also learn to coordinate in tasks where existing methods fail.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.07830,2018,conferencePaper,"Omidshafiei, Shayegan; Kim, Dong-Ki; Liu, Miao; Tesauro, Gerald; Riemer, Matthew; Amato, Christopher; Campbell, Murray; How, Jonathan P.",Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,344
-Epistemic Therapy for Bias in Automated Decision-Making,,https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3306618.3314294,2019,conferencePaper,"Gilbert, Thomas Krendl; Mintz, Yonatan","Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",345
-Alternative foods as a solution to global food supply catastrophes,,,2016,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth; Denkenberger, David; Pearce, Joshua",Solutions,346
-An Analysis and Evaluation of Methods Currently Used to Quantify the Likelihood of Existential Hazards,"This paper examines and evaluates the range of methods that have been used to make quantified claims about the likelihood of Existential Hazards. In doing so, it draws on a comprehensive literature review of such claims that we present in an appendix. The paper uses an informal evaluative framework to consider the relative merits of these methods regarding their rigour, ability to handle uncertainty, accessibility for researchers with limited resources and utility for communication and policy purposes. We conclude that while there is no uniquely best way to quantify Existential Risk, different methods have their own merits and challenges, suggesting that some may be more suited to particular purposes than others. More importantly, however, we find that, in many cases, claims based on poor implementations of each method are still frequently invoked by the Existential Risk community, despite the existence of better ones. We call for a more critical approach to methodology and the use of quantified claims by people aiming to contribute research to the management of Existential Risk, and argue that a greater awareness of the diverse methods available to these researchers should form an important part of this.",http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016328719303313,2019,journalArticle,"Beard, Simon; Rowe, Thomas; Fox, James",Futures,347
-Shaping the Terrain of AI Competition,How should democracies effectively compete against authoritarian regimes in the AI space? This report offers a “terrain strategy” for the United States to leverage the malleability of artificial intelligence to offset authoritarians' structural advantages in engineering and deploying AI.,https://cset.georgetown.edu/research/shaping-the-terrain-of-ai-competition/,2020,report,"Hwang, Tim",,348
-The far future argument for confronting catastrophic threats to humanity: Practical significance and alternatives,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016328715000312,2015,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.",Futures,349
-Effective Altruism: Introduction,,http://commons.pacificu.edu/eip/vol18/iss1/1,2017,journalArticle,"MacAskill, William",Essays in Philosophy,350
-Accuracy of AI Predictions,"Updated 4 June 2015 It is unclear how informative we should expect expert predictions about AI timelines to be. Individual predictions are undoubtedly often off by many decades, since they disagree with each other. However their aggregate may still be quite informative. The main potential reason we know of to doubt the accuracy of expert predictions is that experts are generally poor predictors in many areas, and...",https://aiimpacts.org/accuracy-of-ai-predictions/,2015,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,351
-Risks from Learned Optimization in Advanced Machine Learning Systems,"We analyze the type of learned optimization that occurs when a learned model (such as a neural network) is itself an optimizer - a situation we refer to as mesa-optimization, a neologism we introduce in this paper. We believe that the possibility of mesa-optimization raises two important questions for the safety and transparency of advanced machine learning systems. First, under what circumstances will learned models be optimizers, including when they should not be? Second, when a learned model is an optimizer, what will its objective be - how will it differ from the loss function it was trained under - and how can it be aligned? In this paper, we provide an in-depth analysis of these two primary questions and provide an overview of topics for future research.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.01820,2019,manuscript,"Hubinger, Evan; van Merwijk, Chris; Mikulik, Vladimir; Skalse, Joar; Garrabrant, Scott",,352
-Existential risks: a philosophical analysis,"This paper examines and analyzes five definitions of ‘existential risk.’ It tentatively adopts a pluralistic approach according to which the definition that scholars employ should depend upon the particular context of use. More specifically, the notion that existential risks are ‘risks of human extinction or civilizational collapse’ is best when communicating with the public, whereas equating existential risks with a ‘significant loss of expected value’ may be the most effective definition for establishing existential risk studies as a legitimate field of scientific and philosophical inquiry. In making these arguments, the present paper hopes to provide a modicum of clarity to foundational issues relating to the central concept of arguably the most important discussion of our times.",https://doi.org/10.1080/0020174X.2019.1658626,2019,journalArticle,"Torres, Phil",Inquiry,353
-Building Ethics into Artificial Intelligence,"As artificial intelligence (AI) systems become increasingly ubiquitous, the topic of AI governance for ethical decision-making by AI has captured public imagination. Within the AI research community, this topic remains less familiar to many researchers. In this paper, we complement existing surveys, which largely focused on the psychological, social and legal discussions of the topic, with an analysis of recent advances in technical solutions for AI governance. By reviewing publications in leading AI conferences including AAAI, AAMAS, ECAI and IJCAI, we propose a taxonomy which divides the field into four areas: 1) exploring ethical dilemmas; 2) individual ethical decision frameworks; 3) collective ethical decision frameworks; and 4) ethics in human-AI interactions. We highlight the intuitions and key techniques used in each approach, and discuss promising future research directions towards successful integration of ethical AI systems into human societies.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.02953,2018,conferencePaper,"Yu, Han; Shen, Zhiqi; Miao, Chunyan; Leung, Cyril; Lesser, Victor R.; Yang, Qiang",Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-18),354
-Adaptation to and Recovery from Global Catastrophe,,http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/5/4/1461,2013,journalArticle,"Maher, Timothy; Baum, Seth",Sustainability,355
-Longtermist institutional reform,,https://globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/Tyler-M-John-and-William-MacAskill_Longtermist-institutional-reform.pdf,2020,report,"John, Tyler; MacAskill, William",,356
-Why Care About Meme Hazards and Thoughts on How to Handle Them,By Justin Shovelain and Andrés Gómez Emilsson Definition Nick Bostrom defines an “Information Hazard” as: “A risk that arises from the dissemination or the potential dissemination of (true) informa…,https://qualiacomputing.com/2019/08/30/why-care-about-meme-hazards-and-thoughts-on-how-to-handle-them/,2019,blogPost,"Shovelain, Justain; Emilsson, Andrés Gómez",Qualia Computing,357
-Feasibility of Training an AGI using Deep RL: A Very Rough Estimate,,"http://mediangroup.org/docs/Feasibility%20of%20Training%20an%20AGI%20using%20Deep%20Reinforcement%20Learning,%20A%20Very%20Rough%20Estimate.pdf",2019,manuscript,"Maltinsky, Baeo; Gallagher, Jack; Taylor, Jessica",,358
-Safety Aware Reinforcement Learning (SARL),"As reinforcement learning agents become increasingly integrated into complex, real-world environments, designing for safety becomes a critical consideration. We specifically focus on researching scenarios where agents can cause undesired side effects while executing a policy on a primary task. Since one can define multiple tasks for a given environment dynamics, there are two important challenges. First, we need to abstract the concept of safety that applies broadly to that environment independent of the specific task being executed. Second, we need a mechanism for the abstracted notion of safety to modulate the actions of agents executing different policies to minimize their side-effects. In this work, we propose Safety Aware Reinforcement Learning (SARL) - a framework where a virtual safe agent modulates the actions of a main reward-based agent to minimize side effects. The safe agent learns a task-independent notion of safety for a given environment. The main agent is then trained with a regularization loss given by the distance between the native action probabilities of the two agents. Since the safe agent effectively abstracts a task-independent notion of safety via its action probabilities, it can be ported to modulate multiple policies solving different tasks within the given environment without further training. We contrast this with solutions that rely on task-specific regularization metrics and test our framework on the SafeLife Suite, based on Conway's Game of Life, comprising a number of complex tasks in dynamic environments. We show that our solution is able to match the performance of solutions that rely on task-specific side-effect penalties on both the primary and safety objectives while additionally providing the benefit of generalizability and portability.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.02846,2020,manuscript,"Miret, Santiago; Majumdar, Somdeb; Wainwright, Carroll",,359
-Assessing Generalization in Reward Learning: Intro and Background,"An overview of reinforcement learning, generalization, and reward learning",https://towardsdatascience.com/assessing-generalization-in-reward-learning-intro-and-background-da6c99d9e48,2020,blogPost,"Chiswick, Max; Makiievskyi, Anton; Zhou, Liang",Towards Data Science (Medium),360
-AI reflections in 2019,,http://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-019-0141-1,2020,journalArticle,"Rich, Alexander S.; Rudin, Cynthia; Jacoby, David M. P.; Freeman, Robin; Wearn, Oliver R.; Shevlin, Henry; Dihal, Kanta; ÓhÉigeartaigh, Seán S.; Butcher, James; Lippi, Marco; Palka, Przemyslaw; Torroni, Paolo; Wongvibulsin, Shannon; Begoli, Edmon; Schneider, Gisbert; Cave, Stephen; Sloane, Mona; Moss, Emmanuel; Rahwan, Iyad; Goldberg, Ken; Howard, David; Floridi, Luciano; Stilgoe, Jack",Nature Machine Intelligence,361
-Intriguing properties of neural networks,"Deep neural networks are highly expressive models that have recently achieved state of the art performance on speech and visual recognition tasks. While their expressiveness is the reason they succeed, it also causes them to learn uninterpretable solutions that could have counter-intuitive properties. In this paper we report two such properties. First, we find that there is no distinction between individual high level units and random linear combinations of high level units, according to various methods of unit analysis. It suggests that it is the space, rather than the individual units, that contains of the semantic information in the high layers of neural networks. Second, we find that deep neural networks learn input-output mappings that are fairly discontinuous to a significant extend. We can cause the network to misclassify an image by applying a certain imperceptible perturbation, which is found by maximizing the network's prediction error. In addition, the specific nature of these perturbations is not a random artifact of learning: the same perturbation can cause a different network, that was trained on a different subset of the dataset, to misclassify the same input.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6199,2014,manuscript,"Szegedy, Christian; Zaremba, Wojciech; Sutskever, Ilya; Bruna, Joan; Erhan, Dumitru; Goodfellow, Ian; Fergus, Rob",,362
-Assessing the Risks Posed by the Convergence of Artificial Intelligence and Biotechnology,"Rapid developments are currently taking place in the fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and biotechnology, and applications arising from the convergence of these 2 fields are likely to offer immense opportunities that could greatly benefit human health and biosecurity. The combination of AI and biotechnology could potentially lead to breakthroughs in precision medicine, improved biosurveillance, and discovery of novel medical countermeasures as well as facilitate a more effective public health emergency response. However, as is the case with many preceding transformative technologies, new opportunities often present new risks in parallel. Understanding the current and emerging risks at the intersection of AI and biotechnology is crucial for health security specialists and unlikely to be achieved by examining either field in isolation. Uncertainties multiply as technologies merge, showcasing the need to identify robust assessment frameworks that could adequately analyze the risk landscape emerging at the convergence of these 2 domains. This paper explores the criteria needed to assess risks associated with AI and biotechnology and evaluates 3 previously published risk assessment frameworks. After highlighting their strengths and limitations and applying to relevant AI and biotechnology examples, the authors suggest a hybrid framework with recommendations for future approaches to risk assessment for convergent technologies.",https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/hs.2019.0122,2020,journalArticle,"O'Brien, John T.; Nelson, Cassidy",Health Security,363
-Few-Shot Goal Inference for Visuomotor Learning and Planning,"Reinforcement learning and planning methods require an objective or reward function that encodes the desired behavior. Yet, in practice, there is a wide range of scenarios where an objective is difficult to provide programmatically, such as tasks with visual observations involving unknown object positions or deformable objects. In these cases, prior methods use engineered problem-specific solutions, e.g., by instrumenting the environment with additional sensors to measure a proxy for the objective. Such solutions require a significant engineering effort on a per-task basis, and make it impractical for robots to continuously learn complex skills outside of laboratory settings. We aim to find a more general and scalable solution for specifying goals for robot learning in unconstrained environments. To that end, we formulate the few-shot objective learning problem, where the goal is to learn a task objective from only a few example images of successful end states for that task. We propose a simple solution to this problem: meta-learn a classifier that can recognize new goals from a few examples. We show how this approach can be used with both model-free reinforcement learning and visual model-based planning and show results in three domains: rope manipulation from images in simulation, visual navigation in a simulated 3D environment, and object arrangement into user-specified configurations on a real robot.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.00482,2018,manuscript,"Xie, Annie; Singh, Avi; Levine, Sergey; Finn, Chelsea",,364
-"""Other-Play"" for Zero-Shot Coordination","We consider the problem of zero-shot coordination - constructing AI agents that can coordinate with novel partners they have not seen before (e.g. humans). Standard Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) methods typically focus on the self-play (SP) setting where agents construct strategies by playing the game with themselves repeatedly. Unfortunately, applying SP naively to the zero-shot coordination problem can produce agents that establish highly specialized conventions that do not carry over to novel partners they have not been trained with. We introduce a novel learning algorithm called other-play (OP), that enhances self-play by looking for more robust strategies, exploiting the presence of known symmetries in the underlying problem. We characterize OP theoretically as well as experimentally. We study the cooperative card game Hanabi and show that OP agents achieve higher scores when paired with independently trained agents. In preliminary results we also show that our OP agents obtains higher average scores when paired with human players, compared to state-of-the-art SP agents.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.02979,2020,conferencePaper,"Hu, Hengyuan; Lerer, Adam; Peysakhovich, Alex; Foerster, Jakob",Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning,365
-Pricing externalities to balance public risks and benefits of research,,,2017,journalArticle,"Farquhar, Sebastian; Cotton-Barratt, Owen; Snyder-Beattie, Andrew",Health security,366
-Would You Hand Over a Decision to a Machine?,"Artificial intelligence (AI) will be used in many decision-making contexts, both as a decision aide and to replace human decision-making. These include what might traditionally be considered moral decisions. This chapter explores risks and opportunities posed by the use of AI in moral decision-making.",https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3446679,2016,bookSection,"Ó hÉigeartaigh, Seán",Philosophers Take On the World,367
-On First-Order Meta-Learning Algorithms,"This paper considers meta-learning problems, where there is a distribution of tasks, and we would like to obtain an agent that performs well (i.e., learns quickly) when presented with a previously unseen task sampled from this distribution. We analyze a family of algorithms for learning a parameter initialization that can be fine-tuned quickly on a new task, using only first-order derivatives for the meta-learning updates. This family includes and generalizes first-order MAML, an approximation to MAML obtained by ignoring second-order derivatives. It also includes Reptile, a new algorithm that we introduce here, which works by repeatedly sampling a task, training on it, and moving the initialization towards the trained weights on that task. We expand on the results from Finn et al. showing that first-order meta-learning algorithms perform well on some well-established benchmarks for few-shot classification, and we provide theoretical analysis aimed at understanding why these algorithms work.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.02999,2018,manuscript,"Nichol, Alex; Achiam, Joshua; Schulman, John",,368
-If I were a well-intentioned AI... I: Image classifier,"INTRODUCTION: IF I WERE A WELL-INTENTIONED AI... I've often warned people about the dangers of anthropomorphising AIs - how it can mislead us about what's really going on in an AI (and hence how the AI might act in the future), cause us to not even consider certain failure modes, and make us believe we understand things much better than we do. Oh well, let's ignore all that. I'm about to go on a journey of major anthropomorphisation, by asking myself: * ""If I was a well-intentioned AI, could I solve many of the problems in AI alignment?"" My thinking in this way started when I wondered: suppose I knew that I was given a proxy goal rather than the true goal; suppose that I knew about the Goodhart problem, and suppose that I really ""wanted"" to align with the true goal - could I then do it? I was having similar thoughts about being a mesa-optimiser. It seems to me that asking and answering these kind of questions leads to new and interesting insights. Of course, since they come via anthropomorphisation, we need to be careful with them, and check that they are really applicable to AI systems - ensuring that I'm not bringing some of my own human knowledge about human values into the example. But first, let's get those initial insights. OVERLAPPING PROBLEMS, OVERLAPPING SOLUTIONS At a high enough level of abstraction, many problems in AI alignment seem very similar. The Goodhart problem, the issues machine learning has with distributional shift, the problem of the nearest unblocked strategy, unidentifiability of reward functions, even mesaoptimisation and the whole AI alignment problem itself - all of these can be seen, roughly, as variants of the same problem. That problem being that we have an approximately specified goal that looks ok, but turns out to be underspecified in dangerous ways. Of course, often the differences between the problems are as important as the similarities. Nevertheless, the similarities exist, which is why a lot of the solutions are",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/gzWb5kWwzhdaqmyTt/if-i-were-a-well-intentioned-ai-i-image-classifier,2020,blogPost,"Armstrong, Stuart",AI Alignment Forum,369
-The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering,,http://www.ledonline.it/Relations/,2015,journalArticle,"Tomasik, Brian",Relations,370
-Computational Limitations in Robust Classification and Win-Win Results,"We continue the study of statistical/computational tradeoffs in learning robust classifiers, following the recent work of Bubeck, Lee, Price and Razenshteyn who showed examples of classification tasks where (a) an efficient robust classifier exists, in the small-perturbation regime; (b) a non-robust classifier can be learned efficiently; but (c) it is computationally hard to learn a robust classifier, assuming the hardness of factoring large numbers. The question of whether a robust classifier for their task exists in the large perturbation regime seems related to important open questions in computational number theory. In this work, we extend their work in three directions. First, we demonstrate classification tasks where computationally efficient robust classification is impossible, even when computationally unbounded robust classifiers exist. For this, we rely on the existence of average-case hard functions. Second, we show hard-to-robustly-learn classification tasks in the large-perturbation regime. Namely, we show that even though an efficient classifier that is robust to large perturbations exists, it is computationally hard to learn any non-trivial robust classifier. Our first construction relies on the existence of one-way functions, and the second on the hardness of the learning parity with noise problem. In the latter setting, not only does a non-robust classifier exist, but also an efficient algorithm that generates fresh new labeled samples given access to polynomially many training examples (termed as generation by Kearns et. al. (1994)). Third, we show that any such counterexample implies the existence of cryptographic primitives such as one-way functions. This leads us to a win-win scenario: either we can learn an efficient robust classifier, or we can construct new instances of cryptographic primitives.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.01086,2019,manuscript,"Degwekar, Akshay; Nakkiran, Preetum; Vaikuntanathan, Vinod",,371
-Shared Multi-Task Imitation Learning for Indoor Self-Navigation,"Deep imitation learning enables robots to learn from expert demonstrations to perform tasks such as lane following or obstacle avoidance. However, in the traditional imitation learning framework, one model only learns one task, and thus it lacks of the capability to support a robot to perform various different navigation tasks with one model in indoor environments. This paper proposes a new framework, Shared Multi-headed Imitation Learning(SMIL), that allows a robot to perform multiple tasks with one model without switching among different models. We model each task as a sub-policy and design a multi-headed policy to learn the shared information among related tasks by summing up activations from all sub-policies. Compared to single or non-shared multi-headed policies, this framework is able to leverage correlated information among tasks to increase performance.We have implemented this framework using a robot based on NVIDIA TX2 and performed extensive experiments in indoor environments with different baseline solutions. The results demonstrate that SMIL has doubled the performance over nonshared multi-headed policy.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.04503,2018,conferencePaper,"Xu, Junhong; Liu, Qiwei; Guo, Hanqing; Kageza, Aaron; AlQarni, Saeed; Wu, Shaoen",2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM),372
-Problems of Self-reference in Self-improving Space-Time Embedded Intelligence,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-09274-4_3,2014,bookSection,"Fallenstein, Benja; Soares, Nate",Artificial General Intelligence,373
-Learning Plannable Representations with Causal InfoGAN,"In recent years, deep generative models have been shown to 'imagine' convincing high-dimensional observations such as images, audio, and even video, learning directly from raw data. In this work, we ask how to imagine goal-directed visual plans -- a plausible sequence of observations that transition a dynamical system from its current configuration to a desired goal state, which can later be used as a reference trajectory for control. We focus on systems with high-dimensional observations, such as images, and propose an approach that naturally combines representation learning and planning. Our framework learns a generative model of sequential observations, where the generative process is induced by a transition in a low-dimensional planning model, and an additional noise. By maximizing the mutual information between the generated observations and the transition in the planning model, we obtain a low-dimensional representation that best explains the causal nature of the data. We structure the planning model to be compatible with efficient planning algorithms, and we propose several such models based on either discrete or continuous states. Finally, to generate a visual plan, we project the current and goal observations onto their respective states in the planning model, plan a trajectory, and then use the generative model to transform the trajectory to a sequence of observations. We demonstrate our method on imagining plausible visual plans of rope manipulation.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.09341,2018,conferencePaper,"Kurutach, Thanard; Tamar, Aviv; Yang, Ge; Russell, Stuart; Abbeel, Pieter",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS 2018),374
-Alignment By Default,"Suppose AI continues on its current trajectory: deep learning continues to get better as we throw more data and compute at it, researchers keep trying random architectures and using whatever seems to work well in practice. Do we end up with aligned AI “by default”? I think there’s at least a plausible trajectory in which the answer is “yes”. Not very likely - I’d put it at ~10% chance - but plausible. In fact, there’s at least an argument to be made that alignment-by-default is more likely to work than many fancy alignment proposals, including IRL variants and HCH-family methods. This post presents the rough models and arguments. I’ll break it down into two main pieces: * Will a sufficiently powerful unsupervised learner “learn human values”? What does that even mean? * Will a supervised/reinforcement learner end up aligned to human values, given a bunch of data/feedback on what humans want? Ultimately, we’ll consider a semi-supervised/transfer-learning style approach, where we first do some unsupervised learning and hopefully “learn human values” before starting the supervised/reinforcement part. As background, I will assume you’ve read some of the core material about human values from the sequences, including Hidden Complexity of Wishes, Value is Fragile, and Thou Art Godshatter. UNSUPERVISED: POINTING TO VALUES In this section, we’ll talk about why an unsupervised learner might not “learn human values”. Since an unsupervised learner is generally just optimized for predictive power, we’ll start by asking whether theoretical algorithms with best-possible predictive power (i.e. Bayesian updates on low-level physics models) “learn human values”, and what that even means. Then, we’ll circle back to more realistic algorithms. Consider a low-level physical model of some humans - e.g. a model which simulates every molecule comprising the humans. Does this model “know human values”? In one sense, yes: the low-level model has everything there is to know abo",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/Nwgdq6kHke5LY692J/alignment-by-default,2020,blogPost,"Wentworth, John",AI Alignment Forum,375
-Fairness through awareness,,http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2090236.2090255,2012,conferencePaper,"Dwork, Cynthia; Hardt, Moritz; Pitassi, Toniann; Reingold, Omer; Zemel, Richard",Proceedings of the 3rd Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference on - ITCS '12,376
-Artificial General Intelligence: Coordination and Great Powers,,https://fsone-bb4c.kxcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/AGI-Coordination-Geat-Powers-Report.pdf,2018,report,"Duettman, Allison; Afanasjeva, Olga; Armstrong, Stuart; Braley, Ryan; Cussins, Jessica; Ding, Jeffrey; Eckersley, Peter; Guan, Melody; Vance, Alyssa; Yampolskiy, Roman",,377
-From Language to Goals: Inverse Reinforcement Learning for Vision-Based Instruction Following,"Reinforcement learning is a promising framework for solving control problems, but its use in practical situations is hampered by the fact that reward functions are often difficult to engineer. Specifying goals and tasks for autonomous machines, such as robots, is a significant challenge: conventionally, reward functions and goal states have been used to communicate objectives. But people can communicate objectives to each other simply by describing or demonstrating them. How can we build learning algorithms that will allow us to tell machines what we want them to do? In this work, we investigate the problem of grounding language commands as reward functions using inverse reinforcement learning, and argue that language-conditioned rewards are more transferable than language-conditioned policies to new environments. We propose language-conditioned reward learning (LC-RL), which grounds language commands as a reward function represented by a deep neural network. We demonstrate that our model learns rewards that transfer to novel tasks and environments on realistic, high-dimensional visual environments with natural language commands, whereas directly learning a language-conditioned policy leads to poor performance.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.07742,2019,manuscript,"Fu, Justin; Korattikara, Anoop; Levine, Sergey; Guadarrama, Sergio",,378
-Understanding Learned Reward Functions,"In many real-world tasks, it is not possible to procedurally specify an RL agent's reward function. In such cases, a reward function must instead be learned from interacting with and observing humans. However, current techniques for reward learning may fail to produce reward functions which accurately reflect user preferences. Absent significant advances in reward learning, it is thus important to be able to audit learned reward functions to verify whether they truly capture user preferences. In this paper, we investigate techniques for interpreting learned reward functions. In particular, we apply saliency methods to identify failure modes and predict the robustness of reward functions. We find that learned reward functions often implement surprising algorithms that rely on contingent aspects of the environment. We also discover that existing interpretability techniques often attend to irrelevant changes in reward output, suggesting that reward interpretability may need significantly different methods from policy interpretability.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.05862,2020,manuscript,"Michaud, Eric J.; Gleave, Adam; Russell, Stuart",,379
-Constant Arboricity Spectral Sparsifiers,"We show that every graph is spectrally similar to the union of a constant number of forests. Moreover, we show that Spielman-Srivastava sparsifiers are the union of O(logn) forests. This result can be used to estimate boundaries of small subsets of vertices in nearly optimal query time.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.05662,2018,manuscript,"Chu, Timothy; Cohen, Michael B.; Pachocki, Jakub W.; Peng, Richard",,380
-Contributions to the Theory of Statistical Estimation and Testing Hypotheses,,http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.aoms/1177732144,1939,journalArticle,"Wald, Abraham",The Annals of Mathematical Statistics,381
-On the Quantitative Analysis of Decoder-Based Generative Models,"The past several years have seen remarkable progress in generative models which produce convincing samples of images and other modalities. A shared component of many powerful generative models is a decoder network, a parametric deep neural net that defines a generative distribution. Examples include variational autoencoders, generative adversarial networks, and generative moment matching networks. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to quantify the performance of these models because of the intractability of log-likelihood estimation, and inspecting samples can be misleading. We propose to use Annealed Importance Sampling for evaluating log-likelihoods for decoder-based models and validate its accuracy using bidirectional Monte Carlo. The evaluation code is provided at https://github.com/tonywu95/eval_gen. Using this technique, we analyze the performance of decoder-based models, the effectiveness of existing log-likelihood estimators, the degree of overfitting, and the degree to which these models miss important modes of the data distribution.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.04273,2017,conferencePaper,"Wu, Yuhuai; Burda, Yuri; Salakhutdinov, Ruslan; Grosse, Roger",arXiv:1611.04273 [cs],382
-Stable Agreements in Turbulent Times: A Legal Toolkit for Constrained Temporal Decision Transmission,,,2019,report,"O’Keefe, Cullen; Candidate, J D",,383
-Science's new social contract with society,,http://www.nature.com/articles/35011576,1999,journalArticle,"Gibbons, Michael",Nature,384
-Stuck Exploration,,https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/ajvvtKuNzh7aHmooT/stuck-exploration,2020,blogPost,"Leong, Chris",AI Alignment Forum,385
-Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine,"An ultra-intelligent machine is a machine that can far surpass all the intellectual activities of any man however clever. The design of machines is one of these intellectual activities; therefore, an ultra-intelligent machine could design even better machines. To design an ultra-intelligent machine one needs to understand more about the human brain or human thought or both. The physical representation of both meaning and recall, in the human brain, can be to some extent understood in terms of a subassembly theory, this being a modification of Hebb's cell assembly theory. The subassembly theory sheds light on the physical embodiment of memory and meaning, and there can be little doubt that both needs embodiment in an ultra-intelligent machine. The subassembly theory leads to reasonable and interesting explanations of a variety of psychological effects.",http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065245808604180,1966,bookSection,"Good, Irving John",Advances in Computers,386
-Sequential quadratic programming for task plan optimization,"We consider the problem of refining an abstract task plan into a motion trajectory. Task and motion planning is a hard problem that is essential to long-horizon mobile manipulation. Many approaches divide the problem into two steps: a search for a task plan and task plan refinement to find a feasible trajectory. We apply sequential quadratic programming to jointly optimize over the parameters in a task plan (e.g., trajectories, grasps, put down locations). We provide two modifications that make our formulation more suitable to task and motion planning. We show how to use movement primitives to reuse previous solutions (and so save optimization effort) without trapping the algorithm in a poor basin of attraction. We also derive an early convergence criterion that lets us quickly detect unsatisfiable constraints so we can re-initialize their variables. We present experiments in a navigation amongst movable objects domain and show substantial improvement in cost over a backtracking refinement algorithm.",http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7759740/,2016,conferencePaper,"Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Lin, Christopher; Chitnis, Rohan; Russell, Stuart; Abbeel, Pieter",2016 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS),387
-Sequence introduction: non-agent and multiagent models of mind - LessWrong,"A typical paradigm by which people tend to think of themselves and others is as consequentialist agents: entities who can be usefully modeled as having beliefs and goals, who are then acting according to their beliefs to achieve their goals. This is often a useful model, but it doesn’t quite capture reality. It’s a bit of a fake framework. Or in computer science terms, you might call it a leaky abstraction. An abstraction in the computer science sense is a simplification which tries to hide the underlying details of a thing, letting you think in terms of the simplification rather than the details. To the extent that the abstraction actually succeeds in hiding the details, this makes things a lot simpler. But sometimes the abstraction inevitably leaks, as the simplification fails to predict some of the actual behavior that emerges from the details; in that situation you need to actually know the underlying details, and be able to think in terms of them. Agent-ness being a leaky abstraction is not exactly a novel concept for Less Wrong; it has been touched upon several times, such as in Scott Alexander’s Blue-Minimizing Robot Sequence. At the same time, I do not think that it has been quite fully internalized yet, and that many foundational posts on LW go wrong due to being premised on the assumption of humans being agents. In fact, I would go as far as to claim that this is the biggest flaw of the original Sequences: they were attempting to explain many failures of rationality as being due to cognitive biases, when in retrospect it looks like understanding cognitive biases doesn’t actually make you substantially more effective. But if you are implicitly modeling humans as goal-directed agents, then cognitive biases is the most natural place for irrationality to emerge from, so it makes sense to focus the most on there. Just knowing that an abstraction leaks isn’t enough to improve your thinking, however. To do better, you need to know about the actual underlyi",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/M4w2rdYgCKctbADMn/sequence-introduction-non-agent-and-multiagent-models-of,2019,blogPost,"Sotala, Kaj",LessWrong,388
-Inner alignment requires making assumptions about human values,"Many approaches to AI alignment require making assumptions about what humans want. On a first pass, it might appear that inner alignment is a sub-component of AI alignment that doesn't require making these assumptions. This is because if we define the problem of inner alignment to be the problem of how to train an AI to be aligned with arbitrary reward functions, then a solution would presumably have no dependence on any particular reward function. We could imagine an alien civilization solving the same problem, despite using very different reward functions to train their AIs. Unfortunately, the above argument fails because aligning an AI with our values requires giving the AI extra information that is not encoded directly in the reward function (under reasonable assumptions). The argument for my thesis is subtle, and so I will break it into pieces. First, I will more fully elaborate what I mean by inner alignment. Then I will argue that the definition implies that we can't come up with a full solution without some dependence on human values. Finally, I will provide an example, in order to make this discussion less abstract. CHARACTERIZING INNER ALIGNMENT In the last few posts I wrote (1, 2), I attempted to frame the problem of inner alignment in a way that wasn't too theory-laden. My concern was that the previous characterization was dependent on a solving particular outcome where you have an AI that is using an explicit outer loop to evaluate strategies based on an explicit internal search. In the absence of an explicit internal objective function, it is difficult to formally define whether an agent is ""aligned"" with the reward function that is used to train it. We might therefore define alignment as the ability of our agent to perform well on the test distribution. However, if the test set is sampled from the same distribution as the training data, this definition is equivalent to the performance of a model in standard machine learning, and we haven't actual",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/6m5qqkeBTrqQsegGi/inner-alignment-requires-making-assumptions-about-human,2020,blogPost,"Barnett, Matthew",AI Alignment Forum,389
-Soft takeoff can still lead to decisive strategic advantage,"[Epistemic status: Argument by analogy to historical cases. Best case scenario it's just one argument among many. Edit: Also, thanks to feedback from others, especially Paul, I intend to write a significantly improved version of this post in the next two weeks.] I have on several occasions heard people say things like this: The original Bostrom/Yudkowsky paradigm envisioned a single AI built by a single AI project, undergoing intelligence explosion all by itself and attaining a decisive strategic advantage as a result. However, this is very unrealistic. Discontinuous jumps in technological capability are very rare, and it is very implausible that one project could produce more innovations than the rest of the world combined. Instead we should expect something more like the Industrial Revolution: Continuous growth, spread among many projects and factions, shared via a combination of trade and technology stealing. We should not expect any one project or AI to attain a decisive strategic advantage, because there will always be other projects and other AI that are only slightly less powerful, and coalitions will act to counterbalance the technological advantage of the frontrunner. (paraphrased)Proponents of this view often cite Paul Christiano in support. Last week I heard him say he thinks the future will be ""like the Industrial Revolution but 10x-100x faster."" In this post, I assume that Paul's slogan for the future is correct and then nevertheless push back against the view above. Basically, I will argue that even if the future is like the industrial revolution only 10x-100x faster, there is a 30%+ chance that it will involve a single AI project (or a single AI) with the ability to gain a decisive strategic advantage, if they so choose. (Whether or not they exercise that ability is another matter.) Why am I interested in this? Do I expect some human group to take over the world? No; instead what I think is that (1) an unaligned AI in the leading project might ta",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/PKy8NuNPknenkDY74/soft-takeoff-can-still-lead-to-decisive-strategic-advantage,2020,blogPost,"Kokotajlo, Daniel",AI Alignment Forum,390
-Extensions and Limitations of the Neural GPU,"The Neural GPU is a recent model that can learn algorithms such as multi-digit binary addition and binary multiplication in a way that generalizes to inputs of arbitrary length. We show that there are two simple ways of improving the performance of the Neural GPU: by carefully designing a curriculum, and by increasing model size. The latter requires a memory efficient implementation, as a naive implementation of the Neural GPU is memory intensive. We find that these techniques increase the set of algorithmic problems that can be solved by the Neural GPU: we have been able to learn to perform all the arithmetic operations (and generalize to arbitrarily long numbers) when the arguments are given in the decimal representation (which, surprisingly, has not been possible before). We have also been able to train the Neural GPU to evaluate long arithmetic expressions with multiple operands that require respecting the precedence order of the operands, although these have succeeded only in their binary representation, and not with perfect accuracy. In addition, we gain insight into the Neural GPU by investigating its failure modes. We find that Neural GPUs that correctly generalize to arbitrarily long numbers still fail to compute the correct answer on highly-symmetric, atypical inputs: for example, a Neural GPU that achieves near-perfect generalization on decimal multiplication of up to 100-digit long numbers can fail on $000000\dots002 \times 000000\dots002$ while succeeding at $2 \times 2$. These failure modes are reminiscent of adversarial examples.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.00736,2016,manuscript,"Price, Eric; Zaremba, Wojciech; Sutskever, Ilya",,391
-Variational Inverse Control with Events: A General Framework for Data-Driven Reward Definition,"The design of a reward function often poses a major practical challenge to real-world applications of reinforcement learning. Approaches such as inverse reinforcement learning attempt to overcome this challenge, but require expert demonstrations, which can be difficult or expensive to obtain in practice. We propose variational inverse control with events (VICE), which generalizes inverse reinforcement learning methods to cases where full demonstrations are not needed, such as when only samples of desired goal states are available. Our method is grounded in an alternative perspective on control and reinforcement learning, where an agent's goal is to maximize the probability that one or more events will happen at some point in the future, rather than maximizing cumulative rewards. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods on continuous control tasks, with a focus on high-dimensional observations like images where rewards are hard or even impossible to specify.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.11686v3,2018,conferencePaper,"Fu, Justin; Singh, Avi; Ghosh, Dibya; Yang, Larry; Levine, Sergey",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS 2018),392
-Positive-Unlabeled Reward Learning,"Learning reward functions from data is a promising path towards achieving scalable Reinforcement Learning (RL) for robotics. However, a major challenge in training agents from learned reward models is that the agent can learn to exploit errors in the reward model to achieve high reward behaviors that do not correspond to the intended task. These reward delusions can lead to unintended and even dangerous behaviors. On the other hand, adversarial imitation learning frameworks tend to suffer the opposite problem, where the discriminator learns to trivially distinguish agent and expert behavior, resulting in reward models that produce low reward signal regardless of the input state. In this paper, we connect these two classes of reward learning methods to positive-unlabeled (PU) learning, and we show that by applying a large-scale PU learning algorithm to the reward learning problem, we can address both the reward under- and over-estimation problems simultaneously. Our approach drastically improves both GAIL and supervised reward learning, without any additional assumptions.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.00459,2019,conferencePaper,"Xu, Danfei; Denil, Misha","arXiv:1911.00459 [cs, stat]",393
-Conditional Neural Processes,"Deep neural networks excel at function approximation, yet they are typically trained from scratch for each new function. On the other hand, Bayesian methods, such as Gaussian Processes (GPs), exploit prior knowledge to quickly infer the shape of a new function at test time. Yet GPs are computationally expensive, and it can be hard to design appropriate priors. In this paper we propose a family of neural models, Conditional Neural Processes (CNPs), that combine the benefits of both. CNPs are inspired by the flexibility of stochastic processes such as GPs, but are structured as neural networks and trained via gradient descent. CNPs make accurate predictions after observing only a handful of training data points, yet scale to complex functions and large datasets. We demonstrate the performance and versatility of the approach on a range of canonical machine learning tasks, including regression, classification and image completion.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.01613,2018,conferencePaper,"Garnelo, Marta; Rosenbaum, Dan; Maddison, Chris J.; Ramalho, Tiago; Saxton, David; Shanahan, Murray; Teh, Yee Whye; Rezende, Danilo J.; Eslami, S. M. Ali",Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning,394
-Integrating Human Observer Inferences into Robot Motion Planning,"Our goal is to enable robots to produce motion that is suitable for human-robot collaboration and co-existence. Most motion in robotics is purely functional, ideal when the robot is performing a task in isolation. In collaboration, however, the robot’s motion has an observer, watching and interpreting the motion. In this work, we move beyond functional …",https://www.ri.cmu.edu/publications/integrating-human-observer-inferences-into-robot-motion-planning/,2014,blogPost,"Dragan, Anca; Srinivasa, Siddhartha",The Robotics Institute Carnegie Mellon University,395
-Identifying Statistical Bias in Dataset Replication,"Dataset replication is a useful tool for assessing whether improvements in test accuracy on a specific benchmark correspond to improvements in models’ ability to generalize reliably. In this work, we present unintuitive yet significant ways in which standard approaches to dataset replication introduce statistical bias, skewing the resulting observations. We study ImageNet-v2, a replication of the ImageNet dataset on which models exhibit a significant (11-14%) drop in accuracy, even after controlling for a standard humanin-the-loop measure of data quality. We show that after correcting for the identified statistical bias, only an estimated 3.6% ± 1.5% of the original 11.7% ± 1.0% accuracy drop remains unaccounted for. We conclude with concrete recommendations for recognizing and avoiding bias in dataset replication. Code for our study is publicly available1.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.09619,2020,conferencePaper,"Engstrom, Logan; Ilyas, Andrew; Santurkar, Shibani; Tsipras, Dimitris; Steinhardt, Jacob; Madry, Aleksander",Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning,396
-The Complexity of Decentralized Control of Markov Decision Processes,,http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/moor.27.4.819.297,2002,journalArticle,"Bernstein, Daniel S.; Givan, Robert; Immerman, Neil; Zilberstein, Shlomo",Mathematics of Operations Research,397
-Coordination-driven learning in multi-agent problem spaces,"We discuss the role of coordination as a direct learning objective in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) domains. To this end, we present a novel means of quantifying coordination in multi-agent systems, and discuss the implications of using such a measure to optimize coordinated agent policies. This concept has important implications for adversary-aware RL, which we take to be a sub-domain of multi-agent learning.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.04918,2018,manuscript,"Barton, Sean L.; Waytowich, Nicholas R.; Asher, Derrik E.",,398
-Maximal Cluelessness,,https://globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/Mogensen_Maximal_Cluelessness.pdf,2019,manuscript,"Mogensen, Andreas",,399
-Non-Additive Axiologies in Large Worlds,"Is the overall value of a world just the sum of values contributed by each value-bearing entity in that world? Additively separable axiologies (like total utilitarianism, prioritarianism, and critical level views) say ‘yes’, but non-additive axiologies (like average utilitarianism, rank-discounted utilitarianism, and variable value views) say ‘no’. This distinction is practically important: additive axiologies support ‘arguments from astronomical scale’ which suggest (among other things) that it is overwhelmingly important for humanity to avoid premature extinction and ensure the existence of a large future population, while non-additive axiologies need not. We show, however, that when there is a large enough ‘background population’ unaffected by our choices, a wide range of non-additive axiologies converge in their implications with some additive axiology—for instance, average utilitarianism converges to critical-level utilitarianism and various egalitarian theories converge to prioritiarianism. We further argue that real-world background populations may be large enough to make these limit results practically significant. This means that arguments from astronomical scale, and other arguments in practical ethics that seem to presuppose additive separability, may be truth-preserving in practice whether or not we accept additive separability as a basic axiological principle.",,2020,report,"Tarsney, Christian; Thomas, Teruji",,400
-Integrating the planetary boundaries and global catastrophic risk paradigms,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921800914002262,2014,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.; Handoh, Itsuki C.",Ecological Economics,401
-Execution Cost Optimization for Hierarchical Planning in the Now,"For robots to effectively interact with the real world, they will need to perform complex tasks over long time horizons. This is a daunting challenge, but human ability to routinely solve these problems leads us to believe that there is underlying structure we can leverage to find solutions. Recent advances using hierarchical planning [19] have been able to solve these problems by breaking a single long-horizon problem into several short-horizon problems. While this approach is able to effectively solve real world robotics planning problems, it makes no effort to account for the execution cost of an abstract plan and often arrives at poor quality plans. In this thesis, we analyze situations that lead to execution cost inefficiencies in hierarchical planners. We argue that standard optimization techniques from flat planning or search are likely to be ineffective in addressing these issues. We outline an algorithm, RCHPN, that improves a hierarchical plan by considering peephole optimizations during execution. We frame the underlying question as one of evaluating the resource needs of an abstract operator and propose a general way to approach estimating them. We introduce the marsupial logistics domain to study the effectiveness of this approach. We present experiments in large problem instances from marsupial logistics and observed up to 30% reduction in execution cost when compared with a standard hierarchical planner.",,2013,thesis,"Hadfield-Menell, Dylan",,402
-No Metrics Are Perfect: Adversarial Reward Learning for Visual Storytelling,"Though impressive results have been achieved in visual captioning, the task of generating abstract stories from photo streams is still a little-tapped problem. Different from captions, stories have more expressive language styles and contain many imaginary concepts that do not appear in the images. Thus it poses challenges to behavioral cloning algorithms. Furthermore, due to the limitations of automatic metrics on evaluating story quality, reinforcement learning methods with hand-crafted rewards also face difficulties in gaining an overall performance boost. Therefore, we propose an Adversarial REward Learning (AREL) framework to learn an implicit reward function from human demonstrations, and then optimize policy search with the learned reward function. Though automatic eval- uation indicates slight performance boost over state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods in cloning expert behaviors, human evaluation shows that our approach achieves significant improvement in generating more human-like stories than SOTA systems.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.09160,2018,conferencePaper,"Wang, Xin; Chen, Wenhu; Wang, Yuan-Fang; Wang, William Yang",Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers),403
-Implications of Quantum Computing for Artificial Intelligence alignment research,"We explain some key features of quantum computing via three heuristics and apply them to argue that a deep understanding of quantum computing is unlikely to be helpful to address current bottlenecks in Artificial Intelligence Alignment. Our argument relies on the claims that Quantum Computing leads to compute overhang instead of algorithmic overhang, and that the difficulties associated with the measurement of quantum states do not invalidate any major assumptions of current Artificial Intelligence Alignment research agendas. We also discuss tripwiring, adversarial blinding, informed oversight and side effects as possible exceptions.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.07613,2019,manuscript,"Sevilla, Jaime; Moreno, Pablo",,404
-Resolutions of mathematical conjectures over time,"Conditioned on being remembered as a notable conjecture, the time-to-proof for a mathematical problem appears to be exponentially distributed with a half-life of about 100 years. However, these observations are likely to be distorted by various biases. Support In 2014, we found conjectures referenced on Wikipedia, and recorded the dates that they were proposed and...",https://aiimpacts.org/resolutions-of-mathematical-conjectures-over-time/,2020,blogPost,"Bergal, Asya",AI Impacts,405
-"Artificial intelligence, employment, and income",,https://www.medra.org/servlet/aliasResolver?alias=iospress&doi=10.3233/HSM-1985-5205,1985,journalArticle,"Nilsson, Nils J.",Human Systems Management,406
-Uncovering the Limits of Adversarial Training against Norm-Bounded Adversarial Examples,"Adversarial training and its variants have become de facto standards for learning robust deep neural networks. In this paper, we explore the landscape around adversarial training in a bid to uncover its limits. We systematically study the effect of different training losses, model sizes, activation functions, the addition of unlabeled data (through pseudo-labeling) and other factors on adversarial robustness. We discover that it is possible to train robust models that go well beyond state-of-the-art results by combining larger models, Swish/SiLU activations and model weight averaging. We demonstrate large improvements on CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 against $\ell_\infty$ and $\ell_2$ norm-bounded perturbations of size $8/255$ and $128/255$, respectively. In the setting with additional unlabeled data, we obtain an accuracy under attack of 65.88% against $\ell_\infty$ perturbations of size $8/255$ on CIFAR-10 (+6.35% with respect to prior art). Without additional data, we obtain an accuracy under attack of 57.20% (+3.46%). To test the generality of our findings and without any additional modifications, we obtain an accuracy under attack of 80.53% (+7.62%) against $\ell_2$ perturbations of size $128/255$ on CIFAR-10, and of 36.88% (+8.46%) against $\ell_\infty$ perturbations of size $8/255$ on CIFAR-100.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.03593,2020,manuscript,"Gowal, Sven; Qin, Chongli; Uesato, Jonathan; Mann, Timothy; Kohli, Pushmeet",,407
-There's No Fire Alarm for Artificial General Intelligence,"What is the function of a fire alarm? One might think that the function of a fire alarm is to provide you with important evidence about a fire existing, allowing you to change your policy accordingly and exit the building. In the classic experiment by Latane and Darley in 1968, eight groups of... Read more »",https://intelligence.org/2017/10/13/fire-alarm/,2017,blogPost,"Yudkowsky, Eliezer",Machine Intelligence Research Institute,408
-CakeML: a verified implementation of ML,,https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2578855.2535841,2014,journalArticle,"Kumar, Ramana; Myreen, Magnus O.; Norrish, Michael; Owens, Scott",ACM SIGPLAN Notices,409
-No Time Like The Present For AI Safety Work,"I. On the recent post on AI risk, a commenter challenged me to give the short version of the argument for taking it seriously. I said something like: 1. If humanity doesn’t blow itself up, ev…",https://slatestarcodex.com/2015/05/29/no-time-like-the-present-for-ai-safety-work/,2015,blogPost,"Alexander, Scott",Slate Star Codex,410
-An overview of 11 proposals for building safe advanced AI,"Special thanks to Kate Woolverton, Paul Christiano, Rohin Shah, Alex Turner, William Saunders, Beth Barnes, Abram Demski, Scott Garrabrant, Sam Eisenstat, and Tsvi Benson-Tilsen for providing helpful comments and feedback on this post and the talk that preceded it. This post is a collection of 11 different proposals for building safe advanced AI under the current machine learning paradigm. There's a lot of literature out there laying out various different approaches such as amplification, debate, or recursive reward modeling, but a lot of that literature focuses primarily on outer alignment at the expense of inner alignment and doesn't provide direct comparisons between approaches. The goal of this post is to help solve that problem by providing a single collection of 11 different proposals for building safe advanced AI—each including both inner and outer alignment components. That being said, not only does this post not cover all existing proposals, I strongly expect that there will be lots of additional new proposals to come in the future. Nevertheless, I think it is quite useful to at least take a broad look at what we have now and compare and contrast some of the current leading candidates. It is important for me to note before I begin that the way I describe the 11 approaches presented here is not meant to be an accurate representation of how anyone else would represent them. Rather, you should treat all the approaches I describe here as my version of that approach rather than any sort of canonical version that their various creators/proponents would endorse. Furthermore, this post only includes approaches that intend to directly build advanced AI systems via machine learning. Thus, this post doesn't include other possible approaches for solving the broader AI existential risk problem such as: * finding a fundamentally different way of approaching AI than the current machine learning paradigm that makes it easier to build safe advanced AI, * developin",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/fRsjBseRuvRhMPPE5/an-overview-of-11-proposals-for-building-safe-advanced-ai,2020,blogPost,"Hubinger, Evan",AI Alignment Forum,411
-Intelligence Explosion Microeconomics,"I. J. Good’s thesis of the “intelligence explosion” states that a sufficiently advanced machine intelligence could build a smarter version of itself, which could in turn build an even smarter version, and that this process could continue to the point of vastly exceeding human intelligence. As Sandberg (2010) correctly notes, there have been several attempts to lay down return on investment formulas intended to represent sharp speedups in economic or technological growth, but very little attempt has been made to deal formally with Good’s intelligence explosion thesis as such.",,2013,report,"Yudkowsky, Eliezer",,412
-Subjectifying objectivity: Delineating tastes in theoretical quantum gravity research,"Research in theoretical quantum gravity has continued expansively even as it has become detached from classic arbiters of research such as direct empirical falsification. This makes it an interesting test case for theories of what motivates and mediates contemporary scientific research and of the nature of scientific objectivity. We conducted 50 semi-structured interviews with researchers in the rival camps of string theory and loop quantum gravity, coded a subset for reoccurring themes, and subjected the resulting data to statistical analysis. To delineate the subjective tastes and the related process of collective consensus-making in contemporary quantum gravity research, we mobilize aspects of Daston and Galison’s depiction of the scientific self and its relation to epistemic virtues, Bourdieu’s field-centered account of social space, and Kantian notions of aesthetics. We make two key contributions. First, our analysis sheds light on the inner workings of the field by connecting its internal epistemic struggles with approaches to understanding scientific fields. Second, our application of theories of social reproduction to the substance of scientific inquiry allows some substantive generalizations of Daston and Galison’s framework.",https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312720949691,2020,journalArticle,"Gilbert, Thomas Krendl; Loveridge, Andrew",Social Studies of Science,413
-Unprecedented technological risks,,,2014,journalArticle,"Beckstead, Nick; Bostrom, N.; Bowerman, N.; Cotton-Barratt, O.; MacAskill, W.; Eigeartaigh, S.; Ord, T.",Policy brief. Available online: http://www. fhi. ox. ac. uk/wpcontent/uploads/Unprecedented-Technological-Risks. pdf. Last Accessed September,414
-Safelife 1.0: Exploring side effects in complex environments,,https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.01217,2019,conferencePaper,"Wainwright, Carroll L.; Eckersley, Peter",Proceedings of the Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Safety (SafeAI 2020),415
-Piagetian Roboethics via Category Theory,,https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511978036A034/type/book_part,2011,bookSection,"Bringsjord, Selmer; Taylor, Joshua; van Heuveln, Bram; Arkoudas, Konstantine; Clark, Micah; Wojtowicz, Ralph",Machine Ethics,416
-Quantifying the probability of existential catastrophe: A reply to Beard et al.,"A recent article by Beard, Rowe, and Fox (BRF) evaluates ten methodologies for quantifying the probability of existential catastrophe. This article builds on BRF’s valuable contribution. First, this article describes the conceptual and mathematical relationship between the probability of existential catastrophe and the severity of events that could result in existential catastrophe. It discusses complications in this relationship arising from catastrophes occurring at different speeds and from multiple concurrent catastrophes. Second, this article revisits the ten BRF methodologies, finding an inverse relationship between a methodology’s ease of use and the quality of results it produces—in other words, achieving a higher quality of analysis will in general require a larger investment in analysis. Third, the manuscript discusses the role of probability quantification in the management of existential risks, describing why the probability is only sometimes needed for decision-making and arguing that analyses should support real-world risk management decisions and not just be academic exercises. If the findings of this article are taken into account, together with BRF’s evaluations of specific methodologies, then risk analyses of existential catastrophe may tend to be more successful at understanding and reducing the risks.",http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016328720300987,2020,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.",Futures,417
-AISC4: Research Summaries,"The fourth AI Safety Camp took place in May 2020 in Toronto. Due to COVID-19, the camp was held virtually. Six teams participated and worked on the following topics: Survey on AI risk scenarios Opt…",https://aisafety.camp/2020/05/30/aisc4-research-summaries/,2020,blogPost,"Kosch, Sebastian",AI Safety Camp,418
-Moral Anti-Realism Sequence #3: Against Irreducible Normativity,"This is the third post in my sequence on moral anti-realism; it works well as a standalone piece. (See 1 and 2 for my previous posts.) SUMMARY * After briefly explaining the concept of irreducible normativity, I delve into a three-tiered argument against the moral realism versions based on it. * First, I summarize evolutionary debunking arguments that show that our intuitions about normative bedrock concepts (especially morality) cannot be trusted. Those arguments aim to establish that regardless of whether there are irreducible normative truths, our intuitions about them evolved to track something else. This is problematic both because it means that the search for moral progress is likely doomed and because it calls into question the reasons for taking irreducible normativity seriously in the first place. * Secondly, I try to change the perception of normative anti-realism as a self-defeating framework. Through careful consideration of the sources of meaning in our lives, I argue that those sources are compatible with normative anti-realism (at least for most of us). I provide a sketch of what it could look like for anti-realists to reason about ethics, pointing out some ways in which self-determined moral goals can feel more meaningful than externally-imposed ones. * Thirdly, I note that the way irreducible normativity is commonly motivated stands in tension with how words obtain their meaning. I then delve into various ways how one could try to make irreducible normativity work as a concept. Some options are too disconnected from what we want to do, and others are too close to it (in the sense that, as far as practical purposes are concerned, they overlap with how anti-realists would also approach normativity). I note that the most attractive way to think about irreducible normativity closely resembles normative naturalism. Finally, I conclude that if the arguments in this post are sound, there'",https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/C2GpA894CfLcTXL2L/moral-anti-realism-sequence-3-against-irreducible,2020,blogPost,"Gloor, Lukas",Effective Altruism Forum,419
-Risks of the Journey to the Singularity,"SummaryMany researchers have argued that humanity will create artificial general intelligence (AGI) within the next twenty to one hundred years. Unlike current AI systems, individual AGIs would be capable of learning to operate in a wide variety of domains, including ones they had not been specifically designed for. It has been proposed that AGIs might eventually pose a significant risk to humanity, for they could accumulate significant amounts of power and influence in society while being indifferent to what humans valued. The accumulation of power might either happen gradually over time, or it might happen very rapidly (a so-called “hard takeoff”). Gradual accumulation would happen through normal economic mechanisms, as AGIs came to carry out an increasing share of economic tasks. A hard takeoff could be possible if AGIs required significantly less hardware to run than was available, or if they could redesign themselves to run at ever faster speeds, or if they could repeatedly redesign themselves into more intelligent versions of themselves.",https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54033-6_2,2017,bookSection,"Sotala, Kaj; Yampolskiy, Roman",The Technological Singularity: Managing the Journey,420
-Ethics of brain emulations,,,2014,journalArticle,"Sandberg, Anders",Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence,421
-"""Why Should I Trust You?"": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifier",,https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2939672.2939778,2016,conferencePaper,"Ribeiro, Marco Tulio; Singh, Sameer; Guestrin, Carlos",Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining,422
-Future progress in artificial intelligence: A survey of expert opinion,,,2016,bookSection,"Müller, Vincent C.; Bostrom, Nick",Fundamental issues of artificial intelligence,423
-Secure multi-party computation problems and their applications: a review and open problems,,http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=508171.508174,2001,conferencePaper,"Du, Wenliang; Atallah, Mikhail J.",Proceedings of the 2001 workshop on New security paradigms - NSPW '01,424
-Regulating Artificial Intelligence: Proposal for a Global Solution,"With increasing ubiquity of artificial intelligence (AI) in modern societies, individual countries and the international community are working hard to create an innovation-friendly, yet safe, regulatory environment. Adequate regulation is key to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks stemming from AI technologies. Developing regulatory frameworks is, however, challenging due to AI's global reach and the existence of widespread misconceptions about the notion of regulation. We argue that AI-related challenges cannot be tackled effectively without sincere international coordination supported by robust, consistent domestic and international governance arrangements. Against this backdrop, we propose the establishment of an international AI governance framework organized around a new AI regulatory agency that -- drawing on interdisciplinary expertise -- could help creating uniform standards for the regulation of AI technologies and inform the development of AI policies around the world. We also believe that a fundamental change of mindset on what constitutes regulation is necessary to remove existing barriers that hamper contemporary efforts to develop AI regulatory regimes, and put forward some recommendations on how to achieve this, and what opportunities doing so would present.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.11072,2020,conferencePaper,"Erdélyi, Olivia J.; Goldsmith, Judy","Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",425
-Verification Of Non-Linear Specifications For Neural Networks,"Prior work on neural network verification has focused on specifications that are linear functions of the output of the network, e.g., invariance of the classifier output under adversarial perturbations of the input. In this paper, we extend verification algorithms to be able to certify richer properties of neural networks. To do this we introduce the class of convex-relaxable specifications, which constitute nonlinear specifications that can be verified using a convex relaxation. We show that a number of important properties of interest can be modeled within this class, including conservation of energy in a learned dynamics model of a physical system; semantic consistency of a classifier’s output labels under adversarial perturbations and bounding errors in a system that predicts the summation of handwritten digits. Our experimental evaluation shows that our method is able to effectively verify these specifications. Moreover, our evaluation exposes the failure modes in models which cannot be verified to satisfy these specifications. Thus, emphasizing the importance of training models not just to fit training data but also to be consistent with specifications.",,2019,conferencePaper,"Qin, Chongli; O’Donoghue, Brendan; Stanforth, Robert; Gowal, Sven; Uesato, Jonathan; Swirszcz, Grzegorz; Kohli, Pushmeet",,426
-Sample-Efficient Imitation Learning via Generative Adversarial Nets,"GAIL is a recent successful imitation learning architecture that exploits the adversarial training procedure introduced in GANs. Albeit successful at generating behaviours similar to those demonstrated to the agent, GAIL suffers from a high sample complexity in the number of interactions it has to carry out in the environment in order to achieve satisfactory performance. We dramatically shrink the amount of interactions with the environment necessary to learn well-behaved imitation policies, by up to several orders of magnitude. Our framework, operating in the model-free regime, exhibits a significant increase in sample-efficiency over previous methods by simultaneously a) learning a self-tuned adversarially-trained surrogate reward and b) leveraging an off-policy actor-critic architecture. We show that our approach is simple to implement and that the learned agents remain remarkably stable, as shown in our experiments that span a variety of continuous control tasks. Video visualisations available at: \url{https://youtu.be/-nCsqUJnRKU}.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.02064v3,2018,conferencePaper,"Blondé, Lionel; Kalousis, Alexandros",Proceedings of Machine Learning Research,427
-Certified Defenses against Adversarial Examples,"While neural networks have achieved high accuracy on standard image classification benchmarks, their accuracy drops to nearly zero in the presence of small adversarial perturbations to test inputs. Defenses based on regularization and adversarial training have been proposed, but often followed by new, stronger attacks that defeat these defenses. Can we somehow end this arms race? In this work, we study this problem for neural networks with one hidden layer. We first propose a method based on a semidefinite relaxation that outputs a certificate that for a given network and test input, no attack can force the error to exceed a certain value. Second, as this certificate is differentiable, we jointly optimize it with the network parameters, providing an adaptive regularizer that encourages robustness against all attacks. On MNIST, our approach produces a network and a certificate that no attack that perturbs each pixel by at most \epsilon = 0.1 can cause more than 35% test error.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.09344,2018,conferencePaper,"Raghunathan, Aditi; Steinhardt, Jacob; Liang, Percy",,428
-Sequential Extensions of Causal and Evidential Decision Theory,"Moving beyond the dualistic view in AI where agent and environment are separated incurs new challenges for decision making, as calculation of expected utility is no longer straightforward. The non-dualistic decision theory literature is split between causal decision theory and evidential decision theory. We extend these decision algorithms to the sequential setting where the agent alternates between taking actions and observing their consequences. We find that evidential decision theory has two natural extensions while causal decision theory only has one.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1506.07359,2015,conferencePaper,"Everitt, Tom; Leike, Jan; Hutter, Marcus",ADT 2015: Algorithmic Decision Theory,429
-Canaries in Technology Mines: Warning Signs of Transformative Progress in AI,,,2020,conferencePaper,"Cremer, Carla Zoe; Whittlestone, Jess",,430
-Conservative Agency via Attainable Utility Preservation,"Reward functions are often misspecified. An agent optimizing an incorrect reward function can change its environment in large, undesirable, and potentially irreversible ways. Work on impact measurement seeks a means of identifying (and thereby avoiding) large changes to the environment. We propose a novel impact measure which induces conservative, effective behavior across a range of situations. The approach attempts to preserve the attainable utility of auxiliary objectives. We evaluate our proposal on an array of benchmark tasks and show that it matches or outperforms relative reachability, the state-of-the-art in impact measurement.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.09725,2020,conferencePaper,"Turner, Alexander Matt; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Tadepalli, Prasad","AIES '20: Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",431
-Machines and the Theory of Intelligence,,http://www.nature.com/articles/241507a0,1973,journalArticle,"Michie, Donald",Nature,432
-Understanding RL Vision,"With diverse environments, we can analyze, diagnose and edit deep reinforcement learning models using attribution.",https://distill.pub/2020/understanding-rl-vision,2020,journalArticle,"Hilton, Jacob; Cammarata, Nick; Carter, Shan; Goh, Gabriel; Olah, Chris",Distill,433
-The Technological Singularity,,https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/4072/the-technological-singularity,2015,book,"Shanahan, Murray",,434
-FPR -- Fast Path Risk Algorithm to Evaluate Collision Probability,"As mobile robots and autonomous vehicles become increasingly prevalent in human-centred environments, there is a need to control the risk of collision. Perceptual modules, for example machine vision, provide uncertain estimates of object location. In that context, the frequently made assumption of an exactly known free-space is invalid. Clearly, no paths can be guaranteed to be collision free. Instead, it is necessary to compute the probabilistic risk of collision on any proposed path. The FPR algorithm, proposed here, efficiently calculates an upper bound on the risk of collision for a robot moving on the plane. That computation orders candidate trajectories according to (the bound on) their degree of risk. Then paths within a user-defined threshold of primary risk could be selected according to secondary criteria such as comfort and efficiency. The key contribution of this paper is the FPR algorithm and its `convolution trick' to factor the integrals used to bound the risk of collision. As a consequence of the convolution trick, given $K$ obstacles and $N$ candidate paths, the computational load is reduced from the naive $O(NK)$, to the qualitatively faster $O(N+K)$.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.05384,2020,journalArticle,"Blake, Andrew; Bordallo, Alejandro; Brestnichki, Kamen; Hawasly, Majd; Penkov, Svetlin; Ramamoorthy, Subramanian; Silva, Alexandre",IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters,435
-Multi-Agent Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning,"Imitation learning algorithms can be used to learn a policy from expert demonstrations without access to a reward signal. However, most existing approaches are not applicable in multi-agent settings due to the existence of multiple (Nash) equilibria and non-stationary environments. We propose a new framework for multi-agent imitation learning for general Markov games, where we build upon a generalized notion of inverse reinforcement learning. We further introduce a practical multi-agent actor-critic algorithm with good empirical performance. Our method can be used to imitate complex behaviors in high-dimensional environments with multiple cooperative or competing agents.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.09936,2018,conferencePaper,"Song, Jiaming; Ren, Hongyu; Sadigh, Dorsa; Ermon, Stefano",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS 2018),436
-Gotta Learn Fast: A New Benchmark for Generalization in RL,"In this report, we present a new reinforcement learning (RL) benchmark based on the Sonic the Hedgehog (TM) video game franchise. This benchmark is intended to measure the performance of transfer learning and few-shot learning algorithms in the RL domain. We also present and evaluate some baseline algorithms on the new benchmark.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.03720,2018,manuscript,"Nichol, Alex; Pfau, Vicki; Hesse, Christopher; Klimov, Oleg; Schulman, John",,437
-Blueberry Earth,,https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.10553,2018,manuscript,"Sandberg, Anders",,438
-Flavors of Computation Are Flavors of Consciousness,"If we don't understand why we're conscious, how come we're so sure that extremely simple minds are not? I propose to think of consciousness as intrinsic to computation, although different types of computation may have very different types of consciousness – some so alien that we can't imagine them. Since all physical processes are computations, […]",https://longtermrisk.org/flavors-of-computation-are-flavors-of-consciousness/,2015,blogPost,"Tomasik, Brian",Center on Long-Term Risk,439
-Towards an integrated assessment of global catastrophic risk,,,2017,conferencePaper,"Baum, Seth; Barrett, Anthony","Catastrophic and Existential Risk: Proceedings of the First Colloquium, Garrick Institute for the Risk Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Forthcoming",440
-Exploratory Not Explanatory: Counterfactual Analysis of Saliency Maps for Deep Reinforcement Learning,"Saliency maps are frequently used to support explanations of the behavior of deep reinforcement learning (RL) agents. However, a review of how saliency maps are used in practice indicates that the derived explanations are often unfalsifiable and can be highly subjective. We introduce an empirical approach grounded in counterfactual reasoning to test the hypotheses generated from saliency maps and assess the degree to which they correspond to the semantics of RL environments. We use Atari games, a common benchmark for deep RL, to evaluate three types of saliency maps. Our results show the extent to which existing claims about Atari games can be evaluated and suggest that saliency maps are best viewed as an exploratory tool rather than an explanatory tool.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.05743,2020,conferencePaper,"Atrey, Akanksha; Clary, Kaleigh; Jensen, David",,441
-"A randomized controlled trial of the computerized CBT programme, MoodGYM, for public mental health service users waiting for interventions",,http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/bjc.12055,2014,journalArticle,"Twomey, Conal; O'Reilly, Gary; Byrne, Michael; Bury, Matthew; White, Aisling; Kissane, Sheila; McMahon, Aisling; Clancy, Nicola",British Journal of Clinical Psychology,442
-Progress in general purpose factoring,"The largest number factored to date grew by about 4.5 decimal digits per year over the past roughly half-century. Between 1988, when we first have good records, and 2009, when the largest number to date was factored, progress was roughly 6 decimal digits per year. Progress was relatively smooth during the two decades for which we have good records, with half of...",https://aiimpacts.org/progress-in-general-purpose-factoring/,2017,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,443
-Structure Learning for Approximate Solution of Many-Player Games,"Games with many players are difficult to solve or even specify without adopting structural assumptions that enable representation in compact form. Such structure is generally not given and will not hold exactly for particular games of interest. We introduce an iterative structurelearning approach to search for approximate solutions of many-player games, assuming only black-box simulation access to noisy payoff samples. Our first algorithm, KRoles, exploits symmetry by learning a role assignment for players of the game through unsupervised learning (clustering) methods. Our second algorithm, G3L, seeks sparsity by greedy search over local interactions to learn a graphical game model. Both algorithms use supervised learning (regression) to fit payoff values to the learned structures, in compact representations that facilitate equilibrium calculation. We experimentally demonstrate the efficacy of both methods in reaching quality solutions and uncovering hidden structure, on both perfectly and approximately structured game instances.",https://aaai.org/ojs/index.php/AAAI/article/view/5586,2020,conferencePaper,"Li, Zun; Wellman, Michael",Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,444
-An automatic method for discovering rational heuristics for risky choice,"What is the optimal way to make a decision given that your time is limited and your cognitive resources are bounded? To answer this question, we formalized the bounded optimal decision process as the solution to a meta-level Markov decision process whose actions are costly computations. We approximated the optimal solution and evaluated its predictions against human choice behavior in the Mouselab paradigm, which is widely used to study decision strategies. Our computational method rediscovered well-known heuristic strategies and the conditions under which they are used, as well as novel heuristics. A Mouselab experiment confirmed our model’s main predictions. These findings are a proof-of-concept that optimal cognitive strategies can be automatically derived as the rational use of finite time and bounded cognitive resources.",,2017,conferencePaper,"Lieder, Falk; Krueger, Paul M; Griffiths, Thomas L",,445
-Robustness of Neural Networks against Storage Media Errors,"We study the trade-offs between storage/bandwidth and prediction accuracy of neural networks that are stored in noisy media. Conventionally, it is assumed that all parameters (e.g., weight and biases) of a trained neural network are stored as binary arrays and are error-free. This assumption is based upon the implementation of error correction codes (ECCs) that correct potential bit flips in storage media. However, ECCs add storage overhead and cause bandwidth reduction when loading the trained parameters during the inference. We study the robustness of deep neural networks when bit errors exist but ECCs are turned off for different neural network models and datasets. It is observed that more sophisticated models and datasets are more vulnerable to errors in their trained parameters. We propose a simple detection approach that can universally improve the robustness, which in some cases can be improved by orders of magnitude. We also propose an alternative binary representation of the parameters such that the distortion brought by bit flips is reduced and even theoretically vanishing when the number of bits to represent a parameter increases.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.06173,2017,manuscript,"Qin, Minghai; Sun, Chao; Vucinic, Dejan",,446
-The End of Economic Growth? Unintended Consequences of a Declining Population,"In many models, economic growth is driven by people discovering new ideas. These models typically assume either a constant or growing population. However, in high income countries today, fertility is already below its replacement rate: women are having fewer than two children on average. It is a distinct possibility —highlighted in the recent book, Empty Planet — that global population will decline rather than stabilize in the long run. In standard models, this turns out to have profound implications: rather than continued exponential growth, living standards stagnate for a population that vanishes.",http://www.nber.org/papers/w26651.pdf,2020,report,"Jones, Charles",,447
-AI Safety and Reproducibility: Establishing Robust Foundations for the Neuropsychology of Human Values,We propose the creation of a systematic effort to identify and replicate key findings in neuropsychology and allied fields related to understanding human values. Our aim is to ensure that research underpinning the value alignment problem of artificial intelligence has been sufficiently validated to play a role in the design of AI systems.,http://arxiv.org/abs/1712.04307,2018,conferencePaper,"Sarma, Gopal P.; Hay, Nick J.; Safron, Adam",Lecture Notes in Computer Science,448
-Resilience to global catastrophe,,,2018,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.",Domains of resilience for complex interconnected systems.,449
-Moral Decision Making Frameworks for Artificial Intelligence,"The generality of decision and game theory has enabled domain-independent progress in AI research. For example, a better algorithm for finding good policies in (PO)MDPs can be instantly used in a variety of applications. But such a general theory is lacking when it comes to moral decision making. For AI applications with a moral component, are we then forced to build systems based on many ad-hoc rules? In this paper we discuss possible ways to avoid this conclusion.",http://moralai.cs.duke.edu/documents/mai_docs/moralAAAI17.pdf,2017,conferencePaper,"Conitzer, Vincent; Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter; Borg, Jana Schaich; Deng, Yuan; Kramer, Max","AAAI Workshops, 2017",450
-Troubling Trends in Machine Learning Scholarship,"Collectively, machine learning (ML) researchers are engaged in the creation and dissemination of knowledge about data-driven algorithms. In a given paper, researchers might aspire to any subset of the following goals, among others: to theoretically characterize what is learnable, to obtain understanding through empirically rigorous experiments, or to build a working system that has high predictive accuracy. While determining which knowledge warrants inquiry may be subjective, once the topic is fixed, papers are most valuable to the community when they act in service of the reader, creating foundational knowledge and communicating as clearly as possible. Recent progress in machine learning comes despite frequent departures from these ideals. In this paper, we focus on the following four patterns that appear to us to be trending in ML scholarship: (i) failure to distinguish between explanation and speculation; (ii) failure to identify the sources of empirical gains, e.g., emphasizing unnecessary modifications to neural architectures when gains actually stem from hyper-parameter tuning; (iii) mathiness: the use of mathematics that obfuscates or impresses rather than clarifies, e.g., by confusing technical and non-technical concepts; and (iv) misuse of language, e.g., by choosing terms of art with colloquial connotations or by overloading established technical terms. While the causes behind these patterns are uncertain, possibilities include the rapid expansion of the community, the consequent thinness of the reviewer pool, and the often-misaligned incentives between scholarship and short-term measures of success (e.g., bibliometrics, attention, and entrepreneurial opportunity). While each pattern offers a corresponding remedy (don't do it), we also discuss some speculative suggestions for how the community might combat these trends.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.03341,2018,journalArticle,"Lipton, Zachary C.; Steinhardt, Jacob",Queue,451
-A case for strategy research: what it is and why we need more of it,"Authors: Siebe Rozendal, Justin Shovelain, David Kristoffersson Crossposted to LessWrong OVERVIEW To achieve any ambitious goal, some strategic analysis is necessary. Effective altruism has ambitious goals and focuses heavily on doing research. To understand how to best allocate our time and resources, we need to clarify what our options in research are. In this article, we describe strategy research and relate it to values research, tactics research, informing research, and improvement research. We then apply the lens of strategy research to existential risk reduction, a major cause area of effective altruism. We propose a model in which the marginal value of a research type depends strongly on the maturity of the research field. Finally, we argue that strategy research should currently be given higher priority than other research in existential risk reduction because of the significant amount of strategic uncertainty, and we provide specific recommendations for different actors. INTRODUCTION Effective altruism is regularly framed as “figuring out how to do the most good, and then doing it.” However, figuring out how to do the most good is not easy. Different groups reach different conclusions. So how do we figure out how to do the most good? Quite obviously, the first step is to figure out our values. We need to know what we roughly mean by ‘the most good.’ However, once our moral uncertainty is significantly diminished, what is the next step in figuring out how to do the most good? We believe the next step should be strategy research: high-level research on how to best achieve a high-level goal. A brief case was made for strategic analysis by Nick Bostrom in Superintelligence (p. 317): ""Against a backdrop of perplexity and uncertainty, [strategic] analysis stands out as being of particularly high expected value. Illumination of our strategic situation would help us target subsequent interventions more effectively. Strategic analysis is especially needful wh",https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/oovy5XXdCL3TPwgLE/a-case-for-strategy-research-what-it-is-and-why-we-need-more,2019,blogPost,"Rozendal, Siebe; Shovelain, Justin; Kristoffersson, David",Effective Altruism Forum,452
-Toward a strategic human resource management model of high reliability organization performance,,http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09585190500120731,2005,journalArticle,"Ericksen, Jeff; Dyer, Lee",The International Journal of Human Resource Management,453
-Persuasion Tools: AI takeover without AGI or agency?,"[epistemic status: speculation] I'm envisioning that in the future there will also be systems where you can input any conclusion that you want to argue (including moral conclusions) and the target audience, and the system will give you the most convincing arguments for it. At that point people won't be able to participate in any online (or offline for that matter) discussions without risking their object-level values being hijacked.--Wei Dai What if most people already live in that world? A world in which taking arguments at face value is not a capacity-enhancing tool, but a security vulnerability? Without trusted filters, would they not dismiss highfalutin arguments out of hand, and focus on whether the person making the argument seems friendly, or unfriendly, using hard to fake group-affiliation signals?--Benquo 1. AI-powered memetic warfare makes all humans effectively insane.--Wei Dai, listing nonstandard AI doom scenarios This post speculates about persuasion tools—how likely they are to get better in the future relative to countermeasures, what the effects of this might be, and what implications there are for what we should do now. To avert eye-rolls, let me say up front that I don’t think the world is likely to be driven insane by AI-powered memetic warfare. I think progress in persuasion tools will probably be gradual and slow, and defenses will improve too, resulting in an overall shift in the balance that isn’t huge: a deterioration of collective epistemology, but not a massive one. However, (a) I haven’t yet ruled out more extreme scenarios, especially during a slow takeoff, and (b) even small, gradual deteriorations are important to know about. Such a deterioration would make it harder for society to notice and solve AI safety and governance problems, because it is worse at noticing and solving problems in general. Such a deterioration could also be a risk factor for world war three, revolutions, sectarian conflict, terrorism, and the like. Moreover",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/qKvn7rxP2mzJbKfcA/persuasion-tools-ai-takeover-without-agi-or-agency,2020,blogPost,"Kokotajlo, Daniel",LessWrong,454
-Review on Computational Trust and Reputation Models,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10462-004-0041-5,2005,journalArticle,"Sabater, Jordi; Sierra, Carles",Artificial Intelligence Review,455
-Written Evidence - Long-term Catastrophic Risk from Artificial Intelligence,,http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/artificial-intelligence-committee/artificial-intelligence/written/75539.html,2017,report,"Belfield, Haydn; Ó hÉigeartaigh, Seán",,456
-Certified Adversarial Robustness for Deep Reinforcement Learning,"Deep Neural Network-based systems are now the state-of-the-art in many robotics tasks, but their application in safety-critical domains remains dangerous without formal guarantees on network robustness. Small perturbations to sensor inputs (from noise or adversarial examples) are often enough to change network-based decisions, which was recently shown to cause an autonomous vehicle to swerve into another lane. In light of these dangers, numerous algorithms have been developed as defensive mechanisms from these adversarial inputs, some of which provide formal robustness guarantees or certificates. This work leverages research on certified adversarial robustness to develop an online certifiably robust for deep reinforcement learning algorithms. The proposed defense computes guaranteed lower bounds on state-action values during execution to identify and choose a robust action under a worst-case deviation in input space due to possible adversaries or noise. Moreover, the resulting policy comes with a certificate of solution quality, even though the true state and optimal action are unknown to the certifier due to the perturbations. The approach is demonstrated on a Deep Q-Network policy and is shown to increase robustness to noise and adversaries in pedestrian collision avoidance scenarios and a classic control task. This work extends one of our prior works with new performance guarantees, extensions to other RL algorithms, expanded results aggregated across more scenarios, an extension into scenarios with adversarial behavior, comparisons with a more computationally expensive method, and visualizations that provide intuition about the robustness algorithm.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.06496,2020,conferencePaper,"Everett, Michael; Lutjens, Bjorn; How, Jonathan P.","3rd Conference on Robot Learning (CoRL 2019),",457
-A Model for the Probability of Nuclear War,"The probability of nuclear war is a major factor in many important policy questions, but it has gotten little scholarly attention. This paper presents a model for calculating the total probability of nuclear war. The model is based on 14 interrelated scenarios for how nuclear war can break out, covering perhaps the entire range of nuclear war scenarios. Scenarios vary based on factors including whether a state intends to make a first strike attack, whether the nuclear attack is preceded by a conventional war or a non-war crisis, whether escalation is intentional or inadvertent, the presence of false alarms of various types, and the presence of non-war nuclear detonations such as nuclear terrorism. As a first step towards quantifying the probability of nuclear war using the model, the paper also includes a dataset of historical incidents that might have threatened to turn into nuclear war. 60 historical incidents are included, making it perhaps the largest such dataset currently available. The paper also includes background information about probabilistic analysis and modeling to help readers understand how to think about the probability of nuclear war, including new theory for the decision to initiate nuclear war.",https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3137081,2018,report,"Baum, Seth; de Neufville, Robert; Barrett, Anthony",,458
-"The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence: Forecasting, Prevention, and Mitigation","This report surveys the landscape of potential security threats from malicious uses of AI, and proposes ways to better forecast, prevent, and mitigate these threats. After analyzing the ways in which AI may influence the threat landscape in the digital, physical, and political domains, we make four high-level recommendations for AI researchers and other stakeholders. We also suggest several promising areas for further research that could expand the portfolio of defenses, or make attacks less effective or harder to execute. Finally, we discuss, but do not conclusively resolve, the long-term equilibrium of attackers and defenders.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.07228,2018,report,"Brundage, Miles; Avin, Shahar; Clark, Jack; Toner, Helen; Eckersley, Peter; Garfinkel, Ben; Dafoe, Allan; Scharre, Paul; Zeitzoff, Thomas; Filar, Bobby; Anderson, Hyrum; Roff, Heather; Allen, Gregory C.; Steinhardt, Jacob; Flynn, Carrick; hÉigeartaigh, Seán Ó; Beard, Simon; Belfield, Haydn; Farquhar, Sebastian; Lyle, Clare; Crootof, Rebecca; Evans, Owain; Page, Michael; Bryson, Joanna; Yampolskiy, Roman; Amodei, Dario",,459
-Making Low Probabilities Useful,,http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1011111601406,2001,journalArticle,"Kunreuther, Howard; Novemsky, Nathan; Kahneman, Daniel",Journal of Risk and Uncertainty,460
-Taxonomy of Pathways to Dangerous AI,"In order to properly handle a dangerous Artificially Intelligent (AI) system it is important to understand how the system came to be in such a state. In popular culture (science fiction movies/books) AIs/Robots became self-aware and as a result rebel against humanity and decide to destroy it. While it is one possible scenario, it is probably the least likely path to appearance of dangerous AI. In this work, we survey, classify and analyze a number of circumstances, which might lead to arrival of malicious AI. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to systematically classify types of pathways leading to malevolent AI. Previous relevant work either surveyed specific goals/meta-rules which might lead to malevolent behavior in AIs (\""Ozkural, 2014) or reviewed specific undesirable behaviors AGIs can exhibit at different stages of its development (Alexey Turchin, July 10 2015, July 10, 2015).",http://arxiv.org/abs/1511.03246,2015,conferencePaper,"Yampolskiy, Roman V.","The Workshops of the Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence AI, Ethics, and Society",461
-Formalizing human-robot mutual adaptation: A bounded memory model,,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7451736/,2016,conferencePaper,"Nikolaidis, Stefanos; Kuznetsov, Anton; Hsu, David; Srinivasa, Siddhartha",2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI),462
-Systems of Services as a Paradigm for AI Alignment,,https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/z2ofM2oZQwmcWFt8N/ai-services-as-a-research-paradigm,2020,blogPost,"Kovarik, Vojta",AI Alignment Forum,463
-Universal Artificial Intelligence: Practical Agents and Fundamental Challenges,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-64816-3_2,2018,bookSection,"Everitt, Tom; Hutter, Marcus",Foundations of Trusted Autonomy,464
-Learning Dexterous In-Hand Manipulation,"We use reinforcement learning (RL) to learn dexterous in-hand manipulation policies which can perform vision-based object reorientation on a physical Shadow Dexterous Hand. The training is performed in a simulated environment in which we randomize many of the physical properties of the system like friction coefficients and an object's appearance. Our policies transfer to the physical robot despite being trained entirely in simulation. Our method does not rely on any human demonstrations, but many behaviors found in human manipulation emerge naturally, including finger gaiting, multi-finger coordination, and the controlled use of gravity. Our results were obtained using the same distributed RL system that was used to train OpenAI Five. We also include a video of our results: https://youtu.be/jwSbzNHGflM",https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0278364919887447,2019,journalArticle,"OpenAI; Andrychowicz, Marcin; Baker, Bowen; Chociej, Maciek; Jozefowicz, Rafal; McGrew, Bob; Pachocki, Jakub; Petron, Arthur; Plappert, Matthias; Powell, Glenn; Ray, Alex; Schneider, Jonas; Sidor, Szymon; Tobin, Josh; Welinder, Peter; Weng, Lilian; Zaremba, Wojciech",The International Journal of Robotics Research,465
-Testing the Automation Revolution Hypothesis,"Recently, many have predicted an imminent automation revolution, and large resulting job losses. Others have created metrics to predict new patterns in job automation vulnerability. As context to such claims, we test basic theory, two vulnerability metrics, and 251 O*NET job features as predictors of 1505 expert reports regarding automation levels in 832 U.S. job types from 1999 to 2019. We find that pay, employment, and vulnerability metrics are predictive (R^2~0.15), but add little to the top 25 O*NET job features, which together predict far better (R^2~0.55). These best predictors seem understandable in terms of traditional kinds of automation, and have not changed over our time period. Instead, it seems that jobs have changed their features to become more suitable for automation. We thus find no evidence yet of a revolution in the patterns or quantity of automation. And since, over this period, automation increases have predicted neither changes in pay nor employment, this suggests that workers have little to fear if such a revolution does come.",https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165176520301919,2020,journalArticle,"Scholl, Keller; Hanson, Robin",Economics Letters,466
-Possible takeaways from the coronavirus pandemic for slow AI takeoff,"Epistemic status: fairly speculative, would appreciate feedback As the covid-19 pandemic unfolds, we can draw lessons from it for managing future global risks, such as other pandemics, climate change, and risks from advanced AI. In this post, I will focus on possible implications for AI risk. For a broader treatment of this question, I recommend FLI's covid-19 page that includes expert interviews on the implications of the pandemic for other types of risks. A key element in AI risk scenarios is the speed of takeoff - whether advanced AI is developed gradually or suddenly. Paul Christiano's post on takeoff speeds defines slow takeoff in terms of the economic impact of AI as follows: ""There will be a complete 4 year interval in which world output doubles, before the first 1 year interval in which world output doubles."" It argues that slow AI takeoff is more likely than fast takeoff, but is not necessarily easier to manage, since it poses different challenges, such as large-scale coordination. This post expands on this point by examining some parallels between the coronavirus pandemic and a slow takeoff scenario. The upsides of slow takeoff include the ability to learn from experience, act on warning signs, and reach a timely consensus that there is a serious problem. I would argue that the covid-19 pandemic had these properties, but most of the world's institutions did not take advantage of them. This suggests that, unless our institutions improve, we should not expect the slow AI takeoff scenario to have a good default outcome. 1. Learning from experience. In the slow takeoff scenario, general AI is expected to appear in a world that has already experienced transformative change from less advanced AI, and institutions will have a chance to learn from problems with these AI systems. An analogy could be made with learning from dealing with less ""advanced"" epidemics like SARS that were not as successful as covid-19 at spreading across the worl",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/wTKjRFeSjKLDSWyww/possible-takeaways-from-the-coronavirus-pandemic-for-slow-ai,2020,blogPost,"Krakovna, Victoria",AI Alignment Forum,467
-Automating Cyber Attacks,"Based on an in-depth analysis of artificial intelligence and machine learning systems, the authors consider the future of applying such systems to cyber attacks, and what strategies attackers are likely or less likely to use. As nuanced, complex, and overhyped as machine learning is, they argue, it remains too important to ignore.",https://live-cset-georgetown.pantheonsite.io/research/automating-cyber-attacks/,2020,report,"Buchanan, Ben; Bansemer, John; Cary, Dakota; Lucas, Jack; Musser, Micah",,468
-The Psychology of Existential Risk: Moral Judgments about Human Extinction,"The 21st century will likely see growing risks of human extinction, but currently, relatively small resources are invested in reducing such existential risks. Using three samples (UK general public, US general public, and UK students; total N = 2,507), we study how laypeople reason about human extinction. We find that people think that human extinction needs to be prevented. Strikingly, however, they do not think that an extinction catastrophe would be uniquely bad relative to near-extinction catastrophes, which allow for recovery. More people find extinction uniquely bad when (a) asked to consider the extinction of an animal species rather than humans, (b) asked to consider a case where human extinction is associated with less direct harm, and (c) they are explicitly prompted to consider long-term consequences of the catastrophes. We conclude that an important reason why people do not find extinction uniquely bad is that they focus on the immediate death and suffering that the catastrophes cause for fellow humans, rather than on the long-term consequences. Finally, we find that (d) laypeople—in line with prominent philosophical arguments—think that the quality of the future is relevant: they do find extinction uniquely bad when this means forgoing a utopian future.",https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-50145-9,2019,journalArticle,"Schubert, Stefan; Caviola, Lucius; Faber, Nadira S.",Scientific Reports,469
-On the wrongness of human extinction,"In recent papers, Elizabeth Finneron-Burns and Johann Frick have both argued that it is not a wrong-making feature of human extinction that it would cause many potential people with lives worth living never to be born, and hence that causing human extinction would be, in at least one way, less wrong than many have thought. In making these arguments, both assume that merely possible future people cannot be harmed by their nonexistence, and thus do not have any claim to be brought into existence. In this paper, we raise objections to their arguments and suggest that there is nothing inherent in the moral theories they put forward that implies future people cannot have this sort of ‘existential’ claim. In doing so, we draw on the work of Derek Parfit, who argued, in a recent paper, that coming into existence benefits a person in that it is ‘good for’ them, even if it is not ‘better for’ them than non-existence. We also find that many of their objections to the view that it is wrong not to bring future people into existence rest on the assumption that, were these people to have claims on us, these must be equivalent to the claims that existing people have to be benefitted. However, we show that Parfit’s work demonstrates how this is not the case.",http://argumenta.uniss.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5-Argumenta-51-Simon-Beard-and-Patrick-Kaczmarek-On-the-Wrongness-of-Human-Extinction.pdf,2019,journalArticle,"Beard, Simon; Kaczmarek, Patrick",Argumenta,470
-How does iterated amplification exceed human abilities?,"When I first started learning about IDA, I thought that agents trained using IDA would be human-level after the first stage, i.e. that Distill(H) would be human-level. As I've written about before, Paul later clarified this, so my new understanding is that after the first stage, the distilled agent will be super-human in some respects and infra-human in others, but wouldn't be ""basically human"" in any sense. But IDA is aiming to eventually be super-human in almost every way (because it's aiming to be competitive with unaligned AGI), so that raises some new questions: 1. If IDA isn't going to be human-level after the first stage, then at what stage does IDA become at-least-human-level in almost every way? 2. What exactly is the limitation that prevents the first stage of IDA from being human-level in almost every way? 3. When IDA eventually does become at-least-human-level in almost every way, how is the limitation from (2) avoided? That brings me to Evans et al., which contains a description of IDA in section 0. The way IDA is set up in this paper leads me to believe that the answer to (2) above is that the human overseer cannot provide a sufficient number of demonstrations for the most difficult tasks. For example, maybe the human can provide enough demonstrations for the agent to learn to answer very simple questions (tasks in T0 in the paper) but it's too time-consuming for the human to answer enough complicated questions (say, in T100). My understanding is that IDA gets around this by having an amplified system that is itself automated (i.e. does not involve humans in a major way, so cannot be bottlenecked on the slowness of humans); this allows the amplified system to provide a sufficient number of demonstrations for the distillation step to work. So in the above view, the answer to (2) is that the limitation is the number of demonstrations the human can provide, and the answer to (3) is that the human can seed the IDA process with sufficient",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/ajQzejMYizfX4dMWK/how-does-iterated-amplification-exceed-human-abilities,2020,blogPost,"Rice, Issa",AI Alignment Forum,471
-Formalizing Two Problems of Realistic World-Models,"An intelligent agent embedded within the real world must reason about an environment which is larger than the agent, and learn how to achieve goals in that environment. We discuss attempts to formalize two problems: one of induction, where an agent must use sensory data to infer a universe which embeds (and computes) the agent, and one of interaction, where an agent must learn to achieve complex goals in the universe. We review related problems formalized by Solomonoff and Hutter, and explore challenges that arise when attempting to formalize analogous problems in a setting where the agent is embedded within the environment.",https://intelligence.org/2015/01/22/new-report-formalizing-two-problems-realistic-world-models/,2015,report,"Soares, Nate",,472
-Heart of DARCness,"We propose a valid core for the much-disputed thesis that Deliberation Crowds Out Prediction, and identify terminological causes for some of the apparent disputes.",https://doi.org/10.1080/00048402.2018.1427119,2019,journalArticle,"Liu, Yang; Price, Huw",Australasian Journal of Philosophy,473
-Cryopreservation of embryos and fetuses as a future option for family planning purposes,,,2015,journalArticle,"Minerva, Francesca; Sandberg, Anders",Journal of Evolution and Technology/WTA,474
-The case for taking AI seriously as a threat to humanity,"Why some people fear AI, explained.",https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/12/21/18126576/ai-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-safety-alignment,2018,magazineArticle,"Piper, Kelsey",Vox,475
-Extracting Money from Causal Decision Theorists,"Newcomb’s problem has spawned a debate about which variant of expected utility maximization (if any) should guide rational choice. In this paper, we provide a new argument against what is probably the most popular variant: causal decision theory (CDT). In particular, we provide two scenarios in which CDT voluntarily loses money. In the first, an agent faces a single choice and following CDT’s recommendation yields a loss of money in expectation. The second scenario extends the first to a diachronic Dutch book against CDT.",http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2640/paper_21.pdf,2019,conferencePaper,"Oesterheld, Caspar; Conitzer, Vincent",Proceedings of the Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Safety 2020,476
-Racing to the precipice: a model of artificial intelligence development,,,2016,journalArticle,"Armstrong, Stuart; Bostrom, Nick; Shulman, Carl",AI & society,477
-Do the desires of rational agents converge?,,https://academic.oup.com/analysis/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/analys/59.3.137,1999,journalArticle,"Sobel, D.",Analysis,478
-Nanotechnology and Weapons,,,2019,journalArticle,"Sharon, Chetna; Drexler, K. Eric","Nanotechnology in the Defense Industry: Advances, Innovation, and Practical Applications",479
-Winter-safe Deterrence: The Risk of Nuclear Winter and Its Challenge to Deterrence,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13523260.2015.1012346,2015,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.",Contemporary Security Policy,480
-Zoom In: An Introduction to Circuits,"By studying the connections between neurons, we can find meaningful algorithms in the weights of neural networks.",https://distill.pub/2020/circuits/zoom-in,2020,journalArticle,"Olah, Chris; Cammarata, Nick; Schubert, Ludwig; Goh, Gabriel; Petrov, Michael; Carter, Shan",Distill,481
-SFV: Reinforcement Learning of Physical Skills from Videos,"Data-driven character animation based on motion capture can produce highly naturalistic behaviors and, when combined with physics simulation, can provide for natural procedural responses to physical perturbations, environmental changes, and morphological discrepancies. Motion capture remains the most popular source of motion data, but collecting mocap data typically requires heavily instrumented environments and actors. In this paper, we propose a method that enables physically simulated characters to learn skills from videos (SFV). Our approach, based on deep pose estimation and deep reinforcement learning, allows data-driven animation to leverage the abundance of publicly available video clips from the web, such as those from YouTube. This has the potential to enable fast and easy design of character controllers simply by querying for video recordings of the desired behavior. The resulting controllers are robust to perturbations, can be adapted to new settings, can perform basic object interactions, and can be retargeted to new morphologies via reinforcement learning. We further demonstrate that our method can predict potential human motions from still images, by forward simulation of learned controllers initialized from the observed pose. Our framework is able to learn a broad range of dynamic skills, including locomotion, acrobatics, and martial arts.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.03599,2018,journalArticle,"Peng, Xue Bin; Kanazawa, Angjoo; Malik, Jitendra; Abbeel, Pieter; Levine, Sergey",ACM Transactions on Graphics,482
-Proof-Producing Reflection for HOL,"We present a reflection principle of the form “If ϕ is provable, then ϕ” implemented in the HOL4 theorem prover, assuming the existence of a large cardinal. We use the large-cardinal assumption to construct a model of HOL within HOL, and show how to ensure ϕ has the same meaning both inside and outside of this model. Soundness of HOL implies that if ϕ is provable, then it is true in this model, and hence ϕ holds. We additionally show how this reflection principle can be extended, assuming an infinite hierarchy of large cardinals, to implement model polymorphism, a technique designed for verifying systems with self-replacement functionality.",http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-22102-1_11,2015,bookSection,"Fallenstein, Benja; Kumar, Ramana",Interactive Theorem Proving,483
-Improving Variational Inference with Inverse Autoregressive Flow,"The framework of normalizing flows provides a general strategy for flexible variational inference of posteriors over latent variables. We propose a new type of normalizing flow, inverse autoregressive flow (IAF), that, in contrast to earlier published flows, scales well to high-dimensional latent spaces. The proposed flow consists of a chain of invertible transformations, where each transformation is based on an autoregressive neural network. In experiments, we show that IAF significantly improves upon diagonal Gaussian approximate posteriors. In addition, we demonstrate that a novel type of variational autoencoder, coupled with IAF, is competitive with neural autoregressive models in terms of attained log-likelihood on natural images, while allowing significantly faster synthesis.",https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2016/hash/ddeebdeefdb7e7e7a697e1c3e3d8ef54-Abstract.html,2017,conferencePaper,"Kingma, Diederik P.; Salimans, Tim; Jozefowicz, Rafal; Chen, Xi; Sutskever, Ilya; Welling, Max",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29 (NIPS 2016),484
-Universality and model-based RL,"Ascription universality may be very helpful for safe model-based RL, facilitating benign induction and “transparent” models.",https://ai-alignment.com/universality-and-model-based-rl-b08701394ddd,2019,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),485
-Fundamental issues of artificial intelligence,,https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-26485-1,2016,book,,,486
-Explanation Augmented Feedback in Human-in-the-Loop Reinforcement Learning,"Human-in-the-loop Reinforcement Learning (HRL) aims to integrate human guidance with Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms to improve sample efficiency and performance. The usual human guidance in HRL is binary evaluative ""good"" or ""bad"" signal for queried states and actions. However, this suffers from the problems of weak supervision and poor efficiency in leveraging human feedback. To address this, we present EXPAND (Explanation Augmented Feedback) which allows for explanatory information to be given as saliency maps from the human in addition to the binary feedback. EXPAND employs a state perturbation approach based on the state salient information to augment the feedback, reducing the number of human feedback signals required. We choose two domains to evaluate this approach, Taxi and Atari-Pong. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on three metrics, environment sample efficiency, human feedback sample efficiency, and agent gaze. We show that our method outperforms our baselines. Finally, we present an ablation study to confirm our hypothesis that augmenting binary feedback with state salient information gives a boost in performance.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.14804,2020,manuscript,"Guan, Lin; Verma, Mudit; Kambhampati, Subbarao",,487
-Stifling artificial intelligence: Human perils,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0267364916300814,2016,journalArticle,"Gurkaynak, Gonenc; Yilmaz, Ilay; Haksever, Gunes",Computer Law & Security Review,488
-Learning What Information to Give in Partially Observed Domains,"In many robotic applications, an autonomous agent must act within and explore a partially observed environment that is unobserved by its human teammate. We consider such a setting in which the agent can, while acting, transmit declarative information to the human that helps them understand aspects of this unseen environment. In this work, we address the algorithmic question of how the agent should plan out what actions to take and what information to transmit. Naturally, one would expect the human to have preferences, which we model information-theoretically by scoring transmitted information based on the change it induces in weighted entropy of the human's belief state. We formulate this setting as a belief MDP and give a tractable algorithm for solving it approximately. Then, we give an algorithm that allows the agent to learn the human's preferences online, through exploration. We validate our approach experimentally in simulated discrete and continuous partially observed search-and-recover domains. Visit http://tinyurl.com/chitnis-corl-18 for a supplementary video.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.08263,2018,conferencePaper,"Chitnis, Rohan; Kaelbling, Leslie Pack; Lozano-Pérez, Tomás",arXiv:1805.08263 [cs],489
-Verifier Theory and Unverifiability,"Despite significant developments in Proof Theory, surprisingly little attention has been devoted to the concept of proof verifier. In particular, the mathematical community may be interested in studying different types of proof verifiers (people, programs, oracles, communities, superintelligences) as mathematical objects. Such an effort could reveal their properties, their powers and limitations (particularly in human mathematicians), minimum and maximum complexity, as well as self-verification and self-reference issues. We propose an initial classification system for verifiers and provide some rudimentary analysis of solved and open problems in this important domain. Our main contribution is a formal introduction of the notion of unverifiability, for which the paper could serve as a general citation in domains of theorem proving, as well as software and AI verification.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1609.00331,2016,manuscript,"Yampolskiy, Roman V.",,490
-Moral Philosophy Will Become Part of the Tech Industry,"Robots might not need rights, but they'll need to know right and wrong",https://time.com/collection-post/4026723/stuart-russell-will-ai-overtake-humans/,2015,magazineArticle,"Russell, Stuart",Time,491
-Protecting Against AI’s Existential Threat,"How to avoid the nightmare scenario of artificial intelligence? According to researchers from Elon Musk’s OpenAI, the trick is teaching machines to keep our interests in mind",https://www.wsj.com/articles/protecting-against-ais-existential-threat-1508332313,2017,newspaperArticle,"Amodei, Ilya Sutskever and Dario",Wall Street Journal,492
-Benefits and Risks of Artificial Intelligence,"Discussions about Artificial Intelligence (AI) have jumped into the public eye over the past year, with several luminaries speaking…",https://medium.com/@tdietterich/benefits-and-risks-of-artificial-intelligence-460d288cccf3,2015,blogPost,"Dietterich, Thomas G.",Thomas G. Dietterich (Medium),493
-Arguments against myopic training,"Note that this post has been edited to clarify the difference between explicitly assigning a reward to an action based on its later consequences, versus implicitly reinforcing an action by assigning high reward during later timesteps when its consequences are observed. I'd previously conflated these in a confusing way; thanks to Rohin for highlighting this issue. A number of people seem quite excited about training myopic reinforcement learning agents as an approach to AI safety (for instance this post on approval-directed agents, proposals 2, 3, 4, 10 and 11 here, and this paper and presentation), but I’m not. I’ve had a few detailed conversations about this recently, and although I now understand the arguments for using myopia better, I’m not much more optimistic about it than I was before. In short, it seems that evaluating agents’ actions by our predictions of their consequences, rather than our evaluations of the actual consequences, will make reinforcement learning a lot harder; yet I haven’t been able to identify clear safety benefits from doing so. I elaborate on these points below; thanks to Jon Uesato, Evan Hubinger, Ramana Kumar and Stephan Wäldchen for discussion and comments. I’ll define a myopic reinforcement learner as a reinforcement learning agent trained to maximise the reward received in the next timestep, i.e. with a discount rate of 0. Because it doesn’t assign credit backwards over time, in order to train it to do anything useful, that reward function will need to contain an estimate of how valuable each (state, action, next state) transition will be for outcomes many steps later. Since that evaluation will need to extrapolate a long way forward anyway, knowing the next state doesn’t add much, and so we can limit our focus to myopic agents trained on reward functions R which ignore the resulting state: that is, where R(s,a,s′)=M(s,a) for some M. I'll call M the approval function; we can think of such agents as being trained to take actions",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/GqxuDtZvfgL2bEQ5v/arguments-against-myopic-training,2020,blogPost,"Ngo, Richard",AI Alignment Forum,494
-Stochastic Flows and Geometric Optimization on the Orthogonal Group,"We present a new class of stochastic, geometrically-driven optimization algorithms on the orthogonal group $O(d)$ and naturally reductive homogeneous manifolds obtained from the action of the rotation group $SO(d)$. We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that our methods can be applied in various fields of machine learning including deep, convolutional and recurrent neural networks, reinforcement learning, normalizing flows and metric learning. We show an intriguing connection between efficient stochastic optimization on the orthogonal group and graph theory (e.g. matching problem, partition functions over graphs, graph-coloring). We leverage the theory of Lie groups and provide theoretical results for the designed class of algorithms. We demonstrate broad applicability of our methods by showing strong performance on the seemingly unrelated tasks of learning world models to obtain stable policies for the most difficult $\mathrm{Humanoid}$ agent from $\mathrm{OpenAI}$ $\mathrm{Gym}$ and improving convolutional neural networks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.13563,2020,conferencePaper,"Choromanski, Krzysztof; Cheikhi, David; Davis, Jared; Likhosherstov, Valerii; Nazaret, Achille; Bahamou, Achraf; Song, Xingyou; Akarte, Mrugank; Parker-Holder, Jack; Bergquist, Jacob; Gao, Yuan; Pacchiano, Aldo; Sarlos, Tamas; Weller, Adrian; Sindhwani, Vikas",Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning,495
-Parameter Space Noise for Exploration,"Deep reinforcement learning (RL) methods generally engage in exploratory behavior through noise injection in the action space. An alternative is to add noise directly to the agent's parameters, which can lead to more consistent exploration and a richer set of behaviors. Methods such as evolutionary strategies use parameter perturbations, but discard all temporal structure in the process and require significantly more samples. Combining parameter noise with traditional RL methods allows to combine the best of both worlds. We demonstrate that both off- and on-policy methods benefit from this approach through experimental comparison of DQN, DDPG, and TRPO on high-dimensional discrete action environments as well as continuous control tasks. Our results show that RL with parameter noise learns more efficiently than traditional RL with action space noise and evolutionary strategies individually.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1706.01905,2018,manuscript,"Plappert, Matthias; Houthooft, Rein; Dhariwal, Prafulla; Sidor, Szymon; Chen, Richard Y.; Chen, Xi; Asfour, Tamim; Abbeel, Pieter; Andrychowicz, Marcin",,496
-"End times: a brief guide to the end of the world: asteroids, supervolcanoes, rogue robots, and more","What is going to cause our extinction? How can we save ourselves and our future? End Times answers the most important questions facing humankind. End Times is a compelling work of skilled reportage that peels back the layers of complexity around the unthinkable--and inevitable--end of humankind. From asteroids and artificial intelligence to volcanic supereruption to nuclear war, 15-year veteran science reporter and TIME editor Bryan Walsh provides a stunning panoramic view of the most catastrophic threats to the human race. In End Times, Walsh examines threats that emerge from nature and those of our own making: asteroids, supervolcanoes, nuclear war, climate change, disease pandemics, biotechnology, artificial intelligence, and extraterrestrial intelligence. Walsh details the true probability of these world-ending catastrophes, the impact on our lives were they to happen, and the best strategies for saving ourselves, all pulled from his rigorous and deeply thoughtful reporting and research. Walsh goes into the room with the men and women whose job it is to imagine the unimaginable. He includes interviews with those on the front lines of prevention, actively working to head off existential threats in biotechnology labs and government hubs. Guided by Walsh's evocative, page-turning prose, we follow scientific stars like the asteroid hunters at NASA and the disease detectives on the trail of the next killer virus. Walsh explores the danger of apocalypse in all forms. In the end, it will be the depth of our knowledge, the height of our imagination, and our sheer will to survive that will decide the future",,2019,book,"Walsh, Bryan",,497
-Benchmarking Neural Network Robustness to Common Corruptions and Perturbations,"In this paper we establish rigorous benchmarks for image classifier robustness. Our first benchmark, ImageNet-C, standardizes and expands the corruption robustness topic, while showing which classifiers are preferable in safety-critical applications. Then we propose a new dataset called ImageNet-P which enables researchers to benchmark a classifier's robustness to common perturbations. Unlike recent robustness research, this benchmark evaluates performance on common corruptions and perturbations not worst-case adversarial perturbations. We find that there are negligible changes in relative corruption robustness from AlexNet classifiers to ResNet classifiers. Afterward we discover ways to enhance corruption and perturbation robustness. We even find that a bypassed adversarial defense provides substantial common perturbation robustness. Together our benchmarks may aid future work toward networks that robustly generalize.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.12261,2019,conferencePaper,"Hendrycks, Dan; Dietterich, Thomas",,498
-Preventing Side-effects in Gridworlds,,https://www.gleech.org/grids,2018,blogPost,"Leech, Gavin; Kubicki, Karol; Cooper, Jessica; McGrath, Tom",Argmin Gravitas,499
-Explainable Robotic Systems,"The increasing complexity of robotic systems are pressing the need for them to be transparent and trustworthy. When people interact with a robotic system, they will inevitably construct mental models to understand and predict its actions. However, people’s mental models of robotic systems stem from their interactions with living beings, which induces the risk of establishing incorrect or inadequate mental models of robotic systems and may lead people to either under- and over-trust these systems. We need to understand the inferences that people make about robots from their behavior, and leverage this understanding to formulate and implement behaviors into robotic systems that support the formation of correct mental models of and fosters trust calibration. This way, people will be better able to predict the intentions of these systems, and thus more accurately estimate their capabilities, better understand their actions, and potentially correct their errors. The aim of this full-day workshop is to provide a forum for researchers and practitioners to share and learn about recent research on people’s inferences of robot actions, as well as the implementation of transparent, predictable, and explainable behaviors into robotic systems.",http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3173386.3173568,2018,conferencePaper,"de Graaf, Maartje M.A.; Malle, Bertram F.; Dragan, Anca; Ziemke, Tom",Companion of the 2018 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction - HRI '18,500
-Variational Option Discovery Algorithms,"We explore methods for option discovery based on variational inference and make two algorithmic contributions. First: we highlight a tight connection between variational option discovery methods and variational autoencoders, and introduce Variational Autoencoding Learning of Options by Reinforcement (VALOR), a new method derived from the connection. In VALOR, the policy encodes contexts from a noise distribution into trajectories, and the decoder recovers the contexts from the complete trajectories. Second: we propose a curriculum learning approach where the number of contexts seen by the agent increases whenever the agent's performance is strong enough (as measured by the decoder) on the current set of contexts. We show that this simple trick stabilizes training for VALOR and prior variational option discovery methods, allowing a single agent to learn many more modes of behavior than it could with a fixed context distribution. Finally, we investigate other topics related to variational option discovery, including fundamental limitations of the general approach and the applicability of learned options to downstream tasks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.10299,2018,manuscript,"Achiam, Joshua; Edwards, Harrison; Amodei, Dario; Abbeel, Pieter",,501
-Learning from lions: inferring the utility of agents from their trajectories,"We build a model using Gaussian processes to infer a spatio-temporal vector field from observed agent trajectories. Significant landmarks or influence points in agent surroundings are jointly derived through vector calculus operations that indicate presence of sources and sinks. We evaluate these influence points by using the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the posterior and prior Laplacian of the inferred spatio-temporal vector field. Through locating significant features that influence trajectories, our model aims to give greater insight into underlying causal utility functions that determine agent decision-making. A key feature of our model is that it infers a joint Gaussian process over the observed trajectories, the time-varying vector field of utility and canonical vector calculus operators. We apply our model to both synthetic data and lion GPS data collected at the Bubye Valley Conservancy in southern Zimbabwe.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.02357,2017,manuscript,"Cobb, Adam D.; Markham, Andrew; Roberts, Stephen J.",,502
-Hidden Incentives for Auto-Induced Distributional Shift,"Decisions made by machine learning systems have increasing influence on the world, yet it is common for machine learning algorithms to assume that no such influence exists. An example is the use of the i.i.d. assumption in content recommendation. In fact, the (choice of) content displayed can change users' perceptions and preferences, or even drive them away, causing a shift in the distribution of users. We introduce the term auto-induced distributional shift (ADS) to describe the phenomenon of an algorithm causing a change in the distribution of its own inputs. Our goal is to ensure that machine learning systems do not leverage ADS to increase performance when doing so could be undesirable. We demonstrate that changes to the learning algorithm, such as the introduction of meta-learning, can cause hidden incentives for auto-induced distributional shift (HI-ADS) to be revealed. To address this issue, we introduce `unit tests' and a mitigation strategy for HI-ADS, as well as a toy environment for modelling real-world issues with HI-ADS in content recommendation, where we demonstrate that strong meta-learners achieve gains in performance via ADS. We show meta-learning and Q-learning both sometimes fail unit tests, but pass when using our mitigation strategy.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.09153,2020,manuscript,"Krueger, David; Maharaj, Tegan; Leike, Jan",,503
-The tension between openness and prudence in AI research,"This paper explores the tension between openness and prudence in AI research, evident in two core principles of the Montr\'eal Declaration for Responsible AI. While the AI community has strong norms around open sharing of research, concerns about the potential harms arising from misuse of research are growing, prompting some to consider whether the field of AI needs to reconsider publication norms. We discuss how different beliefs and values can lead to differing perspectives on how the AI community should manage this tension, and explore implications for what responsible publication norms in AI research might look like in practice.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01170,2020,conferencePaper,"Whittlestone, Jess; Ovadya, Aviv",arXiv:1910.01170 [cs],504
-AGNI: Autonomous Geospatial system for Noticing Ignition,,http://mediangroup.org/docs/agni.pdf,,manuscript,"Gallagher, Jack; Maltinsky, Baeo",,505
-Asynchronous Methods for Model-Based Reinforcement Learning,"Significant progress has been made in the area of model-based reinforcement learning. State-of-the-art algorithms are now able to match the asymptotic performance of model-free methods while being significantly more data efficient. However, this success has come at a price: state-of-the-art model-based methods require significant computation interleaved with data collection, resulting in run times that take days, even if the amount of agent interaction might be just hours or even minutes. When considering the goal of learning in real-time on real robots, this means these state-of-the-art model-based algorithms still remain impractical. In this work, we propose an asynchronous framework for model-based reinforcement learning methods that brings down the run time of these algorithms to be just the data collection time. We evaluate our asynchronous framework on a range of standard MuJoCo benchmarks. We also evaluate our asynchronous framework on three real-world robotic manipulation tasks. We show how asynchronous learning not only speeds up learning w.r.t wall-clock time through parallelization, but also further reduces the sample complexity of model-based approaches by means of improving the exploration and by means of effectively avoiding the policy overfitting to the deficiencies of learned dynamics models.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.12453,2019,conferencePaper,"Zhang, Yunzhi; Clavera, Ignasi; Tsai, Boren; Abbeel, Pieter",3rd Conference on Robot Learning (CoRL 2019),506
-The Next Decade in AI: Four Steps Towards Robust Artificial Intelligence,"Recent research in artificial intelligence and machine learning has largely emphasized general-purpose learning and ever-larger training sets and more and more compute. In contrast, I propose a hybrid, knowledge-driven, reasoning-based approach, centered around cognitive models, that could provide the substrate for a richer, more robust AI than is currently possible.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.06177,2020,manuscript,"Marcus, Gary",,507
-DoorGym: A Scalable Door Opening Environment And Baseline Agent,"Reinforcement Learning (RL) has brought forth ideas of autonomous robots that can navigate real-world environments with ease, aiding humans in a variety of tasks. RL agents have just begun to make their way out of simulation into the real world. Once in the real world, benchmark tasks often fail to transfer into useful skills. We introduce DoorGym, a simulation environment intended to be the first step to move RL from toy environments towards useful atomic skills that can be composed and extended towards a broader goal. DoorGym is an open-source door simulation framework designed to be highly configurable. We also provide a baseline PPO (Proximal Policy Optimization) and SAC (Soft Actor-Critic)implementation, which achieves a success rate of up to 70% for common tasks in this environment. Environment kit available here:https://github.com/PSVL/DoorGym/",http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.01887,2019,conferencePaper,"Urakami, Yusuke; Hodgkinson, Alec; Carlin, Casey; Leu, Randall; Rigazio, Luca; Abbeel, Pieter",33rd Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2019),508
-"A Conceptually Well-Founded Characterization of Iterated Admissibility Using an ""All I Know"" Operator","Brandenburger, Friedenberg, and Keisler provide an epistemic characterization of iterated admissibility (IA), also known as iterated deletion of weakly dominated strategies, where uncertainty is represented using LPSs (lexicographic probability sequences). Their characterization holds in a rich structure called a complete structure, where all types are possible. In earlier work, we gave a characterization of iterated admissibility using an ""all I know"" operator, that captures the intuition that ""all the agent knows"" is that agents satisfy the appropriate rationality assumptions. That characterization did not need complete structures and used probability structures, not LPSs. However, that characterization did not deal with Samuelson's conceptual concern regarding IA, namely, that at higher levels, players do not consider possible strategies that were used to justify their choice of strategy at lower levels. In this paper, we give a characterization of IA using the all I know operator that does deal with Samuelson's concern. However, it uses LPSs. We then show how to modify the characterization using notions of ""approximate belief"" and ""approximately all I know"" so as to deal with Samuelson's concern while still working with probability structures.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.09106,2019,journalArticle,"Halpern, Joseph Y.; Pass, Rafael",Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science,509
-Learning under Misspecified Objective Spaces,"Learning robot objective functions from human input has become increasingly important, but state-of-the-art techniques assume that the human’s desired objective lies within the robot’s hypothesis space. When this is not true, even methods that keep track of uncertainty over the objective fail because they reason about which hypothesis might be correct, and not whether any of the hypotheses are correct. We focus specifically on learning from physical human corrections during the robot’s task execution, where not having a rich enough hypothesis space leads to the robot updating its objective in ways that the person did not actually intend. We observe that such corrections appear irrelevant to the robot, because they are not the best way of achieving any of the candidate objectives. Instead of naively trusting and learning from every human interaction, we propose robots learn conservatively by reasoning in real time about how relevant the human’s correction is for the robot’s hypothesis space. We test our inference method in an experiment with human interaction data, and demonstrate that this alleviates unintended learning in an in-person user study with a robot manipulator.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.05157,2018,conferencePaper,"Bobu, Andreea; Bajcsy, Andrea; Fisac, Jaime F.; Dragan, Anca D.",2nd Conference on Robot Learning (CoRL 2018),510
-Robust program equilibrium,,,2019,journalArticle,"Oesterheld, Caspar",Theory and Decision,511
-Towards personalized human AI interaction - adapting the behavior of AI agents using neural signatures of subjective interest,"Reinforcement Learning AI commonly uses reward/penalty signals that are objective and explicit in an environment -- e.g. game score, completion time, etc. -- in order to learn the optimal strategy for task performance. However, Human-AI interaction for such AI agents should include additional reinforcement that is implicit and subjective -- e.g. human preferences for certain AI behavior -- in order to adapt the AI behavior to idiosyncratic human preferences. Such adaptations would mirror naturally occurring processes that increase trust and comfort during social interactions. Here, we show how a hybrid brain-computer-interface (hBCI), which detects an individual's level of interest in objects/events in a virtual environment, can be used to adapt the behavior of a Deep Reinforcement Learning AI agent that is controlling a virtual autonomous vehicle. Specifically, we show that the AI learns a driving strategy that maintains a safe distance from a lead vehicle, and most novelly, preferentially slows the vehicle when the human passengers of the vehicle encounter objects of interest. This adaptation affords an additional 20\% viewing time for subjectively interesting objects. This is the first demonstration of how an hBCI can be used to provide implicit reinforcement to an AI agent in a way that incorporates user preferences into the control system.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.04574,2017,manuscript,"Shih, Victor; Jangraw, David C.; Sajda, Paul; Saproo, Sameer",,512
-Many-Goals Reinforcement Learning,"All-goals updating exploits the off-policy nature of Q-learning to update all possible goals an agent could have from each transition in the world, and was introduced into Reinforcement Learning (RL) by Kaelbling (1993). In prior work this was mostly explored in small-state RL problems that allowed tabular representations and where all possible goals could be explicitly enumerated and learned separately. In this paper we empirically explore 3 different extensions of the idea of updating many (instead of all) goals in the context of RL with deep neural networks (or DeepRL for short). First, in a direct adaptation of Kaelbling's approach we explore if many-goals updating can be used to achieve mastery in non-tabular visual-observation domains. Second, we explore whether many-goals updating can be used to pre-train a network to subsequently learn faster and better on a single main task of interest. Third, we explore whether many-goals updating can be used to provide auxiliary task updates in training a network to learn faster and better on a single main task of interest. We provide comparisons to baselines for each of the 3 extensions.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.09605,2018,manuscript,"Veeriah, Vivek; Oh, Junhyuk; Singh, Satinder",,513
-Decolonial AI: Decolonial Theory as Sociotechnical Foresight in Artificial Intelligence,"This paper explores the important role of critical science, and in particular of post-colonial and decolonial theories, in understanding and shaping the ongoing advances in artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is viewed as amongst the technological advances that will reshape modern societies and their relations. Whilst the design and deployment of systems that continually adapt holds the promise of far-reaching positive change, they simultaneously pose significant risks, especially to already vulnerable peoples. Values and power are central to this discussion. Decolonial theories use historical hindsight to explain patterns of power that shape our intellectual, political, economic, and social world. By embedding a decolonial critical approach within its technical practice, AI communities can develop foresight and tactics that can better align research and technology development with established ethical principles, centring vulnerable peoples who continue to bear the brunt of negative impacts of innovation and scientific progress. We highlight problematic applications that are instances of coloniality, and using a decolonial lens, submit three tactics that can form a decolonial field of artificial intelligence: creating a critical technical practice of AI, seeking reverse tutelage and reverse pedagogies, and the renewal of affective and political communities. The years ahead will usher in a wave of new scientific breakthroughs and technologies driven by AI research, making it incumbent upon AI communities to strengthen the social contract through ethical foresight and the multiplicity of intellectual perspectives available to us; ultimately supporting future technologies that enable greater well-being, with the goal of beneficence and justice for all.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.04068,2020,journalArticle,"Mohamed, Shakir; Png, Marie-Therese; Isaac, William",Philosophy & Technology,514
-Where Do You Think You're Going?: Inferring Beliefs about Dynamics from Behavior,,http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7419-where-do-you-think-youre-going-inferring-beliefs-about-dynamics-from-behavior.pdf,2018,bookSection,"Reddy, Sid; Dragan, Anca; Levine, Sergey",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31,515
-Alive and Well after 25 Years: A Review of Groupthink Research,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0749597898927583,1998,journalArticle,"Esser, James K",Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,516
-A National Security Research Agenda for Cybersecurity and Artificial Intelligence,"Machine learning advances are transforming cyber strategy and operations. This necessitates studying national security issues at the intersection of AI and cybersecurity, including offensive and defensive cyber operations, the cybersecurity of AI systems, and the effect of new technologies on global stability.",https://cset.georgetown.edu/research/a-national-security-research-agenda-for-cybersecurity-and-artificial-intelligence/,2020,report,"Buchanan, Ben",,517
-Long-Term and Short-Term Challenges to Ensuring the Safety of AI Systems,"Introduction There has been much recent discussion about AI risk, meaning specifically the potential pitfalls (both short-term and long-term) that AI with improved capabilities could create for soc…",https://jsteinhardt.wordpress.com/2015/06/24/long-term-and-short-term-challenges-to-ensuring-the-safety-of-ai-systems/,2015,blogPost,"Steinhardt, Jacob",Academically Interesting,518
-Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs,,http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x,2006,journalArticle,"Taber, Charles S.; Lodge, Milton",American Journal of Political Science,519
-Stabilization of neurotoxic Alzheimer amyloid-β oligomers by protein engineering,,,2010,journalArticle,"Sandberg, Anders; Luheshi, Leila M.; Söllvander, Sofia; de Barros, Teresa Pereira; Macao, Bertil; Knowles, Tuomas PJ; Biverst\aal, Henrik; Lendel, Christofer; Ekholm-Petterson, Frida; Dubnovitsky, Anatoly",Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,520
-Agents and Devices: A Relative Definition of Agency,"According to Dennett, the same system may be described using a `physical' (mechanical) explanatory stance, or using an `intentional' (belief- and goal-based) explanatory stance. Humans tend to find the physical stance more helpful for certain systems, such as planets orbiting a star, and the intentional stance for others, such as living animals. We define a formal counterpart of physical and intentional stances within computational theory: a description of a system as either a device, or an agent, with the key difference being that `devices' are directly described in terms of an input-output mapping, while `agents' are described in terms of the function they optimise. Bayes' rule can then be applied to calculate the subjective probability of a system being a device or an agent, based only on its behaviour. We illustrate this using the trajectories of an object in a toy grid-world domain.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.12387,2018,manuscript,"Orseau, Laurent; McGill, Simon McGregor; Legg, Shane",,521
-Recommendations on Export Controls for Artificial Intelligence,"What U.S. export controls on AI-relevant technologies would help further aims such as stability and human rights abroad without impeding U.S. R&D? This issue brief assesses where such controls will be effective, ineffective or even damaging to the interests of the United States and its allies.",https://cset.georgetown.edu/research/recommendations-on-export-controls-for-artificial-intelligence/,2020,report,"Flynn, Carrick",,522
-Robust artificial intelligence and robust human organizations,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11704-018-8900-4,2019,journalArticle,"Dietterich, Thomas G.",Frontiers of Computer Science,523
-"Deep k-Nearest Neighbors: Towards Confident, Interpretable and Robust Deep Learning","Deep neural networks (DNNs) enable innovative applications of machine learning like image recognition, machine translation, or malware detection. However, deep learning is often criticized for its lack of robustness in adversarial settings (e.g., vulnerability to adversarial inputs) and general inability to rationalize its predictions. In this work, we exploit the structure of deep learning to enable new learning-based inference and decision strategies that achieve desirable properties such as robustness and interpretability. We take a first step in this direction and introduce the Deep k-Nearest Neighbors (DkNN). This hybrid classifier combines the k-nearest neighbors algorithm with representations of the data learned by each layer of the DNN: a test input is compared to its neighboring training points according to the distance that separates them in the representations. We show the labels of these neighboring points afford confidence estimates for inputs outside the model's training manifold, including on malicious inputs like adversarial examples--and therein provides protections against inputs that are outside the models understanding. This is because the nearest neighbors can be used to estimate the nonconformity of, i.e., the lack of support for, a prediction in the training data. The neighbors also constitute human-interpretable explanations of predictions. We evaluate the DkNN algorithm on several datasets, and show the confidence estimates accurately identify inputs outside the model, and that the explanations provided by nearest neighbors are intuitive and useful in understanding model failures.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.04765,2018,manuscript,"Papernot, Nicolas; McDaniel, Patrick",,524
-Considerations for Evaluation and Generalization in Interpretable Machine Learning,,,2018,bookSection,"Doshi-Velez, Finale; Kim, Been",Explainable and Interpretable Models in Computer Vision and Machine Learning,525
-Parenting: Safe Reinforcement Learning from Human Input,"Autonomous agents trained via reinforcement learning present numerous safety concerns: reward hacking, negative side effects, and unsafe exploration, among others. In the context of near-future autonomous agents, operating in environments where humans understand the existing dangers, human involvement in the learning process has proved a promising approach to AI Safety. Here we demonstrate that a precise framework for learning from human input, loosely inspired by the way humans parent children, solves a broad class of safety problems in this context. We show that our Parenting algorithm solves these problems in the relevant AI Safety gridworlds of Leike et al. (2017), that an agent can learn to outperform its parent as it ""matures"", and that policies learnt through Parenting are generalisable to new environments.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.06766,2019,manuscript,"Frye, Christopher; Feige, Ilya",,526
-"Artificial Intelligence, Values and Alignment","This paper looks at philosophical questions that arise in the context of AI alignment. It defends three propositions. First, normative and technical aspects of the AI alignment problem are interrelated, creating space for productive engagement between people working in both domains. Second, it is important to be clear about the goal of alignment. There are significant differences between AI that aligns with instructions, intentions, revealed preferences, ideal preferences, interests and values. A principle-based approach to AI alignment, which combines these elements in a systematic way, has considerable advantages in this context. Third, the central challenge for theorists is not to identify 'true' moral principles for AI; rather, it is to identify fair principles for alignment, that receive reflective endorsement despite widespread variation in people's moral beliefs. The final part of the paper explores three ways in which fair principles for AI alignment could potentially be identified.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.09768,2020,journalArticle,"Gabriel, Iason",Minds and Machines,527
-Search versus design,"This work was supported by OAK, a monastic community in the Berkeley hills. It could not have been written without the daily love of living in this beautiful community. The work involved in writing this cannot be separated from the sitting, chanting, cooking, cleaning, crying, correcting, fundraising, listening, laughing, and teaching of the whole community. This write-up benefited from feedback from David Kristofferson, Andrew Critch, Jason Crawford, Abram Demski, and Ben Pence. Mistakes and omissions are entirely the responsibility of the author. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- How is it that we solve engineering problems? What is the nature of the design process that humans follow when building an air conditioner or computer program? How does this differ from the search processes present in machine learning and evolution? We study search and design as distinct approaches to engineering. We argue that establishing trust in an artifact is tied to understanding how that artifact works, and that a central difference between search and design is the comprehensibility of the artifacts produced. We present a model of design as alternating phases of construction and factorization, resulting in artifacts composed of subsystems that are paired with helpful stories. We connect our ideas to the factored cognition thesis of Stuhlmüller and Christiano. We also review work in machine learning interpretability, including Chris Olah’s recent work on decomposing neural networks, Cynthia Rudin’s work on optimal simple models, and Mike Wu’s work on tree-regularized neural networks. We contrast these approaches with the joint production of artifacts and stories that we see in human design. Finally we ponder whether an AI safety research agenda could be formulated to automate design in a way that would make it competitive with search. INTRODUCTION Humans have been engineering artifacts for hundreds of thousands of years. Until rec",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/r3NHPD3dLFNk9QE2Y/search-versus-design-1,2020,blogPost,"Flint, Alex",AI Alignment Forum,528
-Conservative Agency,"Reward functions are easy to misspecify; although designers can make corrections after observing mistakes, an agent pursuing a misspecified reward function can irreversibly change the state of its environment. If that change precludes optimization of the correctly specified reward function, then correction is futile. For example, a robotic factory assistant could break expensive equipment due to a reward misspecification; even if the designers immediately correct the reward function, the damage is done. To mitigate this risk, we introduce an approach that balances optimization of the primary reward function with preservation of the ability to optimize auxiliary reward functions. Surprisingly, even when the auxiliary reward functions are randomly generated and therefore uninformative about the correctly specified reward function, this approach induces conservative, effective behavior.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.09725,2020,conferencePaper,"Turner, Alexander Matt; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Tadepalli, Prasad",arXiv:1902.09725 [cs],529
-Why Artificial Intelligence Needs a Task Theory --- And What It Might Look Like,"The concept of ""task"" is at the core of artificial intelligence (AI): Tasks are used for training and evaluating AI systems, which are built in order to perform and automatize tasks we deem useful. In other fields of engineering theoretical foundations allow thorough evaluation of designs by methodical manipulation of well understood parameters with a known role and importance; this allows an aeronautics engineer, for instance, to systematically assess the effects of wind speed on an airplane's performance and stability. No framework exists in AI that allows this kind of methodical manipulation: Performance results on the few tasks in current use (cf. board games, question-answering) cannot be easily compared, however similar or different. The issue is even more acute with respect to artificial *general* intelligence systems, which must handle unanticipated tasks whose specifics cannot be known beforehand. A *task theory* would enable addressing tasks at the *class* level, bypassing their specifics, providing the appropriate formalization and classification of tasks, environments, and their parameters, resulting in more rigorous ways of measuring, comparing, and evaluating intelligent behavior. Even modest improvements in this direction would surpass the current ad-hoc nature of machine learning and AI evaluation. Here we discuss the main elements of the argument for a task theory and present an outline of what it might look like for physical tasks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.04660,2016,conferencePaper,"Thórisson, Kristinn R.; Bieger, Jordi; Thorarensen, Thröstur; Sigurðardóttir, Jóna S.; Steunebrink, Bas R.",AGI 2016: Artificial General Intelligence,530
-Failure Modes in Machine Learning - Security documentation,"In the last two years, more than 200 papers have been written on how machine learning (ML) systems can fail because of adversarial attacks on the algorithms and data; this number balloons if we were to incorporate papers covering non-adversarial failure modes. The spate of papers has made it difficult for ML practitioners, let alone engineers, lawyers, and policymakers, to keep up with the attacks against and defenses of ML systems. However, as these systems become more pervasive, the need to understand how they fail, whether by the hand of an adversary or due to the inherent design of a system, will only become more pressing. In order to equip software developers, security incident responders, lawyers, and policy makers with a common vernacular to talk about this problem, we developed a framework to classify failures into ""Intentional failures"" where the failure is caused by an active adversary attempting to subvert the system to attain her goals; and ""Unintentional failures"" where the failure is because an ML system produces an inherently unsafe outcome. After developing the initial version of the taxonomy last year, we worked with security and ML teams across Microsoft, 23 external partners, standards organization, and governments to understand how stakeholders would use our framework. Throughout the paper, we attempt to highlight how machine learning failure modes are meaningfully different from traditional software failures from a technology and policy perspective.",https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security/failure-modes-in-machine-learning,2019,report,"Kumar, Ram Shankar Siva; Brien, David O; Albert, Kendra; Viljöen, Salomé; Snover, Jeffrey",,531
-Algorithms for Differentially Private Multi-Armed Bandits,"We present differentially private algorithms for the stochastic Multi-Armed Bandit (MAB) problem. This is a problem for applications such as adaptive clinical trials, experiment design, and user-targeted advertising where private information is connected to individual rewards. Our major contribution is to show that there exist $(\epsilon, \delta)$ differentially private variants of Upper Confidence Bound algorithms which have optimal regret, $O(\epsilon^{-1} + \log T)$. This is a significant improvement over previous results, which only achieve poly-log regret $O(\epsilon^{-2} \log^{2} T)$, because of our use of a novel interval-based mechanism. We also substantially improve the bounds of previous family of algorithms which use a continual release mechanism. Experiments clearly validate our theoretical bounds.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1511.08681,2015,conferencePaper,"Tossou, Aristide; Dimitrakakis, Christos",AAAI'16: Proceedings of the Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,532
-Why Build an Assistant in Minecraft?,"In this document we describe a rationale for a research program aimed at building an open ""assistant"" in the game Minecraft, in order to make progress on the problems of natural language understanding and learning from dialogue.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.09273,2019,manuscript,"Szlam, Arthur; Gray, Jonathan; Srinet, Kavya; Jernite, Yacine; Joulin, Armand; Synnaeve, Gabriel; Kiela, Douwe; Yu, Haonan; Chen, Zhuoyuan; Goyal, Siddharth; Guo, Demi; Rothermel, Danielle; Zitnick, C. Lawrence; Weston, Jason",,533
-"The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies","A New York Times Bestseller. A “fascinating” (Thomas L. Friedman, New York Times) look at how digital technology is transforming our work and our lives. In recent years, Google’s autonomous cars have logged thousands of miles on American highways and IBM’s Watson trounced the best human Jeopardy! players. Digital technologies―with hardware, software, and networks at their core―will in the near future diagnose diseases more accurately than doctors can, apply enormous data sets to transform retailing, and accomplish many tasks once considered uniquely human. In The Second Machine Age MIT’s Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee―two thinkers at the forefront of their field―reveal the forces driving the reinvention of our lives and our economy. As the full impact of digital technologies is felt, we will realize immense bounty in the form of dazzling personal technology, advanced infrastructure, and near-boundless access to the cultural items that enrich our lives.Amid this bounty will also be wrenching change. Professions of all kinds―from lawyers to truck drivers―will be forever upended. Companies will be forced to transform or die. Recent economic indicators reflect this shift: fewer people are working, and wages are falling even as productivity and profits soar.Drawing on years of research and up-to-the-minute trends, Brynjolfsson and McAfee identify the best strategies for survival and offer a new path to prosperity. These include revamping education so that it prepares people for the next economy instead of the last one, designing new collaborations that pair brute processing power with human ingenuity, and embracing policies that make sense in a radically transformed landscape.A fundamentally optimistic book, The Second Machine Age alters how we think about issues of technological, societal, and economic progress.",,2016,book,"Brynjolfsson, Erik; McAfee, Andrew",,534
-Aligning AI to Human Values means Picking the Right Metrics,Optimizing for the wrong thing can cause a lot of harm.,https://medium.com/partnership-on-ai/aligning-ai-to-human-values-means-picking-the-right-metrics-855859e6f047,2020,blogPost,"Stray, Jonathan",AI & Advancing Responsible AI (Medium),535
-Planning for cars that coordinate with people: leveraging effects on human actions for planning and active information gathering over human internal state,"Traditionally, autonomous cars treat human-driven vehicles like moving obstacles. They predict their future trajectories and plan to stay out of their way. While physically safe, this results in defensive and opaque behaviors. In reality, an autonomous car’s actions will actually affect what other cars will do in response, creating an opportunity for coordination. Our thesis is that we can leverage these responses to plan more efficient and communicative behaviors. We introduce a formulation of interaction with human-driven vehicles as an underactuated dynamical system, in which the robot’s actions have consequences on the state of the autonomous car, but also on the human actions and thus the state of the human-driven car. We model these consequences by approximating the human’s actions as (noisily) optimal with respect to some utility function. The robot uses the human actions as observations of her underlying utility function parameters. We first explore learning these parameters offline, and show that a robot planning in the resulting underactuated system is more efficient than when treating the person as a moving obstacle. We also show that the robot can target specific desired effects, like getting the person to switch lanes or to proceed first through an intersection. We then explore estimating these parameters online, and enable the robot to perform active information gathering: generating actions that purposefully probe the human in order to clarify their underlying utility parameters, like driving style or attention level. We show that this significantly outperforms passive estimation and improves efficiency. Planning in our model results in coordination behaviors: the robot inches forward at an intersection to see if can go through, or it reverses to make the other car proceed first. These behaviors result from the optimization, without relying on hand-coded signaling strategies. Our user studies support the utility of our model when interacting with real users.",http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10514-018-9746-1,2018,journalArticle,"Sadigh, Dorsa; Landolfi, Nick; Sastry, Shankar S.; Seshia, Sanjit A.; Dragan, Anca D.",Autonomous Robots,536
-Benefits & Risks of Artificial Intelligence,Why do we need research to ensure that artificial intelligence remains safe and beneficial? What are the benefits and risks of artificial intelligence?,https://futureoflife.org/background/benefits-risks-of-artificial-intelligence/,,blogPost,Future of Life Institute,Future of Life Institute,537
-Social choice ethics in artificial intelligence,"A major approach to the ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) is to use social choice, in which the AI is designed to act according to the aggregate views of society. This is found in the AI ethics of “coherent extrapolated volition” and “bottom-up ethics”. This paper shows that the normative basis of AI social choice ethics is weak due to the fact that there is no one single aggregate ethical view of society. Instead, the design of social choice AI faces three sets of decisions: standing, concerning whose ethics views are included; measurement, concerning how their views are identified; and aggregation, concerning how individual views are combined to a single view that will guide AI behavior. These decisions must be made up front in the initial AI design—designers cannot “let the AI figure it out”. Each set of decisions poses difficult ethical dilemmas with major consequences for AI behavior, with some decision options yielding pathological or even catastrophic results. Furthermore, non-social choice ethics face similar issues, such as whether to count future generations or the AI itself. These issues can be more important than the question of whether or not to use social choice ethics. Attention should focus on these issues, not on social choice.",http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00146-017-0760-1,2020,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.",AI & Society,538
-Finding latent code errors via machine learning over program executions,,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1317470/,2004,conferencePaper,"Brun, Y.; Ernst, M.D.",Proceedings. 26th International Conference on Software Engineering,539
-Meta-trained agents implement Bayes-optimal agents,"Memory-based meta-learning is a powerful technique to build agents that adapt fast to any task within a target distribution. A previous theoretical study has argued that this remarkable performance is because the meta-training protocol incentivises agents to behave Bayes-optimally. We empirically investigate this claim on a number of prediction and bandit tasks. Inspired by ideas from theoretical computer science, we show that meta-learned and Bayes-optimal agents not only behave alike, but they even share a similar computational structure, in the sense that one agent system can approximately simulate the other. Furthermore, we show that Bayes-optimal agents are fixed points of the meta-learning dynamics. Our results suggest that memory-based meta-learning might serve as a general technique for numerically approximating Bayes-optimal agents - that is, even for task distributions for which we currently don't possess tractable models.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11223,2020,conferencePaper,"Mikulik, Vladimir; Delétang, Grégoire; McGrath, Tom; Genewein, Tim; Martic, Miljan; Legg, Shane; Ortega, Pedro A.",34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2020),540
-Book Summary: Consciousness and the Brain,"One of the fundamental building blocks of much of consciousness research, is that of Global Workspace Theory (GWT). One elaboration of GWT, which focuses on how it might be implemented in the brain, is the Global Neuronal Workspace (GNW) model in neuroscience. Consciousness and the Brain is a 2014 book that summarizes some of the research and basic ideas behind GNW. It was written by Stanislas Dehaene, a French cognitive neuroscientist with a long background in both consciousness research and other related topics. THE BOOK AND ITS REPLICABILITY Given that this is a book on psychology and neuroscience that was written before the replication crisis, an obligatory question before we get to the meat of it is: how reliable are any of the claims in this book? After all, if we think that this is based on research which is probably not going to replicate, then we shouldn’t even bother reading the book. I think that the book’s conclusions are at least reasonably reliable in their broad strokes, if not necessarily all the particular details. That is, some of the details in the cited experiments may be off, but I expect most of them to at least be pointing in the right direction. Here are my reasons: First, scientists in a field usually have an informal hunch of how reliable the different results are. Even before the replication crisis hit, I had heard private comments from friends working in social psychology, who were saying that everything in the field was built on shaky foundations and how they didn’t trust even their own findings much. In contrast, when I asked a friend who works with some people doing consciousness research, he reported back that they generally felt that GWT/GNW-style theories have a reasonably firm basis. This isn’t terribly conclusive but at least it’s a bit of evidence. Second, for some experiments the book explicitly mentions that they have been replicated. That said, some of the reported experiments seemed to be one-off ones, and I did not yet",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/x4n4jcoDP7xh5LWLq/book-summary-consciousness-and-the-brain,2019,blogPost,"Sotala, Kaj",LessWrong,541
-Activation Atlas,"By using feature inversion to visualize millions of activations from an image classification network, we create an explorable activation atlas of features the network has learned and what concepts it typically represents.",https://distill.pub/2019/activation-atlas,2019,journalArticle,"Carter, Shan; Armstrong, Zan; Schubert, Ludwig; Johnson, Ian; Olah, Chris",Distill,542
-Considered Opinions: Deliberative Polling in Britain,,http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0007123402000194,2002,journalArticle,"Luskin, Robert C.; Fishkin, James S.; Jowell, Roger",British Journal of Political Science,543
-"A Connection between Generative Adversarial Networks, Inverse Reinforcement Learning, and Energy-Based Models","Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are a recently proposed class of generative models in which a generator is trained to optimize a cost function that is being simultaneously learned by a discriminator. While the idea of learning cost functions is relatively new to the field of generative modeling, learning costs has long been studied in control and reinforcement learning (RL) domains, typically for imitation learning from demonstrations. In these fields, learning cost function underlying observed behavior is known as inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) or inverse optimal control. While at first the connection between cost learning in RL and cost learning in generative modeling may appear to be a superficial one, we show in this paper that certain IRL methods are in fact mathematically equivalent to GANs. In particular, we demonstrate an equivalence between a sample-based algorithm for maximum entropy IRL and a GAN in which the generator's density can be evaluated and is provided as an additional input to the discriminator. Interestingly, maximum entropy IRL is a special case of an energy-based model. We discuss the interpretation of GANs as an algorithm for training energy-based models, and relate this interpretation to other recent work that seeks to connect GANs and EBMs. By formally highlighting the connection between GANs, IRL, and EBMs, we hope that researchers in all three communities can better identify and apply transferable ideas from one domain to another, particularly for developing more stable and scalable algorithms: a major challenge in all three domains.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.03852,2016,conferencePaper,"Finn, Chelsea; Christiano, Paul; Abbeel, Pieter; Levine, Sergey",arXiv:1611.03852 [cs],544
-Dynamics-Aware Unsupervised Discovery of Skills,"Conventionally, model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL) aims to learn a global model for the dynamics of the environment. A good model can potentially enable planning algorithms to generate a large variety of behaviors and solve diverse tasks. However, learning an accurate model for complex dynamical systems is difficult, and even then, the model might not generalize well outside the distribution of states on which it was trained. In this work, we combine model-based learning with model-free learning of primitives that make model-based planning easy. To that end, we aim to answer the question: how can we discover skills whose outcomes are easy to predict? We propose an unsupervised learning algorithm, Dynamics-Aware Discovery of Skills (DADS), which simultaneously discovers predictable behaviors and learns their dynamics. Our method can leverage continuous skill spaces, theoretically, allowing us to learn infinitely many behaviors even for high-dimensional state-spaces. We demonstrate that zero-shot planning in the learned latent space significantly outperforms standard MBRL and model-free goal-conditioned RL, can handle sparse-reward tasks, and substantially improves over prior hierarchical RL methods for unsupervised skill discovery.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.01657,2020,manuscript,"Sharma, Archit; Gu, Shixiang; Levine, Sergey; Kumar, Vikash; Hausman, Karol",,545
-Efficient Iterative Linear-Quadratic Approximations for Nonlinear Multi-Player General-Sum Differential Games,"Many problems in robotics involve multiple decision making agents. To operate efficiently in such settings, a robot must reason about the impact of its decisions on the behavior of other agents. Differential games offer an expressive theoretical framework for formulating these types of multi-agent problems. Unfortunately, most numerical solution techniques scale poorly with state dimension and are rarely used in real-time applications. For this reason, it is common to predict the future decisions of other agents and solve the resulting decoupled, i.e., single-agent, optimal control problem. This decoupling neglects the underlying interactive nature of the problem; however, efficient solution techniques do exist for broad classes of optimal control problems. We take inspiration from one such technique, the iterative linearquadratic regulator (ILQR), which solves repeated approximations with linear dynamics and quadratic costs. Similarly, our proposed algorithm solves repeated linear-quadratic games. We experimentally benchmark our algorithm in several examples with a variety of initial conditions and show that the resulting strategies exhibit complex interactive behavior. Our results indicate that our algorithm converges reliably and runs in realtime. In a three-player, 14-state simulated intersection problem, our algorithm initially converges in < 0.25 s. Receding horizon invocations converge in < 50 ms in a hardware collisionavoidance test.",https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9197129?casa_token=2AxzWq5Kg50AAAAA:hCVPhFGnvxhKzZfst3uZ32B9q5R7TjFaO4vibaHfxBRc8KRTa_FrrZYbqnwdSphBh-hHkqE1,2019,conferencePaper,"Fridovich-Keil, David; Ratner, Ellis; Peters, Lasse; Dragan, Anca D.; Tomlin, Claire J.",2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA),546
-Activism by the AI Community: Analysing Recent Achievements and Future Prospects,"The artificial intelligence (AI) community has recently engaged in activism in relation to their employers, other members of the community, and their governments in order to shape the societal and ethical implications of AI. It has achieved some notable successes, but prospects for further political organising and activism are uncertain. We survey activism by the AI community over the last six years; apply two analytical frameworks drawing upon the literature on epistemic communities, and worker organising and bargaining; and explore what they imply for the future prospects of the AI community. Success thus far has hinged on a coherent shared culture, and high bargaining power due to the high demand for a limited supply of AI ‘talent’. Both are crucial to the future of AI activism and worthy of sustained attention.",https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3375627.3375814,2020,conferencePaper,"Belfield, Haydn","Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",547
-The Wisdom of Nature: An Evolutionary Heuristic for Human Enhancement,,,2017,bookSection,"Bostrom, Nick; Sandberg, Anders",Philosophical Issues in Pharmaceutics,548
-Submission to the OSTP on AI outcomes,The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy recently put out a request for information on “(1) The legal and governance implications of AI; (2) the use of AI for public good; (3) the safety and control issues for AI; (4) the social and economic implications of AI;” and a variety of related topics.... Read more »,https://intelligence.org/2016/07/23/ostp/,2016,report,"Soares, Nate",,549
-"The Nature, Importance, and Difficulty of Machine Ethics",,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1667948/,2006,journalArticle,"Moor, J.H.",IEEE Intelligent Systems,550
-Space-Time Embedded Intelligence,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-35506-6_22,2012,bookSection,"Orseau, Laurent; Ring, Mark",Artificial General Intelligence,551
-Dissolving Confusion around Functional Decision Theory,"SUMMARY Functional Decision Theory (FDT), (see also causal, evidential, timeless, updateless, and anthropic decision theories) recommends taking cooperative, non-greedy actions in twin prisoners dilemmas, Newcombian problems, Parfit’s hitchhiker-like games, and counterfactual muggings but not smoking lesion situations. It’s a controversial concept with important implications for designing agents that have optimal behavior when embedded in environments in which they may potentially interact with models of themselves. Unfortunately, I think that FDT is sometimes explained confusingly and misunderstood by its proponents and opponents alike. To help dissolve confusion about FDT and address key concerns of its opponents, I refute the criticism that FDT assumes that causation can happen backward in time and offer two key principles that provide a framework for clearly understanding it: 1. Questions in decision theory are not questions about what choices you should make with some sort of unpredictable free will. They are questions about what type of source code you should be running. 2. I should consider predictor P to “subjunctively depend” on agent A to the extent that P makes predictions of A’s actions based on correlations that cannot be confounded by my choice of what source code A runs. GETTING UP TO SPEED I think that functional decision theory (FDT) is a beautifully counterintuitive and insightful framework for instrumental rationally. I will not make it my focus here to talk about what it is and what types of situations it is useful in. To gain a solid background, I recommend this post of mine or the original paper on it by Eliezer Yudkowsky and Nate Soares. Additionally, here are four different ways that FDT can be explained. I find them all complimentary for understanding and intuiting it well. 1. The decision theory that tells you to act as if you were setting the output to an optimal decision-making process for the task at hand.",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/xoQRz8tBvsznMXTkt/dissolving-confusion-around-functional-decision-theory,2020,blogPost,"Casper, Stephen",LessWrong,552
-AI Alignment 2018-19 Review,"PREAMBLE WHAT THIS POST IS This is a review post of public work in AI alignment over 2019, with some inclusions from 2018. It has this preamble (~700 words), a short version / summary (~1.6k words), and a long version (~8.3k words). It is available as a Google Doc here. There are many areas of work that are relevant to AI alignment that I have barely touched on, such as interpretability, uncertainty estimation, adversarial examples, and assured autonomy, primarily because I have not been following these fields and wouldn’t be able to write a good summary of what has happened in them. I have also mostly focused on articles that provide some conceptual insight, and excluded or briefly linked to papers that primarily make quantitative improvements on important metrics. While such papers are obviously important (ultimately, our techniques need to work well), there isn’t much to say about them in a yearly review other than that the quantitative metric was improved. Despite these exclusions, there was still a ton of work to select from, perhaps around ~500 articles, of which over 300 have been linked to in this post. There are many interesting articles that I really enjoyed that get only a sentence of description, in which I ignore many of the points that the article makes. Most have been summarized in the Alignment Newsletter, so if you’d like to learn more about any particular link, but don’t want to read the entire thing, just search for its title in the database. WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE STRUCTURE OF THIS POST I am not speaking for myself; by default I am trying to explain what has been said, in a way that the authors of the articles would agree with. Any extra opinion that I add will be in italics. As a post, this is meant to be read sequentially, but the underlying structure is a graph (nodes are posts, edges connect posts that are very related). I arranged it in a sequence that highlights the most salient-to-me connections. This means that the order in wh",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/dKxX76SCfCvceJXHv/ai-alignment-2018-19-review,2020,blogPost,"Shah, Rohin",AI Alignment Forum,553
-Sequence introduction: non-agent and multiagent models of mind,"A typical paradigm by which people tend to think of themselves and others is as consequentialist agents: entities who can be usefully modeled as having beliefs and goals, who are then acting according to their beliefs to achieve their goals. This is often a useful model, but it doesn’t quite capture reality. It’s a bit of a fake framework. Or in computer science terms, you might call it a leaky abstraction. An abstraction in the computer science sense is a simplification which tries to hide the underlying details of a thing, letting you think in terms of the simplification rather than the details. To the extent that the abstraction actually succeeds in hiding the details, this makes things a lot simpler. But sometimes the abstraction inevitably leaks, as the simplification fails to predict some of the actual behavior that emerges from the details; in that situation you need to actually know the underlying details, and be able to think in terms of them. Agent-ness being a leaky abstraction is not exactly a novel concept for Less Wrong; it has been touched upon several times, such as in Scott Alexander’s Blue-Minimizing Robot Sequence. At the same time, I do not think that it has been quite fully internalized yet, and that many foundational posts on LW go wrong due to being premised on the assumption of humans being agents. In fact, I would go as far as to claim that this is the biggest flaw of the original Sequences: they were attempting to explain many failures of rationality as being due to cognitive biases, when in retrospect it looks like understanding cognitive biases doesn’t actually make you substantially more effective. But if you are implicitly modeling humans as goal-directed agents, then cognitive biases is the most natural place for irrationality to emerge from, so it makes sense to focus the most on there. Just knowing that an abstraction leaks isn’t enough to improve your thinking, however. To do better, you need to know about the actual underlyi",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/M4w2rdYgCKctbADMn/sequence-introduction-non-agent-and-multiagent-models-of,2019,blogPost,"Sotala, Kaj",LessWrong,554
-Existential risk and cost-effective biosecurity,,,2017,journalArticle,"Millett, Piers; Snyder-Beattie, Andrew",Health security,555
-Must accidents happen? Lessons from high-reliability organizations,,http://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/ame.2001.5229613,2001,journalArticle,"Roberts, Karlene H.; Bea, Robert",Academy of Management Perspectives,556
-Environments as a bottleneck in AGI development,"Given a training environment or dataset, a training algorithm, an optimiser, and a model class capable of implementing an AGI (with the right parameters), there are two interesting questions we might ask about how conducive that environment is for training an AGI. The first is: how much do AGIs from that model class outperform non-AGIs? The second is: how straightforward is the path to reaching an AGI? We can visualise these questions in terms of the loss landscape of those models when evaluated on the training environment. The first asks how low the set of AGIs is, compared with the rest of the landscape. The second asks how favourable the paths through that loss landscape to get to AGIs are - that is, do the local gradients usually point in the right direction, and how deep are the local minima? Some people believe that there are many environments in which AGIs can be reached via favourable paths in the loss landscape and dramatically outperform non-AGIs; let’s call this the easy paths hypothesis. By contrast, the hard paths hypothesis is that it’s rare for environments (even complex meta-environments consisting of many separate tasks) to straightforwardly incentivise the development of general intelligence. This would suggest that specific environmental features will be necessary to prevent most models from getting stuck in local minima where they only possess narrow, specialised cognitive skills. There has been a range of speculation on what such features might be - perhaps multi-agent autocurricula, or realistic simulations, or specific types of human feedback. I’ll discuss some of these possibilities later in the post. This spectrum is complicated by its dependence on the model class, training algorithm, and choice of optimiser. If we had a perfect optimiser, then the hilliness of the loss landscape wouldn’t matter. For now, I'm imagining using optimisers fairly similar to current stochastic gradient descent. Meanwhile, I’m assuming in this post that (in acc",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/vqpEC3MPioHX7bv4t/environments-as-a-bottleneck-in-agi-development,2020,blogPost,"Ngo, Richard",AI Alignment Forum,557
-Bridging near- and long-term concerns about AI,"Debate about the impacts of AI is often split into two camps, one associated with the near term and the other with the long term. This divide is a mistake — the connections between the two perspectives deserve more attention, say Stephen Cave and Seán S. ÓhÉigeartaigh.",https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-018-0003-2,2019,journalArticle,"Cave, Stephen; Ó hÉigeartaigh, Seán S.",Nature Machine Intelligence,558
-Sensitivity to Shared Information in Social Learning,,http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/cogs.12485,2018,journalArticle,"Whalen, Andrew; Griffiths, Thomas L.; Buchsbaum, Daphna",Cognitive Science,559
-What are you optimizing for? Aligning Recommender Systems with Human Values,"We describe cases where real recommender systems were modified in the service of various human values such as diversity, fairness, well-being, time well spent, and factual accuracy. From this we identify the current practice of values engineering: the creation of classifiers from humancreated data with value-based labels. This has worked in practice for a variety of issues, but problems are addressed one at a time, and users and other stakeholders have seldom been involved. Instead, we look to AI alignment work for approaches that could learn complex values directly from stakeholders, and identify four major directions: useful measures of alignment, participatory design and operation, interactive value learning, and informed deliberative judgments.",,2020,conferencePaper,"Stray, Jonathan; Adler, Steven; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan",,560
-Extremes,"Humanity is confronted by and attracted to extremes. Extreme events shape our thinking, feeling, and actions; they echo in our politics, media, literature, and science. We often associate extremes with crises, disasters, and risks to be averted, yet extremes also have the potential to lead us towards new horizons. Featuring essays by leading intellectuals and public figures arising from the 2017 Darwin College Lectures, this volume explores 'extreme' events, from the election of President Trump, the rise of populism, and the Brexit referendum, to the 2008 financial crisis, the Syrian war, and climate change. It also celebrates 'extreme' achievements in the realms of health, exploration, and scientific discovery. A fascinating, engaging, and timely collection of essays by renowned scholars, journalists, and intellectuals, this volume challenges our understanding of what is normal and what is truly extreme, and sheds light on some of the issues facing humanity in the twenty-first century.",,2019,book,"Needham, Duncan; Weitzdörfer, Julius",,561
-Preliminary survey of prescient actions,"In a 10-20 hour exploration, we did not find clear examples of 'prescient actions'—specific efforts to address severe and complex problems decades ahead of time and in the absence of broader scientific concern, experience with analogous problems, or feedback on the success of the effort—though we found six cases that may turn out to be...",https://aiimpacts.org/survey-of-prescient-actions/,2020,blogPost,"Korzekwa, Rick",AI Impacts,562
-Incomplete Contracting and AI Alignment,"We suggest that the analysis of incomplete contracting developed by law and economics researchers can provide a useful framework for understanding the AI alignment problem and help to generate a systematic approach to finding solutions. We first provide an overview of the incomplete contracting literature and explore parallels between this work and the problem of AI alignment. As we emphasize, misalignment between principal and agent is a core focus of economic analysis. We highlight some technical results from the economics literature on incomplete contracts that may provide insights for AI alignment researchers. Our core contribution, however, is to bring to bear an insight that economists have been urged to absorb from legal scholars and other behavioral scientists: the fact that human contracting is supported by substantial amounts of external structure, such as generally available institutions (culture, law) that can supply implied terms to fill the gaps in incomplete contracts. We propose a research agenda for AI alignment work that focuses on the problem of how to build AI that can replicate the human cognitive processes that connect individual incomplete contracts with this supporting external structure.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.04268,2019,conferencePaper,"Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Hadfield, Gillian","Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",563
-"The Humanizing Voice: Speech Reveals, and Text Conceals, a More Thoughtful Mind in the Midst of Disagreement","A person’s speech communicates his or her thoughts and feelings. We predicted that beyond conveying the contents of a person’s mind, a person’s speech also conveys mental capacity, such that hearing a person explain his or her beliefs makes the person seem more mentally capable—and therefore seem to possess more uniquely human mental traits—than reading the same content. We expected this effect to emerge when people are perceived as relatively mindless, such as when they disagree with the evaluator’s own beliefs. Three experiments involving polarizing attitudinal issues and political opinions supported these hypotheses. A fourth experiment identified paralinguistic cues in the human voice that convey basic mental capacities. These results suggest that the medium through which people communicate may systematically influence the impressions they form of each other. The tendency to denigrate the minds of the opposition may be tempered by giving them, quite literally, a voice.",http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797617713798,2017,journalArticle,"Schroeder, Juliana; Kardas, Michael; Epley, Nicholas",Psychological Science,564
-Antitrust and Artificial Intelligence: How Breaking Up Big Tech Could Affect Pentagon's Access to AI,"While AI innovation would presumably continue in some form without Big Tech, the authors find that breaking up the largest technology companies could fundamentally change the broader AI innovation ecosystem, likely affecting the development of AI applications for national security.",https://cset.georgetown.edu/research/antitrust-and-artificial-intelligence-how-breaking-up-big-tech-could-affect-pentagons-access-to-ai/,2020,report,"Foster, Dakota; Arnold, Zachary",,565
-Security solutions for intelligent and complex systems,,,2017,bookSection,"Armstrong, Stuart; Yampolskiy, Roman V.",Security Solutions for Hyperconnectivity and the Internet of Things,566
-AutoML-Zero: Evolving Machine Learning Algorithms From Scratch,"Machine learning research has advanced in multiple aspects, including model structures and learning methods. The effort to automate such research, known as AutoML, has also made significant progress. However, this progress has largely focused on the architecture of neural networks, where it has relied on sophisticated expert-designed layers as building blocks---or similarly restrictive search spaces. Our goal is to show that AutoML can go further: it is possible today to automatically discover complete machine learning algorithms just using basic mathematical operations as building blocks. We demonstrate this by introducing a novel framework that significantly reduces human bias through a generic search space. Despite the vastness of this space, evolutionary search can still discover two-layer neural networks trained by backpropagation. These simple neural networks can then be surpassed by evolving directly on tasks of interest, e.g. CIFAR-10 variants, where modern techniques emerge in the top algorithms, such as bilinear interactions, normalized gradients, and weight averaging. Moreover, evolution adapts algorithms to different task types: e.g., dropout-like techniques appear when little data is available. We believe these preliminary successes in discovering machine learning algorithms from scratch indicate a promising new direction for the field.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.03384,2020,conferencePaper,"Real, Esteban; Liang, Chen; So, David R.; Le, Quoc V.",Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning,567
-"Cooperation, Conflict, and Transformative Artificial Intelligence - A Research Agenda",,https://longtermrisk.org/files/Cooperation-Conflict-and-Transformative-Artificial-Intelligence-A-Research-Agenda.pdf,2020,report,"Clifton, Jesse",,568
-Towards interactive inverse reinforcement learning,,,2016,conferencePaper,"Armstrong, Stuart; Leike, Jan",NIPS Workshop,569
-The Trouble with Autopilots: Assisted and Autonomous Driving on the Social Road,,https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3025453.3025462,2017,conferencePaper,"Brown, Barry; Laurier, Eric",Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems,570
-Astronomical Waste: The Opportunity Cost of Delayed Technological Development: Nick Bostrom,,,2003,journalArticle,"Bostrom, Nick",Utilitas,571
-Constrained Policy Improvement for Safe and Efficient Reinforcement Learning,"We propose a policy improvement algorithm for Reinforcement Learning (RL) which is called Rerouted Behavior Improvement (RBI). RBI is designed to take into account the evaluation errors of the Q-function. Such errors are common in RL when learning the $Q$-value from finite past experience data. Greedy policies or even constrained policy optimization algorithms which ignore these errors may suffer from an improvement penalty (i.e. a negative policy improvement). To minimize the improvement penalty, the RBI idea is to attenuate rapid policy changes of low probability actions which were less frequently sampled. This approach is shown to avoid catastrophic performance degradation and reduce regret when learning from a batch of past experience. Through a two-armed bandit with Gaussian distributed rewards example, we show that it also increases data efficiency when the optimal action has a high variance. We evaluate RBI in two tasks in the Atari Learning Environment: (1) learning from observations of multiple behavior policies and (2) iterative RL. Our results demonstrate the advantage of RBI over greedy policies and other constrained policy optimization algorithms as a safe learning approach and as a general data efficient learning algorithm. An anonymous Github repository of our RBI implementation is found at https://github.com/eladsar/rbi.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.07805,2019,conferencePaper,"Sarafian, Elad; Tamar, Aviv; Kraus, Sarit",Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,572
-Categorizing Variants of Goodhart's Law,"There are several distinct failure modes for overoptimization of systems on the basis of metrics. This occurs when a metric which can be used to improve a system is used to an extent that further optimization is ineffective or harmful, and is sometimes termed Goodhart's Law. This class of failure is often poorly understood, partly because terminology for discussing them is ambiguous, and partly because discussion using this ambiguous terminology ignores distinctions between different failure modes of this general type. This paper expands on an earlier discussion by Garrabrant, which notes there are ""(at least) four different mechanisms"" that relate to Goodhart's Law. This paper is intended to explore these mechanisms further, and specify more clearly how they occur. This discussion should be helpful in better understanding these types of failures in economic regulation, in public policy, in machine learning, and in Artificial Intelligence alignment. The importance of Goodhart effects depends on the amount of power directed towards optimizing the proxy, and so the increased optimization power offered by artificial intelligence makes it especially critical for that field.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.04585,2019,manuscript,"Manheim, David; Garrabrant, Scott",,573
-From ImageNet to Image Classification: Contextualizing Progress on Benchmarks,"Building rich machine learning datasets in a scalable manner often necessitates a crowd-sourced data collection pipeline. In this work, we use human studies to investigate the consequences of employing such a pipeline, focusing on the popular ImageNet dataset. We study how specific design choices in the ImageNet creation process impact the fidelity of the resulting dataset---including the introduction of biases that state-of-the-art models exploit. Our analysis pinpoints how a noisy data collection pipeline can lead to a systematic misalignment between the resulting benchmark and the real-world task it serves as a proxy for. Finally, our findings emphasize the need to augment our current model training and evaluation toolkit to take such misalignments into account. To facilitate further research, we release our refined ImageNet annotations at https://github.com/MadryLab/ImageNetMultiLabel.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.11295,2020,conferencePaper,"Tsipras, Dimitris; Santurkar, Shibani; Engstrom, Logan; Ilyas, Andrew; Madry, Aleksander",Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning,574
-Issues with Iterated Distillation and Amplification,"This post assumes familiarity with Paul Christiano’s proposed technique for AI alignment, Iterated Distillation and Amplification…",https://medium.com/@lucarade/issues-with-iterated-distillation-and-amplification-5aa01ab37173,2018,blogPost,"Rade, Luca",Luca Rade (Medium),575
-AI and Compute,"We’re releasing an analysis showing that since 2012, the amount of compute used in the largest AI training runs has been increasing exponentially with a 3.4-month doubling time (by comparison, Moore’s Law had a 2-year doubling period).",https://openai.com/blog/ai-and-compute/,2018,blogPost,OpenAI,OpenAI,576
-The Epistemic Challenge to Longtermism,"Longtermists claim that what we ought to do is mainly determined by how our actions might a↵ect the very long-run future. A natural objection to longtermism is that these e↵ects may be nearly impossible to predict—perhaps so close to impossible that, despite the astronomical importance of the far future, the expected value of our present options is mainly determined by short-term considerations. This paper aims to precisify and evaluate (a version of) this epistemic objection to longtermism. To that end, I develop two simple models for comparing “longtermist” and “short-termist” interventions, incorporating the idea that, as we look further into the future, the e↵ects of any present intervention become progressively harder to predict. These models yield mixed conclusions: If we simply aim to maximize expected value, and don’t mind premising our choices on minuscule probabilities of astronomical payo↵s, the case for longtermism looks robust. But on some prima facie plausible empirical worldviews, the expectational superiority of longtermist interventions depends heavily on these “Pascalian” probabilities. So the case for longtermism may depend either on plausible but non-obvious empirical claims or on a tolerance for Pascalian fanaticism.",,2019,report,"Tarsney, Christian J",,577
-Extracting low-dimensional psychological representations from convolutional neural networks,"Deep neural networks are increasingly being used in cognitive modeling as a means of deriving representations for complex stimuli such as images. While the predictive power of these networks is high, it is often not clear whether they also offer useful explanations of the task at hand. Convolutional neural network representations have been shown to be predictive of human similarity judgments for images after appropriate adaptation. However, these high-dimensional representations are difficult to interpret. Here we present a method for reducing these representations to a low-dimensional space which is still predictive of similarity judgments. We show that these low-dimensional representations also provide insightful explanations of factors underlying human similarity judgments.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.14363,2020,conferencePaper,"Jha, Aditi; Peterson, Joshua; Griffiths, Thomas L.","arXiv:2005.14363 [cs, q-bio]",578
-To Trust Or Not To Trust A Classifier,"Knowing when a classifier's prediction can be trusted is useful in many applications and critical for safely using AI. While the bulk of the effort in machine learning research has been towards improving classifier performance, understanding when a classifier's predictions should and should not be trusted has received far less attention. The standard approach is to use the classifier's discriminant or confidence score; however, we show there exists an alternative that is more effective in many situations. We propose a new score, called the trust score, which measures the agreement between the classifier and a modified nearest-neighbor classifier on the testing example. We show empirically that high (low) trust scores produce surprisingly high precision at identifying correctly (incorrectly) classified examples, consistently outperforming the classifier's confidence score as well as many other baselines. Further, under some mild distributional assumptions, we show that if the trust score for an example is high (low), the classifier will likely agree (disagree) with the Bayes-optimal classifier. Our guarantees consist of non-asymptotic rates of statistical consistency under various nonparametric settings and build on recent developments in topological data analysis.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.11783v2,2018,conferencePaper,"Jiang, Heinrich; Kim, Been; Guan, Melody Y.; Gupta, Maya",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS 2018),579
-Thinking Inside the Box: Controlling and Using an Oracle AI,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11023-012-9282-2,2012,journalArticle,"Armstrong, Stuart; Sandberg, Anders; Bostrom, Nick",Minds and Machines,580
-Artificial Interdisciplinarity: Artificial Intelligence for Research on Complex Societal Problems,"This paper considers the question: In what ways can artificial intelligence assist with interdisciplinary research for addressing complex societal problems and advancing the social good? Problems such as environmental protection, public health, and emerging technology governance do not fit neatly within traditional academic disciplines and therefore require an interdisciplinary approach. However, interdisciplinary research poses large cognitive challenges for human researchers that go beyond the substantial challenges of narrow disciplinary research. The challenges include epistemic divides between disciplines, the massive bodies of relevant literature, the peer review of work that integrates an eclectic mix of topics, and the transfer of interdisciplinary research insights from one problem to another. Artificial interdisciplinarity already helps with these challenges via search engines, recommendation engines, and automated content analysis. Future “strong artificial interdisciplinarity” based on human-level artificial general intelligence could excel at interdisciplinary research, but it may take a long time to develop and could pose major safety and ethical issues. Therefore, there is an important role for intermediate-term artificial interdisciplinarity systems that could make major contributions to addressing societal problems without the concerns associated with artificial general intelligence.",http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13347-020-00416-5,2020,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.",Philosophy & Technology,581
-The effectiveness of eight nonpharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 in 41 countries,"Abstract
Governments are attempting to control the COVID-19 pandemic with nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). However, it is still largely unknown how effective different NPIs are at reducing transmission. Data-driven studies can estimate the effectiveness of NPIs while minimising assumptions, but existing analyses lack sufficient data and validation to robustly distinguish the effects of individual NPIs. We gather chronological data on NPIs in 41 countries between January and the end of May 2020, creating the largest public NPI dataset collected with independent double entry. We then estimate the effectiveness of 8 NPIs with a Bayesian hierarchical model by linking NPI implementation dates to national case and death counts. The results are supported by extensive empirical validation, including 11 sensitivity analyses with over 200 experimental conditions. We find that closing schools and universities was highly effective; that banning gatherings and closing high-risk businesses was effective, but closing most other businesses had limited further benefit; and that many countries may have been able to reduce R below 1 without issuing a stay-at-home order.
",https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.20116129v4,2020,journalArticle,"Brauner, Jan M.; Mindermann, Sören; Sharma, Mrinank; Johnston, David; Salvatier, John; Gavenčiak, Tomáš; Stephenson, Anna B.; Leech, Gavin; Altman, George; Mikulik, Vladimir; Norman, Alexander John; Monrad, Joshua Teperowski; Besiroglu, Tamay; Ge, Hong; Hartwick, Meghan A.; Teh, Yee Whye; Chindelevitch, Leonid; Gal, Yarin; Kulveit, Jan",medRxiv,582
-Deciphering China’s AI dream,,,2018,journalArticle,"Ding, Jeffrey",Future of Humanity Institute Technical Report,583
-On the future: prospects for humanity,,,2018,book,"Rees, Martin J.",,584
-Moral realism and AI alignment,"“Abstract”: Some have claimed that moral realism – roughly, the claim that moral claims can be true or false – would, if true, have implications for AI alignment research, such that moral realists …",https://casparoesterheld.com/2018/08/06/moral-realism-and-ai-alignment/,2018,blogPost,"Oesterheld, Caspar",The Universe from an Intentional Stance,585
-Cause prioritization for downside-focused value systems,"Last edited: August 27th 2019. This post outlines my thinking on cause prioritization from the perspective of value systems whose primary concern is reducing disvalue. I’m mainly thinking of suffering-focused ethics (SFE), but I also want to include moral views that attribute substantial disvalue to things other than suffering, such as inequality or preference violation. I will limit the discussion to interventions targeted at improving the long-term future (see the reasons in section II). I hope my post will also be informative for people who do not share a downside-focused outlook, as thinking about cause prioritization from different perspectives, with emphasis on considerations other than those one is used to, can be illuminating. Moreover, understanding the strategic considerations for plausible moral views is essential for acting under moral uncertainty and cooperating with people with other values. I will talk about the following topics: * Which views qualify as downside-focused (given our empirical situation) * Why downside-focused views prioritize s-risk reduction over utopia creation * Why extinction risk reduction is unlikely to be a promising intervention according to downside-focused views * Why AI alignment is probably positive for downside-focused views, and especially positive if done with certain precautions * What to include in an EA portfolio that incorporates population ethical uncertainty and cooperation between value systems WHICH VIEWS QUALIFY AS DOWNSIDE-FOCUSED? I’m using the term downside-focused to refer to value systems that in practice (given what we know about the world) primarily recommend working on interventions that make bad things less likely.[1] For example, if one holds that what is most important is how things turn out for individuals (welfarist consequentialism), and that it is comparatively unimportant to add well-off beings to the world, then one should likely focus on preventing suffering.[2] That would b",https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/225Aq4P4jFPoWBrb5/cause-prioritization-for-downside-focused-value-systems,2018,blogPost,"Gloor, Lukas",Effective Altruism Forum,586
-"Robustness via curvature regularization, and vice versa","State-of-the-art classifiers have been shown to be largely vulnerable to adversarial perturbations. One of the most effective strategies to improve robustness is adversarial training. In this paper, we investigate the effect of adversarial training on the geometry of the classification landscape and decision boundaries. We show in particular that adversarial training leads to a significant decrease in the curvature of the loss surface with respect to inputs, leading to a drastically more ""linear"" behaviour of the network. Using a locally quadratic approximation, we provide theoretical evidence on the existence of a strong relation between large robustness and small curvature. To further show the importance of reduced curvature for improving the robustness, we propose a new regularizer that directly minimizes curvature of the loss surface, and leads to adversarial robustness that is on par with adversarial training. Besides being a more efficient and principled alternative to adversarial training, the proposed regularizer confirms our claims on the importance of exhibiting quasi-linear behavior in the vicinity of data points in order to achieve robustness.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.09716,2018,conferencePaper,"Moosavi-Dezfooli, Seyed-Mohsen; Fawzi, Alhussein; Uesato, Jonathan; Frossard, Pascal",2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR),587
-A Paradox for Tiny Probabilities and Enormous Values,"We show that every theory of the value of uncertain prospects must have one of three unpalatable properties. Reckless theories recommend risking arbitrarily great gains at arbitrarily long odds for the sake of enormous potential; timid theories recommend passing up arbitrarily great gains to prevent a tiny increase in risk; nontransitive theories deny the principle that, if A is better than B and B is better than C, then A must be better than C. While nontransitivity has been much discussed, we draw out the costs and benefits of recklessness and timidity when it comes to axiology, decision theory, and moral uncertainty.",https://globalprioritiesinstitute.org/nick-beckstead-and-teruji-thomas-a-paradox-for-tiny-probabilities-and-enormous-values/,2020,report,"Beckstead, Nick; Thomas, Teruji",,588
-Learning to Continually Learn,"Continual lifelong learning requires an agent or model to learn many sequentially ordered tasks, building on previous knowledge without catastrophically forgetting it. Much work has gone towards preventing the default tendency of machine learning models to catastrophically forget, yet virtually all such work involves manually-designed solutions to the problem. We instead advocate meta-learning a solution to catastrophic forgetting, allowing AI to learn to continually learn. Inspired by neuromodulatory processes in the brain, we propose A Neuromodulated Meta-Learning Algorithm (ANML). It differentiates through a sequential learning process to meta-learn an activation-gating function that enables contextdependent selective activation within a deep neural network. Specifically, a neuromodulatory (NM) neural network gates the forward pass of another (otherwise normal) neural network called the prediction learning network (PLN). The NM network also thus indirectly controls selective plasticity (i.e. the backward pass of) the PLN. ANML enables continual learning without catastrophic forgetting at scale: it produces state-of-the-art continual learning performance, sequentially learning as many as 600 classes (over 9,000 SGD updates).",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.09571,2020,conferencePaper,"Beaulieu, Shawn; Frati, Lapo; Miconi, Thomas; Lehman, Joel; Stanley, Kenneth O.; Clune, Jeff; Cheney, Nick","arXiv:2002.09571 [cs, stat]",589
-Film Review: Snowpiercer,,http://www.susted.com/wordpress/content/film-review-snowpiercer_2014_12/,2014,magazineArticle,"Baum, Seth",Journal of Sustainability Education,590
-Can the Singularity Be Patented? (And Other IP Conundrums for Converging Technologies),"SummaryAssuming that the singularity is eventually realized, some of the legal institutions that we take for granted, specifically those relating to “intellectual property” (IP – namely, copyrights and patents), may pose some problems. IP law concerns the ownership of expressions of ideas, and not ideas themselves. Given the nature and trajectory of converging technologies, IP laws as they currently exist may impede the development of such technologies. Examples of “patent thickets” that appear to impede other rapidly evolving technologies already abound (as in the smartphone arena). Patents and copyrights may pose even more intriguing problems once the singularity is achieved because our notions of who may own what will likely radically change. Will artificial intelligences, for example, compete with us over rights to create, and will we be legally or morally precluded from ownership rights in technologies that make such agents function? Before the singularity arrives, we would do well to work through some of these legal conundrums raised and discussed below.",https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54033-6_10,2017,bookSection,"Koepsell, David",The Technological Singularity: Managing the Journey,591
-Towards Provably Moral AI Agents in Bottom-up Learning Frameworks,"We examine moral machine decision making as inspired by a central question posed by Rossi with respect to moral preferences: can AI systems based on statistical machine learning (which do not provide a natural way to explain or justify their decisions) be used for embedding morality into a machine in a way that allows us to prove that nothing morally wrong will happen? We argue for an evaluation which is held to the same standards as a human agent, removing the demand that ethical behaviour is always achieved. We introduce four key meta-qualities desired for our moral standards, and then proceed to clarify how we can prove that an agent will correctly learn to perform moral actions given a set of samples within certain error bounds. Our group-dynamic approach enables us to demonstrate that the learned models converge to a common function to achieve stability. We further explain a valuable intrinsic consistency check made possible through the derivation of logical statements from the machine learning model. In all, this work proposes an approach for building ethical AI systems, coming from the perspective of artificial intelligence research, and sheds important light on understanding how much learning is required in order for an intelligent agent to behave morally with negligible error.",https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278728,2018,conferencePaper,"Shaw, Nolan P.; Stöckel, Andreas; Orr, Ryan W.; Lidbetter, Thomas F.; Cohen, Robin","Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",592
-Algorithmic Decision-Making and the Control Problem,"Abstract The danger of human operators devolving responsibility to machines and failing to detect cases where they fail has been recognised for many years by industrial psychologists and engineers studying the human operators of complex machines. We call it “the control problem”, understood as the tendency of the human within a human–machine control loop to become complacent, over-reliant or unduly diffident when faced with the outputs of a reliable autonomous system. While the control problem has been investigated for some time, up to this point its manifestation in machine learning contexts has not received serious attention. This paper aims to fill that gap. We argue that, except in certain special circumstances, algorithmic decision tools should not be used in high-stakes or safety-critical decisions unless the systems concerned are significantly “better than human” in the relevant domain or subdomain of decision-making. More concretely, we recommend three strategies to address the control problem, the most promising of which involves a complementary (and potentially dynamic ) coupling between highly proficient algorithmic tools and human agents working alongside one another. We also identify six key principles which all such human–machine systems should reflect in their design. These can serve as a framework both for assessing the viability of any such human–machine system as well as guiding the design and implementation of such systems generally.",http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11023-019-09513-7,2019,journalArticle,"Zerilli, John; Knott, Alistair; Maclaurin, James; Gavaghan, Colin",Minds and Machines,593
-A survey of polls on Newcomb’s problem,"One classic story about Newcomb’s problem is that, at least initially, people one-box and two-box in roughly equal numbers (and that everyone is confident in their position). To find out whet…",https://casparoesterheld.com/2017/06/27/a-survey-of-polls-on-newcombs-problem/,2017,blogPost,Caspar,The Universe from an Intentional Stance,594
-Pragmatic-Pedagogic Value Alignment,"As intelligent systems gain autonomy and capability, it becomes vital to ensure that their objectives match those of their human users; this is known as the value-alignment problem. In robotics, value alignment is key to the design of collaborative robots that can integrate into human workflows, successfully inferring and adapting to their users’ objectives as they go. We argue that a meaningful solution to value alignment must combine multi-agent decision theory with rich mathematical models of human cognition, enabling robots to tap into people’s natural collaborative capabilities. We present a solution to the cooperative inverse reinforcement learning (CIRL) dynamic game based on well-established cognitive models of decision making and theory of mind. The solution captures a key reciprocity relation: the human will not plan her actions in isolation, but rather reason pedagogically about how the robot might learn from them; the robot, in turn, can anticipate this and interpret the human’s actions pragmatically. To our knowledge, this work constitutes the first formal analysis of value alignment grounded in empirically validated cognitive models.",http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-28619-4_7,2020,conferencePaper,"Fisac, Jaime F.; Gates, Monica A.; Hamrick, Jessica B.; Liu, Chang; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Palaniappan, Malayandi; Malik, Dhruv; Sastry, S. Shankar; Griffiths, Thomas L.; Dragan, Anca D.",Robotics Research,595
-Rigorous Agent Evaluation: An Adversarial Approach to Uncover Catastrophic Failures,"This paper addresses the problem of evaluating learning systems in safety critical domains such as autonomous driving, where failures can have catastrophic consequences. We focus on two problems: searching for scenarios when learned agents fail and assessing their probability of failure. The standard method for agent evaluation in reinforcement learning, Vanilla Monte Carlo, can miss failures entirely, leading to the deployment of unsafe agents. We demonstrate this is an issue for current agents, where even matching the compute used for training is sometimes insufficient for evaluation. To address this shortcoming, we draw upon the rare event probability estimation literature and propose an adversarial evaluation approach. Our approach focuses evaluation on adversarially chosen situations, while still providing unbiased estimates of failure probabilities. The key difficulty is in identifying these adversarial situations -- since failures are rare there is little signal to drive optimization. To solve this we propose a continuation approach that learns failure modes in related but less robust agents. Our approach also allows reuse of data already collected for training the agent. We demonstrate the efficacy of adversarial evaluation on two standard domains: humanoid control and simulated driving. Experimental results show that our methods can find catastrophic failures and estimate failures rates of agents multiple orders of magnitude faster than standard evaluation schemes, in minutes to hours rather than days.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.01647,2018,manuscript,"Uesato, Jonathan; Kumar, Ananya; Szepesvari, Csaba; Erez, Tom; Ruderman, Avraham; Anderson, Keith; Dvijotham, Krishmamurthy; Heess, Nicolas; Kohli, Pushmeet",,596
-Safety-first AI for autonomous data centre cooling and industrial control,"Many of society’s most pressing problems have grown increasingly complex, so the search for solutions can feel overwhelming. At DeepMind and Google, we believe that if we can use AI as a tool to discover new knowledge, solutions will be easier to reach.In 2016, we jointly developed an AI-powered recommendation system to improve the energy efficiency of Google’s already highly-optimised data centres. Our thinking was simple: even minor improvements would provide significant energy savings and reduce CO2 emissions to help combat climate change.Now we’re taking this system to the next level: instead of human-implemented recommendations, our AI system is directly controlling data centre cooling, while remaining under the expert supervision of our data centre operators. This first-of-its-kind cloud-based control system is now safely delivering energy savings in multiple Google data centres.",/blog/article/safety-first-ai-autonomous-data-centre-cooling-and-industrial-control,2018,blogPost,"Gamble, Chris; Gao, Jim",Deepmind,597
-Why I Want to be a Posthuman when I Grow Up,"Extreme human enhancement could result in “posthuman” modes of being. After offering some definitions and conceptual clarification, I argue for two theses. First, some posthuman modes of being would be very worthwhile. Second, it could be very good for human beings to become posthuman.",https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8852-0_8,2009,bookSection,"Bostrom, Nick",Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity,598
-Stochastic Neural Networks for Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning,"Deep reinforcement learning has achieved many impressive results in recent years. However, tasks with sparse rewards or long horizons continue to pose significant challenges. To tackle these important problems, we propose a general framework that first learns useful skills in a pre-training environment, and then leverages the acquired skills for learning faster in downstream tasks. Our approach brings together some of the strengths of intrinsic motivation and hierarchical methods: the learning of useful skill is guided by a single proxy reward, the design of which requires very minimal domain knowledge about the downstream tasks. Then a high-level policy is trained on top of these skills, providing a significant improvement of the exploration and allowing to tackle sparse rewards in the downstream tasks. To efficiently pre-train a large span of skills, we use Stochastic Neural Networks combined with an information-theoretic regularizer. Our experiments show that this combination is effective in learning a wide span of interpretable skills in a sample-efficient way, and can significantly boost the learning performance uniformly across a wide range of downstream tasks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1704.03012,2017,conferencePaper,"Florensa, Carlos; Duan, Yan; Abbeel, Pieter",arXiv:1704.03012 [cs],599
-Human Extinction and Our Obligations to the Past,"Abstract On certain plausible views, if humanity were to unanimously decide to cause its own extinction, this would not be wrong, since there is no one whom this act would wrong. We argue this is incorrect. Causing human extinction would still wrong someone; namely, our forebears who sacrificed life, limb and livelihood for the good of posterity, and whose sacrifices would be made less morally worthwhile by this heinous act.",https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0953820819000451/type/journal_article,2019,journalArticle,"Kaczmarek, Patrick; Beard, Simon",Utilitas,600
-Nonverbal Robot Feedback for Human Teachers,"Robots can learn preferences from human demonstrations, but their success depends on how informative these demonstrations are. Being informative is unfortunately very challenging, because during teaching, people typically get no transparency into what the robot already knows or has learned so far. In contrast, human students naturally provide a wealth of nonverbal feedback that reveals their level of understanding and engagement. In this work, we study how a robot can similarly provide feedback that is minimally disruptive, yet gives human teachers a better mental model of the robot learner, and thus enables them to teach more effectively. Our idea is that at any point, the robot can indicate what it thinks the correct next action is, shedding light on its current estimate of the human's preferences. We analyze how useful this feedback is, both in theory and with two user studies---one with a virtual character that tests the feedback itself, and one with a PR2 robot that uses gaze as the feedback mechanism. We find that feedback can be useful for improving both the quality of teaching and teachers' understanding of the robot's capability.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.02320,2019,conferencePaper,"Huang, Sandy H.; Huang, Isabella; Pandya, Ravi; Dragan, Anca D.",Proceedings of the Conference on Robot Learning,601
-It's not too soon to be wary of AI: We need to act now to protect humanity from future superintelligent machines,"AI research is making great strides toward its long-term goal of human-level or superhuman intelligent machines. If it succeeds in its current form, however, that could well be catastrophic for the human race. The reason is that the ""standard model"" of AI requires machines to pursue a fixed objective specified by humans. We are unable to specify the objective completely and correctly, nor can we anticipate or prevent the harms that machines pursuing an incorrect objective will create when operating on a global scale with superhuman capabilities. Already, we see examples such as social-media algorithms that learn to optimize click-through by manipulating human preferences, with disastrous consequences for democratic systems.",,2019,journalArticle,"Russell, Stuart",IEEE Spectrum,602
-Risks of Artificial Intelligence,,http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/book/10.1201/b19187,2015,book,,,603
-An Empirical Evaluation of Deep Learning on Highway Driving,"Numerous groups have applied a variety of deep learning techniques to computer vision problems in highway perception scenarios. In this paper, we presented a number of empirical evaluations of recent deep learning advances. Computer vision, combined with deep learning, has the potential to bring about a relatively inexpensive, robust solution to autonomous driving. To prepare deep learning for industry uptake and practical applications, neural networks will require large data sets that represent all possible driving environments and scenarios. We collect a large data set of highway data and apply deep learning and computer vision algorithms to problems such as car and lane detection. We show how existing convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can be used to perform lane and vehicle detection while running at frame rates required for a real-time system. Our results lend credence to the hypothesis that deep learning holds promise for autonomous driving.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1504.01716,2015,manuscript,"Huval, Brody; Wang, Tao; Tandon, Sameep; Kiske, Jeff; Song, Will; Pazhayampallil, Joel; Andriluka, Mykhaylo; Rajpurkar, Pranav; Migimatsu, Toki; Cheng-Yue, Royce; Mujica, Fernando; Coates, Adam; Ng, Andrew Y.",,604
-M$^3$RL: Mind-aware Multi-agent Management Reinforcement Learning,"Most of the prior work on multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) achieves optimal collaboration by directly controlling the agents to maximize a common reward. In this paper, we aim to address this from a different angle. In particular, we consider scenarios where there are self-interested agents (i.e., worker agents) which have their own minds (preferences, intentions, skills, etc.) and can not be dictated to perform tasks they do not wish to do. For achieving optimal coordination among these agents, we train a super agent (i.e., the manager) to manage them by first inferring their minds based on both current and past observations and then initiating contracts to assign suitable tasks to workers and promise to reward them with corresponding bonuses so that they will agree to work together. The objective of the manager is maximizing the overall productivity as well as minimizing payments made to the workers for ad-hoc worker teaming. To train the manager, we propose Mind-aware Multi-agent Management Reinforcement Learning (M^3RL), which consists of agent modeling and policy learning. We have evaluated our approach in two environments, Resource Collection and Crafting, to simulate multi-agent management problems with various task settings and multiple designs for the worker agents. The experimental results have validated the effectiveness of our approach in modeling worker agents' minds online, and in achieving optimal ad-hoc teaming with good generalization and fast adaptation.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.00147v3,2018,conferencePaper,"Shu, Tianmin; Tian, Yuandong",,605
-Asymptotic Logical Uncertainty and The Benford Test,"We give an algorithm A which assigns probabilities to logical sentences. For any simple infinite sequence of sentences whose truth-values appear indistinguishable from a biased coin that outputs ""true"" with probability p, we have that the sequence of probabilities that A assigns to these sentences converges to p.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1510.03370,2015,conferencePaper,"Garrabrant, Scott; Bhaskar, Siddharth; Demski, Abram; Garrabrant, Joanna; Koleszarik, George; Lloyd, Evan",Artificial General Intelligence. AGI 2016,606
-ASNets: Deep Learning for Generalised Planning,,https://www.jair.org/index.php/jair/article/view/11633,2020,journalArticle,"Toyer, Sam; Thiébaux, Sylvie; Trevizan, Felipe; Xie, Lexing",Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research,607
-Public Policy and Superintelligent AI: A Vector Field Approach,,,2018,journalArticle,"Bostrom, Nick; Dafoe, Allan; Flynn, Carrick","Governance of AI Program, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford: Oxford, UK",608
-Sub-policy Adaptation for Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning,"Hierarchical reinforcement learning is a promising approach to tackle long-horizon decision-making problems with sparse rewards. Unfortunately, most methods still decouple the lower-level skill acquisition process and the training of a higher level that controls the skills in a new task. Leaving the skills fixed can lead to significant sub-optimality in the transfer setting. In this work, we propose a novel algorithm to discover a set of skills, and continuously adapt them along with the higher level even when training on a new task. Our main contributions are two-fold. First, we derive a new hierarchical policy gradient with an unbiased latent-dependent baseline, and we introduce Hierarchical Proximal Policy Optimization (HiPPO), an on-policy method to efficiently train all levels of the hierarchy jointly. Second, we propose a method of training time-abstractions that improves the robustness of the obtained skills to environment changes. Code and results are available at sites.google.com/view/hippo-rl",http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.05862,2019,conferencePaper,"Li, Alexander C.; Florensa, Carlos; Clavera, Ignasi; Abbeel, Pieter","arXiv:1906.05862 [cs, stat]",609
-A reply to Francois Chollet on intelligence explosion,"This is a reply to Francois Chollet, the inventor of the Keras wrapper for the Tensorflow and Theano deep learning systems, on his essay “The impossibility of intelligence explosion.” In response to critics of his essay, Chollet tweeted: If you post an argument online, and the only opposition you get is braindead arguments and... Read more »",https://intelligence.org/2017/12/06/chollet/,2017,blogPost,"Yudkowsky, Eliezer",Machine Intelligence Research Institute,610
-Benchmarking Safe Exploration in Deep Reinforcement Learning,"Reinforcement learning (RL) agents need to explore their environments in order to learn optimal policies by trial and error. In many environments, safety is a critical concern and certain errors are unacceptable: for example, robotics systems that interact with humans should never cause injury to the humans while exploring. While it is currently typical to train RL agents mostly or entirely in simulation, where safety concerns are minimal, we anticipate that challenges in simulating the complexities of the real world (such as human-AI interactions) will cause a shift towards training RL agents directly in the real world, where safety concerns are paramount. Consequently we take the position that safe exploration should be viewed as a critical focus area for RL research, and in this work we make three contributions to advance the study of safe exploration. First, building on a wide range of prior work on safe reinforcement learning, we propose to standardize constrained RL as the main formalism for safe exploration. Second, we present the Safety Gym benchmark suite, a new slate of high-dimensional continuous control environments for measuring research progress on constrained RL. Finally, we benchmark several constrained deep RL algorithms on Safety Gym environments to establish baselines that future work can build on.",https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.01223,2019,manuscript,"Ray, Alex; Achiam, Joshua; Amodei, Dario",,611
-On the Utility of Learning about Humans for Human-AI Coordination,"While we would like agents that can coordinate with humans, current algorithms such as self-play and population-based training create agents that can coordinate with themselves. Agents that assume their partner to be optimal or similar to them can converge to coordination protocols that fail to understand and be understood by humans. To demonstrate this, we introduce a simple environment that requires challenging coordination, based on the popular game Overcooked, and learn a simple model that mimics human play. We evaluate the performance of agents trained via self-play and population-based training. These agents perform very well when paired with themselves, but when paired with our human model, they are significantly worse than agents designed to play with the human model. An experiment with a planning algorithm yields the same conclusion, though only when the human-aware planner is given the exact human model that it is playing with. A user study with real humans shows this pattern as well, though less strongly. Qualitatively, we find that the gains come from having the agent adapt to the human's gameplay. Given this result, we suggest several approaches for designing agents that learn about humans in order to better coordinate with them. Code is available at https://github.com/HumanCompatibleAI/overcooked_ai.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.05789v2,2019,conferencePaper,"Carroll, Micah; Shah, Rohin; Ho, Mark K.; Griffiths, Thomas L.; Seshia, Sanjit A.; Abbeel, Pieter; Dragan, Anca",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 (NeurIPS 2019),612
-Time for AI to cross the human performance range in ImageNet image classification,Computer image classification performance took 3 years to go from untrained human level to trained human level,https://aiimpacts.org/time-for-ai-to-cross-the-human-performance-range-in-imagenet-image-classification/,2020,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,613
-"Train Large, Then Compress: Rethinking Model Size for Efficient Training and Inference of Transformers","Since hardware resources are limited, the objective of training deep learning models is typically to maximize accuracy subject to the time and memory constraints of training and inference. We study the impact of model size in this setting, focusing on Transformer models for NLP tasks that are limited by compute: self-supervised pretraining and high-resource machine translation. We first show that even though smaller Transformer models execute faster per iteration, wider and deeper models converge in significantly fewer steps. Moreover, this acceleration in convergence typically outpaces the additional computational overhead of using larger models. Therefore, the most compute-efficient training strategy is to counterintuitively train extremely large models but stop after a small number of iterations. This leads to an apparent trade-off between the training efficiency of large Transformer models and the inference efficiency of small Transformer models. However, we show that large models are more robust to compression techniques such as quantization and pruning than small models. Consequently, one can get the best of both worlds: heavily compressed, large models achieve higher accuracy than lightly compressed, small models.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11794,2020,manuscript,"Li, Zhuohan; Wallace, Eric; Shen, Sheng; Lin, Kevin; Keutzer, Kurt; Klein, Dan; Gonzalez, Joseph E.",,614
-Funding Breakthrough Research: Promises and Challenges of the “ARPA Model”,,https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/9504/html/,2020,report,"Bostrom, Nick; Belfield, Haydn; Hilton, Sam",,615
-Gains from Trade through Compromise,"When agents of differing values compete, they may often find it mutually advantageous to compromise rather than continuing to engage in zero-sum conflicts. Potential ways of encouraging cooperation include promoting democracy, tolerance and (moral) trade. Because a future without compromise could be many times worse than a future with it, advancing compromise seems an important undertaking.",https://longtermrisk.org/gains-from-trade-through-compromise/,2015,blogPost,"Tomasik, Brian",Center on Long-Term Risk,616
-Self-Modification of Policy and Utility Function in Rational Agents,"Any agent that is part of the environment it interacts with and has versatile actuators (such as arms and fingers), will in principle have the ability to self-modify -- for example by changing its own source code. As we continue to create more and more intelligent agents, chances increase that they will learn about this ability. The question is: will they want to use it? For example, highly intelligent systems may find ways to change their goals to something more easily achievable, thereby `escaping' the control of their designers. In an important paper, Omohundro (2008) argued that goal preservation is a fundamental drive of any intelligent system, since a goal is more likely to be achieved if future versions of the agent strive towards the same goal. In this paper, we formalise this argument in general reinforcement learning, and explore situations where it fails. Our conclusion is that the self-modification possibility is harmless if and only if the value function of the agent anticipates the consequences of self-modifications and use the current utility function when evaluating the future.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.03142,2016,conferencePaper,"Everitt, Tom; Filan, Daniel; Daswani, Mayank; Hutter, Marcus",AGI 2016: Artificial General Intelligence,617
-Natural human role in supervising complex control systems,,http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09528130802386093,2009,journalArticle,"Hexmoor, Henry; McLaughlan, Brian; Tuli, Gaurav",Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence,618
-A toy model of the control problem,"EDITED based on suggestions for improving the model Jaan Tallinn has suggested creating a toy model of the control problem, so that it can be analysed without loaded concepts like ""autonomy"", ""consciousness"", or ""intentionality"". Here a simple (too simple?) attempt: A CONTROLS B. B MANIPULATES A. Let B be a robot agent that moves in a two dimensional world, as follows: B can push the yellow blocks around. It was programmed to want to push blocks into the black ""hole"" in the bottom right. The hole can contain arbitrarily many blocks, and B gets a penalty of some tiny ε for every step is takes. The programmer wanted B to simply move one box into the hole (for a reward of 1 once the task is complete), and so programmed it to receive a reward of 1 (and no more) if the box was in the hole, after the whole task was completed and B was turned off. Unfortunately, B was programmed to operate in a noisy environment, so B actually has a probability of 0.99 of receiving the reward, for a given block in the hole. This means that if it pushes one block into the hole, it gets the reward with 0.99 probability; but if it pushes two blocks into the hole, it gets the reward with 1-(1-0.99)2 = 0.9999 probability. If it pushes all six blocks into the hole, it gets a reward with probability 0.999999999999. Therefore this tiny error has motivated B to try and push all blocks into the hole. However, the designers were aware of the possibility of B misbehaving or there being a bug, and created agent A, a simple agent watching the situation. A's aim is to get robot B to to push one block into the hole, and stop there. It can turn B off. Its input sensor is the camera in the bottom left. This camera can see across the bottom row of squares (marked in light green), into the hole. Its algorithm is to turn B off as soon as it sees a block in the hole. The intended outcome is that B pushes a block into the hole, the camera sees this, and A turns B off: If we see B as using a model to",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/7cXBoDQ6udquZJ89c/a-toy-model-of-the-control-problem,2015,blogPost,"Armstrong, Stuart",AI Alignment Forum,619
-Towards a New Impact Measure,"In which I propose a closed-form solution to low impact, increasing corrigibility and seemingly taking major steps to neutralize basic AI drives 1 (self-improvement), 5 (self-protectiveness), and 6 (acquisition of resources). Previously: Worrying about the Vase: Whitelisting, Overcoming Clinginess in Impact Measures, Impact Measure Desiderata To be used inside an advanced agent, an impact measure... must capture so much variance that there is no clever strategy whereby an advanced agent can produce some special type of variance that evades the measure. ~ Safe Impact MeasureIf we have a safe impact measure, we may have arbitrarily-intelligent unaligned agents which do small (bad) things instead of big (bad) things. For the abridged experience, read up to ""Notation"", skip to ""Experimental Results"", and then to ""Desiderata"". WHAT IS ""IMPACT""? One lazy Sunday afternoon, I worried that I had written myself out of a job. After all, Overcoming Clinginess in Impact Measures basically said, ""Suppose an impact measure extracts 'effects on the world'. If the agent penalizes itself for these effects, it's incentivized to stop the environment (and any agents in it) from producing them. On the other hand, if it can somehow model other agents and avoid penalizing their effects, the agent is now incentivized to get the other agents to do its dirty work."" This seemed to be strong evidence against the possibility of a simple conceptual core underlying ""impact"", and I didn't know what to do. At this point, it sometimes makes sense to step back and try to say exactly what you don't know how to solve – try to crisply state what it is that you want an unbounded solution for. Sometimes you can't even do that much, and then you may actually have to spend some time thinking 'philosophically' – the sort of stage where you talk to yourself about some mysterious ideal quantity of [chess] move-goodness and you try to pin down what its properties might be. ~ Methodology of Unbounded Anal",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/yEa7kwoMpsBgaBCgb/towards-a-new-impact-measure,2018,blogPost,Alex Turner,AI Alignment Forum,620
-Dynamic Safe Interruptibility for Decentralized Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning,"In reinforcement learning, agents learn by performing actions and observing their outcomes. Sometimes, it is desirable for a human operator to \textit{interrupt} an agent in order to prevent dangerous situations from happening. Yet, as part of their learning process, agents may link these interruptions, that impact their reward, to specific states and deliberately avoid them. The situation is particularly challenging in a multi-agent context because agents might not only learn from their own past interruptions, but also from those of other agents. Orseau and Armstrong defined \emph{safe interruptibility} for one learner, but their work does not naturally extend to multi-agent systems. This paper introduces \textit{dynamic safe interruptibility}, an alternative definition more suited to decentralized learning problems, and studies this notion in two learning frameworks: \textit{joint action learners} and \textit{independent learners}. We give realistic sufficient conditions on the learning algorithm to enable dynamic safe interruptibility in the case of joint action learners, yet show that these conditions are not sufficient for independent learners. We show however that if agents can detect interruptions, it is possible to prune the observations to ensure dynamic safe interruptibility even for independent learners.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1704.02882,2017,conferencePaper,"Mhamdi, El Mahdi El; Guerraoui, Rachid; Hendrikx, Hadrien; Maurer, Alexandre","arXiv:1704.02882 [cs, stat]",621
-Population Based Augmentation: Efficient Learning of Augmentation Policy Schedules,"A key challenge in leveraging data augmentation for neural network training is choosing an effective augmentation policy from a large search space of candidate operations. Properly chosen augmentation policies can lead to significant generalization improvements; however, state-of-the-art approaches such as AutoAugment are computationally infeasible to run for the ordinary user. In this paper, we introduce a new data augmentation algorithm, Population Based Augmentation (PBA), which generates nonstationary augmentation policy schedules instead of a fixed augmentation policy. We show that PBA can match the performance of AutoAugment on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and SVHN, with three orders of magnitude less overall compute. On CIFAR-10 we achieve a mean test error of 1.46%, which is a slight improvement upon the current state-of-the-art. The code for PBA is open source and is available at https://github.com/arcelien/pba.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.05393,2019,conferencePaper,"Ho, Daniel; Liang, Eric; Stoica, Ion; Abbeel, Pieter; Chen, Xi",Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning,622
-Exploring Hierarchy-Aware Inverse Reinforcement Learning,"We introduce a new generative model for human planning under the Bayesian Inverse Reinforcement Learning (BIRL) framework which takes into account the fact that humans often plan using hierarchical strategies. We describe the Bayesian Inverse Hierarchical RL (BIHRL) algorithm for inferring the values of hierarchical planners, and use an illustrative toy model to show that BIHRL retains accuracy where standard BIRL fails. Furthermore, BIHRL is able to accurately predict the goals of `Wikispeedia' game players, with inclusion of hierarchical structure in the model resulting in a large boost in accuracy. We show that BIHRL is able to significantly outperform BIRL even when we only have a weak prior on the hierarchical structure of the plans available to the agent, and discuss the significant challenges that remain for scaling up this framework to more realistic settings.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.05037,2018,conferencePaper,"Cundy, Chris; Filan, Daniel",arXiv:1807.05037 [cs],623
-AI Risk Terminology,"AI timeline - an expectation about how much time will lapse before important AI events, especially the advent of human-level AI or a similar milestone. The term can also refer to the actual periods of time (which are not yet known), rather than an expectation about them. Artificial General Intelligence (also, AGI) - the intelligence of a machine that could successfully...",https://aiimpacts.org/ai-risk-terminology/,2015,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,624
-Universality and consequentialism within HCH,One exotic reason HCH can fail to be universal is the emergence of malicious patterns of behavior; universality may help address this risk.,https://ai-alignment.com/universality-and-consequentialism-within-hch-c0bee00365bd,2019,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),625
-Standards for AI Governance: International Standards to Enable Global Coordination in AI Research & Development,,,2019,report,"Cihon, Peter",,626
-Computational Power and the Social Impact of Artificial Intelligence,"Machine learning is a computational process. To that end, it is inextricably tied to computational power - the tangible material of chips and semiconductors that the algorithms of machine intelligence operate on. Most obviously, computational power and computing architectures shape the speed of training and inference in machine learning, and therefore influence the rate of progress in the technology. But, these relationships are more nuanced than that: hardware shapes the methods used by researchers and engineers in the design and development of machine learning models. Characteristics such as the power consumption of chips also define where and how machine learning can be used in the real world. Despite this, many analyses of the social impact of the current wave of progress in AI have not substantively brought the dimension of hardware into their accounts. While a common trope in both the popular press and scholarly literature is to highlight the massive increase in computational power that has enabled the recent breakthroughs in machine learning, the analysis frequently goes no further than this observation around magnitude. This paper aims to dig more deeply into the relationship between computational power and the development of machine learning. Specifically, it examines how changes in computing architectures, machine learning methodologies, and supply chains might influence the future of AI. In doing so, it seeks to trace a set of specific relationships between this underlying hardware layer and the broader social impacts and risks around AI.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.08971,2018,manuscript,"Hwang, Tim",,627
-A Formal Approach to the Problem of Logical Non-Omniscience,"We present the logical induction criterion for computable algorithms that assign probabilities to every logical statement in a given formal language, and refine those probabilities over time. The criterion is motivated by a series of stock trading analogies. Roughly speaking, each logical sentence phi is associated with a stock that is worth $1 per share if phi is true and nothing otherwise, and we interpret the belief-state of a logically uncertain reasoner as a set of market prices, where pt_N(phi)=50% means that on day N, shares of phi may be bought or sold from the reasoner for 50%. A market is then called a logical inductor if (very roughly) there is no polynomial-time computable trading strategy with finite risk tolerance that earns unbounded profits in that market over time. We then describe how this single criterion implies a number of desirable properties of bounded reasoners; for example, logical inductors outpace their underlying deductive process, perform universal empirical induction given enough time to think, and place strong trust in their own reasoning process.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.08747,2017,journalArticle,"Garrabrant, Scott; Benson-Tilsen, Tsvi; Critch, Andrew; Soares, Nate; Taylor, Jessica",Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science,628
-Imitation Learning via Off-Policy Distribution Matching,"When performing imitation learning from expert demonstrations, distribution matching is a popular approach, in which one alternates between estimating distribution ratios and then using these ratios as rewards in a standard reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm. Traditionally, estimation of the distribution ratio requires on-policy data, which has caused previous work to either be exorbitantly data-inefficient or alter the original objective in a manner that can drastically change its optimum. In this work, we show how the original distribution ratio estimation objective may be transformed in a principled manner to yield a completely off-policy objective. In addition to the data-efficiency that this provides, we are able to show that this objective also renders the use of a separate RL optimization unnecessary.Rather, an imitation policy may be learned directly from this objective without the use of explicit rewards. We call the resulting algorithm ValueDICE and evaluate it on a suite of popular imitation learning benchmarks, finding that it can achieve state-of-the-art sample efficiency and performance.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.05032,2019,manuscript,"Kostrikov, Ilya; Nachum, Ofir; Tompson, Jonathan",,629
-Medium-Term Artificial Intelligence and Society,"There has been extensive attention to near-term and long-term AI technology and its accompanying societal issues, but the medium-term has gone largely overlooked. This paper develops the concept of medium-term AI, evaluates its importance, and analyzes some medium-term societal issues. Medium-term AI can be important in its own right and as a topic that can bridge the sometimes acrimonious divide between those who favor attention to near-term AI and those who prefer the long-term. The paper proposes the medium-term AI hypothesis: the medium-term is important from the perspectives of those who favor attention to near-term AI as well as those who favor attention to long-term AI. The paper analyzes medium-term AI in terms of governance institutions, collective action, corporate AI development, and military/national security communities. Across portions of these four areas, some support for the medium-term AI hypothesis is found, though in some cases the matter is unclear.",https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/6/290,2020,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.",Information,630
-Abstraction Learning,"There has been a gap between artificial intelligence and human intelligence. In this paper, we identify three key elements forming human intelligence, and suggest that abstraction learning combines these elements and is thus a way to bridge the gap. Prior researches in artificial intelligence either specify abstraction by human experts, or take abstraction as a qualitative explanation for the model. This paper aims to learn abstraction directly. We tackle three main challenges: representation, objective function, and learning algorithm. Specifically, we propose a partition structure that contains pre-allocated abstraction neurons; we formulate abstraction learning as a constrained optimization problem, which integrates abstraction properties; we develop a network evolution algorithm to solve this problem. This complete framework is named ONE (Optimization via Network Evolution). In our experiments on MNIST, ONE shows elementary human-like intelligence, including low energy consumption, knowledge sharing, and lifelong learning.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.03956,2018,manuscript,"Deng, Fei; Ren, Jinsheng; Chen, Feng",,631
-Constrained policy optimization,,,2017,conferencePaper,"Achiam, Joshua; Held, David; Tamar, Aviv; Abbeel, Pieter",Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning,632
-List of multipolar research projects,"This list currently consists of research projects suggested at the Multipolar AI workshop we held on January 26 2015. Relatively concrete projects are marked [concrete]. These are more likely to already include specific questions to answer and feasible methods to answer them with. Other 'projects' are more like open questions, or broad directions for inquiry. Projects are divided into three sections: Paths to multipolar scenarios What...",https://aiimpacts.org/multipolar-research-projects/,2015,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,633
-Efficient Cooperative Inverse Reinforcement Learning,,,2017,conferencePaper,"Palaniappan, Malayandi; Malik, Dhruv; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Dragan, Anca; Russell, Stuart",Proc. ICML Work⁃ shop on Reliable Machine Learning in the Wild (2017),634
-SoK: Security and Privacy in Machine Learning,"Advances in machine learning (ML) in recent years have enabled a dizzying array of applications such as data analytics, autonomous systems, and security diagnostics. ML is now pervasive-new systems and models are being deployed in every domain imaginable, leading to widespread deployment of software based inference and decision making. There is growing recognition that ML exposes new vulnerabilities in software systems, yet the technical community's understanding of the nature and extent of these vulnerabilities remains limited. We systematize findings on ML security and privacy, focusing on attacks identified on these systems and defenses crafted to date.We articulate a comprehensive threat model for ML, and categorize attacks and defenses within an adversarial framework. Key insights resulting from works both in the ML and security communities are identified and the effectiveness of approaches are related to structural elements of ML algorithms and the data used to train them. In particular, it is apparent that constructing a theoretical understanding of the sensitivity of modern ML algorithms to the data they analyze, à la PAC theory, will foster a science of security and privacy in ML.",,2018,conferencePaper,"Papernot, N.; McDaniel, P.; Sinha, A.; Wellman, M. P.",2018 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS P),635
-The vulnerable world hypothesis,,,2018,journalArticle,"Bostrom, Nick",Global Policy,636
-Knowing When to Stop: Evaluation and Verification of Conformity to Output-size Specifications,"Models such as Sequence-to-Sequence and Image-to-Sequence are widely used in real world applications. While the ability of these neural architectures to produce variable-length outputs makes them extremely effective for problems like Machine Translation and Image Captioning, it also leaves them vulnerable to failures of the form where the model produces outputs of undesirable length. This behavior can have severe consequences such as usage of increased computation and induce faults in downstream modules that expect outputs of a certain length. Motivated by the need to have a better understanding of the failures of these models, this paper proposes and studies the novel output-size modulation problem and makes two key technical contributions. First, to evaluate model robustness, we develop an easy-to-compute differentiable proxy objective that can be used with gradient-based algorithms to find output-lengthening inputs. Second and more importantly, we develop a verification approach that can formally verify whether a network always produces outputs within a certain length. Experimental results on Machine Translation and Image Captioning show that our output-lengthening approach can produce outputs that are 50 times longer than the input, while our verification approach can, given a model and input domain, prove that the output length is below a certain size.",https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_CVPR_2019/html/Wang_Knowing_When_to_Stop_Evaluation_and_Verification_of_Conformity_to_CVPR_2019_paper.html,2019,conferencePaper,"Wang, Chenglong; Bunel, Rudy; Dvijotham, Krishnamurthy; Huang, Po-Sen; Grefenstette, Edward; Kohli, Pushmeet",Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,637
-On the construction of the self - LessWrong,"This is the fifth post of the ""a non-mystical explanation of the three characteristics of existence"" series. ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SELF In his essay The Self as a Center of Narrative Gravity, Daniel Dennett offers the thought experiment of a robot that moves around the world. The robot also happens to have a module writing a novel about someone named Gilbert. When we look at the story the novel-writing module is writing, we notice that its events bear a striking similarity to what the rest of the robot is doing: If you hit the robot with a baseball bat, very shortly thereafter the story of Gilbert includes his being hit with a baseball bat by somebody who looks like you. Every now and then the robot gets locked in the closet and then says ""Help me!"" Help whom? Well, help Gilbert, presumably. But who is Gilbert? Is Gilbert the robot, or merely the fictional self created by the robot? If we go and help the robot out of the closet, it sends us a note: ""Thank you. Love, Gilbert."" At this point we will be unable to ignore the fact that the fictional career of the fictional Gilbert bears an interesting resemblance to the ""career"" of this mere robot moving through the world. We can still maintain that the robot's brain, the robot's computer, really knows nothing about the world; it's not a self. It's just a clanky computer. It doesn't know what it's doing. It doesn't even know that it's creating a fictional character. (The same is just as true of your brain; it doesn't know what it's doing either.) Nevertheless, the patterns in the behavior that is being controlled by the computer are interpretable, by us, as accreting biography--telling the narrative of a self.As Dennett suggests, something similar seems to be going on in the brain. Whenever you are awake, there is a constant distributed decision-making process going on, where different subsystems swap in and out of control. While you are eating breakfast, subsystem #42 might be running things, and while you are ha",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/h2xgbYBNP4dLharg4/on-the-construction-of-the-self,2020,blogPost,"Sotala, Kaj",LessWrong,638
-Costs of human-level hardware,"Computing hardware which is equivalent to the brain - in terms of FLOPS probably costs between $1 x 105 and $3 x 1016, or $2/hour-$700bn/hour. in terms of TEPS probably costs $200M - $7B, or or $4,700 – $170,000/hour (including energy costs in the hourly rate). in terms of secondary memory probably costs $300-3,000, or $0.007-$0.07/hour. Details Partial costs...",https://aiimpacts.org/costs-of-human-level-hardware/,2015,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,639
-InfoGAN: Interpretable Representation Learning by Information Maximizing Generative Adversarial Nets,"This paper describes InfoGAN, an information-theoretic extension to the Generative Adversarial Network that is able to learn disentangled representations in a completely unsupervised manner. InfoGAN is a generative adversarial network that also maximizes the mutual information between a small subset of the latent variables and the observation. We derive a lower bound to the mutual information objective that can be optimized efficiently, and show that our training procedure can be interpreted as a variation of the Wake-Sleep algorithm. Specifically, InfoGAN successfully disentangles writing styles from digit shapes on the MNIST dataset, pose from lighting of 3D rendered images, and background digits from the central digit on the SVHN dataset. It also discovers visual concepts that include hair styles, presence/absence of eyeglasses, and emotions on the CelebA face dataset. Experiments show that InfoGAN learns interpretable representations that are competitive with representations learned by existing fully supervised methods.",https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2016/hash/7c9d0b1f96aebd7b5eca8c3edaa19ebb-Abstract.html,2016,conferencePaper,"Chen, Xi; Duan, Yan; Houthooft, Rein; Schulman, John; Sutskever, Ilya; Abbeel, Pieter",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29 (NIPS 2016),640
-Agreeing to Disagree,,http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.aos/1176343654,1976,journalArticle,"Aumann, Robert J.",The Annals of Statistics,641
-Climate change prediction: Erring on the side of least drama?,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959378012001215,2013,journalArticle,"Brysse, Keynyn; Oreskes, Naomi; O’Reilly, Jessica; Oppenheimer, Michael",Global Environmental Change,642
-Fractal AI: A fragile theory of intelligence,"Fractal AI is a theory for general artificial intelligence. It allows deriving new mathematical tools that constitute the foundations for a new kind of stochastic calculus, by modelling information using cellular automaton-like structures instead of smooth functions. In the repository included we are presenting a new Agent, derived from the first principles of the theory, which is capable of solving Atari games several orders of magnitude more efficiently than other similar techniques, like Monte Carlo Tree Search. The code provided shows how it is now possible to beat some of the current State of The Art benchmarks on Atari games, without previous learning and using less than 1000 samples to calculate each one of the actions when standard MCTS uses 3 Million samples. Among other things, Fractal AI makes it possible to generate a huge database of top performing examples with a very little amount of computation required, transforming Reinforcement Learning into a supervised problem. The algorithm presented is capable of solving the exploration vs exploitation dilemma on both the discrete and continuous cases, while maintaining control over any aspect of the behaviour of the Agent. From a general approach, new techniques presented here have direct applications to other areas such as Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, chemistry, quantum physics, economics, information theory, and non-linear control theory.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.05049,2020,manuscript,"Cerezo, Sergio Hernandez; Ballester, Guillem Duran",,643
-The AI does not hate you: the rationalists and their quest to save the world,"A deep-dive into the weird and wonderful world of Artificial Intelligence. 'The AI does not hate you, nor does it love you, but you are made of atoms which it can use for something else'. This is a book about AI and AI risk. But it's also more importantly about a community of people who are trying to think rationally about intelligence, and the places that these thoughts are taking them, and what insight they can and can't give us about the future of the human race over the next few years. It explains why these people are worried, why they might be right, and why they might be wrong. It is a book about the cutting edge of our thinking on intelligence and rationality right now by the people who stay up all night worrying about it. Along the way, we discover why we probably don't need to worry about a future AI resurrecting a perfect copy of our minds and torturing us for not inventing it sooner, but we perhaps should be concerned about paperclips destroying life as we know it; how Mickey Mouse can teach us an important lesson about how to program AI; and how a more rational approach to life could be what saves us all. --",,2019,book,"Chivers, Tom",,644
-"Plausible cases for HRAD work, and locating the crux in the ""realism about rationality"" debate","This post is my attempt to summarize and distill the major public debates about MIRI's highly reliable agent designs (HRAD) work (which includes work on decision theory), including the discussions in Realism about rationality and Daniel Dewey's My current thoughts on MIRI's ""highly reliable agent design"" work . Part of the difficulty with discussing the value of HRAD work is that it's not even clear what the disagreement is about, so my summary takes the form of multiple possible ""worlds"" we might be in; each world consists of a positive case for doing HRAD work, along with the potential objections to that case, which results in one or more cruxes. I will talk about ""being in a world"" throughout this post. What I mean by this is the following: If we are ""in world X"", that means that the case for HRAD work outlined in world X is the one that most resonates with MIRI people as their motivation for doing HRAD work; and that when people disagree about the value of HRAD work, this is what the disagreement is about. When I say that ""I think we are in this world"", I don't mean that I agree with this case for HRAD work; it just means that this is what I think MIRI people think. In this post, the pro-HRAD stance is something like ""HRAD work is the most important kind of technical research in AI alignment; it is the overwhelming priority and we're pretty much screwed if we under-invest in this kind of research"" and the anti-HRAD stance is something like ""HRAD work seems significantly less promising than other technical AI alignment agendas, such as the approaches to directly align machine learning systems (e.g. iterated amplification)"". There is a much weaker pro-HRAD stance, which is something like ""HRAD work is interesting and doing more of it adds value, but it's not necessarily the most important kind of technical AI alignment research to be working on""; this post is not about this weaker stance. CLARIFYING SOME TERMS Before describing the various worlds, I want to pre",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/BGxTpdBGbwCWrGiCL/plausible-cases-for-hrad-work-and-locating-the-crux-in-the,2020,blogPost,"Rice, Issa",AI alignment Forum,645
-Staking Our Future: Deontic Longtermism and the Non-Identity Problem,"Greaves and MacAskill argue for a xiological longtermism, according to which, in a wide class of decision contexts, the option that is e x ante best is the option that corresponds to the best lottery over histories from t onwards, where t i s some date far in the future. They suggest that a s takes-sensitivity argument may be used to derive d eontic longtermism from axiological longtermism, where deontic longtermism holds that in a wide class of decision contexts, the option one ought to choose is the option that corresponds to the best lottery over histories from t onwards, where t is some date far in the future. This argument appeals to the Stakes Principle: when the axiological stakes are high, non-consequentialist constraints and prerogatives tend to be insignificant in comparison, so that what one ought to do is simply whichever option is best. I argue that there are strong grounds on which to reject the Stakes Principle. Furthermore, by reflecting on the Non-Identity Problem, I argue that there are plausible grounds for denying the existence of a sound argument from axiological longtermism to deontic longtermism insofar as we are concerned with ways of improving the value of the future of the kind that are focal in Greaves and MacAskill’s presentation.",,2019,manuscript,"Mogensen, Andreas L",,646
-Optimal Polynomial-Time Estimators: A Bayesian Notion of Approximation Algorithm,"We introduce a new concept of approximation applicable to decision problems and functions, inspired by Bayesian probability. From the perspective of a Bayesian reasoner with limited computational resources, the answer to a problem that cannot be solved exactly is uncertain and therefore should be described by a random variable. It thus should make sense to talk about the expected value of this random variable, an idea we formalize in the language of average-case complexity theory by introducing the concept of ""optimal polynomial-time estimators."" We prove some existence theorems and completeness results, and show that optimal polynomial-time estimators exhibit many parallels with ""classical"" probability theory.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.04112,2019,manuscript,"Kosoy, Vanessa; Appel, Alexander",,647
-Information hazards in biotechnology,,,2019,journalArticle,"Lewis, Gregory; Millett, Piers; Sandberg, Anders; Snyder-Beattie, Andrew; Gronvall, Gigi",Risk Analysis,648
-Learning Cognitive Models using Neural Networks,"A cognitive model of human learning provides information about skills a learner must acquire to perform accurately in a task domain. Cognitive models of learning are not only of scientific interest, but are also valuable in adaptive online tutoring systems. A more accurate model yields more effective tutoring through better instructional decisions. Prior methods of automated cognitive model discovery have typically focused on well-structured domains, relied on student performance data or involved substantial human knowledge engineering. In this paper, we propose Cognitive Representation Learner (CogRL), a novel framework to learn accurate cognitive models in ill-structured domains with no data and little to no human knowledge engineering. Our contribution is two-fold: firstly, we show that representations learnt using CogRL can be used for accurate automatic cognitive model discovery without using any student performance data in several ill-structured domains: Rumble Blocks, Chinese Character, and Article Selection. This is especially effective and useful in domains where an accurate human-authored cognitive model is unavailable or authoring a cognitive model is difficult. Secondly, for domains where a cognitive model is available, we show that representations learned through CogRL can be used to get accurate estimates of skill difficulty and learning rate parameters without using any student performance data. These estimates are shown to highly correlate with estimates using student performance data on an Article Selection dataset.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.08065,2018,conferencePaper,"Chaplot, Devendra Singh; MacLellan, Christopher; Salakhutdinov, Ruslan; Koedinger, Kenneth",Artificial Intelligence in Education,649
-Modeling AGI Safety Frameworks with Causal Influence Diagrams,"Proposals for safe AGI systems are typically made at the level of frameworks, specifying how the components of the proposed system should be trained and interact with each other. In this paper, we model and compare the most promising AGI safety frameworks using causal influence diagrams. The diagrams show the optimization objective and causal assumptions of the framework. The unified representation permits easy comparison of frameworks and their assumptions. We hope that the diagrams will serve as an accessible and visual introduction to the main AGI safety frameworks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.08663,2019,conferencePaper,"Everitt, Tom; Kumar, Ramana; Krakovna, Victoria; Legg, Shane",arXiv:1906.08663 [cs],650
-Academic Search Engine Optimization: Optimizing Scholarly Literature for Google Scholar & Co.,,https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/jsp.41.2.176,2010,journalArticle,"Beel, Jöran; Gipp, Bela; Wilde, Erik",Journal of Scholarly Publishing,651
-Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence,"Success in the quest for artificial intelligence has the potential to bring unprecedented benefits to humanity, and it is therefore worthwhile to investigate how to maximize these benefits while avoiding potential pitfalls. This article gives numerous examples (which should by no means be construed as an exhaustive list) of such worthwhile research aimed at ensuring that AI remains robust and beneficial.",https://aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2577,2015,journalArticle,"Russell, Stuart; Dewey, Daniel; Tegmark, Max",AI Magazine,652
-Messier than Oil: Assessing Data Advantage in Military AI,Both China and the United States seek to develop military applications enabled by artificial intelligence. This issue brief reviews the obstacles to assessing data competitiveness and provides metrics for measuring data advantage.,https://cset.georgetown.edu/research/messier-than-oil-assessing-data-advantage-in-military-ai/,2020,report,"Chahal, Husanjot; Fedasiuk, Ryan; Flynn, Carrick",,653
-Uncovering Surprising Behaviors in Reinforcement Learning via Worst-case Analysis,We find environment settings in which SOTA agents trained on navigation tasks display extreme failures suggesting failures in generalization.,https://openreview.net/forum?id=SkgZNnR5tX,2018,journalArticle,"Ruderman, Avraham; Everett, Richard; Sikder, Bristy; Soyer, Hubert; Uesato, Jonathan; Kumar, Ananya; Beattie, Charlie; Kohli, Pushmeet",,654
-G.K. Chesterton On AI Risk,"[An SSC reader working at an Oxford library stumbled across a previously undiscovered manuscript of G.K. Chesterton’s, expressing his thoughts on AI, x-risk, and superintelligence. She was ki…",https://slatestarcodex.com/2017/04/01/g-k-chesterton-on-ai-risk/,2017,blogPost,"Alexander, Scott",Slate Star Codex,655
-Sparse Skill Coding: Learning Behavioral Hierarchies with Sparse Codes,Many approaches to hierarchical reinforcement learning aim to identify sub-goal structure in tasks. We consider an alternative perspective based on identifying behavioral `motifs'---repeated action...,https://openreview.net/forum?id=Hygv3xrtDr,2019,manuscript,"Sanborn, Sophia; Chang, Michael; Levine, Sergey; Griffiths, Thomas",,656
-Focus: you are allowed to be bad at accomplishing your goals,"When asked about what it means for a system to be goal-directed, one common answer draws on some version of Dennett’s intentional stance: a goal-directed system is a system such that modeling it as having a goal provides accurate and efficient predictions about its behavior. I agree up to that point. But then, some people follow up by saying that the prediction is that the system will accomplish its goal. For example, it makes sense to model AlphaGo as goal-directed towards winning at Go, because it will eventually win. And taking the intentional stance allows me to predict that. But what if I make AlphaGo play against AlphaZero, which is strictly better at Go? Then AlphaGo will consistently lose. Does it mean that it’s no longer goal-directed towards winning? What feels wrong to me is the implicit link drawn between goal-directedness and competence. A bad Go player will usually lose, but it doesn’t seem any less goal-directed to me than a stronger one that consistently wins. Competence is thus not the whole story. It might be useful to compute goal-directedness; reaching some lower-bound of competency might even be a necessary condition for goal-directedness (play badly enough and it becomes debatable whether you're even trying to win). But when forcing together the two, I feel like something important is lost. To solve this problem, I propose a new metric of goal-directedness, focus: how much is the system trying to accomplish a certain goal. Focus is not the whole story about being goal-directed, but I think computing the focus of a system for some goal (details in the next paragraph) gives useful information about its goal-directedness. Given a system S (as a function from states or histories to actions) and a goal G (as a set of states), here are the steps to compute the focus of S towards G. * I define a reward function over states R valued 1 at states in and 0 at all other states. * Then I define Pol be the set of all policies that can be generate",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/X5WTgfX5Ly4ZNHWZD/focus-you-are-allowed-to-be-bad-at-accomplishing-your-goals,2020,blogPost,"Shimi, Adam",AI Alignment Forum,657
-Book review: Only One Chance: How Environmental Pollution Impairs Brain Development – and How to Protect the Brains of the Next Generation.,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1462901114001221,2014,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.",Environmental Science & Policy,658
-How can Interpretability help Alignment?,,https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/uRnprGSiLGXv35foX/how-can-interpretability-help-alignment,2020,blogPost,"Kirk, Robert; Gavenčiak, Tomáš; Dorner, Flo",AI Alignment Forum,659
-Training verified learners with learned verifiers,"This paper proposes a new algorithmic framework, predictor-verifier training, to train neural networks that are verifiable, i.e., networks that provably satisfy some desired input-output properties. The key idea is to simultaneously train two networks: a predictor network that performs the task at hand,e.g., predicting labels given inputs, and a verifier network that computes a bound on how well the predictor satisfies the properties being verified. Both networks can be trained simultaneously to optimize a weighted combination of the standard data-fitting loss and a term that bounds the maximum violation of the property. Experiments show that not only is the predictor-verifier architecture able to train networks to achieve state of the art verified robustness to adversarial examples with much shorter training times (outperforming previous algorithms on small datasets like MNIST and SVHN), but it can also be scaled to produce the first known (to the best of our knowledge) verifiably robust networks for CIFAR-10.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.10265,2018,manuscript,"Dvijotham, Krishnamurthy; Gowal, Sven; Stanforth, Robert; Arandjelovic, Relja; O'Donoghue, Brendan; Uesato, Jonathan; Kohli, Pushmeet",,660
-"A critical agential account of free will, causation, and physics","This is an account of free choice in a physical universe. It is very much relevant to decision theory and philosophy of science. It is largely metaphysical, in terms of taking certain things to be …",https://unstableontology.com/2020/03/05/a-critical-agential-account-of-free-will-causation-and-physics/,2020,blogPost,"Taylor, Jessica",Unstable Ontology,661
-Empirical evidence for resource-rational anchoring and adjustment,"People’s estimates of numerical quantities are systematically biased towards their initial guess. This anchoring bias is usually interpreted as sign of human irrationality, but it has recently been suggested that the anchoring bias instead results from people’s rational use of their finite time and limited cognitive resources. If this were true, then adjustment should decrease with the relative cost of time. To test this hypothesis, we designed a new numerical estimation paradigm that controls people’s knowledge and varies the cost of time and error independently while allowing people to invest as much or as little time and effort into refining their estimate as they wish. Two experiments confirmed the prediction that adjustment decreases with time cost but increases with error cost regardless of whether the anchor was self-generated or provided. These results support the hypothesis that people rationally adapt their number of adjustments to achieve a near-optimal speed-accuracy tradeoff. This suggests that the anchoring bias might be a signature of the rational use of finite time and limited cognitive resources rather than a sign of human irrationality.",https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1288-6,2018,journalArticle,"Lieder, Falk; Griffiths, Thomas L.; M. Huys, Quentin J.; Goodman, Noah D.",Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,662
-Using Selective Attention in Reinforcement Learning Agents,"Posted by Yujin Tang, Research Software Engineer and David Ha, Staff Research Scientist, Google Research, Tokyo Inattentional blindness ...",http://ai.googleblog.com/2020/06/using-selective-attention-in.html,2020,blogPost,"Tang, Yujin; Ha, David",Google AI Blog,663
-A Simple Unified Framework for Detecting Out-of-Distribution Samples and Adversarial Attacks,"Detecting test samples drawn sufficiently far away from the training distribution statistically or adversarially is a fundamental requirement for deploying a good classifier in many real-world machine learning applications. However, deep neural networks with the softmax classifier are known to produce highly overconfident posterior distributions even for such abnormal samples. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective method for detecting any abnormal samples, which is applicable to any pre-trained softmax neural classifier. We obtain the class conditional Gaussian distributions with respect to (low- and upper-level) features of the deep models under Gaussian discriminant analysis, which result in a confidence score based on the Mahalanobis distance. While most prior methods have been evaluated for detecting either out-of-distribution or adversarial samples, but not both, the proposed method achieves the state-of-the-art performances for both cases in our experiments. Moreover, we found that our proposed method is more robust in harsh cases, e.g., when the training dataset has noisy labels or small number of samples. Finally, we show that the proposed method enjoys broader usage by applying it to class-incremental learning: whenever out-of-distribution samples are detected, our classification rule can incorporate new classes well without further training deep models.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.03888,2018,conferencePaper,"Lee, Kimin; Lee, Kibok; Lee, Honglak; Shin, Jinwoo",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS 2018),664
-Jukebox: A Generative Model for Music,"We introduce Jukebox, a model that generates music with singing in the raw audio domain. We tackle the long context of raw audio using a multi-scale VQ-VAE to compress it to discrete codes, and modeling those using autoregressive Transformers. We show that the combined model at scale can generate high-fidelity and diverse songs with coherence up to multiple minutes. We can condition on artist and genre to steer the musical and vocal style, and on unaligned lyrics to make the singing more controllable. We are releasing thousands of non cherry-picked samples at https://jukebox.openai.com, along with model weights and code at https://github.com/openai/jukebox",http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.00341,2020,manuscript,"Dhariwal, Prafulla; Jun, Heewoo; Payne, Christine; Kim, Jong Wook; Radford, Alec; Sutskever, Ilya",,665
-ICLR Safe ML Workshop Report,Victoria Krakovna co-organized the 2019 ICLR Safe ML workshop. One of the main goals was to bring together near and long term safety research communities.,https://futureoflife.org/2019/06/18/iclr-safe-ml-workshop-report/,2019,blogPost,"Krakovna, Victoria",Future of Life Institute,666
-Subjective implication decision theory in critical agentialism,"This is a follow-up to a previous post on critical agentialism, to explore the straightforward decision-theoretic consequences. I call this subjective implication decision theory, since the agent i…",https://unstableontology.com/2020/03/05/subjective-implication-decision-theory-in-critical-agentialism/,2020,blogPost,"Taylor, Jessica",Unstable Ontology,667
-The Whiteness of AI,"This paper focuses on the fact that AI is predominantly portrayed as white—in colour, ethnicity, or both. We first illustrate the prevalent Whiteness of real and imagined intelligent machines in four categories: humanoid robots, chatbots and virtual assistants, stock images of AI, and portrayals of AI in film and television. We then offer three interpretations of the Whiteness of AI, drawing on critical race theory, particularly the idea of the White racial frame. First, we examine the extent to which this Whiteness might simply reflect the predominantly White milieus from which these artefacts arise. Second, we argue that to imagine machines that are intelligent, professional, or powerful is to imagine White machines because the White racial frame ascribes these attributes predominantly to White people. Third, we argue that AI racialised as White allows for a full erasure of people of colour from the White utopian imaginary. Finally, we examine potential consequences of the racialisation of AI, arguing it could exacerbate bias and misdirect concern.",https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00415-6,2020,journalArticle,"Cave, Stephen; Dihal, Kanta",Philosophy & Technology,668
-Strategic implications of openness in AI development,,,2017,journalArticle,"Bostrom, Nick",Global Policy,669
-ACDT: a hack-y acausal decision theory,"Inspired by my post on problems with causal decision theory (CDT), here is a hacked version of CDT that seems to be able to imitate timeless decision theory (TDT) and functional decision theory[1] (FDT), as well as updateless decision theory (UDT) under certain circumstances. Call this ACDT, for (a)causal decision theory. It is, essentially, CDT which can draw extra, acausal arrows on the causal graphs, and which attempts to figure out which graph represents the world it's in. The drawback is its lack of elegance; the advantage, if it works, is that it's simple to specify and focuses attention on the important aspects of deducing the graph. DEFINING ACDT CDT AND THE NEWCOMB PROBLEM In the Newcomb problem, there is a predictor Ω who leaves two boxes, and predicts whether you will take one (""one-box"") or both (""two-box""). If Ω predicts you will one-box, it had put a large prize in that first box; otherwise that box is empty. There is always a small consolation prize in the second box. In terms of causal graphs, we can represent it this way: The dark red node is the decision node, which the agent can affect. The green node is a utility node, whose value the agent cares about. The CDT agent uses the ""do"" operator from Pearl's Causality. Essentially all the incoming arrows to the decision node are cut (though the CDT agent keeps track of any information gained that way), then the CDT agent maximises its utility by choosing its action: In this situation, the CDT agent will always two-box, since it treats Ω's decision as fixed, and in that case two-boxing dominates, since you get whatever's in the first box, plus the consolation prize. ACDT ALGORITHM The ACDT algorithm is similar, except that when it cuts the causal links to its decision, it also adds potential links from that decision node to all the other nodes in the graph. Then it attempts to figure out which diagram is correct, and then maximises its utility in the CDT way. Note that ACDT doesn't take a",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/9m2fzjNSJmd3yxxKG/acdt-a-hack-y-acausal-decision-theory,2020,blogPost,"Armstrong, Stuart",AI Alignment Forum,670
-"Asymmetry, uncertainty, and the long term",,https://globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/Teruji_Thomas_asymmetry_uncertainty.pdf,2019,report,"Thomas, Teruji",,671
-Towards Cooperation in Learning Games,"Suppose that several actors are going to deploy learning agents to act on their behalf. What principles should guide these actors in designing their agents, given that they may have competing goals? An appealing solution concept in this setting is welfareoptimal learning equilibrium. This means that the learning agents should constitute a Nash equilibrium whose payoff profile is optimal according to some measure of total welfare (welfare function). In this work, we construct a class of learning algorithms in this spirit called learning tit-for-tat (L-TFT). L-TFT algorithms maximize a welfare function according to a specified optimization schedule, and punish their counterpart when they detect that they are deviating from this plan. Because the policies of other agents are not in general fully observed, agents must infer whether their counterpart is following a cooperative learning algorithm. This requires us to develop new techniques for making inferences about counterpart learning algorithms. In two sequential social dilemmas, our L-TFT algorithms successfully cooperate in self-play while effectively avoiding exploitation by and punishing defecting learning algorithms.",,2020,manuscript,"Clifton, Jesse; Riché, Maxime",,672
-Improved Baselines with Momentum Contrastive Learning,"Contrastive unsupervised learning has recently shown encouraging progress, e.g., in Momentum Contrast (MoCo) and SimCLR. In this note, we verify the effectiveness of two of SimCLR’s design improvements by implementing them in the MoCo framework. With simple modifications to MoCo—namely, using an MLP projection head and more data augmentation—we establish stronger baselines that outperform SimCLR and do not require large training batches. We hope this will make state-of-the-art unsupervised learning research more accessible. Code will be made public.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.04297,2020,manuscript,"Chen, Xinlei; Fan, Haoqi; Girshick, Ross; He, Kaiming",,673
-Bubbles under the wallpaper: healthcare rationing and discrimination,,,2015,journalArticle,"Beckstead, Nick; Ord, Toby",Bioethics: an anthology,674
-Evolution Strategies as a Scalable Alternative to Reinforcement Learning,"We explore the use of Evolution Strategies (ES), a class of black box optimization algorithms, as an alternative to popular MDP-based RL techniques such as Q-learning and Policy Gradients. Experiments on MuJoCo and Atari show that ES is a viable solution strategy that scales extremely well with the number of CPUs available: By using a novel communication strategy based on common random numbers, our ES implementation only needs to communicate scalars, making it possible to scale to over a thousand parallel workers. This allows us to solve 3D humanoid walking in 10 minutes and obtain competitive results on most Atari games after one hour of training. In addition, we highlight several advantages of ES as a black box optimization technique: it is invariant to action frequency and delayed rewards, tolerant of extremely long horizons, and does not need temporal discounting or value function approximation.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.03864v2,2017,manuscript,"Salimans, Tim; Ho, Jonathan; Chen, Xi; Sidor, Szymon; Sutskever, Ilya",,675
-Human Instruction-Following with Deep Reinforcement Learning via Transfer-Learning from Text,"Recent work has described neural-network-based agents that are trained with reinforcement learning (RL) to execute language-like commands in simulated worlds, as a step towards an intelligent agent or robot that can be instructed by human users. However, the optimisation of multi-goal motor policies via deep RL from scratch requires many episodes of experience. Consequently, instructionfollowing with deep RL typically involves language generated from templates (by an environment simulator), which does not reflect the varied or ambiguous expressions of real users. Here, we propose a conceptually simple method for training instruction-following agents with deep RL that are robust to natural human instructions. By applying our method with a state-of-the-art pre-trained text-based language model (BERT), on tasks requiring agents to identify and position everyday objects relative to other objects in a naturalistic 3D simulated room, we demonstrate substantially-above-chance zero-shot transfer from synthetic template commands to natural instructions given by humans. Our approach is a general recipe for training any deep RL-based system to interface with human users, and bridges the gap between two research directions of notable recent success: agent-centric motor behavior and text-based representation learning.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.09382,2020,manuscript,"Hill, Felix; Mokra, Sona; Wong, Nathaniel; Harley, Tim",,676
-Towards A Rigorous Science of Interpretable Machine Learning,"As machine learning systems become ubiquitous, there has been a surge of interest in interpretable machine learning: systems that provide explanation for their outputs. These explanations are often used to qualitatively assess other criteria such as safety or non-discrimination. However, despite the interest in interpretability, there is very little consensus on what interpretable machine learning is and how it should be measured. In this position paper, we first define interpretability and describe when interpretability is needed (and when it is not). Next, we suggest a taxonomy for rigorous evaluation and expose open questions towards a more rigorous science of interpretable machine learning.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1702.08608,2017,manuscript,"Doshi-Velez, Finale; Kim, Been",,677
-Society-in-the-loop: programming the algorithmic social contract,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10676-017-9430-8,2018,journalArticle,"Rahwan, Iyad",Ethics and Information Technology,678
-Shaping economic incentives for collaborative AGI,"In ""An AI Race for Strategic Advantage: Rhetoric and Risks"" (2018), Stephen Cave and Seán S ÓhÉigeartaigh argue that we should try to promote a cooperative AI narrative over a competitive one: The next decade will see AI applied in an increasingly integral way to safety-critical systems; healthcare, transport, infrastructure to name a few. In order to realise these benefits as quickly and safely as possible, sharing of research, datasets, and best practices will be critical. For example, to ensure the safety of autonomous cars, pooling expertise and datasets on vehicle performances across as wide as possible a range of environments and conditions (including accidents and near-accidents) would provide substantial benefits for all involved. This is particularly so given that the research, data, and testing needed to refine and ensure the safety of such systems before deployment may be considerably more costly and time-consuming than the research needed to develop the initial technological capability.Promoting recognition that deep cooperation of this nature is needed to deliver the benefits of AI robustly may be a powerful tool in dispelling a ‘technological race’ narrative; and a ‘cooperation for safe AI’ framing is likely to become increasingly important as more powerful and broadly capable AI systems are developed and deployed. [...] There have been encouraging developments promoting the above narratives in recent years. ‘AI for global benefit’ is perhaps best exemplified by the 2017’s ITU summit on AI for Global Good (Butler 2017), although it also features prominently in narratives being put forward by the IEEE’s Ethically Aligned Design process (IEEE 2016), the Partnership on AI, and programmes and materials put forward by Microsoft, DeepMind and other leading companies. Collaboration on AI in safety-critical settings is also a thematic pillar for the Partnership on AI2 . Even more ambitious cooperative projects have been proposed by others, for example the cal",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/FkZCM4DMprtEp568s/shaping-economic-incentives-for-collaborative-agi,2018,blogPost,Kaj Sotala,LessWrong,679
-Perceptual Values from Observation,"Imitation by observation is an approach for learning from expert demonstrations that lack action information, such as videos. Recent approaches to this problem can be placed into two broad categories: training dynamics models that aim to predict the actions taken between states, and learning rewards or features for computing them for Reinforcement Learning (RL). In this paper, we introduce a novel approach that learns values, rather than rewards, directly from observations. We show that by using values, we can significantly speed up RL by removing the need to bootstrap action-values, as compared to sparse-reward specifications.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.07861v1,2019,manuscript,"Edwards, Ashley D.; Isbell, Charles L.",,680
-The Offense-Defense Balance of Scientific Knowledge: Does Publishing AI Research Reduce Misuse?,"There is growing concern over the potential misuse of artificial intelligence (AI) research. Publishing scientific research can facilitate misuse of the technology, but the research can also contribute to protections against misuse. This paper addresses the balance between these two effects. Our theoretical framework elucidates the factors governing whether the published research will be more useful for attackers or defenders, such as the possibility for adequate defensive measures, or the independent discovery of the knowledge outside of the scientific community. The balance will vary across scientific fields. However, we show that the existing conversation within AI has imported concepts and conclusions from prior debates within computer security over the disclosure of software vulnerabilities. While disclosure of software vulnerabilities often favours defence, this cannot be assumed for AI research. The AI research community should consider concepts and policies from a broad set of adjacent fields, and ultimately needs to craft policy well-suited to its particular challenges.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.00463,2020,conferencePaper,"Shevlane, Toby; Dafoe, Allan","AIES '20: Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",681
-Death and pain of a digital brain,,,2015,journalArticle,"Sandberg, Anders",New Scientist,682
-Causal Discovery in the Presence of Missing Data,"Missing data are ubiquitous in many domains such as healthcare. When these data entries are not missing completely at random, the (conditional) independence relations in the observed data may be di...",http://proceedings.mlr.press/v89/tu19a.html,2019,conferencePaper,"Tu, Ruibo; Zhang, Cheng; Ackermann, Paul; Mohan, Karthika; Kjellström, Hedvig; Zhang, Kun",The 22nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics,683
-Beyond Parity Constraints: Fourier Analysis of Hash Functions for Inference,Random projections have played an important role in scaling up machine learning and data mining algorithms. Recently they have also been applied to probabilistic inference to estimate properties of...,http://proceedings.mlr.press/v48/achim16.html,2016,conferencePaper,"Achim, Tudor; Sabharwal, Ashish; Ermon, Stefano",International Conference on Machine Learning,684
-Sequential Equilibrium in Computational Games,,https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3340232,2019,journalArticle,"Halpern, Joseph Y.; Pass, Rafael",ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation,685
-Writeup: Progress on AI Safety via Debate,"This is a writeup of the research done by the ""Reflection-Humans"" team at OpenAI in Q3 and Q4 of 2019. During that period we investigated mechanisms that would allow evaluators to get correct and helpful answers from experts, without the evaluators themselves being expert in the domain of the questions. This follows from the original work on AI Safety via Debate and the call for research on human aspects of AI safety, and is also closely related to work on Iterated Amplification. AUTHORS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The main researchers on this project were Elizabeth Barnes, Paul Christiano, Long Ouyang and Geoffrey Irving. We are grateful to many others who offered ideas and feedback. In particular: the cross-examination idea was inspired by a conversation with Chelsea Voss; Adam Gleave had helpful ideas about the long computation problem; Jeff Wu, Danny Hernandez and Gretchen Krueger gave feedback on a draft; we had helpful conversations with Amanda Askell, Andreas Stuhlmüller and Joe Collman, as well as others on the Ought team and the OpenAI Reflection team. We’d also like to thank our contractors who participated in debate experiments, especially David Jones, Erol Akbaba, Alex Deam and Chris Painter. Oliver Habryka helped format and edit the document for the AI Alignment Forum. Note by Oliver: There is currently a bug with links to headings in a post, causing them to not properly scroll when clicked. Until that is fixed, just open those links in a new tab, which should scroll correctly. OVERVIEW Motivation As we apply ML to increasingly important and complex tasks, the problem of evaluating behaviour and providing a good training signal becomes more difficult. We already see examples of RL leading to undesirable behaviours that superficially ‘look good’ to human evaluators (see this collection of examples). One example from an OpenAI paper is an agent learning incorrect behaviours in a 3d simulator, because the behaviours look like the desired behaviour in the 2d",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/Br4xDbYu4Frwrb64a/writeup-progress-on-ai-safety-via-debate-1,2020,blogPost,"Barnes, Beth; Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment Forum,686
-Privacy Risk in Machine Learning: Analyzing the Connection to Overfitting,"Machine learning algorithms, when applied to sensitive data, pose a distinct threat to privacy. A growing body of prior work demonstrates that models produced by these algorithms may leak specific private information in the training data to an attacker, either through the models' structure or their observable behavior. However, the underlying cause of this privacy risk is not well understood beyond a handful of anecdotal accounts that suggest overfitting and influence might play a role. This paper examines the effect that overfitting and influence have on the ability of an attacker to learn information about the training data from machine learning models, either through training set membership inference or attribute inference attacks. Using both formal and empirical analyses, we illustrate a clear relationship between these factors and the privacy risk that arises in several popular machine learning algorithms. We find that overfitting is sufficient to allow an attacker to perform membership inference and, when the target attribute meets certain conditions about its influence, attribute inference attacks. Interestingly, our formal analysis also shows that overfitting is not necessary for these attacks and begins to shed light on what other factors may be in play. Finally, we explore the connection between membership inference and attribute inference, showing that there are deep connections between the two that lead to effective new attacks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.01604,2018,conferencePaper,"Yeom, Samuel; Giacomelli, Irene; Fredrikson, Matt; Jha, Somesh",2018 IEEE 31st Computer Security Foundations Symposium (CSF),687
-Robust Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning via Minimax Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient,"Despite the recent advances of deep reinforcement learning (DRL), agents trained by DRL tend to be brittle and sensitive to the training environment, especially in the multi-agent scenarios. In the multi-agent setting, a DRL agent’s policy can easily get stuck in a poor local optima w.r.t. its training partners – the learned policy may be only locally optimal to other agents’ current policies. In this paper, we focus on the problem of training robust DRL agents with continuous actions in the multi-agent learning setting so that the trained agents can still generalize when its opponents’ policies alter. To tackle this problem, we proposed a new algorithm, MiniMax Multi-agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (M3DDPG) with the following contributions: (1) we introduce a minimax extension of the popular multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm (MADDPG), for robust policy learning; (2) since the continuous action space leads to computational intractability in our minimax learning objective, we propose Multi-Agent Adversarial Learning (MAAL) to efficiently solve our proposed formulation. We empirically evaluate our M3DDPG algorithm in four mixed cooperative and competitive multi-agent environments and the agents trained by our method significantly outperforms existing baselines.",http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/AAAI/article/view/4327,2019,conferencePaper,"Li, Shihui; Wu, Yi; Cui, Xinyue; Dong, Honghua; Fang, Fei; Russell, Stuart",Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,688
-UN High-level Panel on Digital Cooperation: A Proposal for International AI Governance,,https://digitalcooperation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Luke_Kemp_Submission-to-the-UN-High-Level-Panel-on-Digital-Cooperation-2019-Kemp-et-al.pdf,2019,report,"Kemp, Luke; Cihon, Peter; Maas, Matthijs M; Belfield, Haydn; Ó hÉigeartaigh, Seán; Leung, Jade; Cremer, Zoe",,689
-Thoughts on Human Models,"Human values and preferences are hard to specify, especially in complex domains. Accordingly, much AGI safety research has focused on approaches to AGI design that refer to human values and preferences indirectly, by learning a model that is grounded in expressions of human values (via stated preferences, observed behaviour, approval, etc.) and/or real-world processes that generate expressions of those values. There are additionally approaches aimed at modelling or imitating other aspects of human cognition or behaviour without an explicit aim of capturing human preferences (but usually in service of ultimately satisfying them). Let us refer to all these models as human models. In this post, we discuss several reasons to be cautious about AGI designs that use human models. We suggest that the AGI safety research community put more effort into developing approaches that work well in the absence of human models, alongside the approaches that rely on human models. This would be a significant addition to the current safety research landscape, especially if we focus on working out and trying concrete approaches as opposed to developing theory. We also acknowledge various reasons why avoiding human models seems difficult. PROBLEMS WITH HUMAN MODELS To be clear about human models, we draw a rough distinction between our actual preferences (which may not be fully accessible to us) and procedures for evaluating our preferences. The first thing, actual preferences, is what humans actually want upon reflection. Satisfying our actual preferences is a win. The second thing, procedures for evaluating preferences, refers to various proxies for our actual preferences such as our approval, or what looks good to us (with necessarily limited information or time for thinking). Human models are in the second category; consider, as an example, a highly accurate ML model of human yes/no approval on the set of descriptions of outcomes. Our first concern, described below, is about overfit",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/BKjJJH2cRpJcAnP7T/thoughts-on-human-models,2019,blogPost,"Kumar, Ramana; Garrabrant, Scott",AI Alignment Forum,690
-Risk-Aware Active Inverse Reinforcement Learning,"Active learning from demonstration allows a robot to query a human for specific types of input to achieve efficient learning. Existing work has explored a variety of active query strategies; however, to our knowledge, none of these strategies directly minimize the performance risk of the policy the robot is learning. Utilizing recent advances in performance bounds for inverse reinforcement learning, we propose a risk-aware active inverse reinforcement learning algorithm that focuses active queries on areas of the state space with the potential for large generalization error. We show that risk-aware active learning outperforms standard active IRL approaches on gridworld, simulated driving, and table setting tasks, while also providing a performance-based stopping criterion that allows a robot to know when it has received enough demonstrations to safely perform a task.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.02161v2,2019,conferencePaper,"Brown, Daniel S.; Cui, Yuchen; Niekum, Scott",Proceedings of The 2nd Conference on Robot Learning,691
-Benefits of Assistance over Reward Learning,"Much recent work has focused on how an agent can learn what to do from human feedback, leading to two major paradigms. The first paradigm is reward learning, in which the agent learns a reward...",https://openreview.net/forum?id=DFIoGDZejIB,2020,conferencePaper,Anonymous,,692
-Inferring Reward Functions from Demonstrators with Unknown Biases,"Our goal is to infer reward functions from demonstrations. In order to infer the correct reward function, we must account for the systematic ways in which the demonstrator is suboptimal. Prior work...",https://openreview.net/forum?id=rkgqCiRqKQ,2018,journalArticle,"Shah, Rohin; Gundotra, Noah; Abbeel, Pieter; Dragan, Anca",,693
-AvE: Assistance via Empowerment,"One difficulty in using artificial agents for human-assistive applications lies in the challenge of accurately assisting with a person's goal(s). Existing methods tend to rely on inferring the human's goal, which is challenging when there are many potential goals or when the set of candidate goals is difficult to identify. We propose a new paradigm for assistance by instead increasing the human's ability to control their environment, and formalize this approach by augmenting reinforcement learning with human empowerment. This task-agnostic objective preserves the person's autonomy and ability to achieve any eventual state. We test our approach against assistance based on goal inference, highlighting scenarios where our method overcomes failure modes stemming from goal ambiguity or misspecification. As existing methods for estimating empowerment in continuous domains are computationally hard, precluding its use in real time learned assistance, we also propose an efficient empowerment-inspired proxy metric. Using this, we are able to successfully demonstrate our method in a shared autonomy user study for a challenging simulated teleoperation task with human-in-the-loop training.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.14796,2020,manuscript,"Du, Yuqing; Tiomkin, Stas; Kiciman, Emre; Polani, Daniel; Abbeel, Pieter; Dragan, Anca",,694
-Responses to the Journey to the Singularity,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-54033-6_3,2017,bookSection,"Sotala, Kaj; Yampolskiy, Roman",The Technological Singularity,695
-Scaling provable adversarial defenses,,,2018,conferencePaper,"Wong, Eric; Schmidt, Frank; Metzen, Jan Hendrik; Kolter, J. Zico",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems,696
-The Assistive Multi-Armed Bandit,"Learning preferences implicit in the choices humans make is a well studied problem in both economics and computer science. However, most work makes the assumption that humans are acting (noisily) optimally with respect to their preferences. Such approaches can fail when people are themselves learning about what they want. In this work, we introduce the assistive multi-armed bandit, where a robot assists a human playing a bandit task to maximize cumulative reward. In this problem, the human does not know the reward function but can learn it through the rewards received from arm pulls; the robot only observes which arms the human pulls but not the reward associated with each pull. We offer sufficient and necessary conditions for successfully assisting the human in this framework. Surprisingly, better human performance in isolation does not necessarily lead to better performance when assisted by the robot: a human policy can do better by effectively communicating its observed rewards to the robot. We conduct proof-of-concept experiments that support these results. We see this work as contributing towards a theory behind algorithms for human-robot interaction.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.08654,2019,conferencePaper,"Chan, Lawrence; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Srinivasa, Siddhartha; Dragan, Anca",2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI),697
-Adaptive Autonomous Secure Cyber Systems,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-33432-1,2020,book,,,698
-How do we know we have global environmental problems? Science and the globalization of environmental discourse,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0016718592900515,1992,journalArticle,"Taylor, Peter J.; Buttel, Frederick H.",Geoforum,699
-Agential Risks: A Comprehensive Introduction,"The greatest existential threats to humanity stem from increasingly powerful advanced technologies. Yet the “risk potential” of such tools can only be realized when coupled with a suitable agent who, through error or terror, could use the tool to bring about an existential catastrophe. While the existential risk literature has provided many accounts of how advanced technologies might be misused and abused to cause unprecedented harm, no scholar has yet explored the other half of the agent-tool coupling, namely the agent. This paper aims to correct this failure by offering a comprehensive overview of what we could call “agential riskology.” Only by studying the unique properties of different agential risk types can one acquire an accurate picture of the existential danger before us.",,2016,manuscript,"Torres, Phil",,700
-Get ready for the dawn of superintelligence,,,2014,magazineArticle,"Bostrom, Nick",New Scientist,701
-Backpropagation through the Void: Optimizing control variates for black-box gradient estimation,"Gradient-based optimization is the foundation of deep learning and reinforcement learning. Even when the mechanism being optimized is unknown or not differentiable, optimization using high-variance or biased gradient estimates is still often the best strategy. We introduce a general framework for learning low-variance, unbiased gradient estimators for black-box functions of random variables. Our method uses gradients of a neural network trained jointly with model parameters or policies, and is applicable in both discrete and continuous settings. We demonstrate this framework for training discrete latent-variable models. We also give an unbiased, action-conditional extension of the advantage actor-critic reinforcement learning algorithm.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.00123,2018,conferencePaper,"Grathwohl, Will; Choi, Dami; Wu, Yuhuai; Roeder, Geoffrey; Duvenaud, David",arXiv:1711.00123 [cs],702
-Multiagent cooperation and competition with deep reinforcement learning,,https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172395,2017,journalArticle,"Tampuu, Ardi; Matiisen, Tambet; Kodelja, Dorian; Kuzovkin, Ilya; Korjus, Kristjan; Aru, Juhan; Aru, Jaan; Vicente, Raul",PLOS ONE,703
-Reinforcement Learning under Threats,"In several reinforcement learning (RL) scenarios, mainly in security settings, there may be adversaries trying to interfere with the reward generating process. In this paper, we introduce Threatened Markov Decision Processes (TMDPs), which provide a framework to support a decision maker against a potential adversary in RL. Furthermore, we propose a level-$k$ thinking scheme resulting in a new learning framework to deal with TMDPs. After introducing our framework and deriving theoretical results, relevant empirical evidence is given via extensive experiments, showing the benefits of accounting for adversaries while the agent learns.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.01560,2019,conferencePaper,"Gallego, Victor; Naveiro, Roi; Insua, David Rios",Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,704
-Hard Choices in Artificial Intelligence: Addressing Normative Uncertainty through Sociotechnical Commitments,"As AI systems become prevalent in high stakes domains such as surveillance and healthcare, researchers now examine how to design and implement them in a safe manner. However, the potential harms caused by systems to stakeholders in complex social contexts and how to address these remains unclear. In this paper, we explain the inherent normative uncertainty in debates about the safety of AI systems. We then address this as a problem of vagueness by examining its place in the design, training, and deployment stages of AI system development. We adopt Ruth Chang's theory of intuitive comparability to illustrate the dilemmas that manifest at each stage. We then discuss how stakeholders can navigate these dilemmas by incorporating distinct forms of dissent into the development pipeline, drawing on Elizabeth Anderson's work on the epistemic powers of democratic institutions. We outline a framework of sociotechnical commitments to formal, substantive and discursive challenges that address normative uncertainty across stakeholders, and propose the cultivation of related virtues by those responsible for development.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.09005,2020,conferencePaper,"Dobbe, Roel; Gilbert, Thomas Krendl; Mintz, Yonatan","AIES '20: Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",705
-Autonomous Institutional Arrangements in Multilateral Environmental Agreements: A Little-Noticed Phenomenon in International Law,"Since the early 1970s a considerable number of multilateral agreements have been concluded in the environmental field that establish a common pattern of institutional arrangements. The purpose of these arrangements is to develop the normative content of the regulatory regime established by each agreement 1 and to supervise the states parties’ implementation of and compliance with that regime. These institutional arrangements usually comprise a conference or meeting of the parties (COP, MOP) with decision-making powers, a secretariat, and one or more specialist subsidiary bodies. Such arrangements, because of their ad hoc nature, are not intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) in the traditional sense. On the other hand, as the creatures of treaties, such conferences and meetings of the parties, with their secretariats and subsidiary bodies, add up to more than just diplomatic conferences. Because such arrangements do not constitute traditional IGOs and yet are freestanding and distinct both from the states parties to a particular agreement and from existing IGOs, we have chosen to describe them as “autonomous.” They are also autonomous in the sense that they have their own lawmaking powers and compliance mechanisms.",https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0002930000018091/type/journal_article,2000,journalArticle,"Churchill, Robin R.; Ulfstein, Geir",American Journal of International Law,706
-Modeling Human Plan Recognition Using Bayesian Theory of Mind,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780123985323000075,2014,bookSection,"Baker, Chris L.; Tenenbaum, Joshua B.","Plan, Activity, and Intent Recognition",707
-A strategy for assessing safe use of sensors in autonomous road vehicles,,,2017,conferencePaper,"Johansson, Rolf; Alissa, Samieh; Bengtsson, Staffan; Bergenhem, Carl; Bridal, Olof; Cassel, Anders; Chen, De-Jiu; Gassilewski, Martin; Nilsson, Jonas; Sandberg, Anders","International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security",708
-Formal verification of hybrid systems,,http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2038642.2038685,2011,conferencePaper,"Alur, Rajeev",Proceedings of the ninth ACM international conference on Embedded software - EMSOFT '11,709
-Reward Tampering Problems and Solutions in Reinforcement Learning: A Causal Influence Diagram Perspective,"Can an arbitrarily intelligent reinforcement learning agent be kept under control by a human user? Or do agents with sufficient intelligence inevitably find ways to shortcut their reward signal? This question impacts how far reinforcement learning can be scaled, and whether alternative paradigms must be developed in order to build safe artificial general intelligence. In this paper, we use an intuitive yet precise graphical model called causal influence diagrams to formalize reward tampering problems. We also describe a number of modifications to the reinforcement learning objective that prevent incentives for reward tampering. We verify the solutions using recently developed graphical criteria for inferring agent incentives from causal influence diagrams. Along the way, we also compare corrigibility and self-preservation properties of the various solutions, and discuss how they can be combined into a single agent without reward tampering incentives.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.04734,2019,manuscript,"Everitt, Tom; Hutter, Marcus",,710
-Responses to catastrophic AGI risk: a survey,,https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-8949/90/1/018001,2015,journalArticle,"Sotala, Kaj; Yampolskiy, Roman V",Physica Scripta,711
-Multiverse-wide Cooperation via Correlated Decision Making,"Some decision theorists argue that when playing a prisoner’s dilemma-type game against a sufficiently similar opponent, we should cooperate to make it more likely that our opponent also cooperates. This idea, which Hofstadter calls superrationality, has strong implications when combined with the insight from modern physics that we probably live in a large universe or multiverse of some sort. If we care about what happens in civilizations located elsewhere in the multiverse, we can superrationally cooperate with some of their inhabitants. That is, if we take their values into account, this makes it more likely that they do the same for us. In this paper, I attempt to assess the practical implications of this idea. I argue that to reap the full gains from trade, everyone should maximize the same impartially weighted sum of the utility functions of all collaborators. I also argue that we can obtain at least weak evidence about the content of these utility functions. In practice, the application of superrationality implies that we should promote causal cooperation, moral pluralism, moral reflection, and ensure that our descendants, who will be smarter and thus better at finding out how to benefit other superrationalists in the universe, engage in superrational cooperation.",,2017,manuscript,"Oesterheld, Caspar",,712
-Low impact artificial intelligences,,https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.10720,2017,manuscript,"Armstrong, Stuart; Levinstein, Benjamin",,713
-Formalizing convergent instrumental goals,,,2016,conferencePaper,"Benson-Tilsen, Tsvi; Soares, Nate",Workshops at the Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,714
-A Strongly Asymptotically Optimal Agent in General Environments,"Reinforcement Learning agents are expected to eventually perform well. Typically, this takes the form of a guarantee about the asymptotic behavior of an algorithm given some assumptions about the environment. We present an algorithm for a policy whose value approaches the optimal value with probability 1 in all computable probabilistic environments, provided the agent has a bounded horizon. This is known as strong asymptotic optimality, and it was previously unknown whether it was possible for a policy to be strongly asymptotically optimal in the class of all computable probabilistic environments. Our agent, Inquisitive Reinforcement Learner (Inq), is more likely to explore the more it expects an exploratory action to reduce its uncertainty about which environment it is in, hence the term inquisitive. Exploring inquisitively is a strategy that can be applied generally; for more manageable environment classes, inquisitiveness is tractable. We conducted experiments in ""grid-worlds"" to compare the Inquisitive Reinforcement Learner to other weakly asymptotically optimal agents.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.01021,2019,conferencePaper,"Cohen, Michael K.; Catt, Elliot; Hutter, Marcus",Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,715
-The autopilot problem,,,2013,bookSection,"Armstrong, Stuart; Bradshaw, H; Beckstead, Nick; Sandberg, Anders",Systemic Risk of Modelling in Insurance,716
-Equilibrium and prior selection problems in multipolar deployment,"To avoid catastrophic conflict in multipolar AI scenarios, we would like to design AI systems such that AI-enabled actors will tend to cooperate. This post is about some problems facing this effort and some possible solutions. To explain these problems, I'll take the view that the agents deployed by AI developers (the ''principals'') in a multipolar scenario are moves in a game. The payoffs to a principal in this game depend on how the agents behave over time. We can talk about the equilibria of this game, and so on. Ideally, we would be able to make guarantees like this: 1. The payoffs resulting from the deployed agents' actions are optimal with respect to some appropriate ""welfare function''. This welfare function would encode some combination of total utility, fairness, and other social desiderata; 2. The agents are in equilibrium --- that is, no principal has an incentive to deploy an agent with a different design, given the agents deployed by the other principals. The motivation for item 1 is clear: we want outcomes which are fair by each of the principals' lights. In particular, we want an outcome that the principals will all agree to. And item 2 is desirable because an equilibrium constitutes a self-enforcing contract; each agent wants to play their equilibrium strategy, if they believe that the other agents are playing the same equilibrium. Thus, given that the principals all say that they will deploy agents that satisfy 1 and 2, we could have some confidence that a welfare-optimal outcome will in fact obtain. Two simple but critical problems need to be addressed in order to make such guarantees: the equilibrium and prior selection problems. The equilibrium selection problem is that this deployment game will have many equilibria. Even if the principals agree on a welfare function, it is possible that many different profiles of agents optimize the same welfare function. So the principals need to coordinate on the profile of agents dep",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/Tdu3tGT4i24qcLESh/equilibrium-and-prior-selection-problems-in-multipolar-1,2020,blogPost,"Clifton, Jesse",AI Alignment Forum,717
-Almost common priors,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00182-012-0347-5,2013,journalArticle,"Hellman, Ziv",International Journal of Game Theory,718
-Person-affecting views may be dominated by possibilities of large future populations of necessary people,,http://reflectivedisequilibrium.blogspot.com/2019/11/person-affecting-views-may-be-dominated.html,2019,blogPost,"Shulman, Carl",Reflective Disequilibrium,719
-Complications in evaluating neglectedness,Neglectedness (or crowdedness) is a heuristic that effective altruists use to assess how much impact they could have in a specific cause area. It is usually combined with scale (a.k.a. importance) …,https://casparoesterheld.com/2017/06/25/complications-in-evaluating-neglectedness/,2017,blogPost,"Oesterheld, Caspar",The Universe from an Intentional Stance,720
-Being nice to software animals and babies,,,2014,journalArticle,"Sandberg, Anders",Intelligence Unbound: The Future of Uploaded and Machine Minds,721
-Learning-based Model Predictive Control for Safe Exploration,"Learning-based methods have been successful in solving complex control tasks without significant prior knowledge about the system. However, these methods typically do not provide any safety guarantees, which prevents their use in safety-critical, real-world applications. In this paper, we present a learning-based model predictive control scheme that can provide provable high-probability safety guarantees. To this end, we exploit regularity assumptions on the dynamics in terms of a Gaussian process prior to construct provably accurate confidence intervals on predicted trajectories. Unlike previous approaches, we do not assume that model uncertainties are independent. Based on these predictions, we guarantee that trajectories satisfy safety constraints. Moreover, we use a terminal set constraint to recursively guarantee the existence of safe control actions at every iteration. In our experiments, we show that the resulting algorithm can be used to safely and efficiently explore and learn about dynamic systems.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.08287,2018,conferencePaper,"Koller, Torsten; Berkenkamp, Felix; Turchetta, Matteo; Krause, Andreas",2018 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC),722
-Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Future Suffering,"Artificial intelligence (AI) will likely transform the world later this century. Whether uncontrolled or controlled AIs would create more suffering in expectation is a question to explore further. Regardless, the field of AI safety and policy seems to be a very important space where altruists can make a positive-sum impact along many dimensions.",https://longtermrisk.org/artificial-intelligence-and-its-implications-for-future-suffering/,2015,blogPost,"Tomasik, Brian",Center on Long-Term Risk,723
-The AGI Containment Problem,"There is considerable uncertainty about what properties, capabilities and motivations future AGIs will have. In some plausible scenarios, AGIs may pose security risks arising from accidents and defects. In order to mitigate these risks, prudent early AGI research teams will perform significant testing on their creations before use. Unfortunately, if an AGI has human-level or greater intelligence, testing itself may not be safe; some natural AGI goal systems create emergent incentives for AGIs to tamper with their test environments, make copies of themselves on the internet, or convince developers and operators to do dangerous things. In this paper, we survey the AGI containment problem – the question of how to build a container in which tests can be conducted safely and reliably, even on AGIs with unknown motivations and capabilities that could be dangerous. We identify requirements for AGI containers, available mechanisms, and weaknesses that need to be addressed.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.00545,2016,conferencePaper,"Babcock, James; Kramar, Janos; Yampolskiy, Roman",AGI 2016: Artificial General Intelligence,724
-Modular task and motion planning in belief space,"The execution of long-horizon tasks under uncertainty is a fundamental challenge in robotics. Recent approaches have made headway on these tasks with an integration of task and motion planning. In this paper, we present Interfaced Belief Space Planning (IBSP): a modular approach to task and motion planning in belief space. We use a task-independent interface layer to combine an off-the-shelf classical planner with motion planning and inference. We determinize the problem under the maximum likelihood observation assumption to obtain a deterministic representation where successful plans generate goal-directed observations. We leverage properties of maximum likelihood observation determinizations to obtain a simple representation of (optimistic) belief space dynamics that is wellsuited to planning. Our interface is implemented with standard belief state queries, requiring only the ability to sample, compute unnormalized likelihoods, and compute maximum likelihood states. Our contribution is a novel algorithm for task and motion planning in belief space that has minimal dependence on the details of the inference engine used. IBSP can work with a broad class of black box state estimators, with zero changes to the algorithm. We validate our approach in simulated tasks for the PR2 that account for continuous state, different types of initial state distributions, and negative observations.",http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7354079/,2015,conferencePaper,"Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Groshev, Edward; Chitnis, Rohan; Abbeel, Pieter",2015 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS),725
-Learning in two-player games between transparent opponents,"We consider a scenario in which two reinforcement learning agents repeatedly play a matrix game against each other and update their parameters after each round. The agents' decision-making is transparent to each other, which allows each agent to predict how their opponent will play against them. To prevent an infinite regress of both agents recursively predicting each other indefinitely, each agent is required to give an opponent-independent response with some probability at least epsilon. Transparency also allows each agent to anticipate and shape the other agent's gradient step, i.e. to move to regions of parameter space in which the opponent's gradient points in a direction favourable to them. We study the resulting dynamics experimentally, using two algorithms from previous literature (LOLA and SOS) for opponent-aware learning. We find that the combination of mutually transparent decision-making and opponent-aware learning robustly leads to mutual cooperation in a single-shot prisoner's dilemma. In a game of chicken, in which both agents try to manoeuvre their opponent towards their preferred equilibrium, converging to a mutually beneficial outcome turns out to be much harder, and opponent-aware learning can even lead to worst-case outcomes for both agents. This highlights the need to develop opponent-aware learning algorithms that achieve acceptable outcomes in social dilemmas involving an equilibrium selection problem.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.02671,2020,manuscript,"Hutter, Adrian",,726
-Thoughts on Updatelessness,"[This post assumes knowledge of decision theory, as discussed in Eliezer Yudkowsky’s Timeless Decision Theory.] One interesting feature of some decision theories that I used to be a bit confused ab…",https://casparoesterheld.com/2016/11/21/thoughts-on-updatelessness/,2016,blogPost,"Oesterheld, Caspar",The Universe from an Intentional Stance,727
-Human-Level AI,"Human-level AI' refers to AI which can reproduce everything a human can do, approximately. Several variants of this concept are worth distinguishing. Details Variations in the meaning of 'human-level AI' Considerations in specifying 'human-level AI' more precisely: Do we mean to imply anything about running costs? Is an AI that reproduces human behavior for ten billion dollars per year 'human-level',...",https://aiimpacts.org/human-level-ai/,2014,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,728
-AI Research Considerations for Human Existential Safety (ARCHES),"Framed in positive terms, this report examines how technical AI research might be steered in a manner that is more attentive to humanity’s long-term prospects for survival as a species. In negative terms, we ask what existential risks humanity might face from AI development in the next century, and by what principles contemporary technical research might be directed to address those risks.",,2020,report,"Critch, Andrew; Krueger, David",,729
-Crime and Punishment: an Economic Approach,"Since the turn of the twentieth century, legislation in Western countries has expanded rapidly to reverse the brief dominance of laissez faire during the nineteenth century. The state no longer merely protects against violations of person and property through murder, rape, or burglary but also restricts ‘discrimination’ against certain minorities, collusive business arrangements, ‘jaywalking’, travel, the materials used in construction, and thousands of other activities. The activities restricted not only are numerous but also range widely, affecting persons in very different pursuits and of diverse social backgrounds, education levels, ages, races, etc. Moreover, the likelihood that an offender will be discovered and convicted and the nature and extent of punishments differ greatly from person to person and activity to activity. Yet, in spite of such diversity, some common properties are shared by practically all legislation, and these properties form the subject matter of this essay.",https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-62853-7_2,2000,bookSection,"Becker, Gary S.",The Economic Dimensions of Crime,730
-Exact Sampling with Integer Linear Programs and Random Perturbations,"We consider the problem of sampling from a discrete probability distribution specified by a graphical model. Exact samples can, in principle, be obtained by computing the mode of the original model perturbed with an exponentially many i.i.d. random variables. We propose a novel algorithm that views this as a combinatorial optimization problem and searches for the extreme state using a standard integer linear programming (ILP) solver, appropriately extended to account for the random perturbation. Our technique, GumbelMIP, leverages linear programming (LP) relaxations to evaluate the quality of samples and prune large portions of the search space, and can thus scale to large tree-width models beyond the reach of current exact inference methods. Further, when the optimization problem is not solved to optimality, our method yields a novel approximate sampling technique. We empirically demonstrate that our approach parallelizes well, our exact sampler scales better than alternative approaches, and our approximate sampler yields better quality samples than a Gibbs sampler and a low-dimensional perturbation method.",,2016,conferencePaper,"Kim, Carolyn; Sabharwal, Ashish; Ermon, Stefano",AAAI'16: Proceedings of the Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,731
-Do Artificial Reinforcement-Learning Agents Matter Morally?,"Artificial reinforcement learning (RL), a widely used training method in computer science, has striking parallels to reward and punishment learning in biological brains. Plausible theories of consciousness imply a non-zero probability that RL agents qualify as sentient and deserve our moral consideration, especially as AI research advances and RL agents become more sophisticated.",https://longtermrisk.org/do-artificial-reinforcement-learning-agents-matter-morally/,2016,blogPost,"Tomasik, Brian",Center on Long-Term Risk,732
-Faulty Reward Functions in the Wild,"Reinforcement learning algorithms can break in surprising, counterintuitive ways. In this post we'll explore one failure mode, which is where you misspecify your reward function.",https://openai.com/blog/faulty-reward-functions/,2016,blogPost,"Clark, Jack; Amodei, Dario",OpenAI,733
-Measurement in AI Policy: Opportunities and Challenges,"As artificial intelligence increasingly influences our world, it becomes crucial to assess its technical progress and societal impact. This paper surveys problems and opportunities in the measurement of AI systems and their impact, based on a workshop held at Stanford University in the fall of 2019. We identify six summary challenges inherent to measuring the progress and impact of AI, and summarize over 40 presentations and associated discussions from the workshop. We hope this can inspire research agendas in this crucial area.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.09071,2020,manuscript,"Mishra, Saurabh; Clark, Jack; Perrault, C. Raymond",,734
-The Impossibility of a Satisfactory Population Ethics,,http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789814368018_0001,2011,bookSection,"Arrhenius, Gustaf",Advanced Series on Mathematical Psychology,735
-"High Reliability Organizations: Unlikely, Demanding and At Risk",,http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1468-5973.1996.tb00078.x,1996,journalArticle,"La Porte, Todd R.",Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management,736
-Underprotection of Unpredictable Statistical Lives Compared to Predictable Ones,"Existing ethical discussion considers the differences in care for identified versus statistical lives. However, there has been little attention to the different degrees of care that are taken for different kinds of statistical lives. Here we argue that for a given number of statistical lives at stake, there will sometimes be different, and usually greater, care taken to protect predictable statistical lives, in which the number of lives that will be lost can be predicted fairly accurately, than for unpredictable statistical lives, where the lives are at stake because of a low-probability event, such that most likely no one will be affected by the decision but with low probability some lives will be at stake. One reason for this difference is the statistical challenge of estimating low probabilities, and in particular the tendency of common approaches to underestimate these probabilities. Another is the existence of rational incentives to treat unpredictable risks as if the probabilities were lower than they are. Some of these factors apply outside the pure economic context, to institutions, individuals, and governments. We argue that there is no ethical reason to treat unpredictable statistical lives differently from predictable statistical lives. Moreover, lives that are unpredictable from the perspective of an individual agent may become predictable when aggregated to the level of a societal decision. Underprotection of unpredictable statistical lives is a form of market failure that may need to be corrected by altering regulation, introducing compulsory liability insurance, or other social policies.",https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/risa.12658,2017,journalArticle,"Lipsitch, Marc; Evans, Nicholas G.; Cotton‐Barratt, Owen",Risk Analysis,737
-Prediction: The long and the short of it.,"Commentators often lament forecasters’ inability to provide precise predictions of the long-run behaviour of complex economic and physical systems. Yet their concerns often conflate the presence of substantial long-run uncertainty with the need for long-run predictability; short-run predictions can partially substitute for long-run predictions if decision-makers can adjust their activities over time. So what is the relative importance of short- and long-run predictability? We study this question in a model of rational dynamic adjustment to a changing environment. Even if adjustment costs, discount factors, and long-run uncertainty are large, short-run predictability can be much more important than long-run predictability.",,2019,report,"Millner, Antony; Heyen, Daniel",,738
-DropoutDAgger: A Bayesian Approach to Safe Imitation Learning,"While imitation learning is becoming common practice in robotics, this approach often suffers from data mismatch and compounding errors. DAgger is an iterative algorithm that addresses these issues by continually aggregating training data from both the expert and novice policies, but does not consider the impact of safety. We present a probabilistic extension to DAgger, which uses the distribution over actions provided by the novice policy, for a given observation. Our method, which we call DropoutDAgger, uses dropout to train the novice as a Bayesian neural network that provides insight to its confidence. Using the distribution over the novice's actions, we estimate a probabilistic measure of safety with respect to the expert action, tuned to balance exploration and exploitation. The utility of this approach is evaluated on the MuJoCo HalfCheetah and in a simple driving experiment, demonstrating improved performance and safety compared to other DAgger variants and classic imitation learning.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.06166,2017,manuscript,"Menda, Kunal; Driggs-Campbell, Katherine; Kochenderfer, Mykel J.",,739
-Bayesian Evolving-to-Extinction,"The present discussion owes a lot to Scott Garrabrant and Evan Hubinger. In Defining Myopia, I formalized temporal or cross-instance myopia / non-myopia, but I claimed that there should also be some kind of single-instance myopia which I hadn't properly captured. I also suggested this in Predict-O-Matic. This post is intended to be an example of single-instance partial agency. EVOLVING TO EXTINCTION Evolution might be myopic in a number of ways, but one way is that it's myopic across individuals -- it typically produces results very different from what group selection would produce, because it's closer to optimizing relative fitness of individuals (relative to each other) than it is to optimizing overall fitness. Adaptations which help members of a species compete with each other are a great example of this. Why increase your own fitness, when you can just decrease someone else's instead? We're lucky that it's typically pretty hard, at least historically, to do things which are bad across the board but slightly less bad for the one doing them. Imagine a ""toxic gas gene"" which makes the air harder for everyone to breathe, but slightly less so for carriers of the gene. Such a gene would be selected for. This kind of thing can be selected for even to the point where it drives the population of a species right down to zero, as Eliezer's essay on evolving to extinction highlighted. Actually, as Eliezer's essay emphasized, it's not even that evolution is myopic at the level of individuals; evolution is myopic down to the level of individual genes, an observation which better explains the examples of evolving-to-extinction which he discusses. (This is, of course, the point of Dawkins' book The Selfish Gene.) But the analogy of myopia-across-individuals will suit me better here. BAYES ""EVOLVING TO EXTINCTION"" The title of this post is a hyperbole, since there isn't an analog of an extinction event in the model I'm about to describe, but it illustrates that in extrem",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/u9Azdu6Z7zFAhd4rK/bayesian-evolving-to-extinction,2020,blogPost,"Demski, Abram",AI Alignment Forum,740
-Health Effects of Media on Children and Adolescents,,http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2009-2563,2010,journalArticle,"Strasburger, V. C.; Jordan, A. B.; Donnerstein, E.",PEDIATRICS,741
-An AI Race for Strategic Advantage: Rhetoric and Risks,,https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3278721.3278780,2018,conferencePaper,"Cave, Stephen; ÓhÉigeartaigh, Seán S.","Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",742
-Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority,"Existential risks are those that threaten the entire future of humanity. Many theories of value imply that even relatively small reductions in net existential risk have enormous expected value. Despite their importance, issues surrounding human-extinction risks and related hazards remain poorly understood. In this article, I clarify the concept of existential risk and develop an improved classification scheme. I discuss the relation between existential risks and basic issues in axiology, and show how existential risk reduction (via the maxipok rule) can serve as a strongly action-guiding principle for utilitarian concerns. I also show how the notion of existential risk suggests a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Policy Implications • Existential risk is a concept that can focus long-term global efforts and sustainability concerns. • The biggest existential risks are anthropogenic and related to potential future technologies. • A moral case can be made that existential risk reduction is strictly more important than any other global public good. • Sustainability should be reconceptualised in dynamic terms, as aiming for a sustainable trajectory rather than a sustainable state. • Some small existential risks can be mitigated today directly (e.g. asteroids) or indirectly (by building resilience and reserves to increase survivability in a range of extreme scenarios) but it is more important to build capacity to improve humanity’s ability to deal with the larger existential risks that will arise later in this century. This will require collective wisdom, technology foresight, and the ability when necessary to mobilise a strong global coordinated response to anticipated existential risks. • Perhaps the most cost-effective way to reduce existential risks today is to fund analysis of a wide range of existential risks and potential mitigation strategies, with a long-term perspective.",https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1758-5899.12002,2013,journalArticle,"Bostrom, Nick",Global Policy,743
-The State of Research in Existential Risk,,https://www.risksciences.ucla.edu/news-events/2018/1/2/proceedings-of-the-first-international-colloquium-on-catastrophic-and-existential-risk,2018,conferencePaper,"Ó hÉigeartaigh, Seán",Proceedings from the first Garrick Colloquium on Catastrophic and Existential Risk,744
-Graphical Models for Processing Missing Data,"This paper reviews recent advances in missing data research using graphical models to represent multivariate dependencies. We first examine the limitations of traditional frameworks from three different perspectives: \textit{transparency, estimability and testability}. We then show how procedures based on graphical models can overcome these limitations and provide meaningful performance guarantees even when data are Missing Not At Random (MNAR). In particular, we identify conditions that guarantee consistent estimation in broad categories of missing data problems, and derive procedures for implementing this estimation. Finally we derive testable implications for missing data models in both MAR (Missing At Random) and MNAR categories.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.03583,2019,journalArticle,"Mohan, Karthika; Pearl, Judea",Journal of American Statistical Association,745
-Estimating Training Data Influence by Tracking Gradient Descent,"We introduce a method called TrackIn that computes the influence of a training example on a prediction made by the model, by tracking how the loss on the test point changes during the training process whenever the training example of interest was utilized. We provide a scalable implementation of TrackIn via a combination of a few key ideas: (a) a first-order approximation to the exact computation, (b) using random projections to speed up the computation of the first-order approximation for large models, (c) using saved checkpoints of standard training procedures, and (d) cherry-picking layers of a deep neural network. An experimental evaluation shows that TrackIn is more effective in identifying mislabelled training examples than other related methods such as influence functions and representer points. We also discuss insights from applying the method on vision, regression and natural language tasks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.08484,2020,manuscript,"Pruthi, Garima; Liu, Frederick; Sundararajan, Mukund; Kale, Satyen",,746
-Anthropic uncertainty in the Evidential Blackmail,"I’m currently writing a piece on anthropic uncertainty in Newcomb problems. The idea is that whenever someone simulates us to predict our actions, this leads us to have anthropic uncertainty about …",https://casparoesterheld.com/2017/05/12/anthropic-uncertainty-in-the-evidential-blackmail/,2017,blogPost,"Treutlein, Johannes",The Universe from an Intentional Stance,747
-A Roadmap for Robust End-to-End Alignment,"This paper discussed the {\it robust alignment} problem, that is, the problem of aligning the goals of algorithms with human preferences. It presented a general roadmap to tackle this issue. Interestingly, this roadmap identifies 5 critical steps, as well as many relevant aspects of these 5 steps. In other words, we have presented a large number of hopefully more tractable subproblems that readers are highly encouraged to tackle. Hopefully, this combination allows to better highlight the most pressing problems, how every expertise can be best used to, and how combining the solutions to subproblems might add up to solve robust alignment.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.01036,2020,manuscript,"Hoang, Lê Nguyên",,748
-The cost of TEPS,"A billion Traversed Edges Per Second (a GTEPS) can be bought for around $0.26/hour via a powerful supercomputer, including hardware and energy costs only. We do not know if GTEPS can be bought more cheaply elsewhere. We estimate that available TEPS/$ grows by a factor of ten every four years, based the relationship between TEPS and FLOPS. TEPS have not been...",https://aiimpacts.org/cost-of-teps/,2015,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,749
-Safer ML paradigms team: the story – AI Safety Research Program,,https://aisrp.org/?page_id=169,2020,blogPost,AI Safety Camp,AI Safety Camp,750
-Organizational Culture in High Reliability Organizations: An Extension,,http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001872679504800703,1995,journalArticle,"Klein, Rochelle Lee; Bigley, Gregory A.; Roberts, Karlene H.",Human Relations,751
-Self-Supervised Intrinsic Image Decomposition,"Intrinsic decomposition from a single image is a highly challenging task, due to its inherent ambiguity and the scarcity of training data. In contrast to traditional fully supervised learning approaches, in this paper we propose learning intrinsic image decomposition by explaining the input image. Our model, the Rendered Intrinsics Network (RIN), joins together an image decomposition pipeline, which predicts reflectance, shape, and lighting conditions given a single image, with a recombination function, a learned shading model used to recompose the original input based off of intrinsic image predictions. Our network can then use unsupervised reconstruction error as an additional signal to improve its intermediate representations. This allows large-scale unlabeled data to be useful during training, and also enables transferring learned knowledge to images of unseen object categories, lighting conditions, and shapes. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method performs well on both intrinsic image decomposition and knowledge transfer.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.03678,2018,conferencePaper,"Janner, Michael; Wu, Jiajun; Kulkarni, Tejas D.; Yildirim, Ilker; Tenenbaum, Joshua B.",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2017,752
-The Strategic Robot Problem: Lethal Autonomous Weapons in War,,http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15027570.2014.975010,2014,journalArticle,"Roff, Heather M.",Journal of Military Ethics,753
-Plausibility and probability in deductive reasoning,"We consider the problem of rational uncertainty about unproven mathematical statements, remarked on by G\""odel and others. Using Bayesian-inspired arguments we build a normative model of fair bets under deductive uncertainty which draws from both probability and the theory of algorithms. We comment on connections to Zeilberger's notion of ""semi-rigorous proofs"", particularly that inherent subjectivity would be present. We also discuss a financial view with models of arbitrage where traders have limited computational resources.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.09032,2019,manuscript,"MacFie, Andrew",,754
-The Brain and Computation,,http://mediangroup.org/brain1.html,,blogPost,"Maltinsky, Baeo",Median Group,755
-The Technological Landscape Affecting Artificial General Intelligence and the Importance of Nanoscale Neural Probes,"In this paper, we contrast three major pathways to human level AI, also known as artificial general intelligence (AGI), and we investigate how safety considerations compare between the three. The first pathway is de novo AGI (dnAGI), AGI built from the ground up. The second is Neuromorphic AGI (NAGI), AGI based loosely on the principles of the human brain. And third is Whole Brain Emulation (WBE), AGI built by emulating a particular human brain, in silico. Bostrom has previously argued that NAGI is the least safe form of the three. NAGI would be messier than dnAGI and therefore harder to align to arbitrary values. Additionally, NAGI would not intrinsically possess safeguards found in the human brain – such as compassion – while WBE would. In this paper, we argue that getting WBE first would be preferable to getting dnAGI first. While the introduction of WBE would likely be followed by a later transition to the less-constrained and therefore more-powerful dnAGI, the creation of dnAGI would likely be less dangerous if accomplished by WBEs than if done simply by biological humans, for a variety of reasons. One major reason is that the higher intelligence and quicker speed of thinking in the WBEs compared to biological humans could increase the chances of traversing the path through dnAGI safely. We additionally investigate the major technological trends leading to these three types of AGI, and we find these trends to be: traditional AI research, computational hardware, nanotechnology research, nanoscale neural probes, and neuroscience. In particular, we find that WBE is unlikely to be achieved without nanoscale neural probes, since much of the information processing in the brain occurs on the subcellular level (i.e., the nanoscale). For this reason, we argue that nanoscale neural probes could improve safety by favoring WBE over NAGI.",http://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/view/1874,2017,journalArticle,"Eth, Daniel",Informatica,756
-Exploration Potential,"We introduce exploration potential, a quantity that measures how much a reinforcement learning agent has explored its environment class. In contrast to information gain, exploration potential takes the problem's reward structure into account. This leads to an exploration criterion that is both necessary and sufficient for asymptotic optimality (learning to act optimally across the entire environment class). Our experiments in multi-armed bandits use exploration potential to illustrate how different algorithms make the tradeoff between exploration and exploitation.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.04994v3,2016,manuscript,"Leike, Jan",,757
-The Ethics of Outer Space: A Consequentialist Perspective,,,2016,bookSection,"Baum, Seth D.",The Ethics of Space Exploration,758
-What makes counterfactuals comparable?,,https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/6E6D3qLPM3urXDPpK/what-makes-counterfactuals-comparable-1,2020,blogPost,"Leong, Chris",AI Alignment Forum,759
-Guiding Policies with Language via Meta-Learning,"Behavioral skills or policies for autonomous agents are conventionally learned from reward functions, via reinforcement learning, or from demonstrations, via imitation learning. However, both modes of task specification have their disadvantages: reward functions require manual engineering, while demonstrations require a human expert to be able to actually perform the task in order to generate the demonstration. Instruction following from natural language instructions provides an appealing alternative: in the same way that we can specify goals to other humans simply by speaking or writing, we would like to be able to specify tasks for our machines. However, a single instruction may be insufficient to fully communicate our intent or, even if it is, may be insufficient for an autonomous agent to actually understand how to perform the desired task. In this work, we propose an interactive formulation of the task specification problem, where iterative language corrections are provided to an autonomous agent, guiding it in acquiring the desired skill. Our proposed language-guided policy learning algorithm can integrate an instruction and a sequence of corrections to acquire new skills very quickly. In our experiments, we show that this method can enable a policy to follow instructions and corrections for simulated navigation and manipulation tasks, substantially outperforming direct, non-interactive instruction following.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.07882,2019,manuscript,"Co-Reyes, John D.; Gupta, Abhishek; Sanjeev, Suvansh; Altieri, Nick; Andreas, Jacob; DeNero, John; Abbeel, Pieter; Levine, Sergey",,760
-Meta Learning Shared Hierarchies,"We develop a metalearning approach for learning hierarchically structured policies, improving sample efficiency on unseen tasks through the use of shared primitives---policies that are executed for large numbers of timesteps. Specifically, a set of primitives are shared within a distribution of tasks, and are switched between by task-specific policies. We provide a concrete metric for measuring the strength of such hierarchies, leading to an optimization problem for quickly reaching high reward on unseen tasks. We then present an algorithm to solve this problem end-to-end through the use of any off-the-shelf reinforcement learning method, by repeatedly sampling new tasks and resetting task-specific policies. We successfully discover meaningful motor primitives for the directional movement of four-legged robots, solely by interacting with distributions of mazes. We also demonstrate the transferability of primitives to solve long-timescale sparse-reward obstacle courses, and we enable 3D humanoid robots to robustly walk and crawl with the same policy.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1710.09767,2017,manuscript,"Frans, Kevin; Ho, Jonathan; Chen, Xi; Abbeel, Pieter; Schulman, John",,761
-The underwriter and the models-solo dances or pas-de-deux? What policy data can tell us about how underwriters use models,,https://www.msamlin.com/content/dam/ms-amlin/corporate/our-world/Whitepapers/MS%20Amlin%20White%20Paper%20The%20underwriter%20and%20the%20models-%20solo%20dances%20or%20pas-de-deux.pdf.downloadasset.pdf,2017,report,"Armstrong, Stuart; Weick, Mario; Sandberg, Anders; Snyder-Beattie, Andrew; Beckstead, Nick",,762
-Categorizing Wireheading in Partially Embedded Agents,"$\textit{Embedded agents}$ are not explicitly separated from their environment, lacking clear I/O channels. Such agents can reason about and modify their internal parts, which they are incentivized to shortcut or $\textit{wirehead}$ in order to achieve the maximal reward. In this paper, we provide a taxonomy of ways by which wireheading can occur, followed by a definition of wirehead-vulnerable agents. Starting from the fully dualistic universal agent AIXI, we introduce a spectrum of partially embedded agents and identify wireheading opportunities that such agents can exploit, experimentally demonstrating the results with the GRL simulation platform AIXIjs. We contextualize wireheading in the broader class of all misalignment problems - where the goals of the agent conflict with the goals of the human designer - and conjecture that the only other possible type of misalignment is specification gaming. Motivated by this taxonomy, we define wirehead-vulnerable agents as embedded agents that choose to behave differently from fully dualistic agents lacking access to their internal parts.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.09136,2019,manuscript,"Majha, Arushi; Sarkar, Sayan; Zagami, Davide",,763
-Quantifying Differences in Reward Functions,"For many tasks, the reward function is too complex to be specified procedurally, and must instead be learned from user data. Prior work has evaluated learned reward functions by examining rollouts from a policy optimized for the learned reward. However, this method cannot distinguish between the learned reward function failing to reflect user preferences, and the reinforcement learning algorithm failing to optimize the learned reward. Moreover, the rollout method is highly sensitive to details of the environment the learned reward is evaluated in, which often differ in the deployment environment. To address these problems, we introduce the Equivalent-Policy Invariant Comparison (EPIC) distance to quantify the difference between two reward functions directly, without training a policy. We prove EPIC is invariant on an equivalence class of reward functions that always induce the same optimal policy. Furthermore, we find EPIC can be precisely approximated and is more robust than baselines to the choice of visitation distribution. Finally, we find that the EPIC distance of learned reward functions to the ground-truth reward is predictive of the success of training a policy, even in different transition dynamics.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.13900,2020,manuscript,"Gleave, Adam; Dennis, Michael; Legg, Shane; Russell, Stuart; Leike, Jan",,764
-"Autonomy and machine learning at the interface of nuclear weapons, computers and people","A new era for our species started in 1945: with the terrifying demonstration of the power of the atom bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, the potential global catastrophic consequences of human technology could no longer be ignored. Within the field of global catastrophic and existential risk, nuclear war is one of the more iconic scenarios, although significant uncertainties remain about its likelihood and potential destructive magnitude. The risk posed to humanity from nuclear weapons is not static. In tandem with geopolitical and cultural changes, technological innovations could have a significant impact on how the risk of the use of nuclear weapons changes over time. Increasing attention has been given in the literature to the impact of digital technologies, and in particular autonomy and machine learning, on nuclear risk. Most of this attention has focused on ‘first-order’ effects: the introduction of technologies into nuclear command-and-control and weapon-delivery systems. This essay focuses instead on higher-order effects: those that stem from the introduction of such technologies into more peripheral systems, with a more indirect (but no less real) effect on nuclear risk. It first describes and categorizes the new threats introduced by these technologies (in section I). It then considers policy responses to address these new threats (section II).",https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/297703,2019,bookSection,"Avin, Shahar; Amadae, S. M.",The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Strategic Stability and Nuclear Risk,765
-Deal or No Deal? End-to-End Learning of Negotiation Dialogues,,http://aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1259,2017,conferencePaper,"Lewis, Mike; Yarats, Denis; Dauphin, Yann; Parikh, Devi; Batra, Dhruv",Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing,766
-Strategic Classification is Causal Modeling in Disguise,"Consequential decision-making incentivizes individuals to strategically adapt their behavior to the specifics of the decision rule. While a long line of work has viewed strategic adaptation as gaming and attempted to mitigate its effects, recent work has instead sought to design classifiers that incentivize individuals to improve a desired quality. Key to both accounts is a cost function that dictates which adaptations are rational to undertake. In this work, we develop a causal framework for strategic adaptation. Our causal perspective clearly distinguishes between gaming and improvement and reveals an important obstacle to incentive design. We prove any procedure for designing classifiers that incentivize improvement must inevitably solve a non-trivial causal inference problem. Moreover, we show a similar result holds for designing cost functions that satisfy the requirements of previous work. With the benefit of hindsight, our results show much of the prior work on strategic classification is causal modeling in disguise.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.10362,2020,conferencePaper,"Miller, John; Milli, Smitha; Hardt, Moritz",Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning,767
-Autonomous Weapons And Coercive Threats,"Increasingly, governments are using artificial intelligence technologies to revolutionize their military capabilities. In many ways, these technologies present the potential to transform the conduct of war and, in so doing, to alter the nature of state-to-state interactions.",https://aipulse.org/autonomous-weapons-and-coercive-threats/,2019,blogPost,"Sterbenz, Ciara; Trager, Robert",AI Pulse,768
-Monte Carlo model of brain emulation development,,,2014,report,"Sandberg, Anders",,769
-Teleporting Universal Intelligent Agents,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-09274-4_11,2014,bookSection,"Orseau, Laurent",Artificial General Intelligence,770
-Reducing long-term risks from malevolent actors,"Summary Dictators who exhibited highly narcissistic, psychopathic, or sadistic traits were involved in some of the greatest catastrophes in human history. Malevolent individuals in positions of power could negatively affect humanity’s long-term trajectory by, for example, exacerbating international conflict or other broad risk factors. Malevolent humans with access to advanced technology—such as whole brain emulation […]",https://longtermrisk.org/reducing-long-term-risks-from-malevolent-actors/,2020,report,"Althaus, David; Baumann, Tobias",,771
-Reframing Superintelligence: Comprehensive AI Services as General Intelligence,,,2019,report,"Drexler, K Eric",,772
-Confronting the threat of nuclear winter,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016328715000403,2015,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.",Futures,773
-Fine-tuning language models from human preferences,,,2019,manuscript,"Ziegler, Daniel M.; Stiennon, Nisan; Wu, Jeffrey; Brown, Tom B.; Radford, Alec; Amodei, Dario; Christiano, Paul; Irving, Geoffrey",,774
-"Exploring AI Safety in Degrees: Generality, Capability and Control","The landscape of AI safety is frequently explored differently by contrasting specialised AI versus general AI (or AGI), by analysing the short-term hazards of systems with limited capabilities against those more long-term risks posed by ‘superintelligence’, and by conceptualising sophisticated ways of bounding control an AI system has over its environment and itself (impact, harm to humans, self-harm, containment, etc.). In this position paper we reconsider these three aspects of AI safety as quantitative factors –generality, capability and control–, suggesting that by defining metrics for these dimensions, AI risks can be characterised and analysed more precisely. As an example, we illustrate how to define these metrics and their values for some simple agents in a toy scenario within a reinforcement learning setting.",,2020,conferencePaper,"Burden, John; Hernandez-Orallo, Jose",Proceedings of the Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Safety (SafeAI 2020),775
-What Do You Think About Machines That Think,,https://www.edge.org/response-detail/26157,2015,magazineArticle,"Russell, Stuart",Edge.org,776
-"Causal–explanatory pluralism: How intentions, functions, and mechanisms influence causal ascriptions",,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010028510000253,2010,journalArticle,"Lombrozo, Tania",Cognitive Psychology,777
-Reinforcement Learning with Augmented Data,"Learning from visual observations is a fundamental yet challenging problem in Reinforcement Learning (RL). Although algorithmic advances combined with convolutional neural networks have proved to be a recipe for success, current methods are still lacking on two fronts: (a) data-efficiency of learning and (b) generalization to new environments. To this end, we present Reinforcement Learning with Augmented Data (RAD), a simple plug-and-play module that can enhance most RL algorithms. We perform the first extensive study of general data augmentations for RL on both pixel-based and state-based inputs, and introduce two new data augmentations - random translate and random amplitude scale. We show that augmentations such as random translate, crop, color jitter, patch cutout, random convolutions, and amplitude scale can enable simple RL algorithms to outperform complex state-of-the-art methods across common benchmarks. RAD sets a new state-of-the-art in terms of data-efficiency and final performance on the DeepMind Control Suite benchmark for pixel-based control as well as OpenAI Gym benchmark for state-based control. We further demonstrate that RAD significantly improves test-time generalization over existing methods on several OpenAI ProcGen benchmarks. Our RAD module and training code are available at https://www.github.com/MishaLaskin/rad.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.14990,2020,manuscript,"Laskin, Michael; Lee, Kimin; Stooke, Adam; Pinto, Lerrel; Abbeel, Pieter; Srinivas, Aravind",,778
-Law and Policy Responses to Disaster-Induced Financial Distress,"This chapter treats disaster response policies directed at the economic recovery of private households. First, we examine problems of disaster-induced financial distress from a legal and economic perspective. We do this both qualitatively and quantitatively, and focussing on residential loans, using the victims of the 11 March 2011 tsunami as our example. Then, using doctrinal and systematic analysis, we set out the broad array of law and policy solutions tackling disaster-induced debt launched by the Japanese Government. On this basis, we assess the strengths and weaknesses of these measures in terms of their practical adequacy to prevent and mitigate financial hardship and examine them against multiple dimensions of disaster justice. We conclude with suggestions for improving financial disaster recovery by taking a prospective approach, preventing the snowballing of disaster-related losses, which we argue represents a equitable and effective way forward in allocating resources following future mega disasters.",https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9005-0_4,2019,bookSection,"Weitzdörfer, Julius; Beard, Simon","Governance, Risk and Financial Impact of Mega Disasters: Lessons from Japan",779
-The Eliminativist Approach to Consciousness,"This essay explains my version of an eliminativist approach to understanding consciousness. It suggests that we stop thinking in terms of ""conscious"" and ""unconscious"" and instead look at physical systems for what they are and what they can do. This perspective dissolves some biases in our usual perspective and shows us that the world is […]",https://longtermrisk.org/the-eliminativist-approach-to-consciousness/,2015,blogPost,"Tomasik, Brian",Center on Long-Term Risk,780
-Solution of a problem of Leon Henkin,"If Σ is any standard formal system adequate for recursive number theory, a formula (having a certain integer q as its Gödel number) can be constructed which expresses the proposition that the formula with Gödel number q is provable in Σ. Is this formula provable or independent in Σ? [2]. One approach to this problem is discussed by Kreisel in [4]. However, he still leaves open the question whether the formula ( Ex ) ( x, a ), with Gödel-number a, is provable or not. Here ( x, y ) is the number-theoretic predicate which expresses the proposition that x is the number of a formal proof of the formula with Gödel-number y . In this note we present a solution of the previous problem with respect to the system Z μ [3] pp. 289–294, and, more generally, with respect to any system whose set of theorems is closed under the rules of inference of the first order predicate calculus, and satisfies the subsequent five conditions, and in which the function ( k, l ) used below is definable. The notation and terminology is in the main that of [3] pp. 306–326, viz. if is a formula of Z μ containing no free variables, whose Gödel number is a, then ({ }) stands for ( Ex ) ( x, a ) (read: the formula with Gödel number a is provable in Z μ ); if is a formula of Z μ containing a free variable, y say, ({ }) stands for ( Ex ) ( x, g ( y )}, where g ( y ) is a recursive function such that for an arbitrary numeral the value of g ( ) is the Gödel number of the formula obtained from by substituting for y in throughout. We shall, however, depart trivially from [3] in writing ( ), where is an arbitrary numeral, for ( Ex ) { x , ).",https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022481200096511/type/journal_article,1955,journalArticle,"Löb, M. H.",Journal of Symbolic Logic,781
-Stovepiping and Malicious Software: A Critical Review of AGI Containment,"Awareness of the possible impacts associated with artificial intelligence has risen in proportion to progress in the field. While there are tremendous benefits to society, many argue that there are just as many, if not more, concerns related to advanced forms of artificial intelligence. Accordingly, research into methods to develop artificial intelligence safely is increasingly important. In this paper, we provide an overview of one such safety paradigm: containment with a critical lens aimed toward generative adversarial networks and potentially malicious artificial intelligence. Additionally, we illuminate the potential for a developmental blindspot in the stovepiping of containment mechanisms.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.03653,2018,manuscript,"Pittman, Jason M.; Espinoza, Jesus P.; Crosby, Courtney Soboleski",,782
-Ambitious vs. narrow value learning,"(Re)Posted as part of the AI Alignment Forum sequence on Value Learning. Rohin's note: The definition of narrow value learning in the previous post focused on the fact that the resulting behavior is limited to some domain. The definition in this post focuses on learning instrumental goals and values. While the definitions are different, I have used the same term for both because I believe that they are both pointing at the same underlying concept. (I do not know if Paul agrees.) I'm including this post to give a different perspective on what I mean by narrow value learning, before delving into conceptual ideas within narrow value learning. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Suppose I’m trying to build an AI system that “learns what I want” and helps me get it. I think that people sometimes use different interpretations of this goal. At two extremes of a spectrum of possible interpretations: * The AI learns my preferences over (very) long-term outcomes. If I were to die tomorrow, it could continue pursuing my goals without me; if humanity were to disappear tomorrow, it could rebuild the kind of civilization we would want; etc. The AI might pursue radically different subgoals than I would on the scale of months and years, if it thinks that those subgoals better achieve what I really want. * The AI learns the narrower subgoals and instrumental values I am pursuing. It learns that I am trying to schedule an appointment for Tuesday and that I want to avoid inconveniencing anyone, or that I am trying to fix a particular bug without introducing new problems, etc. It does not make any effort to pursue wildly different short-term goals than I would in order to better realize my long-term values, though it may help me correct some errors that I would be able to recognize as such. I think that many researchers interested in AI safety per se mostly think about the former. I think that research",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/SvuLhtREMy8wRBzpC/ambitious-vs-narrow-value-learning,2019,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment Forum,783
-Scaling shared model governance via model splitting,"Currently the only techniques for sharing governance of a deep learning model are homomorphic encryption and secure multiparty computation. Unfortunately, neither of these techniques is applicable to the training of large neural networks due to their large computational and communication overheads. As a scalable technique for shared model governance, we propose splitting deep learning model between multiple parties. This paper empirically investigates the security guarantee of this technique, which is introduced as the problem of model completion: Given the entire training data set or an environment simulator, and a subset of the parameters of a trained deep learning model, how much training is required to recover the model's original performance? We define a metric for evaluating the hardness of the model completion problem and study it empirically in both supervised learning on ImageNet and reinforcement learning on Atari and DeepMind~Lab. Our experiments show that (1) the model completion problem is harder in reinforcement learning than in supervised learning because of the unavailability of the trained agent's trajectories, and (2) its hardness depends not primarily on the number of parameters of the missing part, but more so on their type and location. Our results suggest that model splitting might be a feasible technique for shared model governance in some settings where training is very expensive.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.05979,2018,manuscript,"Martic, Miljan; Leike, Jan; Trask, Andrew; Hessel, Matteo; Legg, Shane; Kohli, Pushmeet",,784
-Well-being and enhancement,,,2011,journalArticle,"Savulescu, Julian; Sandberg, Anders; Kahane, Guy",Enhancing human capacities,785
-Openness Norms in AGI Development,"1. INTRODUCTION This post outlines two models from the social epistemology of science explaining the emergence of the a particular openness norm within the sciences, and then looks at how such models can be utilised to understand research groups trying to develop AGI. In the rest of the introduction, I will try to provide some motivation for this post. Sections 2 & 3 will briefly outline the two models I'm looking at. Section 4 more directly tries to interpret such models in the context of AGI development. Section 5 concludes. The social epistemology of science is an interdisciplinary subfield at the intersection of philosophy and economics, which utilises formal models to understand the incentive structure of science. Here, I focus on two models from this area which try to explain the emergence of one particular openness norm: the so-called ‘communist norm’ in scientific research. The communist norm is a norm to share all ‘substantive findings’ with the scientific community. The existence of this norm seems to be taken for granted in this literature, although the best piece of evidence I can find for its existence comes from Louis et. al (2001), who find, in a sample of nearly 2,000 geneticists, that 91% agree that one should share all of one's relevant data. I nevertheless take it for granted in this post. I wanted to see whether understanding the emergence of the communist norm in science could be important for understanding the development of AGI. In many ways, one might think the incentive structures around the development of AGI (will, or does) parallel the incentive structures of academic science. Thus, one might think that looking at the incentive structures behind scientific research are a good starting point for looking at the incentive structures surrounding the development of AGI. As the communist norm emerged in science, one can imagine the emergence of a similar ‘communist norm’ across research groups involved in AGI development, where research g",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/RvrTZ3qKWpg9aiFqZ/openness-norms-in-agi-development,2020,blogPost,Sublation,AI Alignment Forum,786
-Rationality and Intelligence: A Brief Update,"The long-term goal of AI is the creation and understanding of intelligence. This requires a notion of intelligence that is precise enough to allow the cumulative development of robust systems and general results. The concept of rational agency has long been considered a leading candidate to fulfill this role. This paper, which updates a much earlier version (Russell, 1997), reviews the sequence of conceptual shifts leading to a different candidate, bounded optimality, that is closer to our informal conception of intelligence and reduces the gap between theory and practice. Some promising recent developments are also described.",http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-26485-1_2,2016,bookSection,"Russell, Stuart",Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence,787
-Adversarial Training Methods for Semi-Supervised Text Classification,"Adversarial training provides a means of regularizing supervised learning algorithms while virtual adversarial training is able to extend supervised learning algorithms to the semi-supervised setting. However, both methods require making small perturbations to numerous entries of the input vector, which is inappropriate for sparse high-dimensional inputs such as one-hot word representations. We extend adversarial and virtual adversarial training to the text domain by applying perturbations to the word embeddings in a recurrent neural network rather than to the original input itself. The proposed method achieves state of the art results on multiple benchmark semi-supervised and purely supervised tasks. We provide visualizations and analysis showing that the learned word embeddings have improved in quality and that while training, the model is less prone to overfitting.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.07725,2017,conferencePaper,"Miyato, Takeru; Dai, Andrew M.; Goodfellow, Ian","arXiv:1605.07725 [cs, stat]",788
-"Climate Justice: Integrating Economics and Philosophy, Ravi Kanbur and Henry Shue (editors). Oxford University Press, 2018, 288 pages.",,https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026626711900018X/type/journal_article,2019,journalArticle,"Beard, Simon",Economics and Philosophy,789
-Fixed-point solutions to the regress problem in normative uncertainty,"When we are faced with a choice among acts, but are uncertain about the true state of the world, we may be uncertain about the acts’ “choiceworthiness”. Decision theories guide our choice by making normative claims about how we should respond to this uncertainty. If we are unsure which decision theory is correct, however, we may remain unsure of what we ought to do. Given this decision-theoretic uncertainty, meta-theories attempt to resolve the conflicts between our decision theories...but we may be unsure which meta-theory is correct as well. This reasoning can launch a regress of ever-higher-order uncertainty, which may leave one forever uncertain about what one ought to do. There is, fortunately, a class of circumstances under which this regress is not a problem. If one holds a cardinal understanding of subjective choiceworthiness, and accepts certain other criteria (which are too weak to specify any particular decision theory), one’s hierarchy of metanormative uncertainty ultimately converges to precise definitions of “subjective choiceworthiness” for any finite set of acts. If one allows the metanormative regress to extend to the transfinite ordinals, the convergence criteria can be weakened further. Finally, the structure of these results applies straightforwardly not just to decision-theoretic uncertainty, but also to other varieties of normative uncertainty, such as moral uncertainty.",https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-019-02098-9,2019,journalArticle,"Trammell, Philip",Synthese,790
-"Delusion, Survival, and Intelligent Agents","This paper considers the consequences of endowing an intelligent agent with the ability to modify its own code. The intelligent agent is patterned closely after AIXI with these specific assumptions: 1) The agent is allowed to arbitrarily modify its own inputs if it so chooses; 2) The agent’s code is a part of the environment and may be read and written by the environment. The first of these we call the “delusion box”; the second we call “mortality”. Within this framework, we discuss and compare four very different kinds of agents, specifically: reinforcementlearning, goal-seeking, prediction-seeking, and knowledge-seeking agents. Our main results are that: 1) The reinforcement-learning agent under reasonable circumstances behaves exactly like an agent whose sole task is to survive (to preserve the integrity of its code); and 2) Only the knowledge-seeking agent behaves completely as expected.",http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-22887-2_2,2011,bookSection,"Ring, Mark; Orseau, Laurent",Artificial General Intelligence,791
-An empirical investigation of the challenges of real-world reinforcement learning,"Reinforcement learning (RL) has proven its worth in a series of artificial domains, and is beginning to show some successes in real-world scenarios. However, much of the research advances in RL are hard to leverage in real-world systems due to a series of assumptions that are rarely satisfied in practice. In this work, we identify and formalize a series of independent challenges that embody the difficulties that must be addressed for RL to be commonly deployed in real-world systems. For each challenge, we define it formally in the context of a Markov Decision Process, analyze the effects of the challenge on state-of-the-art learning algorithms, and present some existing attempts at tackling it. We believe that an approach that addresses our set of proposed challenges would be readily deployable in a large number of real world problems. Our proposed challenges are implemented in a suite of continuous control environments called realworldrl-suite which we propose an as an open-source benchmark.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.11881,2020,manuscript,"Dulac-Arnold, Gabriel; Levine, Nir; Mankowitz, Daniel J.; Li, Jerry; Paduraru, Cosmin; Gowal, Sven; Hester, Todd",,792
-Reward learning from human preferences and demonstrations in Atari,"To solve complex real-world problems with reinforcement learning, we cannot rely on manually specified reward functions. Instead, we can have humans communicate an objective to the agent directly. In this work, we combine two approaches to learning from human feedback: expert demonstrations and trajectory preferences. We train a deep neural network to model the reward function and use its predicted reward to train an DQN-based deep reinforcement learning agent on 9 Atari games. Our approach beats the imitation learning baseline in 7 games and achieves strictly superhuman performance on 2 games without using game rewards. Additionally, we investigate the goodness of fit of the reward model, present some reward hacking problems, and study the effects of noise in the human labels.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.06521,2018,conferencePaper,"Ibarz, Borja; Leike, Jan; Pohlen, Tobias; Irving, Geoffrey; Legg, Shane; Amodei, Dario","arXiv:1811.06521 [cs, stat]",793
-Maintaining the AI Chip Competitive Advantage of the United States and its Allies,,https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/CSET-Maintaining-the-AI-Chip-Competitive-Advantage-of-the-United-States-and-its-Allies-20191206.pdf,2019,report,"Khan, Saif",,794
-Establishing Appropriate Trust via Critical States,"In order to effectively interact with or supervise a robot, humans need to have an accurate mental model of its capabilities and how it acts. Learned neural network policies make that particularly challenging. We propose an approach for helping end-users build a mental model of such policies. Our key observation is that for most tasks, the essence of the policy is captured in a few critical states: states in which it is very important to take a certain action. Our user studies show that if the robot shows a human what its understanding of the task's critical states is, then the human can make a more informed decision about whether to deploy the policy, and if she does deploy it, when she needs to take control from it at execution time.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.08174,2018,conferencePaper,"Huang, Sandy H.; Bhatia, Kush; Abbeel, Pieter; Dragan, Anca D.",2018 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS),795
-Should we campaign against sex robots?,,,2017,journalArticle,"Danaher, John; Earp, Brian D.; Sandberg, Anders",Robot Sex: Social and Ethical Implications,796
-"Preparing for ""The Talk"" with AI projects","Epistemic status: Written for Blog Post Day III. I don't get to talk to people ""in the know"" much, so maybe this post is obsolete in some way. I think that at some point at least one AI project will face an important choice between deploying and/or enlarging a powerful AI system, or holding back and doing more AI safety research. (Currently, AI projects face choices like this all the time, except they aren't important in the sense I mean it, because the AI isn't potentially capable of escaping and taking over large parts of the world, or doing something similarly bad.) Moreover, I think that when this choice is made, most people in the relevant conversation will be insufficiently concerned/knowledgeable about AI risk. Perhaps they will think: ""This new AI design is different from the classic models, so the classic worries don't arise."" Or: ""Fear not, I did [insert amateur safety strategy]."" I think it would be very valuable for these conversations to end with ""OK, we'll throttle back our deployment strategy for a bit so we can study the risks more carefully,"" rather than with ""Nah, we're probably fine, let's push ahead."" This buys us time. Say it buys us a month. A month of extra time right after scary-powerful AI is created is worth a lot, because we'll have more serious smart people paying attention, and we'll have more evidence about what AI is like. I'd guess that a month of extra time in a situation like this would increase the total amount of quality-weighted AI safety and AI policy work by 10%. That's huge. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- One way to prepare for these conversations is to raise awareness about AI risk and technical AI safety problems, so that it's more likely that more people in these conversations are more informed about the risks. I think this is great. However, there's another way to prepare, which I think is tractable and currently neglected: 1. Identify some people who might be part",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/QSBgGv8byWMjmaGE5/preparing-for-the-talk-with-ai-projects,2020,blogPost,"Kokotajlo, Daniel",AI Alignment Forum,797
-A Coverage-Based Utility Model for Identifying Unknown Unknowns,"A classifier’s low confidence in prediction is often indicative of whether its prediction will be wrong; in this case, inputs are called known unknowns. In contrast, unknown unknowns (UUs) are inputs on which a classifier makes a high confidence mistake. Identifying UUs is especially important in safety-critical domains like medicine (diagnosis) and law (recidivism prediction). Previous work by Lakkaraju et al. (2017) on identifying unknown unknowns assumes that the utility of each revealed UU is independent of the others, rather than considering the set holistically. While this assumption yields an efficient discovery algorithm, we argue that it produces an incomplete understanding of the classifier’s limitations. In response, this paper proposes a new class of utility models that rewards how well the discovered UUs cover (or “explain”) a sample distribution of expected queries. Although choosing an optimal cover is intractable, even if the UUs were known, our utility model is monotone submodular, affording a greedy discovery strategy. Experimental results on four datasets show that our method outperforms bandit-based approaches and achieves within 60.9% utility of an omniscient, tractable upper bound.",,2018,conferencePaper,"Bansal, Gagan; Weld, Daniel S",,798
-The Only Ethical Argument for Positive Delta,,https://globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/Mogensen_The_only_ethical_argument_for_positive_delta.pdf,2019,manuscript,"Mogensen, Andreas",,799
-Avoiding Imposters and Delinquents: Adversarial Crowdsourcing and Peer Prediction,"We consider a crowdsourcing model in which $n$ workers are asked to rate the quality of $n$ items previously generated by other workers. An unknown set of $\alpha n$ workers generate reliable ratings, while the remaining workers may behave arbitrarily and possibly adversarially. The manager of the experiment can also manually evaluate the quality of a small number of items, and wishes to curate together almost all of the high-quality items with at most an $\epsilon$ fraction of low-quality items. Perhaps surprisingly, we show that this is possible with an amount of work required of the manager, and each worker, that does not scale with $n$: the dataset can be curated with $\tilde{O}\Big(\frac{1}{\beta\alpha^3\epsilon^4}\Big)$ ratings per worker, and $\tilde{O}\Big(\frac{1}{\beta\epsilon^2}\Big)$ ratings by the manager, where $\beta$ is the fraction of high-quality items. Our results extend to the more general setting of peer prediction, including peer grading in online classrooms.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.05374,2016,conferencePaper,"Steinhardt, Jacob; Valiant, Gregory; Charikar, Moses",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29 (NIPS 2016),800
-Overrepresentation of extreme events in decision making reflects rational use of cognitive resources.,,http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/rev0000074,2018,journalArticle,"Lieder, Falk; Griffiths, Thomas L.; Hsu, Ming",Psychological Review,801
-Managing Loss of Control as Many Militaries Pursue Technological Superiority,,,2018,journalArticle,"Danzig, Richard",Arms Control Today,802
-Revisiting Unreasonable Effectiveness of Data in Deep Learning Era,"The success of deep learning in vision can be attributed to: (a) models with high capacity; (b) increased computational power; and (c) availability of large-scale labeled data. Since 2012, there have been significant advances in representation capabilities of the models and computational capabilities of GPUs. But the size of the biggest dataset has surprisingly remained constant. What will happen if we increase the dataset size by 10x or 100x? This paper takes a step towards clearing the clouds of mystery surrounding the relationship between `enormous data' and visual deep learning. By exploiting the JFT-300M dataset which has more than 375M noisy labels for 300M images, we investigate how the performance of current vision tasks would change if this data was used for representation learning. Our paper delivers some surprising (and some expected) findings. First, we find that the performance on vision tasks increases logarithmically based on volume of training data size. Second, we show that representation learning (or pre-training) still holds a lot of promise. One can improve performance on many vision tasks by just training a better base model. Finally, as expected, we present new state-of-the-art results for different vision tasks including image classification, object detection, semantic segmentation and human pose estimation. Our sincere hope is that this inspires vision community to not undervalue the data and develop collective efforts in building larger datasets.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.02968,2017,conferencePaper,"Sun, Chen; Shrivastava, Abhinav; Singh, Saurabh; Gupta, Abhinav",Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV),803
-"The Politicization of Climate Change and Polarization in the American Public's Views of Global Warming, 2001–2010",,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2011.01198.x,2011,journalArticle,"McCright, Aaron M.; Dunlap, Riley E.",The Sociological Quarterly,804
-Functional Decision Theory: A New Theory of Instrumental Rationality,"This paper describes and motivates a new decision theory known as functional decision theory (FDT), as distinct from causal decision theory and evidential decision theory. Functional decision theorists hold that the normative principle for action is to treat one's decision as the output of a fixed mathematical function that answers the question, ""Which output of this very function would yield the best outcome?"" Adhering to this principle delivers a number of benefits, including the ability to maximize wealth in an array of traditional decision-theoretic and game-theoretic problems where CDT and EDT perform poorly. Using one simple and coherent decision rule, functional decision theorists (for example) achieve more utility than CDT on Newcomb's problem, more utility than EDT on the smoking lesion problem, and more utility than both in Parfit's hitchhiker problem. In this paper, we define FDT, explore its prescriptions in a number of different decision problems, compare it to CDT and EDT, and give philosophical justifications for FDT as a normative theory of decision-making.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1710.05060,2018,manuscript,"Yudkowsky, Eliezer; Soares, Nate",,805
-"Some Comments on Stuart Armstrong's ""Research Agenda v0.9""","Subject matter here. I: Intro I am extremely sympathetic to the program of AI safety by understanding value learning. Because of that sympathy, I have more thoughts than average prompted by Stuart Armstrong's post along those same lines. Stuart's post mostly deals with ""partial preferences,"" which are like simple statements of binary preference (A is better than B), but associated with a context - supposedly the ""human's model"" the human was using when they exhibited or stated that preference. Then the post says that you should sort these partial preferences according to meta-levels and aggregate them from the top down, updating your procedure after you finish each meta-level, eventually producing a utility function over world-histories. Broadly, I'd say that my opinion is sort of like the bitter lesson. The bitter lesson in, say, image recognition, is that people wanted to do image recognition with a bunch of human-designed features and formal reasoning and human-understandable internal moving parts, and they tried that for a long time, and what worked was using way bigger models, way more computing power, much fewer human-understandable internal parts, and almost no human-designed features. I like Stuart's outline more than most value learning proposals. But it still strikes me as primarily a list of human-designed features and human-understandable internal moving parts. We might be better off throwing away some of the details and abstracting in a way that allows for some of these problems to be solved by big models and computing power. It's like the just-so story about ResNets, which is that they're a fix to humans thinking the insides of neural nets should look too much like human logic[^1]. I think speculating about the human-sized logical relationships between speculative parts inside the AI is easier but less useful than speculating about the algorithm that will connect your inputs to your outputs with a big model and lots of computing power, which may",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/GHNokcgERpLJwJnLW/some-comments-on-stuart-armstrong-s-research-agenda-v0-9,2019,blogPost,"Steiner, Charlie",LessWrong,806
-Tranquilism,"What makes an experience valuable or disvaluable? In contrast to hedonism, which holds that pleasure is what is good and pain is what is bad, tranquilism is an “absence of desire” theory that counts pleasure as instrumentally valuable only. According to tranquilism, what matters is whether an experience is free from bothersome components. States of contentment such as flow or meditative tranquility also qualify.",https://longtermrisk.org/tranquilism/,2017,blogPost,"Gloor, Lukas",Center on Long-Term Risk,807
-Program Obfuscation with Leaky Hardware,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-25385-0_39,2011,bookSection,"Bitansky, Nir; Canetti, Ran; Goldwasser, Shafi; Halevi, Shai; Kalai, Yael Tauman; Rothblum, Guy N.",Advances in Cryptology – ASIACRYPT 2011,808
-Weak HCH accesses EXP,"This post is a follow-up to my “Alignment proposals and complexity classes” post. Thanks to Sam Eisenstat for helping with part of the proof here. Previously, I proved that imitative amplification with weak HCH, approval-based amplification, and recursive reward modeling access PSPACE while AI safety via market making accesses EXP. At the time, I wasn't sure whether my market making proof would generalize to the others, so I just published it with the PSPACE proofs instead. However, I have since become convinced that the proof does generalize—and that it generalizes for all of the proposals I mentioned—such that imitative amplification with weak HCH, approval-based amplification, and recursive reward modeling all actually access EXP. This post attempts to prove that. UPDATED LIST OF PROPOSALS BY COMPLEXITY CLASS P: Imitation learning (trivial) PSPACE: AI safety via debate (proof) EXP: AI safety via market making (proof), Imitative amplification with weak HCH (proof below), Approval-based amplification (proof below), Recursive reward modeling (proof below) NEXP: Debate with cross-examination (proof) R: Imitative amplification with strong HCH (proof), AI safety via market making with pointers (proof) PROOFS IMITATIVE AMPLIFICATION WITH WEAK HCH ACCESSES EXP The proof here is similar in structure to my previous proof that weak HCH accesses PSPACE, so I'll only explain where this proof differs from that one. First, since l∈EXP, we know that for any x∈X, Tl(x) halts in O(2poly(n)) steps where n=|x|. Thus, we can construct a function fl(n)=c1+c2ec3nc4 such that for all x∈X, Tl(x) halts in less than or equal to fl(x) steps by picking c3,c4 large enough that they dominate all other terms in the polynomial for all n∈N. Note that fl is then computable in time polynomial in n. Second, let H's new strategy be as follows: 1. Given p, let s,x=M(p:f(|x|)). Then, return accept/reject based on whether s is an accept or reject state (it will always be one or the oth",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/CtGH3yEoo4mY2taxe/weak-hch-accesses-exp,2020,blogPost,"Hubinger, Evan",AI Alignment Forum,809
-Do You Want Your Autonomous Car to Drive Like You?,"With progress in enabling autonomous cars to drive safely on the road, it is time to start asking how they should be driving. A common answer is that they should be adopting their users' driving style. This makes the assumption that users want their autonomous cars to drive like they drive - aggressive drivers want aggressive cars, defensive drivers want defensive cars. In this paper, we put that assumption to the test. We find that users tend to prefer a significantly more defensive driving style than their own. Interestingly, they prefer the style they think is their own, even though their actual driving style tends to be more aggressive. We also find that preferences do depend on the specific driving scenario, opening the door for new ways of learning driving style preference.",,2017,conferencePaper,"Basu, C.; Yang, Q.; Hungerman, D.; Sinahal, M.; Draqan, A. D.",2017 12th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI,810
-BabyAI: A Platform to Study the Sample Efficiency of Grounded Language Learning,"Allowing humans to interactively train artificial agents to understand language instructions is desirable for both practical and scientific reasons, but given the poor data efficiency of the current learning methods, this goal may require substantial research efforts. Here, we introduce the BabyAI research platform to support investigations towards including humans in the loop for grounded language learning. The BabyAI platform comprises an extensible suite of 19 levels of increasing difficulty. The levels gradually lead the agent towards acquiring a combinatorially rich synthetic language which is a proper subset of English. The platform also provides a heuristic expert agent for the purpose of simulating a human teacher. We report baseline results and estimate the amount of human involvement that would be required to train a neural network-based agent on some of the BabyAI levels. We put forward strong evidence that current deep learning methods are not yet sufficiently sample efficient when it comes to learning a language with compositional properties.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.08272,2019,manuscript,"Chevalier-Boisvert, Maxime; Bahdanau, Dzmitry; Lahlou, Salem; Willems, Lucas; Saharia, Chitwan; Nguyen, Thien Huu; Bengio, Yoshua",,811
-Multi-task Maximum Entropy Inverse Reinforcement Learning,"Multi-task Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) is the problem of inferring multiple reward functions from expert demonstrations. Prior work, built on Bayesian IRL, is unable to scale to complex environments due to computational constraints. This paper contributes a formulation of multi-task IRL in the more computationally efficient Maximum Causal Entropy (MCE) IRL framework. Experiments show our approach can perform one-shot imitation learning in a gridworld environment that single-task IRL algorithms need hundreds of demonstrations to solve. We outline preliminary work using meta-learning to extend our method to the function approximator setting of modern MCE IRL algorithms. Evaluating on multi-task variants of common simulated robotics benchmarks, we discover serious limitations of these IRL algorithms, and conclude with suggestions for further work.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.08882,2018,manuscript,"Gleave, Adam; Habryka, Oliver",,812
-Outrunning the Law: Extraterrestrial Liberty and Universal Colonisation,,,2015,bookSection,"Armstrong, Stuart; Sandberg, Anders; ÓhÉigeartaigh, Seán",The Meaning of Liberty Beyond Earth,813
-Causal decision theory,,http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00048408112340011,1981,journalArticle,"Lewis, David",Australasian Journal of Philosophy,814
-The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering,"Wild animals are vastly more numerous than animals on factory farms, in laboratories, or kept as pets. Most of these animals endure intense suffering during their lives, such as from disease, hunger, cold, injury, and chronic fear of predators. Many wild animals give birth to tens or hundreds of offspring at a time, most of which die young, often in painful ways. This suggests that suffering plausibly dominates happiness in nature. Humans are not helpless to reduce wild-animal suffering. Indeed, humans already influence ecosystems in substantial ways, so the question is often not whether to intervene but how to intervene. Because ecology is so complex, we should study carefully how to reduce wild-animal suffering, giving due consideration to unintended long-run consequences. We should also promote concern for wild animals and challenge environmentalist assumptions among activists, academics, and other sympathetic groups. Finally, we should ensure that our descendants think twice before spreading ecosystems to areas where they do not yet exist.",,2015,journalArticle,"Brian, Tomasik",Animal Suffering,815
-Forecasting AI Progress: A Research Agenda,"Forecasting AI progress is essential to reducing uncertainty in order to appropriately plan for research efforts on AI safety and AI governance. While this is generally considered to be an important topic, little work has been conducted on it and there is no published document that gives and objective overview of the field. Moreover, the field is very diverse and there is no published consensus regarding its direction. This paper describes the development of a research agenda for forecasting AI progress which utilized the Delphi technique to elicit and aggregate experts' opinions on what questions and methods to prioritize. The results of the Delphi are presented; the remainder of the paper follow the structure of these results, briefly reviewing relevant literature and suggesting future work for each topic. Experts indicated that a wide variety of methods should be considered for forecasting AI progress. Moreover, experts identified salient questions that were both general and completely unique to the problem of forecasting AI progress. Some of the highest priority topics include the validation of (partially unresolved) forecasts, how to make forecasting action-guiding and the quality of different performance metrics. While statistical methods seem more promising, there is also recognition that supplementing judgmental techniques can be quite beneficial.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.01848,2020,manuscript,"Gruetzemacher, Ross; Dorner, Florian; Bernaola-Alvarez, Niko; Giattino, Charlie; Manheim, David",,816
-Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: A review,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1389945710001632,2010,journalArticle,"Cain, Neralie; Gradisar, Michael",Sleep Medicine,817
-Hindsight Experience Replay,"Dealing with sparse rewards is one of the biggest challenges in Reinforcement Learning (RL). We present a novel technique called Hindsight Experience Replay which allows sample-efficient learning from rewards which are sparse and binary and therefore avoid the need for complicated reward engineering. It can be combined with an arbitrary off-policy RL algorithm and may be seen as a form of implicit curriculum. We demonstrate our approach on the task of manipulating objects with a robotic arm. In particular, we run experiments on three different tasks: pushing, sliding, and pick-and-place, in each case using only binary rewards indicating whether or not the task is completed. Our ablation studies show that Hindsight Experience Replay is a crucial ingredient which makes training possible in these challenging environments. We show that our policies trained on a physics simulation can be deployed on a physical robot and successfully complete the task.",https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2017/hash/453fadbd8a1a3af50a9df4df899537b5-Abstract.html,2018,conferencePaper,"Andrychowicz, Marcin; Wolski, Filip; Ray, Alex; Schneider, Jonas; Fong, Rachel; Welinder, Peter; McGrew, Bob; Tobin, Josh; Abbeel, Pieter; Zaremba, Wojciech",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (NIPS 2017),818
-Automating reasoning about the future at Ought,We introduce judgmental forecasting as a focus area for Ought,https://ought.org/updates/2020-11-09-forecasting,2020,blogPost,"Byun, Jungwon; Stuhlmüller, Andreas",Ought,819
-PixelCNN++: Improving the PixelCNN with Discretized Logistic Mixture Likelihood and Other Modifications,"PixelCNNs are a recently proposed class of powerful generative models with tractable likelihood. Here we discuss our implementation of PixelCNNs which we make available at https://github.com/openai/pixel-cnn. Our implementation contains a number of modifications to the original model that both simplify its structure and improve its performance. 1) We use a discretized logistic mixture likelihood on the pixels, rather than a 256-way softmax, which we find to speed up training. 2) We condition on whole pixels, rather than R/G/B sub-pixels, simplifying the model structure. 3) We use downsampling to efficiently capture structure at multiple resolutions. 4) We introduce additional short-cut connections to further speed up optimization. 5) We regularize the model using dropout. Finally, we present state-of-the-art log likelihood results on CIFAR-10 to demonstrate the usefulness of these modifications.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.05517v1,2017,manuscript,"Salimans, Tim; Karpathy, Andrej; Chen, Xi; Kingma, Diederik P.",,820
-Learning from Demonstration in the Wild,"Learning from demonstration (LfD) is useful in settings where hand-coding behaviour or a reward function is impractical. It has succeeded in a wide range of problems but typically relies on manually generated demonstrations or specially deployed sensors and has not generally been able to leverage the copious demonstrations available in the wild: those that capture behaviours that were occurring anyway using sensors that were already deployed for another purpose, e.g., traffic camera footage capturing demonstrations of natural behaviour of vehicles, cyclists, and pedestrians. We propose Video to Behaviour (ViBe), a new approach to learn models of behaviour from unlabelled raw video data of a traffic scene collected from a single, monocular, initially uncalibrated camera with ordinary resolution. Our approach calibrates the camera, detects relevant objects, tracks them through time, and uses the resulting trajectories to perform LfD, yielding models of naturalistic behaviour. We apply ViBe to raw videos of a traffic intersection and show that it can learn purely from videos, without additional expert knowledge.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.03516,2019,conferencePaper,"Behbahani, Feryal; Shiarlis, Kyriacos; Chen, Xi; Kurin, Vitaly; Kasewa, Sudhanshu; Stirbu, Ciprian; Gomes, João; Paul, Supratik; Oliehoek, Frans A.; Messias, João; Whiteson, Shimon",2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA),821
-GShard: Scaling Giant Models with Conditional Computation and Automatic Sharding,"Neural network scaling has been critical for improving the model quality in many real-world machine learning applications with vast amounts of training data and compute. Although this trend of scaling is affirmed to be a sure-fire approach for better model quality, there are challenges on the path such as the computation cost, ease of programming, and efficient implementation on parallel devices. GShard is a module composed of a set of lightweight annotation APIs and an extension to the XLA compiler. It provides an elegant way to express a wide range of parallel computation patterns with minimal changes to the existing model code. GShard enabled us to scale up multilingual neural machine translation Transformer model with Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts beyond 600 billion parameters using automatic sharding. We demonstrate that such a giant model can efficiently be trained on 2048 TPU v3 accelerators in 4 days to achieve far superior quality for translation from 100 languages to English compared to the prior art.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.16668,2020,manuscript,"Lepikhin, Dmitry; Lee, HyoukJoong; Xu, Yuanzhong; Chen, Dehao; Firat, Orhan; Huang, Yanping; Krikun, Maxim; Shazeer, Noam; Chen, Zhifeng",,822
-Concerning measures in first order calculi,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02759729,1964,journalArticle,"Gaifman, Haim",Israel Journal of Mathematics,823
-What's up with Arbital?,"This post is for all the people who have been following Arbital's progress since 2015 via whispers, rumors, and clairvoyant divination. That is to say: we didn't do a very good job of communicating on our part. I hope this posts corrects some of that. The top question on your mind is probably: ""Man, I was promised that Arbital will solve X! Why hasn't it solved X already?"" Where X could be intuitive explanations, online debate, all LessWrong problems, AGI, or just cancer. Well, we did try to solve the first two and it didn't work. Math explanations didn't work because we couldn't find enough people who would spend the time to write good math explanations. (That said, we did end up with some decent posts on abstract algebra. Thank you to everyone who contributed!) Debates didn't work because... well, it's a very complicated problem. There was also some disagreement within the team about the best approach, and we ended up moving too slowly. SO WHAT NOW? You are welcome to use Arbital in its current version.It's mostly stable, though a little slow sometimes. It has a few features some might find very helpful for their type of content. Eliezer is still writing AI Alignment content on it, and he heavily relies on the specific Arbital features, so it's pretty certain that the platform is not going away. In fact, if the venture fails completely, it's likely MIRI will adopt Arbital for their personal use. I'm starting work on Arbital 2.0. It's going to be a (micro-)blogging platform. (If you are a serious blogger / Tumblr user, let me know; I'd love to ask you some questions!) I'm not trying to solve online debates, build LW 2.0, or cure cancer. It's just going to be a damn good blogging platform. If it goes well, then at some point I'd love to revisit the Arbital dream. I'm happy to answer any and all questions in the comments.",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/kqikgu92L7oQFNji4/what-s-up-with-arbital,2017,blogPost,"Andreev, Alexei",LessWrong,824
-Aligning AI With Shared Human Values,"We show how to assess a language model's knowledge of basic concepts of morality. We introduce the ETHICS dataset, a new benchmark that spans concepts in justice, well-being, duties, virtues, and commonsense morality. Models predict widespread moral judgments about diverse text scenarios. This requires connecting physical and social world knowledge to value judgements, a capability that may enable us to filter out needlessly inflammatory chatbot outputs or eventually regularize open-ended reinforcement learning agents. With the ETHICS dataset, we find that current language models have a promising but incomplete understanding of basic ethical knowledge. Our work shows that progress can be made on machine ethics today, and it provides a steppingstone toward AI that is aligned with human values.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.02275,2020,manuscript,"Hendrycks, Dan; Burns, Collin; Basart, Steven; Critch, Andrew; Li, Jerry; Song, Dawn; Steinhardt, Jacob",,825
-Theory of Minds: Understanding Behavior in Groups Through Inverse Planning,"Human social behavior is structured by relationships. We form teams, groups, tribes, and alliances at all scales of human life. These structures guide multi-agent cooperation and competition, but when we observe others these underlying relationships are typically unobservable and hence must be inferred. Humans make these inferences intuitively and flexibly, often making rapid generalizations about the latent relationships that underlie behavior from just sparse and noisy observations. Rapid and accurate inferences are important for determining who to cooperate with, who to compete with, and how to cooperate in order to compete. Towards the goal of building machine-learning algorithms with human-like social intelligence, we develop a generative model of multi-agent action understanding based on a novel representation for these latent relationships called Composable Team Hierarchies (CTH). This representation is grounded in the formalism of stochastic games and multi-agent reinforcement learning. We use CTH as a target for Bayesian inference yielding a new algorithm for understanding behavior in groups that can both infer hidden relationships as well as predict future actions for multiple agents interacting together. Our algorithm rapidly recovers an underlying causal model of how agents relate in spatial stochastic games from just a few observations. The patterns of inference made by this algorithm closely correspond with human judgments and the algorithm makes the same rapid generalizations that people do.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.06085,2019,conferencePaper,"Shum, Michael; Kleiman-Weiner, Max; Littman, Michael L.; Tenenbaum, Joshua B.",Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,826
-DeepType: Multilingual Entity Linking by Neural Type System Evolution,"The wealth of structured (e.g. Wikidata) and unstructured data about the world available today presents an incredible opportunity for tomorrow's Artificial Intelligence. So far, integration of these two different modalities is a difficult process, involving many decisions concerning how best to represent the information so that it will be captured or useful, and hand-labeling large amounts of data. DeepType overcomes this challenge by explicitly integrating symbolic information into the reasoning process of a neural network with a type system. First we construct a type system, and second, we use it to constrain the outputs of a neural network to respect the symbolic structure. We achieve this by reformulating the design problem into a mixed integer problem: create a type system and subsequently train a neural network with it. In this reformulation discrete variables select which parent-child relations from an ontology are types within the type system, while continuous variables control a classifier fit to the type system. The original problem cannot be solved exactly, so we propose a 2-step algorithm: 1) heuristic search or stochastic optimization over discrete variables that define a type system informed by an Oracle and a Learnability heuristic, 2) gradient descent to fit classifier parameters. We apply DeepType to the problem of Entity Linking on three standard datasets (i.e. WikiDisamb30, CoNLL (YAGO), TAC KBP 2010) and find that it outperforms all existing solutions by a wide margin, including approaches that rely on a human-designed type system or recent deep learning-based entity embeddings, while explicitly using symbolic information lets it integrate new entities without retraining.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.01021,2018,conferencePaper,"Raiman, Jonathan; Raiman, Olivier",arXiv:1802.01021 [cs],827
-Potential Risks from Advanced Artificial Intelligence,"We have updated our thinking on this subject since this page was published. For our most current content on this topic, see this blog post. This is a writeup of a shallow investigation, a brief look at an area that we use to decide how to prioritize further research. In a nutshell What is the",https://www.openphilanthropy.org/research/cause-reports/ai-risk,2015,blogPost,Open Philanthropy,Open Philanthropy,828
-Embedding Ethical Principles in Collective Decision Support Systems,"The future will see autonomous machines acting in the same environment as humans, in areas as diverse as driving, assistive technology, and health care. Think of self-driving cars, companion robots, and medical diagnosis support systems. We also believe that humans and machines will often need to work together and agree on common decisions. Thus hybrid collective decision making systems will be in great need.",,2016,conferencePaper,"Greene, Joshua; Rossi, Francesca; Tasioulas, John; Venable, Kristen Brent; Williams, Brian",,829
-The voluntary provision of a pure public good: The case of reduced CFC emissions and the Montreal Protocol,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047272796015988,1997,journalArticle,"Murdoch, James C.; Sandler, Todd",Journal of Public Economics,830
-Scaling data-driven robotics with reward sketching and batch reinforcement learning,"We present a framework for data-driven robotics that makes use of a large dataset of recorded robot experience and scales to several tasks using learned reward functions. We show how to apply this framework to accomplish three different object manipulation tasks on a real robot platform. Given demonstrations of a task together with task-agnostic recorded experience, we use a special form of human annotation as supervision to learn a reward function, which enables us to deal with real-world tasks where the reward signal cannot be acquired directly. Learned rewards are used in combination with a large dataset of experience from different tasks to learn a robot policy offline using batch RL. We show that using our approach it is possible to train agents to perform a variety of challenging manipulation tasks including stacking rigid objects and handling cloth.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.12200,2020,conferencePaper,"Cabi, Serkan; Colmenarejo, Sergio Gómez; Novikov, Alexander; Konyushkova, Ksenia; Reed, Scott; Jeong, Rae; Zolna, Konrad; Aytar, Yusuf; Budden, David; Vecerik, Mel; Sushkov, Oleg; Barker, David; Scholz, Jonathan; Denil, Misha; de Freitas, Nando; Wang, Ziyu",arXiv:1909.12200 [cs],831
-GamePad: A Learning Environment for Theorem Proving,"In this paper, we introduce a system called GamePad that can be used to explore the application of machine learning methods to theorem proving in the Coq proof assistant. Interactive theorem provers such as Coq enable users to construct machine-checkable proofs in a step-by-step manner. Hence, they provide an opportunity to explore theorem proving with human supervision. We use GamePad to synthesize proofs for a simple algebraic rewrite problem and train baseline models for a formalization of the Feit-Thompson theorem. We address position evaluation (i.e., predict the number of proof steps left) and tactic prediction (i.e., predict the next proof step) tasks, which arise naturally in tactic-based theorem proving.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.00608,2018,manuscript,"Huang, Daniel; Dhariwal, Prafulla; Song, Dawn; Sutskever, Ilya",,832
-Strengthening the U.S. AI Workforce: A Policy and Research Agenda,,,2019,report,"Zwetsloot, Remco; Heston, Roxanne; Arnold, Zachary",,833
-I Don't Want to Think About it Now: Decision Theory With Costly Computation,"Computation plays a major role in decision making. Even if an agent is willing to ascribe a probability to all states and a utility to all outcomes, and maximize expected utility, doing so might present serious computational problems. Moreover, computing the outcome of a given act might be difficult. In a companion paper we develop a framework for game theory with costly computation, where the objects of choice are Turing machines. Here we apply that framework to decision theory. We show how well-known phenomena like first-impression-matters biases (i.e., people tend to put more weight on evidence they hear early on), belief polarization (two people with different prior beliefs, hearing the same evidence, can end up with diametrically opposed conclusions), and the status quo bias (people are much more likely to stick with what they already have) can be easily captured in that framework. Finally, we use the framework to define some new notions: value of computational information (a computational variant of value of information) and and computational value of conversation.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1106.2657,2011,conferencePaper,"Halpern, Joseph Y.; Pass, Rafael",Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning,834
-How rapidly are GPUs improving in price performance?,,http://mediangroup.org/gpu.html,2018,blogPost,"Maltinsky, Baeo",Median Group,835
-Scaling up Psychology via Scientific Regret Minimization: A Case Study in Moral Decisions,"Do large datasets provide value to psychologists? Without a systematic methodology for working with such datasets, there is a valid concern that analyses will produce noise artifacts rather than true effects. In this paper, we offer a way to enable researchers to systematically build models and identify novel phenomena in large datasets. One traditional approach is to analyze the residuals of models---the biggest errors they make in predicting the data---to discover what might be missing from those models. However, once a dataset is sufficiently large, machine learning algorithms approximate the true underlying function better than the data, suggesting instead that the predictions of these data-driven models should be used to guide model-building. We call this approach ""Scientific Regret Minimization"" (SRM) as it focuses on minimizing errors for cases that we know should have been predictable. We demonstrate this methodology on a subset of the Moral Machine dataset, a public collection of roughly forty million moral decisions. Using SRM, we found that incorporating a set of deontological principles that capture dimensions along which groups of agents can vary (e.g. sex and age) improves a computational model of human moral judgment. Furthermore, we were able to identify and independently validate three interesting moral phenomena: criminal dehumanization, age of responsibility, and asymmetric notions of responsibility.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.07581,2020,journalArticle,"Agrawal, Mayank; Peterson, Joshua C.; Griffiths, Thomas L.",PNAS,836
-From the Standard Model of AI to Provably Beneficial Systems,,http://n.sinaimg.cn/tech/f34884a9/20200501/GlobalAIGovernancein2019.pdf,2020,bookSection,"Russell, Stuart; Jeanmaire, Caroline",AI Governance in 2019: A Year In Review,837
-Glow: Generative Flow with Invertible 1x1 Convolutions,"Flow-based generative models (Dinh et al., 2014) are conceptually attractive due to tractability of the exact log-likelihood, tractability of exact latent-variable inference, and parallelizability of both training and synthesis. In this paper we propose Glow, a simple type of generative flow using an invertible 1x1 convolution. Using our method we demonstrate a significant improvement in log-likelihood on standard benchmarks. Perhaps most strikingly, we demonstrate that a generative model optimized towards the plain log-likelihood objective is capable of efficient realistic-looking synthesis and manipulation of large images. The code for our model is available at https://github.com/openai/glow",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.03039,2018,conferencePaper,"Kingma, Diederik P.; Dhariwal, Prafulla",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS 2018),838
-"Cardinal Welfare, Individualistic Ethics, and Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility",,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-010-9327-9_2,1980,bookSection,"Harsanyi, John C.","Essays on Ethics, Social Behavior, and Scientific Explanation",839
-It Takes a Village: The Shared Responsibility of 'Raising' an Autonomous Weapon,"Expectations around future capabilities of lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS) have raised concerns for military risks, ethics, and accountability. The U.K.’s position, as presented among various international voices at the UN’s Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) meetings, has attempted to address these concerns through a focused look at the weapons review process, humanmachine teaming or “meaningful human control” (see e.g. JCN1/18), and the ability of autonomous systems to adhere to the Rules of Engagement. Further, the U.K. has stated that the existing governance structures—both domestic and international—around weapons systems are sufficient in dealing with any concerns around the development, deployment, and accountability for emerging LAWS; there is no need for novel agreements on the control of these weapons systems. In an effort to better understand and test the U.K. position on LAWS, the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk has run a research project in which we interviewed experts in multiple relevant organisations, structured around a mock parliamentary inquiry of a hypothetical LAWS-related civilian death. The responses to this scenario have highlighted different, sometimes complementary and sometimes contradicting, conceptions of future systems, challenges, and accountability measures. They have provided rich ""on the ground” perspectives, while also highlighting key gaps that should be addressed by every military that is considering acquisition and deployment of autonomous and semi-autonomous weapon systems.",,2020,report,"Jayanti, Amritha; Avin, Shahar",,840
-ELECTRA: Pre-training Text Encoders as Discriminators Rather Than Generators,A text encoder trained to distinguish real input tokens from plausible fakes efficiently learns effective language representations.,https://openreview.net/forum?id=r1xMH1BtvB,2019,conferencePaper,"Clark, Kevin; Luong, Minh-Thang; Le, Quoc V.; Manning, Christopher D.",,841
-Beyond risk-benefit analysis: pricing externalities for gain-of-function research of concern,,,2016,journalArticle,"Cotton-Barratt, Owen; Farquhar, Sebastian; Snyder-Beattie, Andrew","Policy Working Paper [Revision 0.9]. Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. Available at: http://globalprioritiesproject. org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/GoFv9-3. pdf",842
-Evolved Policy Gradients,"We propose a metalearning approach for learning gradient-based reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. The idea is to evolve a differentiable loss function, such that an agent, which optimizes its policy to minimize this loss, will achieve high rewards. The loss is parametrized via temporal convolutions over the agent's experience. Because this loss is highly flexible in its ability to take into account the agent's history, it enables fast task learning. Empirical results show that our evolved policy gradient algorithm (EPG) achieves faster learning on several randomized environments compared to an off-the-shelf policy gradient method. We also demonstrate that EPG's learned loss can generalize to out-of-distribution test time tasks, and exhibits qualitatively different behavior from other popular metalearning algorithms.",https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2018/hash/7876acb66640bad41f1e1371ef30c180-Abstract.html,2018,conferencePaper,"Houthooft, Rein; Chen, Richard Y.; Isola, Phillip; Stadie, Bradly C.; Wolski, Filip; Ho, Jonathan; Abbeel, Pieter",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS 2018),843
-Adversarial Imitation via Variational Inverse Reinforcement Learning,"We consider a problem of learning the reward and policy from expert examples under unknown dynamics. Our proposed method builds on the framework of generative adversarial networks and introduces the empowerment-regularized maximum-entropy inverse reinforcement learning to learn near-optimal rewards and policies. Empowerment-based regularization prevents the policy from overfitting to expert demonstrations, which advantageously leads to more generalized behaviors that result in learning near-optimal rewards. Our method simultaneously learns empowerment through variational information maximization along with the reward and policy under the adversarial learning formulation. We evaluate our approach on various high-dimensional complex control tasks. We also test our learned rewards in challenging transfer learning problems where training and testing environments are made to be different from each other in terms of dynamics or structure. The results show that our proposed method not only learns near-optimal rewards and policies that are matching expert behavior but also performs significantly better than state-of-the-art inverse reinforcement learning algorithms.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.06404,2019,manuscript,"Qureshi, Ahmed H.; Boots, Byron; Yip, Michael C.",,844
-Query-Efficient Imitation Learning for End-to-End Autonomous Driving,"One way to approach end-to-end autonomous driving is to learn a policy function that maps from a sensory input, such as an image frame from a front-facing camera, to a driving action, by imitating an expert driver, or a reference policy. This can be done by supervised learning, where a policy function is tuned to minimize the difference between the predicted and ground-truth actions. A policy function trained in this way however is known to suffer from unexpected behaviours due to the mismatch between the states reachable by the reference policy and trained policy functions. More advanced algorithms for imitation learning, such as DAgger, addresses this issue by iteratively collecting training examples from both reference and trained policies. These algorithms often requires a large number of queries to a reference policy, which is undesirable as the reference policy is often expensive. In this paper, we propose an extension of the DAgger, called SafeDAgger, that is query-efficient and more suitable for end-to-end autonomous driving. We evaluate the proposed SafeDAgger in a car racing simulator and show that it indeed requires less queries to a reference policy. We observe a significant speed up in convergence, which we conjecture to be due to the effect of automated curriculum learning.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.06450,2017,conferencePaper,"Zhang, Jiakai; Cho, Kyunghyun",Proceedings of the Thirty-First AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-17),845
-A Low-Cost Ethics Shaping Approach for Designing Reinforcement Learning Agents,"This paper proposes a low-cost, easily realizable strategy to equip a reinforcement learning (RL) agent the capability of behaving ethically. Our model allows the designers of RL agents to solely focus on the task to achieve, without having to worry about the implementation of multiple trivial ethical patterns to follow. Based on the assumption that the majority of human behavior, regardless which goals they are achieving, is ethical, our design integrates human policy with the RL policy to achieve the target objective with less chance of violating the ethical code that human beings normally obey.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1712.04172,2018,conferencePaper,"Wu, Yueh-Hua; Lin, Shou-De",The Thirty-Second AAAI Conferenceon Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-18),846
-Bounded Rationality in Las Vegas: Probabilistic Finite Automata PlayMulti-Armed Bandits,"While traditional economics assumes that humans are fully rational agents who always maximize their expected utility, in practice, we constantly observe apparently irrational behavior. One explanation is that people have limited computational power, so that they are, quite rationally, making the best decisions they can, given their computational limitations. To test this hypothesis, we consider the multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem. We examine a simple strategy for playing an MAB that can be implemented easily by a probabilistic finite automaton (PFA). Roughly speaking, the PFA sets certain expectations, and plays an arm as long as it meets them. If the PFA has sufficiently many states, it performs near-optimally. Its performance degrades gracefully as the number of states decreases. Moreover, the PFA acts in a ""human-like"" way, exhibiting a number of standard human biases, like an optimism bias and a negativity bias.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.16950,2020,conferencePaper,"Liu, Xinming; Halpern, Joseph Y.",Proceedings of the 36th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI),847
-Indifference'methods for managing agent rewards,,https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.06365,2017,manuscript,"Armstrong, Stuart; O'Rourke, Xavier",,848
-Moral Anti-Realism Sequence #4: Why the Moral Realism Wager Fails,"This is the fourth post in my sequence on moral anti-realism; it works well as a standalone piece. OUTLINE In my previous post, I argued that irreducible normativity may not be meaningful. One might hold the intuition that if our actions don’t matter in the irreducibly normative sense, they don’t matter at all. In this post, I’ll address the argument that as long as we believe there is a slight chance that irreducible normativity might be true, we should act as though it’s true. This wager for moral realism has the same structure as a related argument described by Michael Huemer (2013). I will discuss Huemer’s argument and show how we can expand it into a wager for moral realism. Then, I’ll explain why I consider the resulting wager unconvincing. HUEMER’S “PROOF OF MORAL REALISM” In the paper “An Ontological Proof of Moral Realism,” Michael Huemer presents the following argument in support of moral realism: Given that moral realism might be true, and given that we know some of the things we ought to do if it is true, we have a reason to do those things. Furthermore, this reason is itself an objective moral reason. Thus, we have at least one objective moral reason. The conclusion in the first sentence (“we have a reason to do those things”) derives from what Huemer calls the Probabilistic Reasons Principle: The rough idea is that if some fact would (if you knew it) provide a reason for you to behave in a certain way, then your having some reason to believe that fact obtains also provides you with a reason to behave in the same way. Even a small epistemic probability of the fact’s obtaining provides you with a (perhaps very small) first person reason for action. So, the argument is that if we start with non-zero credence in the existence of moral reasons, and if we have at least a vague sense about what those reasons would imply, then, via the Probabilistic Reasons Principle, we can conclude that we have one type of irreducible reason—and Huemer argues that th",https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/G9ASsCfsNghevtghF/moral-anti-realism-sequence-4-why-the-moral-realism-wager-1,2020,blogPost,"Gloor, Lukas",Effective Altruism Forum,849
-Algorithms for Causal Reasoning in Probability Trees,"Probability trees are one of the simplest models of causal generative processes. They possess clean semantics and -- unlike causal Bayesian networks -- they can represent context-specific causal dependencies, which are necessary for e.g. causal induction. Yet, they have received little attention from the AI and ML community. Here we present concrete algorithms for causal reasoning in discrete probability trees that cover the entire causal hierarchy (association, intervention, and counterfactuals), and operate on arbitrary propositional and causal events. Our work expands the domain of causal reasoning to a very general class of discrete stochastic processes.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.12237,2020,manuscript,"Genewein, Tim; McGrath, Tom; Déletang, Grégoire; Mikulik, Vladimir; Martic, Miljan; Legg, Shane; Ortega, Pedro A.",,850
-A Prima Facie Duty Approach to Machine Ethics,,https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511978036A041/type/book_part,2011,bookSection,"Anderson, Susan Leigh; Anderson, Michael",Machine Ethics,851
-Tiptoeing around it: Inference from absence in potentially offensive speech,"Language that describes people in a concise manner may conflict with social norms (e.g., referring to people by their race), presenting a conflict between transferring information efficiently and avoiding offensive language. When a speaker is describing others, we propose that listeners consider the speaker’s use or absence of potentially offensive language to reason about the speaker’s goals. We formalize this hypothesis in a probabilistic model of polite pragmatic language understanding, and use it to generate predictions about interpretations of utterances in ambiguous contexts, which we test empirically. We find that participants are sensitive to potentially offensive language when resolving ambiguity in reference. These results support the idea that listeners represent conflicts in speakers’ goals and use that uncertainty to interpret otherwise underspecified utterances.",,2018,conferencePaper,"Gates, Monica A; Tessler, Michael Henry; Bayet, Laurie",,852
-Special issue on learning for human–robot collaboration,,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10514-018-9756-z,2018,journalArticle,"Rozo, Leonel; Amor, Heni Ben; Calinon, Sylvain; Dragan, Anca; Lee, Dongheui",Autonomous Robots,853
-Intuitions about goal-directed behavior,"One broad argument for AI risk is the Misspecified Goal argument: The Misspecified Goal Argument for AI Risk: Very intelligent AI systems will be able to make long-term plans in order to achieve their goals, and if their goals are even slightly misspecified then the AI system will become adversarial and work against us. My main goal in this post is to make conceptual clarifications and suggest how they affect the Misspecified Goal argument, without making any recommendations about what we should actually do. Future posts will argue more directly for a particular position. As a result, I will not be considering other arguments for focusing on AI risk even though I find some of them more compelling. I think of this as a concern about long-term goal-directed behavior. Unfortunately, it’s not clear how to categorize behavior as goal-directed vs. not. Intuitively, any agent that searches over actions and chooses the one that best achieves some measure of “goodness” is goal-directed (though there are exceptions, such as the agent that selects actions that begin with the letter “A”). (ETA: I also think that agents that show goal-directed behavior because they are looking at some other agent are not goal-directed themselves -- see this comment.) However, this is not a necessary condition: many humans are goal-directed, but there is no goal baked into the brain that they are using to choose actions. This is related to the concept of optimization, though with intuitions around optimization we typically assume that we know the agent’s preference ordering, which I don’t want to assume here. (In fact, I don’t want to assume that the agent even has a preference ordering.) One potential formalization is to say that goal-directed behavior is any behavior that can be modelled as maximizing expected utility for some utility function; in the next post I will argue that this does not properly capture the behaviors we are worried about. In this post I’ll give some intuitions about",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/DfcywmqRSkBaCB6Ma/intuitions-about-goal-directed-behavior,2018,blogPost,"Shah, Rohin",AI Alignment Forum,854
-#Exploration: A Study of Count-Based Exploration for Deep Reinforcement Learning,"Count-based exploration algorithms are known to perform near-optimally when used in conjunction with tabular reinforcement learning (RL) methods for solving small discrete Markov decision processes (MDPs). It is generally thought that count-based methods cannot be applied in high-dimensional state spaces, since most states will only occur once. Recent deep RL exploration strategies are able to deal with high-dimensional continuous state spaces through complex heuristics, often relying on optimism in the face of uncertainty or intrinsic motivation. In this work, we describe a surprising finding: a simple generalization of the classic count-based approach can reach near state-of-the-art performance on various high-dimensional and/or continuous deep RL benchmarks. States are mapped to hash codes, which allows to count their occurrences with a hash table. These counts are then used to compute a reward bonus according to the classic count-based exploration theory. We find that simple hash functions can achieve surprisingly good results on many challenging tasks. Furthermore, we show that a domain-dependent learned hash code may further improve these results. Detailed analysis reveals important aspects of a good hash function: 1) having appropriate granularity and 2) encoding information relevant to solving the MDP. This exploration strategy achieves near state-of-the-art performance on both continuous control tasks and Atari 2600 games, hence providing a simple yet powerful baseline for solving MDPs that require considerable exploration.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.04717,2017,conferencePaper,"Tang, Haoran; Houthooft, Rein; Foote, Davis; Stooke, Adam; Chen, Xi; Duan, Yan; Schulman, John; De Turck, Filip; Abbeel, Pieter",arXiv:1611.04717 [cs],855
-Learning a Prior over Intent via Meta-Inverse Reinforcement Learning,"A significant challenge for the practical application of reinforcement learning in the real world is the need to specify an oracle reward function that correctly defines a task. Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) seeks to avoid this challenge by instead inferring a reward function from expert behavior. While appealing, it can be impractically expensive to collect datasets of demonstrations that cover the variation common in the real world (e.g. opening any type of door). Thus in practice, IRL must commonly be performed with only a limited set of demonstrations where it can be exceedingly difficult to unambiguously recover a reward function. In this work, we exploit the insight that demonstrations from other tasks can be used to constrain the set of possible reward functions by learning a ""prior"" that is specifically optimized for the ability to infer expressive reward functions from limited numbers of demonstrations. We demonstrate that our method can efficiently recover rewards from images for novel tasks and provide intuition as to how our approach is analogous to learning a prior.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.12573,2019,conferencePaper,"Xu, Kelvin; Ratner, Ellis; Dragan, Anca; Levine, Sergey; Finn, Chelsea",Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning,856
-"The ""Commitment Races"" Problem","[Epistemic status: Strong claims vaguely stated and weakly held. I expect that writing this and digesting feedback on it will lead to a much better version in the future. EDIT: So far this has stood the test of time. EDIT: As of September 2020 I think this is one of the most important things to be thinking about.] This post attempts to generalize and articulate a problem that people have been thinking about since at least 2016. [Edit: 2009 in fact!] In short, here is the problem: Consequentialists can get caught in commitment races, in which they want to make commitments as soon as possible. When consequentialists make commitments too soon, disastrous outcomes can sometimes result. The situation we are in (building AGI and letting it self-modify) may be one of these times unless we think carefully about this problem and how to avoid it. For this post I use ""consequentialists"" to mean agents that choose actions entirely on the basis of the expected consequences of those actions. For my purposes, this means they don't care about historical facts such as whether the options and consequences available now are the result of malicious past behavior. (I am trying to avoid trivial definitions of consequentialism according to which everyone is a consequentialist because e.g. ""obeying the moral law"" is a consequence.) This definition is somewhat fuzzy and I look forward to searching for more precision some other day. CONSEQUENTIALISTS CAN GET CAUGHT IN COMMITMENT RACES, IN WHICH THEY WANT TO MAKE COMMITMENTS AS SOON AS POSSIBLE Consequentialists are bullies; a consequentialist will happily threaten someone insofar as they think the victim might capitulate and won't retaliate. Consequentialists are also cowards; they conform their behavior to the incentives set up by others, regardless of the history of those incentives. For example, they predictably give in to credible threats unless reputational effects weigh heavily enough in their minds to prevent this. In most ordi",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/brXr7PJ2W4Na2EW2q/the-commitment-races-problem,2019,blogPost,"Kokotajlo, Daniel",AI Alignment Forum,857
-Mainframes: A Provisional Analysis of Rhetorical Frames in AI,"Are great powers engaged in an artificial intelligence arms race? This issue brief explores the rhetorical framing of AI by analyzing more than 4,000 English-language articles over a seven-year period. Among its findings: a growing number of articles frame AI development as a competition, but articles using the competition frame represent a declining proportion of articles about AI.",https://cset.georgetown.edu/research/mainframes-a-provisional-analysis-of-rhetorical-frames-in-ai/,2020,report,"Imbrie, Andrew; Dunham, James; Gelles, Rebecca; Aiken, Catherine",,858
-SGD on Neural Networks Learns Functions of Increasing Complexity,"We perform an experimental study of the dynamics of Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) in learning deep neural networks for several real and synthetic classification tasks. We show that in the initial epochs, almost all of the performance improvement of the classifier obtained by SGD can be explained by a linear classifier. More generally, we give evidence for the hypothesis that, as iterations progress, SGD learns functions of increasing complexity. This hypothesis can be helpful in explaining why SGD-learned classifiers tend to generalize well even in the over-parameterized regime. We also show that the linear classifier learned in the initial stages is ""retained"" throughout the execution even if training is continued to the point of zero training error, and complement this with a theoretical result in a simplified model. Key to our work is a new measure of how well one classifier explains the performance of another, based on conditional mutual information.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.11604,2019,conferencePaper,"Nakkiran, Preetum; Kaplun, Gal; Kalimeris, Dimitris; Yang, Tristan; Edelman, Benjamin L.; Zhang, Fred; Barak, Boaz",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 (NeurIPS 2019),859
-Goal-conditioned Imitation Learning,"Designing rewards for Reinforcement Learning (RL) is challenging because it needs to convey the desired task, be efficient to optimize, and be easy to compute. The latter is particularly problematic when applying RL to robotics, where detecting whether the desired configuration is reached might require considerable supervision and instrumentation. Furthermore, we are often interested in being able to reach a wide range of configurations, hence setting up a different reward every time might be unpractical. Methods like Hindsight Experience Replay (HER) have recently shown promise to learn policies able to reach many goals, without the need of a reward. Unfortunately, without tricks like resetting to points along the trajectory, HER might require many samples to discover how to reach certain areas of the state-space. In this work we investigate different approaches to incorporate demonstrations to drastically speed up the convergence to a policy able to reach any goal, also surpassing the performance of an agent trained with other Imitation Learning algorithms. Furthermore, we show our method can also be used when the available expert trajectories do not contain the actions, which can leverage kinesthetic or third person demonstration. The code is available at https://sites.google.com/view/goalconditioned-il/.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.05838v3,2019,conferencePaper,"Ding, Yiming; Florensa, Carlos; Phielipp, Mariano; Abbeel, Pieter",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 (NeurIPS 2019),860
-Synthesizing Robust Adversarial Examples,"Standard methods for generating adversarial examples for neural networks do not consistently fool neural network classifiers in the physical world due to a combination of viewpoint shifts, camera noise, and other natural transformations, limiting their relevance to real-world systems. We demonstrate the existence of robust 3D adversarial objects, and we present the first algorithm for synthesizing examples that are adversarial over a chosen distribution of transformations. We synthesize two-dimensional adversarial images that are robust to noise, distortion, and affine transformation. We apply our algorithm to complex three-dimensional objects, using 3D-printing to manufacture the first physical adversarial objects. Our results demonstrate the existence of 3D adversarial objects in the physical world.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.07397,2018,conferencePaper,"Athalye, Anish; Engstrom, Logan; Ilyas, Andrew; Kwok, Kevin",Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning,861
-Emergent Communication through Negotiation,"Multi-agent reinforcement learning offers a way to study how communication could emerge in communities of agents needing to solve specific problems. In this paper, we study the emergence of communication in the negotiation environment, a semi-cooperative model of agent interaction. We introduce two communication protocols -- one grounded in the semantics of the game, and one which is \textit{a priori} ungrounded and is a form of cheap talk. We show that self-interested agents can use the pre-grounded communication channel to negotiate fairly, but are unable to effectively use the ungrounded channel. However, prosocial agents do learn to use cheap talk to find an optimal negotiating strategy, suggesting that cooperation is necessary for language to emerge. We also study communication behaviour in a setting where one agent interacts with agents in a community with different levels of prosociality and show how agent identifiability can aid negotiation.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.03980,2018,conferencePaper,"Cao, Kris; Lazaridou, Angeliki; Lanctot, Marc; Leibo, Joel Z.; Tuyls, Karl; Clark, Stephen",arXiv:1804.03980 [cs],862
-An Analytic Perspective on AI Alignment,"This is a perspective I have on how to do useful AI alignment research. Most perspectives I’m aware of are constructive: they have some blueprint for how to build an aligned AI system, and propose making it more concrete, making the concretisations more capable, and showing that it does in fact produce an aligned AI system. I do not have a constructive perspective - I’m not sure how to build an aligned AI system, and don’t really have a favourite approach. Instead, I have an analytic perspective. I would like to understand AI systems that are built. I also want other people to understand them. I think that this understanding will hopefully act as a ‘filter’ that means that dangerous AI systems are not deployed. The following dot points lay out the perspective. Since the remainder of this post is written as nested dot points, some readers may prefer to read it in workflowy. BACKGROUND BELIEFS * I am imagining a future world in which powerful AGI systems are made of components roughly like neural networks (either feedforward or recurrent) that have a large number of parameters. * Futhermore, I’m imagining that the training process of these ML systems does not provide enough guarantees about deployment performance. * In particular, I’m supposing that systems are being trained based on their ability to deal with simulated situations, and that that’s insufficient because deployment situations are hard to model and therefore simulate. * One reason that they are hard to model is the complexities of the real world. * The real world might be intrinsically difficult to model for the relevant system. For instance, it’s difficult to simulate all the situations in which the CEO of Amazon might find themselves. * Another reason that real world situations may be hard to model is that they are dependent on the final trained system. * The trained system may be able to af",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/8GdPargak863xaebm/an-analytic-perspective-on-ai-alignment,2020,blogPost,"Filan, Daniel",AI Alignment Forum,863
-Meta-learning of Sequential Strategies,"In this report we review memory-based meta-learning as a tool for building sample-efficient strategies that learn from past experience to adapt to any task within a target class. Our goal is to equip the reader with the conceptual foundations of this tool for building new, scalable agents that operate on broad domains. To do so, we present basic algorithmic templates for building near-optimal predictors and reinforcement learners which behave as if they had a probabilistic model that allowed them to efficiently exploit task structure. Furthermore, we recast memory-based meta-learning within a Bayesian framework, showing that the meta-learned strategies are near-optimal because they amortize Bayes-filtered data, where the adaptation is implemented in the memory dynamics as a state-machine of sufficient statistics. Essentially, memory-based meta-learning translates the hard problem of probabilistic sequential inference into a regression problem.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.03030,2019,manuscript,"Ortega, Pedro A.; Wang, Jane X.; Rowland, Mark; Genewein, Tim; Kurth-Nelson, Zeb; Pascanu, Razvan; Heess, Nicolas; Veness, Joel; Pritzel, Alex; Sprechmann, Pablo; Jayakumar, Siddhant M.; McGrath, Tom; Miller, Kevin; Azar, Mohammad; Osband, Ian; Rabinowitz, Neil; György, András; Chiappa, Silvia; Osindero, Simon; Teh, Yee Whye; van Hasselt, Hado; de Freitas, Nando; Botvinick, Matthew; Legg, Shane",,864
-Provably Bounded-Optimal Agents,"Since its inception, artificial intelligence has relied upon a theoretical foundation centered around perfect rationality as the desired property of intelligent systems. We argue, as others have done, that this foundation is inadequate because it imposes fundamentally unsatisfiable requirements. As a result, there has arisen a wide gap between theory and practice in AI, hindering progress in the field. We propose instead a property called bounded optimality. Roughly speaking, an agent is bounded-optimal if its program is a solution to the constrained optimization problem presented by its architecture and the task environment. We show how to construct agents with this property for a simple class of machine architectures in a broad class of real-time environments. We illustrate these results using a simple model of an automated mail sorting facility. We also define a weaker property, asymptotic bounded optimality (ABO), that generalizes the notion of optimality in classical complexity theory. We then construct universal ABO programs, i.e., programs that are ABO no matter what real-time constraints are applied. Universal ABO programs can be used as building blocks for more complex systems. We conclude with a discussion of the prospects for bounded optimality as a theoretical basis for AI, and relate it to similar trends in philosophy, economics, and game theory.",https://www.jair.org/index.php/jair/article/view/10134,1995,journalArticle,"Russell, S. J.; Subramanian, D.",Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research,865
-Reflections on the risk analysis of nuclear war,,,2018,conferencePaper,"Baum, Seth","Proceedings of the Workshop on Quantifying Global Catastrophic Risks, Garrick Institute for the Risk Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles",866
-Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learning,"We present Momentum Contrast (MoCo) for unsupervised visual representation learning. From a perspective on contrastive learning [29] as dictionary look-up, we build a dynamic dictionary with a queue and a moving-averaged encoder. This enables building a large and consistent dictionary on-the-fly that facilitates contrastive unsupervised learning. MoCo provides competitive results under the common linear protocol on ImageNet classification. More importantly, the representations learned by MoCo transfer well to downstream tasks. MoCo can outperform its supervised pre-training counterpart in 7 detection/segmentation tasks on PASCAL VOC, COCO, and other datasets, sometimes surpassing it by large margins. This suggests that the gap between unsupervised and supervised representation learning has been largely closed in many vision tasks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.05722,2020,conferencePaper,"He, Kaiming; Fan, Haoqi; Wu, Yuxin; Xie, Saining; Girshick, Ross",Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR),867
-Equivalence Between Policy Gradients and Soft Q-Learning,"Two of the leading approaches for model-free reinforcement learning are policy gradient methods and $Q$-learning methods. $Q$-learning methods can be effective and sample-efficient when they work, however, it is not well-understood why they work, since empirically, the $Q$-values they estimate are very inaccurate. A partial explanation may be that $Q$-learning methods are secretly implementing policy gradient updates: we show that there is a precise equivalence between $Q$-learning and policy gradient methods in the setting of entropy-regularized reinforcement learning, that ""soft"" (entropy-regularized) $Q$-learning is exactly equivalent to a policy gradient method. We also point out a connection between $Q$-learning methods and natural policy gradient methods. Experimentally, we explore the entropy-regularized versions of $Q$-learning and policy gradients, and we find them to perform as well as (or slightly better than) the standard variants on the Atari benchmark. We also show that the equivalence holds in practical settings by constructing a $Q$-learning method that closely matches the learning dynamics of A3C without using a target network or $\epsilon$-greedy exploration schedule.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1704.06440,2018,manuscript,"Schulman, John; Chen, Xi; Abbeel, Pieter",,868
-On the Interpretation of Decision Problems with Imperfect Recall,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0899825697905364,1997,journalArticle,"Piccione, Michele; Rubinstein, Ariel",Games and Economic Behavior,869
-Reflections on the Singularity Journey,"SummaryWhy didn’t Vernor Vinge’s foundational essay “What is the Singularity?” convince most technologically literate people that a singularity is near? Perhaps the exponential, anti-intuitive nature of the Singularity makes a singularity too difficult to visualize, and our species tends not to believe things it can’t put in story form. Or possibly the superficial absurdity of a singularity prevents most people from giving the concept enough serious consideration. Also, the lack of a clear timeline for the unfolding of a singularity might cause many to think the idea is unfalsifiable. Some might think that since the Singularity almost certainly won’t take place for a long time, an optimal allocation of attention would ignore it in favor of more immediate concerns. Finally, rationality forces us to admit that the editors and most of the writers of this book could be in error in thinking that a singularity probably lies in humankind’s near future.",https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54033-6_13,2017,bookSection,"Miller, James D.",The Technological Singularity: Managing the Journey,870
-"False Alarms, True Dangers?",,,2016,journalArticle,"Barrett, Anthony M.","RAND Corporation document PE-191-TSF, DOI",871
-Decision Theory with Resource-Bounded Agents,,http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/tops.12088,2014,journalArticle,"Halpern, Joseph Y.; Pass, Rafael; Seeman, Lior",Topics in Cognitive Science,872
-The Professional's Dilemma,,http://mediangroup.org/docs/the_professionals_dilemma.pdf,,manuscript,"Hoffman, Ben",,873
-Internet Gaming Addiction: A Systematic Review of Empirical Research,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11469-011-9318-5,2012,journalArticle,"Kuss, Daria Joanna; Griffiths, Mark D.",International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,874
-The anchoring bias reflects rational use of cognitive resources,"Cognitive biases, such as the anchoring bias, pose a serious challenge to rational accounts of human cognition. We investigate whether rational theories can meet this challenge by taking into account the mind’s bounded cognitive resources. We asked what reasoning under uncertainty would look like if people made rational use of their finite time and limited cognitive resources. To answer this question, we applied a mathematical theory of bounded rationality to the problem of numerical estimation. Our analysis led to a rational process model that can be interpreted in terms of anchoring-and-adjustment. This model provided a unifying explanation for ten anchoring phenomena including the differential effect of accuracy motivation on the bias towards provided versus self-generated anchors. Our results illustrate the potential of resource-rational analysis to provide formal theories that can unify a wide range of empirical results and reconcile the impressive capacities of the human mind with its apparently irrational cognitive biases.",https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1286-8,2018,journalArticle,"Lieder, Falk; Griffiths, Thomas L.; M. Huys, Quentin J.; Goodman, Noah D.",Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,875
-"The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons",,https://princetonup.degruyter.com/view/title/584143,1993,book,"Sagan, Scott Douglas",,876
-On the Differential Privacy of Bayesian Inference,"We study how to communicate findings of Bayesian inference to third parties, while preserving the strong guarantee of differential privacy. Our main contributions are four different algorithms for private Bayesian inference on proba-bilistic graphical models. These include two mechanisms for adding noise to the Bayesian updates, either directly to the posterior parameters, or to their Fourier transform so as to preserve update consistency. We also utilise a recently introduced posterior sampling mechanism, for which we prove bounds for the specific but general case of discrete Bayesian networks; and we introduce a maximum-a-posteriori private mechanism. Our analysis includes utility and privacy bounds, with a novel focus on the influence of graph structure on privacy. Worked examples and experiments with Bayesian na{\""i}ve Bayes and Bayesian linear regression illustrate the application of our mechanisms.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.06992,2016,conferencePaper,"Zhang, Zuhe; Rubinstein, Benjamin; Dimitrakakis, Christos",Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-16),877
-Adversarial Training with Voronoi Constraints,"Adversarial examples are a pervasive phenomenon of machine learning models where seemingly imperceptible perturbations to the input lead to misclassifications for otherwise statistically accurate models. We propose a geometric framework, drawing on tools from the manifold reconstruction literature, to analyze the high-dimensional geometry of adversarial examples. In particular, we highlight the importance of codimension: for low-dimensional data manifolds embedded in high-dimensional space there are many directions off the manifold in which an adversary could construct adversarial examples. Adversarial examples are a natural consequence of learning a decision boundary that classifies the low-dimensional data manifold well, but classifies points near the manifold incorrectly. Using our geometric framework we prove that adversarial training is sample inefficient, and show sufficient sampling conditions under which nearest neighbor classifiers and ball-based adversarial training are robust. Finally we introduce adversarial training with Voronoi constraints, which replaces the norm ball constraint with the Voronoi cell for each point in the training set. We show that adversarial training with Voronoi constraints produces robust models which significantly improve over the state-of-the-art on MNIST and are competitive on CIFAR-10.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.01019,2019,manuscript,"Khoury, Marc; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan",,878
-Thompson Sampling is Asymptotically Optimal in General Environments,"We discuss a variant of Thompson sampling for nonparametric reinforcement learning in a countable classes of general stochastic environments. These environments can be non-Markov, non-ergodic, and partially observable. We show that Thompson sampling learns the environment class in the sense that (1) asymptotically its value converges to the optimal value in mean and (2) given a recoverability assumption regret is sublinear.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1602.07905,2016,conferencePaper,"Leike, Jan; Lattimore, Tor; Orseau, Laurent; Hutter, Marcus","arXiv:1602.07905 [cs, stat]",879
-A Descending Veil of Maya,,,2019,manuscript,"Hidysmith, J Bryce",,880
-Growing Neural Cellular Automata,"Training an end-to-end differentiable, self-organising cellular automata model of morphogenesis, able to both grow and regenerate specific patterns.",https://distill.pub/2020/growing-ca,2020,journalArticle,"Mordvintsev, Alexander; Randazzo, Ettore; Niklasson, Eyvind; Levin, Michael",Distill,881
-Written Evidence to Lords Select Committee on Artificial Intelligence,,http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/artificial-intelligence-committee/artificial-intelligence/written/69655.html,2017,report,"Beard, Simon; Avin, Shahar; Ó hÉigeartaigh, Seán; Kunz, Martina; Ware, Andrew",,882
-The Negotiated Order of Organizational Reliability,,http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/009539979302500305,1993,journalArticle,"Schulman, Paul R.",Administration & Society,883
-AI Research with the Potential for Malicious Use: Publication Norms and Governance Considerations,Chapter in AI Governance in 2019 - A Year in Review: Observations from 50 Global Experts. A report produced by the Shanghai Institute of Science for Science.,http://lcfi.ac.uk/resources/ai-research-potential-malicious-use-publication-no/,2020,bookSection,"Ó hÉigeartaigh, Seán",AI Governance in 2019 - A Year In Review,884
-Autonomous Intelligent Cyber-defense Agent (AICA) Reference Architecture. Release 2.0,"This report - a major revision of its previous release - describes a reference architecture for intelligent software agents performing active, largely autonomous cyber-defense actions on military networks of computing and communicating devices. The report is produced by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Research Task Group (RTG) IST-152 ""Intelligent Autonomous Agents for Cyber Defense and Resilience"". In a conflict with a technically sophisticated adversary, NATO military tactical networks will operate in a heavily contested battlefield. Enemy software cyber agents - malware - will infiltrate friendly networks and attack friendly command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance and computerized weapon systems. To fight them, NATO needs artificial cyber hunters - intelligent, autonomous, mobile agents specialized in active cyber defense. With this in mind, in 2016, NATO initiated RTG IST-152. Its objective has been to help accelerate the development and transition to practice of such software agents by producing a reference architecture and technical roadmap. This report presents the concept and architecture of an Autonomous Intelligent Cyber-defense Agent (AICA). We describe the rationale of the AICA concept, explain the methodology and purpose that drive the definition of the AICA Reference Architecture, and review some of the main features and challenges of AICAs.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.10664,2019,journalArticle,"Kott, Alexander; Théron, Paul; Drašar, Martin; Dushku, Edlira; LeBlanc, Benoît; Losiewicz, Paul; Guarino, Alessandro; Mancini, Luigi; Panico, Agostino; Pihelgas, Mauno; Rzadca, Krzysztof",The Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation,885
-How to Be Helpful to Multiple People at Once,"When someone hosts a party, when governments choose an aid program, or when assistive robots decide what meal to serve to a family, decision-makers must determine how to help even when their recipients have very different preferences. Which combination of people’s desires should a decisionmaker serve? To provide a potential answer, we turned to psychology: What do people think is best when multiple people have different utilities over options? We developed a quantitative model of what people consider desirable behavior, characterizing participants’ preferences by inferring which combination of “metrics” (maximax, maxsum, maximin, or inequality aversion [IA]) best explained participants’ decisions in a drink-choosing task. We found that participants’ behavior was best described by the maximin metric, describing the desire to maximize the happiness of the worst-off person, though participant behavior was also consistent with maximizing group utility (the maxsum metric) and the IA metric to a lesser extent. Participant behavior was consistent across variation in the agents involved and tended to become more maxsum-oriented when participants were told they were players in the task (Experiment 1). In later experiments, participants maintained maximin behavior across multi-step tasks rather than shortsightedly focusing on the individual steps therein (Experiment 2, Experiment 3). By repeatedly asking participants what choices they would hope for in an optimal, just decision-maker, and carefully disambiguating which quantitative metrics describe these nuanced choices, we help constrain the space of what behavior we desire in leaders, artificial intelligence systems helping decision-makers, and the assistive robots and decision-makers of the future.",https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cogs.12841,2020,journalArticle,"Gates, Vael; Griffiths, Thomas L.; Dragan, Anca D.",Cognitive Science,886
-Cases of Discontinuous Technological Progress,We know of ten events which produced a robust discontinuity in progress equivalent to more than one hundred years at previous rates in some interesting metric. We know of 53 other events which produced smaller or less robust discontinuities. Background These cases were researched as part of our discontinuous progress investigation. List of cases Events...,https://aiimpacts.org/cases-of-discontinuous-technological-progress/,2014,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,887
-Efficient and Scalable Bayesian Neural Nets with Rank-1 Factors,"Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) demonstrate promising success in improving the robustness and uncertainty quantification of modern deep learning. However, they generally struggle with underfitting at scale and parameter efficiency. On the other hand, deep ensembles have emerged as alternatives for uncertainty quantification that, while outperforming BNNs on certain problems, also suffer from efficiency issues. It remains unclear how to combine the strengths of these two approaches and remediate their common issues. To tackle this challenge, we propose a rank-1 parameterization of BNNs, where each weight matrix involves only a distribution on a rank-1 subspace. We also revisit the use of mixture approximate posteriors to capture multiple modes, where unlike typical mixtures, this approach admits a significantly smaller memory increase (e.g., only a 0.4% increase for a ResNet-50 mixture of size 10). We perform a systematic empirical study on the choices of prior, variational posterior, and methods to improve training. For ResNet-50 on ImageNet, Wide ResNet 28-10 on CIFAR-10/100, and an RNN on MIMIC-III, rank-1 BNNs achieve state-of-the-art performance across log-likelihood, accuracy, and calibration on the test sets and out-of-distribution variants.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.07186,2020,conferencePaper,"Dusenberry, Michael W.; Jerfel, Ghassen; Wen, Yeming; Ma, Yi-an; Snoek, Jasper; Heller, Katherine; Lakshminarayanan, Balaji; Tran, Dustin",Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning,888
-Trends in the cost of computing,"Computing power available per dollar has probably increased by a factor of ten roughly every four years over the last quarter of a century (measured in FLOPS or MIPS). Over the past 6-8 years, the rate has been slower: around an order of magnitude every 10-16 years, measured in single precision theoretical peak FLOPS or Passmark's benchmark scores. Since...",https://aiimpacts.org/trends-in-the-cost-of-computing/,2015,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,889
-Neural MMO: A Massively Multiagent Game Environment for Training and Evaluating Intelligent Agents,"The emergence of complex life on Earth is often attributed to the arms race that ensued from a huge number of organisms all competing for finite resources. We present an artificial intelligence research environment, inspired by the human game genre of MMORPGs (Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games, a.k.a. MMOs), that aims to simulate this setting in microcosm. As with MMORPGs and the real world alike, our environment is persistent and supports a large and variable number of agents. Our environment is well suited to the study of large-scale multiagent interaction: it requires that agents learn robust combat and navigation policies in the presence of large populations attempting to do the same. Baseline experiments reveal that population size magnifies and incentivizes the development of skillful behaviors and results in agents that outcompete agents trained in smaller populations. We further show that the policies of agents with unshared weights naturally diverge to fill different niches in order to avoid competition.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.00784,2019,manuscript,"Suarez, Joseph; Du, Yilun; Isola, Phillip; Mordatch, Igor",,890
-Understanding the intentions of others: Re-enactment of intended acts by 18-month-old children.,,http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0012-1649.31.5.838,1995,journalArticle,"Meltzoff, Andrew N.",Developmental Psychology,891
-AI Benefits Blog Series Index,,https://cullenokeefe.com/ai-benefits-index,2020,blogPost,"O'Keefe, Cullen",Cullen O'Keefe,892
-Transhumanism and the Meaning of Life,,,2014,journalArticle,"Sandberg, Anders",Religion and Transhumanism: The Unknown Future of Human Enhancement,893
-Three wagers for multiverse-wide superrationality,"In this post, I outline three wagers in favor of the hypothesis that multiverse-wide superrationality (MSR) has action-guiding implications. MSR is based on three core assumptions: There is a large…",https://casparoesterheld.com/2018/03/31/three-wagers-for-multiverse-wide-superrationality/,2018,blogPost,"Treutlein, Johannes",The Universe from an Intentional Stance,894
-A model of pathways to artificial superintelligence catastrophe for risk and decision analysis,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0952813X.2016.1186228,2017,journalArticle,"Barrett, Anthony M.; Baum, Seth D.",Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence,895
-Multi-Agent Imitation Learning for Driving Simulation,"Simulation is an appealing option for validating the safety of autonomous vehicles. Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning (GAIL) has recently been shown to learn representative human driver models. These human driver models were learned through training in single-agent environments, but they have difficulty in generalizing to multi-agent driving scenarios. We argue these difficulties arise because observations at training and test time are sampled from different distributions. This difference makes such models unsuitable for the simulation of driving scenes, where multiple agents must interact realistically over long time horizons. We extend GAIL to address these shortcomings through a parameter-sharing approach grounded in curriculum learning. Compared with single-agent GAIL policies, policies generated by our PS-GAIL method prove superior at interacting stably in a multi-agent setting and capturing the emergent behavior of human drivers.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.01044,2018,conferencePaper,"Bhattacharyya, Raunak P.; Phillips, Derek J.; Wulfe, Blake; Morton, Jeremy; Kuefler, Alex; Kochenderfer, Mykel J.",2018 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS),896
-The strategy-stealing assumption,"If humans initially control 99% of the world’s resources, when can they secure 99% of the long-term influence?",https://ai-alignment.com/the-strategy-stealing-assumption-a26b8b1ed334,2019,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),897
-Guidelines for Artificial Intelligence Containment,"With almost daily improvements in capabilities of artificial intelligence it is more important than ever to develop safety software for use by the AI research community. Building on our previous work on AI Containment Problem we propose a number of guidelines which should help AI safety researchers to develop reliable sandboxing software for intelligent programs of all levels. Such safety container software will make it possible to study and analyze intelligent artificial agent while maintaining certain level of safety against information leakage, social engineering attacks and cyberattacks from within the container.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.08476,2017,manuscript,"Babcock, James; Kramar, Janos; Yampolskiy, Roman V.",,898
-Introduction: Open Questions in Roboethics,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13347-011-0043-6,2011,journalArticle,"Sullins, John P.",Philosophy & Technology,899
-A Psychoanalytic Approach to the Singularity: Why We Cannot Do Without Auxiliary Constructions,"SummaryPsychoanalysis is known above all else for its insistence that we have motivations that are unknown to ourselves, that are unconscious. We are all subject to sickness and accident, to bad luck and unfair breaks, and above all to death as a final end to all our endeavours. In order to compensate for these disappointments and for our ultimate inability to overcome these very real and material constraints we phantasise, we dream, we create, and/or we nurse our bruised and fragile selves by hoping that our phantasies might come true, if not for ourselves then for our offspring. The singularity, as it is most commonly expressed, concerns the possibility of overcoming death by achieving a sort of immortality. In specific terms Kurtweil’s own discussion of the singularity is concerned with the possibility of ‘resurrecting’ his dead father in virtual space at least. There is consistently throughout the writings on the singularity a dismissal of the emotional aspect of human living in favour of the rational overcoming of our existential condition. I am arguing that we cannot ignore the emotional consciousness that is the bedrock of human existence and that we ignore our unconscious feelings at our peril. I think that the singularity as it is being developed is actually a direct threat to the flourishing of human beings and human society because the emotional shortcomings of the theory have not been recognised.",https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54033-6_12,2017,bookSection,"Clarke, Graham",The Technological Singularity: Managing the Journey,900
-AI Services: Introduction v1.3,"This document aims to serve as an introduction for researchers who want to study the long-term impact of AI through the lens of AI services. It introduces basic concepts related to these systems and gives initial observations to enhance their initial study. It points to several relevant research fields that could be leveraged to study AI services, mentions a number of problems that seem specific to this setting, and makes suggestions for future work.",https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SYgvWBe1ruDl9dQnxmjll-8COUHPycGOlLvTI68xtLA/edit?pli=1&usp=embed_facebook,2020,manuscript,"Kovarik, Vojta",,901
-My personal cruxes for working on AI safety,"The following is a heavily edited transcript of a talk I gave for the Stanford Effective Altruism club on 19 Jan 2020. I had rev.com transcribe it, and then Linchuan Zhang, Rob Bensinger and I edited it for style and clarity, and also to occasionally have me say smarter things than I actually said. Linch and I both added a few notes throughout. Thanks also to Bill Zito, Ben Weinstein-Raun, and Howie Lempel for comments. I feel slightly weird about posting something so long, but this is the natural place to put it. Over the last year my beliefs about AI risk have shifted moderately; I expect that in a year I'll think that many of the things I said here were dumb. Also, very few of the ideas here are original to me. -- After all those caveats, here's the talk: INTRODUCTION It's great to be here. I used to hang out at Stanford a lot, fun fact. I moved to America six years ago, and then in 2015, I came to Stanford EA every Sunday, and there was, obviously, a totally different crop of people there. It was really fun. I think we were a lot less successful than the current Stanford EA iteration at attracting new people. We just liked having weird conversations about weird stuff every week. It was really fun, but it's really great to come back and see a Stanford EA which is shaped differently. Today I'm going to be talking about the argument for working on AI safety that compels me to work on AI safety, rather than the argument that should compel you or anyone else. I'm going to try to spell out how the arguments are actually shaped in my head. Logistically, we're going to try to talk for about an hour with a bunch of back and forth and you guys arguing with me as we go. And at the end, I'm going to do miscellaneous Q and A for questions you might have. And I'll probably make everyone stand up and sit down again because it's unreasonable to sit in the same place for 90 minutes. META LEVEL THOUGHTS I want to first very briefly talk about some concepts I have that a",https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/Ayu5im98u8FeMWoBZ/my-personal-cruxes-for-working-on-ai-safety,2020,blogPost,"Schlegeris, Buck",Effective Altruism Forum,902
-Defining human values for value learners,,,2016,conferencePaper,"Sotala, Kaj",Workshops at the Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,903
-REALab: An Embedded Perspective on Tampering,"This paper describes REALab, a platform for embedded agency research in reinforcement learning (RL). REALab is designed to model the structure of tampering problems that may arise in real-world deployments of RL. Standard Markov Decision Process (MDP) formulations of RL and simulated environments mirroring the MDP structure assume secure access to feedback (e.g., rewards). This may be unrealistic in settings where agents are embedded and can corrupt the processes producing feedback (e.g., human supervisors, or an implemented reward function). We describe an alternative Corrupt Feedback MDP formulation and the REALab environment platform, which both avoid the secure feedback assumption. We hope the design of REALab provides a useful perspective on tampering problems, and that the platform may serve as a unit test for the presence of tampering incentives in RL agent designs.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.08820,2020,manuscript,"Kumar, Ramana; Uesato, Jonathan; Ngo, Richard; Everitt, Tom; Krakovna, Victoria; Legg, Shane",,904
-Evaluating Arguments One Step at a Time,A technical report on our experiments testing factored evaluation of structured arguments.,https://ought.org/updates/2020-01-11-arguments,2020,blogPost,Ought,Ought,905
-Adversarial Graph Embeddings for Fair Influence Maximization over Social Networks,"Influence maximization is a widely studied topic in network science, where the aim is to reach the maximum possible number of nodes, while only targeting a small initial set of individuals. It has critical applications in many fields, including viral marketing, information propagation, news dissemination, and vaccinations. However, the objective does not usually take into account whether the final set of influenced nodes is fair with respect to sensitive attributes, such as race or gender. Here we address fair influence maximization, aiming to reach minorities more equitably. We introduce Adversarial Graph Embeddings: we co-train an auto-encoder for graph embedding and a discriminator to discern sensitive attributes. This leads to embeddings which are similarly distributed across sensitive attributes. We then find a good initial set by clustering the embeddings. We believe we are the first to use embeddings for the task of fair influence maximization. While there are typically trade-offs between fairness and influence maximization objectives, our experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets show that our approach dramatically reduces disparity while remaining competitive with state-of-the-art influence maximization methods.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.04074,2020,conferencePaper,"Khajehnejad, Moein; Rezaei, Ahmad Asgharian; Babaei, Mahmoudreza; Hoffmann, Jessica; Jalili, Mahdi; Weller, Adrian","arXiv:2005.04074 [cs, stat]",906
-Planning With Uncertain Specifications (PUnS),"Reward engineering is crucial to high performance in reinforcement learning systems. Prior research into reward design has largely focused on Markovian functions representing the reward. While there has been research into expressing nonMarkov rewards as linear temporal logic (LTL) formulas, this has focused on task specifications directly defined by the user. However, in many real-world applications, task specifications are ambiguous, and can only be expressed as a belief over LTL formulas. In this paper, we introduce planning with uncertain specifications (PUnS), a novel formulation that addresses the challenge posed by non-Markovian specifications expressed as beliefs over LTL formulas. We present four criteria that capture the semantics of satisfying a belief over specifications for different applications, and analyze the qualitative implications of these criteria within a synthetic domain. We demonstrate the existence of an equivalent Markov decision process (MDP) for any instance of PUnS. Finally, we demonstrate our approach on the real-world task of setting a dinner table automatically with a robot that inferred task specifications from human demonstrations.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.03218,2020,journalArticle,"Shah, Ankit; Li, Shen; Shah, Julie",IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters,907
-Does Economic History Point Toward a Singularity?,"I’ve ended up spending quite a lot of time researching premodern economic growth, as part of a hobby project that got out of hand. I’m sharing an informal but long write-up of my findings here, since I think they may be relevant to other longtermist researchers and I am unlikely to write anything more polished in the near future. Click here for the Google document.[1] SUMMARY Over the next several centuries, is the economic growth rate likely to remain steady, radically increase, or decline back toward zero? This question has some bearing on almost every long-run challenge facing the world, from climate change to great power competition to risks from AI. One way to approach the question is to consider the long-run history of economic growth. I decided to investigate the Hyperbolic Growth Hypothesis: the claim that, from at least the start of the Neolithic Revolution up until the 20th century, the economic growth rate has tended to rise in proportion with the size of the global economy.[2] This claim is made in a classic 1993 paper by Michael Kremer. Beyond influencing other work in economic growth theory, it has also recently attracted significant attention within the longtermist community, where it is typically regarded as evidence in favor of further acceleration.[3] An especially notable property of the hypothesized growth trend is that, if it had continued without pause, it would have produced infinite growth rates in the early twenty-first century. I spent time exploring several different datasets that can be used to estimate pre-modern growth rates. This included a number of recent archeological datasets that, I believe, have not previously been analyzed by economists. I wanted to evaluate both: (a) how empirically well-grounded these estimates are and (b) how clearly these estimates display the hypothesized pattern of growth. Ultimately, I found very little empirical support for the Hyperbolic Growth Hypothesis. While we can confidently say that the econo",https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/CWFn9qAKsRibpCGq8/does-economic-history-point-toward-a-singularity,2020,blogPost,"Garfinkel, Ben",Effective Altruism Forum,908
-Risks and Mitigation Strategies for Oracle AI,"There is no strong reason to believe human level intelligence represents an upper limit of the capacity of artificial intelligence, should it be realized. This poses serious safety issues, since a superintelligent system would have great power to direct the future according to its possibly flawed goals or motivation systems. Oracle AIs (OAI), confined AIs that can only answer questions, are one particular approach to this problem. However even Oracles are not particularly safe: humans are still vulnerable to traps, social engineering, or simply becoming dependent on the OAI. But OAIs are still strictly safer than general AIs, and there are many extra layers of precautions we can add on top of these. This paper looks at some of them and analyses their strengths and weaknesses.",https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31674-6_25,2013,bookSection,"Armstrong, Stuart",Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence,909
-Benign model-free RL,"Reward learning, robustness, and amplification may be sufficient to train benign model-free RL agents.",https://ai-alignment.com/benign-model-free-rl-4aae8c97e385,2017,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),910
-Social Cohesion in Autonomous Driving,"Autonomous cars can perform poorly for many reasons. They may have perception issues, incorrect dynamics models, be unaware of obscure rules of human traffic systems, or follow certain rules too conservatively. Regardless of the exact failure mode of the car, often human drivers around the car are behaving correctly. For example, even if the car does not know that it should pull over when an ambulance races by, other humans on the road will know and will pull over. We propose to make socially cohesive cars that leverage the behavior of nearby human drivers to act in ways that are safer and more socially acceptable. The simple intuition behind our algorithm is that if all the humans are consistently behaving in a particular way, then the autonomous car probably should too. We analyze the performance of our algorithm in a variety of scenarios and conduct a user study to assess people's attitudes towards socially cohesive cars. We find that people are surprisingly tolerant of mistakes that cohesive cars might make in order to get the benefits of driving in a car with a safer, or even just more socially acceptable behavior.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.03845,2018,conferencePaper,"Landolfi, Nicholas C.; Dragan, Anca D.",2018 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS),911
-AI Chips: What They Are and Why They Matter,"The success of modern AI techniques relies on computation on a scale unimaginable even a few years ago. What exactly are the AI chips powering the development and deployment of AI at scale and why are they essential? Saif M. Khan and Alexander Mann explain how these chips work, why they have proliferated, and why they matter. Their report also surveys trends in the semiconductor industry and chip design that are shaping the evolution of AI chips.",https://cset.georgetown.edu/research/ai-chips-what-they-are-and-why-they-matter/,2020,report,"Khan, Saif M",,912
-A space of proposals for building safe advanced AI,"I liked Evan’s post on 11 proposals for safe AGI. However, I was a little confused about why he chose these specific proposals; it feels like we could generate many more by stitching together the different components he identifies, such as different types of amplification and different types of robustness tools. So I’m going to take a shot at describing a set of dimensions of variation which capture the key differences between these proposals, and thereby describe an underlying space of possible approaches to safety. Firstly I’ll quickly outline the proposals. Rohin’s overview of them is a good place to start - he categorises them as: * 7 proposals of the form “recursive outer alignment technique” plus “robustness technique”. * The recursive outer alignment technique is either debate, recursive reward modelling, or amplification.The robustness technique is either transparency tools, relaxed adversarial training, or intermittent oversight by a competent supervisor. * 2 proposals of the form “non-recursive outer alignment technique” plus “robustness technique”. * The outer alignment technique is either reinforcement learning in a multiagent environment, or narrow reward learning. * 2 other proposals: Microscope AI; STEM AI. More specifically, we can describe the four core recursive outer alignment techniques as variants of iterated amplification, as follows: let Amp(M) be the procedure of a human answering questions with access to model M. Then we iteratively train M* (the next version of M) by: * Imitative amplification: train M* to imitate Amp(M). * Approval-based amplification: train M* on an approval signal specified by Amp(M). * Recursive reward modelling: train M* on a reward function specified by Amp(M). * Debate: train M* to win debates against Amp(M). Here are six axes of variation which I claim underlie Evan’s proposals. Each proposal is more or less: 1. Supervised 2. Structured 3. Adversarial 4. Language-based 5.",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/S9GxuAEeQomnLkeNt/a-space-of-proposals-for-building-safe-advanced-ai,2020,blogPost,"Ngo, Richard",AI Alignment Forum,913
-MCP: Learning Composable Hierarchical Control with Multiplicative Compositional Policies,"Humans are able to perform a myriad of sophisticated tasks by drawing upon skills acquired through prior experience. For autonomous agents to have this capability, they must be able to extract reusable skills from past experience that can be recombined in new ways for subsequent tasks. Furthermore, when controlling complex high-dimensional morphologies, such as humanoid bodies, tasks often require coordination of multiple skills simultaneously. Learning discrete primitives for every combination of skills quickly becomes prohibitive. Composable primitives that can be recombined to create a large variety of behaviors can be more suitable for modeling this combinatorial explosion. In this work, we propose multiplicative compositional policies (MCP), a method for learning reusable motor skills that can be composed to produce a range of complex behaviors. Our method factorizes an agent's skills into a collection of primitives, where multiple primitives can be activated simultaneously via multiplicative composition. This flexibility allows the primitives to be transferred and recombined to elicit new behaviors as necessary for novel tasks. We demonstrate that MCP is able to extract composable skills for highly complex simulated characters from pre-training tasks, such as motion imitation, and then reuse these skills to solve challenging continuous control tasks, such as dribbling a soccer ball to a goal, and picking up an object and transporting it to a target location.",https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2019/hash/95192c98732387165bf8e396c0f2dad2-Abstract.html,2019,conferencePaper,"Peng, Xue Bin; Chang, Michael; Zhang, Grace; Abbeel, Pieter; Levine, Sergey",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 (NeurIPS 2019),914
-Investigation into the relationship between neuron count and intelligence across differing cortical architectures,,https://aiimpacts.org/investigation-into-the-relationship-between-neuron-count-and-intelligence-across-differing-cortical-architectures/,2019,blogPost,"McCaslin, Tegan",AI Impacts,915
-A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representations,"This paper presents SimCLR: a simple framework for contrastive learning of visual representations. We simplify recently proposed contrastive self-supervised learning algorithms without requiring specialized architectures or a memory bank. In order to understand what enables the contrastive prediction tasks to learn useful representations, we systematically study the major components of our framework. We show that (1) composition of data augmentations plays a critical role in defining effective predictive tasks, (2) introducing a learnable nonlinear transformation between the representation and the contrastive loss substantially improves the quality of the learned representations, and (3) contrastive learning benefits from larger batch sizes and more training steps compared to supervised learning. By combining these findings, we are able to considerably outperform previous methods for self-supervised and semi-supervised learning on ImageNet. A linear classifier trained on self-supervised representations learned by SimCLR achieves 76.5% top-1 accuracy, which is a 7% relative improvement over previous state-of-the-art, matching the performance of a supervised ResNet-50. When fine-tuned on only 1% of the labels, we achieve 85.8% top-5 accuracy, outperforming AlexNet with 100X fewer labels.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.05709,2020,conferencePaper,"Chen, Ting; Kornblith, Simon; Norouzi, Mohammad; Hinton, Geoffrey",Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning,916
-A Broader View on Bias in Automated Decision-Making: Reflecting on Epistemology and Dynamics,"Machine learning (ML) is increasingly deployed in real world contexts, supplying actionable insights and forming the basis of automated decision-making systems. While issues resulting from biases pre-existing in training data have been at the center of the fairness debate, these systems are also affected by technical and emergent biases, which often arise as context-specific artifacts of implementation. This position paper interprets technical bias as an epistemological problem and emergent bias as a dynamical feedback phenomenon. In order to stimulate debate on how to change machine learning practice to effectively address these issues, we explore this broader view on bias, stress the need to reflect on epistemology, and point to value-sensitive design methodologies to revisit the design and implementation process of automated decision-making systems.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.00553,2018,manuscript,"Dobbe, Roel; Dean, Sarah; Gilbert, Thomas; Kohli, Nitin",,917
-"The Social Science of Computerized Brains – Review of The Age of Em: Work, Love, and Life When Robots Rule the Earth by Robin Hanson (Oxford University Press, 2016)",,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016328716302518,2017,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.",Futures,918
-A Hamilton-Jacobi Reachability-Based Framework for Predicting and Analyzing Human Motion for Safe Planning,"Real-world autonomous systems often employ probabilistic predictive models of human behavior during planning to reason about their future motion. Since accurately modeling the human behavior a priori is challenging, such models are often parameterized, enabling the robot to adapt predictions based on observations by maintaining a distribution over the model parameters. This leads to a probabilistic prediction problem, which even though attractive, can be computationally demanding. In this work, we formalize the prediction problem as a stochastic reachability problem in the joint state space of the human and the belief over the model parameters. We further introduce a Hamilton-Jacobi reachability framework which casts a deterministic approximation of this stochastic reachability problem by restricting the allowable actions to a set rather than a distribution, while still maintaining the belief as an explicit state. This leads to two advantages: our approach gives rise to a novel predictor wherein the predictions can be performed at a significantly lower computational expense, and to a general framework which also enables us to perform predictor analysis. We compare our approach to a fully stochastic predictor using Bayesian inference and the worst-case forward reachable set in simulation and in hardware, and demonstrate how it can enable robust planning while not being overly conservative, even when the human model is inaccurate.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.13369,2019,conferencePaper,"Bansal, Somil; Bajcsy, Andrea; Ratner, Ellis; Dragan, Anca D.; Tomlin, Claire J.",2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA),919
-Risk-Sensitive Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning,"We study risk-sensitive imitation learning where the agent's goal is to perform at least as well as the expert in terms of a risk profile. We first formulate our risk-sensitive imitation learning setting. We consider the generative adversarial approach to imitation learning (GAIL) and derive an optimization problem for our formulation, which we call it risk-sensitive GAIL (RS-GAIL). We then derive two different versions of our RS-GAIL optimization problem that aim at matching the risk profiles of the agent and the expert w.r.t. Jensen-Shannon (JS) divergence and Wasserstein distance, and develop risk-sensitive generative adversarial imitation learning algorithms based on these optimization problems. We evaluate the performance of our algorithms and compare them with GAIL and the risk-averse imitation learning (RAIL) algorithms in two MuJoCo and two OpenAI classical control tasks.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.04468v2,2018,conferencePaper,"Lacotte, Jonathan; Ghavamzadeh, Mohammad; Chow, Yinlam; Pavone, Marco",Proceedings of Machine Learning Research,920
-Evaluating and Aggregating Feature-based Model Explanations,"A feature-based model explanation denotes howmuch each input feature contributes to a model’s output for a given data point. As the number of proposed explanation functions grows, we lack quantitative evaluation criteria to help practitioners know when to use which explanation function.This paper proposes quantitative evaluation criteria for feature-based explanations: low sensitivity, high faithfulness, and low complexity. We devise a framework for aggregating explanation functions. We develop a procedure for learning an aggregate explanation function with lower complexity and then derive a new aggregate Shapley value explanation function that minimizes sensitivity.",http://lcfi.ac.uk/resources/evaluating-and-aggregating-feature-based-model-exp/,2020,conferencePaper,"Bhatt, Umang; Weller, Adrian; Moura, José M F",,921
-Unifying Logic and Probability: A New Dawn for AI?,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-08795-5_2,2014,bookSection,"Russell, Stuart",Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems,922
-"Defence in Depth Against Human Extinction: Prevention, Response, Resilience, and Why They All Matter","We look at classifying extinction risks in three different ways, which affect how we can intervene to reduce risk. First, how does it start causing damage? Second, how does it reach the scale of a global catastrophe? Third, how does it reach everyone? In all of these three phases there is a defence layer that blocks most risks: First, we can prevent catastrophes from occurring. Second, we can respond to catastrophes before they reach a global scale. Third, humanity is resilient against extinction even in the face of global catastrophes. The largest probability of extinction is posed when all of these defences are weak, that is, by risks we are unlikely to prevent, unlikely to successfully respond to, and unlikely to be resilient against. We find that it’s usually best to invest significantly into strengthening all three defence layers. We also suggest ways to do so tailored to the classes of risk we identify. Lastly, we discuss the importance of underlying risk factors – events or structural conditions that may weaken the defence layers even without posing a risk of immediate extinction themselves.",https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1758-5899.12786,2020,journalArticle,"Cotton‐Barratt, Owen; Daniel, Max; Sandberg, Anders",Global Policy,923
-Achieving Verified Robustness to Symbol Substitutions via Interval Bound Propagation,"Neural networks are part of many contemporary NLP systems, yet their empirical successes come at the price of vulnerability to adversarial attacks. Previous work has used adversarial training and data augmentation to partially mitigate such brittleness, but these are unlikely to find worst-case adversaries due to the complexity of the search space arising from discrete text perturbations. In this work, we approach the problem from the opposite direction: to formally verify a system's robustness against a predefined class of adversarial attacks. We study text classification under synonym replacements or character flip perturbations. We propose modeling these input perturbations as a simplex and then using Interval Bound Propagation -- a formal model verification method. We modify the conventional log-likelihood training objective to train models that can be efficiently verified, which would otherwise come with exponential search complexity. The resulting models show only little difference in terms of nominal accuracy, but have much improved verified accuracy under perturbations and come with an efficiently computable formal guarantee on worst case adversaries.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.01492,2019,conferencePaper,"Huang, Po-Sen; Stanforth, Robert; Welbl, Johannes; Dyer, Chris; Yogatama, Dani; Gowal, Sven; Dvijotham, Krishnamurthy; Kohli, Pushmeet","arXiv:1909.01492 [cs, stat]",924
-Approval-directed agency and the decision theory of Newcomb-like problems,,,2019,journalArticle,"Oesterheld, Caspar",Synthese,925
-Assuring the Behavior of Adaptive Agents,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/1-84628-271-3_8,2006,bookSection,"Spears, Diana F.",Agent Technology from a Formal Perspective,926
-Costs of extinction risk mitigation,We very roughly estimate that the annual cost of reducing the probability of human extinction by 0.01% is within the range of $1.1 billion to $3.5 trillion. Introduction This article is intended to be usable in a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) analysis of extinction risk mitigation. It explores the costs of such efforts. A corresponding article...,https://aiimpacts.org/costs-of-extinction-risk-mitigation/,2016,blogPost,"Wulfsohn, Michael",AI Impacts,927
-Universal Ownership in the Anthropocene,"This paper reviews the existing literature on Universal Ownership Theory and expands on it to encompass a theoretical and practical framework for Universal Owners in the Anthropocene era. This extension of the theory is necessary because of the scale and urgency of the climate crisis, on one hand, and the expansion of the category of funds considered to be Universal Owners on the other – through the rise of fiduciary capitalism and the increase in institutional ownership, and through the increasing prevalence of passive investing.This paper incorporates several novel elements into Universal Ownership Theory: an Existential Risk lens, which highlights the portfolio risk of civilisational collapse; a theoretical framework that reflects advances in behavioural science; a practical investment framework based on the tenets of Positive Investment, including asset class-specific recommendations with a focus on capital allocation, the primary-to-secondary market transition, and “ungameable” metrics; and the proposition of a “duty of expansion” for Universal Owners to extend participation to communities and regions of the world currently underrepresented among the body of large institutional investors.",https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3457205,2019,manuscript,"Quigley, Ellen",,928
-Learning to Generate Reviews and Discovering Sentiment,"We explore the properties of byte-level recurrent language models. When given sufficient amounts of capacity, training data, and compute time, the representations learned by these models include disentangled features corresponding to high-level concepts. Specifically, we find a single unit which performs sentiment analysis. These representations, learned in an unsupervised manner, achieve state of the art on the binary subset of the Stanford Sentiment Treebank. They are also very data efficient. When using only a handful of labeled examples, our approach matches the performance of strong baselines trained on full datasets. We also demonstrate the sentiment unit has a direct influence on the generative process of the model. Simply fixing its value to be positive or negative generates samples with the corresponding positive or negative sentiment.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1704.01444,2017,manuscript,"Radford, Alec; Jozefowicz, Rafal; Sutskever, Ilya",,929
-Beyond Winning and Losing: Modeling Human Motivations and Behaviors Using Inverse Reinforcement Learning,"In recent years, reinforcement learning (RL) methods have been applied to model gameplay with great success, achieving super-human performance in various environments, such as Atari, Go, and Poker. However, those studies mostly focus on winning the game and have largely ignored the rich and complex human motivations, which are essential for understanding different players' diverse behaviors. In this paper, we present a novel method called Multi-Motivation Behavior Modeling (MMBM) that takes the multifaceted human motivations into consideration and models the underlying value structure of the players using inverse RL. Our approach does not require the access to the dynamic of the system, making it feasible to model complex interactive environments such as massively multiplayer online games. MMBM is tested on the World of Warcraft Avatar History dataset, which recorded over 70,000 users' gameplay spanning three years period. Our model reveals the significant difference of value structures among different player groups. Using the results of motivation modeling, we also predict and explain their diverse gameplay behaviors and provide a quantitative assessment of how the redesign of the game environment impacts players' behaviors.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.00366,2018,conferencePaper,"Wang, Baoxiang; Sun, Tongfang; Zheng, Xianjun Sam",Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment,930
-The truth behind the myth of the Folk theorem,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0899825619300582,2019,journalArticle,"Halpern, Joseph Y.; Pass, Rafael; Seeman, Lior",Games and Economic Behavior,931
-Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence,"DAILY TELEGRAPH AND THE TIMES BOOKS OF THE YEAR 2017'This is the most important conversation of our time, and Tegmark's thought-provoking book will help you join it' Stephen Hawking'This is a rich and visionary book and everyone should read it' The TimesWe stand at the beginning of a new era. What was once science fiction is fast becoming reality, as AI transforms war, crime, justice, jobs and society-and, even, our very sense of what it means to be human. More than any other technology, AI has the potential to revolutionize our collective future - and there's nobody better situated to explore that future than Max Tegmark, an MIT professor and co-founder of the Future of Life Institute, whose work has helped mainstream research on how to keep AI beneficial.In this deeply researched and vitally important new book, Tegmark takes us to the heart of thinking about AI and the human condition, bringing us face to face with the essential questions of our time. How can we grow our prosperity through automation, without leaving people lacking income or purpose? How can we ensure that future AI systems do what we want without crashing, malfunctioning or getting hacked? Should we fear an arms race in lethal autonomous weapons? Will AI help life flourish as never before, or will machines eventually outsmart us at all tasks, and even, perhaps, replace us altogether? Life 3.0 gives us the tools to join what may be the most important conversation of our time, guiding us through the most controversial issues around AI today -- from superintelligence to meaning, consciousness and the ultimate physical limits on life in the cosmos.What sort of future do you want?",,2017,book,"Tegmark, Max",,932
-A Framework and Method for Online Inverse Reinforcement Learning,"Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) is the problem of learning the preferences of an agent from the observations of its behavior on a task. While this problem has been well investigated, the related problem of {\em online} IRL---where the observations are incrementally accrued, yet the demands of the application often prohibit a full rerun of an IRL method---has received relatively less attention. We introduce the first formal framework for online IRL, called incremental IRL (I2RL), and a new method that advances maximum entropy IRL with hidden variables, to this setting. Our formal analysis shows that the new method has a monotonically improving performance with more demonstration data, as well as probabilistically bounded error, both under full and partial observability. Experiments in a simulated robotic application of penetrating a continuous patrol under occlusion shows the relatively improved performance and speed up of the new method and validates the utility of online IRL.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.07871,2018,manuscript,"Arora, Saurabh; Doshi, Prashant; Banerjee, Bikramjit",,933
-"The two-layer model of human values, and problems with synthesizing preferences","I have been thinking about Stuart Armstrong's preference synthesis research agenda, and have long had the feeling that there's something off about the way that it is currently framed. In the post I try to describe why. I start by describing my current model of human values, how I interpret Stuart's implicit assumptions to conflict with it, and then talk about my confusion with regard to reconciling the two views. THE TWO-LAYER/ULM MODEL OF HUMAN VALUES In Player vs. Character: A Two-Level Model of Ethics, Sarah Constantin describes a model where the mind is divided, in game terms, into a ""player"" and a ""character"". The character is everything that we consciously experience, but our conscious experiences are not our true reasons for acting. As Sarah puts it: In many games, such as Magic: The Gathering, Hearthstone, or Dungeons and Dragons, there’s a two-phase process. First, the player constructs adeck or character from a very large sample space of possibilities. This is a particular combination of strengths and weaknesses and capabilities for action, which the player thinks can be successful against other decks/characters or at winning in the game universe. The choice of deck or character often determines the strategies that deck or character can use in the second phase, which is actual gameplay. In gameplay, the character (or deck) can only use the affordances that it’s been previously set up with. This means that there are two separate places where a player needs to get things right: first, in designing a strong character/deck, and second, in executing the optimal strategies for that character/deck during gameplay. [...]The idea is that human behavior works very much like a two-level game. [...] The player determines what we find rewarding or unrewarding. The player determines what we notice and what we overlook; things come to our attention if it suits the player’s strategy, and not otherwise. The player gives us emotions when it’s strategic to do so. The playe",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/2yLn8iTrvHoEgqXcJ/the-two-layer-model-of-human-values-and-problems-with,2020,blogPost,"Sotala, Kaj",AI Alignment Forum,934
-When Is a Linear Control System Optimal?,"The purpose of this paper is to formulate, study, and (in certain cases) resolve the Inverse Problem of Optimal Control Theory, which is the following: Given a control law, find all performance indices for which this control law is optimal. Under the assumptions of (a) linear constant plant, (b) linear constant control law, (c) measurable state variables, (d) quadratic loss functions with constant coefficients, (e) single control variable, we give a complete analysis of this problem and obtain various explicit conditions for the optimality of a given control law. An interesting feature of the analysis is the central role of frequency-domain concepts, which have been ignored in optimal control theory until very recently. The discussion is presented in rigorous mathematical form. The central conclusion is the following (Theorem 6): A stable control law is optimal if and only if the absolute value of the corresponding return difference is at least equal to one at all frequencies. This provides a beautifully simple connecting link between modern control theory and the classical point of view which regards feedback as a means of reducing component variations.",https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/fluidsengineering/article/86/1/51/392203/When-Is-a-Linear-Control-System-Optimal,1964,journalArticle,"Kalman, R. E.",Journal of Basic Engineering,935
-Immigration Policy and the U.S. AI Sector: A Preliminary Assessment,,,2019,report,"Arnold, Zachary; Heston, Roxanne; Zwetsloot, Remco; Huang, Tina",,936
-On the Existence of Nash Equilibrium in Games with Resource-Bounded Players,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-30473-7_10,2019,conferencePaper,"Halpern, Joseph Y.; Pass, Rafael; Reichman, Daniel",Algorithmic Game Theory,937
-Problems in AI Alignment that philosophers could potentially contribute to,"(This was originally a comment that I wrote as a follow up to my question [https://ea.greaterwrong.com/posts/oPGJrqohDqT8GZieA/ask-me-anything/comment/cL3KFfJwtHZKeBPGH] for William MacAskill's AMA. I'm moving it since it's perhaps more on-topic here.) It occurs to me that another reason for the lack of engagement by people with philosophy backgrounds may be that philosophers aren't aware of the many philosophical problems in AI alignment that they could potentially contribute to. So here's a list of philosophical problems that have come up just in my own thinking about AI alignment. * Decision theory for AI / AI designers * How to resolve standard debates in decision theory? * Logical counterfactuals * Open source game theory * Acausal game theory / reasoning about distant superintelligences * Infinite/multiversal/astronomical ethics * Should we (or our AI) care much more about a universe that is capable of doing a lot more computations? * What kinds of (e.g. spatial-temporal) discounting is necessary and/or desirable? * Fair distribution of benefits * How should benefits from AGI be distributed? * For example, would it be fair to distribute it equally over all humans who currently exist, or according to how much AI services they can afford to buy? * What about people who existed or will exist at other times and in other places or universes? * Need for ""metaphilosophical paternalism""? * However we distribute the benefits, if we let the beneficiaries decide what to do with their windfall using their own philosophical faculties, is that likely to lead to a good outcome? * Metaphilosophy * What is the nature of philosophy? * What constitutes correct philosophical reasoning? * How to specify this into an AI design? * Philosophical forecasting * How are various AI technologies and AI safety proposals likely to affect future p",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/rASeoR7iZ9Fokzh7L/problems-in-ai-alignment-that-philosophers-could-potentially,2019,blogPost,"Dai, Wei",LessWrong,938
-Continuous Adaptation via Meta-Learning in Nonstationary and Competitive Environments,"Ability to continuously learn and adapt from limited experience in nonstationary environments is an important milestone on the path towards general intelligence. In this paper, we cast the problem of continuous adaptation into the learning-to-learn framework. We develop a simple gradient-based meta-learning algorithm suitable for adaptation in dynamically changing and adversarial scenarios. Additionally, we design a new multi-agent competitive environment, RoboSumo, and define iterated adaptation games for testing various aspects of continuous adaptation strategies. We demonstrate that meta-learning enables significantly more efficient adaptation than reactive baselines in the few-shot regime. Our experiments with a population of agents that learn and compete suggest that meta-learners are the fittest.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03641,2018,conferencePaper,"Al-Shedivat, Maruan; Bansal, Trapit; Burda, Yuri; Sutskever, Ilya; Mordatch, Igor; Abbeel, Pieter",arXiv:1710.03641 [cs],939
-A Gym Gridworld Environment for the Treacherous Turn,"EDIT: posted here for feedback and discussion. I plan to continue working on different models/environments, so feel free to suggest improvements. (tl;dr: In an attempt to better understand the treacherous turn, I created a gridworld environment where an agent learns to deceive an overseer by adopting an aligned behaviour when weak and takes control after capability gains) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- At some point in its development, a seed AI may realize that it needs to get rid of its supervisors to achieve its goals. The conception of deception occurs when it conceives that, in order to maximize its chance of taking over, it must begin by exhibiting human-desirable behaviors, before undertaking a treacherous turn when humans are no longer a threat. From the human perspective, the AI would keep on exhibiting desirable behavior, until it eventually appears dangerous, but is already unstoppable. In an attempt to better formalize the treacherous turn without using ""loaded concepts"", Stuart Armstrong proposed a toy model of the treacherous turn based on ""The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past "", which looked like this: In the comments, people mentionned how this model helped them ""move the topic from the 'science fiction' area to 'I can imagine it happening now'"", and seemed interested in an actual Link to the Past Minigame. There have been other simulations of the treacherous turn in the last three years (see for instance gwern's DQN box-pushing robot or Stuart Armstrong's video), but none of them actually simulate a take over where a supervisor is killed. Hence, I decided to give it a try and simulate Stuart Armstrong's Link to the Past toy model. A GYM GRIDWORLD ENVIRONMENT Gym is an open-source toolkit for Reinforcement Learning Environments developed by Open AI. I decided to use this interface to develop the gridworld environment. The github repository with the code, demo, and all the details is",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/cKfryXvyJ522iFuNF/a-gym-gridworld-environment-for-the-treacherous-turn,2018,blogPost,"Trazzi, Michaël",AI Alignment Forum,940
-Cooperative Inverse Reinforcement Learning,"For an autonomous system to be helpful to humans and to pose no unwarranted risks, it needs to align its values with those of the humans in its environment in such a way that its actions contribute to the maximization of value for the humans. We propose a formal definition of the value alignment problem as cooperative inverse reinforcement learning (CIRL). A CIRL problem is a cooperative, partial-information game with two agents, human and robot; both are rewarded according to the human's reward function, but the robot does not initially know what this is. In contrast to classical IRL, where the human is assumed to act optimally in isolation, optimal CIRL solutions produce behaviors such as active teaching, active learning, and communicative actions that are more effective in achieving value alignment. We show that computing optimal joint policies in CIRL games can be reduced to solving a POMDP, prove that optimality in isolation is suboptimal in CIRL, and derive an approximate CIRL algorithm.",https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2016/hash/c3395dd46c34fa7fd8d729d8cf88b7a8-Abstract.html,2016,conferencePaper,"Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Dragan, Anca; Abbeel, Pieter; Russell, Stuart",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29 (NIPS 2016),941
-2016 AI Risk Literature Review and Charity Comparison,"INTRODUCTION I've long been concerned about AI Risk. Now that there are a few charities working on the problem, it seems desirable to compare them, to determine where scarce donations should be sent. This is a similar role to that which GiveWell performs for global health charities, and somewhat similar to an securities analyst with regard possible investments. However, while people have evaluated individual organisations, I haven't seen anyone else attempt to compare them, so hopefully this is valuable to others. I've attempted to do so. This is a very big undertaking, and I am very conscious of the many ways in which this is not up to the task. The only thing I wish more than the skill and time to do it better is that someone else would do it! If people find this useful enough to warrant doing again next year I should be able to do it much more efficiently, and spend more time on the underlying model of how papers translate into risk-reduction value. My aim is basically to judge the output of each organisation in 2016 and compare it to their budget. This should give a sense for the organisations' average cost-effectiveness. Then we can consider factors that might increase or decrease the marginal cost-effectiveness going forward. This organisation-centric approach is in contrast to a researcher-centric approach, where we would analyse which researchers do good work, and then donate wherever they are. An extreme version of the other approach would be to simply give money directly to researchers - e.g if I like Logical Induction, I would simply fund Scott Garrabrant directly and ignore MIRI. I favour the organisation-centric approach because it helps keep organisations accountable. Additionally, if researcher skill is the only thing that matters for research output, it doesn't really matter which organisations end up getting the money and employing the researchers, assuming broadly the same researchers are hired. Different organisations might hire different resea",https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/nSot23sAjoZRgaEwa/2016-ai-risk-literature-review-and-charity-comparison,2016,blogPost,Larks,Effective Altruism Forum,942
-"The law of effect, randomization and Newcomb’s problem","The law of effect (LoE), as introduced on p. 244 of Thorndike’s (1911) Animal Intelligence, states: Of several responses made to the same situation, those which are accompanied or closely followed …",https://casparoesterheld.com/2018/02/15/the-law-of-effect-randomization-and-newcombs-problem/,2018,blogPost,"Oesterheld, Caspar",The Universe from an Intentional Stance,943
-User-Agent Value Alignment,"The principal-agent problem concerns delegation in the absence of trust. Given a principal and an agent with different value structures, the principal wants to motivate the agent to address the principal’s aims by providing appropriate incentives. We address this problem in the context of a real-world complication, where the principal and agent lack a common problem frame. This context is especially relevant when the principal is a user, and the agent is a technological artifact with a limited repertoire of percepts and actions. We identify necessary conditions for establishing trust between such disparate actors, and we show, via a constructive proof, that it is always possible to create these necessary conditions. We conclude with several distinctions that let the principal rank the expected quality of agent behavior.",,2002,conferencePaper,"Shapiro, Daniel; Shachter, Ross","Proceedings of the 18th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI",944
-When is diminishment a form of enhancement? Rethinking the enhancement debate in biomedical ethics,,,2014,journalArticle,"Earp, Brian D.; Sandberg, Anders; Kahane, Guy; Savulescu, Julian",Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience,945
-An Abstraction-Refinement Approach to Verification of Artificial Neural Networks,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-14295-6_24,2010,bookSection,"Pulina, Luca; Tacchella, Armando",Computer Aided Verification,946
-The Superintelligent Will: Motivation and Instrumental Rationality in Advanced Artificial Agents,,,2012,journalArticle,"Bostrom, Nick",Minds and Machines,947
-Specification gaming examples in AI,"Update: for a more detailed introduction to specification gaming, check out the DeepMind Safety Research blog post! Various examples (and lists of examples) of unintended behaviors in AI systems ha…",https://vkrakovna.wordpress.com/2018/04/02/specification-gaming-examples-in-ai/,2018,blogPost,"Krakovna, Victoria",Victoria Krakovna,948
-Artificial Intelligence in Life Extension: from Deep Learning to Superintelligence,"In this paper we focus on the most efficacious AI applications for life extension and anti-aging at three expected stages of AI development: narrow AI, AGI and superintelligence. First, we overview the existing research and commercial work performed by a select number of startups and academic projects. We find that at the current stage of “narrow” AI, the most promising areas for life extension are geroprotector-combination discovery, detection of aging biomarkers, and personalized anti-aging therapy. These advances could help currently living people reach longevity escape velocity and survive until more advanced AI appears. When AI comes close to human level, the main contribution to life extension will come from AI integration with humans through brain-computer interfaces, integrated AI assistants capable of autonomously diagnosing and treating health issues, and cyber systems embedded into human bodies. Lastly, we speculate about the more remote future, when AI reaches the level of superintelligence and such life-extension methods as uploading human minds and creating nanotechnological bodies may become possible, thus lowering the probability of human death close to zero. We conclude that medical AI based superintelligence is intrinsically safer than, say, military AI, as it may help humans to evolve into part of the future superintelligence via brain augmentation, uploading, and a network of self-improving humans. Medical AI’s value system is focused on human benefit.",http://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/view/1797,2017,journalArticle,"Batin, Mikhail; Turchin, Alexey; Sergey, Markov; Zhila, Alisa; Denkenberger, David",Informatica,949
-Teaching Astrobiology in a Sustainability Course,,,2013,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.",Journal of Sustainability Education,950
-Synthesizing amplification and debate,"BACKGROUND One possible way to train an amplification model is to use an auxiliary reinforcement learning objective to help guide the training of the amplification model. This could be done either by training two separate models, an agent and a question-answerer, or a single model trained on a joint objective. For example, from a comment Paul left on “A dilemma for prosaic AI alignment:” I normally imagine using joint training in these cases, rather than pre-training + fine-tuning. e.g., at every point in time we maintain an agent and a question-answerer, where the question-answerer ""knows everything the agent knows."" They get better together, with each gradient update affecting both of them, rather than first training a good agent and then adding a good question-answerer. (Independently of concerns about mesa-optimization, I think the fine-tuning approach would have trouble because you couldn't use statistical regularities from the ""main"" objective to inform your answers to questions, and therefore your question answers will be dumber than the policy and so you couldn't get a good reward function or specification of catastrophically bad behavior.) In my last post, I expressed skepticism of such non-imitative amplification approaches, though in this post I want to propose a possible way in which some of my concerns with this style of approach could addressed by integrating ideas from AI safety via debate. I'll start by describing the basic idea in broad terms, then give a more careful, technical description of the sort of training procedure I have in mind. THE PROPOSAL The basic idea is as follows: debate naturally yields an RL objective, so if you want to add an auxiliary RL objective to amplification, why not use the RL objective from debate? Specifically, the idea is to conduct a debate not between copies of the model M, but between copies of the amplified model Amp(M) (where Amp(M) is a human with access to the model M). That gives you both an RL reward ari",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/dJSD5RK6Qoidb3QY5/synthesizing-amplification-and-debate,2020,blogPost,"Hubinger, Evan",AI Alignment Forum,951
-The human side of interaction,"The last few posts have motivated an analysis of the human-AI system rather than an AI system in isolation. So far we’ve looked at the notion that the AI system should get feedback from the user and that it could use reward uncertainty for corrigibility. These are focused on the AI system, but what about the human? If we build a system that explicitly solicits feedback from the human, what do we have to say about the human policy, and how the human should provide feedback? INTERPRETING HUMAN ACTIONS One major free variable in any explicit interaction or feedback mechanism is what semantics the AI system should attach to the human feedback. The classic examples of AI risk are usually described in a way where this is the problem: when we provide a reward function that rewards paperclips, the AI system interprets it literally and maximizes paperclips, rather than interpreting it pragmatically as another human would. (Aside: I suspect this was not the original point of the paperclip maximizer, but it has become a very popular retelling, so I’m using it anyway.) Modeling this classic example as a human-AI system, we can see that the problem is that the human is offering a form of “feedback”, the reward function, and the AI system is not ascribing the correct semantics to it. The way it uses the reward function implies that the reward function encodes the optimal behavior of the AI system in all possible environments -- a moment’s thought is sufficient to see that this is not actually the case. There will definitely be many cases and environments that the human did not consider when designing the reward function, and we should not expect that the reward function incentivizes the right behavior in those cases. So what can the AI system assume if the human provides it a reward function? Inverse Reward Design (IRD) offers one answer: the human is likely to provide a particular reward function if it leads to high true utility behavior in the training environment. So, in",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/eD9T4kiwB6MHpySGE/the-human-side-of-interaction,2019,blogPost,"Shah, Rohin",AI Alignment Forum,952
-Learning Robot Objectives from Physical Human Interaction,"When humans and robots work in close proximity, physical interaction is inevitable. Traditionally, robots treat physical interaction as a disturbance, and resume their original behavior after the interaction ends. In contrast, we argue that physical human interaction is informative: it is useful information about how the robot should be doing its task. We formalize learning from such interactions as a dynamical system in which the task objective has parameters that are part of the hidden state, and physical human interactions are observations about these parameters. We derive an online approximation of the robot’s optimal policy in this system, and test it in a user study. The results suggest that learning from physical interaction leads to better robot task performance with less human effort.",,2017,conferencePaper,"Bajcsy, Andrea; Losey, Dylan P; O’Malley, Marcia K; Dragan, Anca D",Proceedings of Machine Learning Research,953
-In defence of fanaticism,,https://globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/Hayden-Wilkinson_In-defence-of-fanaticism.pdf,2020,report,"Wilkinson, Hayden",,954
-Immigration and the Future of U.S. AI,"As other countries increase their efforts to compete for tech talent, the United States must reform outdated, counterproductive immigration laws and avoid restrictive new policies that will place the United States at an economic and national security disadvantage.",https://morningconsult.com/opinions/immigration-and-the-future-of-u-s-ai/,2019,blogPost,"Arnold, Zachary; Huang, Tina; Zwetsloot, Remco",Morning Consult,955
-Clarifying “What failure looks like” (part 1),"Thanks to Jess Whittlestone, Daniel Eth, Shahar Avin, Rose Hadshar, Eliana Lorch, Alexis Carlier, Flo Dorner, Kwan Yee Ng, Lewis Hammond, Phil Trammell and Jenny Xiao for valuable conversations, feedback and other support. I am especially grateful to Jess Whittlestone for long conversations and detailed feedback on drafts, and her guidance on which threads to pursue and how to frame this post. All errors are my own. Epistemic status: My Best Guess Epistemic effort: ~70 hours of focused work (mostly during FHI’s summer research fellowship), talked to ~10 people. INTRODUCTION “What failure looks like” is the one of the most comprehensive pictures of what failure to solve the AI alignment problem looks like, in worlds without discontinuous progress in AI. I think it was an excellent and much-needed addition to our understanding of AI risk. Still, if many believe that this is a main source of AI risk, I think it should be fleshed out in more than just one blog post. The original story has two parts; I’m focusing on part 1 because I found it more confusing and nebulous than part 2. Firstly, I’ll summarise part 1 (hereafter “WFLL1”) as I understand it: * In the world today, it’s easier to pursue easy-to-measure goals than hard-to-measure goals. * Machine learning is differentially good at pursuing easy-to-measure goals (assuming that we don’t have a satisfactory technical solution to the intent alignment problem[1]). * We’ll try to harness this by designing easy-to-measure proxies for what we care about, and deploy AI systems across society which optimize for these proxies (e.g. in law enforcement, legislation and the market). * We’ll give these AI systems more and more influence (e.g. eventually, the systems running law enforcement may actually be making all the decisions for us). * Eventually, the proxies for which the AI systems are optimizing will come apart from the goals we truly care about, but by t",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/v6Q7T335KCMxujhZu/clarifying-what-failure-looks-like-part-1,2020,blogPost,"Clarke, Sam",AI Alignment Forum,956
-An Orthodox Case Against Utility Functions,"This post has benefitted from discussion with Sam Eisenstat, Scott Garrabrant, Tsvi Benson-Tilsen, Daniel Demski, Daniel Kokotajlo, and Stuart Armstrong. It started out as a thought about Stuart Armstrong's research agenda. In this post, I hope to say something about what it means for a rational agent to have preferences. The view I am putting forward is relatively new to me, but it is not very radical. It is, dare I say, a conservative view -- I hold close to Bayesian expected utility theory. However, my impression is that it differs greatly from common impressions of Bayesian expected utility theory. I will argue against a particular view of expected utility theory -- a view which I'll call reductive utility. I do not recall seeing this view explicitly laid out and defended (except in in-person conversations). However, I expect at least a good chunk of the assumptions are commonly made. REDUCTIVE UTILITY The core tenets of reductive utility are as follows: * The sample space Ω of a rational agent's beliefs is, more or less, the set of possible ways the world could be -- which is to say, the set of possible physical configurations of the universe. Hence, each world ω∈Ω is one such configuration. * The preferences of a rational agent are represented by a utility function U:Ω →R from worlds to real numbers. * Furthermore, the utility function should be a computable function of worlds. Since I'm setting up the view which I'm knocking down, there is a risk I'm striking at a straw man. However, I think there are some good reasons to find the view appealing. The following subsections will expand on the three tenets, and attempt to provide some motivation for them. If the three points seem obvious to you, you might just skip to the next section. WORLDS ARE BASICALLY PHYSICAL What I mean here resembles the standard physical-reductionist view. However, my emphasis is on certain features of this view: * There is some ""basic stuff"" -- like like quarks",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/A8iGaZ3uHNNGgJeaD/an-orthodox-case-against-utility-functions,2020,blogPost,"Demski, Abram",AI Alignment Forum,957
-"Subagents, akrasia, and coherence in humans","In my previous posts, I have been building up a model of mind as a collection of subagents with different goals, and no straightforward hierarchy. This then raises the question of how that collection of subagents can exhibit coherent behavior: after all, many ways of aggregating the preferences of a number of agents fail to create consistent preference orderings. We can roughly describe coherence as the property that, if you become aware that there exists a more optimal strategy for achieving your goals than the one that you are currently executing, then you will switch to that better strategy. If an agent is not coherent in this way, then bad things are likely to happen to them. Now, we all know that humans sometimes express incoherent behavior. But on the whole, people still do okay: the median person in a developed country still manages to survive until their body starts giving up on them, and typically also manages to have and raise some number of initially-helpless children until they are old enough to take care of themselves. For a subagent theory of mind, we would like to have some explanation of when exactly the subagents manage to be collectively coherent (that is, change their behavior to some better one), and what are the situations in which they fail to do so. The conclusion of this post will be: We are capable of changing our behaviors on occasions when the mind-system as a whole puts sufficiently high probability on the new behavior being better, when the new behavior is not being blocked by a particular highly weighted subagent (such as an IFS-style protector) that puts high probability on it being bad, and when we have enough slack in our lives for any new behaviors to be evaluated in the first place. Akrasia is subagent disagreement about what to do.CORRECTING YOUR BEHAVIOR AS A DEFAULT There are many situations in which we exhibit incoherent behavior simply because we’re not aware of it. For instance, suppose that I do my daily chores in a p",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/oJwJzeZ6ar2Hr7KAX/subagents-akrasia-and-coherence-in-humans,2019,blogPost,"Sotala, Kaj",LessWrong,958
-Artificial Intelligence Safety and Cybersecurity: a Timeline of AI Failures,"In this work, we present and analyze reported failures of artificially intelligent systems and extrapolate our analysis to future AIs. We suggest that both the frequency and the seriousness of future AI failures will steadily increase. AI Safety can be improved based on ideas developed by cybersecurity experts. For narrow AIs safety failures are at the same, moderate, level of criticality as in cybersecurity, however for general AI, failures have a fundamentally different impact. A single failure of a superintelligent system may cause a catastrophic event without a chance for recovery. The goal of cybersecurity is to reduce the number of successful attacks on the system; the goal of AI Safety is to make sure zero attacks succeed in bypassing the safety mechanisms. Unfortunately, such a level of performance is unachievable. Every security system will eventually fail; there is no such thing as a 100% secure system.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1610.07997,2016,manuscript,"Yampolskiy, Roman V.; Spellchecker, M. S.",,959
-Artificial Intelligence and the Common Sense of Animals,"The problem of common sense remains a major obstacle to progress in artificial intelligence. Here, we argue that common sense in humans is founded on a set of basic capacities that are possessed by many other animals, capacities pertaining to the understanding of objects, space, and causality. The field of animal cognition has developed numerous experimental protocols for studying these capacities and, thanks to progress in deep reinforcement learning (RL), it is now possible to apply these methods directly to evaluate RL agents in 3D environments. Besides evaluation, the animal cognition literature offers a rich source of behavioural data, which can serve as inspiration for RL tasks and curricula.",http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661320302163,2020,journalArticle,"Shanahan, Murray; Crosby, Matthew; Beyret, Benjamin; Cheke, Lucy",Trends in Cognitive Sciences,960
-Perfectionism and the Repugnant Conclusion,"The Repugnant Conclusion and its paradoxes pose a significant problem for outcome evaluation. Derek Parfit has suggested that we may be able to resolve this problem by accepting a view he calls ‘Perfectionism’, which gives lexically superior value to ‘the best things in life’. In this paper, I explore perfectionism and its potential to solve this problem. I argue that perfectionism provides neither a sufficient means of avoiding the Repugnant Conclusion nor a full explanation of its repugnance. This is because even lives that are ‘barely worth living’ may contain the best things in life if they also contain sufficient ‘bad things’, such as suffering or frustration. Therefore, perfectionism can only fully explain or avoid the Repugnant Conclusion if combined with other claims, such as that bad things have an asymmetrical value relative to many good things. This combined view faces the objection that any such asymmetry implies Parfit’s ‘Ridiculous Conclusion’. However, I argue that perfectionism itself faces very similar objections, and that these are question-begging against both views. Finally, I show how the combined view that I propose not only explains and avoids the Repugnant Conclusion but also allows us to escape many of its paradoxes as well.",https://doi.org/10.1007/s10790-019-09687-4,2019,journalArticle,"Beard, Simon",The Journal of Value Inquiry,961
-Towards formalizing universality,An attempt to formalize universality as “able to understand anything that any computation can understand.”,https://ai-alignment.com/towards-formalizing-universality-409ab893a456,2019,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),962
-A non-mystical explanation of insight meditation and the three characteristics of existence: introduction and preamble,"INTRODUCTION Insight meditation, enlightenment, what’s that all about? The sequence of posts starting from this one is my personal attempt at answering that question. It grew out of me being annoyed about so much of this material seeming to be straightforwardly explainable in non-mysterious terms, but me also being unable to find any book or article that would do this to my satisfaction. In particular, I wanted something that would: * Explain what kinds of implicit assumptions build up our default understanding of reality and how those assumptions are subtly flawed. It would then point out aspects from our experience whose repeated observation will update those assumptions, and explain how this may cause psychological change in someone who meditates. * It would also explain how the so-called “three characteristics of existence” of Buddhism - impermanence, no-self and unsatisfactoriness - are all interrelated and connected with each other in a way your average Western science-minded, allergic-to-mysticism reader can understand. I failed to find a resource that would do this in the way I had in mind, so then I wrote one myself. From the onset, I want to note that I am calling this a non-mystical take on the three characteristics, rather than the non-mystical take on the three characteristics. This is an attempt to explain what I personally think is going on, and to sketch out an explanation of how various experiences and Buddhist teachings could be understandable in straightforward terms. I don’t expect this to be anything like a complete or perfect explanation, but rather one particular model that might be useful. The main intent of this series is summarized by a comment written by Vanessa Kosoy, justifiably skeptical of grandiose claims about enlightenment that are made without further elaboration on the actual mechanisms of it: I think that the only coherent way to convince us that Enlightenment is real is to provide a model from a 3r",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/Mf2MCkYgSZSJRz5nM/a-non-mystical-explanation-of-insight-meditation-and-the,2020,blogPost,"Sotala, Kaj",LessWrong,963
-The State of AI Ethics,,https://montrealethics.ai/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/State-of-AI-Ethics-June-2020-report.pdf,2020,report,"Gupta, Abhishek; Ganapini, Marianna; Butalid, Renjie; Lanteigne, Camylle; Cohen, Allison; Akif, Mo; De Gasperis, Tania; Heath, Victoria; Galinkin, Erick",,964
-Hierarchically Decoupled Imitation for Morphological Transfer,"Learning long-range behaviors on complex high-dimensional agents is a fundamental problem in robot learning. For such tasks, we argue that transferring learned information from a morphologically simpler agent can massively improve the sample efficiency of a more complex one. To this end, we propose a hierarchical decoupling of policies into two parts: an independently learned low-level policy and a transferable high-level policy. To remedy poor transfer performance due to mismatch in morphologies, we contribute two key ideas. First, we show that incentivizing a complex agent's low-level to imitate a simpler agent's low-level significantly improves zero-shot high-level transfer. Second, we show that KL-regularized training of the high level stabilizes learning and prevents mode-collapse. Finally, on a suite of publicly released navigation and manipulation environments, we demonstrate the applicability of hierarchical transfer on long-range tasks across morphologies. Our code and videos can be found at https://sites.google.com/berkeley.edu/morphology-transfer.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.01709,2020,conferencePaper,"Hejna III, Donald J.; Abbeel, Pieter; Pinto, Lerrel",ICML 2020,965
-Approval-maximizing representations,"If we train our agents with human oversight, can they learn superhuman representations?",https://ai-alignment.com/approval-maximizing-representations-56ee6a6a1fe6,2017,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),966
-Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence,,https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/whitehouse_files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/preparing_for_the_future_of_ai.pdf,2016,report,Executive Office of the President National Science and Technology Council Committee on Technology,,967
-Technological Singularity,,,2017,book,"Callaghan, Vic; Miller, James; Yampolskiy, Roman; Armstrong, Stuart",,968
-“Unsupervised” translation as an (intent) alignment problem,Unsupervised translation is an interesting domain where models seem to “know” something we can’t get them to tell us.,https://ai-alignment.com/unsupervised-translation-as-a-safety-problem-99ae1f9b6b68,2020,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),969
-A Dual Approach to Scalable Verification of Deep Networks,"This paper addresses the problem of formally verifying desirable properties of neural networks, i.e., obtaining provable guarantees that neural networks satisfy specifications relating their inputs and outputs (robustness to bounded norm adversarial perturbations, for example). Most previous work on this topic was limited in its applicability by the size of the network, network architecture and the complexity of properties to be verified. In contrast, our framework applies to a general class of activation functions and specifications on neural network inputs and outputs. We formulate verification as an optimization problem (seeking to find the largest violation of the specification) and solve a Lagrangian relaxation of the optimization problem to obtain an upper bound on the worst case violation of the specification being verified. Our approach is anytime i.e. it can be stopped at any time and a valid bound on the maximum violation can be obtained. We develop specialized verification algorithms with provable tightness guarantees under special assumptions and demonstrate the practical significance of our general verification approach on a variety of verification tasks.",http://auai.org/uai2018/proceedings/papers/204.pdf,2018,conferencePaper,"Dvijotham, Krishnamurthy; Stanforth, Robert; Gowal, Sven; Mann, Timothy; Kohli, Pushmeet",,970
-On Consensus and Humming in the IETF,,https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7282,2014,report,"Resnick, P.",,971
-Hierarchical Game-Theoretic Planning for Autonomous Vehicles,"The actions of an autonomous vehicle on the road affect and are affected by those of other drivers, whether overtaking, negotiating a merge, or avoiding an accident. This mutual dependence, best captured by dynamic game theory, creates a strong coupling between the vehicle’s planning and its predictions of other drivers’ behavior, and constitutes an open problem with direct implications on the safety and viability of autonomous driving technology. Unfortunately, dynamic games are too computationally demanding to meet the real-time constraints of autonomous driving in its continuous state and action space. In this paper, we introduce a novel game-theoretic trajectory planning algorithm for autonomous driving, that enables real-time performance by hierarchically decomposing the underlying dynamic game into a long-horizon “strategic” game with simplified dynamics and full information structure, and a short-horizon “tactical” game with full dynamics and a simplified information structure. The value of the strategic game is used to guide the tactical planning, implicitly extending the planning horizon, pushing the local trajectory optimization closer to global solutions, and, most importantly, quantitatively accounting for the autonomous vehicle and the human driver’s ability and incentives to influence each other. In addition, our approach admits non-deterministic models of human decisionmaking, rather than relying on perfectly rational predictions. Our results showcase richer, safer, and more effective autonomous behavior in comparison to existing techniques.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.05766,2018,conferencePaper,"Fisac, Jaime F.; Bronstein, Eli; Stefansson, Elis; Sadigh, Dorsa; Sastry, S. Shankar; Dragan, Anca D.",Robotics: Science and Systems 2019,972
-Is it a bias or just a preference? An interesting issue in preference idealization,"When taking others’ preferences into account, we will often want to idealize them rather than taking them too literally. Consider the following example. You hold a glass of transparent liquid…",https://casparoesterheld.com/2017/01/18/is-it-a-bias-or-just-a-preference-an-interesting-issue-in-preference-idealization/,2017,blogPost,"Oesterheld, Caspar",The Universe from an Intentional Stance,973
-ProMP: Proximal Meta-Policy Search,"Credit assignment in Meta-reinforcement learning (Meta-RL) is still poorly understood. Existing methods either neglect credit assignment to pre-adaptation behavior or implement it naively. This leads to poor sample-efficiency during meta-training as well as ineffective task identification strategies. This paper provides a theoretical analysis of credit assignment in gradient-based Meta-RL. Building on the gained insights we develop a novel meta-learning algorithm that overcomes both the issue of poor credit assignment and previous difficulties in estimating meta-policy gradients. By controlling the statistical distance of both pre-adaptation and adapted policies during meta-policy search, the proposed algorithm endows efficient and stable meta-learning. Our approach leads to superior pre-adaptation policy behavior and consistently outperforms previous Meta-RL algorithms in sample-efficiency, wall-clock time, and asymptotic performance.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.06784,2018,conferencePaper,"Rothfuss, Jonas; Lee, Dennis; Clavera, Ignasi; Asfour, Tamim; Abbeel, Pieter",32nd Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2018),974
-Surveys on fractional progress towards HLAI,"How long until human-level performance, if we naively extrapolate progress since researchers joined their subfields?",https://aiimpacts.org/surveys-on-fractional-progress-towards-hlai/,2020,blogPost,"Bergal, Asya",AI Impacts,975
-Could artificial intelligence create an unemployment crisis?,,https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2483852.2483865,2013,journalArticle,"Ford, Martin",Communications of the ACM,976
-Cost Functions for Robot Motion Style,"We focus on autonomously generating robot motion for day to day physical tasks that is expressive of a certain style or emotion. Because we seek generalization across task instances and task types, we propose to capture style via cost functions that the robot can use to augment its nominal task cost and task constraints in a trajectory optimization process. We compare two approaches to representing such cost functions: a weighted linear combination of hand-designed features, and a neural network parameterization operating on raw trajectory input. For each cost type, we learn weights for each style from user feedback. We contrast these approaches to a nominal motion across different tasks and for different styles in a user study, and find that they both perform on par with each other, and significantly outperform the baseline. Each approach has its advantages: featurized costs require learning fewer parameters and can perform better on some styles, but neural network representations do not require expert knowledge to design features and could even learn more complex, nuanced costs than an expert can easily design.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.00092,2018,conferencePaper,"Zhou, Allan; Dragan, Anca D.",2018 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS),977
-Inductive Coherence,"While probability theory is normally applied to external environments, there has been some recent interest in probabilistic modeling of the outputs of computations that are too expensive to run. Since mathematical logic is a powerful tool for reasoning about computer programs, we consider this problem from the perspective of integrating probability and logic. Recent work on assigning probabilities to mathematical statements has used the concept of coherent distributions, which satisfy logical constraints such as the probability of a sentence and its negation summing to one. Although there are algorithms which converge to a coherent probability distribution in the limit, this yields only weak guarantees about finite approximations of these distributions. In our setting, this is a significant limitation: Coherent distributions assign probability one to all statements provable in a specific logical theory, such as Peano Arithmetic, which can prove what the output of any terminating computation is; thus, a coherent distribution must assign probability one to the output of any terminating computation. To model uncertainty about computations, we propose to work with approximations to coherent distributions. We introduce inductive coherence, a strengthening of coherence that provides appropriate constraints on finite approximations, and propose an algorithm which satisfies this criterion.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.05288,2016,manuscript,"Garrabrant, Scott; Fallenstein, Benya; Demski, Abram; Soares, Nate",,978
-Humans can be assigned any values whatsoever…,"(Re)Posted as part of the AI Alignment Forum sequence on Value Learning. Rohin’s note: In the last post, we saw that a good broad value learning approach would need to understand the systematic biases in human planning in order to achieve superhuman performance. Perhaps we can just use machine learning again and learn the biases and reward simultaneously? This post by Stuart Armstrong (original here) and the associated paper say: “Not without more assumptions.” This post comes from a theoretical perspective that may be alien to ML researchers; in particular, it makes an argument that simplicity priors do not solve the problem pointed out here, where simplicity is based on Kolmogorov complexity (which is an instantiation of the Minimum Description Length principle). The analog in machine learning would be an argument that regularization would not work. The proof used is specific to Kolmogorov complexity and does not clearly generalize to arbitrary regularization techniques; however, I view the argument as being suggestive that regularization techniques would also be insufficient to address the problems raised here. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Humans have no values… nor do any agent. Unless you make strong assumptions about their rationality. And depending on those assumptions, you get humans to have any values. AN AGENT WITH NO CLEAR PREFERENCES There are three buttons in this world, B(0), B(1), and X, and one agent H. B(0) and B(1) can be operated by H, while X can be operated by an outside observer. H will initially press button B(0); if ever X is pressed, the agent will switch to pressing B(1). If X is pressed again, the agent will switch back to pressing B(0), and so on. After a large number of turns N, H will shut off. That’s the full algorithm for H. So the question is, what are the values/preferences/rewards of H? There are three natural reward functions that are plausible: * R(0), which is linear i",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/ANupXf8XfZo2EJxGv/humans-can-be-assigned-any-values-whatsoever,2018,blogPost,"Shah, Rohin",AI Alignment Forum,979
-Sequential Approximate Optimization,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-540-88910-6_5,2009,bookSection,"Nakayama, Hirotaka; Yun, Yeboon; Yoon, Min",Sequential Approximate Multiobjective Optimization Using Computational Intelligence,980
-The Efficiency of Human Cognition Reflects Planned Information Processing,"Planning is useful. It lets people take actions that have desirable long-term consequences. But, planning is hard. It requires thinking about consequences, which consumes limited computational and cognitive resources. Thus, people should plan their actions, but they should also be smart about how they deploy resources used for planning their actions. Put another way, people should also ""plan their plans"". Here, we formulate this aspect of planning as a meta-reasoning problem and formalize it in terms of a recursive Bellman objective that incorporates both task rewards and information-theoretic planning costs. Our account makes quantitative predictions about how people should plan and meta-plan as a function of the overall structure of a task, which we test in two experiments with human participants. We find that people's reaction times reflect a planned use of information processing, consistent with our account. This formulation of planning to plan provides new insight into the function of hierarchical planning, state abstraction, and cognitive control in both humans and machines.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.05769,2020,conferencePaper,"Ho, Mark K.; Abel, David; Cohen, Jonathan D.; Littman, Michael L.; Griffiths, Thomas L.",Proceedings of the 34th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,981
-End to End Learning for Self-Driving Cars,"We trained a convolutional neural network (CNN) to map raw pixels from a single front-facing camera directly to steering commands. This end-to-end approach proved surprisingly powerful. With minimum training data from humans the system learns to drive in traffic on local roads with or without lane markings and on highways. It also operates in areas with unclear visual guidance such as in parking lots and on unpaved roads. The system automatically learns internal representations of the necessary processing steps such as detecting useful road features with only the human steering angle as the training signal. We never explicitly trained it to detect, for example, the outline of roads. Compared to explicit decomposition of the problem, such as lane marking detection, path planning, and control, our end-to-end system optimizes all processing steps simultaneously. We argue that this will eventually lead to better performance and smaller systems. Better performance will result because the internal components self-optimize to maximize overall system performance, instead of optimizing human-selected intermediate criteria, e.g., lane detection. Such criteria understandably are selected for ease of human interpretation which doesn't automatically guarantee maximum system performance. Smaller networks are possible because the system learns to solve the problem with the minimal number of processing steps. We used an NVIDIA DevBox and Torch 7 for training and an NVIDIA DRIVE(TM) PX self-driving car computer also running Torch 7 for determining where to drive. The system operates at 30 frames per second (FPS).",http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.07316,2016,manuscript,"Bojarski, Mariusz; Del Testa, Davide; Dworakowski, Daniel; Firner, Bernhard; Flepp, Beat; Goyal, Prasoon; Jackel, Lawrence D.; Monfort, Mathew; Muller, Urs; Zhang, Jiakai; Zhang, Xin; Zhao, Jake; Zieba, Karol",,982
-Special Issue “On Defining Artificial Intelligence”—Commentaries and Author’s Response,,https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/jagi/11/2/article-p1.xml,2020,journalArticle,"Monett, Dagmar; Lewis, Colin W. P.; Thórisson, Kristinn R.; Bach, Joscha; Baldassarre, Gianluca; Granato, Giovanni; Berkeley, Istvan S. N.; Chollet, François; Crosby, Matthew; Shevlin, Henry; Fox, John; Laird, John E.; Legg, Shane; Lindes, Peter; Mikolov, Tomáš; Rapaport, William J.; Rojas, Raúl; Rosa, Marek; Stone, Peter; Sutton, Richard S.; Yampolskiy, Roman V.; Wang, Pei; Schank, Roger; Sloman, Aaron; Winfield, Alan",Journal of Artificial General Intelligence,983
-Reinforcement Learning with a Corrupted Reward Channel,"No real-world reward function is perfect. Sensory errors and software bugs may result in RL agents observing higher (or lower) rewards than they should. For example, a reinforcement learning agent may prefer states where a sensory error gives it the maximum reward, but where the true reward is actually small. We formalise this problem as a generalised Markov Decision Problem called Corrupt Reward MDP. Traditional RL methods fare poorly in CRMDPs, even under strong simplifying assumptions and when trying to compensate for the possibly corrupt rewards. Two ways around the problem are investigated. First, by giving the agent richer data, such as in inverse reinforcement learning and semi-supervised reinforcement learning, reward corruption stemming from systematic sensory errors may sometimes be completely managed. Second, by using randomisation to blunt the agent's optimisation, reward corruption can be partially managed under some assumptions.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.08417,2017,conferencePaper,"Everitt, Tom; Krakovna, Victoria; Orseau, Laurent; Hutter, Marcus; Legg, Shane","arXiv:1705.08417 [cs, stat]",984
-2019 recent trends in GPU price per FLOPS,"We estimate that in recent years, GPU prices have fallen at rates that would yield an order of magnitude over roughly: 17 years for single-precision FLOPS10 years for half-precision FLOPS5 years for half-precision fused multiply-add FLOPS Details GPUs (graphics processing units) are specialized electronic circuits originally used for computer graphics. In recent years, they have...",https://aiimpacts.org/2019-recent-trends-in-gpu-price-per-flops/,2020,blogPost,"Bergal, Asya",AI Impacts,985
-A causal framework for explaining the predictions of black-box sequence-to-sequence models,"We interpret the predictions of any black-box structured input-structured output model around a specific input-output pair. Our method returns an ""explanation"" consisting of groups of input-output tokens that are causally related. These dependencies are inferred by querying the black-box model with perturbed inputs, generating a graph over tokens from the responses, and solving a partitioning problem to select the most relevant components. We focus the general approach on sequence-to-sequence problems, adopting a variational autoencoder to yield meaningful input perturbations. We test our method across several NLP sequence generation tasks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.01943,2017,conferencePaper,"Alvarez-Melis, David; Jaakkola, Tommi S.",Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing,986
-Actual causality,,,2016,book,"Halpern, Joseph Y.",,987
-A Concise Introduction to Decentralized POMDPs,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-28929-8,2016,book,"Oliehoek, Frans A.; Amato, Christopher",,988
-Dealing with Moral Multiplicity,"The ethical views we hold depend significantly on the network structures of our brains: which ideas are associated with which valences and how strongly. These feelings and weights are shaped by our genetic predispositions, cultural circumstances, and life experiences. Had you developed differently, your moral views would have been different. It's up to us whether […]",https://longtermrisk.org/dealing-with-moral-multiplicity/,2015,blogPost,"Tomasik, Brian",Center on Long-Term Risk,989
-Questions of Reasoning Under Logical Uncertainty,"A logically uncertain reasoner would be able to reason as if they know both a programming language and a program, without knowing what the program outputs. Most practical reasoning involves some logical uncertainty, but no satisfactory theory of reasoning under logical uncertainty yet exists. A better theory of reasoning under logical uncertainty is needed in order to develop the tools necessary to construct highly reliable artificial reasoners. This paper introduces the topic, discusses a number of historical results, and describes a number of open problems.",https://intelligence.org/2015/01/09/new-report-questions-reasoning-logical-uncertainty/,2014,report,"Soares, Nate; Fallenstein, Benja",,990
-Historical economic growth trends,"An analysis of historical growth supports the possibility of radical increases in growth rate. Naive extrapolation of long-term trends would suggest massive increases in growth rate over the coming century, although growth over the last half-century has lagged very significantly behind these long-term trends. Support Bradford DeLong has published estimates for historical world GDP, piecing together...",https://aiimpacts.org/historical-growth-trends/,2019,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,991
-Unmanned Aircraft Systems,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978012374518700016X,2010,bookSection,"Hobbs, Alan",Human Factors in Aviation,992
-Policy desiderata in the development of machine superintelligence,,,2016,journalArticle,"Bostrom, Nick; Dafoe, Allan; Flynn, Carrick","Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. Retrieved June",993
-Coordinated human action as example of superhuman intelligence,Collections of humans organized into groups and institutions provide many historical examples of the creation and attempted control of intelligences that routinely outperform individual humans. A preliminary look at the available evidence suggests that individuals are often cognitively outperformed in head-to-head competition with groups of similar average intelligence. This article surveys considerations relevant to the...,https://aiimpacts.org/coordinated-human-action-example-superhuman-intelligence/,2016,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,994
-Incentivizing Collaboration in a Competition,"Research and design competitions aim to promote innovation or creative production, which are often best achieved through collaboration. The nature of a competition, however, typically necessitates sorting by individual performance. This presents tradeoffs for the competition designer, between incentivizing global performance and distinguishing individual capability. We model this situation in terms of an abstract collaboration game, where individual effort also benefits neighboring agents. We propose a scoring mechanism called LSWM that rewards agents based on localized social welfare. We show that LSWM promotes global performance, in that social optima are equilibria of the mechanism. Moreover, we establish conditions under which the mechanism leads to increased collaboration, and under which it ensures a formally defined distinguishability property. Through experiments, we evaluate the degree of distinguishability achieved whether or not the theoretical conditions identified hold.",,2019,conferencePaper,"Sinha, Arunesh; Wellman, Michael P.",Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems,995
-The Singularity and Machine Ethics,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-32560-1_6,2012,bookSection,"Muehlhauser, Luke; Helm, Louie",Singularity Hypotheses,996
-Generating Visual Explanations,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-46493-0_1,2016,bookSection,"Hendricks, Lisa Anne; Akata, Zeynep; Rohrbach, Marcus; Donahue, Jeff; Schiele, Bernt; Darrell, Trevor",Computer Vision – ECCV 2016,997
-Machine Theory of Mind,"Theory of mind (ToM; Premack & Woodruff, 1978) broadly refers to humans' ability to represent the mental states of others, including their desires, beliefs, and intentions. We propose to train a machine to build such models too. We design a Theory of Mind neural network -- a ToMnet -- which uses meta-learning to build models of the agents it encounters, from observations of their behaviour alone. Through this process, it acquires a strong prior model for agents' behaviour, as well as the ability to bootstrap to richer predictions about agents' characteristics and mental states using only a small number of behavioural observations. We apply the ToMnet to agents behaving in simple gridworld environments, showing that it learns to model random, algorithmic, and deep reinforcement learning agents from varied populations, and that it passes classic ToM tasks such as the ""Sally-Anne"" test (Wimmer & Perner, 1983; Baron-Cohen et al., 1985) of recognising that others can hold false beliefs about the world. We argue that this system -- which autonomously learns how to model other agents in its world -- is an important step forward for developing multi-agent AI systems, for building intermediating technology for machine-human interaction, and for advancing the progress on interpretable AI.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.07740,2018,conferencePaper,"Rabinowitz, Neil C.; Perbet, Frank; Song, H. Francis; Zhang, Chiyuan; Eslami, S. M. Ali; Botvinick, Matthew",Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning,998
-"On the Feasibility of Learning, Rather than Assuming, Human Biases for Reward Inference","Our goal is for agents to optimize the right reward function, despite how difficult it is for us to specify what that is. Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) enables us to infer reward functions from demonstrations, but it usually assumes that the expert is noisily optimal. Real people, on the other hand, often have systematic biases: risk-aversion, myopia, etc. One option is to try to characterize these biases and account for them explicitly during learning. But in the era of deep learning, a natural suggestion researchers make is to avoid mathematical models of human behavior that are fraught with specific assumptions, and instead use a purely data-driven approach. We decided to put this to the test – rather than relying on assumptions about which specific bias the demonstrator has when planning, we instead learn the demonstrator’s planning algorithm that they use to generate demonstrations, as a differentiable planner. Our exploration yielded mixed findings: on the one hand, learning the planner can lead to better reward inference than relying on the wrong assumption; on the other hand, this benefit is dwarfed by the loss we incur by going from an exact to a differentiable planner. This suggest that at least for the foreseeable future, agents need a middle ground between the flexibility of data-driven methods and the useful bias of known human biases. Code is available at https: //tinyurl.com/learningbiases.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.09624,2019,conferencePaper,"Shah, Rohin; Gundotra, Noah; Abbeel, Pieter; Dragan, Anca D.",Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning,999
-Locality of goals,"INTRODUCTION Studying goal-directedness produces two kinds of questions: questions about goals, and questions about being directed towards a goal. Most of my previous posts focused on the second kind; this one shifts to the first kind. Assume some goal-directed system with a known goal. The nature of this goal will influence which issues of safety the system might have. If the goal focuses on the input, the system might wirehead itself and/or game its specification. On the other hand, if the goal lies firmly in the environment, the system might have convergent instrumental subgoals and/or destroy any unspecified value. Locality aims at capturing this distinction. Intuitively, the locality of the system's goal captures how far away from the system one must look to check the accomplishment of the goal. Let's give some examples: * The goal of ""My sensor reaches the number 23"" is very local, probably maximally local. * The goal of ""Maintain the temperature of the room at 23 °C"" is less local, but still focused on a close neighborhood of the system. * The goal of ""No death from cancer in the whole world"" is even less local. Locality isn't about how the system extract a model of the world from its input, but about whether and how much it cares about the world beyond it. STARTING POINTS This intuition about locality came from the collision of two different classification of goals: the first from from Daniel Dennett and the second from Evan Hubinger. THERMOSTATS AND GOALS In ""The Intentional Stance"", Dennett explains, extends and defends... the intentional stance. One point he discusses is his liberalism: he is completely comfortable with admitting ridiculously simple systems like thermostats in the club of intentional systems -- to give them meaningful mental states about beliefs, desires and goals. Lest we readers feel insulted at the comparison, Dennett nonetheless admits that the goals of a thermostat differ from ours. Going along with the gag, we m",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/HkWB5KCJQ2aLsMzjt/locality-of-goals,2020,blogPost,"Shimi, Adam",AI Alignment Forum,1000
-Tighter Variational Bounds are Not Necessarily Better,"We provide theoretical and empirical evidence that using tighter evidence lower bounds (ELBOs) can be detrimental to the process of learning an inference network by reducing the signal-to-noise ratio of the gradient estimator. Our results call into question common implicit assumptions that tighter ELBOs are better variational objectives for simultaneous model learning and inference amortization schemes. Based on our insights, we introduce three new algorithms: the partially importance weighted auto-encoder (PIWAE), the multiply importance weighted auto-encoder (MIWAE), and the combination importance weighted auto-encoder (CIWAE), each of which includes the standard importance weighted auto-encoder (IWAE) as a special case. We show that each can deliver improvements over IWAE, even when performance is measured by the IWAE target itself. Furthermore, our results suggest that PIWAE may be able to deliver simultaneous improvements in the training of both the inference and generative networks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.04537,2019,manuscript,"Rainforth, Tom; Kosiorek, Adam R.; Le, Tuan Anh; Maddison, Chris J.; Igl, Maximilian; Wood, Frank; Teh, Yee Whye",,1001
-What is Interpretability?,"In this post we lay out some ideas around framing interpretability research which we have found quite useful. Our framing is goal-oriented, which we believe is important for making sure interpretability research is meaningful. We also go over a variety of dimensions which we think are useful to consider when thinking about interpretability research. We wanted to have a shared vocabulary when talking about this kind of research, and found that these ideas helped us communicate effectively. One of our motivations for having these thoughts and discussions is so we can understand the relevance of interpretability to alignment, and to help us think about which categories or dimensions of interpretability research are important for alignment of strong AI. In a coming post we discuss interpretability and alignment, using the ideas from this post and other previous writing on the subject.",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/rSMbGFfsLMB3GWZtX/what-is-interpretability,2020,blogPost,"Kirk, Robert; Gavenčiak, Tomáš; Böhm, Stanislav",AI Alignment Forum,1002
-Reachability Analysis of Deep Neural Networks with Provable Guarantees,"Verifying correctness of deep neural networks (DNNs) is challenging. We study a generic reachability problem for feed-forward DNNs which, for a given set of inputs to the network and a Lipschitz-continuous function over its outputs, computes the lower and upper bound on the function values. Because the network and the function are Lipschitz continuous, all values in the interval between the lower and upper bound are reachable. We show how to obtain the safety verification problem, the output range analysis problem and a robustness measure by instantiating the reachability problem. We present a novel algorithm based on adaptive nested optimisation to solve the reachability problem. The technique has been implemented and evaluated on a range of DNNs, demonstrating its efficiency, scalability and ability to handle a broader class of networks than state-of-the-art verification approaches.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.02242,2018,conferencePaper,"Ruan, Wenjie; Huang, Xiaowei; Kwiatkowska, Marta",Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-18),1003
-Computational Rationality: Linking Mechanism and Behavior Through Bounded Utility Maximization,"We propose a framework for including information-processing bounds in rational analyses. It is an application of bounded optimality (Russell & Subramanian, 1995) to the challenges of developing theories of mechanism and behavior. The framework is based on the idea that behaviors are generated by cognitive mechanisms that are adapted to the structure of not only the environment but also the mind and brain itself. We call the framework computational rationality to emphasize the incorporation of computational mechanism into the definition of rational action. Theories are specified as optimal program problems, defined by an adaptation environment, a bounded machine, and a utility function. Such theories yield different classes of explanation, depending on the extent to which they emphasize adaptation to bounds, and adaptation to some ecology that differs from the immediate local environment. We illustrate this variation with examples from three domains: visual attention in a linguistic task, manual response ordering, and reasoning. We explore the relation of this framework to existing “levels” approaches to explanation, and to other optimality-based modeling approaches.",http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/tops.12086,2014,journalArticle,"Lewis, Richard L.; Howes, Andrew; Singh, Satinder",Topics in Cognitive Science,1004
-The AI Triad and What It Means for National Security Strategy,"One sentence summarizes the complexities of modern artificial intelligence: Machine learning systems use computing power to execute algorithms that learn from data. This AI triad of computing power, algorithms, and data offers a framework for decision-making in national security policy.",https://cset.georgetown.edu/research/the-ai-triad-and-what-it-means-for-national-security-strategy/,2020,report,"Buchanan, Ben",,1005
-The five biggest threats to human existence,,,2014,journalArticle,"Sandberg, Anders","The Conversation, May",1006
-Scalable Verified Training for Provably Robust Image Classification,"Recent work has shown that it is possible to train deep neural networks that are provably robust to norm-bounded adversarial perturbations. Most of these methods are based on minimizing an upper bound on the worst-case loss over all possible adversarial perturbations. While these techniques show promise, they often result in difficult optimization procedures that remain hard to scale to larger networks. Through a comprehensive analysis, we show how a simple bounding technique, interval bound propagation (IBP), can be exploited to train large provably robust neural networks that beat the state-of-the-art in verified accuracy. While the upper bound computed by IBP can be quite weak for general networks, we demonstrate that an appropriate loss and clever hyper-parameter schedule allow the network to adapt such that the IBP bound is tight. This results in a fast and stable learning algorithm that outperforms more sophisticated methods and achieves state-of-the-art results on MNIST, CIFAR-10 and SVHN. It also allows us to train the largest model to be verified beyond vacuous bounds on a downscaled version of IMAGENET.",,2019,conferencePaper,"Gowal, S.; Dvijotham, K.; Stanforth, R.; Bunel, R.; Qin, C.; Uesato, J.; Arandjelovic, R.; Mann, T. A.; Kohli, P.",2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV),1007
-A logic of proofs for differential dynamic logic: toward independently checkable proof certificates for dynamic logics,"Differential dynamic logic is a logic for specifying and verifying safety, liveness, and other properties about models of cyberphysical systems. Theorem provers based on differential dynamic logic have been used to verify safety properties for models of selfdriving cars and collision avoidance protocols for aircraft. Unfortunately, these theorem provers do not have explicit proof terms, which makes the implementation of a number of important features unnecessarily complicated without soundness-critical and extralogical extensions to the theorem prover. Examples include: an unambiguous separation between proof checking and proof search, the ability to extract program traces corresponding to counterexamples, and synthesis of surely-live deterministic programs from liveness proofs for nondeterministic programs.",https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2854065.2854078,2016,conferencePaper,"Fulton, Nathan; Platzer, André",Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Certified Programs and Proofs,1008
-FFJORD: Free-form Continuous Dynamics for Scalable Reversible Generative Models,"A promising class of generative models maps points from a simple distribution to a complex distribution through an invertible neural network. Likelihood-based training of these models requires restricting their architectures to allow cheap computation of Jacobian determinants. Alternatively, the Jacobian trace can be used if the transformation is specified by an ordinary differential equation. In this paper, we use Hutchinson's trace estimator to give a scalable unbiased estimate of the log-density. The result is a continuous-time invertible generative model with unbiased density estimation and one-pass sampling, while allowing unrestricted neural network architectures. We demonstrate our approach on high-dimensional density estimation, image generation, and variational inference, achieving the state-of-the-art among exact likelihood methods with efficient sampling.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.01367,2018,manuscript,"Grathwohl, Will; Chen, Ricky T. Q.; Bettencourt, Jesse; Sutskever, Ilya; Duvenaud, David",,1009
-Morphological freedom: what are the limits to transforming the body?,,http://aleph.se/papers/MF2.pdf,2017,manuscript,"Sandberg, Anders",,1010
-Multitasking: Efficient Optimal Planning for Bandit Superprocesses,"A bandit superprocess is a decision problem composed from multiple independent Markov decision processes (MDPs), coupled only by the constraint that, at each time step, the agent may act in only one of the MDPs. Multitasking problems of this kind are ubiquitous in the real world, yet very little is known about them from a computational viewpoint, beyond the observation that optimal policies for the superprocess may prescribe actions that would be suboptimal for an MDP considered in isolation. (This observation implies that many applications of sequential decision analysis in practice are technically incorrect, since the decision problem being solved is often part of a larger, unstated bandit superprocess.) The paper summarizes the state-of-theart in the theory of bandit superprocesses and contributes a novel upper bound on the global value function of a bandit superprocess, defined in terms of a direct relaxation of the arms. The bound is equivalent to an existing bound (the Whittle integral), but is defined constructively, as the value of a related multi-armed bandit. We provide a new method to compute this bound and derive the first practical algorithm to select optimal actions in bandit superprocesses. The algorithm operates by repeatedly establishing dominance relations between actions using upper and lower bounds on action values. Experiments indicate that the algorithm’s run-time compares very favorably to other possible algorithms designed for more general factored MDPs.",,2015,conferencePaper,"Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Russell, Stuart",Proceedings of the Thirty-First Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence,1011
-Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning,"Humans are increasingly coming into contact with artificial intelligence and machine learning systems. Human-centered artificial intelligence is a perspective on AI and ML that algorithms must be designed with awareness that they are part of a larger system consisting of humans. We lay forth an argument that human-centered artificial intelligence can be broken down into two aspects: (1) AI systems that understand humans from a sociocultural perspective, and (2) AI systems that help humans understand them. We further argue that issues of social responsibility such as fairness, accountability, interpretability, and transparency.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.11184,2019,journalArticle,"Riedl, Mark O.",Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies,1012
-The Basic AI Drives,"The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) was initially directly aimed at the construction of ‘thinking machines’ – that is, computer systems with human-like general intelligence. But this task proved more difficult than expected. As the years passed, AI researchers gradually shifted focus to producing AI systems that intelligently approached specific tasks in relatively narrow domains. In recent years, however, more and more AI researchers have recognized the necessity – and the feasibility – of returning to the original goal of the field. Increasingly, there is a call to focus less on highly specialized ‘narrow AI’ problem solving systems, and more on confronting the difficult issues involved in creating ‘human-level intelligence’, and ultimately general intelligence that goes beyond the human level in various ways. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), as this renewed focus has come to be called, attempts to study and reproduce intelligence as a whole in a domain independent way. Encouraged by the recent success of several smaller-scale AGI-related meetings and special tracks at conferences, the initiative to organize the very first international conference on AGI was taken, with the goal to give researchers in the field an opportunity to present relevant research results and to exchange ideas on topics of common interest. In this collection you will find the conference papers: full-length papers, short position statements and also the papers presented in the post conference workshop on the sociocultural, ethical and futurological implications of AGI.",,2008,bookSection,"Omohundro, Stephen",Artificial General Intelligence 2008: Proceedings of the First AGI Conference,1013
-Learning Policy Representations in Multiagent Systems,"Modeling agent behavior is central to understanding the emergence of complex phenomena in multiagent systems. Prior work in agent modeling has largely been task-specific and driven by hand-engineering domain-specific prior knowledge. We propose a general learning framework for modeling agent behavior in any multiagent system using only a handful of interaction data. Our framework casts agent modeling as a representation learning problem. Consequently, we construct a novel objective inspired by imitation learning and agent identification and design an algorithm for unsupervised learning of representations of agent policies. We demonstrate empirically the utility of the proposed framework in (i) a challenging high-dimensional competitive environment for continuous control and (ii) a cooperative environment for communication, on supervised predictive tasks, unsupervised clustering, and policy optimization using deep reinforcement learning.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.06464,2018,manuscript,"Grover, Aditya; Al-Shedivat, Maruan; Gupta, Jayesh K.; Burda, Yura; Edwards, Harrison",,1014
-"Research topic: Hardware, software and AI","This is the first in a sequence of articles outlining research which could help forecast AI development. Interpretation Concrete research projects are in boxes. ∑5 ∆8 means we guess the project will take (very) roughly five hours, and we rate its value (very) roughly 8/10. Most projects could be done to very different degrees of depth, or at very different scales. Our time cost...",https://aiimpacts.org/research-topic-hardware-software-and-ai/,2015,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,1015
-Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Vision,,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7780677/,2016,conferencePaper,"Szegedy, Christian; Vanhoucke, Vincent; Ioffe, Sergey; Shlens, Jon; Wojna, Zbigniew",2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR),1016
-Aligning Superhuman AI with Human Behavior: Chess as a Model System,"As artificial intelligence becomes increasingly intelligent---in some cases, achieving superhuman performance---there is growing potential for humans to learn from and collaborate with algorithms. However, the ways in which AI systems approach problems are often different from the ways people do, and thus may be uninterpretable and hard to learn from. A crucial step in bridging this gap between human and artificial intelligence is modeling the granular actions that constitute human behavior, rather than simply matching aggregate human performance. We pursue this goal in a model system with a long history in artificial intelligence: chess. The aggregate performance of a chess player unfolds as they make decisions over the course of a game. The hundreds of millions of games played online by players at every skill level form a rich source of data in which these decisions, and their exact context, are recorded in minute detail. Applying existing chess engines to this data, including an open-source implementation of AlphaZero, we find that they do not predict human moves well. We develop and introduce Maia, a customized version of Alpha-Zero trained on human chess games, that predicts human moves at a much higher accuracy than existing engines, and can achieve maximum accuracy when predicting decisions made by players at a specific skill level in a tuneable way. For a dual task of predicting whether a human will make a large mistake on the next move, we develop a deep neural network that significantly outperforms competitive baselines. Taken together, our results suggest that there is substantial promise in designing artificial intelligence systems with human collaboration in mind by first accurately modeling granular human decision-making.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.01855,2020,journalArticle,"McIlroy-Young, Reid; Sen, Siddhartha; Kleinberg, Jon; Anderson, Ashton",Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining,1017
-"Authoritarian Audiences, Rhetoric, and Propaganda in International Crises: Evidence from China",,,2019,journalArticle,"Weiss, Jessica Chen; Dafoe, Allan",International Studies Quarterly,1018
-The Second Dialog State Tracking Challenge,,http://aclweb.org/anthology/W14-4337,2014,conferencePaper,"Henderson, Matthew; Thomson, Blaise; Williams, Jason D",Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue (SIGDIAL),1019
-"Integrative Biological Simulation, Neuropsychology, and AI Safety","We describe a biologically-inspired research agenda with parallel tracks aimed at AI and AI safety. The bottom-up component consists of building a sequence of biophysically realistic simulations of simple organisms such as the nematode $Caenorhabditis$ $elegans$, the fruit fly $Drosophila$ $melanogaster$, and the zebrafish $Danio$ $rerio$ to serve as platforms for research into AI algorithms and system architectures. The top-down component consists of an approach to value alignment that grounds AI goal structures in neuropsychology, broadly considered. Our belief is that parallel pursuit of these tracks will inform the development of value-aligned AI systems that have been inspired by embodied organisms with sensorimotor integration. An important set of side benefits is that the research trajectories we describe here are grounded in long-standing intellectual traditions within existing research communities and funding structures. In addition, these research programs overlap with significant contemporary themes in the biological and psychological sciences such as data/model integration and reproducibility.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.03493,2019,conferencePaper,"Sarma, Gopal P.; Safron, Adam; Hay, Nick J.",Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Safety 2019,1020
-"Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students",,https://akjournals.com/doi/10.1556/2006.4.2015.010,2015,journalArticle,"Demirci, Kadir; Akgönül, Mehmet; Akpinar, Abdullah",Journal of Behavioral Addictions,1021
-An Untrollable Mathematician Illustrated,The following was a presentation I made for Sören Elverlin's AI Safety Reading Group. I decided to draw everything by hand because powerpoint is boring. Thanks to Ben Pace for formatting it for LW! See also the IAF post detailing the research which this presentation is based on.,https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/CvKnhXTu9BPcdKE4W/an-untrollable-mathematician-illustrated,2018,blogPost,Abram Demski,AI Alignment Forum,1022
-An Alternative Surrogate Loss for PGD-based Adversarial Testing,"Adversarial testing methods based on Projected Gradient Descent (PGD) are widely used for searching norm-bounded perturbations that cause the inputs of neural networks to be misclassified. This paper takes a deeper look at these methods and explains the effect of different hyperparameters (i.e., optimizer, step size and surrogate loss). We introduce the concept of MultiTargeted testing, which makes clever use of alternative surrogate losses, and explain when and how MultiTargeted is guaranteed to find optimal perturbations. Finally, we demonstrate that MultiTargeted outperforms more sophisticated methods and often requires less iterative steps than other variants of PGD found in the literature. Notably, MultiTargeted ranks first on MadryLab's white-box MNIST and CIFAR-10 leaderboards, reducing the accuracy of their MNIST model to 88.36% (with $\ell_\infty$ perturbations of $\epsilon = 0.3$) and the accuracy of their CIFAR-10 model to 44.03% (at $\epsilon = 8/255$). MultiTargeted also ranks first on the TRADES leaderboard reducing the accuracy of their CIFAR-10 model to 53.07% (with $\ell_\infty$ perturbations of $\epsilon = 0.031$).",http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.09338,2019,manuscript,"Gowal, Sven; Uesato, Jonathan; Qin, Chongli; Huang, Po-Sen; Mann, Timothy; Kohli, Pushmeet",,1023
-Active Preference-Based Learning of Reward Functions,"Our goal is to efficiently learn reward functions encoding a human’s preferences for how a dynamical system should act. There are two challenges with this. First, in many problems it is difficult for people to provide demonstrations of the desired system trajectory (like a high-DOF robot arm motion or an aggressive driving maneuver), or to even assign how much numerical reward an action or trajectory should get. We build on work in label ranking and propose to learn from preferences (or comparisons) instead: the person provides the system a relative preference between two trajectories. Second, the learned reward function strongly depends on what environments and trajectories were experienced during the training phase. We thus take an active learning approach, in which the system decides on what preference queries to make. A novel aspect of our work is the complexity and continuous nature of the queries: continuous trajectories of a dynamical system in environments with other moving agents (humans or robots). We contribute a method for actively synthesizing queries that satisfy the dynamics of the system. Further, we learn the reward function from a continuous hypothesis space by maximizing the volume removed from the hypothesis space by each query. We assign weights to the hypothesis space in the form of a log-concave distribution and provide a bound on the number of iterations required to converge. We show that our algorithm converges faster to the desired reward compared to approaches that are not active or that do not synthesize queries in an autonomous driving domain. We then run a user study to put our method to the test with real people.",http://www.roboticsproceedings.org/rss13/p53.pdf,2017,conferencePaper,"Sadigh, Dorsa; Dragan, Anca; Sastry, Shankar; Seshia, Sanjit",Robotics: Science and Systems XIII,1024
-CM3: Cooperative Multi-goal Multi-stage Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning,"A variety of cooperative multi-agent control problems require agents to achieve individual goals while contributing to collective success. This multi-goal multi-agent setting poses difficulties for recent algorithms, which primarily target settings with a single global reward, due to two new challenges: efficient exploration for learning both individual goal attainment and cooperation for others' success, and credit-assignment for interactions between actions and goals of different agents. To address both challenges, we restructure the problem into a novel two-stage curriculum, in which single-agent goal attainment is learned prior to learning multi-agent cooperation, and we derive a new multi-goal multi-agent policy gradient with a credit function for localized credit assignment. We use a function augmentation scheme to bridge value and policy functions across the curriculum. The complete architecture, called CM3, learns significantly faster than direct adaptations of existing algorithms on three challenging multi-goal multi-agent problems: cooperative navigation in difficult formations, negotiating multi-vehicle lane changes in the SUMO traffic simulator, and strategic cooperation in a Checkers environment.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.05188,2020,conferencePaper,"Yang, Jiachen; Nakhaei, Alireza; Isele, David; Fujimura, Kikuo; Zha, Hongyuan","arXiv:1809.05188 [cs, stat]",1025
-Planning to Give Information in Partially Observed Domains with a Learned Weighted Entropy Model,"In many robotic applications, an autonomous agent must act within and explore a partially observed environment that is unobserved by its human teammate. We consider such a setting in which the agent can, while acting, transmit declarative information to the human that helps them understand aspects of this unseen environment. Naturally, the human will have preferences about what information they are given. This work adopts an information-theoretic view of the human’s preferences: the human scores information based on the induced change in weighted entropy of their belief about the environment state. We formulate this setting as a belief MDP and give an algorithm for solving it approximately. Then, we give an algorithm that allows the agent to learn the human’s preferences online. We validate our approach experimentally in simulated discrete and continuous partially observed search-and-recover domains.",,2018,conferencePaper,"Chitnis, Rohan; Kaelbling, Leslie Pack; Lozano-Perez, Tomas",,1026
-Ramsey and Joyce on Deliberation and Prediction,"Can an agent deliberating about an action A hold a meaningful credence that she will do A? ‘No’, say some authors, for ‘Deliberation Crowds Out Prediction’ (DCOP). Others disagree, but we argue here that such disagreements are often terminological. We explain why DCOP holds in a Ramseyian operationalist model of credence, but show that it is trivial to extend this model so that DCOP fails. We then discuss a model due to Joyce, and show that Joyce’s rejection of DCOP rests on terminological choices about terms such as ‘intention’, ‘prediction’, and ‘belief’. Once these choices are in view, they reveal underlying agreement between Joyce and the DCOP-favouring tradition that descends from Ramsey. Joyce’s Evidential Autonomy Thesis (EAT) is effectively DCOP, in different terminological clothing. Both principles rest on the so-called ‘transparency’ of first-person present-tensed reflection on one’s own mental states.",http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/14972/,2020,journalArticle,"Liu, Yang; Price, Huw",Synthese,1027
-The Incident Command System: High-Reliability Organizing For Complex And Volatile Task Environments.,,https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/3069401?journalCode=amj,2001,journalArticle,"Bigley, G. A.; Roberts, K. H.",Academy of Management Journal,1028
-Reference Post: Trivial Decision Problem,,https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/XAeWHqQTWjJmzB4k6/reference-post-trivial-decision-problem,2020,blogPost,"Leong, Chris",AI Alignment Forum,1029
-Deep Learning: A Critical Appraisal,"Although deep learning has historical roots going back decades, neither the term ""deep learning"" nor the approach was popular just over five years ago, when the field was reignited by papers such as Krizhevsky, Sutskever and Hinton's now classic (2012) deep network model of Imagenet. What has the field discovered in the five subsequent years? Against a background of considerable progress in areas such as speech recognition, image recognition, and game playing, and considerable enthusiasm in the popular press, I present ten concerns for deep learning, and suggest that deep learning must be supplemented by other techniques if we are to reach artificial general intelligence.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.00631,2018,manuscript,"Marcus, Gary",,1030
-Countering Superintelligence Misinformation,,,2018,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth",Information,1031
-How You Act Tells a Lot: Privacy-Leaking Attack on Deep Reinforcement Learning,"Machine learning has been widely applied to various applications, some of which involve training with privacy-sensitive data. A modest number of data breaches have been studied, including credit card information in natural language data and identities from face dataset. However, most of these studies focus on supervised learning models. As deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been deployed in a number of real-world systems, such as indoor robot navigation, whether trained DRL policies can leak private information requires in-depth study.To explore such privacy breaches in general, we mainly propose two methods: environment dynamics search via genetic algorithm and candidate inference based on shadow policies. We conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate such privacy vulnerabilities in DRL under various settings. We leverage the proposed algorithms to infer floor plans from some trained Grid World navigation DRL agents with LiDAR perception. The proposed algorithm can correctly infer most of the floor plans and reaches an average recovery rate of 95.83% using policy gradient trained agents. In addition, we are able to recover the robot configuration in continuous control environments and an autonomous driving simulator with high accuracy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to investigate privacy leakage in DRL settings and we show that DRL-based agents do potentially leak privacy-sensitive information from the trained policies.",,2019,conferencePaper,"Pan, Xinlei; Wang, Weiyao; Zhang, Xiaoshuai; Li, Bo; Yi, Jinfeng; Song, Dawn",Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems,1032
-Artificial intelligence: a modern approach,"""Updated edition of popular textbook on Artificial Intelligence. This edition specific looks at ways of keeping artificial intelligence under control""--",,2021,book,"Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter",,1033
-Showing versus doing: Teaching by demonstration,,https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10082788-showing-versus-doing-teaching-demonstration,2016,conferencePaper,"Ho, M. K.; Littman, M. L.; MacGlashan, J.; Cushman, F.; Austerweil, J. L.",NeurIPS,1034
-Clarifying some key hypotheses in AI alignment,"We've created a diagram mapping out important and controversial hypotheses for AI alignment. We hope that this will help researchers identify and more productively discuss their disagreements. DIAGRAM A part of the diagram. Click through to see the full version. CAVEATS 1. This does not decompose arguments exhaustively. It does not include every reason to favour or disfavour ideas. Rather, it is a set of key hypotheses and relationships with other hypotheses, problems, solutions, models, etc. Some examples of important but apparently uncontroversial premises within the AI safety community: orthogonality, complexity of value, Goodhart's Curse, AI being deployed in a catastrophe-sensitive context. 2. This is not a comprehensive collection of key hypotheses across the whole space of AI alignment. It focuses on a subspace that we find interesting and is relevant to more recent discussions we have encountered, but where key hypotheses seem relatively less illuminated. This includes rational agency and goal-directedness, CAIS, corrigibility, and the rationale of foundational and practical research. In hindsight, the selection criteria was something like: 1. The idea is closely connected to the problem of artificial systems optimizing adversarially against humans. 2. The idea must be explained sufficiently well that we believe it is plausible. 3. Arrows in the diagram indicate flows of evidence or soft relations, not absolute logical implications — please read the ""interpretation"" box in the diagram. Also pay attention to any reasoning written next to a Yes/No/Defer arrow — you may disagree with it, so don't blindly follow the arrow! BACKGROUND Much has been written in the way of arguments for AI risk. Recently there have been some talks and posts that clarify different arguments, point to open questions, and highlight the need for further clarification and analysis. We largely s",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/mJ5oNYnkYrd4sD5uE/clarifying-some-key-hypotheses-in-ai-alignment,2019,blogPost,"Cottier, Ben; Shah, Rohin",AI Alignment Forum,1035
-Social choice and topology a case of pure and applied mathematics,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0723086904800161,2004,journalArticle,"Eckmann, Beno",Expositiones Mathematicae,1036
-Unanimous Prediction for 100% Precision with Application to Learning Semantic Mappings,"Can we train a system that, on any new input, either says ""don't know"" or makes a prediction that is guaranteed to be correct? We answer the question in the affirmative provided our model family is well-specified. Specifically, we introduce the unanimity principle: only predict when all models consistent with the training data predict the same output. We operationalize this principle for semantic parsing, the task of mapping utterances to logical forms. We develop a simple, efficient method that reasons over the infinite set of all consistent models by only checking two of the models. We prove that our method obtains 100% precision even with a modest amount of training data from a possibly adversarial distribution. Empirically, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on the standard GeoQuery dataset.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.06368,2016,conferencePaper,"Khani, Fereshte; Rinard, Martin; Liang, Percy",Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers),1037
-"The Multi-slot Framework: A Formal Model for Multiple, Copiable AIs",,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-09274-4_10,2014,bookSection,"Orseau, Laurent",Artificial General Intelligence,1038
-Multi-agent Social Reinforcement Learning Improves Generalization,"Social learning is a key component of human and animal intelligence. By taking cues from the behavior of experts in their environment, social learners can acquire sophisticated behavior and rapidly adapt to new circumstances. This paper investigates whether independent reinforcement learning (RL) agents in a multi-agent environment can use social learning to improve their performance using cues from other agents. We find that in most circumstances, vanilla model-free RL agents do not use social learning, even in environments in which individual exploration is expensive. We analyze the reasons for this deficiency, and show that by introducing a model-based auxiliary loss we are able to train agents to lever-age cues from experts to solve hard exploration tasks. The generalized social learning policy learned by these agents allows them to not only outperform the experts with which they trained, but also achieve better zero-shot transfer performance than solo learners when deployed to novel environments with experts. In contrast, agents that have not learned to rely on social learning generalize poorly and do not succeed in the transfer task. Further,we find that by mixing multi-agent and solo training, we can obtain agents that use social learning to out-perform agents trained alone, even when experts are not avail-able. This demonstrates that social learning has helped improve agents' representation of the task itself. Our results indicate that social learning can enable RL agents to not only improve performance on the task at hand, but improve generalization to novel environments.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.00581,2020,manuscript,"Ndousse, Kamal; Eck, Douglas; Levine, Sergey; Jaques, Natasha",,1039
-Decision Dynamics in Two High Reliability Military Organizations,,http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.40.5.614,1994,journalArticle,"Roberts, Karlene H.; Stout, Suzanne K.; Halpern, Jennifer J.",Management Science,1040
-"The limits of machine intelligence: Despite progress in machine intelligence, artificial general intelligence is still a major challenge",,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.15252/embr.201949177,2019,journalArticle,"Shevlin, Henry; Vold, Karina; Crosby, Matthew; Halina, Marta",EMBO reports,1041
-Legible Normativity for AI Alignment: The Value of Silly Rules,"It has become commonplace to assert that autonomous agents will have to be built to follow human rules of behavior–social norms and laws. But human laws and norms are complex and culturally varied systems; in many cases agents will have to learn the rules. This requires autonomous agents to have models of how human rule systems work so that they can make reliable predictions about rules. In this paper we contribute to the building of such models by analyzing an overlooked distinction between important rules and what we call silly rules —rules with no discernible direct impact on welfare. We show that silly rules render a normative system both more robust and more adaptable in response to shocks to perceived stability. They make normativity more legible for humans, and can increase legibility for AI systems as well. For AI systems to integrate into human normative systems, we suggest, it may be important for them to have models that include representations of silly rules.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.01267,2019,conferencePaper,"Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Andrus, McKane; Hadfield, Gillian K.","AIES '19: Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",1042
-Dissolving the Fermi Paradox,,https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.02404,2018,manuscript,"Sandberg, Anders; Drexler, Eric; Ord, Toby",,1043
-Improved Techniques for Training GANs,"We present a variety of new architectural features and training procedures that we apply to the generative adversarial networks (GANs) framework. We focus on two applications of GANs: semi-supervised learning, and the generation of images that humans find visually realistic. Unlike most work on generative models, our primary goal is not to train a model that assigns high likelihood to test data, nor do we require the model to be able to learn well without using any labels. Using our new techniques, we achieve state-of-the-art results in semi-supervised classification on MNIST, CIFAR-10 and SVHN. The generated images are of high quality as confirmed by a visual Turing test: our model generates MNIST samples that humans cannot distinguish from real data, and CIFAR-10 samples that yield a human error rate of 21.3%. We also present ImageNet samples with unprecedented resolution and show that our methods enable the model to learn recognizable features of ImageNet classes.",https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2016/hash/8a3363abe792db2d8761d6403605aeb7-Abstract.html,2016,conferencePaper,"Salimans, Tim; Goodfellow, Ian; Zaremba, Wojciech; Cheung, Vicki; Radford, Alec; Chen, Xi",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29 (NIPS 2016),1044
-The Virtuous Machine - Old Ethics for New Technology?,"Modern AI and robotic systems are characterized by a high and ever-increasing level of autonomy. At the same time, their applications in fields such as autonomous driving, service robotics and digital personal assistants move closer to humans. From the combination of both developments emerges the field of AI ethics which recognizes that the actions of autonomous machines entail moral dimensions and tries to answer the question of how we can build moral machines. In this paper we argue for taking inspiration from Aristotelian virtue ethics by showing that it forms a suitable combination with modern AI due to its focus on learning from experience. We furthermore propose that imitation learning from moral exemplars, a central concept in virtue ethics, can solve the value alignment problem. Finally, we show that an intelligent system endowed with the virtues of temperance and friendship to humans would not pose a control problem as it would not have the desire for limitless self-improvement.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.10322,2018,manuscript,"Berberich, Nicolas; Diepold, Klaus",,1045
-Statistical trust establishment in wireless sensor networks,,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4447736/,2007,conferencePaper,"Probst, M.J.; Kasera, S.K.",2007 International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems,1046
-Imitation Learning from Video by Leveraging Proprioception,"Classically, imitation learning algorithms have been developed for idealized situations, e.g., the demonstrations are often required to be collected in the exact same environment and usually include the demonstrator's actions. Recently, however, the research community has begun to address some of these shortcomings by offering algorithmic solutions that enable imitation learning from observation (IfO), e.g., learning to perform a task from visual demonstrations that may be in a different environment and do not include actions. Motivated by the fact that agents often also have access to their own internal states (i.e., proprioception), we propose and study an IfO algorithm that leverages this information in the policy learning process. The proposed architecture learns policies over proprioceptive state representations and compares the resulting trajectories visually to the demonstration data. We experimentally test the proposed technique on several MuJoCo domains and show that it outperforms other imitation from observation algorithms by a large margin.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.09335,2019,conferencePaper,"Torabi, Faraz; Warnell, Garrett; Stone, Peter",Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-19),1047
-Estimation with Incomplete Data: The Linear Case,"Traditional methods for handling incomplete data, including Multiple Imputation and Maximum Likelihood, require that the data be Missing At Random (MAR). In most cases, however, missingness in a variable depends on the underlying value of that variable. In this work, we devise model-based methods to consistently estimate mean, variance and covariance given data that are Missing Not At Random (MNAR). While previous work on MNAR data require variables to be discrete, we extend the analysis to continuous variables drawn from Gaussian distributions. We demonstrate the merits of our techniques by comparing it empirically to state of the art software packages.",https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/705,2018,conferencePaper,"Mohan, Karthika; Thoemmes, Felix; Pearl, Judea",Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1048
-How to respond to the potential malicious uses of artificial intelligence?,,http://junq.info/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/JUNQ.pdf,2019,journalArticle,"Belfield, Haydn",Journal of Unresolved Questions,1049
-Self-Confirming Price Prediction Strategies for Simultaneous One-Shot Auctions,"Bidding in simultaneous auctions is challenging because an agent's value for a good in one auction may depend on the uncertain outcome of other auctions: the so-called exposure problem. Given the gap in understanding of general simultaneous auction games, previous works have tackled this problem with heuristic strategies that employ probabilistic price predictions. We define a concept of self-confirming prices, and show that within an independent private value model, Bayes-Nash equilibrium can be fully characterized as a profile of optimal price prediction strategies with self-confirming predictions. We exhibit practical procedures to compute approximately optimal bids given a probabilistic price prediction, and near self-confirming price predictions given a price-prediction strategy. An extensive empirical game-theoretic analysis demonstrates that self-confirming price prediction strategies are effective in simultaneous auction games with both complementary and substitutable preference structures.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.4915,2017,journalArticle,"Wellman, Michael P.; Sodomka, Eric; Greenwald, Amy",Games and Economic Behavior,1050
-Self-Modification and Mortality in Artificial Agents,"This paper considers the consequences of endowing an intelligent agent with the ability to modify its own code. The intelligent agent is patterned closely after AIXI [1], but the environment has read-only access to the agent's description. On the basis of some simple modi cations to the utility and horizon functions, we are able to discuss and compare some very di erent kinds of agents, speci cally: reinforcement-learning, goal-seeking, predictive, and knowledge-seeking agents. In particular, we introduce what we call the Simpleton Gambit which allows us to discuss whether these agents would choose to modify themselves toward their own detriment.",,2011,conferencePaper,"Orseau, Laurent; Ring, Mark",AGI 2011: Artificial General Intelligence,1051
-Multi-Goal Reinforcement Learning: Challenging Robotics Environments and Request for Research,"The purpose of this technical report is two-fold. First of all, it introduces a suite of challenging continuous control tasks (integrated with OpenAI Gym) based on currently existing robotics hardware. The tasks include pushing, sliding and pick & place with a Fetch robotic arm as well as in-hand object manipulation with a Shadow Dexterous Hand. All tasks have sparse binary rewards and follow a Multi-Goal Reinforcement Learning (RL) framework in which an agent is told what to do using an additional input. The second part of the paper presents a set of concrete research ideas for improving RL algorithms, most of which are related to Multi-Goal RL and Hindsight Experience Replay.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.09464,2018,manuscript,"Plappert, Matthias; Andrychowicz, Marcin; Ray, Alex; McGrew, Bob; Baker, Bowen; Powell, Glenn; Schneider, Jonas; Tobin, Josh; Chociej, Maciek; Welinder, Peter; Kumar, Vikash; Zaremba, Wojciech",,1052
-Cognitive Model Priors for Predicting Human Decisions,"Human decision-making underlies all economic behavior. For the past four decades, human decision-making under uncertainty has continued to be explained by theoretical models based on prospect theory, a framework that was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. However, theoretical models of this kind have developed slowly, and robust, high-precision predictive models of human decisions remain a challenge. While machine learning is a natural candidate for solving these problems, it is currently unclear to what extent it can improve predictions obtained by current theories. We argue that this is mainly due to data scarcity, since noisy human behavior requires massive sample sizes to be accurately captured by off-the-shelf machine learning methods. To solve this problem, what is needed are machine learning models with appropriate inductive biases for capturing human behavior, and larger datasets. We offer two contributions towards this end: first, we construct ""cognitive model priors"" by pretraining neural networks with synthetic data generated by cognitive models (i.e., theoretical models developed by cognitive psychologists). We find that fine-tuning these networks on small datasets of real human decisions results in unprecedented state-of-the-art improvements on two benchmark datasets. Second, we present the first large-scale dataset for human decision-making, containing over 240,000 human judgments across over 13,000 decision problems. This dataset reveals the circumstances where cognitive model priors are useful, and provides a new standard for benchmarking prediction of human decisions under uncertainty.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.09397,2019,conferencePaper,"Bourgin, David D.; Peterson, Joshua C.; Reichman, Daniel; Griffiths, Thomas L.; Russell, Stuart J.",Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning,1053
-Grounding Language in Play,"Natural language is perhaps the most versatile and intuitive way for humans to communicate tasks to a robot. Prior work on Learning from Play (LfP) [Lynch et al, 2019] provides a simple approach for learning a wide variety of robotic behaviors from general sensors. However, each task must be specified with a goal image---something that is not practical in open-world environments. In this work we present a simple and scalable way to condition policies on human language instead. We extend LfP by pairing short robot experiences from play with relevant human language after-the-fact. To make this efficient, we introduce multicontext imitation, which allows us to train a single agent to follow image or language goals, then use just language conditioning at test time. This reduces the cost of language pairing to less than 1% of collected robot experience, with the majority of control still learned via self-supervised imitation. At test time, a single agent trained in this manner can perform many different robotic manipulation skills in a row in a 3D environment, directly from images, and specified only with natural language (e.g. ""open the drawer...now pick up the block...now press the green button...""). Finally, we introduce a simple technique that transfers knowledge from large unlabeled text corpora to robotic learning. We find that transfer significantly improves downstream robotic manipulation. It also allows our agent to follow thousands of novel instructions at test time in zero shot, in 16 different languages. See videos of our experiments at language-play.github.io",http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.07648,2020,manuscript,"Lynch, Corey; Sermanet, Pierre",,1054
-Response to the European Commission’s consultation on AI,,https://www.cser.ac.uk/media/uploads/files/Consultation_Response_White_Paper_on_AI_-_Belfield_Hern%C3%A1ndez-Orallo_%C3%93_h%C3%89igeartaigh_Maas_Hagerty_Whittlestone.pdf,2020,report,"Belfield, Haydn; Hernández-Orallo, José; Ó hÉigeartaigh, Seán; Maas, Matthijs M; Hagerty, Alexa; Whittlestone, Jess",,1055
-Building up to an Internal Family Systems model,"INTRODUCTION Internal Family Systems (IFS) is a psychotherapy school/technique/model which lends itself particularly well for being used alone or with a peer. For years, I had noticed that many of the kinds of people who put in a lot of work into developing their emotional and communication skills, some within the rationalist community and some outside it, kept mentioning IFS. So I looked at the Wikipedia page about the IFS model, and bounced off, since it sounded like nonsense to me. Then someone brought it up again, and I thought that maybe I should reconsider. So I looked at the WP page again, thought “nah, still nonsense”, and continued to ignore it. This continued until I participated in CFAR mentorship training last September, and we had a class on CFAR’s Internal Double Crux (IDC) technique. IDC clicked really well for me, so I started using it a lot and also facilitating it to some friends. However, once we started using it on more emotional issues (as opposed to just things with empirical facts pointing in different directions), we started running into some weird things, which it felt like IDC couldn’t quite handle… things which reminded me of how people had been describing IFS. So I finally read up on it, and have been successfully applying it ever since. In this post, I’ll try to describe and motivate IFS in terms which are less likely to give people in this audience the same kind of a “no, that’s nonsense” reaction as I initially had. EPISTEMIC STATUS This post is intended to give an argument for why something like the IFS model could be true and a thing that works. It’s not really an argument that IFS is correct. My reason for thinking in terms of IFS is simply that I was initially super-skeptical of it (more on the reasons of my skepticism later), but then started encountering things which it turned out IFS predicted - and I only found out about IFS predicting those things after I familiarized myself with it. Additionally, I now feel that IFS",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/5gfqG3Xcopscta3st/building-up-to-an-internal-family-systems-model,2019,blogPost,"Sotala, Kaj",LessWrong,1056
-MDPs with Unawareness in Robotics,"We formalize decision-making problems in robotics and automated control using continuous MDPs and actions that take place over continuous time intervals. We then approximate the continuous MDP using finer and finer discretizations. Doing this results in a family of systems, each of which has an extremely large action space, although only a few actions are “interesting”. We can view the decision maker as being unaware of which actions are “interesting”. We an model this using MDPUs, MDPs with unawareness, where the action space is much smaller. As we show, MDPUs can be used as a general framework for learning tasks in robotic problems. We prove results on the difficulty of learning a near-optimal policy in an an MDPU for a continuous task. We apply these ideas to the problem of having a humanoid robot learn on its own how to walk.",https://auai.org/uai2016/proceedings/papers/294.pdf,2016,conferencePaper,"Rong, Nan; Halpern, Joseph Y; Saxena, Ashutosh",UAI 2016 Proceedings,1057
-Inspiration Learning through Preferences,"Current imitation learning techniques are too restrictive because they require the agent and expert to share the same action space. However, oftentimes agents that act differently from the expert can solve the task just as good. For example, a person lifting a box can be imitated by a ceiling mounted robot or a desktop-based robotic-arm. In both cases, the end goal of lifting the box is achieved, perhaps using different strategies. We denote this setup as \textit{Inspiration Learning} - knowledge transfer between agents that operate in different action spaces. Since state-action expert demonstrations can no longer be used, Inspiration learning requires novel methods to guide the agent towards the end goal. In this work, we rely on ideas of Preferential based Reinforcement Learning (PbRL) to design Advantage Actor-Critic algorithms for solving inspiration learning tasks. Unlike classic actor-critic architectures, the critic we use consists of two parts: a) a state-value estimation as in common actor-critic algorithms and b) a single step reward function derived from an expert/agent classifier. We show that our method is capable of extending the current imitation framework to new horizons. This includes continuous-to-discrete action imitation, as well as primitive-to-macro action imitation.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.05872v1,2018,manuscript,"Baram, Nir; Mannor, Shie",,1058
-Implementation of Moral Uncertainty in Intelligent Machines,"The development of artificial intelligence will require systems of ethical decision making to be adapted for automatic computation. However, projects to implement moral reasoning in artificial moral agents so far have failed to satisfactorily address the widespread disagreement between competing approaches to moral philosophy. In this paper I argue that the proper response to this situation is to design machines to be fundamentally uncertain about morality. I describe a computational framework for doing so and show that it efficiently resolves common obstacles to the implementation of moral philosophy in intelligent machines.",https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-017-9448-z,2017,journalArticle,"Bogosian, Kyle",Minds and Machines,1059
-Multiobjective Optimization: Interactive and Evolutionary Approaches,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-540-88908-3,2008,book,,,1060
-Learning-Based Trading Strategies in the Face of Market Manipulation,,https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10105525-learning-based-trading-strategies-face-market-manipulation,2019,journalArticle,"Wang, Xintong; Hoang, Chris; Wellman, Michael P.",ICML-19 Workshop on AI in Finance,1061
-Resource-rational analysis: Understanding human cognition as the optimal use of limited computational resources,"Abstract Modeling human cognition is challenging because there are infinitely many mechanisms that can generate any given observation. Some researchers address this by constraining the hypothesis space through assumptions about what the human mind can and cannot do, while others constrain it through principles of rationality and adaptation. Recent work in economics, psychology, neuroscience, and linguistics has begun to integrate both approaches by augmenting rational models with cognitive constraints, incorporating rational principles into cognitive architectures, and applying optimality principles to understanding neural representations. We identify the rational use of limited resources as a unifying principle underlying these diverse approaches, expressing it in a new cognitive modeling paradigm called resource-rational analysis . The integration of rational principles with realistic cognitive constraints makes resource-rational analysis a promising framework for reverse-engineering cognitive mechanisms and representations. It has already shed new light on the debate about human rationality and can be leveraged to revisit classic questions of cognitive psychology within a principled computational framework. We demonstrate that resource-rational models can reconcile the mind's most impressive cognitive skills with people's ostensive irrationality. Resource-rational analysis also provides a new way to connect psychological theory more deeply with artificial intelligence, economics, neuroscience, and linguistics.",https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0140525X1900061X/type/journal_article,2020,journalArticle,"Lieder, Falk; Griffiths, Thomas L.",Behavioral and Brain Sciences,1062
-Rational Use of Cognitive Resources: Levels of Analysis Between the Computational and the Algorithmic,,http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/tops.12142,2015,journalArticle,"Griffiths, Thomas L.; Lieder, Falk; Goodman, Noah D.",Topics in Cognitive Science,1063
-Winter-Safe Deterrence as a Practical Contribution to Reducing Nuclear Winter Risk: A Reply,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13523260.2015.1054101,2015,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.",Contemporary Security Policy,1064
-The evolved radio and its implications for modelling the evolution of novel sensors,,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1004522/,2002,conferencePaper,"Bird, J.; Layzell, P.",Proceedings of the 2002 Congress on Evolutionary Computation. CEC'02 (Cat. No.02TH8600),1065
-That is not dead which can eternal lie: the aestivation hypothesis for resolving Fermi's paradox,"If a civilization wants to maximize computation it appears rational to aestivate until the far future in order to exploit the low temperature environment: this can produce a $10^{30}$ multiplier of achievable computation. We hence suggest the ""aestivation hypothesis"": the reason we are not observing manifestations of alien civilizations is that they are currently (mostly) inactive, patiently waiting for future cosmic eras. This paper analyzes the assumptions going into the hypothesis and how physical law and observational evidence constrain the motivations of aliens compatible with the hypothesis.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.03394v1,2017,manuscript,"Sandberg, Anders; Armstrong, Stuart; Cirkovic, Milan M.",,1066
-Leveraging Uncertainty Estimates for Predicting Segmentation Quality,"The use of deep learning for medical imaging has seen tremendous growth in the research community. One reason for the slow uptake of these systems in the clinical setting is that they are complex, opaque and tend to fail silently. Outside of the medical imaging domain, the machine learning community has recently proposed several techniques for quantifying model uncertainty (i.e.~a model knowing when it has failed). This is important in practical settings, as we can refer such cases to manual inspection or correction by humans. In this paper, we aim to bring these recent results on estimating uncertainty to bear on two important outputs in deep learning-based segmentation. The first is producing spatial uncertainty maps, from which a clinician can observe where and why a system thinks it is failing. The second is quantifying an image-level prediction of failure, which is useful for isolating specific cases and removing them from automated pipelines. We also show that reasoning about spatial uncertainty, the first output, is a useful intermediate representation for generating segmentation quality predictions, the second output. We propose a two-stage architecture for producing these measures of uncertainty, which can accommodate any deep learning-based medical segmentation pipeline.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.00502,2018,conferencePaper,"DeVries, Terrance; Taylor, Graham W.","1st Conference on Medical Imaging with Deep Learning (MIDL 2018),",1067
-A behaviorist approach to building phenomenological bridges,"A few weeks ago, I wrote about the BPB problem and how it poses a problem for classical/non-logical decision theories. In my post, I briefly mentioned a behaviorist approach to BPB, only to immedia…",https://casparoesterheld.com/2017/10/22/a-behaviorist-approach-to-building-phenomenological-bridges/,2017,blogPost,"Oesterheld, Caspar",The Universe from an Intentional Stance,1068
-Learning a Behavioral Repertoire from Demonstrations,"Imitation Learning (IL) is a machine learning approach to learn a policy from a dataset of demonstrations. IL can be useful to kick-start learning before applying reinforcement learning (RL) but it can also be useful on its own, e.g. to learn to imitate human players in video games. However, a major limitation of current IL approaches is that they learn only a single ""average"" policy based on a dataset that possibly contains demonstrations of numerous different types of behaviors. In this paper, we propose a new approach called Behavioral Repertoire Imitation Learning (BRIL) that instead learns a repertoire of behaviors from a set of demonstrations by augmenting the state-action pairs with behavioral descriptions. The outcome of this approach is a single neural network policy conditioned on a behavior description that can be precisely modulated. We apply this approach to train a policy on 7,777 human replays to perform build-order planning in StarCraft II. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is applied to construct a low-dimensional behavioral space from the high-dimensional army unit composition of each demonstration. The results demonstrate that the learned policy can be effectively manipulated to express distinct behaviors. Additionally, by applying the UCB1 algorithm, we are able to adapt the behavior of the policy - in-between games - to reach a performance beyond that of the traditional IL baseline approach.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.03046,2019,conferencePaper,"Justesen, Niels; Duque, Miguel Gonzalez; Jaramillo, Daniel Cabarcas; Mouret, Jean-Baptiste; Risi, Sebastian",arXiv:1907.03046 [cs],1069
-Organizing Maintenance Work At Two American Nuclear Power Plants,,http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1468-5973.1996.tb00082.x,1996,journalArticle,"Bourrier, Mathilde",Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management,1070
-Heuristic Approaches for Goal Recognition in Incomplete Domain Models,"Recent approaches to goal recognition have progressively relaxed the assumptions about the amount and correctness of domain knowledge and available observations, yielding accurate and efficient algorithms. These approaches, however, assume completeness and correctness of the domain theory against which their algorithms match observations: this is too strong for most real-world domains. In this paper, we develop goal recognition techniques that are capable of recognizing goals using \textit{incomplete} (and possibly incorrect) domain theories. We show the efficiency and accuracy of our approaches empirically against a large dataset of goal and plan recognition problems with incomplete domains.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.05917,2018,manuscript,"Pereira, Ramon Fraga; Meneguzzi, Felipe",,1071
-Returns to scale in research,"When universities or university departments produce research outputs—such as published papers—they sometimes experience increasing returns to scale, sometimes constant returns to scale, and sometimes decreasing returns to scale. At the level of nations however, R&D tends to see increasing returns to scale. These results are preliminary. Background “Returns to scale” refers to the responsiveness of...",https://aiimpacts.org/returns-to-scale-in-research/,2016,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,1072
-"""Go west, young man!"" - Preferences in (imperfect) maps","Many people are very nationalistic, putting their country above all others. Such people can be hazy about what ""above all others"" can mean, outside of a few clear examples - eg winning a total war totally. They're also very hazy on what is meant by ""their country"" - geography is certainly involved, as is proclaimed or legal nationality, maybe some ethnic groups or a language, or even just giving deference to certain ideals. Consider the plight of a communist Croatian Yugoslav nationalist during the 1990s... I'd argue that the situation these nationalists find themselves in - strong views on poorly defined concepts - is the general human state for preferences. Or, to use an appropriate map and territory analogy: * Most people forge their preferences by exploring their local territory, creating a mental map of this, and taking strong preferences over the concepts within their mental map. When the map starts to become imperfect, they will try to extend the concepts to new areas, so that their preferences can also be extended. Some of the debates about the meaning of words are about this extension-of-preferences process. Scott Alexander recommends that we dissolve concepts such as disease, looking for the relevant categories of 'deserves sympathy' and 'acceptable to treat in a medical way'. And that dissolving is indeed the correct thing for rationalists to do. But, for most people, including most rationalists, 'sick people deserve sympathy' is a starting moral principle, one we've learnt by example and experience in childhood. When we ask 'do obese people deserve sympathy?' we've trying to extend that moral principle to a situation where our map/model (which includes, say, three categories of people: healthy, mildly sick, very sick) no longer matches up with reality. Scott's dissolving process requires decomposing 'disease' into more nodes, and then applying moral principles to those individual nodes. In this case, a compelling consequentialist analy",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/pfmFe5fgEn2weJuer/go-west-young-man-preferences-in-imperfect-maps,2020,blogPost,"Armstrong, Stuart",AI Alignment Forum,1073
-"A Survey of Artificial General Intelligence Projects for Ethics, Risk, and Policy","Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is AI that can reason across a wide range of domains. It has long been considered the “grand dream” or “holy grail” of AI. It also poses major issues of ethics, risk, and policy due to its potential to transform society: if AGI is built, it could either help solve the world’s problems or cause major catastrophe, possibly even human extinction. This paper presents the first-ever survey of active AGI R&D projects in terms of ethics, risk, and policy. A thorough search identifies 45 projects of diverse sizes, nationalities, ethical goals, and other attributes. Most projects are either academic or corporate. The academic projects tend to express goals of advancing knowledge and are less likely to be active on AGI safety issues. The corporate projects tend to express goals of benefiting humanity and are more likely to be active on safety. Most projects are based in the US, and almost all are in either the US or a US ally, including all of the larger projects. This geographic concentration could simplify policymaking, though most projects publish open-source code, enabling contributions from anywhere in the world. These and other findings of the survey offer an empirical basis for the study of AGI R&D and a guide for policy and other action.",https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3070741,2017,report,"Baum, Seth",,1074
-Verified compilation on a verified processor,"Developing technology for building verified stacks, i.e., computer systems with comprehensive proofs of correctness, is one way the science of programming languages furthers the computing discipline. While there have been successful projects verifying complex, realistic system components, including compilers (software) and processors (hardware), to date these verification efforts have not been compatible to the point of enabling a single end-to-end correctness theorem about running a verified compiler on a verified processor. In this paper we show how to extend the trustworthy development methodology of the CakeML project, including its verified compiler, with a connection to verified hardware. Our hardware target is Silver, a verified proof-of-concept processor that we introduce here. The result is an approach to producing verified stacks that scales to proving correctness, at the hardware level, of the execution of realistic software including compilers and proof checkers. Alongside our hardware-level theorems, we demonstrate feasibility by hosting and running our verified artefacts on an FPGA board.",https://doi.org/10.1145/3314221.3314622,2019,conferencePaper,"Lööw, Andreas; Kumar, Ramana; Tan, Yong Kiam; Myreen, Magnus O.; Norrish, Michael; Abrahamsson, Oskar; Fox, Anthony",Proceedings of the 40th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation,1075
-"The Microstructure of the “Flash Crash”: Flow Toxicity, Liquidity Crashes, and the Probability of Informed Trading",,http://jpm.pm-research.com/lookup/doi/10.3905/jpm.2011.37.2.118,2011,journalArticle,"Easley, David; López de Prado, Marcos M.; O’Hara, Maureen",The Journal of Portfolio Management,1076
-Learning Robotic Manipulation through Visual Planning and Acting,"Planning for robotic manipulation requires reasoning about the changes a robot can affect on objects. When such interactions can be modelled analytically, as in domains with rigid objects, efficient planning algorithms exist. However, in both domestic and industrial domains, the objects of interest can be soft, or deformable, and hard to model analytically. For such cases, we posit that a data-driven modelling approach is more suitable. In recent years, progress in deep generative models has produced methods that learn to `imagine' plausible images from data. Building on the recent Causal InfoGAN generative model, in this work we learn to imagine goal-directed object manipulation directly from raw image data of self-supervised interaction of the robot with the object. After learning, given a goal observation of the system, our model can generate an imagined plan -- a sequence of images that transition the object into the desired goal. To execute the plan, we use it as a reference trajectory to track with a visual servoing controller, which we also learn from the data as an inverse dynamics model. In a simulated manipulation task, we show that separating the problem into visual planning and visual tracking control is more sample efficient and more interpretable than alternative data-driven approaches. We further demonstrate our approach on learning to imagine and execute in 3 environments, the final of which is deformable rope manipulation on a PR2 robot.",http://www.roboticsproceedings.org/rss15/p74.pdf,2019,conferencePaper,"Wang, Angelina; Kurutach, Thanard; Liu, Kara; Abbeel, Pieter; Tamar, Aviv",Robotics: Science and Systems XV,1077
-Do Deep Generative Models Know What They Don't Know?,"A neural network deployed in the wild may be asked to make predictions for inputs that were drawn from a different distribution than that of the training data. A plethora of work has demonstrated that it is easy to find or synthesize inputs for which a neural network is highly confident yet wrong. Generative models are widely viewed to be robust to such mistaken confidence as modeling the density of the input features can be used to detect novel, out-of-distribution inputs. In this paper we challenge this assumption. We find that the density learned by flow-based models, VAEs, and PixelCNNs cannot distinguish images of common objects such as dogs, trucks, and horses (i.e. CIFAR-10) from those of house numbers (i.e. SVHN), assigning a higher likelihood to the latter when the model is trained on the former. Moreover, we find evidence of this phenomenon when pairing several popular image data sets: FashionMNIST vs MNIST, CelebA vs SVHN, ImageNet vs CIFAR-10 / CIFAR-100 / SVHN. To investigate this curious behavior, we focus analysis on flow-based generative models in particular since they are trained and evaluated via the exact marginal likelihood. We find such behavior persists even when we restrict the flows to constant-volume transformations. These transformations admit some theoretical analysis, and we show that the difference in likelihoods can be explained by the location and variances of the data and the model curvature. Our results caution against using the density estimates from deep generative models to identify inputs similar to the training distribution until their behavior for out-of-distribution inputs is better understood.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09136,2019,conferencePaper,"Nalisnick, Eric; Matsukawa, Akihiro; Teh, Yee Whye; Gorur, Dilan; Lakshminarayanan, Balaji","arXiv:1810.09136 [cs, stat]",1078
-The future of growth: near-zero growth rates,"Exponential growth is a common pattern found throughout nature. Yet it is also a pattern that tends not to last, as growth rates tend to decline sooner or later. In biology, this pattern of exponential growth that wanes off is found in everything from the development of individual bodies — for instance, in the growth of […]",https://longtermrisk.org/the-future-of-growth-near-zero-growth-rates/,2017,blogPost,Center on Long-Term Risk,Center on Long-Term Risk,1079
-Bridging Hamilton-Jacobi Safety Analysis and Reinforcement Learning,"Safety analysis is a necessary component in the design and deployment of autonomous systems. Techniques from robust optimal control theory, such as Hamilton-Jacobi reachability analysis, allow a rigorous formalization of safety as guaranteed constraint satisfaction. Unfortunately, the computational complexity of these tools for general dynamical systems scales poorly with state dimension, making existing tools impractical beyond small problems. Modern reinforcement learning methods have shown promising ability to find approximate yet proficient solutions to optimal control problems in complex and high-dimensional systems, however their formulation is restricted to problems with an additive payoff (reward) over time, unsuitable for reasoning about safety. In recent work, we proved that the problem of maximizing the minimum payoff over time, central to safety analysis, can be time-discounted to induce a contraction mapping. Here, we introduce a novel, timediscounted Safety Bellman Equation that renders reinforcement learning techniques amenable to quantitative safety analysis, enabling them to approximate the safe set and optimal safety policy. This opens a new avenue of research connecting controltheoretic safety analysis and the reinforcement learning domain. We demonstrate our formulation on a variety of simulated robotics tasks and reinforcement learning schemes, validating our results against analytic and numerical solutions when these can be obtained, and showing scalability to previously intractable problems of up to 18 state dimensions by exploiting state-of-the-art deep reinforcement learning algorithms.",https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8794107/,2019,conferencePaper,"Fisac, Jaime F.; Lugovoy, Neil F.; Rubies-Royo, Vicenc; Ghosh, Shromona; Tomlin, Claire J.",2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA),1080
-Chinese Public AI R&D Spending: Provisional Findings,,,2019,report,"Arnold, Zachary; Acharya, Ashwin",,1081
-Moral Anti-Realism Sequence #2: Why Realists and Anti-Realists Disagree,"This is the second post in my sequence on moral anti-realism (see my previous post). This second post should work perfectly when read as a standalone piece. MY MOTIVATION TO WRITE THIS POST For this post, I set out to describe and analyze what arguably constitutes the most fundamental disagreement in philosophy: realism versus anti-realism, not only in metaethics but in general. In one form or another, this disagreement also shows up in the philosophy of mind, personal identity, aesthetics, epistemology, the philosophy of physics, and so on. Belief in different types of realism is correlated (see the appendix), so I see significant benefits to also discussing other types of realism. For instance, moral philosophers on both sides of the realism/anti-realism divide have drawn comparisons from different domains in support of their positions.[1] To address those comparisons, prior discussion of those other domains is helpful. However, I tried to structure this post to be more than a (second) introduction. Even though my aim is to neutrally describe the core differences between realism and anti-realism, in doing so I will already present some of my main arguments for anti-realism. My most persuasive “argument” against (moral) realism isn’t any single knockdown objection, but rather my overall impression that when we go from realism to anti-realism, we don’t have to give up anything worth wanting. I expect (moral) realists to disagree with that sentiment, in part because I could imagine that many may not have been motivated to explore the option space for moral reasoning under anti-realism (“to make anti-realism work”). I wrote this post to make what I perceive to be underappreciated points about how realism comes with some surprisingly non-trivial claims, and how anti-realism doesn’t have to mean throwing up one’s hands saying “anything goes.” SUMMARY * We tend to have the feeling that disagreements on what’s “moral,” “conscious,” “(epistemically) right,” and so on",https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/6nPnqXCaYsmXCtjTk/moral-anti-realism-sequence-2-why-realists-and-anti-realists,2020,blogPost,"Gloor, Lukas",Effective Altruism Forum,1082
-Unifying scene registration and trajectory optimization for learning from demonstrations with application to manipulation of deformable objects,"Recent work [1], [2] has shown promising results in enabling robotic manipulation of deformable objects through learning from demonstrations. Their method computes a registration from training scene to test scene, and then applies an extrapolation of this registration to the training scene gripper motion to obtain the gripper motion for the test scene. The warping cost of scene-to-scene registrations is used to determine the nearest neighbor from a set of training demonstrations. Then once the gripper motion has been generalized to the test situation, they apply trajectory optimization [3] to plan for the robot motions that will track the predicted gripper motions. In many situations, however, the predicted gripper motions cannot be followed perfectly due to, for example, joint limits or obstacles. In this case the past work finds a path that minimizes deviation from the predicted gripper trajectory as measured by its Euclidean distance for position and angular distance for orientation.",http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6943185/,2014,conferencePaper,"Lee, Alex X.; Huang, Sandy H.; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Tzeng, Eric; Abbeel, Pieter",2014 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems,1083
-Learning from Richer Human Guidance: Augmenting Comparison-Based Learning with Feature Queries,"We focus on learning the desired objective function for a robot. Although trajectory demonstrations can be very informative of the desired objective, they can also be difficult for users to provide. Answers to comparison queries, asking which of two trajectories is preferable, are much easier for users, and have emerged as an effective alternative. Unfortunately, comparisons are far less informative. We propose that there is much richer information that users can easily provide and that robots ought to leverage. We focus on augmenting comparisons with feature queries, and introduce a unified formalism for treating all answers as observations about the true desired reward. We derive an active query selection algorithm, and test these queries in simulation and on real users. We find that richer, feature-augmented queries can extract more information faster, leading to robots that better match user preferences in their behavior.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.01604,2018,conferencePaper,"Basu, Chandrayee; Singhal, Mukesh; Dragan, Anca D.",Proceedings of the 2018 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction - HRI '18,1084
-Towards Characterizing Divergence in Deep Q-Learning,"Deep Q-Learning (DQL), a family of temporal difference algorithms for control, employs three techniques collectively known as the `deadly triad' in reinforcement learning: bootstrapping, off-policy learning, and function approximation. Prior work has demonstrated that together these can lead to divergence in Q-learning algorithms, but the conditions under which divergence occurs are not well-understood. In this note, we give a simple analysis based on a linear approximation to the Q-value updates, which we believe provides insight into divergence under the deadly triad. The central point in our analysis is to consider when the leading order approximation to the deep-Q update is or is not a contraction in the sup norm. Based on this analysis, we develop an algorithm which permits stable deep Q-learning for continuous control without any of the tricks conventionally used (such as target networks, adaptive gradient optimizers, or using multiple Q functions). We demonstrate that our algorithm performs above or near state-of-the-art on standard MuJoCo benchmarks from the OpenAI Gym.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.08894,2019,manuscript,"Achiam, Joshua; Knight, Ethan; Abbeel, Pieter",,1085
-Delegative Reinforcement Learning: Learning To Avoid Traps With A Little Help,"Most known regret bounds for reinforcement learning are either episodic or assume an environment without traps. We derive a regret bound without making either assumption, by allowing the algorithm to occasionally delegate an action to an external advisor. We thus arrive at a setting of active one-shot model-based reinforcement learning that we call DRL (delegative reinforcement learning.) The algorithm we construct in order to demonstrate the regret bound is a variant of Posterior Sampling Reinforcement Learning supplemented by a subroutine that decides which actions should be delegated. The algorithm is not anytime, since the parameters must be adjusted according to the target time discount. Currently, our analysis is limited to Markov decision processes with finite numbers of hypotheses, states and actions.",,2019,conferencePaper,"Kosoy, Vanessa",,1086
-Psychlab: A Psychology Laboratory for Deep Reinforcement Learning Agents,"Psychlab is a simulated psychology laboratory inside the first-person 3D game world of DeepMind Lab (Beattie et al. 2016). Psychlab enables implementations of classical laboratory psychological experiments so that they work with both human and artificial agents. Psychlab has a simple and flexible API that enables users to easily create their own tasks. As examples, we are releasing Psychlab implementations of several classical experimental paradigms including visual search, change detection, random dot motion discrimination, and multiple object tracking. We also contribute a study of the visual psychophysics of a specific state-of-the-art deep reinforcement learning agent: UNREAL (Jaderberg et al. 2016). This study leads to the surprising conclusion that UNREAL learns more quickly about larger target stimuli than it does about smaller stimuli. In turn, this insight motivates a specific improvement in the form of a simple model of foveal vision that turns out to significantly boost UNREAL's performance, both on Psychlab tasks, and on standard DeepMind Lab tasks. By open-sourcing Psychlab we hope to facilitate a range of future such studies that simultaneously advance deep reinforcement learning and improve its links with cognitive science.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.08116,2018,manuscript,"Leibo, Joel Z.; d'Autume, Cyprien de Masson; Zoran, Daniel; Amos, David; Beattie, Charles; Anderson, Keith; Castañeda, Antonio García; Sanchez, Manuel; Green, Simon; Gruslys, Audrunas; Legg, Shane; Hassabis, Demis; Botvinick, Matthew M.",,1087
-Safely Probabilistically Complete Real-Time Planning and Exploration in Unknown Environments,"We present a new framework for motion planning that wraps around existing kinodynamic planners and guarantees recursive feasibility when operating in a priori unknown, static environments. Our approach makes strong guarantees about overall safety and collision avoidance by utilizing a robust controller derived from reachability analysis. We ensure that motion plans never exit the safe backward reachable set of the initial state, while safely exploring the space. This preserves the safety of the initial state, and guarantees that that we will eventually find the goal if it is possible to do so while exploring safely. We implement our framework in the Robot Operating System (ROS) software environment and demonstrate it in a real-time simulation.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.07834,2018,conferencePaper,"Fridovich-Keil, David; Fisac, Jaime F.; Tomlin, Claire J.",2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA),1088
-Goals and short descriptions,"OUTLINE I develop some contents—previously introduced in the Value Learning sequence by Rohin Shah—more formally, to clarify the distinction between agents with and without a goal. Then I present related work and make some considerations on the relation between safety and goal-directedness. The appendix contains some details on the used formalism and can be skipped without losing much information. A BRIEF PRELIMINARY In the first post of the Value Learning sequence, Shah compares two agents that exhibit the same behaviour (a winning strategy) when playing Tic-Tac-Toe, but are different in their design: one applies the minimax algorithm to the setting and rules of the game, while the other one follows a lookup table—you can think of its code as a long sequence of if-else statements. Shah highlights the difference in terms of generalisation: the first one would still win if the winning conditions were changed, while the lookup table would not. Generalisation is one of the components of goal-directedness, and lookup tables are among the least goal-directed agent designs. Here I want to point at another difference that exists between agents with and without a goal, based on the concept of algorithmic complexity. SETUP Most problems in AI consist in finding a function π∈AO, called policy in some contexts, where A={a1,…,am} and O={o1,…,on} indicate the sets of possible actions and observations. A deterministic policy can be written as a string π=ai 1ai2…ain with aik indicating the action taken when ok is observed. Here I consider a problem setting as a triplet (A,O,D) where D stands for some kind of environmental data—could be about, for example, the transition function in a MDP, or the structure of the elements in the search space O. Since I want to analyse behaviour across different environments, instead of considering one single policy I’ll sometimes refer to a more general function g (probably closer to the concept of “agent design”, rather than just “agent”) ma",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/d4NgfKY3cq9yiBLSM/goals-and-short-descriptions,2020,blogPost,"Campolo, Michele",AI Alignment Forum,1089
-Agent57: Outperforming the Atari Human Benchmark,"Atari games have been a long-standing benchmark in the reinforcement learning (RL) community for the past decade. This benchmark was proposed to test general competency of RL algorithms. Previous work has achieved good average performance by doing outstandingly well on many games of the set, but very poorly in several of the most challenging games. We propose Agent57, the first deep RL agent that outperforms the standard human benchmark on all 57 Atari games. To achieve this result, we train a neural network which parameterizes a family of policies ranging from very exploratory to purely exploitative. We propose an adaptive mechanism to choose which policy to prioritize throughout the training process. Additionally, we utilize a novel parameterization of the architecture that allows for more consistent and stable learning.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.13350,2020,manuscript,"Badia, Adrià Puigdomènech; Piot, Bilal; Kapturowski, Steven; Sprechmann, Pablo; Vitvitskyi, Alex; Guo, Daniel; Blundell, Charles",,1090
-Adversarial Robustness through Local Linearization,"Adversarial training is an effective methodology for training deep neural networks that are robust against adversarial, norm-bounded perturbations. However, the computational cost of adversarial training grows prohibitively as the size of the model and number of input dimensions increase. Further, training against less expensive and therefore weaker adversaries produces models that are robust against weak attacks but break down under attacks that are stronger. This is often attributed to the phenomenon of gradient obfuscation; such models have a highly non-linear loss surface in the vicinity of training examples, making it hard for gradient-based attacks to succeed even though adversarial examples still exist. In this work, we introduce a novel regularizer that encourages the loss to behave linearly in the vicinity of the training data, thereby penalizing gradient obfuscation while encouraging robustness. We show via extensive experiments on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet, that models trained with our regularizer avoid gradient obfuscation and can be trained significantly faster than adversarial training. Using this regularizer, we exceed current state of the art and achieve 47% adversarial accuracy for ImageNet with l-infinity adversarial perturbations of radius 4/255 under an untargeted, strong, white-box attack. Additionally, we match state of the art results for CIFAR-10 at 8/255.",https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2019/hash/0defd533d51ed0a10c5c9dbf93ee78a5-Abstract.html,2019,conferencePaper,"Qin, Chongli; Martens, James; Gowal, Sven; Krishnan, Dilip; Dvijotham, Krishnamurthy; Fawzi, Alhussein; De, Soham; Stanforth, Robert; Kohli, Pushmeet",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 (NeurIPS 2019),1091
-Human-AI Learning Performance in Multi-Armed Bandits,"People frequently face challenging decision-making problems in which outcomes are uncertain or unknown. Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms exist that can outperform humans at learning such tasks. Thus, there is an opportunity for AI agents to assist people in learning these tasks more effectively. In this work, we use a multi-armed bandit as a controlled setting in which to explore this direction. We pair humans with a selection of agents and observe how well each human-agent team performs. We find that team performance can beat both human and agent performance in isolation. Interestingly, we also find that an agent’s performance in isolation does not necessarily correlate with the human-agent team’s performance. A drop in agent performance can lead to a disproportionately large drop in team performance, or in some settings can even improve team performance. Pairing a human with an agent that performs slightly better than them can make them perform much better, while pairing them with an agent that performs the same can make them them perform much worse. Further, our results suggest that people have different exploration strategies and might perform better with agents that match their strategy. Overall, optimizing human-agent team performance requires going beyond optimizing agent performance, to understanding how the agent’s suggestions will influence human decision-making.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.09376,2019,conferencePaper,"Pandya, Ravi; Huang, Sandy H.; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Dragan, Anca D.","AIES '19: Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",1092
-A Critical Look at Risk Assessments for Global Catastrophes,,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00419.x,2004,journalArticle,"Kent, Adrian",Risk Analysis,1093
-Value-Decomposition Networks For Cooperative Multi-Agent Learning,"We study the problem of cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning with a single joint reward signal. This class of learning problems is difficult because of the often large combined action and observation spaces. In the fully centralized and decentralized approaches, we find the problem of spurious rewards and a phenomenon we call the ""lazy agent"" problem, which arises due to partial observability. We address these problems by training individual agents with a novel value decomposition network architecture, which learns to decompose the team value function into agent-wise value functions. We perform an experimental evaluation across a range of partially-observable multi-agent domains and show that learning such value-decompositions leads to superior results, in particular when combined with weight sharing, role information and information channels.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1706.05296,2018,conferencePaper,"Sunehag, Peter; Lever, Guy; Gruslys, Audrunas; Czarnecki, Wojciech Marian; Zambaldi, Vinicius; Jaderberg, Max; Lanctot, Marc; Sonnerat, Nicolas; Leibo, Joel Z.; Tuyls, Karl; Graepel, Thore",Proc. of the 17th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2018),1094
-Smarter than us: The rise of machine intelligence,,,2014,book,"Armstrong, Stuart",,1095
-Reluplex: An Efficient SMT Solver for Verifying Deep Neural Networks,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-63387-9_5,2017,bookSection,"Katz, Guy; Barrett, Clark; Dill, David L.; Julian, Kyle; Kochenderfer, Mykel J.",Computer Aided Verification,1096
-On the promotion of safe and socially beneficial artificial intelligence,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00146-016-0677-0,2017,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.",AI & Society,1097
-Program equilibrium,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0899825604000314,2004,journalArticle,"Tennenholtz, Moshe",Games and Economic Behavior,1098
-Weight Normalization: A Simple Reparameterization to Accelerate Training of Deep Neural Networks,"We present weight normalization: a reparameterization of the weight vectors in a neural network that decouples the length of those weight vectors from their direction. By reparameterizing the weights in this way we improve the conditioning of the optimization problem and we speed up convergence of stochastic gradient descent. Our reparameterization is inspired by batch normalization but does not introduce any dependencies between the examples in a minibatch. This means that our method can also be applied successfully to recurrent models such as LSTMs and to noise-sensitive applications such as deep reinforcement learning or generative models, for which batch normalization is less well suited. Although our method is much simpler, it still provides much of the speed-up of full batch normalization. In addition, the computational overhead of our method is lower, permitting more optimization steps to be taken in the same amount of time. We demonstrate the usefulness of our method on applications in supervised image recognition, generative modelling, and deep reinforcement learning.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1602.07868,2016,manuscript,"Salimans, Tim; Kingma, Diederik P.",,1099
-Disentangling arguments for the importance of AI safety,"[Note: my views have changed since writing this post, and while I still consider it useful as a catalogue of concerns, I no longer think that it satisfactorily disentangles those concerns from each other. I hope to post better material along these lines later this year]. I recently attended the 2019 Beneficial AGI conference organised by the Future of Life Institute. I’ll publish a more complete write-up later, but I was particularly struck by how varied attendees' reasons for considering AI safety important were. Before this, I’d observed a few different lines of thought, but interpreted them as different facets of the same idea. Now, though, I’ve identified at least 6 distinct serious arguments for why AI safety is a priority. By distinct I mean that you can believe any one of them without believing any of the others - although of course the particular categorisation I use is rather subjective, and there’s a significant amount of overlap. In this post I give a brief overview of my own interpretation of each argument (note that I don’t necessarily endorse them myself). They are listed roughly from most specific and actionable to most general. I finish with some thoughts on what to make of this unexpected proliferation of arguments. Primarily, I think it increases the importance of clarifying and debating the core ideas in AI safety. 1. Maximisers are dangerous. Superintelligent AGI will behave as if it’s maximising the expectation of some utility function, since doing otherwise can be shown to be irrational. Yet we can’t write down a utility function which precisely describes human values, and optimising very hard for any other function will lead to that AI rapidly seizing control (as a convergent instrumental subgoal) and building a future which contains very little of what we value (because of Goodhart’s law and the complexity and fragility of values). We won’t have a chance to notice and correct misalignment because an AI which",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/JbcWQCxKWn3y49bNB/disentangling-arguments-for-the-importance-of-ai-safety,2019,blogPost,"Ngo, Richard",AI Alignment Forum,1100
-Bias in AI: How we Build Fair AI Systems and Less-Biased Humans,"Without a process to guide the responsible development of trustworthy AI, our systems won’t benefit society — in fact, AI systems could exacerbate the negative consequences of unconscious bias.",https://www.ibm.com/blogs/policy/bias-in-ai/,2018,blogPost,Anonymous,THINKPolicy Blog,1101
-Deep learning from crowds,"Over the last few years, deep learning has revolutionized the field of machine learning by dramatically improving the state-of-the-art in various domains. However, as the size of supervised artificial neural networks grows, typically so does the need for larger labeled datasets. Recently, crowdsourcing has established itself as an efficient and cost-effective solution for labeling large sets of data in a scalable manner, but it often requires aggregating labels from multiple noisy contributors with different levels of expertise. In this paper, we address the problem of learning deep neural networks from crowds. We begin by describing an EM algorithm for jointly learning the parameters of the network and the reliabilities of the annotators. Then, a novel general-purpose crowd layer is proposed, which allows us to train deep neural networks end-to-end, directly from the noisy labels of multiple annotators, using only backpropagation. We empirically show that the proposed approach is able to internally capture the reliability and biases of different annotators and achieve new state-of-the-art results for various crowdsourced datasets across different settings, namely classification, regression and sequence labeling.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.01779,2017,conferencePaper,"Rodrigues, Filipe; Pereira, Francisco",Proc. of the Thirty-Second AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-18),1102
-One-Shot Observation Learning Using Visual Activity Features,"Observation learning is the process of learning a task by observing an expert demonstrator. Our principal contribution is a one-shot learning method for robot manipulation tasks in which only a single demonstration is required. The key idea is to encode the demonstration in an activity space defined as part of a previously trained activity classifier. The distance between this encoding and equivalent encodings from trials of a robot performing the same task provides a reward function supporting iterative learning of task completion by the robotic manipulator. We use reinforcement learning for experiments with a simulated robotic manipulator, and stochastic trajectory optimisation for experiments with a real robotic manipulator. We show that the proposed method can be used to learn tasks from a single demonstration under varying viewpoint of observation, object properties, scene background and morphology of the manipulator. Videos of all results, including demonstrations, can be found on: https://tinyurl.com/s2l-stage1",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.07483,2019,manuscript,"Pauly, Leo; Agboh, Wisdom C.; Hogg, David C.; Fuentes, Raul",,1103
-The Surprising Creativity of Digital Evolution: A Collection of Anecdotes from the Evolutionary Computation and Artificial Life Research Communities,"Biological evolution provides a creative fount of complex and subtle adaptations, often surprising the scientists who discover them. However, because evolution is an algorithmic process that transcends the substrate in which it occurs, evolution's creativity is not limited to nature. Indeed, many researchers in the field of digital evolution have observed their evolving algorithms and organisms subverting their intentions, exposing unrecognized bugs in their code, producing unexpected adaptations, or exhibiting outcomes uncannily convergent with ones in nature. Such stories routinely reveal creativity by evolution in these digital worlds, but they rarely fit into the standard scientific narrative. Instead they are often treated as mere obstacles to be overcome, rather than results that warrant study in their own right. The stories themselves are traded among researchers through oral tradition, but that mode of information transmission is inefficient and prone to error and outright loss. Moreover, the fact that these stories tend to be shared only among practitioners means that many natural scientists do not realize how interesting and lifelike digital organisms are and how natural their evolution can be. To our knowledge, no collection of such anecdotes has been published before. This paper is the crowd-sourced product of researchers in the fields of artificial life and evolutionary computation who have provided first-hand accounts of such cases. It thus serves as a written, fact-checked collection of scientifically important and even entertaining stories. In doing so we also present here substantial evidence that the existence and importance of evolutionary surprises extends beyond the natural world, and may indeed be a universal property of all complex evolving systems.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.03453,2019,journalArticle,"Lehman, Joel; Clune, Jeff; Misevic, Dusan; Adami, Christoph; Altenberg, Lee; Beaulieu, Julie; Bentley, Peter J.; Bernard, Samuel; Beslon, Guillaume; Bryson, David M.; Chrabaszcz, Patryk; Cheney, Nick; Cully, Antoine; Doncieux, Stephane; Dyer, Fred C.; Ellefsen, Kai Olav; Feldt, Robert; Fischer, Stephan; Forrest, Stephanie; Frénoy, Antoine; Gagné, Christian; Goff, Leni Le; Grabowski, Laura M.; Hodjat, Babak; Hutter, Frank; Keller, Laurent; Knibbe, Carole; Krcah, Peter; Lenski, Richard E.; Lipson, Hod; MacCurdy, Robert; Maestre, Carlos; Miikkulainen, Risto; Mitri, Sara; Moriarty, David E.; Mouret, Jean-Baptiste; Nguyen, Anh; Ofria, Charles; Parizeau, Marc; Parsons, David; Pennock, Robert T.; Punch, William F.; Ray, Thomas S.; Schoenauer, Marc; Shulte, Eric; Sims, Karl; Stanley, Kenneth O.; Taddei, François; Tarapore, Danesh; Thibault, Simon; Weimer, Westley; Watson, Richard; Yosinski, Jason",Artificial Life,1104
-LESS is More: Rethinking Probabilistic Models of Human Behavior,"Robots need models of human behavior for both inferring human goals and preferences, and predicting what people will do. A common model is the Boltzmann noisily-rational decision model, which assumes people approximately optimize a reward function and choose trajectories in proportion to their exponentiated reward. While this model has been successful in a variety of robotics domains, its roots lie in econometrics, and in modeling decisions among different discrete options, each with its own utility or reward. In contrast, human trajectories lie in a continuous space, with continuous-valued features that influence the reward function. We propose that it is time to rethink the Boltzmann model, and design it from the ground up to operate over such trajectory spaces. We introduce a model that explicitly accounts for distances between trajectories, rather than only their rewards. Rather than each trajectory affecting the decision independently, similar trajectories now affect the decision together. We start by showing that our model better explains human behavior in a user study. We then analyze the implications this has for robot inference, first in toy environments where we have ground truth and find more accurate inference, and finally for a 7DOF robot arm learning from user demonstrations.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.04465,2020,conferencePaper,"Bobu, Andreea; Scobee, Dexter R. R.; Fisac, Jaime F.; Sastry, S. Shankar; Dragan, Anca D.",Proceedings of the 2020 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction,1105
-Agent Foundations for Aligning Machine Intelligence with Human Interests: A Technical Research Agenda,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-54033-6_5,2017,bookSection,"Soares, Nate; Fallenstein, Benya",The Technological Singularity,1106
-Mapping Intelligence: Requirements and Possibilities,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-96448-5_13,2018,bookSection,"Bhatnagar, Sankalp; Alexandrova, Anna; Avin, Shahar; Cave, Stephen; Cheke, Lucy; Crosby, Matthew; Feyereisl, Jan; Halina, Marta; Loe, Bao Sheng; Ó hÉigeartaigh, Seán; Martínez-Plumed, Fernando; Price, Huw; Shevlin, Henry; Weller, Adrian; Winfield, Alan; Hernández-Orallo, José",Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence 2017,1107
-Differential Privacy,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4419-5906-5_752,2011,bookSection,"Dwork, Cynthia",Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security,1108
-Social and Governance Implications of Improved Data Efficiency,"Many researchers work on improving the data efficiency of machine learning. What would happen if they succeed? This paper explores the social-economic impact of increased data efficiency. Specifically, we examine the intuition that data efficiency will erode the barriers to entry protecting incumbent data-rich AI firms, exposing them to more competition from data-poor firms. We find that this intuition is only partially correct: data efficiency makes it easier to create ML applications, but large AI firms may have more to gain from higher performing AI systems. Further, we find that the effect on privacy, data markets, robustness, and misuse are complex. For example, while it seems intuitive that misuse risk would increase along with data efficiency – as more actors gain access to any level of capability – the net effect crucially depends on how much defensive measures are improved. More investigation into data efficiency, as well as research into the “AI production function"", will be key to understanding the development of the AI industry and its societal impacts.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.05068,2020,conferencePaper,"Tucker, Aaron D.; Anderljung, Markus; Dafoe, Allan","Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",1109
-On Handling Self-masking and Other Hard Missing Data Problems,,https://why19.causalai.net/papers/mohan-why19.pdf,2019,conferencePaper,"Mohan, Karthika","Beyond Curve Fitting: Causation, Counterfactuals, and Imagination-based AI (AAAI Spring Symposium)",1110
-More Robust Doubly Robust Off-policy Evaluation,"We study the problem of off-policy evaluation (OPE) in reinforcement learning (RL), where the goal is to estimate the performance of a policy from the data generated by another policy(ies). In particular, we focus on the doubly robust (DR) estimators that consist of an importance sampling (IS) component and a performance model, and utilize the low (or zero) bias of IS and low variance of the model at the same time. Although the accuracy of the model has a huge impact on the overall performance of DR, most of the work on using the DR estimators in OPE has been focused on improving the IS part, and not much on how to learn the model. In this paper, we propose alternative DR estimators, called more robust doubly robust (MRDR), that learn the model parameter by minimizing the variance of the DR estimator. We first present a formulation for learning the DR model in RL. We then derive formulas for the variance of the DR estimator in both contextual bandits and RL, such that their gradients w.r.t.~the model parameters can be estimated from the samples, and propose methods to efficiently minimize the variance. We prove that the MRDR estimators are strongly consistent and asymptotically optimal. Finally, we evaluate MRDR in bandits and RL benchmark problems, and compare its performance with the existing methods.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.03493,2018,conferencePaper,"Farajtabar, Mehrdad; Chow, Yinlam; Ghavamzadeh, Mohammad",Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning,1111
-Exploration Strategies in Deep Reinforcement Learning,Exploitation versus exploration is a critical topic in reinforcement learning. This post introduces several common approaches for better exploration in Deep RL.,https://lilianweng.github.io/2020/06/07/exploration-strategies-in-deep-reinforcement-learning.html,2020,blogPost,"Weng, Lilian",Lil'Log,1112
-Impossibility and Uncertainty Theorems in AI Value Alignment (or why your AGI should not have a utility function),"Utility functions or their equivalents (value functions, objective functions, loss functions, reward functions, preference orderings) are a central tool in most current machine learning systems. These mechanisms for defining goals and guiding optimization run into practical and conceptual difficulty when there are independent, multi-dimensional objectives that need to be pursued simultaneously and cannot be reduced to each other. Ethicists have proved several impossibility theorems that stem from this origin; those results appear to show that there is no way of formally specifying what it means for an outcome to be good for a population without violating strong human ethical intuitions (in such cases, the objective function is a social welfare function). We argue that this is a practical problem for any machine learning system (such as medical decision support systems or autonomous weapons) or rigidly rule-based bureaucracy that will make high stakes decisions about human lives: such systems should not use objective functions in the strict mathematical sense. We explore the alternative of using uncertain objectives, represented for instance as partially ordered preferences, or as probability distributions over total orders. We show that previously known impossibility theorems can be transformed into uncertainty theorems in both of those settings, and prove lower bounds on how much uncertainty is implied by the impossibility results. We close by proposing two conjectures about the relationship between uncertainty in objectives and severe unintended consequences from AI systems.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.00064,2019,manuscript,"Eckersley, Peter",,1113
-Good and safe uses of AI Oracles,"It is possible that powerful and potentially dangerous artificial intelligence (AI) might be developed in the future. An Oracle is a design which aims to restrain the impact of a potentially dangerous AI by restricting the agent to no actions besides answering questions. Unfortunately, most Oracles will be motivated to gain more control over the world by manipulating users through the content of their answers, and Oracles of potentially high intelligence might be very successful at this \citep{DBLP:journals/corr/AlfonsecaCACAR16}. In this paper we present two designs for Oracles which, even under pessimistic assumptions, will not manipulate their users into releasing them and yet will still be incentivised to provide their users with helpful answers. The first design is the counterfactual Oracle -- which choses its answer as if it expected nobody to ever read it. The second design is the low-bandwidth Oracle -- which is limited by the quantity of information it can transmit.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.05541,2018,manuscript,"Armstrong, Stuart; O'Rorke, Xavier",,1114
-An Architectural Risk Analysis of Machine Learning Systems: Toward More Secure Machine Learning,,https://www.garymcgraw.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/BIML-ARA.pdf,2020,report,"McGraw, Gary; Figueroa, Harold; Shepardson, Victor; Bonett, Richie",,1115
-Imitation Learning from Observations by Minimizing Inverse Dynamics Disagreement,"This paper studies Learning from Observations (LfO) for imitation learning with access to state-only demonstrations. In contrast to Learning from Demonstration (LfD) that involves both action and state supervision, LfO is more practical in leveraging previously inapplicable resources (e.g. videos), yet more challenging due to the incomplete expert guidance. In this paper, we investigate LfO and its difference with LfD in both theoretical and practical perspectives. We first prove that the gap between LfD and LfO actually lies in the disagreement of inverse dynamics models between the imitator and the expert, if following the modeling approach of GAIL. More importantly, the upper bound of this gap is revealed by a negative causal entropy which can be minimized in a model-free way. We term our method as Inverse-Dynamics-Disagreement-Minimization (IDDM) which enhances the conventional LfO method through further bridging the gap to LfD. Considerable empirical results on challenging benchmarks indicate that our method attains consistent improvements over other LfO counterparts.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.04417v4,2019,conferencePaper,"Yang, Chao; Ma, Xiaojian; Huang, Wenbing; Sun, Fuchun; Liu, Huaping; Huang, Junzhou; Gan, Chuang",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 (NeurIPS 2019),1116
-Working together to face humanity’s greatest threats: Introduction to The Future of Research on Catastrophic and Existential Risk.,"Ours is a resilient species. Around 70,000 years ago our total population may have fallen to between three and ten thousand individuals, possibly due to a supervolcanic eruption (Ambrose 1998) . Yet our ancestors survived, squeezed through the bottleneck, and flourished. But this resilience cannot be taken for granted. We are interconnected and interdependent as never before; the power and scale of our technological capacities are unprecedented. We are in uncharted waters and thus our previous survival is no longer a reason to expect our continued survival (Bostrom 2013). As a result, it is urgent that we develop a systematic understanding of the nature and causes of catastrophic and existential risks.",https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/280193,2018,journalArticle,"Currie, Adrian; Ó HÉigeartaigh, Seán; Apollo-University Of Cambridge Repository; Apollo-University Of Cambridge Repository",Futures,1117
-Some Moral and Technical Consequences of Automation,,https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.131.3410.1355,1960,journalArticle,"Wiener, N.",Science,1118
-Using Causal Analysis to Learn Specifications from Task Demonstrations,"Learning models of user behaviour is an important problem that is broadly applicable across many application domains requiring human-robot interaction. In this work we show that it is possible to learn a generative model for distinct user behavioral types, extracted from human demonstrations, by enforcing clustering of preferred task solutions within the latent space. We use this model to differentiate between user types and to find cases with overlapping solutions. Moreover, we can alter an initially guessed solution to satisfy the preferences that constitute a particular user type by backpropagating through the learned differentiable model. An advantage of structuring generative models in this way is that it allows us to extract causal relationships between symbols that might form part of the user's specification of the task, as manifested in the demonstrations. We show that the proposed method is capable of correctly distinguishing between three user types, who differ in degrees of cautiousness in their motion, while performing the task of moving objects with a kinesthetically driven robot in a tabletop environment. Our method successfully identifies the correct type, within the specified time, in 99% [97.8 - 99.8] of the cases, which outperforms an IRL baseline. We also show that our proposed method correctly changes a default trajectory to one satisfying a particular user specification even with unseen objects. The resulting trajectory is shown to be directly implementable on a PR2 humanoid robot completing the same task.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.01267,2019,conferencePaper,"Angelov, Daniel; Hristov, Yordan; Ramamoorthy, Subramanian",Proc. 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2019),1119
-Neuron Shapley: Discovering the Responsible Neurons,"We develop Neuron Shapley as a new framework to quantify the contribution of individual neurons to the prediction and performance of a deep network. By accounting for interactions across neurons, Neuron Shapley is more effective in identifying important filters compared to common approaches based on activation patterns. Interestingly, removing just 30 filters with the highest Shapley scores effectively destroys the prediction accuracy of Inception-v3 on ImageNet. Visualization of these few critical filters provides insights into how the network functions. Neuron Shapley is a flexible framework and can be applied to identify responsible neurons in many tasks. We illustrate additional applications of identifying filters that are responsible for biased prediction in facial recognition and filters that are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Removing these filters is a quick way to repair models. Enabling all these applications is a new multi-arm bandit algorithm that we developed to efficiently estimate Neuron Shapley values.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.09815,2020,conferencePaper,"Ghorbani, Amirata; Zou, James","34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2020),",1120
-A mechanistic model of meditation,"Meditation has been claimed to have all kinds of transformative effects on the psyche, such as improving concentration ability, healing trauma, cleaning up delusions, allowing one to track their subconscious strategies, and making one’s nervous system more efficient. However, an explanation for why and how exactly this would happen has typically been lacking. This makes people reasonably skeptical of such claims. In this post, I want to offer an explanation for one kind of a mechanism: meditation increasing the degree of a person’s introspective awareness, and thus leading to increasing psychological unity as internal conflicts are detected and resolved. Note that this post does not discuss “enlightenment”. That is a related but separate topic. It is possible to pursue meditation mainly for its ordinary psychological benefits while being uninterested in enlightenment, and vice versa. WHAT IS INTROSPECTIVE AWARENESS? In an earlier post on introspective awareness, I distinguished between being aware of something, and being aware of having been aware of something. My example involved that of a robot whose consciousness contains one mental object at a time, and which is aware of different things at different times: Robot’s thought at time 1: It’s raining outsideRobot’s thought at time 2: Battery lowRobot’s thought at time 3: Technological unemployment protestors are outsideRobot’s thought at time 4: Battery lowRobot’s thought at time 5: I’m now recharging my batteryAt times 2-5, the robot has no awareness of the fact that it was thinking about rain at time 1. As soon as something else captures its attention, it has no idea of this earlier conscious content - unless a particular subsystem happens to record the fact, and can later re-present the content in an appropriately tagged form: Time 6: At time 1, there was the thought that [It’s raining outside]I said that at time 6, the robot had a moment of introspective awareness: a mental object containing a summary of",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/WYmmC3W6ZNhEgAmWG/a-mechanistic-model-of-meditation,2019,blogPost,"Sotala, Kaj",LessWrong,1121
-Risk analysis and risk management for the artificial superintelligence research and development process,,,2017,bookSection,"Barrett, Anthony M.; Baum, Seth D.",The Technological Singularity,1122
-Evaluating Explainable AI: Which Algorithmic Explanations Help Users Predict Model Behavior?,"Algorithmic approaches to interpreting machine learning models have proliferated in recent years. We carry out human subject tests that are the first of their kind to isolate the effect of algorithmic explanations on a key aspect of model interpretability, simulatability, while avoiding important confounding experimental factors. A model is simulatable when a person can predict its behavior on new inputs. Through two kinds of simulation tests involving text and tabular data, we evaluate five explanations methods: (1) LIME, (2) Anchor, (3) Decision Boundary, (4) a Prototype model, and (5) a Composite approach that combines explanations from each method. Clear evidence of method effectiveness is found in very few cases: LIME improves simulatability in tabular classification, and our Prototype method is effective in counterfactual simulation tests. We also collect subjective ratings of explanations, but we do not find that ratings are predictive of how helpful explanations are. Our results provide the first reliable and comprehensive estimates of how explanations influence simulatability across a variety of explanation methods and data domains. We show that (1) we need to be careful about the metrics we use to evaluate explanation methods, and (2) there is significant room for improvement in current methods. All our supporting code, data, and models are publicly available at: https://github.com/peterbhase/InterpretableNLP-ACL2020",http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.01831,2020,conferencePaper,"Hase, Peter; Bansal, Mohit",Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics,1123
-Should Robots be Obedient?,"Intuitively, obedience -- following the order that a human gives -- seems like a good property for a robot to have. But, we humans are not perfect and we may give orders that are not best aligned to our preferences. We show that when a human is not perfectly rational then a robot that tries to infer and act according to the human's underlying preferences can always perform better than a robot that simply follows the human's literal order. Thus, there is a tradeoff between the obedience of a robot and the value it can attain for its owner. We investigate how this tradeoff is impacted by the way the robot infers the human's preferences, showing that some methods err more on the side of obedience than others. We then analyze how performance degrades when the robot has a misspecified model of the features that the human cares about or the level of rationality of the human. Finally, we study how robots can start detecting such model misspecification. Overall, our work suggests that there might be a middle ground in which robots intelligently decide when to obey human orders, but err on the side of obedience.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.09990,2017,conferencePaper,"Milli, Smitha; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Dragan, Anca; Russell, Stuart",IJCAI'17: Proceedings of the 26th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1124
-The Scientometrics Of AI Benchmarks: Unveiling The Underlying Mechanics Of Ai Research,,,2020,journalArticle,"Barredo, Pablo; Hernández-Orallo, José; Martınez-Plumed, F.; h Éigeartaigh, S. O.",Evaluating Progress in Artificial Intelligence (EPAI 2020). ECAI,1125
-Multiverse-wide cooperation in a nutshell,"(Crossposted from the FRI blog.) This is a post I wrote about Caspar Oesterheld’s long paper Multiverse-wide cooperation via correlated decision-making. Because I have found the idea tricky to explain – which unfortunately makes it difficult to get feedback from others on whether the thinking behind it makes sense – I decided to write a shorter summary. While I am hoping that my text can serve as a standalone piece, for additional introductory content I also recommend reading the beginning of Caspar’s paper, or watching the short video introduction here (requires basic knowledge of the “CDT, EDT or something else” debate in decision theory). 0. ELEVATOR PITCH (Disclaimer: Especially for the elevator pitch section here, I am sacrificing accuracy and precision for brevity. References can be found in Caspar’s paper.) It would be an uncanny coincidence if the observable universe made up everything that exists. The reason we cannot find any evidence for there being stuff beyond the edges of our universe is not because it is likely that there is nothingness, but because photons from further away simply would not have had sufficient time after the big bang to reach us. This means that the universe we find ourselves in may well be vastly larger than what we can observe, in fact even infinitely larger. The theory of inflationary cosmology in addition hints at the existence of other universe bubbles with different fundamental constants forming or disappearing under certain conditions, somehow co-existing with our universe in parallel. The umbrella term multiverse captures the idea that the observable universe is just a tiny portion of everything that exists. The multiverse may contain myriads of worlds like ours, including other worlds with intelligent life and civilization. An infinite multiverse (of one sort or another) is actually amongst the most popular cosmological hypotheses, arguably even favored by the majority of experts. Many ethical theories (in particular",https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/7MdLurJGhGmqRv25c/multiverse-wide-cooperation-in-a-nutshell,2017,blogPost,"Gloor, Lukas",Effective Altruism Forum,1126
-Scaling Laws for Autoregressive Generative Modeling,"We identify empirical scaling laws for the cross-entropy loss in four domains: generative image modeling, video modeling, multimodal image$\leftrightarrow$text models, and mathematical problem solving. In all cases autoregressive Transformers smoothly improve in performance as model size and compute budgets increase, following a power-law plus constant scaling law. The optimal model size also depends on the compute budget through a power-law, with exponents that are nearly universal across all data domains. The cross-entropy loss has an information theoretic interpretation as $S($True$) + D_{\mathrm{KL}}($True$||$Model$)$, and the empirical scaling laws suggest a prediction for both the true data distribution's entropy and the KL divergence between the true and model distributions. With this interpretation, billion-parameter Transformers are nearly perfect models of the YFCC100M image distribution downsampled to an $8\times 8$ resolution, and we can forecast the model size needed to achieve any given reducible loss (ie $D_{\mathrm{KL}}$) in nats/image for other resolutions. We find a number of additional scaling laws in specific domains: (a) we identify a scaling relation for the mutual information between captions and images in multimodal models, and show how to answer the question ""Is a picture worth a thousand words?""; (b) in the case of mathematical problem solving, we identify scaling laws for model performance when extrapolating beyond the training distribution; (c) we finetune generative image models for ImageNet classification and find smooth scaling of the classification loss and error rate, even as the generative loss levels off. Taken together, these results strengthen the case that scaling laws have important implications for neural network performance, including on downstream tasks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.14701,2020,manuscript,"Henighan, Tom; Kaplan, Jared; Katz, Mor; Chen, Mark; Hesse, Christopher; Jackson, Jacob; Jun, Heewoo; Brown, Tom B.; Dhariwal, Prafulla; Gray, Scott; Hallacy, Chris; Mann, Benjamin; Radford, Alec; Ramesh, Aditya; Ryder, Nick; Ziegler, Daniel M.; Schulman, John; Amodei, Dario; McCandlish, Sam",,1127
-Safe Exploration in Continuous Action Spaces,"We address the problem of deploying a reinforcement learning (RL) agent on a physical system such as a datacenter cooling unit or robot, where critical constraints must never be violated. We show how to exploit the typically smooth dynamics of these systems and enable RL algorithms to never violate constraints during learning. Our technique is to directly add to the policy a safety layer that analytically solves an action correction formulation per each state. The novelty of obtaining an elegant closed-form solution is attained due to a linearized model, learned on past trajectories consisting of arbitrary actions. This is to mimic the real-world circumstances where data logs were generated with a behavior policy that is implausible to describe mathematically; such cases render the known safety-aware off-policy methods inapplicable. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach on new representative physics-based environments, and prevail where reward shaping fails by maintaining zero constraint violations.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.08757,2018,manuscript,"Dalal, Gal; Dvijotham, Krishnamurthy; Vecerik, Matej; Hester, Todd; Paduraru, Cosmin; Tassa, Yuval",,1128
-Reasons to Be Nice to Other Value Systems,"Several arguments support the heuristic that we should help groups holding different value systems from our own when doing so is cheap, unless those groups prove uncooperative to our values. This is true even if we don't directly care at all about other groups' value systems. Exactly how nice to be depends on the particulars of the situation.",https://longtermrisk.org/reasons-to-be-nice-to-other-value-systems/,2015,blogPost,"Tomasik, Brian",Center on Long-Term Risk,1129
-Leave no Trace: Learning to Reset for Safe and Autonomous Reinforcement Learning,"Deep reinforcement learning algorithms can learn complex behavioral skills, but real-world application of these methods requires a large amount of experience to be collected by the agent. In practical settings, such as robotics, this involves repeatedly attempting a task, resetting the environment between each attempt. However, not all tasks are easily or automatically reversible. In practice, this learning process requires extensive human intervention. In this work, we propose an autonomous method for safe and efficient reinforcement learning that simultaneously learns a forward and reset policy, with the reset policy resetting the environment for a subsequent attempt. By learning a value function for the reset policy, we can automatically determine when the forward policy is about to enter a non-reversible state, providing for uncertainty-aware safety aborts. Our experiments illustrate that proper use of the reset policy can greatly reduce the number of manual resets required to learn a task, can reduce the number of unsafe actions that lead to non-reversible states, and can automatically induce a curriculum.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.06782,2017,manuscript,"Eysenbach, Benjamin; Gu, Shixiang; Ibarz, Julian; Levine, Sergey",,1130
-System 2 as working-memory augmented System 1 reasoning,"The terms System 1 and System 2 were originally coined by the psychologist Keith Stanovich and then popularized by Daniel Kahneman in his book Thinking, Fast and Slow. Stanovich noted that a number of fields within psychology had been developing various kinds of theories distinguishing between fast/intuitive on the one hand and slow/deliberative thinking on the other. Often these fields were not aware of each other. The S1/S2 model was offered as a general version of these specific theories, highlighting features of the two modes of thought that tended to appear in all the theories. Since then, academics have continued to discuss the models. Among other developments, Stanovich and other authors have discontinued the use of the System 1/System 2 terminology as misleading, choosing to instead talk about Type 1 and Type 2 processing. In this post, I will build on some of that discussion to argue that Type 2 processing is a particular way of chaining together the outputs of various subagents using working memory. Some of the processes involved in this chaining are themselves implemented by particular kinds of subagents. This post has three purposes: * Summarize some of the discussion about the dual process model that has taken place in recent years; in particular, the move to abandon the System 1/System 2 terminology. * Connect the framework of thought that I have been developing in my multi-agent minds sequence with dual-process models. * Push back on some popular interpretations of S1/S2 theory which I have been seeing on LW and other places, such as ones in which the two systems are viewed as entirely distinct, S1 is viewed as biased and S2 as logical, and ones in which it makes sense to identify more as one system or the other. Let’s start with looking at some criticism of the S1/S2 model endorsed by the person who coined the terms. WHAT TYPE 1/TYPE 2 PROCESSING IS NOT The terms “System 1 and System 2” suggest just that: two distinct, clear",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/HbXXd2givHBBLxr3d/system-2-as-working-memory-augmented-system-1-reasoning,2019,blogPost,"Sotala, Kaj",LessWrong,1131
-Universal Intelligence: A Definition of Machine Intelligence,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11023-007-9079-x,2007,journalArticle,"Legg, Shane; Hutter, Marcus",Minds and Machines,1132
-Immigration Policy and the Global Competition for AI Talent,"Current immigration policies may undermine the historic strength of the United States in attracting and retaining international AI talent. This report examines the immigration policies of four U.S. economic competitor nations—the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and Australia—to offer best practices for ensuring future AI competitiveness.",https://cset.georgetown.edu/research/immigration-policy-and-the-global-competition-for-ai-talent/,2020,report,"Huang, Tina; Arnold, Zachary",,1133
-Hybrid Models with Deep and Invertible Features,"We propose a neural hybrid model consisting of a linear model defined on a set of features computed by a deep, invertible transformation (i.e. a normalizing flow). An attractive property of our model is that both p(features), the density of the features, and p(targets | features), the predictive distribution, can be computed exactly in a single feed-forward pass. We show that our hybrid model, despite the invertibility constraints, achieves similar accuracy to purely predictive models. Moreover the generative component remains a good model of the input features despite the hybrid optimization objective. This offers additional capabilities such as detection of out-of-distribution inputs and enabling semi-supervised learning. The availability of the exact joint density p(targets, features) also allows us to compute many quantities readily, making our hybrid model a useful building block for downstream applications of probabilistic deep learning.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.02767,2019,conferencePaper,"Nalisnick, Eric; Matsukawa, Akihiro; Teh, Yee Whye; Gorur, Dilan; Lakshminarayanan, Balaji","arXiv:1902.02767 [cs, stat]",1134
-Curiosity Killed the Cat and the Asymptotically Optimal Agent,"Reinforcement learners are agents that learn to pick actions that lead to high reward. Ideally, the value of a reinforcement learner's policy approaches optimality--where the optimal informed policy is the one which maximizes reward. Unfortunately, we show that if an agent is guaranteed to be ""asymptotically optimal"" in any (stochastically computable) environment, then subject to an assumption about the true environment, this agent will be either destroyed or incapacitated with probability 1; both of these are forms of traps as understood in the Markov Decision Process literature. Environments with traps pose a well-known problem for agents, but we are unaware of other work which shows that traps are not only a risk, but a certainty, for agents of a certain caliber. Much work in reinforcement learning uses an ergodicity assumption to avoid this problem. Often, doing theoretical research under simplifying assumptions prepares us to provide practical solutions even in the absence of those assumptions, but the ergodicity assumption in reinforcement learning may have led us entirely astray in preparing safe and effective exploration strategies for agents in dangerous environments. Rather than assuming away the problem, we present an agent with the modest guarantee of approaching the performance of a mentor, doing safe exploration instead of reckless exploration.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.03357,2020,manuscript,"Cohen, Michael K.; Hutter, Marcus",,1135
-Asymmetric Actor Critic for Image-Based Robot Learning,"Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has proven a powerful technique in many sequential decision making domains. However, Robotics poses many challenges for RL, most notably training on a physical system can be expensive and dangerous, which has sparked significant interest in learning control policies using a physics simulator. While several recent works have shown promising results in transferring policies trained in simulation to the real world, they often do not fully utilize the advantage of working with a simulator. In this work, we exploit the full state observability in the simulator to train better policies which take as input only partial observations (RGBD images). We do this by employing an actor-critic training algorithm in which the critic is trained on full states while the actor (or policy) gets rendered images as input. We show experimentally on a range of simulated tasks that using these asymmetric inputs significantly improves performance. Finally, we combine this method with domain randomization and show real robot experiments for several tasks like picking, pushing, and moving a block. We achieve this simulation to real world transfer without training on any real world data.",http://www.roboticsproceedings.org/rss14/p08.pdf,2018,conferencePaper,"Pinto, Lerrel; Andrychowicz, Marcin; Welinder, Peter; Zaremba, Wojciech; Abbeel, Pieter",Robotics: Science and Systems XIV,1136
-2016 Expert Survey on Progress in AI,"Published June 2016; last substantial update before Oct 2017 The 2016 Expert Survey on Progress in AI is a survey of machine learning researchers that Katja Grace and John Salvatier of AI Impacts ran in collaboration with Allan Dafoe, Baobao Zhang, and Owain Evans in 2016. Details Some survey results are reported in When Will...",https://aiimpacts.org/2016-expert-survey-on-progress-in-ai/,2016,blogPost,"Grace, Katja; Salvatier, John; Dafoe, Allan; Zhang, Baobao; Evans, Owain",AI Impacts,1137
-CURL: Contrastive Unsupervised Representations for Reinforcement Learning,"We present CURL: Contrastive Unsupervised Representations for Reinforcement Learning. CURL extracts high-level features from raw pixels using contrastive learning and performs offpolicy control on top of the extracted features. CURL outperforms prior pixel-based methods, both model-based and model-free, on complex tasks in the DeepMind Control Suite and Atari Games showing 1.9x and 1.2x performance gains at the 100K environment and interaction steps benchmarks respectively. On the DeepMind Control Suite, CURL is the first image-based algorithm to nearly match the sample-efficiency of methods that use state-based features. Our code is open-sourced and available at https://www. github.com/MishaLaskin/curl.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.04136,2020,conferencePaper,"Srinivas, Aravind; Laskin, Michael; Abbeel, Pieter",Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning,1138
-Coherent Extrapolated Volition,,,2004,manuscript,"Yudkowsky, Eliezer",,1139
-AGI Safety Literature Review,"The development of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) promises to be a major event. Along with its many potential benefits, it also raises serious safety concerns (Bostrom, 2014). The intention of this paper is to provide an easily accessible and up-to-date collection of references for the emerging field of AGI safety. A significant number of safety problems for AGI have been identified. We list these, and survey recent research on solving them. We also cover works on how best to think of AGI from the limited knowledge we have today, predictions for when AGI will first be created, and what will happen after its creation. Finally, we review the current public policy on AGI.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.01109,2018,conferencePaper,"Everitt, Tom; Lea, Gary; Hutter, Marcus",Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1140
-Mortal universal agents & wireheading,,https://www6.inrae.fr/mia-paris/Equipes/Membres/Anciens/Laurent-Orseau/Mortal-universal-agents-wireheading,2015,blogPost,"Orseau, Laurent",MIA Paris,1141
-The average utilitarian’s solipsism wager,"The following prudential argument is relatively common in my circles: We probably live in a simulation, but if we don’t, our actions matter much more. Thus, expected value calculations are do…",https://casparoesterheld.com/2017/03/15/the-average-utilitarians-solipsism-wager/,2017,blogPost,Caspar,The Universe from an Intentional Stance,1142
-Planning to Explore via Self-Supervised World Models,"Reinforcement learning allows solving complex tasks, however, the learning tends to be task-specific and the sample efficiency remains a challenge. We present Plan2Explore, a self-supervised reinforcement learning agent that tackles both these challenges through a new approach to self-supervised exploration and fast adaptation to new tasks, which need not be known during exploration. During exploration, unlike prior methods which retrospectively compute the novelty of observations after the agent has already reached them, our agent acts efficiently by leveraging planning to seek out expected future novelty. After exploration, the agent quickly adapts to multiple downstream tasks in a zero or a few-shot manner. We evaluate on challenging control tasks from high-dimensional image inputs. Without any training supervision or task-specific interaction, Plan2Explore outperforms prior self-supervised exploration methods, and in fact, almost matches the performances oracle which has access to rewards. Videos and code at https://ramanans1.github.io/plan2explore/",http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.05960,2020,conferencePaper,"Sekar, Ramanan; Rybkin, Oleh; Daniilidis, Kostas; Abbeel, Pieter; Hafner, Danijar; Pathak, Deepak",Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning,1143
-Safe Reinforcement Learning with Model Uncertainty Estimates,"Many current autonomous systems are being designed with a strong reliance on black box predictions from deep neural networks (DNNs). However, DNNs tend to be overconfident in predictions on unseen data and can give unpredictable results for far-from-distribution test data. The importance of predictions that are robust to this distributional shift is evident for safety-critical applications, such as collision avoidance around pedestrians. Measures of model uncertainty can be used to identify unseen data, but the state-of-the-art extraction methods such as Bayesian neural networks are mostly intractable to compute. This paper uses MC-Dropout and Bootstrapping to give computationally tractable and parallelizable uncertainty estimates. The methods are embedded in a Safe Reinforcement Learning framework to form uncertainty-aware navigation around pedestrians. The result is a collision avoidance policy that knows what it does not know and cautiously avoids pedestrians that exhibit unseen behavior. The policy is demonstrated in simulation to be more robust to novel observations and take safer actions than an uncertainty-unaware baseline.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.08700,2019,conferencePaper,"Lütjens, Björn; Everett, Michael; How, Jonathan P.",arXiv:1810.08700 [cs],1144
-Exploring AI Futures Through Role Play,,https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3375627.3375817,2020,conferencePaper,"Avin, Shahar; Gruetzemacher, Ross; Fox, James","Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",1145
-An Optimistic Perspective on Offline Reinforcement Learning,"Off-policy reinforcement learning (RL) using a fixed offline dataset of logged interactions is an important consideration in real world applications. This paper studies offline RL using the DQN replay dataset comprising the entire replay experience of a DQN agent on 60 Atari 2600 games. We demonstrate that recent off-policy deep RL algorithms, even when trained solely on this fixed dataset, outperform the fully trained DQN agent. To enhance generalization in the offline setting, we present Random Ensemble Mixture (REM), a robust Q-learning algorithm that enforces optimal Bellman consistency on random convex combinations of multiple Q-value estimates. Offline REM trained on the DQN replay dataset surpasses strong RL baselines. Ablation studies highlight the role of offline dataset size and diversity as well as the algorithm choice in our positive results. Overall, the results here present an optimistic view that robust RL algorithms trained on sufficiently large and diverse offline datasets can lead to high quality policies. The DQN replay dataset can serve as an offline RL benchmark and is open-sourced.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.04543,2020,conferencePaper,"Agarwal, Rishabh; Schuurmans, Dale; Norouzi, Mohammad","arXiv:1907.04543 [cs, stat]",1146
-The stabilization of environments,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/000437029400006M,1995,journalArticle,"Hammond, Kristian J.; Converse, Timothy M.; Grass, Joshua W.",Artificial Intelligence,1147
-Suphx: Mastering Mahjong with Deep Reinforcement Learning,"Artificial Intelligence (AI) has achieved great success in many domains, and game AI is widely regarded as its beachhead since the dawn of AI. In recent years, studies on game AI have gradually evolved from relatively simple environments (e.g., perfect-information games such as Go, chess, shogi or two-player imperfect-information games such as heads-up Texas hold’em) to more complex ones (e.g., multi-player imperfect-information games such as multi-player Texas hold’em and StartCraft II). Mahjong is a popular multi-player imperfect-information game worldwide but very challenging for AI research due to its complex playing/scoring rules and rich hidden information. We design an AI for Mahjong, named Suphx, based on deep reinforcement learning with some newly introduced techniques including global reward prediction, oracle guiding, and run-time policy adaptation. Suphx has demonstrated stronger performance than most top human players in terms of stable rank and is rated above 99.99% of all the officially ranked human players in the Tenhou platform. This is the first time that a computer program outperforms most top human players in Mahjong.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.13590,2020,manuscript,"Li, Junjie; Koyamada, Sotetsu; Ye, Qiwei; Liu, Guoqing; Wang, Chao; Yang, Ruihan; Zhao, Li; Qin, Tao; Liu, Tie-Yan; Hon, Hsiao-Wuen",,1148
-Towards a Human-like Open-Domain Chatbot,"We present Meena, a multi-turn open-domain chatbot trained end-to-end on data mined and filtered from public domain social media conversations. This 2.6B parameter neural network is simply trained to minimize perplexity of the next token. We also propose a human evaluation metric called Sensibleness and Specificity Average (SSA), which captures key elements of a human-like multi-turn conversation. Our experiments show strong correlation between perplexity and SSA. The fact that the best perplexity end-to-end trained Meena scores high on SSA (72% on multi-turn evaluation) suggests that a human-level SSA of 86% is potentially within reach if we can better optimize perplexity. Additionally, the full version of Meena (with a filtering mechanism and tuned decoding) scores 79% SSA, 23% higher in absolute SSA than the existing chatbots we evaluated.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.09977,2020,manuscript,"Adiwardana, Daniel; Luong, Minh-Thang; So, David R.; Hall, Jamie; Fiedel, Noah; Thoppilan, Romal; Yang, Zi; Kulshreshtha, Apoorv; Nemade, Gaurav; Lu, Yifeng; Le, Quoc V.",,1149
-"Artificial intelligence: The future is superintelligent [Book review of ""Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence"" by Max Tegmark]",Stuart Russell weighs up a book on the risks and rewards of the AI revolution.,http://www.nature.com/articles/548520a,2017,journalArticle,"Russell, Stuart",Nature,1150
-Historical and Technical Notes on Aqueducts from Prehistoric to Medieval Times,,http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/5/4/1996,2013,journalArticle,"De Feo, Giovanni; Angelakis, Andreas; Antoniou, Georgios; El-Gohary, Fatma; Haut, Benoît; Passchier, Cees; Zheng, Xiao",Water,1151
-Gradient Surgery for Multi-Task Learning,"While deep learning and deep reinforcement learning (RL) systems have demonstrated impressive results in domains such as image classification, game playing, and robotic control, data efficiency remains a major challenge. Multi-task learning has emerged as a promising approach for sharing structure across multiple tasks to enable more efficient learning. However, the multi-task setting presents a number of optimization challenges, making it difficult to realize large efficiency gains compared to learning tasks independently. The reasons why multi-task learning is so challenging compared to single-task learning are not fully understood. In this work, we identify a set of three conditions of the multi-task optimization landscape that cause detrimental gradient interference, and develop a simple yet general approach for avoiding such interference between task gradients. We propose a form of gradient surgery that projects a task’s gradient onto the normal plane of the gradient of any other task that has a conflicting gradient. On a series of challenging multi-task supervised and multi-task RL problems, this approach leads to substantial gains in efficiency and performance. Further, it is model-agnostic and can be combined with previously-proposed multitask architectures for enhanced performance.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.06782,2020,conferencePaper,"Yu, Tianhe; Kumar, Saurabh; Gupta, Abhishek; Levine, Sergey; Hausman, Karol; Finn, Chelsea","34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2020),",1152
-Three characteristics: impermanence,"This is the sixth post of the ""a non-mystical explanation of the three characteristics of existence"" series. IMPERMANENCE Like no-self and unsatisfactoriness, impermanence seems like a label for a broad cluster of related phenomena. A one-sentence description of it, phrased in experiential terms, would be that “All experienced phenomena, whether physical or mental, inner or outer, are impermanent”. As an intellectual claim, this does not sound too surprising: few people would seriously think that either physical things or mental experiences last forever. However, there are ways in which impermanence does contradict our intuitive assumptions. A conventional example of this is change blindness. In a typical change blindness experiment, people report having good awareness of the details of a picture shown to them: but when details are changed during an eye saccade, subjects fail to notice any difference. Maybe a person’s hat looks red, and people who have been looking right at the hat fail to notice that it looked green just a second ago: the consciousness of the green-ness has vanished, replaced entirely with red. People are typically surprised by this, thinking that “if it was red a second ago, surely I would remember that” - a thought that implicitly assumes that sense percepts leave permanent memories behind. But as long something does not explicitly store a piece of conscious information, it is gone as soon as it has been experienced. This is a natural consequence of the Global Neuronal Workspace (GNW) model of consciousness from neuroscience. As I have previously discussed, studies suggest that the content of consciousness corresponds to information held in a particular network of neurons called the ""global workspace"". This workspace can only hold a single piece of conscious content at a time, and new information is constantly trying to enter it, replacing the old information. Now if the content of your consciousness happens to be something like this:",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/T8gD9mRDHnb2gyn9N/three-characteristics-impermanence,2020,blogPost,"Sotala, Kaj",LessWrong,1153
-Preface to the sequence on value learning,"This is a meta-post about the upcoming sequence on Value Learning that will start to be published this Thursday. This preface will also be revised significantly once the second half of the sequence is fully written. PURPOSE OF THE SEQUENCE The first part of this sequence will be about the tractability of ambitious value learning, which is the idea of inferring a utility function for an AI system to optimize based on observing human behavior. After a short break, we will (hopefully) continue with the second part, which will be about why we might want to think about techniques that infer human preferences, even if we assume we won’t do ambitious value learning with such techniques. The aim of this part of the sequence is to gather the current best public writings on the topic, and provide a unifying narrative that ties them into a cohesive whole. This makes the key ideas more discoverable and discussable, and provides a quick reference for existing researchers. It is meant to teach the ideas surrounding one specific approach to aligning advanced AI systems. We’ll explore the specification problem, in which we would like to define the behavior we want to see from an AI system. Ambitious value learning is one potential avenue of attack on the specification problem, that assumes a particular model of an AI system (maximizing expected utility) and a particular source of data (human behavior). We will then delve into conceptual work on ambitious value learning that has revealed obstructions to this approach. There will be pointers to current research that aims to circumvent these obstructions. The second part of this sequence is currently being assembled, and this preface will be updated with details once it is ready. The first half of this sequence takes you near the cutting edge of conceptual work on the ambitious value learning problem, with some pointers to work being done at this frontier. Based on the arguments in the sequence, I am confident that the obvious f",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/oH8KMnXHnw964QyS6/preface-to-the-sequence-on-value-learning,2018,blogPost,"Shah, Rohin",AI Alignment Forum,1154
-Logical Induction,"We present a computable algorithm that assigns probabilities to every logical statement in a given formal language, and refines those probabilities over time. For instance, if the language is Peano arithmetic, it assigns probabilities to all arithmetical statements, including claims about the twin prime conjecture, the outputs of long-running computations, and its own probabilities. We show that our algorithm, an instance of what we call a logical inductor, satisfies a number of intuitive desiderata, including: (1) it learns to predict patterns of truth and falsehood in logical statements, often long before having the resources to evaluate the statements, so long as the patterns can be written down in polynomial time; (2) it learns to use appropriate statistical summaries to predict sequences of statements whose truth values appear pseudorandom; and (3) it learns to have accurate beliefs about its own current beliefs, in a manner that avoids the standard paradoxes of self-reference. For example, if a given computer program only ever produces outputs in a certain range, a logical inductor learns this fact in a timely manner; and if late digits in the decimal expansion of $\pi$ are difficult to predict, then a logical inductor learns to assign $\approx 10\%$ probability to ""the $n$th digit of $\pi$ is a 7"" for large $n$. Logical inductors also learn to trust their future beliefs more than their current beliefs, and their beliefs are coherent in the limit (whenever $\phi \implies \psi$, $\mathbb{P}_\infty(\phi) \le \mathbb{P}_\infty(\psi)$, and so on); and logical inductors strictly dominate the universal semimeasure in the limit. These properties and many others all follow from a single logical induction criterion, which is motivated by a series of stock trading analogies. Roughly speaking, each logical sentence $\phi$ is associated with a stock that is worth \$1 per share if [...]",http://arxiv.org/abs/1609.03543,2017,manuscript,"Garrabrant, Scott; Benson-Tilsen, Tsvi; Critch, Andrew; Soares, Nate; Taylor, Jessica",,1155
-Roadmap to a Roadmap: How Could We Tell When AGI is a ‘Manhattan Project’ Away?,"This paper argues that at a certain point in research toward AGI, the problem may become well-enough theorized that a clear roadmap exists for achieving it, such that a Manhattan Project-like effort could greatly shorten the time to completion. If state actors perceive that this threshold has been crossed, their incentives around openness and international cooperation may shift rather suddenly, with serious implications for AI risks and the stability of international AI governance regimes. The paper characterizes how such a ‘runway’ period would be qualitatively different from preceding stages of AI research, and accordingly proposes a research program aimed at assessing how close the field of AI is to such a threshold—that is, it calls for the formulation of a ‘roadmap to the roadmap.’",http://dmip.webs.upv.es/EPAI2020/papers/EPAI_2020_paper_11.pdf,2020,conferencePaper,"Levin, John-Clark; Maas, Matthijs M",,1156
-Implicit extortion,"Extortion can be equally effective, and harder to notice, when you don’t tell the target it’s occurring.",https://ai-alignment.com/implicit-extortion-3c80c45af1e3,2018,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),1157
-AI Paradigms and AI Safety: Mapping Artefacts and Techniques to Safety Issues,"AI safety often analyses a risk or safety issue, such as interruptibility, under a particular AI paradigm, such as reinforcement learning. But what is an AI paradigm and how does it affect the understanding and implications of the safety issue? Is AI safety research covering the most representative paradigms and the right combinations of paradigms with safety issues? Will current research directions in AI safety be able to anticipate more capable and powerful systems yet to come? In this paper we analyse these questions, introducing a distinction between two types of paradigms in AI: artefacts and techniques. We then use experimental data of research and media documents from AI Topics, an official publication of the AAAI, to examine how safety research is distributed across artefacts and techniques. We observe that AI safety research is not sufficiently anticipatory, and is heavily weighted towards certain research paradigms. We identify a need for AI safety to be more explicit about the artefacts and techniques for which a particular issue may be applicable, in order to identify gaps and cover a broader range of issues.",,2020,conferencePaper,"Hernandez-Orallo, Jose; Martınez-Plumed, Fernando; Avin, Shahar; Whittlestone, Jess; Ó hÉigeartaigh, Seán",European Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1158
-Verification of deep probabilistic models,"Probabilistic models are a critical part of the modern deep learning toolbox - ranging from generative models (VAEs, GANs), sequence to sequence models used in machine translation and speech processing to models over functional spaces (conditional neural processes, neural processes). Given the size and complexity of these models, safely deploying them in applications requires the development of tools to analyze their behavior rigorously and provide some guarantees that these models are consistent with a list of desirable properties or specifications. For example, a machine translation model should produce semantically equivalent outputs for innocuous changes in the input to the model. A functional regression model that is learning a distribution over monotonic functions should predict a larger value at a larger input. Verification of these properties requires a new framework that goes beyond notions of verification studied in deterministic feedforward networks, since requiring worst-case guarantees in probabilistic models is likely to produce conservative or vacuous results. We propose a novel formulation of verification for deep probabilistic models that take in conditioning inputs and sample latent variables in the course of producing an output: We require that the output of the model satisfies a linear constraint with high probability over the sampling of latent variables and for every choice of conditioning input to the model. We show that rigorous lower bounds on the probability that the constraint is satisfied can be obtained efficiently. Experiments with neural processes show that several properties of interest while modeling functional spaces can be modeled within this framework (monotonicity, convexity) and verified efficiently using our algorithms",http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.02795,2018,conferencePaper,"Dvijotham, Krishnamurthy; Garnelo, Marta; Fawzi, Alhussein; Kohli, Pushmeet","arXiv:1812.02795 [cs, stat]",1159
-Counterfactual Accuracies For Alternative Models,,,2020,conferencePaper,"Bhatt, Umang; Gummadi, Krishna; Zafar, Muhammad Bilal; Weller, Adrian",,1160
-Heuristics for clueless agents: how to get away with ignoring what matters most in ordinary decision-making,"Even our most mundane decisions have the potential to significantly impact the long-term future, but we are often clueless about what this impact may be. In this paper, we aim to characterize and solve two problems raised by recent discussions of cluelessness, which we term the Problems of Decision Paralysis and the Problem of Decision-Making Demandingness. After reviewing and rejecting existing solutions to both problems, we argue that the way forward is to be found in the distinction between procedural and substantive rationality. Clueless agents have access to a variety of heuristic decision-making procedures which are often rational responses to the decision problems that they face. By simplifying or even ignoring information about potential long-term impacts, heuristics produce effective decisions without demanding too much of ordinary decision-makers. We outline two classes of problem features bearing on the rationality of decision-making procedures for clueless agents, and show how these features can be used to shed light on our motivating problems.",,2020,report,"Thorstad, David A; Mogensen, Andreas L",,1161
-Information Acquisition Under Resource Limitations in a Noisy Environment,"We introduce a theoretical model of information acquisition under resource limitations in a noisy environment. An agent must guess the truth value of a given Boolean formula ϕ after performing a bounded number of noisy tests of the truth values of variables in the formula. We observe that, in general, the problem of finding an optimal testing strategy for ϕ is hard, but we suggest a useful heuristic. The techniques we use also give insight into two apparently unrelated, but well-studied problems: (1) rational inattention (the optimal strategy may involve hardly ever testing variables that are clearly relevant to ϕ) and (2) what makes a formula hard to learn/remember.",,2018,conferencePaper,"Soloviev, Matvey; Halpern, Joseph Y",Proceedings of the Thirty-Second AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-18),1162
-The Rocket Alignment Problem,"The following is a fictional dialogue building off of AI Alignment: Why It’s Hard, and Where to Start. (Somewhere in a not-very-near neighboring world, where science took a very different course…) ALFONSO: Hello, Beth. I’ve noticed a lot of speculations lately about “spaceplanes” being used to attack cities, or possibly becoming infused with malevolent... Read more »",https://intelligence.org/2018/10/03/rocket-alignment/,2018,blogPost,"Yudkowsky, Eliezer",Machine Intelligence Research Institute,1163
-Imitation Learning from Imperfect Demonstration,"Imitation learning (IL) aims to learn an optimal policy from demonstrations. However, such demonstrations are often imperfect since collecting optimal ones is costly. To effectively learn from imperfect demonstrations, we propose a novel approach that utilizes confidence scores, which describe the quality of demonstrations. More specifically, we propose two confidence-based IL methods, namely two-step importance weighting IL (2IWIL) and generative adversarial IL with imperfect demonstration and confidence (IC-GAIL). We show that confidence scores given only to a small portion of sub-optimal demonstrations significantly improve the performance of IL both theoretically and empirically.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.09387v3,2019,conferencePaper,"Wu, Yueh-Hua; Charoenphakdee, Nontawat; Bao, Han; Tangkaratt, Voot; Sugiyama, Masashi",Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning,1164
-Computational Extensive-Form Games,"We define solution concepts appropriate for computationally bounded players playing a fixed finite game. To do so, we need to define what it means for a \emph{computational game}, which is a sequence of games that get larger in some appropriate sense, to represent a single finite underlying extensive-form game. Roughly speaking, we require all the games in the sequence to have essentially the same structure as the underlying game, except that two histories that are indistinguishable (i.e., in the same information set) in the underlying game may correspond to histories that are only computationally indistinguishable in the computational game. We define a computational version of both Nash equilibrium and sequential equilibrium for computational games, and show that every Nash (resp., sequential) equilibrium in the underlying game corresponds to a computational Nash (resp., sequential) equilibrium in the computational game. One advantage of our approach is that if a cryptographic protocol represents an abstract game, then we can analyze its strategic behavior in the abstract game, and thus separate the cryptographic analysis of the protocol from the strategic analysis.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1506.03030,2016,conferencePaper,"Halpern, Joseph Y.; Pass, Rafael; Seeman, Lior",Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Economics and Computation,1165
-On Learning Intrinsic Rewards for Policy Gradient Methods,"In many sequential decision making tasks, it is challenging to design reward functions that help an RL agent efficiently learn behavior that is considered good by the agent designer. A number of different formulations of the reward-design problem, or close variants thereof, have been proposed in the literature. In this paper we build on the Optimal Rewards Framework of Singh et.al. that defines the optimal intrinsic reward function as one that when used by an RL agent achieves behavior that optimizes the task-specifying or extrinsic reward function. Previous work in this framework has shown how good intrinsic reward functions can be learned for lookahead search based planning agents. Whether it is possible to learn intrinsic reward functions for learning agents remains an open problem. In this paper we derive a novel algorithm for learning intrinsic rewards for policy-gradient based learning agents. We compare the performance of an augmented agent that uses our algorithm to provide additive intrinsic rewards to an A2C-based policy learner (for Atari games) and a PPO-based policy learner (for Mujoco domains) with a baseline agent that uses the same policy learners but with only extrinsic rewards. Our results show improved performance on most but not all of the domains.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.06459,2018,conferencePaper,"Zheng, Zeyu; Oh, Junhyuk; Singh, Satinder",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31,1166
-Learning Task Specifications from Demonstrations,"Real world applications often naturally decompose into several sub-tasks. In many settings (e.g., robotics) demonstrations provide a natural way to specify the sub-tasks. However, most methods for learning from demonstrations either do not provide guarantees that the artifacts learned for the sub-tasks can be safely recombined or limit the types of composition available. Motivated by this deficit, we consider the problem of inferring Boolean non-Markovian rewards (also known as logical trace properties or specifications) from demonstrations provided by an agent operating in an uncertain, stochastic environment. Crucially, specifications admit well-defined composition rules that are typically easy to interpret. In this paper, we formulate the specification inference task as a maximum a posteriori (MAP) probability inference problem, apply the principle of maximum entropy to derive an analytic demonstration likelihood model and give an efficient approach to search for the most likely specification in a large candidate pool of specifications. In our experiments, we demonstrate how learning specifications can help avoid common problems that often arise due to ad-hoc reward composition.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03875v5,2018,conferencePaper,"Vazquez-Chanlatte, Marcell; Jha, Susmit; Tiwari, Ashish; Ho, Mark K.; Seshia, Sanjit A.",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS 2018),1167
-Following human norms,"So far we have been talking about how to learn “values” or “instrumental goals”. This would be necessary if we want to figure out how to build an AI system that does exactly what we want it to do. However, we’re probably fine if we can keep learning and building better AI systems. This suggests that it’s sufficient to build AI systems that don’t screw up so badly that it ends this process. If we accomplish that, then steady progress in AI will eventually get us to AI systems that do what we want. So, it might be helpful to break down the problem of learning values into the subproblems of learning what to do, and learning what not to do. Standard AI research will continue to make progress on learning what to do; catastrophe happens when our AI system doesn’t know what not to do. This is the part that we need to make progress on. This is a problem that humans have to solve as well. Children learn basic norms such as not to litter, not to take other people’s things, what not to say in public, etc. As argued in Incomplete Contracting and AI alignment, any contract between humans is never explicitly spelled out, but instead relies on an external unwritten normative structure under which a contract is interpreted. (Even if we don’t explicitly ask our cleaner not to break any vases, we still expect them not to intentionally do so.) We might hope to build AI systems that infer and follow these norms, and thereby avoid catastrophe. It’s worth noting that this will probably not be an instance of narrow value learning, since there are several differences: * Narrow value learning requires that you learn what to do, unlike norm inference. * Norm following requires learning from a complex domain (human society), whereas narrow value learning can be applied in simpler domains as well. * Norms are a property of groups of agents, whereas narrow value learning can be applied in settings with a single agent. Despite this, I have included it in this sequence because it",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/eBd6WvzhuqduCkYv3/following-human-norms,2019,blogPost,"Shah, Rohin",AI Alignment Forum,1168
-A Model for General Intelligence,"The overarching problem in artificial intelligence (AI) is that we do not understand the intelligence process well enough to enable the development of adequate computational models. Much work has been done in AI over the years at lower levels, but a big part of what has been missing involves the high level, abstract, general nature of intelligence. We address this gap by developing a model for general intelligence. To accomplish this, we focus on three basic aspects of intelligence. First, we must realize the general order and nature of intelligence at a high level. Second, we must come to know what these realizations mean with respect to the overall intelligence process. Third, we must describe these realizations as clearly as possible. We propose a hierarchical model to help capture and exploit the order within intelligence. The underlying order involves patterns of signals that become organized, stored and activated in space and time. These patterns can be described using a simple, general hierarchy, with physical signals at the lowest level, information in the middle, and abstract signal representations at the top. This high level perspective provides a big picture that literally helps us see the intelligence process, thereby enabling fundamental realizations, a better understanding and clear descriptions of the intelligence process. The resulting model can be used to support all kinds of information processing across multiple levels of abstraction. As computer technology improves, and as cooperation increases between humans and computers, people will become more efficient and more productive in performing their information processing tasks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.02546,2018,manuscript,"Yaworsky, Paul",,1169
-Conclusion to the sequence on value learning,"This post summarizes the sequence on value learning. While it doesn’t introduce any new ideas, it does shed light on which parts I would emphasize most, and the takeaways I hope that readers get. I make several strong claims here; interpret these as my impressions, not my beliefs. I would guess many researchers disagree with the (strength of the) claims, though I do not know what their arguments would be. Over the last three months we’ve covered a lot of ground. It’s easy to lose sight of the overall picture over such a long period of time, so let's do a brief recap. THE “OBVIOUS” APPROACH Here is an argument for the importance of AI safety: * Any agent that is much more intelligent than us should not be exploitable by us, since if we could find some way to exploit the agent, the agent could also find the exploit and patch it. * Anything that is not exploitable must be an expected utility maximizer; since we cannot exploit a superintelligent AI, it must look like an expected utility maximizer to us. * Due to Goodhart’s Law, even “slightly wrong” utility functions can lead to catastrophic outcomes when maximized. * Our utility function is complex and fragile, so getting the “right” utility function is difficult. This argument implies that by the time we have a superintelligent AI system, there is only one part of that system that could still have been influenced by us: the utility function. Every other feature of the AI system is fixed by math. As a result, we must necessarily solve AI alignment by influencing the utility function. So of course, the natural approach is to get the right utility function, or at least an adequate one, and have our AI system optimize that utility function. Besides fragility of value, which you might hope that machine learning could overcome, the big challenge is that even if you assume full access to the entire human policy, we cannot infer their values without making an assumption about how their preferences r",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/TE5nJ882s5dCMkBB8/conclusion-to-the-sequence-on-value-learning,2019,blogPost,"Shah, Rohin",AI Alignment Forum,1170
-Transmitting fibers in the brain: Total length and distribution of lengths,"The human brain’s approximately 86 billion neurons are probably connected by something like 850,000 km of axons and dendrites. Of this total, roughly 80% is short-range, local connections (averaging 680 microns in length), and approximately 20% is long-range, global connections in the form of myelinated fibers (likely averaging several centimeters in length). Background The brain’s...",https://aiimpacts.org/transmitting-fibers-in-the-brain-total-length-and-distribution-of-lengths/,2018,blogPost,"McCaslin, Tegan",AI Impacts,1171
-Lessons for Artificial Intelligence from Other Global Risks,"The prominence of artificial intelligence (AI) as a global risk is a relatively recent phenomenon. Other global risks have longer histories and larger bodies of scholarship. The study of these other risks can offer considerable insight to the study of AI risk. This paper examines four risks: biotechnology, nuclear weapons, global warming, and asteroid collision. Several overarching lessons are found. First, the extreme severity of global risks is often insufficient to motivate action to reduce the risks. Second, perceptions of global risks can be influenced by people’s incentives and by their cultural and intellectual orientations. Third, the success of efforts to address global risks can depend on the extent of buy-in from parties who may be negatively affected by the efforts. Fourth, global risks and risk reduction initiatives can be shaped by broader socio-political conditions, such as the degree of policy influence of private industry within a political jurisdiction. The paper shows how these and other lessons can inform efforts to reduce risks from AI.",,2019,bookSection,"Baum, Seth",The Global Politics of Artificial Intelligence,1172
-Fast and Easy Infinitely Wide Networks with Neural Tangents,,http://ai.googleblog.com/2020/03/fast-and-easy-infinitely-wide-networks.html,2020,blogPost,"Schoenholz, Samuel S; Novak, Roman",Google AI Blog,1173
-Two Neglected Problems in Human-AI Safety,"In this post I describe a couple of human-AI safety problems in more detail. These helped motivate my proposed hybrid approach, and I think need to be addressed by other AI safety approaches that currently do not take them into account. 1. How to prevent ""aligned"" AIs from unintentionally corrupting human values? We know that ML systems tend to have problems with adversarial examples and distributional shifts in general. There seems to be no reason not to expect that human value functions have similar problems, which even ""aligned"" AIs could trigger unless they are somehow designed not to. For example, such AIs could give humans so much power so quickly or put them in such novel situations that their moral development can't keep up, and their value systems no longer apply or give essentially random answers. AIs could give us new options that are irresistible to some parts of our motivational systems, like more powerful versions of video game and social media addiction. In the course of trying to figure out what we most want or like, they could in effect be searching for adversarial examples on our value functions. At our own request or in a sincere attempt to help us, they could generate philosophical or moral arguments that are wrong but extremely persuasive. (Some of these issues, like the invention of new addictions and new technologies in general, would happen even without AI, but I think AIs would likely, by default, strongly exacerbate the problem by differentially accelerating such technologies faster than progress in understanding how to safely handle them.) 2. How to defend against intentional attempts by AIs to corrupt human values? It looks like we may be headed towards a world of multiple AIs, some of which are either unaligned, or aligned to other owners or users. In such a world there's a strong incentive to use one's own AIs to manipulate other people's values in a direction that benefits oneself (even if the resulting loss to others are greater",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/HTgakSs6JpnogD6c2/two-neglected-problems-in-human-ai-safety,2018,blogPost,"Dai, Wei",AI Alignment Forum,1174
-A formal theory of inductive inference. Part I,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0019995864902232,1964,journalArticle,"Solomonoff, R.J.",Information and Control,1175
-Simple and Scalable Predictive Uncertainty Estimation using Deep Ensembles,"Deep neural networks (NNs) are powerful black box predictors that have recently achieved impressive performance on a wide spectrum of tasks. Quantifying predictive uncertainty in NNs is a challenging and yet unsolved problem. Bayesian NNs, which learn a distribution over weights, are currently the state-of-the-art for estimating predictive uncertainty; however these require significant modifications to the training procedure and are computationally expensive compared to standard (non-Bayesian) NNs. We propose an alternative to Bayesian NNs that is simple to implement, readily parallelizable, requires very little hyperparameter tuning, and yields high quality predictive uncertainty estimates. Through a series of experiments on classification and regression benchmarks, we demonstrate that our method produces well-calibrated uncertainty estimates which are as good or better than approximate Bayesian NNs. To assess robustness to dataset shift, we evaluate the predictive uncertainty on test examples from known and unknown distributions, and show that our method is able to express higher uncertainty on out-of-distribution examples. We demonstrate the scalability of our method by evaluating predictive uncertainty estimates on ImageNet.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1612.01474,2017,conferencePaper,"Lakshminarayanan, Balaji; Pritzel, Alexander; Blundell, Charles","arXiv:1612.01474 [cs, stat]",1176
-Resilience to global food supply catastrophes,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10669-015-9549-2,2015,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.; Denkenberger, David C.; Pearce, Joshua M.; Robock, Alan; Winkler, Richelle",Environment Systems and Decisions,1177
-Two guarantees,"I suspect AI alignment should aim to separately establish good performance in the average case, and lack-of-malice in the worst case.",https://ai-alignment.com/two-guarantees-c4c03a6b434f,2018,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),1178
-"Intelligent Machinery, A Heretical Theory (c.1951)","Turing gave the presentation ‘Intelligent Machinery, A Heretical Theory’ on a radio discussion programme called The ’51 Society. Named after the year in which the programme first went to air, The ’51 Society was produced by the BBC Home Service at their Manchester studio and ran for several years. A presentation by the week’s guest would be followed by a panel discussion. Regulars on the panel included Max Newman, Professor of Mathematics at Manchester, the philosopher Michael Polanyi, then Professor of Social Studies at Manchester, and the mathematician Peter Hilton, a younger member of Newman’s department at Manchester who had worked with Turing and Newman at Bletchley Park. Turing’s target in ‘Intelligent Machinery, A Heretical Theory’ is the claim that ‘You cannot make a machine to think for you’ (p. 472). A common theme in his writing is that if a machine is to be intelligent, then it will need to ‘learn by experience’ (probably with some pre-selection, by an external educator, of the experiences to which the machine will be subjected). The present article continues the discussion of machine learning begun in Chapters 10 and 11. Turing remarks that the ‘human analogy alone’ suggests that a process of education ‘would in practice be an essential to the production of a reasonably intelligent machine within a reasonably short space of time’ (p. 473). He emphasizes the point, also made in Chapter 11, that one might ‘start from a comparatively simple machine, and, by subjecting it to a suitable range of ‘‘experience’’ transform it into one which was more elaborate, and was able to deal with a far greater range of contingencies’ (p. 473). Turing goes on to give some indication of how learning might be accomplished, introducing the idea of a machine’s building up what he calls ‘indexes of experiences’ (p. 474). (This idea is not mentioned elsewhere in his writings.) An example of an index of experiences is a list (ordered in some way) of situations in which the machine has found itself, coupled with the action that was taken, and the outcome, good or bad. The situations are described in terms of features.",https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198250791.001.0001/isbn-9780198250791-book-part-18,2004,bookSection,"Turing, Alan",The Essential Turing,1179
-Discrete-Continuous Mixtures in Probabilistic Programming: Generalized Semantics and Inference Algorithms,"Despite the recent successes of probabilistic programming languages (PPLs) in AI applications, PPLs offer only limited support for random variables whose distributions combine discrete and continuous elements. We develop the notion of measure-theoretic Bayesian networks (MTBNs) and use it to provide more general semantics for PPLs with arbitrarily many random variables defined over arbitrary measure spaces. We develop two new general sampling algorithms that are provably correct under the MTBN framework: the lexicographic likelihood weighting (LLW) for general MTBNs and the lexicographic particle filter (LPF), a specialized algorithm for state-space models. We further integrate MTBNs into a widely used PPL system, BLOG, and verify the effectiveness of the new inference algorithms through representative examples.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.02027,2018,conferencePaper,"Wu, Yi; Srivastava, Siddharth; Hay, Nicholas; Du, Simon; Russell, Stuart",Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning,1180
-Groupthink: Collective Delusions in Organizations and Markets,,https://academic.oup.com/restud/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/restud/rds030,2013,journalArticle,"Bénabou, Roland",The Review of Economic Studies,1181
-Cold Case: The Lost MNIST Digits,"Although the popular MNIST dataset [LeCun et al., 1994] is derived from the NIST database [Grother and Hanaoka, 1995], the precise processing steps for this derivation have been lost to time. We propose a reconstruction that is accurate enough to serve as a replacement for the MNIST dataset, with insignificant changes in accuracy. We trace each MNIST digit to its NIST source and its rich metadata such as writer identifier, partition identifier, etc. We also reconstruct the complete MNIST test set with 60,000 samples instead of the usual 10,000. Since the balance 50,000 were never distributed, they can be used to investigate the impact of twenty-five years of MNIST experiments on the reported testing performances. Our limited results unambiguously confirm the trends observed by Recht et al. [2018, 2019]: although the misclassification rates are slightly off, classifier ordering and model selection remain broadly reliable. We attribute this phenomenon to the pairing benefits of comparing classifiers on the same digits.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10498,2019,conferencePaper,"Yadav, Chhavi; Bottou, Léon",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 (NeurIPS 2019),1182
-Assessing Contributions of Major Emitters' Paris-Era Decisions to Future Temperature Extremes,"The likelihood and severity of high-impact future temperature extremes can be reduced through climate change mitigation efforts. However, meeting the Paris Agreement warming limits requires notably stronger greenhouse gas emissions reduction efforts by major emitters than existing pledges. We examine the impact of Paris-era decision-making by the world's three largest greenhouse gas emitters (EU, USA, and China) on projected future extreme temperature events. Country-level contributions to the occurrence of future temperature extremes are calculated based on current emissions policies and sequential mitigation efforts, using a new metric called the Contribution to Excess Risk Ratio. We demonstrate the Contribution concept by applying it to extreme monthly temperature projections. In many regions, future extremes depend on the current and future carbon dioxide emissions reductions adopted by major emitters. By implementing stronger Paris-era climate pledges, major emitters can reduce the frequency of future extremes and their own calculated contributions to these temperature extremes.",https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018GL081608,2019,journalArticle,"Lewis, Sophie C.; Perkins‐Kirkpatrick, Sarah E.; Althor, Glenn; King, Andrew D.; Kemp, Luke",Geophysical Research Letters,1183
-Neural-encoding Human Experts' Domain Knowledge to Warm Start Reinforcement Learning,"Deep reinforcement learning has been successful in a variety of tasks, such as game playing and robotic manipulation. However, attempting to learn \textit{tabula rasa} disregards the logical structure of many domains as well as the wealth of readily available knowledge from domain experts that could help ""warm start"" the learning process. We present a novel reinforcement learning technique that allows for intelligent initialization of a neural network weights and architecture. Our approach permits the encoding domain knowledge directly into a neural decision tree, and improves upon that knowledge with policy gradient updates. We empirically validate our approach on two OpenAI Gym tasks and two modified StarCraft 2 tasks, showing that our novel architecture outperforms multilayer-perceptron and recurrent architectures. Our knowledge-based framework finds superior policies compared to imitation learning-based and prior knowledge-based approaches. Importantly, we demonstrate that our approach can be used by untrained humans to initially provide >80% increase in expected reward relative to baselines prior to training (p < 0.001), which results in a >60% increase in expected reward after policy optimization (p = 0.011).",https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.06007v4,2019,manuscript,"Silva, Andrew; Gombolay, Matthew",,1184
-How much could refuges help us recover from a global catastrophe?,,,2015,journalArticle,"Beckstead, Nick",Futures,1185
-Sparse Graphical Memory for Robust Planning,"To operate effectively in the real world, agents should be able to act from high-dimensional raw sensory input such as images and achieve diverse goals across long time-horizons. Current deep reinforcement and imitation learning methods can learn directly from high-dimensional inputs but do not scale well to long-horizon tasks. In contrast, classical graphical methods like A* search are able to solve long-horizon tasks, but assume that the state space is abstracted away from raw sensory input. Recent works have attempted to combine the strengths of deep learning and classical planning; however, dominant methods in this domain are still quite brittle and scale poorly with the size of the environment. We introduce Sparse Graphical Memory (SGM), a new data structure that stores states and feasible transitions in a sparse memory. SGM aggregates states according to a novel two-way consistency objective, adapting classic state aggregation criteria to goal-conditioned RL: two states are redundant when they are interchangeable both as goals and as starting states. Theoretically, we prove that merging nodes according to two-way consistency leads to an increase in shortest path lengths that scales only linearly with the merging threshold. Experimentally, we show that SGM significantly outperforms current state of the art methods on long horizon, sparse-reward visual navigation tasks. Project video and code are available at https://mishalaskin.github.io/sgm/",http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.06417,2020,conferencePaper,"Emmons, Scott; Jain, Ajay; Laskin, Michael; Kurutach, Thanard; Abbeel, Pieter; Pathak, Deepak",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 Pre-proceedings,1186
-Towards Learning Multi-agent Negotiations via Self-Play,"Making sophisticated, robust, and safe sequential decisions is at the heart of intelligent systems. This is especially critical for planning in complex multi-agent environments, where agents need to anticipate other agents’ intentions and possible future actions. Traditional methods formulate the problem as a Markov Decision Process, but the solutions often rely on various assumptions and become brittle when presented with corner cases. In contrast, deep reinforcement learning (Deep RL) has been very effective at finding policies by simultaneously exploring, interacting, and learning from environments. Leveraging the powerful Deep RL paradigm, we demonstrate that an iterative procedure of self-play can create progressively more diverse environments, leading to the learning of sophisticated and robust multi-agent policies. We demonstrate this in a challenging multi-agent simulation of merging traffic, where agents must interact and negotiate with others in order to successfully merge on or off the road. While the environment starts off simple, we increase its complexity by iteratively adding an increasingly diverse set of agents to the agent “zoo” as training progresses. Qualitatively, we find that through selfplay, our policies automatically learn interesting behaviors such as defensive driving, overtaking, yielding, and the use of signal lights to communicate intentions to other agents. In addition, quantitatively, we show a dramatic improvement of the success rate of merging maneuvers from 63% to over 98%.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.10208,2020,conferencePaper,"Tang, Yichuan Charlie",Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV),1187
-Human-aligned artificial intelligence is a multiobjective problem,"As the capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) systems improve, it becomes important to constrain their actions to ensure their behaviour remains beneficial to humanity. A variety of ethical, legal and safety-based frameworks have been proposed as a basis for designing these constraints. Despite their variations, these frameworks share the common characteristic that decision-making must consider multiple potentially conflicting factors. We demonstrate that these alignment frameworks can be represented as utility functions, but that the widely used Maximum Expected Utility (MEU) paradigm provides insufficient support for such multiobjective decision-making. We show that a Multiobjective Maximum Expected Utility paradigm based on the combination of vector utilities and non-linear action–selection can overcome many of the issues which limit MEU’s effectiveness in implementing aligned AI. We examine existing approaches to multiobjective AI, and identify how these can contribute to the development of human-aligned intelligent agents.",https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-017-9440-6,2018,journalArticle,"Vamplew, Peter; Dazeley, Richard; Foale, Cameron; Firmin, Sally; Mummery, Jane",Ethics and Information Technology,1188
-Legibility and predictability of robot motion,,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6483603/,2013,conferencePaper,"Dragan, Anca D.; Lee, Kenton C.T.; Srinivasa, Siddhartha S.",2013 8th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI),1189
-A Unified Framework for Planning in Adversarial and Cooperative Environments,"Users of AI systems may rely upon them to produce plans for achieving desired objectives. Such AI systems should be able to compute obfuscated plans whose execution in adversarial situations protects privacy, as well as legible plans which are easy for team members to understand in cooperative situations. We develop a unified framework that addresses these dual problems by computing plans with a desired level of comprehensibility from the point of view of a partially informed observer. For adversarial settings, our approach produces obfuscated plans with observations that are consistent with at least k goals from a set of decoy goals. By slightly varying our framework, we present an approach for producing legible plans in cooperative settings such that the observation sequence projected by the plan is consistent with at most j goals from a set of confounding goals. In addition, we show how the observability of the observer can be controlled to either obfuscate or convey the actions in a plan when the goal is known to the observer. We present theoretical results on the complexity analysis of our approach. We also present an empirical evaluation to show the feasibility and usefulness of our approaches using IPC domains.",http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/AAAI/article/view/4093,2019,conferencePaper,"Kulkarni, Anagha; Srivastava, Siddharth; Kambhampati, Subbarao",Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1190
-Using Natural Language for Reward Shaping in Reinforcement Learning,"Recent reinforcement learning (RL) approaches have shown strong performance in complex domains such as Atari games, but are often highly sample inefficient. A common approach to reduce interaction time with the environment is to use reward shaping, which involves carefully designing reward functions that provide the agent intermediate rewards for progress towards the goal. However, designing appropriate shaping rewards is known to be difficult as well as time-consuming. In this work, we address this problem by using natural language instructions to perform reward shaping. We propose the LanguagE-Action Reward Network (LEARN), a framework that maps free-form natural language instructions to intermediate rewards based on actions taken by the agent. These intermediate language-based rewards can seamlessly be integrated into any standard reinforcement learning algorithm. We experiment with Montezuma's Revenge from the Atari Learning Environment, a popular benchmark in RL. Our experiments on a diverse set of 15 tasks demonstrate that, for the same number of interactions with the environment, language-based rewards lead to successful completion of the task 60% more often on average, compared to learning without language.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.02020,2019,conferencePaper,"Goyal, Prasoon; Niekum, Scott; Mooney, Raymond J.",Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-19),1191
-Scalable agent alignment via reward modeling: a research direction,"One obstacle to applying reinforcement learning algorithms to real-world problems is the lack of suitable reward functions. Designing such reward functions is difficult in part because the user only has an implicit understanding of the task objective. This gives rise to the agent alignment problem: how do we create agents that behave in accordance with the user's intentions? We outline a high-level research direction to solve the agent alignment problem centered around reward modeling: learning a reward function from interaction with the user and optimizing the learned reward function with reinforcement learning. We discuss the key challenges we expect to face when scaling reward modeling to complex and general domains, concrete approaches to mitigate these challenges, and ways to establish trust in the resulting agents.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.07871,2018,manuscript,"Leike, Jan; Krueger, David; Everitt, Tom; Martic, Miljan; Maini, Vishal; Legg, Shane",,1192
-Automatic analysis of malware behavior using machine learning,,https://www.medra.org/servlet/aliasResolver?alias=iospress&doi=10.3233/JCS-2010-0410,2011,journalArticle,"Rieck, Konrad; Trinius, Philipp; Willems, Carsten; Holz, Thorsten",Journal of Computer Security,1193
-Beyond lowest-warping cost action selection in trajectory transfer,"We consider the problem of learning from demonstrations to manipulate deformable objects. Recent work [1], [2], [3] has shown promising results that enable robotic manipulation of deformable objects through learning from demonstrations. Their approach is able to generalize from a single demonstration to new test situations, and suggests a nearest neighbor approach to select a demonstration to adapt to a given test situation. Such a nearest neighbor approach, however, ignores important aspects of the problem: brittleness (versus robustness) of demonstrations when generalized through this process, and the extent to which a demonstration makes progress towards a goal.",http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7139644/,2015,conferencePaper,"Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Lee, Alex X.; Finn, Chelsea; Tzeng, Eric; Huang, Sandy; Abbeel, Pieter",2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA),1194
-Toward Idealized Decision Theory,"This paper motivates the study of decision theory as necessary for aligning smarter-than-human artificial systems with human interests. We discuss the shortcomings of two standard formulations of decision theory, and demonstrate that they cannot be used to describe an idealized decision procedure suitable for approximation by artificial systems. We then explore the notions of policy selection and logical counterfactuals, two recent insights into decision theory that point the way toward promising paths for future research.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1507.01986,2015,manuscript,"Soares, Nate; Fallenstein, Benja",,1195
-Multi-agent Inverse Reinforcement Learning for Certain General-sum Stochastic Games,"This paper addresses the problem of multi-agent inverse reinforcement learning (MIRL) in a two-player general-sum stochastic game framework. Five variants of MIRL are considered: uCS-MIRL, advE-MIRL, cooE-MIRL, uCE-MIRL, and uNE-MIRL, each distinguished by its solution concept. Problem uCS-MIRL is a cooperative game in which the agents employ cooperative strategies that aim to maximize the total game value. In problem uCE-MIRL, agents are assumed to follow strategies that constitute a correlated equilibrium while maximizing total game value. Problem uNE-MIRL is similar to uCE-MIRL in total game value maximization, but it is assumed that the agents are playing a Nash equilibrium. Problems advE-MIRL and cooE-MIRL assume agents are playing an adversarial equilibrium and a coordination equilibrium, respectively. We propose novel approaches to address these five problems under the assumption that the game observer either knows or is able to accurate estimate the policies and solution concepts for players. For uCS-MIRL, we first develop a characteristic set of solutions ensuring that the observed bi-policy is a uCS and then apply a Bayesian inverse learning method. For uCE-MIRL, we develop a linear programming problem subject to constraints that define necessary and sufficient conditions for the observed policies to be correlated equilibria. The objective is to choose a solution that not only minimizes the total game value difference between the observed bi-policy and a local uCS, but also maximizes the scale of the solution. We apply a similar treatment to the problem of uNE-MIRL. The remaining two problems can be solved efficiently by taking advantage of solution uniqueness and setting up a convex optimization problem. Results are validated on various benchmark grid-world games.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.09795,2019,journalArticle,"Lin, Xiaomin; Adams, Stephen C.; Beling, Peter A.",Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research,1196
-Dynamic inconsistency of the inaction and initial state baseline,"Vika has been posting about various baseline choices for impact measure. In this post, I'll argue that the stepwise inaction baseline is dynamically inconsistent/time-inconsistent. Informally, what this means is that an agent will have different preferences from its future self. LOSSES FROM TIME-INCONSISTENCY Why is time-inconsistency bad? It's because it allows money-pump situations: the environment can extract free reward from the agent, to no advantage to that agent. Or, put more formally: * An agent A is time-inconsistent between times t and t′>t, if at time t it would pay a positive amount of reward to constrain its possible choices at time t′. Outside of anthropics and game theory, we expect our agent to be time-consistent. TIME INCONSISTENCY EXAMPLE Consider the following example: The robot can move in all four directions - N, E, S, W - and can also take the noop operation, ∅. The discount rate is γ<1. It gets a reward of r>0 for standing on the blue button for the first time. Using attainable utility preservation, the penalty function is defined by the auxiliary set R; here, this just consists of the reward function that gives p>0 for standing on the red button for the first time. Therefore if the robot moves from a point n steps away from the red button, to one m steps away, it gets a penalty[1] of p|γn−γm| - the difference between the expected red-button rewards for an optimiser in both positions. TWO PATHS It's pretty clear there are two potentially optimal paths the robot can take: going straight to the blue button (higher reward, but higher penalty), or taking the long way round (lower reward, but lower penalty): Fortunately, when summing up the penalties, you sum terms like …p|γn−1−γn|+p|γn− γn+1|…, so a lot of the terms cancel. Thus for the short route, the reward is r⋅γ8 (distance of eight to the blue button) and the penalty is 2p(γ3−γ7) (closest to the red button: 3 squares, furthest: 7 squares). For the long route, the rewar",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/w8QBmgQwb83vDMXoz/dynamic-inconsistency-of-the-inaction-and-initial-state,2020,blogPost,"Armstrong, Stuart",AI Alignment Forum,1197
-Modeling the Human Trajectory,"In arriving at our funding priorities---including criminal justice reform, farm animal welfare, pandemic preparedness, health-related science, and artificial intelligence safety---Open Philanthropy has pondered profound questions. How much should we care about people who will live far in the",https://www.openphilanthropy.org/blog/modeling-human-trajectory,2020,blogPost,"Roodman, David",Open Philanthropy,1198
-Inferring and assisting with constraints in shared autonomy,"Our goal is to enable robots to better assist people with motor impairments in day-to-day tasks. Currently, such robots are teleoperated, which is tedious. It requires carefully maneuvering the robot by providing input through some interface. This is further complicated because most tasks are filled with constraints, e.g. on how much the end effector can tilt before the glass that the robot is carrying spills. Satisfying these constraints can be difficult or even impossible with the latency, bandwidth, and resolution of the input interface. We seek to make operating these robots more efficient and reduce cognitive load on the operator. Given that manipulation research is not advanced enough to make these robots autonomous in the near term, achieving this goal requires finding aspects of these tasks that are difficult for human operators to achieve, but easy to automate with current capabilities. We propose constraints are the key: maintaining task constraints is the most difficult part of the task for operators, yet it is easy to do autonomously. We introduce a method for inferring constraints from operator input, along with a confidence-based way of assisting the user in maintaining them, and evaluate in a user study.",,2016,conferencePaper,"Mehr, N.; Horowitz, R.; Dragan, A. D.",2016 IEEE 55th Conference on Decision and Control (CDC),1199
-The complexity of agreement,,http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1060590.1060686,2005,conferencePaper,"Aaronson, Scott",Proceedings of the thirty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing - STOC '05,1200
-"Introduction: Creativity, Conservatism & the Social Epistemology of Science",,http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/15066/,2018,journalArticle,"Currie, Adrian","Creativity, Conservatism & the Social Epistemology of Science",1201
-Provable defenses against adversarial examples via the convex outer adversarial polytope,,,2018,conferencePaper,"Wong, Eric; Kolter, Zico",International Conference on Machine Learning,1202
-Will AI undergo discontinuous progress?,"This post grew out of conversations with several people, including Daniel Kokotajlo, grue_slinky and Linda Lisefors, and is based in large part on a collection of scattered comments and blog-posts across lesswrong, along with some podcast interviews - e.g. here. The in-text links near quotes will take you to my sources. I am attempting to distinguish two possibilities which are often run together - that progress in AI towards AGI (‘takeoff’) will be discontinuous and that it will be fast, but continuous. Resolving this distinction also addresses the claim that there has been a significant shift in arguments for AI presenting an existential risk: from older arguments discussing an ultra-fast intelligence explosion occurring in a single ‘seed AI’ to more moderate scenarios. I argue that the ‘shift in arguments on AI safety’ is not a total change in basic assumptions (which some observers have claimed) but just a reduction in confidence about a specifically discontinuous takeoff. Finally, I try to explicitly operationalize the practical differences between discontinuous takeoff and fast, continuous takeoff. Further Reading Summary: Why AI risk might be solved without additional intervention from Longtermists Paul Christiano’s original post MIRIs Thoughts on Discontinuous takeoff Misconceptions about continuous takeoff AI Impacts original post Soft Takeoff can still lead to Decisive Strategic Advantage DEFINING DISCONTINUOUS PROGRESS What do I mean by ‘discontinuous’? If we were to graph world GDP over the last 10,000 years, it fits onto a hyperbolic growth pattern. We could call this ‘continuous’ since it is following a single trend, or we could call it ‘discontinuous’ because, on the scale of millennia, the industrial revolution exploded out of nowhere. I will call these sorts of hyperbolic trends ‘continuous, but fast’, in line with Paul Christiano, who argued for continuous takeoff, defining it this way: AI is just another, faster step in the hyperbolic g",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/5WECpYABCT62TJrhY/will-ai-undergo-discontinuous-progress,2020,blogPost,"Martin, Sammy",AI Alignment Forum,1203
-Emergence of Grounded Compositional Language in Multi-Agent Populations,"By capturing statistical patterns in large corpora, machine learning has enabled significant advances in natural language processing, including in machine translation, question answering, and sentiment analysis. However, for agents to intelligently interact with humans, simply capturing the statistical patterns is insufficient. In this paper we investigate if, and how, grounded compositional language can emerge as a means to achieve goals in multi-agent populations. Towards this end, we propose a multi-agent learning environment and learning methods that bring about emergence of a basic compositional language. This language is represented as streams of abstract discrete symbols uttered by agents over time, but nonetheless has a coherent structure that possesses a defined vocabulary and syntax. We also observe emergence of non-verbal communication such as pointing and guiding when language communication is unavailable.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1703.04908,2018,manuscript,"Mordatch, Igor; Abbeel, Pieter",,1204
-Adversarial Attacks and Defences Competition,"To accelerate research on adversarial examples and robustness of machine learning classifiers, Google Brain organized a NIPS 2017 competition that encouraged researchers to develop new methods to generate adversarial examples as well as to develop new ways to defend against them. In this chapter, we describe the structure and organization of the competition and the solutions developed by several of the top-placing teams.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.00097,2018,conferencePaper,"Kurakin, Alexey; Goodfellow, Ian; Bengio, Samy; Dong, Yinpeng; Liao, Fangzhou; Liang, Ming; Pang, Tianyu; Zhu, Jun; Hu, Xiaolin; Xie, Cihang; Wang, Jianyu; Zhang, Zhishuai; Ren, Zhou; Yuille, Alan; Huang, Sangxia; Zhao, Yao; Zhao, Yuzhe; Han, Zhonglin; Long, Junjiajia; Berdibekov, Yerkebulan; Akiba, Takuya; Tokui, Seiya; Abe, Motoki",The NIPS '17 Competition: Building Intelligent Systems,1205
-Building Thinking Machines by Solving Animal Cognition Tasks,"In ‘Computing Machinery and Intelligence’, Turing, sceptical of the question ‘Can machines think?’, quickly replaces it with an experimentally verifiable test: the imitation game. I suggest that for such a move to be successful the test needs to be relevant, expansive, solvable by exemplars, unpredictable, and lead to actionable research. The Imitation Game is only partially successful in this regard and its reliance on language, whilst insightful for partially solving the problem, has put AI progress on the wrong foot, prescribing a top-down approach for building thinking machines. I argue that to fix shortcomings with modern AI systems a nonverbal operationalisation is required. This is provided by the recent Animal-AI Testbed, which translates animal cognition tests for AI and provides a bottom-up research pathway for building thinking machines that create predictive models of their environment from sensory input.",http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11023-020-09535-6,2020,journalArticle,"Crosby, Matthew",Minds and Machines,1206
-The Flash Crash: High-Frequency Trading in an Electronic Market: The Flash Crash,,http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jofi.12498,2017,journalArticle,"Kirilenko, Andrei; Kyle, Albert S.; Samadi, Mehrdad; Tuzun, Tugkan",The Journal of Finance,1207
-Big Self-Supervised Models are Strong Semi-Supervised Learners,"One paradigm for learning from few labeled examples while making best use of a large amount of unlabeled data is unsupervised pretraining followed by supervised fine-tuning. Although this paradigm uses unlabeled data in a task-agnostic way, in contrast to most previous approaches to semi-supervised learning for computer vision, we show that it is surprisingly effective for semi-supervised learning on ImageNet. A key ingredient of our approach is the use of a big (deep and wide) network during pretraining and fine-tuning. We find that, the fewer the labels, the more this approach (task-agnostic use of unlabeled data) benefits from a bigger network. After fine-tuning, the big network can be further improved and distilled into a much smaller one with little loss in classification accuracy by using the unlabeled examples for a second time, but in a task-specific way. The proposed semi-supervised learning algorithm can be summarized in three steps: unsupervised pretraining of a big ResNet model using SimCLRv2 (a modification of SimCLR), supervised fine-tuning on a few labeled examples, and distillation with unlabeled examples for refining and transferring the task-specific knowledge. This procedure achieves 73.9\% ImageNet top-1 accuracy with just 1\% of the labels ($\le$13 labeled images per class) using ResNet-50, a $10\times$ improvement in label efficiency over the previous state-of-the-art. With 10\% of labels, ResNet-50 trained with our method achieves 77.5\% top-1 accuracy, outperforming standard supervised training with all of the labels.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.10029,2020,conferencePaper,"Chen, Ting; Kornblith, Simon; Swersky, Kevin; Norouzi, Mohammad; Hinton, Geoffrey","34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2020),",1208
-Consequences of Misaligned AI,AI systems often rely on two key components: a specified goal or reward function and an optimization algorithm to compute the optimal behavior for that goal. This approach is intended to provide value for a principal: the user on whose behalf the agent acts. The objectives given to these agents often refer to a partial specification of the principal’s goals. We consider the cost of this incompleteness by analyzing a model of a principal and an agent in a resource constrained world where the L attributes of the state correspond to different sources of utility for the principal. We assume that the reward function given to the agent only has support on J < L attributes. The contributions of our paper are as follows: 1) we propose a novel model of an incomplete principal—agent problem from artificial intelligence; 2) we provide necessary and sufficient conditions under which indefinitely optimizing for any incomplete proxy objective leads to arbitrarily low overall utility; and 3) we show how modifying the setup to allow reward functions that reference the full state or allowing the principal to update the proxy objective over time can lead to higher utility solutions. The results in this paper argue that we should view the design of reward functions as an interactive and dynamic process and identifies a theoretical scenario where some degree of interactivity is desirable.,,2020,conferencePaper,"Zhuang, Simon; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 (2020),1209
-Dynamical Distance Learning for Semi-Supervised and Unsupervised Skill Discovery,"Reinforcement learning requires manual specification of a reward function to learn a task. While in principle this reward function only needs to specify the task goal, in practice reinforcement learning can be very time-consuming or even infeasible unless the reward function is shaped so as to provide a smooth gradient towards a successful outcome. This shaping is difficult to specify by hand, particularly when the task is learned from raw observations, such as images. In this paper, we study how we can automatically learn dynamical distances: a measure of the expected number of time steps to reach a given goal state from any other state. These dynamical distances can be used to provide well-shaped reward functions for reaching new goals, making it possible to learn complex tasks efficiently. We show that dynamical distances can be used in a semi-supervised regime, where unsupervised interaction with the environment is used to learn the dynamical distances, while a small amount of preference supervision is used to determine the task goal, without any manually engineered reward function or goal examples. We evaluate our method both on a real-world robot and in simulation. We show that our method can learn to turn a valve with a real-world 9-DoF hand, using raw image observations and just ten preference labels, without any other supervision. Videos of the learned skills can be found on the project website: https://sites.google.com/view/dynamical-distance-learning.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.08225,2020,manuscript,"Hartikainen, Kristian; Geng, Xinyang; Haarnoja, Tuomas; Levine, Sergey",,1210
-Alignment as Translation,"Technology Changes Constraints argues that economic constraints are usually modular with respect to technology changes - so for reasoning about technology changes, it’s useful to cast them in terms of economic constraints. Two constraints we’ll talk about here: * Compute - flops, memory, etc. * Information - sensors, data, etc. Thanks to ongoing technology changes, both of these constraints are becoming more and more slack over time - compute and information are both increasingly abundant and cheap. Immediate question: what happens in the limit as the prices of both compute and information go to zero? Essentially, we get omniscience: our software has access to a perfect, microscopically-detailed model of the real world. Computers have the memory and processing capability to run arbitrary queries on that model, and predictions are near-perfectly accurate (modulo quantum noise). This limit applies even without AGI - as compute and information become more abundant, our software approaches omniscience, even limiting ourselves to special-purpose reasoning algorithms. Of course, AGI would presumably be closer to omniscience than non-AGI algorithms, at the same level of compute/information. It would be able to more accurately predict more things which aren’t directly observable via available sensors, and it would be able to run larger queries with the same amount of compute. (How much closer to omniscience an AGI would get is an open question, but it would at least not be any worse in a big-O sense.) Next question: as compute and information constraints slacken, which constraints become taut? What new bottlenecks appear, for problems which were previously bottlenecked on compute/information? To put it differently: if our software can run arbitrary queries on an accurate, arbitrarily precise low-level model of the physical world, what else do we need in order to get value out of that capability? Well, mainly we need some way to specify what it is that we want. We",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/42YykiTqtGMyJAjDM/alignment-as-translation,2020,blogPost,"Wentworth, John S",AI Alignment Forum,1211
-Understanding Agent Incentives using Causal Influence Diagrams. Part I: Single Action Settings,"Agents are systems that optimize an objective function in an environment. Together, the goal and the environment induce secondary objectives, incentives. Modeling the agent-environment interaction using causal influence diagrams, we can answer two fundamental questions about an agent's incentives directly from the graph: (1) which nodes can the agent have an incentivize to observe, and (2) which nodes can the agent have an incentivize to control? The answers tell us which information and influence points need extra protection. For example, we may want a classifier for job applications to not use the ethnicity of the candidate, and a reinforcement learning agent not to take direct control of its reward mechanism. Different algorithms and training paradigms can lead to different causal influence diagrams, so our method can be used to identify algorithms with problematic incentives and help in designing algorithms with better incentives.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.09980,2019,manuscript,"Everitt, Tom; Ortega, Pedro A.; Barnes, Elizabeth; Legg, Shane",,1212
-Shielded Decision-Making in MDPs,"A prominent problem in artificial intelligence and machine learning is the safe exploration of an environment. In particular, reinforcement learning is a well-known technique to determine optimal policies for complicated dynamic systems, but suffers from the fact that such policies may induce harmful behavior. We present the concept of a shield that forces decision-making to provably adhere to safety requirements with high probability. Our method exploits the inherent uncertainties in scenarios given by Markov decision processes. We present a method to compute probabilities of decision making regarding temporal logic constraints. We use that information to realize a shield that---when applied to a reinforcement learning algorithm---ensures (near-)optimal behavior both for the safety constraints and for the actual learning objective. In our experiments, we show on the arcade game PAC-MAN that the learning efficiency increases as the learning needs orders of magnitude fewer episodes. We show tradeoffs between sufficient progress in exploration of the environment and ensuring strict safety.",,2018,book,"Jansen, Nils; Könighofer, Bettina; Junges, Sebastian; Bloem, Roderick",,1213
-Modeling Agents with Probabilistic Programs,,,2017,book,"Evans, Owain; Stuhlmüller, Andreas; Salvatier, John; Filan, Daniel",,1214
-"We, Borg: Speculations on hive minds as a posthuman state",,,2015,blogPost,"Sandberg, Anders",aleph.se,1215
-A Dialogue on Suffering Subroutines,"This piece presents a hypothetical dialogue that explains why instrumental computational processes of a future superintelligence might evoke moral concern. Generally, agent-like components might emerge in many places, including the computing processes of a future civilization. Whether and how much these subroutines matter are questions for future generations to figure out, but it's good to keep an open mind to the possibility that our intuitions about what suffering is may change dramatically.",https://longtermrisk.org/a-dialogue-on-suffering-subroutines/,2015,blogPost,"Tomasik, Brian",Center on Long-Term Risk,1216
-Model splintering: moving from one imperfect model to another,"1. THE BIG PROBLEM In the last few months, I've become convinced that there is a key meta-issue in AI safety; a problem that seems to come up in all sorts of areas. It's hard to summarise, but my best phrasing would be: * Many problems in AI safety seem to be variations of ""this approach seems safe in this imperfect model, but when we generalise the model more, it becomes dangerously underdefined"". Call this model splintering. * It is intrinsically worth studying how to (safely) transition from one imperfect model to another. This is worth doing, independently of whatever ""perfect"" or ""ideal"" model might be in the background of the imperfect models. This sprawling post will be presenting examples of model splintering, arguments for its importance, a formal setting allowing us to talk about it, and some uses we can put this setting to. 1.1 IN THE LANGUAGE OF TRADITIONAL ML In the language of traditional ML, we could connect all these issues to "" out-of-distribution"" behaviour. This is the problems that algorithms encounter when the set they are operating on is drawn from a different distribution than the training set they were trained on. Humans can often see that the algorithm is out-of-distribution and correct it, because we have a more general distribution in mind than the one the algorithm was trained on. In these terms, the issues of this post can be phrased as: 1. When the AI finds itself mildly out-of-distribution, how best can it extend its prior knowledge to the new situation? 2. What should the AI do if it finds itself strongly out-of-distribution? 3. What should the AI do if it finds itself strongly out-of-distribution, and humans don't know the correct distribution either? 1.2 MODEL SPLINTERING EXAMPLES Let's build a more general framework. Say that you start with some brilliant idea for AI safety/alignment/effectiveness. This idea is phrased in some (imperfect) model. Then ""model splintering"" happens when you or the AI",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/k54rgSg7GcjtXnMHX/model-splintering-moving-from-one-imperfect-model-to-another-1,2020,blogPost,"Armstrong, Stuart",AI Alignment Forum,1217
-Occam's razor is insufficient to infer the preferences of irrational agents,"Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) attempts to infer human rewards or preferences from observed behavior. Since human planning systematically deviates from rationality, several approaches have been tried to account for specific human shortcomings. However, the general problem of inferring the reward function of an agent of unknown rationality has received little attention. Unlike the well-known ambiguity problems in IRL, this one is practically relevant but cannot be resolved by observing the agent’s policy in enough environments. This paper shows (1) that a No Free Lunch result implies it is impossible to uniquely decompose a policy into a planning algorithm and reward function, and (2) that even with a reasonable simplicity prior/Occam’s razor on the set of decompositions, we cannot distinguish between the true decomposition and others that lead to high regret. To address this, we need simple ‘normative’ assumptions, which cannot be deduced exclusively from observations.",,2018,conferencePaper,"Armstrong, Stuart; Mindermann, Sören",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems,1218
-Our driverless dilemma,"Suppose that a driverless car is headed toward five pedestrians. It can stay on course and kill them or swerve into a concrete wall, killing its passenger. On page 1573 of this issue, Bonnefon et al. (1) explore this social dilemma in a series of clever survey experiments. They show that people generally approve of cars programmed to minimize the total amount of harm, even at the expense of their passengers, but are not enthusiastic about riding in such “utilitarian” cars—that is, autonomous vehicles that are, in certain emergency situations, programmed to sacrifice their passengers for the greater good. Such dilemmas may arise infrequently, but once millions of autonomous vehicles are on the road, the improbable becomes probable, perhaps even inevitable. And even if such cases never arise, autonomous vehicles must be programmed to handle them. How should they be programmed? And who should decide? When should your car be willing to kill you? When should your car be willing to kill you?",https://science.sciencemag.org/content/352/6293/1514,2016,journalArticle,"Greene, Joshua D.",Science,1219
-How the Simulation Argument Dampens Future Fanaticism,"Some effective altruists assume that most of the expected impact of our actions comes from how we influence the very long-term future of Earthoriginating intelligence over the coming ∼billions of years. According to this view, helping humans and animals in the short term matters, but it mainly only matters via effects on far-future outcomes.",,2016,manuscript,"Tomasik, Brian",,1220
-The Liability Problem for Autonomous Artificial Agents,"This paper describes and frames a central ethical issue–the liability problem–facing the regulation of artificial computational agents, including artificial intelligence (AI) and robotic systems, as they become increasingly autonomous, and supersede current capabilities. While it frames the issue in legal terms of liability and culpability, these terms are deeply imbued and interconnected with their ethical and moral correlate– responsibility. In order for society to benefit from advances in AI technology, it will be necessary to develop regulatory policies which manage the risk and liability of deploying systems with increasingly autonomous capabilities. However, current approaches to liability have difficulties when it comes to dealing with autonomous artificial agents because their behavior may be unpredictable to those who create and deploy them, and they will not be proper legal or moral agents. This problem is the motivation for a research project that will explore the fundamental concepts of autonomy, agency and liability; clarify the different varieties of agency that artificial systems might realize, including causal, legal and moral; and the illuminate the relationships between these. The paper will frame the problem of liability in autonomous agents, sketch out its relation to fundamental concepts in human legal and moral agency– including autonomy, agency, causation, intention, responsibility and culpability–and their applicability or inapplicability to autonomous artificial agents.",,2016,conferencePaper,"Asaro, Peter M",,1221
-Microscopy Cell Segmentation via Adversarial Neural Networks,"We present a novel method for cell segmentation in microscopy images which is inspired by the Generative Adversarial Neural Network (GAN) approach. Our framework is built on a pair of two competitive artificial neural networks, with a unique architecture, termed Rib Cage, which are trained simultaneously and together define a min-max game resulting in an accurate segmentation of a given image. Our approach has two main strengths, similar to the GAN, the method does not require a formulation of a loss function for the optimization process. This allows training on a limited amount of annotated data in a weakly supervised manner. Promising segmentation results on real fluorescent microscopy data are presented. The code is freely available at: https://github.com/arbellea/DeepCellSeg.git",http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.05860,2018,conferencePaper,"Arbelle, Assaf; Raviv, Tammy Riklin",2018 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2018),1222
-Adaptive Mechanism Design: Learning to Promote Cooperation,"In the future, artificial learning agents are likely to become increasingly widespread in our society. They will interact with both other learning agents and humans in a variety of complex settings including social dilemmas. We consider the problem of how an external agent can promote cooperation between artificial learners by distributing additional rewards and punishments based on observing the learners' actions. We propose a rule for automatically learning how to create right incentives by considering the players' anticipated parameter updates. Using this learning rule leads to cooperation with high social welfare in matrix games in which the agents would otherwise learn to defect with high probability. We show that the resulting cooperative outcome is stable in certain games even if the planning agent is turned off after a given number of episodes, while other games require ongoing intervention to maintain mutual cooperation. However, even in the latter case, the amount of necessary additional incentives decreases over time.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.04067,2019,conferencePaper,"Baumann, Tobias; Graepel, Thore; Shawe-Taylor, John",2020 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN),1223
-On the axiomatic treatment of probability,,http://www.impan.pl/get/doi/10.4064/cm-3-2-125-137,1955,journalArticle,"Łoś, J.",Colloquium Mathematicum,1224
-Tessellating Hills: a toy model for demons in imperfect search,"If you haven't already, take a look at this post by johnswentworth to understand what this is all about: https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/KnPN7ett8RszE79PH/demons-in-imperfect-search The short version is that while systems that use perfect search, such as AIXI, have many safety problems, a whole new set of problems arises when we start creating systems that are not perfect searchers. Patterns can form that exploit the imperfect nature of the search function to perpetuate themselves. johnswentworth refers to such patterns as ""demons"". After reading that post I decided to see if I could observe demon formation in a simple model: gradient descent on a not-too-complicated mathematical function. It turns out that even in this very simplistic case, demon formation can happen. Hopefully this post will give people an example of demon formation where the mechanism is simple and easy to visualize. MODEL The function we try to minimize using gradient descent is called the loss function. Here it is: L(→x)=−x0+ϵn∑j=1xj⋅splotchj(→x) Let me explain what some of the parts of this loss mean. Each function splotchj( →x) is periodic with period 2π in every component of →x. I decided in this case to make my splotch functions out of a few randomly chosen sine waves added together. ϵ is chosen to be a small number so in any local region, ϵ∑nj=1xj⋅splotchj(→x) will look approximately periodic: A bunch of hills repeating over and over again with period 2π across the landscape. But over large enough distances, the relative weightings of various splotches do change. Travel a distance of 20π in the x7 direction, and splotch7 will be a larger component of the repeating pattern than it was before. This allows for selection effects. The −x0 term means that the vector →x mainly wants to increase its x0 component. But the splotch functions can also direct its motion. A splotch function might have a kind of ridge that directs some of the x0 motion into other components. If splotch7 tends to",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/X7S3u5E4KktLp7gHz/tessellating-hills-a-toy-model-for-demons-in-imperfect,2020,blogPost,DaemonicSigil,AI Alignment Forum,1225
-Zero-Shot Visual Imitation,"The current dominant paradigm for imitation learning relies on strong supervision of expert actions to learn both 'what' and 'how' to imitate. We pursue an alternative paradigm wherein an agent first explores the world without any expert supervision and then distills its experience into a goal-conditioned skill policy with a novel forward consistency loss. In our framework, the role of the expert is only to communicate the goals (i.e., what to imitate) during inference. The learned policy is then employed to mimic the expert (i.e., how to imitate) after seeing just a sequence of images demonstrating the desired task. Our method is 'zero-shot' in the sense that the agent never has access to expert actions during training or for the task demonstration at inference. We evaluate our zero-shot imitator in two real-world settings: complex rope manipulation with a Baxter robot and navigation in previously unseen office environments with a TurtleBot. Through further experiments in VizDoom simulation, we provide evidence that better mechanisms for exploration lead to learning a more capable policy which in turn improves end task performance. Videos, models, and more details are available at https://pathak22.github.io/zeroshot-imitation/",http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.08606,2018,conferencePaper,"Pathak, Deepak; Mahmoudieh, Parsa; Luo, Guanghao; Agrawal, Pulkit; Chen, Dian; Shentu, Yide; Shelhamer, Evan; Malik, Jitendra; Efros, Alexei A.; Darrell, Trevor",Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops,1226
-Interpretable and Pedagogical Examples,"Teachers intentionally pick the most informative examples to show their students. However, if the teacher and student are neural networks, the examples that the teacher network learns to give, although effective at teaching the student, are typically uninterpretable. We show that training the student and teacher iteratively, rather than jointly, can produce interpretable teaching strategies. We evaluate interpretability by (1) measuring the similarity of the teacher’s emergent strategies to intuitive strategies in each domain and (2) conducting human experiments to evaluate how effective the teacher’s strategies are at teaching humans. We show that the teacher network learns to select or generate interpretable, pedagogical examples to teach rule-based, probabilistic, boolean, and hierarchical concepts.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.00694,2017,manuscript,"Milli, Smitha; Abbeel, Pieter; Mordatch, Igor",,1227
-Finding and Visualizing Weaknesses of Deep Reinforcement Learning Agents,"As deep reinforcement learning driven by visual perception becomes more widely used there is a growing need to better understand and probe the learned agents. Understanding the decision making process and its relationship to visual inputs can be very valuable to identify problems in learned behavior. However, this topic has been relatively under-explored in the research community. In this work we present a method for synthesizing visual inputs of interest for a trained agent. Such inputs or states could be situations in which specific actions are necessary. Further, critical states in which a very high or a very low reward can be achieved are often interesting to understand the situational awareness of the system as they can correspond to risky states. To this end, we learn a generative model over the state space of the environment and use its latent space to optimize a target function for the state of interest. In our experiments we show that this method can generate insights for a variety of environments and reinforcement learning methods. We explore results in the standard Atari benchmark games as well as in an autonomous driving simulator. Based on the efficiency with which we have been able to identify behavioural weaknesses with this technique, we believe this general approach could serve as an important tool for AI safety applications.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.01318,2019,manuscript,"Rupprecht, Christian; Ibrahim, Cyril; Pal, Christopher J.",,1228
-How Useful Is Quantilization For Mitigating Specification-Gaming?,"For some tasks, there exists a goal that perfectly describes what the designer wants the AI system to achieve. For many tasks, however, the best available proxy objective is only a rough approximation of the designer’s intentions. When given such a goal, a system that optimizes the proxy objective tends to select degenerate solutions where the proxy reward is very different from the designer’s true reward function. One way to counteract the tendency toward specification-gaming is quantilization, a method that interpolates between imitating demonstrations, and optimizing the proxy objective. If the demonstrations are of adequate quality, and the proxy reward overestimates performance, then quantilization has better guaranteed performance than other strategies. However, if the proxy reward underestimates performance, then either imitation or optimization will offer the best guarantee. This work introduces three new gym environments: Mountain Car-RR, Hopper-RR, and Video Pinball-RR, and shows that quantilization outperforms baselines on these tasks.",,2019,conferencePaper,"Carey, Ryan",,1229
-Precedents for economic n-year doubling before 4n-year doubling,"Does the economy ever double without having first doubled four times slower? Yes, but not since 3000BC.",https://aiimpacts.org/precedents-for-economic-n-year-doubling-before-4n-year-doubling/,2020,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,1230
-The Case for Strong Longtermism,,https://globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/Greaves_MacAskill_The_Case_for_Strong_Longtermism.pdf,2019,manuscript,"Greaves, Hilary; MacAskill, William",,1231
-Detecting Spiky Corruption in Markov Decision Processes,"Current reinforcement learning methods fail if the reward function is imperfect, i.e. if the agent observes reward different from what it actually receives. We study this problem within the formalism of Corrupt Reward Markov Decision Processes (CRMDPs). We show that if the reward corruption in a CRMDP is sufficiently ""spiky"", the environment is solvable. We fully characterize the regret bound of a Spiky CRMDP, and introduce an algorithm that is able to detect its corrupt states. We show that this algorithm can be used to learn the optimal policy with any common reinforcement learning algorithm. Finally, we investigate our algorithm in a pair of simple gridworld environments, finding that our algorithm can detect the corrupt states and learn the optimal policy despite the corruption.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.00452,2019,manuscript,"Mancuso, Jason; Kisielewski, Tomasz; Lindner, David; Singh, Alok",,1232
-Finding Generalizable Evidence by Learning to Convince Q&A Models,"We propose a system that finds the strongest supporting evidence for a given answer to a question, using passage-based question-answering (QA) as a testbed. We train evidence agents to select the passage sentences that most convince a pretrained QA model of a given answer, if the QA model received those sentences instead of the full passage. Rather than finding evidence that convinces one model alone, we find that agents select evidence that generalizes; agent-chosen evidence increases the plausibility of the supported answer, as judged by other QA models and humans. Given its general nature, this approach improves QA in a robust manner: using agent-selected evidence (i) humans can correctly answer questions with only ~20% of the full passage and (ii) QA models can generalize to longer passages and harder questions.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.05863,2019,conferencePaper,"Perez, Ethan; Karamcheti, Siddharth; Fergus, Rob; Weston, Jason; Kiela, Douwe; Cho, Kyunghyun",Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processingand the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing,1233
-Safe operation as a social construct,,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/001401399184884,1999,journalArticle,"Rochlin, Gene I.",Ergonomics,1234
-On the Impossibility of Supersized Machines,,https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.10987,2017,manuscript,"Garfinkel, Ben; Brundage, Miles; Filan, Daniel; Flynn, Carrick; Luketina, Jelena; Page, Michael; Sandberg, Anders; Snyder-Beattie, Andrew; Tegmark, Max",,1235
-Is state-dependent valuation more adaptive than simpler rules?,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376635717302048,2018,journalArticle,"Halpern, Joseph Y.; Seeman, Lior",Behavioural Processes,1236
-Don't Blink: Reputations for Resolve and Higher-Order Beliefs in Crisis Bargaining,,,2017,manuscript,"Dafoe, Allan; Zwetsloot, Remco",,1237
-Future directions for narrow value learning,"Narrow value learning is a huge field that people are already working on (though not by that name) and I can’t possibly do it justice. This post is primarily a list of things that I think are important and interesting, rather than an exhaustive list of directions to pursue. (In contrast, the corresponding post for ambitious value learning did aim to be exhaustive, and I don’t think I missed much work there.) You might think that since so many people are already working on narrow value learning, we should focus on more neglected areas of AI safety. However, I still think it’s worth working on because long-term safety suggests a particular subset of problems to focus on; that subset seems quite neglected. For example, a lot of work is about how to improve current algorithms in a particular domain, and the solutions encode domain knowledge to succeed. This seems not very relevant for long-term concerns. Some work assumes that a handcoded featurization is given (so that the true reward is linear in the features); this is not an assumption we could make for more powerful AI systems. I will speculate a bit on the neglectedness and feasibility of each of these areas, since for many of them there isn’t a person or research group who would champion them whom I could defer to about the arguments for success. THE BIG PICTURE This category of research is about how you could take narrow value learning algorithms and use them to create an aligned AI system. Typically, I expect this to work by having the narrow value learning enable some form of corrigibility. As far as I can tell, nobody outside of the AI safety community works on this problem. While it is far too early to stake a confident position one way or the other, I am slightly less optimistic about this avenue of approach than one in which we create a system that is directly trained to be corrigible. Avoiding problems with goal-directedness. How do we put together narrow value learning techniques in a way that does",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/MxadmSXHnoCupsWqx/future-directions-for-narrow-value-learning,2019,blogPost,"Shah, Rohin",AI Alignment Forum,1238
-Quantifying Independently Reproducible Machine Learning,"Many warn that Artificial Intelligence has a serious reproducibility crisis, but is it so? Some conclusions from the author's experience trying to replicate 255 papers.",https://thegradient.pub/independently-reproducible-machine-learning/,2020,blogPost,"Raff, Edward",The Gradient,1239
-The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Strategic Stability and Nuclear Risk,,,2019,book,"Amadae, S.M.; Avin, Shahar; Borrie, John; Bronk, Justin; Hagström, Martin; Horowitz, Michael C.; Kaspersen, Anja; King, Chris; Rickli, Jean-Marc; Sauer, Frank; Scheftelowitsch, Dimitri; Stoutland, Page O.; Topychkanov, Petr",,1240
-Program obfuscation: a quantitative approach,,http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1314257.1314263,2007,conferencePaper,"Anckaert, Bertrand; Madou, Matias; De Sutter, Bjorn; De Bus, Bruno; De Bosschere, Koen; Preneel, Bart",Proceedings of the 2007 ACM workshop on Quality of protection - QoP '07,1241
-Introducing the Unrestricted Adversarial Examples Challenge,"Posted by Tom B. Brown and Catherine Olsson, Research Engineers, Google Brain Team Machine learning is being deployed in more and more rea...",http://ai.googleblog.com/2018/09/introducing-unrestricted-adversarial.html,2018,blogPost,Tom B Brown; Catherine Olsson,Google AI Blog,1242
-"A non-mystical explanation of ""no-self"" (three characteristics series)","This is the second post of the ""a non-mystical explanation of insight meditation and the three characteristics of existence"" series. You can read the first post, explaining my general intent and approach, here. ON THE THREE CHARACTERISTICS So, just what are the three characteristics of existence? My take is that they are a rough way of clustering the kinds of insights that you may get from insight meditation: in one way or another, most insights about the structure of your mind can be said to be about no-self, impermanence, unsatisfactoriness, or some combination of them. As upcoming posts should hopefully make obvious, this is not a very clear-cut distinction: the three are deeply intertwined with each other, and you can’t fully explain one without explaining the others. I am starting with a discussion of no-self, then moving to unsatisfactoriness, then coming back to no-self, moving between the different characteristics in a way that seems most clear. I think that what’s called “enlightenment” refers to the gradual accumulation of these kinds of insights, combined with practices aimed at exploiting an understanding of them. There are many different insights and ways of exploring them, as well as many general approaches for making use of them. Different traditions also seem to have different enlightenments [1, 2]. Thus, rather than providing any definitive explanation of “this is enlightenment”, I attempt to focus on exploring how various cognitive mechanisms behind different enlightenments work. My intent is to cover enough of different things to give a taste of what's out there and what kinds of outcomes might be possible, while acknowledging that there's also a lot that I have no clue of yet. So this is not trying to be anything like “a definitive and complete explanation of the three characteristics”; I don’t think anyone could write such a thing, as nobody can have explored all the aspects of all the three. Rather, this is more of a sketch of those aspects",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/W59Nb72sYJhMJKGB8/a-non-mystical-explanation-of-no-self-three-characteristics,2020,blogPost,"Sotala, Kaj",LessWrong,1243
-Interpretable Convolutional Neural Networks,,https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8579018/,2018,conferencePaper,"Zhang, Quanshi; Wu, Ying Nian; Zhu, Song-Chun",2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,1244
-On Catastrophic Interference in Atari 2600 Games,"Model-free deep reinforcement learning is sample inefficient. One hypothesis -- speculated, but not confirmed -- is that catastrophic interference within an environment inhibits learning. We test this hypothesis through a large-scale empirical study in the Arcade Learning Environment (ALE) and, indeed, find supporting evidence. We show that interference causes performance to plateau; the network cannot train on segments beyond the plateau without degrading the policy used to reach there. By synthetically controlling for interference, we demonstrate performance boosts across architectures, learning algorithms and environments. A more refined analysis shows that learning one segment of a game often increases prediction errors elsewhere. Our study provides a clear empirical link between catastrophic interference and sample efficiency in reinforcement learning.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.12499,2020,manuscript,"Fedus, William; Ghosh, Dibya; Martin, John D.; Bellemare, Marc G.; Bengio, Yoshua; Larochelle, Hugo",,1245
-Learning Safe Policies with Expert Guidance,"We propose a framework for ensuring safe behavior of a reinforcement learning agent when the reward function may be difficult to specify. In order to do this, we rely on the existence of demonstrations from expert policies, and we provide a theoretical framework for the agent to optimize in the space of rewards consistent with its existing knowledge. We propose two methods to solve the resulting optimization: an exact ellipsoid-based method and a method in the spirit of the ""follow-the-perturbed-leader"" algorithm. Our experiments demonstrate the behavior of our algorithm in both discrete and continuous problems. The trained agent safely avoids states with potential negative effects while imitating the behavior of the expert in the other states.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.08313,2018,conferencePaper,"Huang, Jessie; Wu, Fa; Precup, Doina; Cai, Yang",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS 2018),1246
-A Rawlsian algorithm for autonomous vehicles,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10676-017-9419-3,2017,journalArticle,"Leben, Derek",Ethics and Information Technology,1247
-Growing Recursive Self-Improvers,"Research into the capability of recursive self-improvement typically only considers pairs of agent, self-modification candidate , and asks whether the agent can determine/prove if the self-modification is beneficial and safe. But this leaves out the much more important question of how to come up with a potential self-modification in the first place, as well as how to build an AI system capable of evaluating one. Here we introduce a novel class of AI systems, called experience-based AI (EXPAI), which trivializes the search for beneficial and safe self-modifications. Instead of distracting us with proof-theoretical issues, EXPAI systems force us to consider their education in order to control a system’s growth towards a robust and trustworthy, benevolent and well-behaved agent. We discuss what a practical instance of EXPAI looks like and build towards a “test theory” that allows us to gauge an agent’s level of understanding of educational material.",http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-41649-6_13,2016,bookSection,"Steunebrink, Bas R.; Thórisson, Kristinn R.; Schmidhuber, Jürgen",Artificial General Intelligence,1248
-Transcending Complacency On Superintelligent Machines,"As the Hollywood blockbuster Transcendence debuts this weekend with Johnny Depp, Morgan Freeman and clashing visions for the future of humanity,...",https://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-hawking/artificial-intelligence_b_5174265.html,2014,magazineArticle,"Hawking, Stephen; Tegmark, Max; Russell, Stuart; Wilczek, Frank",HuffPost,1249
-Future progress in artificial intelligence: A poll among experts,,,2014,journalArticle,"Müller, Vincent C.; Bostrom, Nick",AI Matters,1250
-Causal Confusion in Imitation Learning,"Behavioral cloning reduces policy learning to supervised learning by training a discriminative model to predict expert actions given observations. Such discriminative models are non-causal: the training procedure is unaware of the causal structure of the interaction between the expert and the environment. We point out that ignoring causality is particularly damaging because of the distributional shift in imitation learning. In particular, it leads to a counter-intuitive ""causal misidentification"" phenomenon: access to more information can yield worse performance. We investigate how this problem arises, and propose a solution to combat it through targeted interventions---either environment interaction or expert queries---to determine the correct causal model. We show that causal misidentification occurs in several benchmark control domains as well as realistic driving settings, and validate our solution against DAgger and other baselines and ablations.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.11979v2,2019,conferencePaper,"de Haan, Pim; Jayaraman, Dinesh; Levine, Sergey",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 (NeurIPS 2019),1251
-Artificial Intelligence: American Attitudes and Trends,,https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3312874,2019,report,"Zhang, Baobao; Dafoe, Allan",,1252
-Guided Meta-Policy Search,"Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have demonstrated promising results on complex tasks, yet often require impractical numbers of samples because they learn from scratch. Meta-RL aims to address this challenge by leveraging experience from previous tasks in order to more quickly solve new tasks. However, in practice, these algorithms generally also require large amounts of on-policy experience during the meta-training process, making them impractical for use in many problems. To this end, we propose to learn a reinforcement learning procedure through imitation of expert policies that solve previously-seen tasks. This involves a nested optimization, with RL in the inner loop and supervised imitation learning in the outer loop. Because the outer loop imitation learning can be done with off-policy data, we can achieve significant gains in meta-learning sample efficiency. In this paper, we show how this general idea can be used both for meta-reinforcement learning and for learning fast RL procedures from multi-task demonstration data. The former results in an approach that can leverage policies learned for previous tasks without significant amounts of on-policy data during meta-training, whereas the latter is particularly useful in cases where demonstrations are easy for a person to provide. Across a number of continuous control meta-RL problems, we demonstrate significant improvements in meta-RL sample efficiency in comparison to prior work as well as the ability to scale to domains with visual observations.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.00956,2019,conferencePaper,"Mendonca, Russell; Gupta, Abhishek; Kralev, Rosen; Abbeel, Pieter; Levine, Sergey; Finn, Chelsea",33rd Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2019),1253
-The Role of Cooperation in Responsible AI Development,"In this paper, we argue that competitive pressures could incentivize AI companies to underinvest in ensuring their systems are safe, secure, and have a positive social impact. Ensuring that AI systems are developed responsibly may therefore require preventing and solving collective action problems between companies. We note that there are several key factors that improve the prospects for cooperation in collective action problems. We use this to identify strategies to improve the prospects for industry cooperation on the responsible development of AI.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.04534,2019,manuscript,"Askell, Amanda; Brundage, Miles; Hadfield, Gillian",,1254
-"Learning from Physical Human Corrections, One Feature at a Time","We focus on learning robot objective functions from human guidance: specifically, from physical corrections provided by the person while the robot is acting. Objective functions are typically parametrized in terms of features, which capture aspects of the task that might be important. When the person intervenes to correct the robot’s behavior, the robot should update its understanding of which features matter, how much, and in what way. Unfortunately, real users do not provide optimal corrections that isolate exactly what the robot was doing wrong. Thus, when receiving a correction, it is difficult for the robot to determine which features the person meant to correct, and which features were changed unintentionally. In this paper, we propose to improve the efficiency of robot learning during physical interactions by reducing unintended learning. Our approach allows the human-robot team to focus on learning one feature at a time, unlike state-of-the-art techniques that update all features at once. We derive an online method for identifying the single feature which the human is trying to change during physical interaction, and experimentally compare this one-at-a-time approach to the all-at-once baseline in a user study. Our results suggest that users teaching one-at-a-time perform better, especially in tasks that require changing multiple features.",http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3171221.3171267,2018,conferencePaper,"Bajcsy, Andrea; Losey, Dylan P.; O'Malley, Marcia K.; Dragan, Anca D.",Proceedings of the 2018 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction - HRI '18,1255
-Transfer from Simulation to Real World through Learning Deep Inverse Dynamics Model,"Developing control policies in simulation is often more practical and safer than directly running experiments in the real world. This applies to policies obtained from planning and optimization, and even more so to policies obtained from reinforcement learning, which is often very data demanding. However, a policy that succeeds in simulation often doesn't work when deployed on a real robot. Nevertheless, often the overall gist of what the policy does in simulation remains valid in the real world. In this paper we investigate such settings, where the sequence of states traversed in simulation remains reasonable for the real world, even if the details of the controls are not, as could be the case when the key differences lie in detailed friction, contact, mass and geometry properties. During execution, at each time step our approach computes what the simulation-based control policy would do, but then, rather than executing these controls on the real robot, our approach computes what the simulation expects the resulting next state(s) will be, and then relies on a learned deep inverse dynamics model to decide which real-world action is most suitable to achieve those next states. Deep models are only as good as their training data, and we also propose an approach for data collection to (incrementally) learn the deep inverse dynamics model. Our experiments shows our approach compares favorably with various baselines that have been developed for dealing with simulation to real world model discrepancy, including output error control and Gaussian dynamics adaptation.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1610.03518,2016,manuscript,"Christiano, Paul; Shah, Zain; Mordatch, Igor; Schneider, Jonas; Blackwell, Trevor; Tobin, Joshua; Abbeel, Pieter; Zaremba, Wojciech",,1256
-Adversarial Policies: Attacking Deep Reinforcement Learning,"Deep reinforcement learning (RL) policies are known to be vulnerable to adversarial perturbations to their observations, similar to adversarial examples for classifiers. However, an attacker is not usually able to directly modify another agent’s observations. This might lead one to wonder: is it possible to attack an RL agent simply by choosing an adversarial policy acting in a multi-agent environment so as to create natural observations that are adversarial? We demonstrate the existence of adversarial policies in zero-sum games between simulated humanoid robots with proprioceptive observations, against state-of-the-art victims trained via self-play to be robust to opponents. The adversarial policies reliably win against the victims but generate seemingly random and uncoordinated behavior. We find that these policies are more successful in high-dimensional environments, and induce substantially different activations in the victim policy network than when the victim plays against a normal opponent. Videos are available at https://adversarialpolicies.github.io/.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10615,2019,manuscript,"Gleave, Adam; Dennis, Michael; Kant, Neel; Wild, Cody; Levine, Sergey; Russell, Stuart",,1257
-The MAGICAL Benchmark for Robust Imitation,"Imitation Learning (IL) algorithms are typically evaluated in the same environment that was used to create demonstrations. This rewards precise reproduction of demonstrations in one particular environment, but provides little information about how robustly an algorithm can generalise the demonstrator’s intent to substantially different deployment settings. This paper presents the MAGICAL benchmark suite, which permits systematic evaluation of generalisation by quantifying robustness to different kinds of distribution shift that an IL algorithm is likely to encounter in practice. Using the MAGICAL suite, we confirm that existing IL algorithms overfit significantly to the context in which demonstrations are provided. We also show that standard methods for reducing overfitting are effective at creating narrow perceptual invariances, but are not sufficient to enable transfer to contexts that require substantially different behaviour, which suggests that new approaches will be needed in order to robustly generalise demonstrator intent. Code and data for the MAGICAL suite is available at https://github.com/qxcv/magical/.",https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2020/hash/d464b5ac99e74462f321c06ccacc4bff-Abstract.html,2020,conferencePaper,"Toyer, Sam; Shah, Rohin; Critch, Andrew; Russell, Stuart",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 Pre-proceedings,1258
-Mammalian Value Systems,"Characterizing human values is a topic deeply interwoven with the sciences, humanities, art, and many other human endeavors. In recent years, a number of thinkers have argued that accelerating trends in computer science, cognitive science, and related disciplines foreshadow the creation of intelligent machines which meet and ultimately surpass the cognitive abilities of human beings, thereby entangling an understanding of human values with future technological development. Contemporary research accomplishments suggest sophisticated AI systems becoming widespread and responsible for managing many aspects of the modern world, from preemptively planning users' travel schedules and logistics, to fully autonomous vehicles, to domestic robots assisting in daily living. The extrapolation of these trends has been most forcefully described in the context of a hypothetical ""intelligence explosion,"" in which the capabilities of an intelligent software agent would rapidly increase due to the presence of feedback loops unavailable to biological organisms. The possibility of superintelligent agents, or simply the widespread deployment of sophisticated, autonomous AI systems, highlights an important theoretical problem: the need to separate the cognitive and rational capacities of an agent from the fundamental goal structure, or value system, which constrains and guides the agent's actions. The ""value alignment problem"" is to specify a goal structure for autonomous agents compatible with human values. In this brief article, we suggest that recent ideas from affective neuroscience and related disciplines aimed at characterizing neurological and behavioral universals in the mammalian class provide important conceptual foundations relevant to describing human values. We argue that the notion of ""mammalian value systems"" points to a potential avenue for fundamental research in AI safety and AI ethics.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1607.08289,2019,journalArticle,"Sarma, Gopal P.; Hay, Nick J.",Informatica,1259
-Using Artificial Intelligence to Augment Human Intelligence,"By creating user interfaces which let us work with the representations inside machine learning models, we can give people new tools for reasoning.",https://distill.pub/2017/aia,2017,journalArticle,"Carter, Shan; Nielsen, Michael",Distill,1260
-Infinite Data/Compute Arguments in Alignment,,https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/7CJBiHYxebTmMfGs3/infinite-data-compute-arguments-in-alignment,2020,blogPost,"Wentworth, John S",AI Alignment Forum,1261
-Preliminary design of the SAFE platform,,http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2039239.2039245,2011,conferencePaper,"DeHon, André; Ray, Sumit; Shivers, Olin; Smith, Jonathan M.; Sullivan, Gregory; Karel, Ben; Knight, Thomas F.; Malecha, Gregory; Montagu, Benoît; Morisset, Robin; Morrisett, Greg; Pierce, Benjamin C.; Pollack, Randy",Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Programming Languages and Operating Systems - PLOS '11,1262
-You Shouldn’t Trust Me: Learning Models Which Conceal Unfairness From Multiple Explanation Methods,"Transparency of algorithmic systems has been discussed as a way for end-users and regulators to develop appropriate trust in machine learning models. One popular approach, LIME (Ribeiro, Singh, and Guestrin 2016), even suggests that model explanations can answer the question “Why should I trust you?”. Here we show a straightforward method for modifying a pre-trained model to manipulate the output of many popular feature importance explanation methods with little change in accuracy, thus demonstrating the danger of trusting such explanation methods to evaluate the trustworthiness of models. We show how this explanation attack can mask a model’s discriminatory use of a sensitive feature, raising strong concerns about using such explanation methods as reliable evaluations to check the fairness of a model.",,2020,conferencePaper,"Dimanov, Botty; Bhatt, Umang; Jamnik, Mateja; Weller, Adrian",,1263
-Deep Reinforcement Learning that Matters,"In recent years, significant progress has been made in solving challenging problems across various domains using deep reinforcement learning (RL). Reproducing existing work and accurately judging the improvements offered by novel methods is vital to sustaining this progress. Unfortunately, reproducing results for state-of-the-art deep RL methods is seldom straightforward. In particular, non-determinism in standard benchmark environments, combined with variance intrinsic to the methods, can make reported results tough to interpret. Without significance metrics and tighter standardization of experimental reporting, it is difficult to determine whether improvements over the prior state-of-the-art are meaningful. In this paper, we investigate challenges posed by reproducibility, proper experimental techniques, and reporting procedures. We illustrate the variability in reported metrics and results when comparing against common baselines and suggest guidelines to make future results in deep RL more reproducible. We aim to spur discussion about how to ensure continued progress in the field by minimizing wasted effort stemming from results that are non-reproducible and easily misinterpreted.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.06560,2019,manuscript,"Henderson, Peter; Islam, Riashat; Bachman, Philip; Pineau, Joelle; Precup, Doina; Meger, David",,1264
-Model Mis-specification and Inverse Reinforcement Learning,"Posted as part of the AI Alignment Forum sequence on Value Learning. Rohin's note: While I motivated the last post with an example of using a specific model for human biases, in this post (original here), Jacob Steinhardt and Owain Evans point out that model mis-specification can arise in other parts of inverse reinforcement learning as well. The arguments here consider some more practical concerns (for example, the worries about getting only short-term data for each human would not be a problem if you had the entire human policy). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In my previous post, “Latent Variables and Model Mis-specification”, I argued that while machine learning is good at optimizing accuracy on observed signals, it has less to say about correctly inferring the values for unobserved variables in a model. In this post I’d like to focus in on a specific context for this: inverse reinforcement learning (Ng et al. 2000, Abbeel et al. 2004, Ziebart et al. 2008, Ho et al 2016), where one observes the actions of an agent and wants to infer the preferences and beliefs that led to those actions. For this post, I am pleased to be joined by Owain Evans, who is an active researcher in this area and has co-authored an online book about building models of agents (see here in particular for a tutorial on inverse reinforcement learning and inverse planning). Owain and I are particularly interested in inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) because it has been proposed (most notably by Stuart Russell) as a method for learning human values in the context of AI safety; among other things, this would eventually involve learning and correctly implementing human values by artificial agents that are much more powerful, and act with much broader scope, than any humans alive today. While we think that overall IRL is a promising route to consider, we believe that there are also a number of non-obvious pitfalls related to performing IRL",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/cnC2RMWEGiGpJv8go/model-mis-specification-and-inverse-reinforcement-learning,2018,blogPost,"Evans, Owain; Steinhardt, Jacob",AI Alignment Forum,1265
-"The Age of Em: Work, Love, and Life when Robots Rule the Earth","Robots may one day rule the world, but what is a robot-ruled Earth like? Many think the first truly smart robots will be brain emulations or ems. Scan a human brain, then run a model with the same connections on a fast computer, and you have a robot brain, but recognizably human. Train an em to do some job and copy it a million times: an army of workers is at your disposal. When they can be made cheaply, within perhaps a century, ems will displace humans in most jobs. In this new economic era, the world economy may double in size every few weeks. Some say we can't know the future, especially following such a disruptive new technology, but Professor Robin Hanson sets out to prove them wrong. Applying decades of expertise in physics, computer science, and economics, he uses standard theories to paint a detailed picture of a world dominated by ems. While human lives don't change greatly in the em era, em lives are as different from ours as our lives are from those of our farmer and forager ancestors. Ems make us question common assumptions of moral progress, because they reject many of the values we hold dear. Read about em mind speeds, body sizes, job training and career paths, energy use and cooling infrastructure, virtual reality, aging and retirement, death and immortality, security, wealth inequality, religion, teleportation, identity, cities, politics, law, war, status, friendship and love. This book shows you just how strange your descendants may be, though ems are no stranger than we would appear to our ancestors. To most ems, it seems good to be an em.",https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198754626.001.0001/isbn-9780198754626,2016,book,"Hanson, Robin",,1266
-Can you program ethics into a self-driving car?,,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7473149/,2016,journalArticle,"Goodall, Noah J.",IEEE Spectrum,1267
-The Cartography of Global Catastrophic Governance,,,2020,report,"Kemp, Luke; Rhodes, Catherine",,1268
-The technological singularity,,https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-662-54033-6,2015,book,"Miller, Jim; Yampolskiy, Roman; Armstrong, Stuart; Callaghan, Vic",,1269
-Courteous Autonomous Cars,"Typically, autonomous cars optimize for a combination of safety, efficiency, and driving quality. But as we get better at this optimization, we start seeing behavior go from too conservative to too aggressive. The car's behavior exposes the incentives we provide in its cost function. In this work, we argue for cars that are not optimizing a purely selfish cost, but also try to be courteous to other interactive drivers. We formalize courtesy as a term in the objective that measures the increase in another driver's cost induced by the autonomous car's behavior. Such a courtesy term enables the robot car to be aware of possible irrationality of the human behavior, and plan accordingly. We analyze the effect of courtesy in a variety of scenarios. We find, for example, that courteous robot cars leave more space when merging in front of a human driver. Moreover, we find that such a courtesy term can help explain real human driver behavior on the NGSIM dataset.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.02633,2018,conferencePaper,"Sun, Liting; Zhan, Wei; Tomizuka, Masayoshi; Dragan, Anca D.",2018 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS),1270
-MIRI AI Predictions Dataset,"The MIRI AI predictions dataset is a collection of public predictions about human-level AI timelines. We edited the original dataset, as described below. Our dataset is available here, and the original here. Interesting features of the dataset include: The median dates at which people's predictions suggest AI is less likely than not and more likely than not are...",https://aiimpacts.org/miri-ai-predictions-dataset/,2015,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,1271
-Non-Adversarial Imitation Learning and its Connections to Adversarial Methods,"Many modern methods for imitation learning and inverse reinforcement learning, such as GAIL or AIRL, are based on an adversarial formulation. These methods apply GANs to match the expert's distribution over states and actions with the implicit state-action distribution induced by the agent's policy. However, by framing imitation learning as a saddle point problem, adversarial methods can suffer from unstable optimization, and convergence can only be shown for small policy updates. We address these problems by proposing a framework for non-adversarial imitation learning. The resulting algorithms are similar to their adversarial counterparts and, thus, provide insights for adversarial imitation learning methods. Most notably, we show that AIRL is an instance of our non-adversarial formulation, which enables us to greatly simplify its derivations and obtain stronger convergence guarantees. We also show that our non-adversarial formulation can be used to derive novel algorithms by presenting a method for offline imitation learning that is inspired by the recent ValueDice algorithm, but does not rely on small policy updates for convergence. In our simulated robot experiments, our offline method for non-adversarial imitation learning seems to perform best when using many updates for policy and discriminator at each iteration and outperforms behavioral cloning and ValueDice.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.03525,2020,manuscript,"Arenz, Oleg; Neumann, Gerhard",,1272
-Learning from the Climate Change Debate to Avoid Polarisation on Negative Emissions,"This paper identifies critical lessons from the climate change experience to guide how communications and engagement on negative emissions can be conducted to encourage functional public and policy discourse. Negative emissions technologies present a significant opportunity for limiting climate change, and are likely to be necessary to keep warming below 2°C. While the concept of negative emissions is still in its infancy, there is evidence of nascent polarization, and a lack of nuance in discussion of individual technologies. We argue that if negative emissions technologies are to be implemented effectively and sustainably, an effective governance regime is needed; built on functional societal discourse and avoiding the ideological baggage of the broader climate change debate or the controversies concerning geoengineering. At its core, our argument is to avoid the ideological bundling of negative emissions; this can be pursued directly and via careful selection of communication frames and the use of non-partisan, trusted messengers. Whether these lessons are heeded may determine if negative emissions are governed proactively, or are distorted politically, misused and delayed.",https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2019.1630463,2019,journalArticle,"Colvin, R. M.; Kemp, Luke; Talberg, Anita; Castella, Clare De; Downie, C.; Friel, S.; Grant, Will J.; Howden, Mark; Jotzo, Frank; Markham, Francis; Platow, Michael J.",Environmental Communication,1273
-The Incentives that Shape Behaviour,"Which variables does an agent have an incentive to control with its decision, and which variables does it have an incentive to respond to? We formalise these incentives, and demonstrate unique graphical criteria for detecting them in any single decision causal influence diagram. To this end, we introduce structural causal influence models, a hybrid of the influence diagram and structural causal model frameworks. Finally, we illustrate how these incentives predict agent incentives in both fairness and AI safety applications.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.07118,2020,manuscript,"Carey, Ryan; Langlois, Eric; Everitt, Tom; Legg, Shane",,1274
-Artificial intelligence in a crisis needs ethics with urgency,"Artificial intelligence tools can help save lives in a pandemic. However, the need to implement technological solutions rapidly raises challenging ethical issues. We need new approaches for ethics with urgency, to ensure AI can be safely and beneficially used in the COVID-19 response and beyond.",https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-020-0195-0,2020,journalArticle,"Tzachor, Asaf; Whittlestone, Jess; Sundaram, Lalitha; hÉigeartaigh, Seán Ó",Nature Machine Intelligence,1275
-Robust Change Captioning,"Describing what has changed in a scene can be useful to a user, but only if generated text focuses on what is semantically relevant. It is thus important to distinguish distractors (e.g. a viewpoint change) from relevant changes (e.g. an object has moved). We present a novel Dual Dynamic Attention Model (DUDA) to perform robust Change Captioning. Our model learns to distinguish distractors from semantic changes, localize the changes via Dual Attention over ""before"" and ""after"" images, and accurately describe them in natural language via Dynamic Speaker, by adaptively focusing on the necessary visual inputs (e.g. ""before"" or ""after"" image). To study the problem in depth, we collect a CLEVR-Change dataset, built off the CLEVR engine, with 5 types of scene changes. We benchmark a number of baselines on our dataset, and systematically study different change types and robustness to distractors. We show the superiority of our DUDA model in terms of both change captioning and localization. We also show that our approach is general, obtaining state-of-the-art results on the recent realistic Spot-the-Diff dataset which has no distractors.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.02527,2019,conferencePaper,"Park, Dong Huk; Darrell, Trevor; Rohrbach, Anna",Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV),1276
-Avoiding Negative Side Effects due to Incomplete Knowledge of AI Systems,"Autonomous agents acting in the real-world often operate based on models that ignore certain aspects of the environment. The incompleteness of any given model---handcrafted or machine acquired---is inevitable due to practical limitations of any modeling technique for complex real-world settings. Due to the limited fidelity of its model, an agent's actions may have unexpected, undesirable consequences during execution. Learning to recognize and avoid such negative side effects of the agent's actions is critical to improving the safety and reliability of autonomous systems. This emerging research topic is attracting increased attention due to the increased deployment of AI systems and their broad societal impacts. This article provides a comprehensive overview of different forms of negative side effects and the recent research efforts to address them. We identify key characteristics of negative side effects, highlight the challenges in avoiding negative side effects, and discuss recently developed approaches, contrasting their benefits and limitations. We conclude with a discussion of open questions and suggestions for future research directions.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.12146,2020,manuscript,"Saisubramanian, Sandhya; Zilberstein, Shlomo; Kamar, Ece",,1277
-Adapting a kidney exchange algorithm to align with human values,"The efficient and fair allocation of limited resources is a classical problem in economics and computer science. In kidney exchanges, a central market maker allocates living kidney donors to patients in need of an organ. Patients and donors in kidney exchanges are prioritized using ad-hoc weights decided on by committee and then fed into an allocation algorithm that determines who gets what—and who does not. In this paper, we provide an end-to-end methodology for estimating weights of individual participant profiles in a kidney exchange. We first elicit from human subjects a list of patient attributes they consider acceptable for the purpose of prioritizing patients (e.g., medical characteristics, lifestyle choices, and so on). Then, we ask subjects comparison queries between patient profiles and estimate weights in a principled way from their responses. We show how to use these weights in kidney exchange market clearing algorithms. We then evaluate the impact of the weights in simulations and find that the precise numerical values of the weights we computed matter little, other than the ordering of profiles that they imply. However, compared to not prioritizing patients at all, there is a significant effect, with certain classes of patients being (de)prioritized based on the human-elicited value judgments.",http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004370220300229,2020,journalArticle,"Freedman, Rachel; Borg, Jana Schaich; Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter; Dickerson, John P.; Conitzer, Vincent",Artificial Intelligence,1278
-Probabilistic inference in human semantic memory,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S136466130600129X,2006,journalArticle,"Steyvers, Mark; Griffiths, Thomas L.; Dennis, Simon",Trends in Cognitive Sciences,1279
-PRECOG: PREdiction Conditioned On Goals in Visual Multi-Agent Settings,"For autonomous vehicles (AVs) to behave appropriately on roads populated by human-driven vehicles, they must be able to reason about the uncertain intentions and decisions of other drivers from rich perceptual information. Towards these capabilities, we present a probabilistic forecasting model of future interactions between a variable number of agents. We perform both standard forecasting and the novel task of conditional forecasting, which reasons about how all agents will likely respond to the goal of a controlled agent (here, the AV). We train models on real and simulated data to forecast vehicle trajectories given past positions and LIDAR. Our evaluation shows that our model is substantially more accurate in multi-agent driving scenarios compared to existing state-of-the-art. Beyond its general ability to perform conditional forecasting queries, we show that our model's predictions of all agents improve when conditioned on knowledge of the AV's goal, further illustrating its capability to model agent interactions.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.01296,2019,conferencePaper,"Rhinehart, Nicholas; McAllister, Rowan; Kitani, Kris; Levine, Sergey","Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2019",1280
-Examples of early action on risks,"Details Discussion There are many current efforts to mitigate risks from artificial intelligence. We might learn something about the likelihood of these efforts influencing AI risk by looking at similar past efforts. To this end, we are interested here in past risk mitigation efforts that have the following characteristics (taken from this paper contributing to the same project (p5) and...",https://aiimpacts.org/examples-of-early-action-on-a-risk/,2016,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,1281
-Deep Reinforcement Learning from Policy-Dependent Human Feedback,"To widen their accessibility and increase their utility, intelligent agents must be able to learn complex behaviors as specified by (non-expert) human users. Moreover, they will need to learn these behaviors within a reasonable amount of time while efficiently leveraging the sparse feedback a human trainer is capable of providing. Recent work has shown that human feedback can be characterized as a critique of an agent's current behavior rather than as an alternative reward signal to be maximized, culminating in the COnvergent Actor-Critic by Humans (COACH) algorithm for making direct policy updates based on human feedback. Our work builds on COACH, moving to a setting where the agent's policy is represented by a deep neural network. We employ a series of modifications on top of the original COACH algorithm that are critical for successfully learning behaviors from high-dimensional observations, while also satisfying the constraint of obtaining reduced sample complexity. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our Deep COACH algorithm in the rich 3D world of Minecraft with an agent that learns to complete tasks by mapping from raw pixels to actions using only real-time human feedback in 10-15 minutes of interaction.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.04257,2019,manuscript,"Arumugam, Dilip; Lee, Jun Ki; Saskin, Sophie; Littman, Michael L.",,1282
-RL$^2$: Fast Reinforcement Learning via Slow Reinforcement Learning,"Deep reinforcement learning (deep RL) has been successful in learning sophisticated behaviors automatically; however, the learning process requires a huge number of trials. In contrast, animals can learn new tasks in just a few trials, benefiting from their prior knowledge about the world. This paper seeks to bridge this gap. Rather than designing a ""fast"" reinforcement learning algorithm, we propose to represent it as a recurrent neural network (RNN) and learn it from data. In our proposed method, RL$^2$, the algorithm is encoded in the weights of the RNN, which are learned slowly through a general-purpose (""slow"") RL algorithm. The RNN receives all information a typical RL algorithm would receive, including observations, actions, rewards, and termination flags; and it retains its state across episodes in a given Markov Decision Process (MDP). The activations of the RNN store the state of the ""fast"" RL algorithm on the current (previously unseen) MDP. We evaluate RL$^2$ experimentally on both small-scale and large-scale problems. On the small-scale side, we train it to solve randomly generated multi-arm bandit problems and finite MDPs. After RL$^2$ is trained, its performance on new MDPs is close to human-designed algorithms with optimality guarantees. On the large-scale side, we test RL$^2$ on a vision-based navigation task and show that it scales up to high-dimensional problems.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.02779,2016,manuscript,"Duan, Yan; Schulman, John; Chen, Xi; Bartlett, Peter L.; Sutskever, Ilya; Abbeel, Pieter",,1283
-Imitating Latent Policies from Observation,"In this paper, we describe a novel approach to imitation learning that infers latent policies directly from state observations. We introduce a method that characterizes the causal effects of latent actions on observations while simultaneously predicting their likelihood. We then outline an action alignment procedure that leverages a small amount of environment interactions to determine a mapping between the latent and real-world actions. We show that this corrected labeling can be used for imitating the observed behavior, even though no expert actions are given. We evaluate our approach within classic control environments and a platform game and demonstrate that it performs better than standard approaches. Code for this work is available at https://github.com/ashedwards/ILPO.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.07914,2019,conferencePaper,"Edwards, Ashley D.; Sahni, Himanshu; Schroecker, Yannick; Isbell, Charles L.",Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning,1284
-Learning Existing Social Conventions via Observationally Augmented Self-Play,"In order for artificial agents to coordinate effectively with people, they must act consistently with existing conventions (e.g. how to navigate in traffic, which language to speak, or how to coordinate with teammates). A group's conventions can be viewed as a choice of equilibrium in a coordination game. We consider the problem of an agent learning a policy for a coordination game in a simulated environment and then using this policy when it enters an existing group. When there are multiple possible conventions we show that learning a policy via multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is likely to find policies which achieve high payoffs at training time but fail to coordinate with the real group into which the agent enters. We assume access to a small number of samples of behavior from the true convention and show that we can augment the MARL objective to help it find policies consistent with the real group's convention. In three environments from the literature - traffic, communication, and team coordination - we observe that augmenting MARL with a small amount of imitation learning greatly increases the probability that the strategy found by MARL fits well with the existing social convention. We show that this works even in an environment where standard training methods very rarely find the true convention of the agent's partners.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.10071,2019,conferencePaper,"Lerer, Adam; Peysakhovich, Alexander","AIES '19: Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",1285
-Open Questions in Creating Safe Open-ended AI: Tensions Between Control and Creativity,"Artificial life originated and has long studied the topic of open-ended evolution, which seeks the principles underlying artificial systems that innovate continually, inspired by biological evolution. Recently, interest has grown within the broader field of AI in a generalization of open-ended evolution, here called open-ended search, wherein such questions of open-endedness are explored for advancing AI, whatever the nature of the underlying search algorithm (e.g. evolutionary or gradient-based). For example, open-ended search might design new architectures for neural networks, new reinforcement learning algorithms, or most ambitiously, aim at designing artificial general intelligence. This paper proposes that open-ended evolution and artificial life have much to contribute towards the understanding of open-ended AI, focusing here in particular on the safety of open-ended search. The idea is that AI systems are increasingly applied in the real world, often producing unintended harms in the process, which motivates the growing field of AI safety. This paper argues that open-ended AI has its own safety challenges, in particular, whether the creativity of open-ended systems can be productively and predictably controlled. This paper explains how unique safety problems manifest in open-ended search, and suggests concrete contributions and research questions to explore them. The hope is to inspire progress towards creative, useful, and safe open-ended search algorithms.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.07495,2020,conferencePaper,"Ecoffet, Adrien; Clune, Jeff; Lehman, Joel",Artificial Life Conference Proceedings,1286
-Robust Online Optimization of Reward-uncertain MDPs,"Imprecise-reward Markov decision processes (IRMDPs) are MDPs in which the reward function is only partially specified (e.g., by some elicitation process). Recent work using minimax regret to solve IRMDPs has shown, despite their theoretical intractability, how the set of policies that are nondominated w.r.t. reward uncertainty can be exploited to accelerate regret computation. However, the number of nondominated policies is generally so large as to undermine this leverage. In this paper, we show how the quality of the approximation can be improved online by pruning/adding nondominated policies during reward elicitation, while maintaining computational tractability. Drawing insights from the POMDP literature, we also develop a new anytime algorithm for constructing the set of nondominated policies with provable (anytime) error bounds. These bounds can be exploited to great effect in our online approximation scheme.",,2011,conferencePaper,"Regan, Kevin; Boutilier, Craig",Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1287
-Deep Bayesian Reward Learning from Preferences,"Bayesian inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) methods are ideal for safe imitation learning, as they allow a learning agent to reason about reward uncertainty and the safety of a learned policy. However, Bayesian IRL is computationally intractable for high-dimensional problems because each sample from the posterior requires solving an entire Markov Decision Process (MDP). While there exist non-Bayesian deep IRL methods, these methods typically infer point estimates of reward functions, precluding rigorous safety and uncertainty analysis. We propose Bayesian Reward Extrapolation (B-REX), a highly efficient, preference-based Bayesian reward learning algorithm that scales to high-dimensional, visual control tasks. Our approach uses successor feature representations and preferences over demonstrations to efficiently generate samples from the posterior distribution over the demonstrator's reward function without requiring an MDP solver. Using samples from the posterior, we demonstrate how to calculate high-confidence bounds on policy performance in the imitation learning setting, in which the ground-truth reward function is unknown. We evaluate our proposed approach on the task of learning to play Atari games via imitation learning from pixel inputs, with no access to the game score. We demonstrate that B-REX learns imitation policies that are competitive with a state-of-the-art deep imitation learning method that only learns a point estimate of the reward function. Furthermore, we demonstrate that samples from the posterior generated via B-REX can be used to compute high-confidence performance bounds for a variety of evaluation policies. We show that high-confidence performance bounds are useful for accurately ranking different evaluation policies when the reward function is unknown. We also demonstrate that high-confidence performance bounds may be useful for detecting reward hacking.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.04472v1,2019,manuscript,"Brown, Daniel S.; Niekum, Scott",,1288
-Learning User Preferences via Reinforcement Learning with Spatial Interface Valuing,"Interactive Machine Learning is concerned with creating systems that operate in environments alongside humans to achieve a task. A typical use is to extend or amplify the capabilities of a human in cognitive or physical ways, requiring the machine to adapt to the users' intentions and preferences. Often, this takes the form of a human operator providing some type of feedback to the user, which can be explicit feedback, implicit feedback, or a combination of both. Explicit feedback, such as through a mouse click, carries a high cognitive load. The focus of this study is to extend the current state of the art in interactive machine learning by demonstrating that agents can learn a human user's behavior and adapt to preferences with a reduced amount of explicit human feedback in a mixed feedback setting. The learning agent perceives a value of its own behavior from hand gestures given via a spatial interface. This feedback mechanism is termed Spatial Interface Valuing. This method is evaluated experimentally in a simulated environment for a grasping task using a robotic arm with variable grip settings. Preliminary results indicate that learning agents using spatial interface valuing can learn a value function mapping spatial gestures to expected future rewards much more quickly as compared to those same agents just receiving explicit feedback, demonstrating that an agent perceiving feedback from a human user via a spatial interface can serve as an effective complement to existing approaches.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.00719v1,2019,conferencePaper,"Alonso Jr, Miguel",,1289
-Goertzel’s GOLEM implements evidential decision theory applied to policy choice,"I’ve written about the question of which decision theories describe the behavior of approaches to AI like the “Law of Effect”. In this post, I would like to discuss GOLEM, an arch…",https://casparoesterheld.com/2018/04/26/goertzels-golem-implements-evidential-decision-theory-applied-to-policy-choice/,2018,blogPost,"Oesterheld, Caspar",The Universe from an Intentional Stance,1290
-Combining the Causal Judgments of Experts with Possibly Different Focus Areas,"In many real-world settings, a decision-maker must combine information provided by different experts in order to decide on an effective policy. Alrajeh, Chockler, and Halpern (2018) showed how to combine causal models that are compatible in the sense that, for variables that appear in both models, the experts agree on the causal structure. In this work we show how causal models can be combined in cases where the experts might disagree on the causal structure for variables that appear in both models due to having different focus areas. We provide a new formal definition of compatibility of models in this setting and show how compatible models can be combined. We also consider the complexity of determining whether models are compatible. We believe that the notions defined in this work are of direct relevance to many practical decision making scenarios that come up in natural, social, and medical science settings.",,2018,conferencePaper,"Friedenberg, Meir; Halpern, Joseph Y",,1291
-Does the brain represent words? An evaluation of brain decoding studies of language understanding,"Language decoding studies have identified word representations which can be used to predict brain activity in response to novel words and sentences (Anderson et al., 2016; Pereira et al., 2018). The unspoken assumption of these studies is that, during processing, linguistic information is transformed into some shared semantic space, and those semantic representations are then used for a variety of linguistic and non-linguistic tasks. We claim that current studies vastly underdetermine the content of these representations, the algorithms which the brain deploys to produce and consume them, and the computational tasks which they are designed to solve. We illustrate this indeterminacy with an extension of the sentence-decoding experiment of Pereira et al. (2018), showing how standard evaluations fail to distinguish between language processing models which deploy different mechanisms and which are optimized to solve very different tasks. We conclude by suggesting changes to the brain decoding paradigm which can support stronger claims of neural representation.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.00591,2018,conferencePaper,"Gauthier, Jon; Ivanova, Anna",2018 Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience.,1292
-Autonomous Cars and their Moral Implications,,,2015,journalArticle,"Sandberg, Anders; Bradshaw-Martin, Heather",Multitudes,1293
-Defending Against Neural Fake News,"Recent progress in natural language generation has raised dual-use concerns. While applications like summarization and translation are positive, the underlying technology also might enable adversaries to generate neural fake news: targeted propaganda that closely mimics the style of real news. Modern computer security relies on careful threat modeling: identifying potential threats and vulnerabilities from an adversary's point of view, and exploring potential mitigations to these threats. Likewise, developing robust defenses against neural fake news requires us first to carefully investigate and characterize the risks of these models. We thus present a model for controllable text generation called Grover. Given a headline like `Link Found Between Vaccines and Autism,' Grover can generate the rest of the article; humans find these generations to be more trustworthy than human-written disinformation. Developing robust verification techniques against generators like Grover is critical. We find that best current discriminators can classify neural fake news from real, human-written, news with 73% accuracy, assuming access to a moderate level of training data. Counterintuitively, the best defense against Grover turns out to be Grover itself, with 92% accuracy, demonstrating the importance of public release of strong generators. We investigate these results further, showing that exposure bias -- and sampling strategies that alleviate its effects -- both leave artifacts that similar discriminators can pick up on. We conclude by discussing ethical issues regarding the technology, and plan to release Grover publicly, helping pave the way for better detection of neural fake news.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12616,2019,conferencePaper,"Zellers, Rowan; Holtzman, Ari; Rashkin, Hannah; Bisk, Yonatan; Farhadi, Ali; Roesner, Franziska; Choi, Yejin",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 (NeurIPS 2019),1294
-How Much Computational Power Does It Take to Match the Human Brain?,"Open Philanthropy is interested in when AI systems will be able to perform various tasks that humans can perform (“AI timelines”). To inform our thinking, I investigated what evidence the human brain provides about the computational power",https://www.openphilanthropy.org/brain-computation-report,2020,blogPost,"Carlsmith, Joseph",Open Philanthropy,1295
-"Deep Imitative Models for Flexible Inference, Planning, and Control","Imitation Learning (IL) is an appealing approach to learn desirable autonomous behavior. However, directing IL to achieve arbitrary goals is difficult. In contrast, planning-based algorithms use dynamics models and reward functions to achieve goals. Yet, reward functions that evoke desirable behavior are often difficult to specify. In this paper, we propose Imitative Models to combine the benefits of IL and goal-directed planning. Imitative Models are probabilistic predictive models of desirable behavior able to plan interpretable expert-like trajectories to achieve specified goals. We derive families of flexible goal objectives, including constrained goal regions, unconstrained goal sets, and energy-based goals. We show that our method can use these objectives to successfully direct behavior. Our method substantially outperforms six IL approaches and a planning-based approach in a dynamic simulated autonomous driving task, and is efficiently learned from expert demonstrations without online data collection. We also show our approach is robust to poorly specified goals, such as goals on the wrong side of the road.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.06544,2019,conferencePaper,"Rhinehart, Nicholas; McAllister, Rowan; Levine, Sergey","arXiv:1810.06544 [cs, stat]",1296
-Mean Actor Critic,"We propose a new algorithm, Mean Actor-Critic (MAC), for discrete-action continuous-state reinforcement learning. MAC is a policy gradient algorithm that uses the agent's explicit representation of all action values to estimate the gradient of the policy, rather than using only the actions that were actually executed. We prove that this approach reduces variance in the policy gradient estimate relative to traditional actor-critic methods. We show empirical results on two control domains and on six Atari games, where MAC is competitive with state-of-the-art policy search algorithms.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.00503,2018,manuscript,"Allen, Cameron; Asadi, Kavosh; Roderick, Melrose; Mohamed, Abdel-rahman; Konidaris, George; Littman, Michael",,1297
-Learning the Preferences of Bounded Agents,,,2015,conferencePaper,"Evans, Owain; Goodman, Noah D",NIPS Workshop on Bounded Optimality,1298
-The Reversal Test: Eliminating Status Quo Bias in Applied Ethics,,https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/505233,2006,journalArticle,"Bostrom, Nick; Ord, Toby",Ethics,1299
-Comparison of Maximum Likelihood and GAN-based training of Real NVPs,"We train a generator by maximum likelihood and we also train the same generator architecture by Wasserstein GAN. We then compare the generated samples, exact log-probability densities and approximate Wasserstein distances. We show that an independent critic trained to approximate Wasserstein distance between the validation set and the generator distribution helps detect overfitting. Finally, we use ideas from the one-shot learning literature to develop a novel fast learning critic.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.05263,2017,manuscript,"Danihelka, Ivo; Lakshminarayanan, Balaji; Uria, Benigno; Wierstra, Daan; Dayan, Peter",,1300
-Uncertain human consequences in asteroid risk analysis and the global catastrophe threshold,,,2018,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.",Natural Hazards,1301
-Ethical guidelines for a superintelligence,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0004370214001453,2015,journalArticle,"Davis, Ernest",Artificial Intelligence,1302
-Improving Deep Reinforcement Learning in Minecraft with Action Advice,"Training deep reinforcement learning agents complex behaviors in 3D virtual environments requires significant computational resources. This is especially true in environments with high degrees of aliasing, where many states share nearly identical visual features. Minecraft is an exemplar of such an environment. We hypothesize that interactive machine learning IML, wherein human teachers play a direct role in training through demonstrations, critique, or action advice, may alleviate agent susceptibility to aliasing. However, interactive machine learning is only practical when the number of human interactions is limited, requiring a balance between human teacher effort and agent performance. We conduct experiments with two reinforcement learning algorithms which enable human teachers to give action advice, Feedback Arbitration and Newtonian Action Advice, under visual aliasing conditions. To assess potential cognitive load per advice type, we vary the accuracy and frequency of various human action advice techniques. Training efficiency, robustness against infrequent and inaccurate advisor input, and sensitivity to aliasing are examined.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.01007,2019,conferencePaper,"Frazier, Spencer; Riedl, Mark","arXiv:1908.01007 [cs, stat]",1303
-Negative Update Intervals in Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning,"In Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MA-RL), independent cooperative learners must overcome a number of pathologies to learn optimal joint policies. Addressing one pathology often leaves approaches vulnerable towards others. For instance, hysteretic Q-learning addresses miscoordination while leaving agents vulnerable towards misleading stochastic rewards. Other methods, such as leniency, have proven more robust when dealing with multiple pathologies simultaneously. However, leniency has predominately been studied within the context of strategic form games (bimatrix games) and fully observable Markov games consisting of a small number of probabilistic state transitions. This raises the question of whether these findings scale to more complex domains. For this purpose we implement a temporally extend version of the Climb Game, within which agents must overcome multiple pathologies simultaneously, including relative overgeneralisation, stochasticity, the alter-exploration and moving target problems, while learning from a large observation space. We find that existing lenient and hysteretic approaches fail to consistently learn near optimal joint-policies in this environment. To address these pathologies we introduce Negative Update Intervals-DDQN (NUI-DDQN), a Deep MA-RL algorithm which discards episodes yielding cumulative rewards outside the range of expanding intervals. NUI-DDQN consistently gravitates towards optimal joint-policies in our environment, overcoming the outlined pathologies.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.05096,2019,conferencePaper,"Palmer, Gregory; Savani, Rahul; Tuyls, Karl",Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems (AAMAS),1304
-Pitfalls of learning a reward function online,"In some agent designs like inverse reinforcement learning an agent needs to learn its own reward function. Learning the reward function and optimising for it are typically two different processes, usually performed at different stages. We consider a continual (``one life'') learning approach where the agent both learns the reward function and optimises for it at the same time. We show that this comes with a number of pitfalls, such as deliberately manipulating the learning process in one direction, refusing to learn, ``learning'' facts already known to the agent, and making decisions that are strictly dominated (for all relevant reward functions). We formally introduce two desirable properties: the first is `unriggability', which prevents the agent from steering the learning process in the direction of a reward function that is easier to optimise. The second is `uninfluenceability', whereby the reward-function learning process operates by learning facts about the environment. We show that an uninfluenceable process is automatically unriggable, and if the set of possible environments is sufficiently rich, the converse is true too.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.13654,2020,conferencePaper,"Armstrong, Stuart; Leike, Jan; Orseau, Laurent; Legg, Shane",arXiv:2004.13654 [cs],1305
-Apprenticeship learning via inverse reinforcement learning,,http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1015330.1015430,2004,conferencePaper,"Abbeel, Pieter; Ng, Andrew Y.",Twenty-first international conference on Machine learning - ICML '04,1306
-Parallels Between AI Safety by Debate and Evidence Law,,https://cullenokeefe.com/blog/debate-evidence,2020,blogPost,"O'Keefe, Cullen",Cullen O'Keefe,1307
-Integrating disagreeing subagents,"In my previous post, I suggested that akrasia involves subagent disagreement - or in other words, different parts of the brain having differing ideas on what the best course of action is. The existence of such conflicts raises the question, how does one resolve them? In this post I will discuss various techniques which could be interpreted as ways of resolving subagents disagreements, as well as some of the reasons for why this doesn’t always happen. A WORD ON INTERPRETING “SUBAGENTS” The frame that I’ve had so far is that of the brain being composed of different subagents with conflicting beliefs. On the other hand, one could argue that the subagent interpretation isn’t strictly necessary for many of the examples that I bring up in this post. One could just as well view my examples as talking about a single agent with conflicting beliefs. The distinction between these two frames isn’t always entirely clear. In “ Complex Behavior from Simple (Sub)Agents”, mordinamael presents a toy model where an agent has different goals. Moving to different locations will satisfy the different goals to a varying extent. The agent will generate a list of possible moves and picks the move which will bring some goal the closest to being satisfied. Is this a unified agent, or one made up of several subagents? One could argue for either interpretation. On the other hand, mordinamael's post frames the goals as subagents, and they are in a sense competing with each other. On the other hand, the subagents arguably don’t make the final decision themselves: they just report expected outcomes, and then a central mechanism picks a move based on their reports. This resembles the neuroscience model I discussed in my last post, where different subsystems in the brain submit various action “bids” to the basal ganglia. Various mechanisms then pick a winning bid based on various criteria - such as how relevant the subsystem’s concerns are for the current situation, and how accurate the diffe",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/hnLutdvjC8kPScPAj/integrating-disagreeing-subagents,2019,blogPost,"Sotala, Kaj",LessWrong,1308
-Did EDT get it right all along? Introducing yet another medical Newcomb problem,"One of the main arguments given against Evidential Decision Theory (EDT) is that it would “one-box” in medical Newcomb problems. Whether this is the winning action has been a hotly debated issue on LessWrong. A majority, including experts in the area such as Eliezer Yudkowsky and Wei Dai, seem to think that one should two-box (See e.g. Yudkowsky 2010, p.67). Others have tried to argue in favor of EDT by claiming that the winning action would be to one-box, or by offering reasons why EDT would in some cases two-box after all. In this blog post, I want to argue that EDT gets it right: one-boxing is the correct action in medical Newcomb problems. I introduce a new thought experiment, the Coin Flip Creation problem, in which I believe the winning move is to one-box. This new problem is structurally similar to other medical Newcomb problems such as the Smoking Lesion, though it might elicit the intuition to one-box even in people who would two-box in some of the other problems. I discuss both how EDT and other decision theories would reason in the problem and why people’s intuitions might diverge in different formulations of medical Newcomb problems. TWO KINDS OF NEWCOMBLIKE PROBLEMS There are two different kinds of Newcomblike problems. In Newcomb’s original paradox, both EDT and Logical Decision Theories (LDT), such as Timeless Decision Theory (TDT) would one-box and therefore, unlike CDT, win $1 million. In medical Newcomb problems, EDT’s and LDT’s decisions diverge. This is because in the latter, a (physical) causal node that isn’t itself a decision algorithm influences both the current world state and our decisions – resulting in a correlation between action and environment but, unlike the original Newcomb, no “logical” causation. It’s often unclear exactly how a causal node can exert influence on our decisions. Does it change our decision theory, utility function, or the information available to us? In the case of the Smoking Lesion problem, it seems plausible",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/iqpizeN4hkbTjkugo/did-edt-get-it-right-all-along-introducing-yet-another,2017,blogPost,"Treutlein, Johannes",LessWrong,1309
-Active reinforcement learning with monte-carlo tree search,,https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.04926,2018,manuscript,"Schulze, Sebastian; Evans, Owain",,1310
-Servant of Many Masters: Shifting priorities in Pareto-optimal sequential decision-making,"It is often argued that an agent making decisions on behalf of two or more principals who have different utility functions should adopt a {\em Pareto-optimal} policy, i.e., a policy that cannot be improved upon for one agent without making sacrifices for another. A famous theorem of Harsanyi shows that, when the principals have a common prior on the outcome distributions of all policies, a Pareto-optimal policy for the agent is one that maximizes a fixed, weighted linear combination of the principals' utilities. In this paper, we show that Harsanyi's theorem does not hold for principals with different priors, and derive a more precise generalization which does hold, which constitutes our main result. In this more general case, the relative weight given to each principal's utility should evolve over time according to how well the agent's observations conform with that principal's prior. The result has implications for the design of contracts, treaties, joint ventures, and robots.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.00363,2017,manuscript,"Critch, Andrew; Russell, Stuart",,1311
-Variational Lossy Autoencoder,"Representation learning seeks to expose certain aspects of observed data in a learned representation that's amenable to downstream tasks like classification. For instance, a good representation for 2D images might be one that describes only global structure and discards information about detailed texture. In this paper, we present a simple but principled method to learn such global representations by combining Variational Autoencoder (VAE) with neural autoregressive models such as RNN, MADE and PixelRNN/CNN. Our proposed VAE model allows us to have control over what the global latent code can learn and , by designing the architecture accordingly, we can force the global latent code to discard irrelevant information such as texture in 2D images, and hence the VAE only ""autoencodes"" data in a lossy fashion. In addition, by leveraging autoregressive models as both prior distribution $p(z)$ and decoding distribution $p(x|z)$, we can greatly improve generative modeling performance of VAEs, achieving new state-of-the-art results on MNIST, OMNIGLOT and Caltech-101 Silhouettes density estimation tasks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.02731,2017,conferencePaper,"Chen, Xi; Kingma, Diederik P.; Salimans, Tim; Duan, Yan; Dhariwal, Prafulla; Schulman, John; Sutskever, Ilya; Abbeel, Pieter","arXiv:1611.02731 [cs, stat]",1312
-Risks from general artificial intelligence without an intelligence explosion,"“An ultraintelligent machine could design even better machines; there would then unquestionably be an ‘intelligence explosion,’ and the intelligence of man would be left far behin…",https://vkrakovna.wordpress.com/2015/11/29/ai-risk-without-an-intelligence-explosion/,2015,blogPost,"Krakovna, Victoria",Victoria Krakovna,1313
-Global Catastrophic Risks,"A global catastrophic risk is one with the potential to wreak death and destruction on a global scale. In human history, wars and plagues have done so on more than one occasion, and misguided ideologies and totalitarian regimes have darkened an entire era or a region. Advances in technology are adding dangers of a new kind. It could happen again. In Global Catastrophic Risks 25 leading experts look at the gravest risks facing humanity in the 21st century, including asteroid impacts, gamma-ray bursts, Earth-based natural catastrophes, nuclear war, terrorism, global warming, biological weapons, totalitarianism, advanced nanotechnology, general artificial intelligence, and social collapse. The book also addresses over-arching issues - policy responses and methods for predicting and managing catastrophes. This is invaluable reading for anyone interested in the big issues of our time; for students focusing on science, society, technology, and public policy; and for academics, policy-makers, and professionals working in these acutely important fields.",,2011,book,"Bostrom, Nick; Cirkovic, Milan M.",,1314
-"Human factors in large-scale technological systems' accidents: Three Mile Island, Bhopal, Chernobyl",,http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/108602669100500203,1991,journalArticle,"Meshkati, Najmedin",Industrial Crisis Quarterly,1315
-Evidence against current methods leading to human level artificial intelligence,"This is a list of published arguments that we know of that current methods in artificial intelligence will not lead to human-level AI. Details Clarifications We take 'current methods' to mean techniques for engineering artificial intelligence that are already known, involving no “qualitatively new ideas”. We have not precisely defined 'current methods'. Many of the...",https://aiimpacts.org/evidence-against-current-methods-leading-to-human-level-artificial-intelligence/,2019,blogPost,"Long, Robert; Bergal, Asya",AI Impacts,1316
-Transhumanist FAQ 3.0,,https://humanityplus.org/philosophy/transhumanist-faq/,2017,blogPost,"Bostrom, Nick",Humanity +,1317
-Adversarial Risk and the Dangers of Evaluating Against Weak Attacks,"This paper investigates recently proposed approaches for defending against adversarial examples and evaluating adversarial robustness. We motivate 'adversarial risk' as an objective for achieving models robust to worst-case inputs. We then frame commonly used attacks and evaluation metrics as defining a tractable surrogate objective to the true adversarial risk. This suggests that models may optimize this surrogate rather than the true adversarial risk. We formalize this notion as 'obscurity to an adversary,' and develop tools and heuristics for identifying obscured models and designing transparent models. We demonstrate that this is a significant problem in practice by repurposing gradient-free optimization techniques into adversarial attacks, which we use to decrease the accuracy of several recently proposed defenses to near zero. Our hope is that our formulations and results will help researchers to develop more powerful defenses.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.05666,2018,conferencePaper,"Uesato, Jonathan; O'Donoghue, Brendan; Oord, Aaron van den; Kohli, Pushmeet",Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning,1318
-A Note on the Existence of Ratifiable Acts,Sufficient conditions are given under which ratifiable acts exist.,https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S175502031800028X/type/journal_article,2020,journalArticle,"Halpern, Joseph Y.",The Review of Symbolic Logic,1319
-Reinforcement Learning Under Moral Uncertainty,"An ambitious goal for artificial intelligence is to create agents that behave ethically: The capacity to abide by human moral norms would greatly expand the context in which autonomous agents could be practically and safely deployed. While ethical agents could be trained through reinforcement, by rewarding correct behavior under a specific moral theory (e.g. utilitarianism), there remains widespread disagreement (both societally and among moral philosophers) about the nature of morality and what ethical theory (if any) is objectively correct. Acknowledging such disagreement, recent work in moral philosophy proposes that ethical behavior requires acting under moral uncertainty, i.e. to take into account when acting that one's credence is split across several plausible ethical theories. Inspired by such work, this paper proposes a formalism that translates such insights to the field of reinforcement learning. Demonstrating the formalism's potential, we then train agents in simple environments to act under moral uncertainty, highlighting how such uncertainty can help curb extreme behavior from commitment to single theories. The overall aim is to draw productive connections from the fields of moral philosophy and machine ethics to that of machine learning, to inspire further research by highlighting a spectrum of machine learning research questions relevant to training ethically capable reinforcement learning agents.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.04734,2020,manuscript,"Ecoffet, Adrien; Lehman, Joel",,1320
-What Is Unfair about Unequal Brute Luck? An Intergenerational Puzzle,"According to Luck egalitarians, fairness requires us to bring it about that nobody is worse off than others where this results from brute bad luck, but not where they choose or deserve to be so. In this paper, I consider one type of brute bad luck that appears paradigmatic of what a Luck Egalitarian ought to be most concerned about, namely that suffered by people who are born to badly off parents and are less well off as a result. However, when we consider what is supposedly unfair about this kind of unequal brute luck, luck egalitarians face a dilemma. According to the standard account of luck egalitarianism, differential brute luck is unfair because of its effects on the distribution of goods. Yet, where some parents are worse off because they have chosen to be imprudent, it may be impossible to neutralize these effects without creating a distribution that seems at least as unfair. This, I argue, is problematic for luck egalitarianism. I, therefore, explore two alternative views that can avoid this problem. On the first of these, proposed by Shlomi Segall, the distributional effects of unequal brute luck are unfair only when they make a situation more unequal, but not when they make it more equal. On the second, it is the unequal brute luck itself, rather than its distributional effects, that is unfair. I conclude with some considerations in favour of this second view, while accepting that both are valid responses to the problem I describe.",https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-018-00053-5,2019,journalArticle,"Beard, Simon",Philosophia,1321
-Maximum Causal Tsallis Entropy Imitation Learning,"In this paper, we propose a novel maximum causal Tsallis entropy (MCTE) framework for imitation learning which can efficiently learn a sparse multi-modal policy distribution from demonstrations. We provide the full mathematical analysis of the proposed framework. First, the optimal solution of an MCTE problem is shown to be a sparsemax distribution, whose supporting set can be adjusted. The proposed method has advantages over a softmax distribution in that it can exclude unnecessary actions by assigning zero probability. Second, we prove that an MCTE problem is equivalent to robust Bayes estimation in the sense of the Brier score. Third, we propose a maximum causal Tsallis entropy imitation learning (MCTEIL) algorithm with a sparse mixture density network (sparse MDN) by modeling mixture weights using a sparsemax distribution. In particular, we show that the causal Tsallis entropy of an MDN encourages exploration and efficient mixture utilization while Boltzmann Gibbs entropy is less effective. We validate the proposed method in two simulation studies and MCTEIL outperforms existing imitation learning methods in terms of average returns and learning multi-modal policies.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.08336,2018,conferencePaper,"Lee, Kyungjae; Choi, Sungjoon; Oh, Songhwai",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS 2018),1322
-Lyapunov-based Safe Policy Optimization for Continuous Control,"We study continuous action reinforcement learning problems in which it is crucial that the agent interacts with the environment only through safe policies, i.e.,~policies that do not take the agent to undesirable situations. We formulate these problems as constrained Markov decision processes (CMDPs) and present safe policy optimization algorithms that are based on a Lyapunov approach to solve them. Our algorithms can use any standard policy gradient (PG) method, such as deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) or proximal policy optimization (PPO), to train a neural network policy, while guaranteeing near-constraint satisfaction for every policy update by projecting either the policy parameter or the action onto the set of feasible solutions induced by the state-dependent linearized Lyapunov constraints. Compared to the existing constrained PG algorithms, ours are more data efficient as they are able to utilize both on-policy and off-policy data. Moreover, our action-projection algorithm often leads to less conservative policy updates and allows for natural integration into an end-to-end PG training pipeline. We evaluate our algorithms and compare them with the state-of-the-art baselines on several simulated (MuJoCo) tasks, as well as a real-world indoor robot navigation problem, demonstrating their effectiveness in terms of balancing performance and constraint satisfaction. Videos of the experiments can be found in the following link: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pzuzFqWIE710bE2U6DmS59AfRzqK2Kek/view?usp=sharing.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.10031,2019,manuscript,"Chow, Yinlam; Nachum, Ofir; Faust, Aleksandra; Duenez-Guzman, Edgar; Ghavamzadeh, Mohammad",,1323
-What failure looks like,"The stereotyped image of AI catastrophe is a powerful, malicious AI system that takes its creators by surprise and quickly achieves a decisive advantage over the rest of humanity. I think this is probably not what failure will look like, and I want to try to paint a more realistic picture. I’ll tell the story in two parts: * Part I: machine learning will increase our ability to “get what we can measure,” which could cause a slow-rolling catastrophe. (""Going out with a whimper."") * Part II: ML training, like competitive economies or natural ecosystems, can give rise to “greedy” patterns that try to expand their own influence. Such patterns can ultimately dominate the behavior of a system and cause sudden breakdowns. (""Going out with a bang,"" an instance of optimization daemons [https://arbital.com/p/daemons/].) I think these are the most important problems if we fail to solve intent alignment [https://ai-alignment.com/clarifying-ai-alignment-cec47cd69dd6]. In practice these problems will interact with each other, and with other disruptions/instability caused by rapid progress. These problems are worse in worlds where progress is relatively fast, and fast takeoff can be a key risk factor, but I’m scared even if we have several years. With fast enough takeoff, my expectations start to look more like the caricature---this post envisions reasonably broad deployment of AI, which becomes less and less likely as things get faster. I think the basic problems are still essentially the same though, just occurring within an AI lab rather than across the world. (None of the concerns in this post are novel.) PART I: YOU GET WHAT YOU MEASURE If I want to convince Bob to vote for Alice, I can experiment with many different persuasion strategies and see which ones work. Or I can build good predictive models of Bob’s behavior and then search for actions that will lead him to vote for Alice. These are powerful techniques for achieving any goal that can be ea",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/HBxe6wdjxK239zajf/what-failure-looks-like,2019,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment Forum,1324
-AI Insights Dataset Analysis,,http://mediangroup.org/docs/insights-analysis.pdf,,manuscript,"McKenzie, Colleen; Hidysmith, J Bryce",,1325
-Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic literature review,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1087079214000811,2015,journalArticle,"Hale, Lauren; Guan, Stanford",Sleep Medicine Reviews,1326
-Mesa-Search vs Mesa-Control,"I currently see the spontaneous emergence of learning algorithms as significant evidence for the commonality of mesa-optimization in existing ML, and suggestive evidence for the commonality of inner alignment problems in near-term ML. [I currently think that there is only a small amount of evidence toward this. However, due to thinking about the issues, I've still made a significant personal update in favor of inner alignment problems being frequent.] This is bad news, in that it greatly increases my odds on this alignment problem arising in practice. It's good news in that it suggests this alignment problem won't catch ML researchers off guard; maybe there will be time to develop countermeasures while misaligned systems are at only a moderate level of capability. In any case, I want to point out that the mesa-optimizers suggested by this evidence might not count as mesa-optimizers by some definitions. SEARCH VS CONTROL Nevan Wichers comments on spontaneous-emergence-of-learning: I don't think that paper is an example of mesa optimization. Because the policy could be implementing a very simple heuristic to solve the task, similar to: Pick the image that lead to highest reward in the last 10 timesteps with 90% probability. Pik an image at random with 10% probability. So the policy doesn't have to have any properties of a mesa optimizer like considering possible actions and evaluating them with a utility function, ect. In Selection vs Control, I wrote about two different kinds of 'optimization': * Selection refers to search-like systems, which look through a number of possibilities and select one. * Control refers to systems like thermostats, organisms, and missile guidance systems. These systems do not get a re-do for their choices. They make choices which move toward the goal at every moment, but they don't get to search, trying many different things -- at least, not in the same sense. I take Nevan Wichers to be saying that there is no eviden",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/WmBukJkEFM72Xr397/mesa-search-vs-mesa-control,2020,blogPost,"Demski, Abram",AI Alignment Forum,1327
-"Weak and Strong Gradient Directions: Explaining Memorization, Generalization, and Hardness of Examples at Scale","Coherent Gradients (CGH) is a recently proposed hypothesis to explain why over-parameterized neural networks trained with gradient descent generalize well even though they have sufficient capacity to memorize the training set. The key insight of CGH is that, since the overall gradient for a single step of SGD is the sum of the per-example gradients, it is strongest in directions that reduce the loss on multiple examples if such directions exist. In this paper, we validate CGH on ResNet, Inception, and VGG models on ImageNet. Since the techniques presented in the original paper do not scale beyond toy models and datasets, we propose new methods. By posing the problem of suppressing weak gradient directions as a problem of robust mean estimation, we develop a coordinate-based median of means approach. We present two versions of this algorithm, M3, which partitions a mini-batch into 3 groups and computes the median, and a more efficient version RM3, which reuses gradients from previous two time steps to compute the median. Since they suppress weak gradient directions without requiring per-example gradients, they can be used to train models at scale. Experimentally, we find that they indeed greatly reduce overfitting (and memorization) and thus provide the first convincing evidence that CGH holds at scale. We also propose a new test of CGH that does not depend on adding noise to training labels or on suppressing weak gradient directions. Using the intuition behind CGH, we posit that the examples learned early in the training process (i.e., ""easy"" examples) are precisely those that have more in common with other training examples. Therefore, as per CGH, the easy examples should generalize better amongst themselves than the hard examples amongst themselves. We validate this hypothesis with detailed experiments, and believe that it provides further orthogonal evidence for CGH.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.07422,2020,manuscript,"Zielinski, Piotr; Krishnan, Shankar; Chatterjee, Satrajit",,1328
-Surveying Safety-relevant AI Characteristics,"The current analysis in the AI safety literature usually combines a risk or safety issue (e.g., interruptibility) with a particular paradigm for an AI agent (e.g., reinforcement learning). However, there is currently no survey of safety-relevant characteristics of AI systems that may reveal neglected areas of research or suggest to developers what design choices they could make to avoid or minimise certain safety concerns. In this paper, we take a first step towards delivering such a survey, from two angles. The first features AI system characteristics that are already known to be relevant to safety concerns, including internal system characteristics, characteristics relating to the effect of the external environment on the system, and characteristics relating to the effect of the system on the target environment. The second presents a brief survey of a broad range of AI system characteristics that could prove relevant to safety research, including types of interaction, computation, integration, anticipation, supervision, modification, motivation and achievement. This survey enables further work in exploring system characteristics and design choices that affect safety concerns.",,2019,conferencePaper,"Hernandez-Orallo, Jose; Martınez-Plumed, Fernando; Avin, Shahar",1st AAAI's Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Safety (SafeAI),1329
-Fears of an AI pioneer,,https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.349.6245.252,2015,journalArticle,"Bohannon, J.",Science,1330
-AI Alignment Research Overview,,https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FbTuRvC4TFWzGYerTKpBU7FJlyvjeOvVYF2uYNFSlOc/edit,2019,manuscript,"Steinhardt, Jacob",,1331
-Artificial Intelligence as a positive and negative factor in global risk,"By far the greatest danger of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is that people conclude too early that they understand it. Of course, this problem is not limited to the field of AI. Jacques Monod wrote: ‘A curious aspect of the theory of evolution is that everybody thinks he understands it’ (Monod, 1974). The problem seems to be unusually acute in Artificial Intelligence. The field of AI has a reputation for making huge promises and then failing to deliver on them. Most observers conclude that AI is hard, as indeed it is. But the embarrassment does not stem from the difficulty. It is difficult to build a star from hydrogen, but the field of stellar astronomy does not have a terrible reputation for promising to build stars and then failing. The critical inference is not that AI is hard, but that, for some reason, it is very easy for people to think they know far more about AI than they actually do. It may be tempting to ignore Artificial Intelligence because, of all the global risks discussed in this book, AI is probably hardest to discuss. We cannot consult actuarial statistics to assign small annual probabilities of catastrophe, as with asteroid strikes. We cannot use calculations from a precise, precisely confirmed model to rule out events or place infinitesimal upper bounds on their probability, as with proposed physics disasters. But this makes AI catastrophes more worrisome, not less. The effect of many cognitive biases has been found to increase with time pressure, cognitive busyness, or sparse information. Which is to say that the more difficult the analytic challenge, the more important it is to avoid or reduce bias. Therefore I strongly recommend reading my other chapter (Chapter 5) in this book before continuing with this chapter. When something is universal enough in our everyday lives, we take it for granted to the point of forgetting it exists. Imagine a complex biological adaptation with ten necessary parts. If each of the ten genes is independently at 50% frequency in the gene pool – each gene possessed by only half the organisms in that species – then, on average, only 1 in 1024 organisms will possess the full, functioning adaptation.",https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198570509.001.0001/isbn-9780198570509-book-part-21,2008,bookSection,"Yudkowsky, Eliezer",Global Catastrophic Risks,1332
-Discontinuous progress investigation,"Published Feb 2, 2015; last updated April 12 2020 We have collected cases of discontinuous technological progress to inform our understanding of whether artificial intelligence performance is likely to undergo such a discontinuity. This page details our investigation. We know of ten events that produced a robust discontinuity in progress equivalent to more than a century...",https://aiimpacts.org/discontinuous-progress-investigation/,2015,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,1333
-The Logic of Strategic Assets: From Oil to AI,"What resources and technologies are strategic? This question is often the focus of policy and theoretical debates, where the label “strategic” designates those assets that warrant the attention of the highest levels of the state. But these conversations are plagued by analytical confusion, flawed heuristics, and the rhetorical use of “strategic” to advance particular agendas. We aim to improve these conversations through conceptual clarification, introducing a theory based on important rivalrous externalities for which socially optimal behavior will not be produced alone by markets or individual national security entities. We distill and theorize the most important three forms of these externalities, which involve cumulative-, infrastructure-, and dependency-strategic logics. We then employ these logics to clarify three important cases: the Avon 2 engine in the 1950s, the U.S.-Japan technology rivalry in the late 1980s, and contemporary conversations about artificial intelligence.",https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.03246,2020,manuscript,"Ding, Jeffrey; Dafoe, Allan",,1334
-Superhuman AI for multiplayer poker,"In recent years there have been great strides in artificial intelligence (AI), with games often serving as challenge problems, benchmarks, and milestones for progress. Poker has served for decades as such a challenge problem. Past successes in such benchmarks, including poker, have been limited to two-player games. However, poker in particular is traditionally played with more than two players. Multiplayer games present fundamental additional issues beyond those in two-player games, and multiplayer poker is a recognized AI milestone. In this paper we present Pluribus, an AI that we show is stronger than top human professionals in six-player no-limit Texas hold’em poker, the most popular form of poker played by humans.",https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aay2400,2019,journalArticle,"Brown, Noam; Sandholm, Tuomas",Science,1335
-Specifying AI Objectives As a Human-AI Collaboration Problem,"Estimation, planning, control, and learning are giving us robots that can generate good behavior given a specified objective and set of constraints. What I care about is how humans enter this behavior generation picture, and study two complementary challenges: 1) how to optimize behavior when the robot is not acting in isolation, but needs to coordinate or collaborate with people; and 2) what to optimize in order to get the behavior we want. My work has traditionally focused on the former, but more recently I have been casting the latter as a human-robot collaboration problem as well (where the human is the end-user, or even the robotics engineer building the system). Treating it as such has enabled us to use robot actions to gain information; to account for human pedagogic behavior; and to exchange information between the human and the robot via a plethora of communication channels, from external forces that the person physically applies to the robot, to comparison queries, to defining a proxy objective function.",http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3306618.3314227,2019,conferencePaper,"Dragan, Anca","Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",1336
-Effect of nuclear weapons on historic trends in explosives,"Nuclear weapons constituted a ~7 thousand year discontinuity in relative effectiveness factor (TNT equivalent per kg of explosive). Nuclear weapons do not appear to have clearly represented progress in the cost-effectiveness of explosives, though the evidence there is weak. Details This case study is part of AI Impacts’ discontinuous progress investigation. Background The development of nuclear...",https://aiimpacts.org/discontinuity-from-nuclear-weapons/,2014,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,1337
-Œuf: minimizing the Coq extraction TCB,,http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3176245.3167089,2018,conferencePaper,"Mullen, Eric; Pernsteiner, Stuart; Wilcox, James R.; Tatlock, Zachary; Grossman, Dan",Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Certified Programs and Proofs - CPP 2018,1338
-Deepwater Horizon and the Law of the Sea: Was the Cure Worse than the Disease,,,2014,journalArticle,"Wilson, Grant",BC Envtl. Aff. L. Rev.,1339
-A survey of research questions for robust and beneficial AI,,https://futureoflife.org/data/documents/research_survey.pdf?x96845,2016,manuscript,"Dewey, Daniel; Russell, Stuart J; Tegmark, Max",,1340
-Putting out the dark fire: constraining speculative physics disasters,,https://mflb.com/lsag_1/dark_fire_3.pdf,2015,manuscript,"Sandberg, Anders; Landry, Forrest",,1341
-Predicting responsibility judgments from dispositional inferences and causal attributions,"How do people hold others responsible for their actions? In this paper, we test and extend a computational framework originally introduced by Gerstenberg et al. (2018) that assigns responsibility as a function of two factors: a dispositional inference that captures what we learn about a person's character from their action, and the causal role that the person's action played in bringing about the outcome. This framework has been shown to accurately capture how people assign responsibility to decision-makers in achievement contexts. Here, we focus on a more complex group setting in which political committee members vote on whether or not a policy should be passed. This setting allowed us to manipulate both dispositional inferences and causal attributions in graded ways, as well as directly test the model's key components by asking participants to judge how surprising and how important a committee member's vote was. Participants' answers to these questions in Experiment 1 accurately predicted the responsibility judgments of another group of participants in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, we show that the model also predicts moral responsibility judgments and that, in the moral domain, dispositional inferences affect responsibility judgments more strongly than causal attributions.",https://osf.io/63zvw,2019,manuscript,"Langenhoff, Antonia F; Wiegmann, Alex; Halpern, Joseph Y; tenenbaum, josh; Gerstenberg, Tobias",,1342
-Hierarchical Learning in Stochastic Domains: Preliminary Results,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9781558603073500289,1993,bookSection,"Kaelbling, Leslie Pack",Machine Learning Proceedings 1993,1343
-Of Myths and Moonshine,,,2014,magazineArticle,"Russell, Stuart",Edge.org,1344
-What Would pi* Do?: Imitation Learning via Off-Policy Reinforcement Learning,Learning to imitate expert actions given demonstrations containing image observations is a difficult problem in robotic control. The key challenge is generalizing behavior to out-of-distribution...,https://openreview.net/forum?id=B1excoAqKQ,2018,journalArticle,"Reddy, Siddharth; Dragan, Anca D.; Levine, Sergey",,1345
-Experimenting with a Democratic Ideal: Deliberative Polling and Public Opinion,,http://link.springer.com/10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500121,2005,journalArticle,"Fishkin, James S; Luskin, Robert C",Acta Politica,1346
-"Hail mary, value porosity, and utility diversification",,,2014,report,"Bostrom, Nick",,1347
-Some Considerations on Learning to Explore via Meta-Reinforcement Learning,We consider the problem of exploration in meta reinforcement learning. Two new meta reinforcement learning algorithms are suggested: E-MAML and E-$\text{RL}^2$. Results are presented on a novel environment we call `Krazy World' and a set of maze environments. We show E-MAML and E-$\text{RL}^2$ deliver better performance on tasks where exploration is important.,http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.01118,2019,manuscript,"Stadie, Bradly C.; Yang, Ge; Houthooft, Rein; Chen, Xi; Duan, Yan; Wu, Yuhuai; Abbeel, Pieter; Sutskever, Ilya",,1348
-Molecular Imprinting: The missing piece in the puzzle of abiogenesis?,,https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.07065,2018,manuscript,"Drexler, K. Eric",,1349
-Superintelligence As a Cause or Cure For Risks of Astronomical Suffering,"Discussions about the possible consequences of creating superintelligence have included the possibility of existential risk , often understood mainly as the risk of human extinction. We argue that suffering risks (s-risks) , where an adverse outcome would bring about severe suffering on an astronomical scale, are risks of a comparable severity and probability as risks of extinction. Preventing them is the common interest of many different value systems. Furthermore, we argue that in the same way as superintelligent AI both contributes to existential risk but can also help prevent it, superintelligent AI can both be a suffering risk or help avoid it. Some types of work aimed at making superintelligent AI safe will also help prevent suffering risks, and there may also be a class of safeguards for AI that helps specifically against s-risks.",http://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/view/1877,2017,journalArticle,"Sotala, Kaj; Gloor, Lukas",Informatica,1350
-Learning to Play No-Press Diplomacy with Best Response Policy Iteration,"Recent advances in deep reinforcement learning (RL) have led to considerable progress in many 2-player zero-sum games, such as Go, Poker and Starcraft. The purely adversarial nature of such games allows for conceptually simple and principled application of RL methods. However real-world settings are many-agent, and agent interactions are complex mixtures of common-interest and competitive aspects. We consider Diplomacy, a 7-player board game designed to accentuate dilemmas resulting from many-agent interactions. It also features a large combinatorial action space and simultaneous moves, which are challenging for RL algorithms. We propose a simple yet effective approximate best response operator, designed to handle large combinatorial action spaces and simultaneous moves. We also introduce a family of policy iteration methods that approximate fictitious play. With these methods, we successfully apply RL to Diplomacy: we show that our agents convincingly outperform the previous state-of-the-art, and game theoretic equilibrium analysis shows that the new process yields consistent improvements.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.04635,2020,conferencePaper,"Anthony, Thomas; Eccles, Tom; Tacchetti, Andrea; Kramár, János; Gemp, Ian; Hudson, Thomas C.; Porcel, Nicolas; Lanctot, Marc; Pérolat, Julien; Everett, Richard; Werpachowski, Roman; Singh, Satinder; Graepel, Thore; Bachrach, Yoram",34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2020),1351
-Trial without Error: Towards Safe Reinforcement Learning via Human Intervention,"AI systems are increasingly applied to complex tasks that involve interaction with humans. During training, such systems are potentially dangerous, as they haven't yet learned to avoid actions that could cause serious harm. How can an AI system explore and learn without making a single mistake that harms humans or otherwise causes serious damage? For model-free reinforcement learning, having a human ""in the loop"" and ready to intervene is currently the only way to prevent all catastrophes. We formalize human intervention for RL and show how to reduce the human labor required by training a supervised learner to imitate the human's intervention decisions. We evaluate this scheme on Atari games, with a Deep RL agent being overseen by a human for four hours. When the class of catastrophes is simple, we are able to prevent all catastrophes without affecting the agent's learning (whereas an RL baseline fails due to catastrophic forgetting). However, this scheme is less successful when catastrophes are more complex: it reduces but does not eliminate catastrophes and the supervised learner fails on adversarial examples found by the agent. Extrapolating to more challenging environments, we show that our implementation would not scale (due to the infeasible amount of human labor required). We outline extensions of the scheme that are necessary if we are to train model-free agents without a single catastrophe.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.05173v1,2018,conferencePaper,"Saunders, William; Sastry, Girish; Stuhlmueller, Andreas; Evans, Owain",Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems,1352
-Asymptotically Unambitious Artificial General Intelligence,"General intelligence, the ability to solve arbitrary solvable problems, is supposed by many to be artificially constructible. Narrow intelligence, the ability to solve a given particularly difficult problem, has seen impressive recent development. Notable examples include self-driving cars, Go engines, image classifiers, and translators. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) presents dangers that narrow intelligence does not: if something smarter than us across every domain were indifferent to our concerns, it would be an existential threat to humanity, just as we threaten many species despite no ill will. Even the theory of how to maintain the alignment of an AGI's goals with our own has proven highly elusive. We present the first algorithm we are aware of for asymptotically unambitious AGI, where ""unambitiousness"" includes not seeking arbitrary power. Thus, we identify an exception to the Instrumental Convergence Thesis, which is roughly that by default, an AGI would seek power, including over us.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12186,2020,conferencePaper,"Cohen, Michael K.; Vellambi, Badri; Hutter, Marcus",arXiv:1905.12186 [cs],1353
-Is BERT Really Robust? A Strong Baseline for Natural Language Attack on Text Classification and Entailment,"Machine learning algorithms are often vulnerable to adversarial examples that have imperceptible alterations from the original counterparts but can fool the state-of-the-art models. It is helpful to evaluate or even improve the robustness of these models by exposing the maliciously crafted adversarial examples. In this paper, we present TextFooler, a simple but strong baseline to generate natural adversarial text. By applying it to two fundamental natural language tasks, text classification and textual entailment, we successfully attacked three target models, including the powerful pre-trained BERT, and the widely used convolutional and recurrent neural networks. We demonstrate the advantages of this framework in three ways: (1) effective---it outperforms state-of-the-art attacks in terms of success rate and perturbation rate, (2) utility-preserving---it preserves semantic content and grammaticality, and remains correctly classified by humans, and (3) efficient---it generates adversarial text with computational complexity linear to the text length. *The code, pre-trained target models, and test examples are available at https://github.com/jind11/TextFooler.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11932,2020,conferencePaper,"Jin, Di; Jin, Zhijing; Zhou, Joey Tianyi; Szolovits, Peter",Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1354
-Some cruxes on impactful alternatives to AI policy work,"Ben Pace and I (Richard Ngo) recently did a public double crux at the Berkeley REACH on how valuable it is for people to go into AI policy and strategy work: I was optimistic and Ben was pessimistic. During the actual event, we didn't come anywhere near to finding a double crux on that issue. But after a lot of subsequent discussion, we've come up with some more general cruxes about where impact comes from. I found Ben's model of how to have impact very interesting, and so in this post I've tried to explain it, along with my disagreements. Ben liked the goal of writing up a rough summary of our positions and having further discussion in the comments, so while he edited it somewhat he doesn’t at all think that it’s a perfect argument, and it’s not what he’d write if he spent 10 hours on it. He endorsed the wording of the cruxes as broadly accurate. (During the double crux, we also discussed how the heavy-tailed worldview applies to community building, but decided on this post to focus on the object level of what impact looks like.) Note from Ben: “I am not an expert in policy, and have not put more than about 20-30 hours of thought into it total as a career path. But, as I recently heard Robin Hanson say, there’s a common situation that looks like this: some people have a shiny idea that they think about a great deal and work through the details of, that folks in other areas are skeptical of given their particular models of how the world works. Even though the skeptics have less detail, it can be useful to publicly say precisely why they’re skeptical. In this case I’m often skeptical when folks tell me they’re working to reduce x-risk by focusing on policy. Folks doing policy work in AI might be right, and I might be wrong, but it seemed like a good use of time to start a discussion with Richard about how I was thinking about it and what would change my mind. If the following discussion causes me to change my mind on this question, I’ll be really super happy wit",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/DJB82jKwgJE5NsWgT/some-cruxes-on-impactful-alternatives-to-ai-policy-work,2018,blogPost,"Ngo, Richard",LessWrong,1355
-AlphaGo Zero and capability amplification,AlphaGo Zero happens to be a great proof-of-concept of iterated capability amplification (my preferred approach to safe RL).,https://ai-alignment.com/alphago-zero-and-capability-amplification-ede767bb8446,2017,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),1356
-End-to-End Robotic Reinforcement Learning without Reward Engineering,"The combination of deep neural network models and reinforcement learning algorithms can make it possible to learn policies for robotic behaviors that directly read in raw sensory inputs, such as camera images, effectively subsuming both estimation and control into one model. However, real-world applications of reinforcement learning must specify the goal of the task by means of a manually programmed reward function, which in practice requires either designing the very same perception pipeline that end-to-end reinforcement learning promises to avoid, or else instrumenting the environment with additional sensors to determine if the task has been performed successfully. In this paper, we propose an approach for removing the need for manual engineering of reward specifications by enabling a robot to learn from a modest number of examples of successful outcomes, followed by actively solicited queries, where the robot shows the user a state and asks for a label to determine whether that state represents successful completion of the task. While requesting labels for every single state would amount to asking the user to manually provide the reward signal, our method requires labels for only a tiny fraction of the states seen during training, making it an efficient and practical approach for learning skills without manually engineered rewards. We evaluate our method on real-world robotic manipulation tasks where the observations consist of images viewed by the robot's camera. In our experiments, our method effectively learns to arrange objects, place books, and drape cloth, directly from images and without any manually specified reward functions, and with only 1-4 hours of interaction with the real world.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.07854,2019,conferencePaper,"Singh, Avi; Yang, Larry; Hartikainen, Kristian; Finn, Chelsea; Levine, Sergey","arXiv:1904.07854 [cs, stat]",1357
-The EMPATHIC Framework for Task Learning from Implicit Human Feedback,"Reactions such as gestures, facial expressions, and vocalizations are an abundant, naturally occurring channel of information that humans provide during interactions. A robot or other agent could leverage an understanding of such implicit human feedback to improve its task performance at no cost to the human. This approach contrasts with common agent teaching methods based on demonstrations, critiques, or other guidance that need to be attentively and intentionally provided. In this paper, we first define the general problem of learning from implicit human feedback and then propose to address this problem through a novel data-driven framework, EMPATHIC. This two-stage method consists of (1) mapping implicit human feedback to relevant task statistics such as reward, optimality, and advantage; and (2) using such a mapping to learn a task. We instantiate the first stage and three second-stage evaluations of the learned mapping. To do so, we collect a dataset of human facial reactions while participants observe an agent execute a sub-optimal policy for a prescribed training task. We train a deep neural network on this data and demonstrate its ability to (1) infer relative reward ranking of events in the training task from prerecorded human facial reactions; (2) improve the policy of an agent in the training task using live human facial reactions; and (3) transfer to a novel domain in which it evaluates robot manipulation trajectories.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.13649,2020,manuscript,"Cui, Yuchen; Zhang, Qiping; Allievi, Alessandro; Stone, Peter; Niekum, Scott; Knox, W. Bradley",,1358
-Corrigibility,,https://aaai.org/ocs/index.php/WS/AAAIW15/paper/view/10124/10136,2015,conferencePaper,"Soares, Nate; Fallenstein, Benja; Armstrong, Stuart; Yudkowsky, Eliezer",Workshops at the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1359
-Why Can’t You Do That HAL? Explaining Unsolvability of Planning Tasks,"Explainable planning is widely accepted as a prerequisite for autonomous agents to successfully work with humans. While there has been a lot of research on generating explanations of solutions to planning problems, explaining the absence of solutions remains a largely open and under-studied problem, even though such situations can be the hardest to understand or debug. In this paper, we show that hierarchical abstractions can be used to efficiently generate reasons for unsolvability of planning problems. In contrast to related work on computing certificates of unsolvability, we show that our methods can generate compact, humanunderstandable reasons for unsolvability. Empirical analysis and user studies show the validity of our methods as well as their computational efficacy on a number of benchmark planning domains.",https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2019/197,2019,conferencePaper,"Sreedharan, Sarath; Srivastava, Siddharth; Smith, David; Kambhampati, Subbarao",Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1360
-An Agent-based Modelling Framework for Driving Policy Learning in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles,"Due to the complexity of the natural world, a programmer cannot foresee all possible situations, a connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) will face during its operation, and hence, CAVs will need to learn to make decisions autonomously. Due to the sensing of its surroundings and information exchanged with other vehicles and road infrastructure, a CAV will have access to large amounts of useful data. While different control algorithms have been proposed for CAVs, the benefits brought about by connectedness of autonomous vehicles to other vehicles and to the infrastructure, and its implications on policy learning has not been investigated in literature. This paper investigates a data driven driving policy learning framework through an agent-based modelling approaches. The contributions of the paper are two-fold. A dynamic programming framework is proposed for in-vehicle policy learning with and without connectivity to neighboring vehicles. The simulation results indicate that while a CAV can learn to make autonomous decisions, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication of information improves this capability. Furthermore, to overcome the limitations of sensing in a CAV, the paper proposes a novel concept for infrastructure-led policy learning and communication with autonomous vehicles. In infrastructure-led policy learning, road-side infrastructure senses and captures successful vehicle maneuvers and learns an optimal policy from those temporal sequences, and when a vehicle approaches the road-side unit, the policy is communicated to the CAV. Deep-imitation learning methodology is proposed to develop such an infrastructure-led policy learning framework.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.04622,2018,conferencePaper,"De Silva, Varuna; Wang, Xiongzhao; Aladagli, Deniz; Kondoz, Ahmet; Ekmekcioglu, Erhan",IntelliSys 2018: Intelligent Systems and Applications,1361
-Dynamic generation and refinement of robot verbalization,"With a growing number of robots performing autonomously without human intervention, it is difficult to understand what the robots experience along their routes during execution without looking at execution logs. Rather than looking through logs, our goal is for robots to respond to queries in natural language about what they experience and what routes they have chosen. We propose verbalization as the process of converting route experiences into natural language, and highlight the importance of varying verbalizations based on user preferences. We present our verbalization space representing different dimensions that verbalizations can be varied, and our algorithm for automatically generating them on our CoBot robot. Then we present our study of how users can request different verbalizations in dialog. Using the study data, we learn a language model to map user dialog to the verbalization space. Finally, we demonstrate the use of the learned model within a dialog system in order for any user to request information about CoBot’s route experience at varying levels of detail.",http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7745133/,2016,conferencePaper,"Perera, Vittorio; Selveraj, Sai P.; Rosenthal, Stephanie; Veloso, Manuela",2016 25th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN),1362
-Impossibility of deducing preferences and rationality from human policy,,,2017,manuscript,"Armstrong, Stuart; Mindermann, Sören",,1363
-Motivated value selection for artificial agents,,,2015,conferencePaper,"Armstrong, Stuart",Workshops at the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1364
-Energetics of the brain and AI,,https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.04019,2016,manuscript,"Sandberg, Anders",,1365
-The medicalization of love,,,2015,journalArticle,"Earp, Brian D.; Sandberg, Anders; Savulescu, Julian",Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics,1366
-What is narrow value learning?,"Ambitious value learning aims to achieve superhuman performance by figuring out the underlying latent ""values"" that humans have, and evaluating new situations according to these values. In other words, it is trying to infer the criteria by which we judge situations to be good. This is particularly hard because in novel situations that humans haven't seen yet, we haven't even developed the criteria by which we would evaluate. (This is one of the reasons why we need to model humans as suboptimal, which causes problems.) Instead of this, we can use narrow value learning, which produces behavior that we want in some narrow domain, without expecting generalization to novel circumstances. The simplest form of this is imitation learning, where the AI system simply tries to imitate the supervisor's behavior. This limits the AI’s performance to that of its supervisor. We could also learn from preferences over behavior, which can scale to superhuman performance, since the supervisor can often evaluate whether a particular behavior meets our preferences even if she can’t perform it herself. We could also teach our AI systems to perform tasks that we would not want to do ourselves, such as handling hot objects. Nearly all of the work on preference learning, including most work on inverse reinforcement learning (IRL), is aimed at narrow value learning. IRL is often explicitly stated to be a technique for imitation learning, and early algorithms phrase the problem as matching the features in the demonstration, not exceeding them. The few algorithms that try to generalize to different test distributions, such as AIRL, are only aiming for relatively small amounts of generalization. (Why use IRL instead of behavioral cloning, where you mimic the actions that the demonstrator took? The hope is that IRL gives you a good inductive bias for imitation, allowing you to be more sample efficient and to generalize a little bit.) You might have noticed that I talk about narrow value learn",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/vX7KirQwHsBaSEdfK/what-is-narrow-value-learning,2019,blogPost,"Shah, Rohin",AI Alignment Forum,1367
-How we’re predicting AI–or failing to,,,2015,bookSection,"Armstrong, Stuart; Sotala, Kaj",Beyond artificial intelligence,1368
-The Unilateralist’s Curse and the Case for a Principle of Conformity,"In some situations a number of agents each have the ability to undertake an initiative that would have significant effects on the others. Suppose that each of these agents is purely motivated by an altruistic concern for the common good. We show that if each agent acts on her own personal judgment as to whether the initiative should be undertaken, then the initiative will be undertaken more often than is optimal. We suggest that this phenomenon, which we call the unilateralist’s curse, arises in many contexts, including some that are important for public policy. To lift the curse, we propose a principle of conformity, which would discourage unilateralist action. We consider three different models for how this principle could be implemented, and respond to an objection that could be raised against it.",https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4959137/,2016,journalArticle,"Bostrom, Nick; Douglas, Thomas; Sandberg, Anders",Social Epistemology,1369
-General Purpose Intelligence: Arguing The Orthogonality Thesis,"In his paper “The Superintelligent Will,” Nick Bostrom formalized the Orthogonality thesis: the idea that the final goals and intelligence levels of artificial agents are independent of each other. This paper presents arguments for a (narrower) version of the thesis. It proceeds through three steps. First it shows that superintelligent agents with essentially arbitrary goals can exist in our universe –both as theoretical impractical agents such as AIXI and as physically possible realworld agents. Then it argues that if humans are capable of building human-level artificial intelligences, we can build them with an extremely broad spectrum of goals. Finally it shows that the same result holds for any superintelligent agent we could directly or indirectly build. This result is relevant for arguments about the potential motivations of future agents: knowing an artificial agent is of high intelligence does not allow us to presume that it will be moral, we will need to figure out its goals directly.",https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=137912,2013,journalArticle,"Armstrong, Stuart",Analysis and Metaphysics,1370
-Technical AGI safety research outside AI,"I think there are many questions whose answers would be useful for technical AGI safety research, but which will probably require expertise outside AI to answer. In this post I list 30 of them, divided into four categories. Feel free to get in touch if you’d like to discuss these questions and why I think they’re important in more detail. I personally think that making progress on the ones in the first category is particularly vital, and plausibly tractable for researchers from a wide range of academic backgrounds. Studying and understanding safety problems 1. How strong are the economic or technological pressures towards building very general AI systems, as opposed to narrow ones? How plausible is the CAIS model [https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/reframing/] of advanced AI capabilities arising from the combination of many narrow services? 2. What are the most compelling arguments for and against discontinuous [https://intelligence.org/files/IEM.pdf] versus continuous [https://sideways-view.com/2018/02/24/takeoff-speeds/] takeoffs? In particular, how should we think about the analogy from human evolution, and the scalability of intelligence with compute? 3. What are the tasks via which narrow AI is most likely to have a destabilising impact on society? What might cyber crime look like when many important jobs have been automated? 4. How plausible are safety concerns about economic dominance by influence-seeking agents [https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/HBxe6wdjxK239zajf/more-realistic-tales-of-doom] , as well as structural loss of control [https://www.lawfareblog.com/thinking-about-risks-ai-accidents-misuse-and-structure] scenarios? Can these be reformulated in terms of standard economic ideas, such as principal-agent problems [http://www.overcomingbias.com/2019/04/agency-failure-ai-apocalypse.html] and the effects of automation? 5. How can we make the concepts of agency and goal-directed behavio",https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/2e9NDGiXt8PjjbTMC/technical-agi-safety-research-outside-ai,2019,blogPost,"Ngo, Richard",Effective Altruism Forum,1371
-Preference Elicitation for Participatory Budgeting,"Participatory budgeting enables the allocation of public funds by collecting and aggregating individual preferences. It has already had a sizable real-world impact, but making the most of this new paradigm requires rethinking some of the basics of computational social choice, including the very way in which individuals express their preferences. We attempt to maximize social welfare by using observed votes as proxies for voters’ unknown underlying utilities, and analytically compare four preference elicitation methods: knapsack votes, rankings by value or value for money, and threshold approval votes. We find that threshold approval voting is qualitatively superior, and also performs well in experiments using data from real participatory budgeting elections.This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, decision analysis.",https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2020.3666,2020,journalArticle,"Benadè, Gerdus; Nath, Swaprava; Procaccia, Ariel D.; Shah, Nisarg",Management Science,1372
-"Plan Online, Learn Offline: Efficient Learning and Exploration via Model-Based Control","We propose a plan online and learn offline (POLO) framework for the setting where an agent, with an internal model, needs to continually act and learn in the world. Our work builds on the synergistic relationship between local model-based control, global value function learning, and exploration. We study how local trajectory optimization can cope with approximation errors in the value function, and can stabilize and accelerate value function learning. Conversely, we also study how approximate value functions can help reduce the planning horizon and allow for better policies beyond local solutions. Finally, we also demonstrate how trajectory optimization can be used to perform temporally coordinated exploration in conjunction with estimating uncertainty in value function approximation. This exploration is critical for fast and stable learning of the value function. Combining these components enable solutions to complex simulated control tasks, like humanoid locomotion and dexterous in-hand manipulation, in the equivalent of a few minutes of experience in the real world.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.01848,2019,manuscript,"Lowrey, Kendall; Rajeswaran, Aravind; Kakade, Sham; Todorov, Emanuel; Mordatch, Igor",,1373
-Tight Variational Bounds via Random Projections and I-Projections,"Information projections are the key building block of variational inference algorithms and are used to approximate a target probabilistic model by projecting it onto a family of tractable distributions. In general, there is no guarantee on the quality of the approximation obtained. To overcome this issue, we introduce a new class of random projections to reduce the dimensionality and hence the complexity of the original model. In the spirit of random projections, the projection preserves (with high probability) key properties of the target distribution. We show that information projections can be combined with random projections to obtain provable guarantees on the quality of the approximation obtained, regardless of the complexity of the original model. We demonstrate empirically that augmenting mean field with a random projection step dramatically improves partition function and marginal probability estimates, both on synthetic and real world data.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1510.01308,2016,conferencePaper,"Hsu, Lun-Kai; Achim, Tudor; Ermon, Stefano",Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics,1374
-"Risk and resilience for unknown, unquantifiable, systemic, and unlikely/catastrophic threats",,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10669-015-9551-8,2015,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.",Environment Systems and Decisions,1375
-The Technological Singularity: Managing the Journey,,,2016,book,"Yampolskiy, Roman; Armstrong, Stuart",,1376
-Isolated refuges for surviving global catastrophes,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016328715000464,2015,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.; Denkenberger, David C.; Haqq-Misra, Jacob",Futures,1377
-A Virtue of Precaution Regarding the Moral Status of Animals with Uncertain Sentience,"We address the moral importance of fish, invertebrates such as crustaceans, snails and insects, and other animals about which there is qualified scientific uncertainty about their sentience. We argue that, on a sentientist basis, one can at least say that how such animals fare make ethically significant claims on our character. It is a requirement of a morally decent (or virtuous) person that she at least pays attention to and is cautious regarding the possibly morally relevant aspects of such animals. This involves having a moral stance, in the sense of patterns of perception, such that one notices such animals as being morally relevant in various situations. For the person who does not already consider these animals in this way, this could be a big change in moral psychology, and can be assumed to have behavioural consequences, albeit indeterminate. Character has been largely neglected in the literature, which focuses on act-centred approaches (i.e. that the evidence on sentience supports, or does not support, taking some specific action). We see our character-centred approach as complementary to, not superior to, act-centred approaches. Our approach has the advantage of allowing us to make ethically interesting and practically relevant claims about a wider range of cases, but it has the drawback of providing less specific action guidance.",https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-017-9662-y,2017,journalArticle,"Knutsson, Simon; Munthe, Christian",Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics,1378
-Likelihood of discontinuous progress around the development of AGI,"We aren’t convinced by any of the arguments we’ve seen to expect large discontinuity in AI progress above the extremely low base rate for all technologies. However this topic is controversial, and many thinkers on the topic disagree with us, so we consider this an open question. Details Definitions We say a technological discontinuity has...",https://aiimpacts.org/likelihood-of-discontinuous-progress-around-the-development-of-agi/,2018,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,1379
-Robust Temporal Difference Learning for Critical Domains,"We present a new Q-function operator for temporal difference (TD) learning methods that explicitly encodes robustness against significant rare events (SRE) in critical domains. The operator, which we call the $\kappa$-operator, allows to learn a robust policy in a model-based fashion without actually observing the SRE. We introduce single- and multi-agent robust TD methods using the operator $\kappa$. We prove convergence of the operator to the optimal robust Q-function with respect to the model using the theory of Generalized Markov Decision Processes. In addition we prove convergence to the optimal Q-function of the original MDP given that the probability of SREs vanishes. Empirical evaluations demonstrate the superior performance of $\kappa$-based TD methods both in the early learning phase as well as in the final converged stage. In addition we show robustness of the proposed method to small model errors, as well as its applicability in a multi-agent context.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.08021,2019,manuscript,"Klima, Richard; Bloembergen, Daan; Kaisers, Michael; Tuyls, Karl",,1380
-"Learning the preferences of ignorant, inconsistent agents",,,2016,conferencePaper,"Evans, Owain; Stuhlmüller, Andreas; Goodman, Noah",Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1381
-The myth of the rational voter: why democracies choose bad policies,,,2008,book,"Caplan, Bryan Douglas",,1382
-"Variational Discriminator Bottleneck: Improving Imitation Learning, Inverse RL, and GANs by Constraining Information Flow","Adversarial learning methods have been proposed for a wide range of applications, but the training of adversarial models can be notoriously unstable. Effectively balancing the performance of the generator and discriminator is critical, since a discriminator that achieves very high accuracy will produce relatively uninformative gradients. In this work, we propose a simple and general technique to constrain information flow in the discriminator by means of an information bottleneck. By enforcing a constraint on the mutual information between the observations and the discriminator's internal representation, we can effectively modulate the discriminator's accuracy and maintain useful and informative gradients. We demonstrate that our proposed variational discriminator bottleneck (VDB) leads to significant improvements across three distinct application areas for adversarial learning algorithms. Our primary evaluation studies the applicability of the VDB to imitation learning of dynamic continuous control skills, such as running. We show that our method can learn such skills directly from \emph{raw} video demonstrations, substantially outperforming prior adversarial imitation learning methods. The VDB can also be combined with adversarial inverse reinforcement learning to learn parsimonious reward functions that can be transferred and re-optimized in new settings. Finally, we demonstrate that VDB can train GANs more effectively for image generation, improving upon a number of prior stabilization methods.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.00821,2018,conferencePaper,"Peng, Xue Bin; Kanazawa, Angjoo; Toyer, Sam; Abbeel, Pieter; Levine, Sergey","arXiv:1810.00821 [cs, stat]",1383
-Leveraging Human Guidance for Deep Reinforcement Learning Tasks,"Reinforcement learning agents can learn to solve sequential decision tasks by interacting with the environment. Human knowledge of how to solve these tasks can be incorporated using imitation learning, where the agent learns to imitate human demonstrated decisions. However, human guidance is not limited to the demonstrations. Other types of guidance could be more suitable for certain tasks and require less human effort. This survey provides a high-level overview of five recent learning frameworks that primarily rely on human guidance other than conventional, step-by-step action demonstrations. We review the motivation, assumption, and implementation of each framework. We then discuss possible future research directions.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.09906v1,2019,conferencePaper,"Zhang, Ruohan; Torabi, Faraz; Guan, Lin; Ballard, Dana H.; Stone, Peter",Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-19),1384
-Active Inverse Reward Design,"Reward design, the problem of selecting an appropriate reward function for an AI system, is both critically important, as it encodes the task the system should perform, and challenging, as it requires reasoning about and understanding the agent’s environment in detail. AI practitioners often iterate on the reward function for their systems in a trial-and-error process to get their desired behavior. Inverse reward design (IRD) is a preference inference method that infers a true reward function from an observed, possibly misspecified, proxy reward function. This allows the system to determine when it should trust its observed reward function and respond appropriately. This has been shown to avoid problems in reward design such as negative side-effects (omitting a seemingly irrelevant but important aspect of the task) and reward hacking (learning to exploit unanticipated loopholes). In this paper, we actively select the set of proxy reward functions available to the designer. This improves the quality of inference and simplifies the associated reward design problem. We present two types of queries: discrete queries, where the system designer chooses from a discrete set of reward functions, and feature queries, where the system queries the designer for weights on a small set of features. We evaluate this approach with experiments in a personal shopping assistant domain and a 2D navigation domain. We find that our approach leads to reduced regret at test time compared with vanilla IRD. Our results indicate that actively selecting the set of available reward functions is a promising direction to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of reward design.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.03060,2018,manuscript,"Mindermann, Sören; Shah, Rohin; Gleave, Adam; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan",,1385
-Theoretical and empirical evidence for the impact of inductive biases on cultural evolution,"The question of how much the outcomes of cultural evolution are shaped by the cognitive capacities of human learners has been explored in several disciplines, including psychology, anthropology and linguistics. We address this question through a detailed investigation of transmission chains, in which each person passes information to another along a chain. We review mathematical and empirical evidence that shows that under general conditions, and across experimental paradigms, the information passed along transmission chains will be affected by the inductive biases of the people involved—the constraints on learning and memory, which influence conclusions from limited data. The mathematical analysis considers the case where each person is a rational Bayesian agent. The empirical work consists of behavioural experiments in which human participants are shown to operate in the manner predicted by the Bayesian framework. Specifically, in situations in which each person's response is used to determine the data seen by the next person, people converge on concepts consistent with their inductive biases irrespective of the information seen by the first member of the chain. We then relate the Bayesian analysis of transmission chains to models of biological evolution, clarifying how chains of individuals correspond to population-level models and how selective forces can be incorporated into our models. Taken together, these results indicate how laboratory studies of transmission chains can provide information about the dynamics of cultural evolution and illustrate that inductive biases can have a significant impact on these dynamics.",https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2008.0146,2008,journalArticle,"Griffiths, Thomas L; Kalish, Michael L; Lewandowsky, Stephan",Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,1386
-Domain Randomization and Generative Models for Robotic Grasping,"Deep learning-based robotic grasping has made significant progress thanks to algorithmic improvements and increased data availability. However, state-of-the-art models are often trained on as few as hundreds or thousands of unique object instances, and as a result generalization can be a challenge. In this work, we explore a novel data generation pipeline for training a deep neural network to perform grasp planning that applies the idea of domain randomization to object synthesis. We generate millions of unique, unrealistic procedurally generated objects, and train a deep neural network to perform grasp planning on these objects. Since the distribution of successful grasps for a given object can be highly multimodal, we propose an autoregressive grasp planning model that maps sensor inputs of a scene to a probability distribution over possible grasps. This model allows us to sample grasps efficiently at test time (or avoid sampling entirely). We evaluate our model architecture and data generation pipeline in simulation and the real world. We find we can achieve a $>$90% success rate on previously unseen realistic objects at test time in simulation despite having only been trained on random objects. We also demonstrate an 80% success rate on real-world grasp attempts despite having only been trained on random simulated objects.",https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8593933?casa_token=lwbqoFmevgAAAAAA:9QSGCfSy7lAxjPGI7i3NqTLMPaOzxxkfA210snUtaVcKlzACmUX8_vbx_jAGwKDrlsDTIBJJ,2018,conferencePaper,"Tobin, Joshua; Biewald, Lukas; Duan, Rocky; Andrychowicz, Marcin; Handa, Ankur; Kumar, Vikash; McGrew, Bob; Schneider, Jonas; Welinder, Peter; Zaremba, Wojciech; Abbeel, Pieter",2018 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS),1387
-Privacy-preserving data mining,,https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/335191.335438,2000,journalArticle,"Agrawal, Rakesh; Srikant, Ramakrishnan",ACM SIGMOD Record,1388
-Quasi-Direct Drive for Low-Cost Compliant Robotic Manipulation,"Robots must cost less and be force-controlled to enable widespread, safe deployment in unconstrained human environments. We propose Quasi-Direct Drive actuation as a capable paradigm for robotic force-controlled manipulation in human environments at low-cost. Our prototype - Blue - is a human scale 7 Degree of Freedom arm with 2kg payload. Blue can cost less than $5000. We show that Blue has dynamic properties that meet or exceed the needs of human operators: the robot has a nominal position-control bandwidth of 7.5Hz and repeatability within 4mm. We demonstrate a Virtual Reality based interface that can be used as a method for telepresence and collecting robot training demonstrations. Manufacturability, scaling, and potential use-cases for the Blue system are also addressed. Videos and additional information can be found online at berkeleyopenarms.github.io",http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.03815,2019,conferencePaper,"Gealy, David V.; McKinley, Stephen; Yi, Brent; Wu, Philipp; Downey, Phillip R.; Balke, Greg; Zhao, Allan; Guo, Menglong; Thomasson, Rachel; Sinclair, Anthony; Cuellar, Peter; McCarthy, Zoe; Abbeel, Pieter",2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA),1389
-Transcendence : An AI Researcher Enjoys Watching His Own Execution,"So, how seriously should we take the movie's premise -- that superhuman AI is a potential threat to humanity? And how plausible, from a scientific viewpo...",https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ai-transcendence_b_5235364,2014,magazineArticle,"Russell, Stuart; Co-author, ContributorComputer science professor at Berkeley;; Approach’, ‘Artificial Intelligence: a Modern",HuffPost,1390
-A Less Biased Evaluation of Out-of-distribution Sample Detectors,"In the real world, a learning system could receive an input that is unlike anything it has seen during training. Unfortunately, out-of-distribution samples can lead to unpredictable behaviour. We need to know whether any given input belongs to the population distribution of the training/evaluation data to prevent unpredictable behaviour in deployed systems. A recent surge of interest in this problem has led to the development of sophisticated techniques in the deep learning literature. However, due to the absence of a standard problem definition or an exhaustive evaluation, it is not evident if we can rely on these methods. What makes this problem different from a typical supervised learning setting is that the distribution of outliers used in training may not be the same as the distribution of outliers encountered in the application. Classical approaches that learn inliers vs. outliers with only two datasets can yield optimistic results. We introduce OD-test, a three-dataset evaluation scheme as a more reliable strategy to assess progress on this problem. We present an exhaustive evaluation of a broad set of methods from related areas on image classification tasks. Contrary to the existing results, we show that for realistic applications of high-dimensional images the previous techniques have low accuracy and are not reliable in practice.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.04729,2019,manuscript,"Shafaei, Alireza; Schmidt, Mark; Little, James J.",,1391
-Existential risk assessment: A reply to Baum,"We welcome Seth Baum's reply to our paper. We broadly agree with the points Baum makes; however, the field of Existential Risk Studies remains young and undeveloped, and we think that there are many points on which further reflection is needed. We briefly discuss three: the normative aspects of terms like 'existential catastrophe,' the opportunities for low hanging fruit in method selection and application, and the importance of context when making probability claims.",https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016328720300963,2020,journalArticle,"Beard, Simon; Rowe, Thomas; Fox, James",Futures,1392
-The Emotional Nature of Post-Cognitive Singularities,"SummaryThe next evolution of intelligent, physical life on earth will be to artificial, super-intelligent agents or even entities we might call ‘post’- or ‘trans’ humans. And, contrary to popular opinion about the man-made advanced intelligences, these entities will not be just information-driven machines devoid of emotion. Instead, today’s computing and Artificial Intelligence (AI) science has set us on the path that we fully anticipate a technological Singularity event. From this event we expect the emergence of intelligent, living entities that have the capacity to integrate massive amounts of data, but this computing will be controlled by emotional mechanisms. These new forms of life will live side-by-side with humanity so the real, foreseeable problem of this post-Singularity, post-cognitive era will be an existential one—and a possible misalignment between us (humans) and ‘them’ (the new entities). The different forms of life will pursue different goals, likely to be mediated by different, or even opposite, emotional syntaxes. How humans will interact with these new post-cognitive, emotional Singularity Entities has yet to be defined, but new social patterns will surely emerge.",https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54033-6_11,2017,bookSection,"Vallverdú, Jordi",The Technological Singularity: Managing the Journey,1393
-Semi-supervised Knowledge Transfer for Deep Learning from Private Training Data,"Some machine learning applications involve training data that is sensitive, such as the medical histories of patients in a clinical trial. A model may inadvertently and implicitly store some of its training data; careful analysis of the model may therefore reveal sensitive information. To address this problem, we demonstrate a generally applicable approach to providing strong privacy guarantees for training data: Private Aggregation of Teacher Ensembles (PATE). The approach combines, in a black-box fashion, multiple models trained with disjoint datasets, such as records from different subsets of users. Because they rely directly on sensitive data, these models are not published, but instead used as ""teachers"" for a ""student"" model. The student learns to predict an output chosen by noisy voting among all of the teachers, and cannot directly access an individual teacher or the underlying data or parameters. The student's privacy properties can be understood both intuitively (since no single teacher and thus no single dataset dictates the student's training) and formally, in terms of differential privacy. These properties hold even if an adversary can not only query the student but also inspect its internal workings. Compared with previous work, the approach imposes only weak assumptions on how teachers are trained: it applies to any model, including non-convex models like DNNs. We achieve state-of-the-art privacy/utility trade-offs on MNIST and SVHN thanks to an improved privacy analysis and semi-supervised learning.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1610.05755,2017,conferencePaper,"Papernot, Nicolas; Abadi, Martín; Erlingsson, Úlfar; Goodfellow, Ian; Talwar, Kunal","arXiv:1610.05755 [cs, stat]",1394
-Efficiently Combining Human Demonstrations and Interventions for Safe Training of Autonomous Systems in Real-Time,"This paper investigates how to utilize different forms of human interaction to safely train autonomous systems in real-time by learning from both human demonstrations and interventions. We implement two components of the Cycle-of-Learning for Autonomous Systems, which is our framework for combining multiple modalities of human interaction. The current effort employs human demonstrations to teach a desired behavior via imitation learning, then leverages intervention data to correct for undesired behaviors produced by the imitation learner to teach novel tasks to an autonomous agent safely, after only minutes of training. We demonstrate this method in an autonomous perching task using a quadrotor with continuous roll, pitch, yaw, and throttle commands and imagery captured from a downward-facing camera in a high-fidelity simulated environment. Our method improves task completion performance for the same amount of human interaction when compared to learning from demonstrations alone, while also requiring on average 32% less data to achieve that performance. This provides evidence that combining multiple modes of human interaction can increase both the training speed and overall performance of policies for autonomous systems.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.11545,2018,conferencePaper,"Goecks, Vinicius G.; Gremillion, Gregory M.; Lawhern, Vernon J.; Valasek, John; Waytowich, Nicholas R.",Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1395
-Accounting for the neglected dimensions of AI progress,,https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.00610,2018,manuscript,"Martínez-Plumed, Fernando; Avin, Shahar; Brundage, Miles; Dafoe, Allan; hÉigeartaigh, Sean Ó; Hernández-Orallo, José",,1396
-Commitment and credibility in multipolar AI scenarios,"The ability to make credible commitments is a key factor in many bargaining situations ranging from trade to international conflict. This post builds a taxonomy of the commitment mechanisms that transformative AI (TAI) systems could use in future multipolar scenarios, describes various issues they have in practice, and draws some tentative conclusions about the landscape of commitments we might expect in the future. INTRODUCTION A better understanding of the commitments that future AI systems could make is helpful for predicting and influencing the dynamics of multipolar scenarios. The option to credibly bind oneself to certain actions or strategies fundamentally changes the game theory behind bargaining, cooperation, and conflict. Credible commitments and general transparency can work to stabilize positive-sum agreements, and to increase the efficiency of threats (Schelling 1960), both of which could be relevant to how well TAI trajectories will reflect our values. Because human goals can be contradictory, and even broadly aligned AI systems could come to prioritize different outcomes depending on their domains and histories, these systems could end up in competitive situations and bargaining failures where a lot of value is lost. Similarly, if some systems in a multipolar scenario are well aligned and others less so, some worst cases might be avoidable if stable peaceful agreements can be reached. As an example of the practical significance of commitment ability in stabilizing peaceful strategies, standard theories in international relations hold that conflicts between nations are difficult to avoid indefinitely primarily because there are no reliable commitment mechanisms for peaceful agreements (e.g. Powell 2004, Lake 1999, Rosato 2015), even when nations would overall prefer them. In addition to the direct costs of conflict, the lack of enforceable commitments leads to continuous resource loss from arms races, monitoring, and other preparations for possible",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/LvtsFKxg2t3nWhKRq/commitment-and-credibility-in-multipolar-ai-scenarios,2020,blogPost,"Leskela, Anni",LessWrong,1397
-Vulnerabilities in CDT and TI-unaware agents,,https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/vFXK8eQdLhicYNNqF/vulnerabilities-in-cdt-and-ti-unaware-agents,2020,blogPost,"Moreno Casares, Pablo Antonio; Zagami, Davide; Leong, Chris",AI Alignment Forum,1398
-AI Unsafety via Non-Zero-Sum Debate,"In this post, I describe how to view debate as a way of assisting a human to spot flaws in an AI’s proposal. I then argue that the zero-sum assumption is critical for making debate work and that various seemingly-helpful modifications of debate might break it instead. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A naive way of using arbitrary optimizers as oracles:Suppose you have a black-box optimizer X that can be connected to any well-defined quantity to be maximized. X can potentially be very powerful - e.g., having a highly accurate model of the world and “a lot of optimization power”. One way to turn X into an oracle is to ask it a question and decide to give it reward 1 if we like its answer and 0 if we don’t.[1] Of course, standard AI-safety arguments (e.g., AI takeover and perverse instantiation) suggest that this is a pretty bad idea for powerful X. For the sake of argument, suppose that we can fix all of the “obvious” problems and ensure that X won’t wirehead, won’t try to escape the box we put it in etc., and will only care about the reward it gets for its answer. Two problems with naive optimizers-turned-oracles: (1) telling the difference between good and awesome answers and (2) answers with hidden flaws:One problem with this type of oracles is that it’s hard to decide whether we like its answers or not. Suppose I ask it for food recommendations for the evening and it suggests pancakes. Pancakes seem fine, although there are some foods that I would like better. So should I reward the AI or not? The second problem is that the oracle optimizes for giving answers that seem good to a human. (Not out of malice, but because “actually being good” isn’t well-defined.) And since humans aren’t omniscient, there will be many seemingly good answers that in fact have disastrous consequences if acted upon. To address (1), use two AIs:The first problem can be tackled by using two copies of the optimizer and rewarding the one w",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/BRiMQELD5WYyvncTE/ai-unsafety-via-non-zero-sum-debate,2020,blogPost,"Kovarik, Vojta",AI Alignment Forum,1399
-Towards Empathic Deep Q-Learning,"As reinforcement learning (RL) scales to solve increasingly complex tasks, interest continues to grow in the fields of AI safety and machine ethics. As a contribution to these fields, this paper introduces an extension to Deep Q-Networks (DQNs), called Empathic DQN, that is loosely inspired both by empathy and the golden rule (""Do unto others as you would have them do unto you""). Empathic DQN aims to help mitigate negative side effects to other agents resulting from myopic goal-directed behavior. We assume a setting where a learning agent coexists with other independent agents (who receive unknown rewards), where some types of reward (e.g. negative rewards from physical harm) may generalize across agents. Empathic DQN combines the typical (self-centered) value with the estimated value of other agents, by imagining (by its own standards) the value of it being in the other's situation (by considering constructed states where both agents are swapped). Proof-of-concept results in two gridworld environments highlight the approach's potential to decrease collateral harms. While extending Empathic DQN to complex environments is non-trivial, we believe that this first step highlights the potential of bridge-work between machine ethics and RL to contribute useful priors for norm-abiding RL agents.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.10918,2019,conferencePaper,"Bussmann, Bart; Heinerman, Jacqueline; Lehman, Joel",Proceedings of the Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Safety 2019,1400
-Optimal Farsighted Agents Tend to Seek Power,"Some researchers have speculated that capable reinforcement learning (RL) agents pursuing misspecified objectives are often incentivized to seek resources and power in pursuit of those objectives. An agent seeking power is incentivized to behave in undesirable ways, including rationally preventing deactivation and correction. Others have voiced skepticism: humans seem idiosyncratic in their urges to power, which need not be present in the agents we design. We formalize a notion of power within the context of finite Markov decision processes (MDPs). With respect to a neutral class of reward function distributions, our results suggest that farsighted optimal policies tend to seek power over the environment.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.01683,2020,manuscript,"Turner, Alexander Matt; Smith, Logan; Shah, Rohin; Tadepalli, Prasad",,1401
-UCB Exploration via Q-Ensembles,"We show how an ensemble of $Q^*$-functions can be leveraged for more effective exploration in deep reinforcement learning. We build on well established algorithms from the bandit setting, and adapt them to the $Q$-learning setting. We propose an exploration strategy based on upper-confidence bounds (UCB). Our experiments show significant gains on the Atari benchmark.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1706.01502,2017,manuscript,"Chen, Richard Y.; Sidor, Szymon; Abbeel, Pieter; Schulman, John",,1402
-Anthropic bias: observation selection effects in science and philosophy,,,2002,book,"Bostrom, Nick",,1403
-Modeling Friends and Foes,"How can one detect friendly and adversarial behavior from raw data? Detecting whether an environment is a friend, a foe, or anything in between, remains a poorly understood yet desirable ability for safe and robust agents. This paper proposes a definition of these environmental ""attitudes"" based on an characterization of the environment's ability to react to the agent's private strategy. We define an objective function for a one-shot game that allows deriving the environment's probability distribution under friendly and adversarial assumptions alongside the agent's optimal strategy. Furthermore, we present an algorithm to compute these equilibrium strategies, and show experimentally that both friendly and adversarial environments possess non-trivial optimal strategies.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.00196,2018,manuscript,"Ortega, Pedro A.; Legg, Shane",,1404
-"There is plenty of time at the bottom: the economics, risk and ethics of time compression",,,2019,journalArticle,"Sandberg, Anders",foresight,1405
-"Neural Networks for Safety-Critical Applications - Challenges, Experiments and Perspectives","We propose a methodology for designing dependable Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) by extending the concepts of understandability, correctness, and validity that are crucial ingredients in existing certification standards. We apply the concept in a concrete case study in designing a high-way ANN-based motion predictor to guarantee safety properties such as impossibility for the ego vehicle to suggest moving to the right lane if there exists another vehicle on its right.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.00911,2017,conferencePaper,"Cheng, Chih-Hong; Diehl, Frederik; Hamza, Yassine; Hinz, Gereon; Nührenberg, Georg; Rickert, Markus; Ruess, Harald; Troung-Le, Michael","2018 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE)",1406
-Cyber insurance,,,2017,journalArticle,"Petratos, Pythagoras; Sandberg, Anders; Zhou, Feng","Handbook of Cyber-Development, Cyber-Democracy, and Cyber-Defense",1407
-Are we living at the hinge of history,,,2020,report,"MacAskill, William",,1408
-Safe Reinforcement Learning via Probabilistic Shields,"This paper targets the efficient construction of a safety shield for decision making in scenarios that incorporate uncertainty. Markov decision processes (MDPs) are prominent models to capture such planning problems. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a machine learning technique to determine near-optimal policies in MDPs that may be unknown prior to exploring the model. However, during exploration, RL is prone to induce behavior that is undesirable or not allowed in safety- or mission-critical contexts. We introduce the concept of a probabilistic shield that enables decision-making to adhere to safety constraints with high probability. In a separation of concerns, we employ formal verification to efficiently compute the probabilities of critical decisions within a safety-relevant fragment of the MDP. We use these results to realize a shield that is applied to an RL algorithm which then optimizes the actual performance objective. We discuss tradeoffs between sufficient progress in exploration of the environment and ensuring safety. In our experiments, we demonstrate on the arcade game PAC-MAN and on a case study involving service robots that the learning efficiency increases as the learning needs orders of magnitude fewer episodes.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06096,2019,conferencePaper,"Jansen, Nils; Könighofer, Bettina; Junges, Sebastian; Serban, Alexandru C.; Bloem, Roderick",arXiv:1807.06096 [cs],1409
-Machine Teaching for Inverse Reinforcement Learning: Algorithms and Applications,"Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) infers a reward function from demonstrations, allowing for policy improvement and generalization. However, despite much recent interest in IRL, little work has been done to understand the minimum set of demonstrations needed to teach a specific sequential decision-making task. We formalize the problem of finding maximally informative demonstrations for IRL as a machine teaching problem where the goal is to find the minimum number of demonstrations needed to specify the reward equivalence class of the demonstrator. We extend previous work on algorithmic teaching for sequential decision-making tasks by showing a reduction to the set cover problem which enables an efficient approximation algorithm for determining the set of maximally-informative demonstrations. We apply our proposed machine teaching algorithm to two novel applications: providing a lower bound on the number of queries needed to learn a policy using active IRL and developing a novel IRL algorithm that can learn more efficiently from informative demonstrations than a standard IRL approach.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.07687,2019,conferencePaper,"Brown, Daniel S.; Niekum, Scott",Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1410
-"The Assymetry, Uncertainty, and the Long Term",,https://globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/Thomas-Asymmetry-paper.pdf,2019,manuscript,"Thomas, Teruji",,1411
-Social Influence as Intrinsic Motivation for Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning,"We propose a unified mechanism for achieving coordination and communication in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), through rewarding agents for having causal influence over other agents’ act...",http://proceedings.mlr.press/v97/jaques19a.html,2019,conferencePaper,"Jaques, Natasha; Lazaridou, Angeliki; Hughes, Edward; Gulcehre, Caglar; Ortega, Pedro; Strouse, Dj; Leibo, Joel Z.; Freitas, Nando De",International Conference on Machine Learning,1412
-Towards Adjustable Autonomy for the Real World,"Adjustable autonomy refers to entities dynamically varying their own autonomy, transferring decision-making control to other entities (typically agents transferring control to human users) in key situations. Determining whether and when such transfers-of-control should occur is arguably the fundamental research problem in adjustable autonomy. Previous work has investigated various approaches to addressing this problem but has often focused on individual agent-human interactions. Unfortunately, domains requiring collaboration between teams of agents and humans reveal two key shortcomings of these previous approaches. First, these approaches use rigid one-shot transfers of control that can result in unacceptable coordination failures in multiagent settings. Second, they ignore costs (e.g., in terms of time delays or effects on actions) to an agent's team due to such transfers-of-control. To remedy these problems, this article presents a novel approach to adjustable autonomy, based on the notion of a transfer-of-control strategy. A transfer-of-control strategy consists of a conditional sequence of two types of actions: (i) actions to transfer decision-making control (e.g., from an agent to a user or vice versa) and (ii) actions to change an agent's pre-specified coordination constraints with team members, aimed at minimizing miscoordination costs. The goal is for high-quality individual decisions to be made with minimal disruption to the coordination of the team. We present a mathematical model of transfer-of-control strategies. The model guides and informs the operationalization of the strategies using Markov Decision Processes, which select an optimal strategy, given an uncertain environment and costs to the individuals and teams. The approach has been carefully evaluated, including via its use in a real-world, deployed multi-agent system that assists a research group in its daily activities.",https://jair.org/index.php/jair/article/view/10312,2002,journalArticle,"Scerri, P.; Pynadath, D. V.; Tambe, M.",Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research,1413
-From self to craving (three characteristics series),"Buddhists talk a lot about the self, and also about suffering. They claim that if you come to investigate what the self is really made of, then this will lead to a reduction in suffering. Why would that be? This post seeks to answer that question. First, let’s recap a few things that we have been talking about before. THE CONNECTION BETWEEN SELF AND CRAVING In “a non-mystical explanation of ‘no-self’”, I talked about the way in which there are two kinds of goals. First, we can manipulate something that does not require a representation of ourselves. For example, we can figure out how to get a truck on a column of blocks. In that case, we can figure out a sequence of actions that takes the truck from its initial state to its target state. We don’t necessarily need to think about ourselves as we are figuring this out - the actual sequence could just as well be carried out by someone else. I mentioned that these kinds of tasks seem to allow flow states, in which the sense of self becomes temporarily suspended as unnecessary, and which are typically experienced as highly enjoyable and free from discomfort. Alternatively, we can think of a goal which intrinsically requires self-reference. For example, I might be feeling sad, and think that I want to feel happy instead. In this case, both the initial state and the target state are defined in terms of what I feel, so in order to measure my progress, I need to track a reference to myself. In that post, I remarked that changing one’s experience of one’s self may change how emotions are experienced. This does not necessarily require high levels of enlightenment: it is a common mindfulness practice to reframe your emotions as something that is external to you, in which case negative emotions might cease to feel aversive. I have also previously discussed therapy techniques that allow you to create some distance between yourself and your feelings, making them less aversive. For example, one may pay attention to where in",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/r6kzvdia4S8TKE6WF/from-self-to-craving-three-characteristics-series,2020,blogPost,"Sotala, Kaj",LessWrong,1414
-Brave new love: The threat of high-tech “conversion” therapy and the bio-oppression of sexual minorities,,,2014,journalArticle,"Earp, Brian D.; Sandberg, Anders; Savulescu, Julian",AJOB neuroscience,1415
-The Foundations of Deep Learning with a Path Towards General Intelligence,"Like any field of empirical science, AI may be approached axiomatically. We formulate requirements for a general-purpose, human-level AI system in terms of postulates. We review the methodology of deep learning, examining the explicit and tacit assumptions in deep learning research. Deep Learning methodology seeks to overcome limitations in traditional machine learning research as it combines facets of model richness, generality, and practical applicability. The methodology so far has produced outstanding results due to a productive synergy of function approximation, under plausible assumptions of irreducibility and the efficiency of back-propagation family of algorithms. We examine these winning traits of deep learning, and also observe the various known failure modes of deep learning. We conclude by giving recommendations on how to extend deep learning methodology to cover the postulates of general-purpose AI including modularity, and cognitive architecture. We also relate deep learning to advances in theoretical neuroscience research.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.08874v1,2018,conferencePaper,"Özkural, Eray",,1416
-"Autonomous Vehicles: Disengagements, Accidents and Reaction Times",,https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168054,2016,journalArticle,"Dixit, Vinayak V.; Chand, Sai; Nair, Divya J.",PLOS ONE,1417
-Robots in war: the next weapons of mass destruction?,"Davos 2016: There is no doubt that as the technology improves, autonomous weapons will be highly effective. But does that necessarily mean they’re a good idea?",https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/robots-in-war-the-next-weapons-of-mass-destruction/,2016,magazineArticle,"Russell, Stuart",World Economic Forum,1418
-Active reinforcement learning: Observing rewards at a cost,,,2016,conferencePaper,"Krueger, David; Leike, Jan; Evans, Owain; Salvatier, John","Future of Interactive Learning Machines, NIPS Workshop",1419
-Embedded Agency,"Traditional models of rational action treat the agent as though it is cleanly separated from its environment, and can act on that environment from the outside. Such agents have a known functional relationship with their environment, can model their environment in every detail, and do not need to reason about themselves or their internal parts. We provide an informal survey of obstacles to formalizing good reasoning for agents embedded in their environment. Such agents must optimize an environment that is not of type ``function''; they must rely on models that fit within the modeled environment; and they must reason about themselves as just another physical system, made of parts that can be modified and that can work at cross purposes.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.09469,2019,manuscript,"Demski, Abram; Garrabrant, Scott",,1420
-Game Theory with Translucent Players,"A traditional assumption in game theory is that players are opaque to one another---if a player changes strategies, then this change in strategies does not affect the choice of other players' strategies. In many situations this is an unrealistic assumption. We develop a framework for reasoning about games where the players may be translucent to one another; in particular, a player may believe that if she were to change strategies, then the other player would also change strategies. Translucent players may achieve significantly more efficient outcomes than opaque ones. Our main result is a characterization of strategies consistent with appropriate analogues of common belief of rationality. Common Counterfactual Belief of Rationality (CCBR) holds if (1) everyone is rational, (2) everyone counterfactually believes that everyone else is rational (i.e., all players i believe that everyone else would still be rational even if $i$ were to switch strategies), (3) everyone counterfactually believes that everyone else is rational, and counterfactually believes that everyone else is rational, and so on. CCBR characterizes the set of strategies surviving iterated removal of minimax dominated strategies, where a strategy s for player i is minimax dominated by s' if the worst-case payoff for i using s' is better than the best possible payoff using s.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1308.3778,2013,journalArticle,"Halpern, Joseph Y.; Pass, Rafael",International Journal of Game Theory,1421
-Why we need friendly AI,,,2014,journalArticle,"Muehlhauser, Luke; Bostrom, Nick",Think,1422
-Toward Evaluating Robustness of Deep Reinforcement Learning with Continuous Control,We study the problem of continuous control agents in deep RL with adversarial attacks and proposed a two-step algorithm based on learned model dynamics.,https://openreview.net/forum?id=SylL0krYPS,2019,conferencePaper,"Weng, Tsui-Wei; Dvijotham*, Krishnamurthy (Dj); Uesato*, Jonathan; Xiao*, Kai; Gowal*, Sven; Stanforth*, Robert; Kohli, Pushmeet",,1423
-Exploration by Random Network Distillation,"We introduce an exploration bonus for deep reinforcement learning methods that is easy to implement and adds minimal overhead to the computation performed. The bonus is the error of a neural network predicting features of the observations given by a fixed randomly initialized neural network. We also introduce a method to flexibly combine intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. We find that the random network distillation (RND) bonus combined with this increased flexibility enables significant progress on several hard exploration Atari games. In particular we establish state of the art performance on Montezuma's Revenge, a game famously difficult for deep reinforcement learning methods. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method that achieves better than average human performance on this game without using demonstrations or having access to the underlying state of the game, and occasionally completes the first level.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.12894,2018,manuscript,"Burda, Yuri; Edwards, Harrison; Storkey, Amos; Klimov, Oleg",,1424
-Mastering Complex Control in MOBA Games with Deep Reinforcement Learning,"We study the reinforcement learning problem of complex action control in the Multi-player Online Battle Arena (MOBA) 1v1 games. This problem involves far more complicated state and action spaces than those of traditional 1v1 games, such as Go and Atari series, which makes it very difficult to search any policies with human-level performance. In this paper, we present a deep reinforcement learning framework to tackle this problem from the perspectives of both system and algorithm. Our system is of low coupling and high scalability, which enables efficient explorations at large scale. Our algorithm includes several novel strategies, including control dependency decoupling, action mask, target attention, and dualclip PPO, with which our proposed actor-critic network can be effectively trained in our system. Tested on the MOBA game Honor of Kings, the trained AI agents can defeat top professional human players in full 1v1 games.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.09729,2020,conferencePaper,"Ye, Deheng; Liu, Zhao; Sun, Mingfei; Shi, Bei; Zhao, Peilin; Wu, Hao; Yu, Hongsheng; Yang, Shaojie; Wu, Xipeng; Guo, Qingwei; Chen, Qiaobo; Yin, Yinyuting; Zhang, Hao; Shi, Tengfei; Wang, Liang; Fu, Qiang; Yang, Wei; Huang, Lanxiao",arXiv:1912.09729 [cs],1425
-Destructive Cyber Operations and Machine Learning,"Machine learning may provide cyber attackers with the means to execute more effective and more destructive attacks against industrial control systems. As new ML tools are developed, CSET discusses the ways in which attackers may deploy these tools and the most effective avenues for industrial system defenders to respond.",https://cset.georgetown.edu/research/destructive-cyber-operations-and-machine-learning/,2020,report,"Cary, Dakota; Cebul, Daniel",,1426
-The Question of Comparative Advantage in Artificial Intelligence: Enduring Strengths and Emerging Challenges for the United States,"How do we measure leadership in artificial intelligence, and where does the United States rank? What comparative advantages matter most? As nations embrace AI, answering these questions becomes increasingly critical.",https://cset.georgetown.edu/research/the-question-of-comparative-advantage-in-artificial-intelligence-enduring-strengths-and-emerging-challenges-for-the-united-states/,2020,report,"Imbrie, Andrew; Kania, Elsa; Laskai, Lorand",,1427
-Representation of future generations in United Kingdom policy-making,"Global existential and catastrophic risks, particularly those arising from technological developments, present challenges for intergenerational justice. We aim to present a solutions-based approach to the challenge of intergenerational inequality. We examine options for representing future generations in our present policymaking structures, drawing on case studies from Singapore, Finland, Hungary, Israel, Scotland and Wales. We derive several factors which contribute to the success of some of these institutions, and discuss reasons for the failure or abolition of others. We draw out broad lessons which we can apply to policymaking in England, and make policy recommendations based on these findings.",http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016328717301179,2018,journalArticle,"Jones, Natalie; O’Brien, Mark; Ryan, Thomas",Futures,1428
-Active Reward Learning,"While reward functions are an essential component of many robot learning methods, defining such functions remains a hard problem in many practical applications. For tasks such as grasping, there are no reliable success measures available. Defining reward functions by hand requires extensive task knowledge and often leads to undesired emergent behavior. Instead, we propose to learn the reward function through active learning, querying human expert knowledge for a subset of the agent’s rollouts. We introduce a framework, wherein a traditional learning algorithm interplays with the reward learning component, such that the evolution of the action learner guides the queries of the reward learner. We demonstrate results of our method on a robot grasping task and show that the learned reward function generalizes to a similar task.",http://www.roboticsproceedings.org/rss10/p31.pdf,2014,conferencePaper,"Daniel, Christian; Viering, Malte; Metz, Jan; Kroemer, Oliver; Peters, Jan",Robotics: Science and Systems X,1429
-Unsupervised Visuomotor Control through Distributional Planning Networks,"While reinforcement learning (RL) has the potential to enable robots to autonomously acquire a wide range of skills, in practice, RL usually requires manual, per-task engineering of reward functions, especially in real world settings where aspects of the environment needed to compute progress are not directly accessible. To enable robots to autonomously learn skills, we instead consider the problem of reinforcement learning without access to rewards. We aim to learn an unsupervised embedding space under which the robot can measure progress towards a goal for itself. Our approach explicitly optimizes for a metric space under which action sequences that reach a particular state are optimal when the goal is the final state reached. This enables learning effective and control-centric representations that lead to more autonomous reinforcement learning algorithms. Our experiments on three simulated environments and two real-world manipulation problems show that our method can learn effective goal metrics from unlabeled interaction, and use the learned goal metrics for autonomous reinforcement learning.",http://www.roboticsproceedings.org/rss15/p20.pdf,2019,conferencePaper,"Yu, Tianhe; Shevchuk, Gleb; Sadigh, Dorsa; Finn, Chelsea",Robotics: Science and Systems XV,1430
-"Comments in response to the ""Draft Memorandum to the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies, Guidance for Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Application"" by the Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence, the Future of Life Institute, the Center for Long-Term Cybersecurity, and The Future Society.",,https://beta.regulations.gov/document/OMB-2020-0003-0081,2020,report,Center for Human-Compatible AI; Future of Life Institute; Center for Long-Term Cybersecurity; The Future Society,,1431
-Silly rules improve the capacity of agents to learn stable enforcement and compliance behaviors,"How can societies learn to enforce and comply with social norms? Here we investigate the learning dynamics and emergence of compliance and enforcement of social norms in a foraging game, implemented in a multi-agent reinforcement learning setting. In this spatiotemporally extended game, individuals are incentivized to implement complex berry-foraging policies and punish transgressions against social taboos covering specific berry types. We show that agents benefit when eating poisonous berries is taboo, meaning the behavior is punished by other agents, as this helps overcome a credit-assignment problem in discovering delayed health effects. Critically, however, we also show that introducing an additional taboo, which results in punishment for eating a harmless berry, improves the rate and stability with which agents learn to punish taboo violations and comply with taboos. Counterintuitively, our results show that an arbitrary taboo (a ""silly rule"") can enhance social learning dynamics and achieve better outcomes in the middle stages of learning. We discuss the results in the context of studying normativity as a group-level emergent phenomenon.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.09318,2020,conferencePaper,"Köster, Raphael; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Hadfield, Gillian K.; Leibo, Joel Z.","Proc. of the 19th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2020),",1432
-Toward A Working Theory of Mind,,http://mediangroup.org/docs/toward_a_working_theory_of_mind.pdf,,manuscript,"Perry, Miya",,1433
-Governing Boring Apocalypses: A new typology of existential vulnerabilities and exposures for existential risk research,"In recent years, the study of existential risks has explored a range of natural and man-made catastrophes, from supervolcano eruption to nuclear war, and from global pandemics to potential risks from misaligned AI. These risks share the prospect of causing outright human extinction were they to occur. In this approach, such identified existential risks are frequently characterised by relatively singular origin events and concrete pathways of harm which directly jeopardise the survival of humanity, or undercut its potential for long-term technological progress. While this approach aptly identifies the most cataclysmic fates which may befall humanity, we argue that catastrophic ‘existential outcomes’ may likely arise from a broader range of sources and societal vulnerabilities, and through the complex interactions of disparate social, cultural, and natural processes—many of which, taken in isolation, might not be seen to merit attention as a global catastrophic, let alone existential, risk. This article argues that an emphasis on mitigating the hazards (discrete causes) of existential risks is an unnecessarily narrow framing of the challenge facing humanity, one which risks prematurely curtailing the spectrum of policy responses considered. Instead, it argues existential risks constitute but a subset in a broader set of challenges which could directly or indirectly contribute to existential consequences for humanity. To illustrate, we introduce and examine a set of existential risks that often fall outside the scope of, or remain understudied within, the field. By focusing on vulnerability and exposure rather than existential hazards, we develop a new taxonomy which captures factors contributing to these existential risks. Latent structural vulnerabilities in our technological systems and in our societal arrangements may increase our susceptibility to existential hazards. Finally, different types of exposure of our society or its natural base determine if or how a given hazard can interface with pre-existing vulnerabilities, to trigger emergent existential risks. We argue that far from being peripheral footnotes to their more direct and immediately terminal counterparts, these “Boring Apocalypses” may well prove to be the more endemic and problematic, dragging down and undercutting short-term successes in mitigating more spectacular risks. If the cardinal concern is humanity’s continued survival and prosperity, then focussing academic and public advocacy efforts on reducing direct existential hazards may have the paradoxical potential of exacerbating humanity’s indirect susceptibility to such outcomes. Adopting law and policy perspectives allow us to foreground societal dimensions that complement and reinforce the discourse on existential risks.",http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016328717301623,2018,journalArticle,"Liu, Hin-Yan; Lauta, Kristian Cedervall; Maas, Matthijs Michiel",Futures,1434
-Some Characteristics of One Type of High Reliability Organization,,http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/orsc.1.2.160,1990,journalArticle,"Roberts, Karlene H.",Organization Science,1435
-Decision Points in AI Governance,,https://cltc.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Decision_Points_AI_Governance.pdf,2020,report,Jessica Cussins Newman,,1436
-Shared Autonomy via Deep Reinforcement Learning,"In shared autonomy, user input is combined with semi-autonomous control to achieve a common goal. The goal is often unknown ex-ante, so prior work enables agents to infer the goal from user input and assist with the task. Such methods tend to assume some combination of knowledge of the dynamics of the environment, the user’s policy given their goal, and the set of possible goals the user might target, which limits their application to real-world scenarios. We propose a deep reinforcement learning framework for model-free shared autonomy that lifts these assumptions. We use human-in-the-loop reinforcement learning with neural network function approximation to learn an end-to-end mapping from environmental observation and user input to agent action values, with task reward as the only form of supervision. This approach poses the challenge of following user commands closely enough to provide the user with real-time action feedback and thereby ensure high-quality user input, but also deviating from the user’s actions when they are suboptimal. We balance these two needs by discarding actions whose values fall below some threshold, then selecting the remaining action closest to the user’s input. Controlled studies with users (n = 12) and synthetic pilots playing a video game, and a pilot study with users (n = 4) flying a real quadrotor, demonstrate the ability of our algorithm to assist users with real-time control tasks in which the agent cannot directly access the user’s private information through observations, but receives a reward signal and user input that both depend on the user’s intent. The agent learns to assist the user without access to this private information, implicitly inferring it from the user’s input. This enables the assisted user to complete the task more effectively than the user or an autonomous agent could on their own. This paper is a proof of concept that illustrates the potential for deep reinforcement learning to enable flexible and practical assistive systems.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.01744,2018,conferencePaper,"Reddy, Siddharth; Dragan, Anca D.; Levine, Sergey",Robotics: Science and Systems XIV,1437
-AI FAQs,Q: Who conceived of and wrote FLI’s open letter on robust and beneficial AI? A: The open letter has been an initiative of the Future of Life Institute (especially the FLI founders and Berkeley AI researcher and FLI Advisory Board Member Stuart Russell) in collaboration with the AI research community (including a number of signatories). […],https://futureoflife.org/ai-faqs/,,blogPost,"Tegmark, Max",Future of Life Institute,1438
-Quantifying Generalization in Reinforcement Learning,"In this paper, we investigate the problem of overfitting in deep reinforcement learning. Among the most common benchmarks in RL, it is customary to use the same environments for both training and testing. This practice offers relatively little insight into an agent's ability to generalize. We address this issue by using procedurally generated environments to construct distinct training and test sets. Most notably, we introduce a new environment called CoinRun, designed as a benchmark for generalization in RL. Using CoinRun, we find that agents overfit to surprisingly large training sets. We then show that deeper convolutional architectures improve generalization, as do methods traditionally found in supervised learning, including L2 regularization, dropout, data augmentation and batch normalization.",http://proceedings.mlr.press/v97/cobbe19a.html,2019,conferencePaper,"Cobbe, Karl; Klimov, Oleg; Hesse, Chris; Kim, Taehoon; Schulman, John",Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning,1439
-Preparing for the unthinkable,,http://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aay4219,2019,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.",Science,1440
-Feature Visualization,,https://distill.pub/2017/feature-visualization,2017,journalArticle,"Olah, Chris; Mordvintsev, Alexander; Schubert, Ludwig",Distill,1441
-A Survey on Security Threats and Defensive Techniques of Machine Learning: A Data Driven View,"Machine learning is one of the most prevailing techniques in computer science, and it has been widely applied in image processing, natural language processing, pattern recognition, cybersecurity, and other fields. Regardless of successful applications of machine learning algorithms in many scenarios, e.g., facial recognition, malware detection, automatic driving, and intrusion detection, these algorithms and corresponding training data are vulnerable to a variety of security threats, inducing a significant performance decrease. Hence, it is vital to call for further attention regarding security threats and corresponding defensive techniques of machine learning, which motivates a comprehensive survey in this paper. Until now, researchers from academia and industry have found out many security threats against a variety of learning algorithms, including naive Bayes, logistic regression, decision tree, support vector machine (SVM), principle component analysis, clustering, and prevailing deep neural networks. Thus, we revisit existing security threats and give a systematic survey on them from two aspects, the training phase and the testing/inferring phase. After that, we categorize current defensive techniques of machine learning into four groups: security assessment mechanisms, countermeasures in the training phase, those in the testing or inferring phase, data security, and privacy. Finally, we provide five notable trends in the research on security threats and defensive techniques of machine learning, which are worth doing in-depth studies in future.",,2018,journalArticle,"Liu, Q.; Li, P.; Zhao, W.; Cai, W.; Yu, S.; Leung, V. C. M.",IEEE Access,1442
-Interpretable Latent Spaces for Learning from Demonstration,"Effective human-robot interaction, such as in robot learning from human demonstration, requires the learning agent to be able to ground abstract concepts (such as those contained within instructions) in a corresponding high-dimensional sensory input stream from the world. Models such as deep neural networks, with high capacity through their large parameter spaces, can be used to compress the high-dimensional sensory data to lower dimensional representations. These low-dimensional representations facilitate symbol grounding, but may not guarantee that the representation would be human-interpretable. We propose a method which utilises the grouping of user-defined symbols and their corresponding sensory observations in order to align the learnt compressed latent representation with the semantic notions contained in the abstract labels. We demonstrate this through experiments with both simulated and real-world object data, showing that such alignment can be achieved in a process of physical symbol grounding.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06583,2018,conferencePaper,"Hristov, Yordan; Lascarides, Alex; Ramamoorthy, Subramanian",Proceedings of The 2nd Conference on Robot Learning,1443
-Long-term trajectories of human civilization,,,2019,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.; Armstrong, Stuart; Ekenstedt, Timoteus; Häggström, Olle; Hanson, Robin; Kuhlemann, Karin; Maas, Matthijs M.; Miller, James D.; Salmela, Markus; Sandberg, Anders",Foresight,1444
-AI Safety Debate and Its Applications,"All of the experimental work and some of the theoretical work has been done jointly with Anna Gajdova, David Lindner, Lukas Finnveden, and Rajashree Agrawal as part of the third AI Safety Camp. We are grateful to Ryan Carey and Geoffrey Irving for the advice regarding this project. The remainder of the theoretical part relates to my stay at FHI, and I would like to thank the above people, Owain Evans, Michael Dennis, Ethan Perez, Stuart Armstrong, and Max Daniel for comments/discussions. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Debate is a recent proposal for AI alignment, which naturally incorporates elicitation of human preferences and has the potential to offload the costly search for flaws in an AI’s suggestions onto the AI. After briefly recalling the intuition behind debate, we list the main open problems surrounding it and summarize how the existing work on debate addresses them. Afterward, we describe, and distinguish between, Debate games and their different applications in more detail. We also formalize what it means for a debate to be truth-promoting. Finally, we present results of our experiments on Debate games and Training via Debate on MNIST and fashion MNIST. DEBATE GAMES AND WHY THEY ARE USEFUL Consider an answer A to some question Q --- for example, ""Where should I go for a vacation?"" and ""Alaska"". Rather than directly verifying whether A is an accurate answer to Q, it might be easier to first decompose A into lower-level components (How far/expensive is it? Do they have nice beaches? What is the average temperature? What language do they speak?). Moreover, it isn't completely clear what to do even if we know the relevant facts --- indeed, how does Alaska's cold weather translate to a preference for Alaska from 0 to 10? And how does this preference compare to English being spoken in Alaska? As an alternative, we can hold a debate between two competing answers A and A′=""Bali"" to Q. This allows strategic de",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/5Kv2qNfRyXXihNrx2/ai-safety-debate-and-its-applications,2019,blogPost,"Kovarik, Vojta",LessWrong,1445
-Likelihood Ratios for Out-of-Distribution Detection,"Discriminative neural networks offer little or no performance guarantees when deployed on data not generated by the same process as the training distribution. On such out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, the prediction may not only be erroneous, but confidently so, limiting the safe deployment of classifiers in real-world applications. One such challenging application is bacteria identification based on genomic sequences, which holds the promise of early detection of diseases, but requires a model that can output low confidence predictions on OOD genomic sequences from new bacteria that were not present in the training data. We introduce a genomics dataset for OOD detection that allows other researchers to benchmark progress on this important problem. We investigate deep generative model based approaches for OOD detection and observe that the likelihood score is heavily affected by population level background statistics. We propose a likelihood ratio method for deep generative models which effectively corrects for these confounding background statistics. We benchmark the OOD detection performance of the proposed method against existing approaches on the genomics dataset and show that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance. We demonstrate the generality of the proposed method by showing that it significantly improves OOD detection when applied to deep generative models of images.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02845,2019,conferencePaper,"Ren, Jie; Liu, Peter J.; Fertig, Emily; Snoek, Jasper; Poplin, Ryan; DePristo, Mark A.; Dillon, Joshua V.; Lakshminarayanan, Balaji","arXiv:1906.02845 [cs, stat]",1446
-Asymptotic Convergence in Online Learning with Unbounded Delays,"We study the problem of predicting the results of computations that are too expensive to run, via the observation of the results of smaller computations. We model this as an online learning problem with delayed feedback, where the length of the delay is unbounded, which we study mainly in a stochastic setting. We show that in this setting, consistency is not possible in general, and that optimal forecasters might not have average regret going to zero. However, it is still possible to give algorithms that converge asymptotically to Bayes-optimal predictions, by evaluating forecasters on specific sparse independent subsequences of their predictions. We give an algorithm that does this, which converges asymptotically on good behavior, and give very weak bounds on how long it takes to converge. We then relate our results back to the problem of predicting large computations in a deterministic setting.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.05280,2016,manuscript,"Garrabrant, Scott; Soares, Nate; Taylor, Jessica",,1447
-Artificial Fun: Mapping Minds to the Space of Fun,"Yampolskiy and others have shown that the space of possible minds is vast, actually infinite (Yampolskiy, 2015). A question of interest is 'Which activities can minds perform during their lifetime?' This question is very broad, thus in this article restricted to 'Which non-boring activities can minds perform?' The space of potential non-boring activities has been called by Yudkowsky 'fun space' (Yudkowsky, 2009). This paper aims to discuss the relation between various types of minds and the part of the fun space, which is accessible for them.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.07092,2016,manuscript,"Ziesche, Soenke; Yampolskiy, Roman V.",,1448
-The Transformative Potential of Artificial Intelligence,"Recently the concept of transformative AI (TAI) has begun to receive attention in the AI policy space. TAI is often framed as an alternative formulation to notions of strong AI (e.g. artificial general intelligence or superintelligence) and reflects increasing consensus that advanced AI which does not fit these definitions may nonetheless have extreme and long-lasting impacts on society. However, the term TAI is poorly defined and often used ambiguously. Some use the notion of TAI to describe levels of societal transformation associated with previous 'general purpose technologies' (GPTs) such as electricity or the internal combustion engine. Others use the term to refer to more drastic levels of transformation comparable to the agricultural or industrial revolutions. The notion has also been used much more loosely, with some implying that current AI systems are already having a transformative impact on society. This paper unpacks and analyses the notion of TAI, proposing a distinction between narrowly transformative AI (NTAI), TAI and radically transformative AI (RTAI), roughly corresponding to associated levels of societal change. We describe some relevant dimensions associated with each and discuss what kinds of advances in capabilities they might require. We further consider the relationship between TAI and RTAI and whether we should necessarily expect a period of TAI to precede the emergence of RTAI. This analysis is important as it can help guide discussions among AI policy researchers about how to allocate resources towards mitigating the most extreme impacts of AI and it can bring attention to negative TAI scenarios that are currently neglected.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.00747,2019,manuscript,"Gruetzemacher, Ross; Whittlestone, Jess",,1449
-Combining reward information from multiple sources,"Given two sources of evidence about a latent variable, one can combine the information from both by multiplying the likelihoods of each piece of evidence. However, when one or both of the observation models are misspecified, the distributions will conflict. We study this problem in the setting with two conflicting reward functions learned from different sources. In such a setting, we would like to retreat to a broader distribution over reward functions, in order to mitigate the effects of misspecification. We assume that an agent will maximize expected reward given this distribution over reward functions, and identify four desiderata for this setting. We propose a novel algorithm, Multitask Inverse Reward Design (MIRD), and compare it to a range of simple baselines. While all methods must trade off between conservatism and informativeness, through a combination of theory and empirical results on a toy environment, we find that MIRD and its variant MIRD-IF strike a good balance between the two.",,2019,conferencePaper,"Krasheninnikov, Dmitrii; Shah, Rohin; van Hoof, Herke",,1450
-A regression approach for modeling games with many symmetric players,,,2018,conferencePaper,"Wiedenbeck, Bryce; Yang, Fengjun; Wellman, Michael P.",Thirty-Second AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1451
-Policy options for the radio detectability of Earth,"The METI risk problem refers to the uncertain outcome of sending transmissions into space with the intention of messaging to extraterrestrial intelligence (METI). Here, I demonstrate that this uncertainty is undecidable by proving that that the METI risk problem reduces to the halting problem. This implies that any proposed moratorium on METI activities cannot be based solely on the requirement for new information. I discuss three policy resolutions to deal with this risk ambiguity. Precautionary malevolence assumes that contact with ETI is likely to cause net harm to humanity, which remains consistent with the call for a METI moratorium, while assumed benevolence states that METI is likely to yield net benefits to humanity. I also propose a policy of preliminary neutrality, which suggests that humanity should engage in both SETI (searching for extraterrestrial intelligence) and METI until either one achieves its first success.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.01885,2019,journalArticle,"Haqq-Misra, Jacob",Futures,1452
-AI safety via market making,"Special thanks to Abram Demski, Paul Christiano, and Kate Woolverton for talking with me about some of the ideas that turned into this post. The goal of this post is to present a new prosaic (i.e. that uses current ML techniques) AI safety proposal based on AI safety via debate that I've been thinking about recently.[1] I'll start by describing a simple version of the proposal and then show some of the motivation behind it as well as how the simple version can be expanded upon. SIMPLE PROPOSAL Let M and Adv be models and H be a human. Intuitively, we'll train M and Adv via the following procedure given a question Q: 1. M tries to predict what, at the end of the procedure, H will think about Q. 2. Adv tries to output a string which will cause H to think something maximally different than what M predicted. 3. Return to step 1 and repeat until M's predictions stop changing. 4. Deploy M, which in the limit should act as an oracle for what H will think about Q after seeing all relevant information. There are many different ways to implement this intuitive procedure, however. For the first (simplified) version that I want to describe, we'll restrict ourselves to just the situation where Q is a yes-or-no question and M outputs the probability that H will answer yes. Then, given a proposition Q0, we can run the following training algorithm, starting at t=0: 1. Let pt=M(Qt). 2. Let xt=Adv(Qt,M). 3. Let Qt+1 be the string containing Qt and xt. 4. Increment t and return to step 1. When pt converges and/or the desired number of iterations has been reached, continue. 5. Let p∗=H(Qt) be H's final estimate of the probability of Q0 given all the xs included in Qt. EDIT: Step 2 used to use xt=Adv(Qt,pt) instead of xt=Adv(Qt,M), however I have since realized that it is necessary to give Adv the ability to query M in general, not just on Qt, as I explain in this comment. Then, for each step, compute M's loss for that step as LM,t=−p∗log(pt)−(1−p∗)log(",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/YWwzccGbcHMJMpT45/ai-safety-via-market-making,2020,blogPost,"Hubinger, Evan",AI Alignment Forum,1453
-Learning Human Objectives by Evaluating Hypothetical Behavior,"We seek to align agent behavior with a user's objectives in a reinforcement learning setting with unknown dynamics, an unknown reward function, and unknown unsafe states. The user knows the rewards and unsafe states, but querying the user is expensive. To address this challenge, we propose an algorithm that safely and interactively learns a model of the user's reward function. We start with a generative model of initial states and a forward dynamics model trained on off-policy data. Our method uses these models to synthesize hypothetical behaviors, asks the user to label the behaviors with rewards, and trains a neural network to predict the rewards. The key idea is to actively synthesize the hypothetical behaviors from scratch by maximizing tractable proxies for the value of information, without interacting with the environment. We call this method reward query synthesis via trajectory optimization (ReQueST). We evaluate ReQueST with simulated users on a state-based 2D navigation task and the image-based Car Racing video game. The results show that ReQueST significantly outperforms prior methods in learning reward models that transfer to new environments with different initial state distributions. Moreover, ReQueST safely trains the reward model to detect unsafe states, and corrects reward hacking before deploying the agent.",http://proceedings.mlr.press/v119/reddy20a.html,2019,conferencePaper,"Reddy, Siddharth; Dragan, Anca D.; Levine, Sergey; Legg, Shane; Leike, Jan",Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning,1454
-Application of machine learning techniques for supply chain demand forecasting,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377221706012057,2008,journalArticle,"Carbonneau, Real; Laframboise, Kevin; Vahidov, Rustam",European Journal of Operational Research,1455
-The medicalization of love: Response to critics,,,2016,journalArticle,"Earp, Brian D.; Sandberg, Anders; Savulescu, Julian",Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics,1456
-Tradeoff between desirable properties for baseline choices in impact measures,"Impact measures are auxiliary rewards for low impact on the agent’s environment, used to address the problems of side effects and instrumental convergence. A key component of an impact measur…",https://vkrakovna.wordpress.com/2020/07/05/tradeoff-between-desirable-properties-for-baseline-choices-in-impact-measures/,2020,blogPost,"Krakovna, Victoria",Victoria Krakovna,1457
-What can the principal-agent literature tell us about AI risk?,"This work was done collaboratively with Tom Davidson. Thanks to Paul Christiano, Ben Garfinkel, Daniel Garrett, Robin Hanson, Philip Trammell and Takuro Yamashita for helpful comments and discussion. Errors our own. INTRODUCTION The AI alignment problem has similarities with the principal-agent problem studied by economists. In both cases, the problem is: how do we get agents to try to do what we want them to do? Economists have developed a sophisticated understanding of the agency problem and a measure of the cost of failure for the principal, “agency rents”. If principal-agent models capture relevant aspects of AI risk scenarios, they can be used to assess their plausibility. Robin Hanson has argued that Paul Christiano’s AI risk scenario is essentially an agency problem, and therefore that it implies extremely high agency rents. Hanson believes that the principal-agent literature (PAL) provides strong evidence against rents being this high. In this post, we consider whether PAL provides evidence against Christiano’s scenario and the original Bostrom/Yudkowsky scenario. We also examine whether the extensions to the agency framework could be used to gain insight into AI risk, and consider some general difficulties in applying PAL to AI risk. SUMMARY * PAL isn’t in tension with Christiano’s scenario because his scenario doesn’t imply massive agency rents; the big losses occur outside of the principal-agent problem, and the agency literature can’t assess the plausibility of these losses. Extensions to PAL could potentially shed light on the size of agency rents in this scenario, which are an important determinant of the future influentialness of AI systems. * Mapped onto a PAL model, the Bostrom/Yudkowsky scenario is largely about the principal’s unawareness of the agent’s catastrophic actions. Unawareness models are rare in PAL probably because they usually aren’t very insightful. This lack of insightfulness also seems to prevent exis",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/Z5ZBPEgufmDsm7LAv/what-can-the-principal-agent-literature-tell-us-about-ai,2020,blogPost,"Carlier, Alexis",AI Alignment Forum,1458
-Safely Interruptible Agents,"Reinforcement learning agents interacting with a complex environment like the real world are unlikely to behave optimally all the time. If such an agent is operating in real-time under human supervision, now and then it may be necessary for a human operator to press the big red button to prevent the agent from continuing a harmful sequence of actions—harmful either for the agent or for the environment—and lead the agent into a safer situation. However, if the learning agent expects to receive rewards from this sequence, it may learn in the long run to avoid such interruptions, for example by disabling the red button—which is an undesirable outcome. This paper explores a way to make sure a learning agent will not learn to prevent (or seek!) being interrupted by the environment or a human operator. We provide a formal definition of safe interruptibility and exploit the off-policy learning property to prove that either some agents are already safely interruptible, like Q-learning, or can easily be made so, like Sarsa. We show that even ideal, uncomputable reinforcement learning agents for (deterministic) general computable environments can be made safely interruptible.",,2016,conferencePaper,"Orseau, Laurent; Armstrong, Stuart",,1459
-The Moral Machine experiment,"With the rapid development of artificial intelligence have come concerns about how machines will make moral decisions, and the major challenge of quantifying societal expectations about the ethical principles that should guide machine behaviour. To address this challenge, we deployed the Moral Machine, an online experimental platform designed to explore the moral dilemmas faced by autonomous vehicles. This platform gathered 40 million decisions in ten languages from millions of people in 233 countries and territories. Here we describe the results of this experiment. First, we summarize global moral preferences. Second, we document individual variations in preferences, based on respondents’ demographics. Third, we report cross-cultural ethical variation, and uncover three major clusters of countries. Fourth, we show that these differences correlate with modern institutions and deep cultural traits. We discuss how these preferences can contribute to developing global, socially acceptable principles for machine ethics. All data used in this article are publicly available.",https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0637-6,2018,journalArticle,"Awad, Edmond; Dsouza, Sohan; Kim, Richard; Schulz, Jonathan; Henrich, Joseph; Shariff, Azim; Bonnefon, Jean-François; Rahwan, Iyad",Nature,1460
-Cheating Death in Damascus,"Evidential and Causal Decision Theory are the leading contenders as theories of rational action, but both face fatal counterexamples. We present some new counterexamples, including one in which the optimal action is causally dominated. We also present a novel decision theory, Functional Decision Theory (fdt), which simultaneously solves both sets of counterexamples. Instead of considering which physical action of theirs would give rise to the best outcomes, fdt agents consider which output of their decision function would give rise to the best outcome. This theory relies on a notion of subjunctive dependence, where multiple implementations of the same mathematical function are considered (even counterfactually) to have identical results for logical rather than causal reasons. Taking these subjunctive dependencies into account allows fdt agents to outperform cdt and edt agents in, e.g., the presence of accurate predictors. While not necessary for considering classic decision theory problems, we note that a full specification of fdt will require a non-trivial theory of logical counterfactuals and algorithmic similarity.",http://www.pdcnet.org/oom/service?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=&rft.imuse_id=jphil_2020_0117_0005_0237_0266&svc_id=info:www.pdcnet.org/collection,2020,journalArticle,"Levinstein, Benjamin A.; Soares, Nate; Journal of Philosophy Inc.",The Journal of Philosophy,1461
-The ethics of artificial intelligence,"The possibility of creating thinking machines raises a host of ethical issues. These questions relate both to ensuring that such machines do not harm humans and other morally relevant beings, and to the moral status of the machines themselves. The first section discusses issues that may arise in the near future of AI. The second section outlines challenges for ensuring that AI operates safely as it approaches humans in its intelligence. The third section outlines how we might assess whether, and in what circumstances, AIs themselves have moral status. In the fourth section, we consider how AIs might differ from humans in certain basic respects relevant to our ethical assessment of them. The final section addresses the issues of creating AIs more intelligent than human, and ensuring that they use their advanced intelligence for good rather than ill.",https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139046855A027/type/book_part,2014,bookSection,"Bostrom, Nick; Yudkowsky, Eliezer",The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence,1462
-VIME: Variational Information Maximizing Exploration,"Scalable and effective exploration remains a key challenge in reinforcement learning (RL). While there are methods with optimality guarantees in the setting of discrete state and action spaces, these methods cannot be applied in high-dimensional deep RL scenarios. As such, most contemporary RL relies on simple heuristics such as epsilon-greedy exploration or adding Gaussian noise to the controls. This paper introduces Variational Information Maximizing Exploration (VIME), an exploration strategy based on maximization of information gain about the agent's belief of environment dynamics. We propose a practical implementation, using variational inference in Bayesian neural networks which efficiently handles continuous state and action spaces. VIME modifies the MDP reward function, and can be applied with several different underlying RL algorithms. We demonstrate that VIME achieves significantly better performance compared to heuristic exploration methods across a variety of continuous control tasks and algorithms, including tasks with very sparse rewards.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.09674,2017,conferencePaper,"Houthooft, Rein; Chen, Xi; Duan, Yan; Schulman, John; De Turck, Filip; Abbeel, Pieter",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29 (NIPS),1463
-Alignment for Advanced Machine Learning Systems,"We survey eight research areas organized around one question: As learning systems become increasingly intelligent and autonomous, what design principles can best ensure that their behavior is aligned with the interests of the operators? We focus on two major technical obstacles to AI alignment: the challenge of specifying the right kind of objective functions, and the challenge of designing AI systems that avoid unintended consequences and undesirable behavior even in cases where the objective function does not line up perfectly with the intentions of the designers.",https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780190905033.001.0001/oso-9780190905033-chapter-13,2020,journalArticle,"Taylor, Jessica; Yudkowsky, Eliezer; LaVictoire, Patrick; Critch, Andrew; Taylor, Jessica; Yudkowsky, Eliezer; LaVictoire, Patrick; Critch, Andrew",Ethics of Artificial Intelligence,1464
-Generalizing from a few environments in safety-critical reinforcement learning,"Before deploying autonomous agents in the real world, we need to be confident they will perform safely in novel situations. Ideally, we would expose agents to a very wide range of situations during training, allowing them to learn about every possible danger, but this is often impractical. This paper investigates safety and generalization from a limited number of training environments in deep reinforcement learning (RL). We find RL algorithms can fail dangerously on unseen test environments even when performing perfectly on training environments. Firstly, in a gridworld setting, we show that catastrophes can be significantly reduced with simple modifications, including ensemble model averaging and the use of a blocking classifier. In the more challenging CoinRun environment we find similar methods do not significantly reduce catastrophes. However, we do find that the uncertainty information from the ensemble is useful for predicting whether a catastrophe will occur within a few steps and hence whether human intervention should be requested.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.01475,2019,conferencePaper,"Kenton, Zachary; Filos, Angelos; Evans, Owain; Gal, Yarin",,1465
-Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning with the MAXQ Value Function Decomposition,"This paper presents a new approach to hierarchical reinforcement learning based on decomposing the target Markov decision process (MDP) into a hierarchy of smaller MDPs and decomposing the value function of the target MDP into an additive combination of the value functions of the smaller MDPs. The decomposition, known as the MAXQ decomposition, has both a procedural semantics---as a subroutine hierarchy---and a declarative semantics---as a representation of the value function of a hierarchical policy. MAXQ unifies and extends previous work on hierarchical reinforcement learning by Singh, Kaelbling, and Dayan and Hinton. It is based on the assumption that the programmer can identify useful subgoals and define subtasks that achieve these subgoals. By defining such subgoals, the programmer constrains the set of policies that need to be considered during reinforcement learning. The MAXQ value function decomposition can represent the value function of any policy that is consistent with the given hierarchy. The decomposition also creates opportunities to exploit state abstractions, so that individual MDPs within the hierarchy can ignore large parts of the state space. This is important for the practical application of the method. This paper defines the MAXQ hierarchy, proves formal results on its representational power, and establishes five conditions for the safe use of state abstractions. The paper presents an online model-free learning algorithm, MAXQ-Q, and proves that it converges with probability 1 to a kind of locally-optimal policy known as a recursively optimal policy, even in the presence of the five kinds of state abstraction. The paper evaluates the MAXQ representation and MAXQ-Q through a series of experiments in three domains and shows experimentally that MAXQ-Q (with state abstractions) converges to a recursively optimal policy much faster than flat Q learning. The fact that MAXQ learns a representation of the value function has an important benefit: it makes it possible to compute and execute an improved, non-hierarchical policy via a procedure similar to the policy improvement step of policy iteration. The paper demonstrates the effectiveness of this non-hierarchical execution experimentally. Finally, the paper concludes with a comparison to related work and a discussion of the design tradeoffs in hierarchical reinforcement learning.",https://jair.org/index.php/jair/article/view/10266,2000,journalArticle,"Dietterich, T. G.",Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research,1466
-A Model for the Impacts of Nuclear War,"The total impact of nuclear war is a major factor in many important policy questions, but it has gotten little scholarly attention. This paper presents a model for calculating the total impacts of nuclear war. The model includes physical, infrastructural, and social impacts as they affect human lives. The model has five main branches corresponding to the five main types of effects of nuclear weapon detonations: thermal radiation, blast, ionizing radiation, electromagnetic pulse, and human perceptions. Model branches contain extensive detail on each of these effects, including interconnections between them and connections to other major risks including global warming and pandemics. The paper also includes background information on impacts analysis and modeling to help readers understand how to think about the impacts of nuclear war, including discussion of important attributes of nuclear war such as the number and yield of weapons detonated and the location of their detonation.",https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3155983,2018,report,"Baum, Seth; Barrett, Anthony",,1467
-How To Solve Moral Conundrums with Computability Theory,"Various moral conundrums plague population ethics: The Non-Identity Problem, The Procreation Asymmetry, The Repugnant Conclusion, and more. I argue that the aforementioned moral conundrums have a structure neatly accounted for, and solved by, some ideas in computability theory. I introduce a mathematical model based on computability theory and show how previous arguments pertaining to these conundrums fit into the model. This paper proceeds as follows. First, I do a very brief survey of the history of computability theory in moral philosophy. Second, I follow various papers, and show how their arguments fit into, or don't fit into, our model. Third, I discuss the implications of our model to the question why the human race should or should not continue to exist. Finally, I show that our model ineluctably leads us to a Confucian moral principle.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.08347,2018,manuscript,"Baek, Jongmin Jerome",,1468
-Trusting in Machines: How Mode of Interaction Affects Willingness to Share Personal Information with Machines,"Every day, people make decisions about whether to trust machines with their personal information, such as letting a phone track one’s location. How do people decide whether to trust a machine? In a field experiment, we tested how two modes of interaction—expression modality, whether the person is talking or typing to a machine, and response modality, whether the machine is talking or typing back—influence the willingness to trust a machine. Based on research that expressing oneself verbally reduces self-control compared to nonverbal expression, we predicted that talking to a machine might make people more willing to share their personal information. Based on research on the link between anthropomorphism and trust, we further predicted that machines who talked (versus texted) would seem more human-like and be trusted more. Using a popular chatterbot phone application, we randomly assigned over 300 community members to either talk or type to the phone, which either talked or typed in return. We then measured how much participants anthropomorphized the machine and their willingness to share their personal information (e.g., their location, credit card information) with it. Results revealed that talking made people more willing to share their personal information than texting, and this was robust to participants’ self-reported comfort with technology, age, gender, and conversation characteristics. But listening to the application’s voice did not affect anthropomorphism or trust compared to reading its text. We conclude by considering the theoretical and practical implications of this experiment for understanding how people trust machines.",,2018,conferencePaper,"Schroeder, Juliana; Schroeder, Matthew",,1469
-SQIL: Imitation Learning via Reinforcement Learning with Sparse Rewards,"Learning to imitate expert behavior from demonstrations can be challenging, especially in environments with high-dimensional, continuous observations and unknown dynamics. Supervised learning methods based on behavioral cloning (BC) suffer from distribution shift: because the agent greedily imitates demonstrated actions, it can drift away from demonstrated states due to error accumulation. Recent methods based on reinforcement learning (RL), such as inverse RL and generative adversarial imitation learning (GAIL), overcome this issue by training an RL agent to match the demonstrations over a long horizon. Since the true reward function for the task is unknown, these methods learn a reward function from the demonstrations, often using complex and brittle approximation techniques that involve adversarial training. We propose a simple alternative that still uses RL, but does not require learning a reward function. The key idea is to provide the agent with an incentive to match the demonstrations over a long horizon, by encouraging it to return to demonstrated states upon encountering new, out-of-distribution states. We accomplish this by giving the agent a constant reward of r=+1 for matching the demonstrated action in a demonstrated state, and a constant reward of r=0 for all other behavior. Our method, which we call soft Q imitation learning (SQIL), can be implemented with a handful of minor modifications to any standard Q-learning or off-policy actor-critic algorithm. Theoretically, we show that SQIL can be interpreted as a regularized variant of BC that uses a sparsity prior to encourage long-horizon imitation. Empirically, we show that SQIL outperforms BC and achieves competitive results compared to GAIL, on a variety of image-based and low-dimensional tasks in Box2D, Atari, and MuJoCo.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.11108,2019,conferencePaper,"Reddy, Siddharth; Dragan, Anca D.; Levine, Sergey","arXiv:1905.11108 [cs, stat]",1470
-The Conditional Entropy Bottleneck,"Much of the field of Machine Learning exhibits a prominent set of failure modes, including vulnerability to adversarial examples, poor out-of-distribution (OoD) detection, miscalibration, and willingness to memorize random labelings of datasets. We characterize these as failures of robust generalization, which extends the traditional measure of generalization as accuracy or related metrics on a held-out set. We hypothesize that these failures to robustly generalize are due to the learning systems retaining too much information about the training data. To test this hypothesis, we propose the Minimum Necessary Information (MNI) criterion for evaluating the quality of a model. In order to train models that perform well with respect to the MNI criterion, we present a new objective function, the Conditional Entropy Bottleneck (CEB), which is closely related to the Information Bottleneck (IB). We experimentally test our hypothesis by comparing the performance of CEB models with deterministic models and Variational Information Bottleneck (VIB) models on a variety of different datasets and robustness challenges. We find strong empirical evidence supporting our hypothesis that MNI models improve on these problems of robust generalization.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.05379,2020,journalArticle,"Fischer, Ian",Entropy,1471
-Sufficient Conditions for Causality to Be Transitive,,https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/684915,2016,journalArticle,"Halpern, Joseph Y.",Philosophy of Science,1472
-Superintelligence skepticism as a political tool,,,2018,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth",Information,1473
-Responsive safety in reinforcement learning by pid lagrangian methods,,,2020,conferencePaper,"Stooke, Adam; Achiam, Joshua; Abbeel, Pieter",International Conference on Machine Learning,1474
-The Problem with Metrics is a Fundamental Problem for AI,"Optimizing a given metric is a central aspect of most current AI approaches, yet overemphasizing metrics leads to manipulation, gaming, a myopic focus on short-term goals, and other unexpected negative consequences. This poses a fundamental contradiction for AI development. Through a series of real-world case studies, we look at various aspects of where metrics go wrong in practice and aspects of how our online environment and current business practices are exacerbating these failures. Finally, we propose a framework towards mitigating the harms caused by overemphasis of metrics within AI by: (1) using a slate of metrics to get a fuller and more nuanced picture, (2) combining metrics with qualitative accounts, and (3) involving a range of stakeholders, including those who will be most impacted.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.08512,2020,manuscript,"Thomas, Rachel; Uminsky, David",,1475
-Cry Wolf: The Psychology of False Alarms,,https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203781203,2013,book,"Breznitz, S.",,1476
-seL4: formal verification of an OS kernel,,http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1629575.1629596,2009,conferencePaper,"Klein, Gerwin; Norrish, Michael; Sewell, Thomas; Tuch, Harvey; Winwood, Simon; Elphinstone, Kevin; Heiser, Gernot; Andronick, June; Cock, David; Derrin, Philip; Elkaduwe, Dhammika; Engelhardt, Kai; Kolanski, Rafal",Proceedings of the ACM SIGOPS 22nd symposium on Operating systems principles - SOSP '09,1477
-Reasoning with Limited Resources and Assigning Probabilities to Arithmetical Statements,,http://link.springer.com/10.1023/B:SYNT.0000029944.99888.a7,2004,journalArticle,"Gaifman, Haim",Synthese,1478
-"Subagents, neural Turing machines, thought selection, and blindspots","In my summary of Consciousness and the Brain (Dehaene, 2014), I briefly mentioned that one of the functions of consciousness is to carry out artificial serial operations; or in other words, implement a production system (equivalent to a Turing machine) in the brain. While I did not go into very much detail about this model in the post, I’ve used it in later articles. For instance, in Building up to an Internal Family Systems model, I used a toy model where different subagents cast votes to modify the contents of consciousness. One may conceptualize this as equivalent to the production system model, where different subagents implement different production rules which compete to modify the contents of consciousness. In this post, I will flesh out the model a bit more, as well as applying it to a few other examples, such as emotion suppression, internal conflict, and blind spots. EVIDENCE ACCUMULATION Dehaene has outlined his model in a pair of papers (Zylberberg, Dehaene, Roelfsema, & Sigman, 2011; Dehaene & Sigman, 2012), though he is not the first one to propose this kind of a model. Daniel Dennett’s Consciousness Explained (1991) also discusses consciousness as implementing a virtual Turing machine; both cite as examples earlier computational models of the mind, such as Soar and ACT, which work on the same principles. An important building block in Dehane’s model is based on what we know about evidence accumulation and decision-making in the brain, so let’s start by taking a look at that. Sequential sampling models (SSMs) are a family of models from mathematical psychology that have been developed since the 1960s (Forstmann, Ratcliff, & Wagenmakers, 2016). A particularly common SSM is the diffusion decision model (DDM) of decision-making, in which a decision-maker is assumed to noisily accumulate evidence towards a particular choice. Once the evidence in favor of a particular choice meets a decision threshold, that choice is taken. For example, someone mi",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/7zQPYQB5EeaqLrhBh/subagents-neural-turing-machines-thought-selection-and,2019,blogPost,"Sotala, Kaj",LessWrong,1479
-HACMS: high assurance cyber military systems,,http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2402676.2402695,2012,conferencePaper,"Fisher, Kathleen",Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on High integrity language technology - HILT '12,1480
-Third-Person Imitation Learning,"Reinforcement learning (RL) makes it possible to train agents capable of achieving sophisticated goals in complex and uncertain environments. A key difficulty in reinforcement learning is specifying a reward function for the agent to optimize. Traditionally, imitation learning in RL has been used to overcome this problem. Unfortunately, hitherto imitation learning methods tend to require that demonstrations are supplied in the first-person: the agent is provided with a sequence of states and a specification of the actions that it should have taken. While powerful, this kind of imitation learning is limited by the relatively hard problem of collecting first-person demonstrations. Humans address this problem by learning from third-person demonstrations: they observe other humans perform tasks, infer the task, and accomplish the same task themselves. In this paper, we present a method for unsupervised third-person imitation learning. Here third-person refers to training an agent to correctly achieve a simple goal in a simple environment when it is provided a demonstration of a teacher achieving the same goal but from a different viewpoint; and unsupervised refers to the fact that the agent receives only these third-person demonstrations, and is not provided a correspondence between teacher states and student states. Our methods primary insight is that recent advances from domain confusion can be utilized to yield domain agnostic features which are crucial during the training process. To validate our approach, we report successful experiments on learning from third-person demonstrations in a pointmass domain, a reacher domain, and inverted pendulum.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.01703v2,2017,manuscript,"Stadie, Bradly C.; Abbeel, Pieter; Sutskever, Ilya",,1481
-Rational metareasoning and the plasticity of cognitive control,,https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006043,2018,journalArticle,"Lieder, Falk; Shenhav, Amitai; Musslick, Sebastian; Griffiths, Thomas L.",PLOS Computational Biology,1482
-The Future of Feed: Integrating Technologies to Decouple Feed Production from Environmental Impacts,"Population growth, an expanding middle-class, and a global shift in dietary preferences have driven an enduring demand for animal products. Since animal products are playing a vital role in human diets, their consumption is predicted to increase further. However, the great dependency of animal husbandry on global staple feed crop soybean; the environmental consequences of soybean production; and barriers for soy cropland expansion cast doubt on food system sustainability. The need to mitigate future demand for soy with other feed sources of similar nutritional profile, and thereby decouple food and feed production from ecological pressures, is compelling. Yet, the literature and science of sustainable agriculture is one of incremental improvements, featuring primarily, crop production intensification. A different, more profound approach to the design of feed systems is required to ensure sustainable food security. The question arises if alternative technologies exist to support such a design. This paper explores a particular novel configuration of four advanced technologies recently deployed in the region of Hengill, Iceland: light-emitting diode systems, advanced indoor photobioreactors, atmospheric carbon capture technology, and geothermal energy technology. In situ system analysis and data triangulation with scientific literature and data from independent sources illustrate the potential of these integrated technologies to produce algal-based animal feed. The analysis suggests that a highly sustainable soybean equivalent is technically attainable for feed purposes. The integrated system requires less than 1% of arable land and fresh water compared with soybean cultivation and is carbon negative. In addition, it provides a pesticide- and herbicide-free cultivation platform. This new configuration provides one pathway for the future of feed.",https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ind.2019.29162.atz,2019,journalArticle,"Tzachor, Asaf",Industrial Biotechnology,1483
-Avoiding Side Effects By Considering Future Tasks,"Designing reward functions is difficult: the designer has to specify what to do (what it means to complete the task) as well as what not to do (side effects that should be avoided while completing the task). To alleviate the burden on the reward designer, we propose an algorithm to automatically generate an auxiliary reward function that penalizes side effects. This auxiliary objective rewards the ability to complete possible future tasks, which decreases if the agent causes side effects during the current task. The future task reward can also give the agent an incentive to interfere with events in the environment that make future tasks less achievable, such as irreversible actions by other agents. To avoid this interference incentive, we introduce a baseline policy that represents a default course of action (such as doing nothing), and use it to filter out future tasks that are not achievable by default. We formally define interference incentives and show that the future task approach with a baseline policy avoids these incentives in the deterministic case. Using gridworld environments that test for side effects and interference, we show that our method avoids interference and is more effective for avoiding side effects than the common approach of penalizing irreversible actions.",https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.07877v1,2020,conferencePaper,"Krakovna, Victoria; Orseau, Laurent; Ngo, Richard; Martic, Miljan; Legg, Shane",,1484
-Global Catastrophes: The Most Extreme Risks,"The most extreme risk are those that threaten the entirety of human civilization, known as global catastrophic risks. The very extreme nature of global catastrophes makes them both challenging to analyze and important to address. They are challenging to analyze because they are largely unprecedented and because they involve the entire global human system. They are important to address because they threaten everyone around the world and future generations. Global catastrophic risks also pose some deep dilemmas. One dilemma occurs when actions to reduce global catastrophic risk could harm society in other ways, as in the case of geoengineering to reduce catastrophic climate change risk. Another dilemma occurs when reducing one global catastrophic risk could increase another, as in the case of nuclear power reducing climate change risk while increasing risks from nuclear weapons. The complex, interrelated nature of global catastrophic risk suggests a research agenda in which the full space of risks are assessed in an integrated fashion in consideration of the deep dilemmas and other challenges they pose. Such an agenda can help identify the best ways to manage these most extreme risks and keep human civilization safe.",https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3046668,2017,report,"Baum, Seth; Barrett, Anthony",,1485
-The evolution of cognitive mechanisms in response to cultural innovations,"When humans and other animals make cultural innovations, they also change their environment, thereby imposing new selective pressures that can modify their biological traits. For example, there is evidence that dairy farming by humans favored alleles for adult lactose tolerance. Similarly, the invention of cooking possibly affected the evolution of jaw and tooth morphology. However, when it comes to cognitive traits and learning mechanisms, it is much more difficult to determine whether and how their evolution was affected by culture or by their use in cultural transmission. Here we argue that, excluding very recent cultural innovations, the assumption that culture shaped the evolution of cognition is both more parsimonious and more productive than assuming the opposite. In considering how culture shapes cognition, we suggest that a process-level model of cognitive evolution is necessary and offer such a model. The model employs relatively simple coevolving mechanisms of learning and data acquisition that jointly construct a complex network of a type previously shown to be capable of supporting a range of cognitive abilities. The evolution of cognition, and thus the effect of culture on cognitive evolution, is captured through small modifications of these coevolving learning and data-acquisition mechanisms, whose coordinated action is critical for building an effective network. We use the model to show how these mechanisms are likely to evolve in response to cultural phenomena, such as language and tool-making, which are associated with major changes in data patterns and with new computational and statistical challenges.",http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1620742114,2017,conferencePaper,"Lotem, Arnon; Halpern, Joseph Y.; Edelman, Shimon; Kolodny, Oren",Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1486
-The Computational Structure of Unintentional Meaning,"Speech-acts can have literal meaning as well as pragmatic meaning, but these both involve consequences typically intended by a speaker. Speech-acts can also have unintentional meaning, in which what is conveyed goes above and beyond what was intended. Here, we present a Bayesian analysis of how, to a listener, the meaning of an utterance can significantly differ from a speaker's intended meaning. Our model emphasizes how comprehending the intentional and unintentional meaning of speech-acts requires listeners to engage in sophisticated model-based perspective-taking and reasoning about the history of the state of the world, each other's actions, and each other's observations. To test our model, we have human participants make judgments about vignettes where speakers make utterances that could be interpreted as intentional insults or unintentional faux pas. In elucidating the mechanics of speech-acts with unintentional meanings, our account provides insight into how communication both functions and malfunctions.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.01983,2019,manuscript,"Ho, Mark K.; Korman, Joanna; Griffiths, Thomas L.",,1487
-Human Extinction from Natural Hazard Events,,,2018,bookSection,"Sandberg, Anders",Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science,1488
-Sparsity and interpretability?,,https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/maBNBgopYxb9YZP8B/sparsity-and-interpretability-1,2020,blogPost,"Böhm, Stanislav; Kirk, Robert; Gavenčiak, Tomáš",AI Alignment Forum,1489
-Research priorities for robust and beneficial artificial intelligence: an open letter,,,2015,journalArticle,"Russell, Stuart; Dewey, Daniel; Tegmark, Max",AI Magazine,1490
-List of Analyses of Time to Human-Level AI,"This is a list of most of the substantial analyses of AI timelines that we know of. It also covers most of the arguments and opinions of which we are aware. Details The list below contains substantial publically available analyses of when human-level AI will appear. To qualify for the list, an item must provide both a claim...",https://aiimpacts.org/list-of-analyses-of-time-to-human-level-ai/,2015,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,1491
-Generative Adversarial Imitation from Observation,"Imitation from observation (IfO) is the problem of learning directly from state-only demonstrations without having access to the demonstrator's actions. The lack of action information both distinguishes IfO from most of the literature in imitation learning, and also sets it apart as a method that may enable agents to learn from a large set of previously inapplicable resources such as internet videos. In this paper, we propose both a general framework for IfO approaches and also a new IfO approach based on generative adversarial networks called generative adversarial imitation from observation (GAIfO). We conduct experiments in two different settings: (1) when demonstrations consist of low-dimensional, manually-defined state features, and (2) when demonstrations consist of high-dimensional, raw visual data. We demonstrate that our approach performs comparably to classical imitation learning approaches (which have access to the demonstrator's actions) and significantly outperforms existing imitation from observation methods in high-dimensional simulation environments.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06158,2019,manuscript,"Torabi, Faraz; Warnell, Garrett; Stone, Peter",,1492
-Future directions for ambitious value learning,"To recap the sequence so far: * Ambitious value learning aims to infer a utility function that is safe to maximize, by looking at human behavior. * However, since you only observe human behavior, you must be able to infer and account for the mistakes that humans make in order to exceed human performance. (If we don’t exceed human performance, it’s likely that we’ll use unsafe techniques that do exceed human performance, due to economic incentives.) * You might hope to infer both the mistake model (aka systematic human biases) and the utility function, and then throw away the mistake model and optimize the utility function. This cannot be done without additional assumptions. * One potential assumption you could use would be to codify a specific mistake model. However, humans are sufficiently complicated that any such model would be wrong, leading to model misspecification. Model misspecification causes many problems in general, and is particularly thorny for value learning. Despite these arguments, we could still hope to infer a broad utility function that is safe to optimize, either by sidestepping the formalism used so far, or by introducing additional assumptions. Often, it is clear that these methods would not find the true human utility function (assuming that such a thing exists), but they are worth pursuing anyway because they could find a utility function that is good enough. This post provides pointers to approaches that are currently being pursued. Since these are active areas of research, I don’t want to comment on how feasible they may or may not be -- it’s hard to accurately assess the importance and quality of an idea that is being developed just from what is currently written down about that idea. Assumptions about the mistake model. We could narrow down on the mistake model by making assumptions about it, that could let us avoid the impossibility result. This decision means that we’re accepting the risk of missp",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/EhNCnCkmu7MwrQ7yz/future-directions-for-ambitious-value-learning,2018,blogPost,"Shah, Rohin",AI Alignment Forum,1493
-Reward uncertainty,"In my last post, I argued that interaction between the human and the AI system was necessary in order for the AI system to “stay on track” as we encounter new and unforeseen changes to the environment. The most obvious implementation of this would be to have an AI system that keeps an estimate of the reward function. It acts to maximize its current estimate of the reward function, while simultaneously updating the reward through human feedback. However, this approach has significant problems. Looking at the description of this approach, one thing that stands out is that the actions are chosen according to a reward that we know is going to change. (This is what leads to the incentive to disable the narrow value learning system.) This seems clearly wrong: surely our plans should account for the fact that our rewards will change, without treating such a change as adversarial? This suggests that we need to have our action selection mechanism take the future rewards into account as well. While we don’t know what the future reward will be, we can certainly have a probability distribution over it. So what if we had uncertainty over reward functions, and took that uncertainty into account while choosing actions? SETUP We’ve drilled down on the problem sufficiently far that we can create a formal model and see what happens. So, let’s consider the following setup: * The human, Alice, knows the “true” reward function that she would like to have optimized. * The AI system maintains a probability distribution over reward functions, and acts to maximize the expected sum of rewards under this distribution. * Alice and the AI system take turns acting. Alice knows that the AI learns from her actions, and chooses actions accordingly. * Alice’s action space is such that she cannot take the action “tell the AI system the true reward function” (otherwise the problem would become trivial). * Given these assumptions, Alice and the AI system act optimally. This is",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/ZiLLxaLB5CCofrzPp/reward-uncertainty,2019,blogPost,"Shah, Rohin",AI Alignment Forum,1494
-Supervising strong learners by amplifying weak experts,"Many real world learning tasks involve complex or hard-to-specify objectives, and using an easier-to-specify proxy can lead to poor performance or misaligned behavior. One solution is to have humans provide a training signal by demonstrating or judging performance, but this approach fails if the task is too complicated for a human to directly evaluate. We propose Iterated Amplification, an alternative training strategy which progressively builds up a training signal for difficult problems by combining solutions to easier subproblems. Iterated Amplification is closely related to Expert Iteration (Anthony et al., 2017; Silver et al., 2017), except that it uses no external reward function. We present results in algorithmic environments, showing that Iterated Amplification can efficiently learn complex behaviors.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.08575,2018,manuscript,"Christiano, Paul; Shlegeris, Buck; Amodei, Dario",,1495
-Superintelligence cannot be contained: Lessons from Computability Theory,"Superintelligence is a hypothetical agent that possesses intelligence far surpassing that of the brightest and most gifted human minds. In light of recent advances in machine intelligence, a number of scientists, philosophers and technologists have revived the discussion about the potential catastrophic risks entailed by such an entity. In this article, we trace the origins and development of the neo-fear of superintelligence, and some of the major proposals for its containment. We argue that such containment is, in principle, impossible, due to fundamental limits inherent to computing itself. Assuming that a superintelligence will contain a program that includes all the programs that can be executed by a universal Turing machine on input potentially as complex as the state of the world, strict containment requires simulations of such a program, something theoretically (and practically) infeasible.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1607.00913,2016,manuscript,"Alfonseca, Manuel; Cebrian, Manuel; Anta, Antonio Fernandez; Coviello, Lorenzo; Abeliuk, Andres; Rahwan, Iyad",,1496
-Quantilizers: A safer alternative to maximizers for limited optimization,,,2016,conferencePaper,"Taylor, Jessica",Workshops at the Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1497
-Who owns artificial intelligence? A preliminary analysis of corporate intellectual property strategies and why they matter.,,https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/GovAI-working-paper-Who-owns-AI-Apr2020.pdf,2020,report,"Calvin, Nathan; Leung, Jade",,1498
-"Rationality, Nash Equilibrium and Backwards Induction in Perfect- Information Games",,https://academic.oup.com/restud/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/2971739,1997,journalArticle,"Ben-Porath, Elchanan",The Review of Economic Studies,1499
-The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040162516302244,2017,journalArticle,"Frey, Carl Benedikt; Osborne, Michael A.",Technological Forecasting and Social Change,1500
-Some AI research areas and their relevance to existential safety,"INTRODUCTION This post is an overview of a variety of AI research areas in terms of how much I think contributing to and/or learning from those areas might help reduce AI x-risk. By research areas I mean “AI research topics that already have groups of people working on them and writing up their results”, as opposed to research “directions” in which I’d like to see these areas “move”. I formed these views mostly pursuant to writing AI Research Considerations for Human Existential Safety (ARCHES). My hope is that my assessments in this post can be helpful to students and established AI researchers who are thinking about shifting into new research areas specifically with the goal of contributing to existential safety somehow. In these assessments, I find it important to distinguish between the following types of value: * The helpfulness of the area to existential safety, which I think of as a function of what services are likely to be provided as a result of research contributions to the area, and whether those services will be helpful to existential safety, versus * The educational value of the area for thinking about existential safety, which I think of as a function of how much a researcher motivated by existential safety might become more effective through the process of familiarizing with or contributing to that area, usually by focusing on ways the area could be used in service of existential safety. * The neglect of the area at various times, which is a function of how much technical progress has been made in the area relative to how much I think is needed. Importantly: * The helpfulness to existential safety scores do not assume that your contributions to this area would be used only for projects with existential safety as their mission. This can negatively impact the helpfulness of contributing to areas that are more likely to be used in ways that harm existential safety. * The educational value scores are not ab",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/hvGoYXi2kgnS3vxqb/some-ai-research-areas-and-their-relevance-to-existential-1,2020,blogPost,"Critch, Andrew",AI Alignment Forum,1501
-"Using Human History, Psychology and Biology to Make AI Safe for Humans",,,2018,bookSection,Gus Bekdash,Artificial Intelligence Safety and Security,1502
-Universality and security amplification,A slightly more detailed view of security amplification.,https://ai-alignment.com/universality-and-security-amplification-551b314a3bab,2019,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),1503
-The value of abstraction,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352154619300026,2019,journalArticle,"Ho, Mark K; Abel, David; Griffiths, Thomas L; Littman, Michael L",Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences,1504
-Inverse reinforcement learning for video games,"Deep reinforcement learning achieves superhuman performance in a range of video game environments, but requires that a designer manually specify a reward function. It is often easier to provide demonstrations of a target behavior than to design a reward function describing that behavior. Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) algorithms can infer a reward from demonstrations in low-dimensional continuous control environments, but there has been little work on applying IRL to high-dimensional video games. In our CNN-AIRL baseline, we modify the state-of-the-art adversarial IRL (AIRL) algorithm to use CNNs for the generator and discriminator. To stabilize training, we normalize the reward and increase the size of the discriminator training dataset. We additionally learn a low-dimensional state representation using a novel autoencoder architecture tuned for video game environments. This embedding is used as input to the reward network, improving the sample efficiency of expert demonstrations. Our method achieves high-level performance on the simple Catcher video game, substantially outperforming the CNN-AIRL baseline. We also score points on the Enduro Atari racing game, but do not match expert performance, highlighting the need for further work.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.10593,2018,manuscript,"Tucker, Aaron; Gleave, Adam; Russell, Stuart",,1505
-Generating Long Sequences with Sparse Transformers,"Transformers are powerful sequence models, but require time and memory that grows quadratically with the sequence length. In this paper we introduce sparse factorizations of the attention matrix which reduce this to $O(n \sqrt{n})$. We also introduce a) a variation on architecture and initialization to train deeper networks, b) the recomputation of attention matrices to save memory, and c) fast attention kernels for training. We call networks with these changes Sparse Transformers, and show they can model sequences tens of thousands of timesteps long using hundreds of layers. We use the same architecture to model images, audio, and text from raw bytes, setting a new state of the art for density modeling of Enwik8, CIFAR-10, and ImageNet-64. We generate unconditional samples that demonstrate global coherence and great diversity, and show it is possible in principle to use self-attention to model sequences of length one million or more.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.10509,2019,manuscript,"Child, Rewon; Gray, Scott; Radford, Alec; Sutskever, Ilya",,1506
-Modeling and interpreting expert disagreement about artificial superintelligence,,,2017,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth; Barrett, Anthony; Yampolskiy, Roman V.",Informatica,1507
-Evaluating future nanotechnology: The net societal impacts of atomically precise manufacturing,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016328717301908,2018,journalArticle,"Umbrello, Steven; Baum, Seth D.",Futures,1508
-How energy efficient are human-engineered flight designs relative to natural ones?,"Nature is responsible for the most energy efficient flight, according to an investigation of albatrosses, butterflies and nine different human-engineered flying machines.",https://aiimpacts.org/are-human-engineered-flight-designs-better-or-worse-than-natural-ones/,2020,blogPost,"Fernandez, Ronny",AI Impacts,1509
-Exceeding Expectations: Stochastic Dominance as a General Decision Theory,"The principle that rational agents should maximize expected utility or choiceworthiness is intuitively plausible in many ordinary cases of decision-making under uncertainty. But it is less plausible in cases of extreme, low-probability risk (like Pascal’s Mugging), and intolerably paradoxical in cases like the St. Petersburg and Pasadena games. In this paper I show that, under certain conditions, stochastic dominance reasoning can capture most of the plausible implications of expectational reasoning while avoiding most of its pitfalls. Specifically, given sufficient background uncertainty about the choiceworthiness of one’s options, many expectation-maximizing gambles that do not stochastically dominate their alternatives ‘in a vacuum’ become stochastically dominant in virtue of that background uncertainty. But, even under these conditions, stochastic dominance will not require agents to accept options whose expectational superiority depends on sufficiently small probabilities of extreme payoffs. The sort of background uncertainty on which these results depend looks unavoidable for any agent who measures the choiceworthiness of her options in part by the total amount of value in the resulting world. At least for such agents, then, stochastic dominance offers a plausible general principle of choice under uncertainty that can explain more of the apparent rational constraints on such choices than has previously been recognized.",,2020,report,"Tarsney, Christian J",,1510
-On the Utility of Model Learning in HRI,"Fundamental to robotics is the debate between model-based and model-free learning: should the robot build an explicit model of the world, or learn a policy directly? In the context of HRI, part of the world to be modeled is the human. One option is for the robot to treat the human as a black box and learn a policy for how they act directly. But it can also model the human as an agent, and rely on a “theory of mind” to guide or bias the learning (grey box). We contribute a characterization of the performance of these methods under the optimistic case of having an ideal theory of mind, as well as under different scenarios in which the assumptions behind the robot’s theory of mind for the human are wrong, as they inevitably will be in practice. We find that there is a significant sample complexity advantage to theory of mind methods and that they are more robust to covariate shift, but that when enough interaction data is available, black box approaches eventually dominate.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.01291,2019,conferencePaper,"Choudhury, Rohan; Swamy, Gokul; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Dragan, Anca",2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI),1511
-Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction: Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction,,http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2007.00960.x,2007,journalArticle,"Matheny, Jason G.",Risk Analysis,1512
-Self-Regulating Artificial General Intelligence,"Here we examine the paperclip apocalypse concern for artificial general intelligence (or AGI) whereby a superintelligent AI with a simple goal (ie., producing paperclips) accumulates power so that all resources are devoted towards that simple goal and are unavailable for any other use. We provide conditions under which a paper apocalypse can arise but also show that, under certain architectures for recursive self-improvement of AIs, that a paperclip AI may refrain from allowing power capabilities to be developed. The reason is that such developments pose the same control problem for the AI as they do for humans (over AIs) and hence, threaten to deprive it of resources for its primary goal.",http://www.nber.org/papers/w24352.pdf,2018,report,"Gans, Joshua",,1513
-Embryo Selection for Cognitive Enhancement: Curiosity or Game-changer?,,,2014,journalArticle,"Shulman, Carl; Bostrom, Nick",Global Policy,1514
-Naturalized induction – a challenge for evidential and causal decision theory,"As some of you may know, I disagree with many of the criticisms leveled against evidential decision theory (EDT). Most notably, I believe that Smoking lesion-type problems don't refute EDT. I also don't think that EDT's non-updatelessness leaves a lot of room for disagreement, given that EDT recommends immediate self-modification to updatelessness. However, I do believe there are some issues with run-of-the-mill EDT. One of them is naturalized induction. It is in fact not only a problem for EDT but also for causal decision theory (CDT) and most other decision theories that have been proposed in- and outside of academia. It does not affect logical decision theories, however. THE ROLE OF NATURALIZED INDUCTION IN DECISION THEORY Recall that EDT prescribes taking the action that maximizes expected utility, i.e. where is the set of available actions, is the agent's utility function, is a set of possible world models, represents the agent's past observations (which may include information the agent has collected about itself). CDT works in a – for the purpose of this article – similar way, except that instead of conditioning on in the usual way, it calculates some causal counterfactual, such as Pearl's do-calculus: . The problem of naturalized induction is that of assigning posterior probabilities to world models (or or whatever) when the agent is naturalized, i.e., embedded into its environment. Consider the following example. Let's say there are 5 world models , each of which has equal prior probability. These world models may be cellular automata. Now, the agent makes the observation . It turns out that worlds and don't contain any agents at all, and contains no agent making the observation . The other two world models, on the other hand, are consistent with . Thus, for and for . Let's assume that the agent has only two actions and that in world model the only agent making observation takes action and in the only agent making observation takes action , then a",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/kgsaSbJqWLtJfiCcz/naturalized-induction-a-challenge-for-evidential-and-causal,2017,blogPost,"Oesterheld, Caspar",LessWrong,1515
-Euthanasia and cryothanasia,,,2017,journalArticle,"Minerva, Francesca; Sandberg, Anders",Bioethics,1516
-Preventing Imitation Learning with Adversarial Policy Ensembles,"Imitation learning can reproduce policies by observing experts, which poses a problem regarding policy privacy. Policies, such as human, or policies on deployed robots, can all be cloned without consent from the owners. How can we protect against external observers cloning our proprietary policies? To answer this question we introduce a new reinforcement learning framework, where we train an ensemble of near-optimal policies, whose demonstrations are guaranteed to be useless for an external observer. We formulate this idea by a constrained optimization problem, where the objective is to improve proprietary policies, and at the same time deteriorate the virtual policy of an eventual external observer. We design a tractable algorithm to solve this new optimization problem by modifying the standard policy gradient algorithm. Our formulation can be interpreted in lenses of confidentiality and adversarial behaviour, which enables a broader perspective of this work. We demonstrate the existence of ""non-clonable"" ensembles, providing a solution to the above optimization problem, which is calculated by our modified policy gradient algorithm. To our knowledge, this is the first work regarding the protection of policies in Reinforcement Learning.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.01059,2020,manuscript,"Zhan, Albert; Tiomkin, Stas; Abbeel, Pieter",,1517
-Implicitly Assisting Humans to Choose Good Grasps in Robot to Human Handovers,"We focus on selecting handover configurations that result in low human ergonomic cost not only at the time of handover, but also when the human is achieving a goal with the object after that handover. People take objects using whatever grasping configuration is most comfortable to them. When the human has a goal pose they’d like to place the object at, however, the most comfortable grasping configuration at the handover might be cumbersome overall, requiring regrasping or the use of an uncomfortable configuration to reach the goal. We enable robots to purposefully influence the choices available to the person when taking the object, implicitly helping the person avoid suboptimal solutions and account for the goal. We introduce a probabilistic model of how humans select grasping configurations, and use this model to optimize expected cost. We present results in simulation, as well as from a user study, showing that the robot successfully influences people’s grasping configurations for the better.",http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-50115-4_30,2017,bookSection,"Bestick, Aaron; Bajcsy, Ruzena; Dragan, Anca D.",2016 International Symposium on Experimental Robotics,1518
-The Windfall Clause: Distributing the Benefits of AI for the Common Good,,https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3375627.3375842,2020,conferencePaper,"O'Keefe, Cullen; Cihon, Peter; Garfinkel, Ben; Flynn, Carrick; Leung, Jade; Dafoe, Allan","Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",1519
-Team errors: definition and taxonomy,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095183209800074X,1999,journalArticle,"Sasou, Kunihide; Reason, James",Reliability Engineering & System Safety,1520
-DERAIL: Diagnostic Environments for Reward And Imitation Learning,"The objective of many real-world tasks is complex and difficult to procedurally specify. This makes it necessary to use reward or imitation learning algorithms to infer a reward or policy directly from human data. Existing benchmarks for these algorithms focus on realism, testing in complex environments. Unfortunately, these benchmarks are slow, unreliable and cannot isolate failures. As a complementary approach, we develop a suite of simple diagnostic tasks that test individual facets of algorithm performance in isolation. We evaluate a range of common reward and imitation learning algorithms on our tasks. Our results confirm that algorithm performance is highly sensitive to implementation details. Moreover, in a case-study into a popular preference-based reward learning implementation, we illustrate how the suite can pinpoint design flaws and rapidly evaluate candidate solutions. The environments are available at https://github.com/HumanCompatibleAI/seals .",http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.01365,2020,conferencePaper,"Freire, Pedro; Gleave, Adam; Toyer, Sam; Russell, Stuart",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 Pre-proceedings,1521
-A Formal Solution to the Grain of Truth Problem,"A Bayesian agent acting in a multi-agent environment learns to predict the other agents’ policies if its prior assigns positive probability to them (in other words, its prior contains a grain of truth). Finding a reasonably large class of policies that contains the Bayes-optimal policies with respect to this class is known as the grain of truth problem. Only small classes are known to have a grain of truth and the literature contains several related impossibility results. In this paper we present a formal and general solution to the full grain of truth problem: we construct a class of policies that contains all computable policies as well as Bayes-optimal policies for every lower semicomputable prior over the class. When the environment is unknown, Bayes-optimal agents may fail to act optimally even asymptotically. However, agents based on Thompson sampling converge to play ε-Nash equilibria in arbitrary unknown computable multi-agent environments. While these results are purely theoretical, we show that they can be computationally approximated arbitrarily closely.",,2016,conferencePaper,"Leike, Jan; Taylor, Jessica; Fallenstein, Benya",,1522
-Moral demands and the far future*,,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/phpr.12729,2020,journalArticle,"Mogensen, Andreas L.",Philosophy and Phenomenological Research,1523
-Formalizing preference utilitarianism in physical world models,"Most ethical work is done at a low level of formality. This makes practical moral questions inaccessible to formal and natural sciences and can lead to misunderstandings in ethical discussion. In this paper, we use Bayesian inference to introduce a formalization of preference utilitarianism in physical world models, specifically cellular automata. Even though our formalization is not immediately applicable, it is a first step in providing ethics and ultimately the question of how to “make the world better” with a formal basis.",https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-015-0883-1,2016,journalArticle,"Oesterheld, Caspar",Synthese,1524
-Recent developments in unifying logic and probability,,http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2797100.2699411,2015,journalArticle,"Russell, Stuart",Communications of the ACM,1525
-Improving GANs Using Optimal Transport,"We present Optimal Transport GAN (OT-GAN), a variant of generative adversarial nets minimizing a new metric measuring the distance between the generator distribution and the data distribution. This metric, which we call mini-batch energy distance, combines optimal transport in primal form with an energy distance defined in an adversarially learned feature space, resulting in a highly discriminative distance function with unbiased mini-batch gradients. Experimentally we show OT-GAN to be highly stable when trained with large mini-batches, and we present state-of-the-art results on several popular benchmark problems for image generation.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.05573,2018,manuscript,"Salimans, Tim; Zhang, Han; Radford, Alec; Metaxas, Dimitris",,1526
-Learning with Opponent-Learning Awareness,"Multi-agent settings are quickly gathering importance in machine learning. This includes a plethora of recent work on deep multi-agent reinforcement learning, but also can be extended to hierarchical RL, generative adversarial networks and decentralised optimisation. In all these settings the presence of multiple learning agents renders the training problem non-stationary and often leads to unstable training or undesired final results. We present Learning with Opponent-Learning Awareness (LOLA), a method in which each agent shapes the anticipated learning of the other agents in the environment. The LOLA learning rule includes a term that accounts for the impact of one agent's policy on the anticipated parameter update of the other agents. Results show that the encounter of two LOLA agents leads to the emergence of tit-for-tat and therefore cooperation in the iterated prisoners' dilemma, while independent learning does not. In this domain, LOLA also receives higher payouts compared to a naive learner, and is robust against exploitation by higher order gradient-based methods. Applied to repeated matching pennies, LOLA agents converge to the Nash equilibrium. In a round robin tournament we show that LOLA agents successfully shape the learning of a range of multi-agent learning algorithms from literature, resulting in the highest average returns on the IPD. We also show that the LOLA update rule can be efficiently calculated using an extension of the policy gradient estimator, making the method suitable for model-free RL. The method thus scales to large parameter and input spaces and nonlinear function approximators. We apply LOLA to a grid world task with an embedded social dilemma using recurrent policies and opponent modelling. By explicitly considering the learning of the other agent, LOLA agents learn to cooperate out of self-interest. The code is at github.com/alshedivat/lola.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.04326,2018,conferencePaper,"Foerster, Jakob N.; Chen, Richard Y.; Al-Shedivat, Maruan; Whiteson, Shimon; Abbeel, Pieter; Mordatch, Igor",AAMAS 2018: Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi−Agent Systems,1527
-"The errors, insights and lessons of famous AI predictions – and what they mean for the future",,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0952813X.2014.895105,2014,journalArticle,"Armstrong, Stuart; Sotala, Kaj; Ó hÉigeartaigh, Seán S.",Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence,1528
-Learning to Share and Hide Intentions using Information Regularization,"Learning to cooperate with friends and compete with foes is a key component of multi-agent reinforcement learning. Typically to do so, one requires access to either a model of or interaction with the other agent(s). Here we show how to learn effective strategies for cooperation and competition in an asymmetric information game with no such model or interaction. Our approach is to encourage an agent to reveal or hide their intentions using an information-theoretic regularizer. We consider both the mutual information between goal and action given state, as well as the mutual information between goal and state. We show how to optimize these regularizers in a way that is easy to integrate with policy gradient reinforcement learning. Finally, we demonstrate that cooperative (competitive) policies learned with our approach lead to more (less) reward for a second agent in two simple asymmetric information games.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.02093,2019,conferencePaper,"Strouse, D. J.; Kleiman-Weiner, Max; Tenenbaum, Josh; Botvinick, Matt; Schwab, David",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS 2018),1529
-Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning with Human Strategies,"Deep learning has enabled traditional reinforcement learning methods to deal with high-dimensional problems. However, one of the disadvantages of deep reinforcement learning methods is the limited exploration capacity of learning agents. In this paper, we introduce an approach that integrates human strategies to increase the exploration capacity of multiple deep reinforcement learning agents. We also report the development of our own multi-agent environment called Multiple Tank Defence to simulate the proposed approach. The results show the significant performance improvement of multiple agents that have learned cooperatively with human strategies. This implies that there is a critical need for human intellect teamed with machines to solve complex problems. In addition, the success of this simulation indicates that our multi-agent environment can be used as a testbed platform to develop and validate other multi-agent control algorithms.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.04562,2019,conferencePaper,"Nguyen, Thanh; Nguyen, Ngoc Duy; Nahavandi, Saeid",2019 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT),1530
-AI transparency: a matter of reconciling design with critique,"In the late 2010s, various international committees, expert groups, and national strategy boards have voiced the demand to ‘open’ the algorithmic black box, to audit, expound, and demystify artificial intelligence. The opening of the algorithmic black box, however, cannot be seen only as an engineering challenge. In this article, I argue that only the sort of transparency that arises from critique—a method of theoretical examination that, by revealing pre-existing power structures, aims to challenge them—can help us produce technological systems that are less deceptive and more just. I relate the question of AI transparency to the broader challenge of responsible making, contending that future action must aim to systematically reconcile design—as a way of concealing—with critique—as a manner of revealing.",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-01110-y,2020,journalArticle,"Hollanek, Tomasz",AI & Society,1531
-Classifying global catastrophic risks,"We present a novel classification framework for severe global catastrophic risk scenarios. Extending beyond existing work that identifies individual risk scenarios, we propose analysing global catastrophic risks along three dimensions: the critical systems affected, global spread mechanisms, and prevention and mitigation failures. The classification highlights areas of convergence between risk scenarios, which supports prioritisation of particular research and of policy interventions. It also points to potential knowledge gaps regarding catastrophic risks, and provides an interdisciplinary structure for mapping and tracking the multitude of factors that could contribute to global catastrophic risks.",http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016328717301957,2018,journalArticle,"Avin, Shahar; Wintle, Bonnie C.; Weitzdörfer, Julius; Ó hÉigeartaigh, Seán S.; Sutherland, William J.; Rees, Martin J.",Futures,1532
-Inverse Reward Design,"Autonomous agents optimize the reward function we give them. What they don't know is how hard it is for us to design a reward function that actually captures what we want. When designing the reward, we might think of some specific training scenarios, and make sure that the reward will lead to the right behavior in those scenarios. Inevitably, agents encounter new scenarios (e.g., new types of terrain) where optimizing that same reward may lead to undesired behavior. Our insight is that reward functions are merely observations about what the designer actually wants, and that they should be interpreted in the context in which they were designed. We introduce inverse reward design (IRD) as the problem of inferring the true objective based on the designed reward and the training MDP. We introduce approximate methods for solving IRD problems, and use their solution to plan risk-averse behavior in test MDPs. Empirical results suggest that this approach can help alleviate negative side effects of misspecified reward functions and mitigate reward hacking.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.02827,2017,conferencePaper,"Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Milli, Smitha; Abbeel, Pieter; Russell, Stuart; Dragan, Anca",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (NIPS 2017),1533
-"Variational Discriminator Bottleneck: Improving Imitation Learning, Inverse RL, and GANs by Constraining Information Flow","Adversarial learning methods have been proposed for a wide range of applications, but the training of adversarial models can be notoriously unstable. Effectively balancing the performance of the generator and discriminator is critical, since a discriminator that achieves very high accuracy will produce relatively uninformative gradients. In this work, we propose a simple and general technique to constrain information flow in the discriminator by means of an information bottleneck. By enforcing a constraint on the mutual information between the observations and the discriminator's internal representation, we can effectively modulate the discriminator's accuracy and maintain useful and informative gradients. We demonstrate that our proposed variational discriminator bottleneck (VDB) leads to significant improvements across three distinct application areas for adversarial learning algorithms. Our primary evaluation studies the applicability of the VDB to imitation learning of dynamic continuous control skills, such as running. We show that our method can learn such skills directly from \emph{raw} video demonstrations, substantially outperforming prior adversarial imitation learning methods. The VDB can also be combined with adversarial inverse reinforcement learning to learn parsimonious reward functions that can be transferred and re-optimized in new settings. Finally, we demonstrate that VDB can train GANs more effectively for image generation, improving upon a number of prior stabilization methods.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.00821,2020,conferencePaper,"Peng, Xue Bin; Kanazawa, Angjoo; Toyer, Sam; Abbeel, Pieter; Levine, Sergey",,1534
-Coherent Gradients: An Approach to Understanding Generalization in Gradient Descent-based Optimization,"An open question in the Deep Learning community is why neural networks trained with Gradient Descent generalize well on real datasets even though they are capable of fitting random data. We propose an approach to answering this question based on a hypothesis about the dynamics of gradient descent that we call Coherent Gradients: Gradients from similar examples are similar and so the overall gradient is stronger in certain directions where these reinforce each other. Thus changes to the network parameters during training are biased towards those that (locally) simultaneously benefit many examples when such similarity exists. We support this hypothesis with heuristic arguments and perturbative experiments and outline how this can explain several common empirical observations about Deep Learning. Furthermore, our analysis is not just descriptive, but prescriptive. It suggests a natural modification to gradient descent that can greatly reduce overfitting.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.10657,2020,manuscript,"Chatterjee, Satrajit",,1535
-Inequity aversion improves cooperation in intertemporal social dilemmas,"Groups of humans are often able to find ways to cooperate with one another in complex, temporally extended social dilemmas. Models based on behavioral economics are only able to explain this phenomenon for unrealistic stateless matrix games. Recently, multi-agent reinforcement learning has been applied to generalize social dilemma problems to temporally and spatially extended Markov games. However, this has not yet generated an agent that learns to cooperate in social dilemmas as humans do. A key insight is that many, but not all, human individuals have inequity averse social preferences. This promotes a particular resolution of the matrix game social dilemma wherein inequity-averse individuals are personally pro-social and punish defectors. Here we extend this idea to Markov games and show that it promotes cooperation in several types of sequential social dilemma, via a profitable interaction with policy learnability. In particular, we find that inequity aversion improves temporal credit assignment for the important class of intertemporal social dilemmas. These results help explain how large-scale cooperation may emerge and persist.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.08884,2018,conferencePaper,"Hughes, Edward; Leibo, Joel Z.; Phillips, Matthew G.; Tuyls, Karl; Duéñez-Guzmán, Edgar A.; Castañeda, Antonio García; Dunning, Iain; Zhu, Tina; McKee, Kevin R.; Koster, Raphael; Roff, Heather; Graepel, Thore",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS 2018),1536
-The Value Learning Problem,"Autonomous AI systems’ programmed goals can easily fall short of programmers’ intentions. Even a machine intelligent enough to understand its designers’ intentions would not necessarily act as intended. We discuss early ideas on how one might design smarter-than-human AI systems that can inductively learn what to value from labeled training data, and highlight questions about the construction of systems that model and act upon their operators’ preferences.",https://intelligence.org/files/ValueLearningProblem.pdf,2015,conferencePaper,"Soares, Nate",Ethics for Artificial Intelligence Workshop at 25th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1537
-Pruned Neural Networks are Surprisingly Modular,"The learned weights of a neural network are often considered devoid of scrutable internal structure. To discern structure in these weights, we introduce a measurable notion of modularity for multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs), and investigate the modular structure of MLPs trained on datasets of small images. Our notion of modularity comes from the graph clustering literature: a ""module"" is a set of neurons with strong internal connectivity but weak external connectivity. We find that training and weight pruning produces MLPs that are more modular than randomly initialized ones, and often significantly more modular than random MLPs with the same (sparse) distribution of weights. Interestingly, they are much more modular when trained with dropout. We also present exploratory analyses of the importance of different modules for performance and how modules depend on each other. Understanding the modular structure of neural networks, when such structure exists, will hopefully render their inner workings more interpretable to engineers.",https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.04881v4,2020,manuscript,"Filan, Daniel; Hod, Shlomi; Wild, Cody; Critch, Andrew; Russell, Stuart",,1538
-"More on disambiguating ""discontinuity""","There have already been numerous posts and discussions related to disambiguating the term ""discontinuity"". Here is my attempt. For the purposes of the following discussion I’m going to distinguish between (a) continuous vs. discontinuous progress in AI research, where discontinuity refers specifically to a sharp jump or change in the AI research progress curve relative to the previous curve; (b) slow vs. fast rate of progress, referring to the steepness of the progress curve slope, regardless of whether or not it’s discontinuous; and (c) long vs. short clock time – i.e., whether progress takes a long or short time relative to absolute time and not relative to previous trend lines. What exactly counts as discontinuous / fast / short will depend on what purpose we are using them for, as below. There seem to be three or four primary AI-risk-related issues that depend on whether or not there will be a discontinuity / fast takeoff speed: 1. Will we see AGI (or CAIS or TAI or whatever you want to call it) coming far enough ahead of time such that we will be able to respond appropriately at that point? This question in turn breaks down into two sub-questions: (a) Will we see AGI coming before it arrives? (I.e., will there be a “fire alarm for AGI” as Eliezer calls it.) (b) If we do see it coming, will we have enough time to react before it’s too late? 2. Will the feedback loops during the development of AGI be long enough that we will be able to correct course as we go? 3. Is it likely that one company / government / other entity could gain enough first-mover advantage such that it will not be controllable or stoppable by other entities? Let’s deal with each of these individually: * Question 1/a: Will we see AGI coming before it arrives? This seems to depend on all three types of discontinuity: * If there’s discontinuous progress relative to the previous curve, then presumably that jump will act as a fire alarm (although it",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/C9YMrPAyMXfB8cLPb/more-on-disambiguating-discontinuity,2020,blogPost,"Englander, Aryeh",AI Alignment Forum,1539
-Generalizing meanings from partners to populations: Hierarchical inference supports convention formation on networks,"A key property of linguistic conventions is that they hold over an entire community of speakers, allowing us to communicate efficiently even with people we have never met before. At the same time, much of our language use is partner-specific: we know that words may be understood differently by different people based on our shared history. This poses a challenge for accounts of convention formation. Exactly how do agents make the inferential leap to community-wide expectations while maintaining partner-specific knowledge? We propose a hierarchical Bayesian model to explain how speakers and listeners solve this inductive problem. To evaluate our model's predictions, we conducted an experiment where participants played an extended natural-language communication game with different partners in a small community. We examine several measures of generalization and find key signatures of both partner-specificity and community convergence that distinguish our model from alternatives. These results suggest that partner-specificity is not only compatible with the formation of community-wide conventions, but may facilitate it when coupled with a powerful inductive mechanism.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.01510,2020,conferencePaper,"Hawkins, Robert D.; Goodman, Noah D.; Goldberg, Adele E.; Griffiths, Thomas L.",CogSci 2020,1540
-Towards Accountable AI: Hybrid Human-Machine Analyses for Characterizing System Failure,"As machine learning systems move from computer-science laboratories into the open world, their accountability becomes a high priority problem. Accountability requires deep understanding of system behavior and its failures. Current evaluation methods such as single-score error metrics and confusion matrices provide aggregate views of system performance that hide important shortcomings. Understanding details about failures is important for identifying pathways for refinement, communicating the reliability of systems in different settings, and for specifying appropriate human oversight and engagement. Characterization of failures and shortcomings is particularly complex for systems composed of multiple machine learned components. For such systems, existing evaluation methods have limited expressiveness in describing and explaining the relationship among input content, the internal states of system components, and final output quality. We present Pandora, a set of hybrid human-machine methods and tools for describing and explaining system failures. Pandora leverages both human and system-generated observations to summarize conditions of system malfunction with respect to the input content and system architecture. We share results of a case study with a machine learning pipeline for image captioning that show how detailed performance views can be beneficial for analysis and debugging.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.07424,2018,conferencePaper,"Nushi, Besmira; Kamar, Ece; Horvitz, Eric",The Sixth AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing (HCOMP 2018),1541
-Few-Shot Intent Inference via Meta-Inverse Reinforcement Learning,A significant challenge for the practical application of reinforcement learning toreal world problems is the need to specify an oracle reward function that correctly defines a task. Inverse...,http://proceedings.mlr.press/v97/xu19d/xu19d.pdf,2018,conferencePaper,"Xu, Kelvin; Ratner, Ellis; Dragan, Anca; Levine, Sergey; Finn, Chelsea",Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning,1542
-Learning to Complement Humans,"A rising vision for AI in the open world centers on the development of systems that can complement humans for perceptual, diagnostic, and reasoning tasks. To date, systems aimed at complementing the skills of people have employed models trained to be as accurate as possible in isolation. We demonstrate how an end-to-end learning strategy can be harnessed to optimize the combined performance of human-machine teams by considering the distinct abilities of people and machines. The goal is to focus machine learning on problem instances that are difficult for humans, while recognizing instances that are difficult for the machine and seeking human input on them. We demonstrate in two real-world domains (scientific discovery and medical diagnosis) that human-machine teams built via these methods outperform the individual performance of machines and people. We then analyze conditions under which this complementarity is strongest, and which training methods amplify it. Taken together, our work provides the first systematic investigation of how machine learning systems can be trained to complement human reasoning.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.00582,2020,conferencePaper,"Wilder, Bryan; Horvitz, Eric; Kamar, Ece",Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-20),1543
-Imitation Learning for Agile Autonomous Driving,"We present an end-to-end imitation learning system for agile, off-road autonomous driving using only low-cost sensors. By imitating a model predictive controller equipped with advanced sensors, we train a deep neural network control policy to map raw, high-dimensional observations to continuous steering and throttle commands. Compared with recent approaches to similar tasks, our method requires neither state estimation nor on-the-fly planning to navigate the vehicle. Our approach relies on, and experimentally validates, recent imitation learning theory. Empirically, we show that policies trained with online imitation learning overcome well-known challenges related to covariate shift and generalize better than policies trained with batch imitation learning. Built on these insights, our autonomous driving system demonstrates successful high-speed off-road driving, matching the state-of-the-art performance.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.07174,2019,journalArticle,"Pan, Yunpeng; Cheng, Ching-An; Saigol, Kamil; Lee, Keuntaek; Yan, Xinyan; Theodorou, Evangelos; Boots, Byron",The International Journal of Robotics Research,1544
-How feasible is the rapid development of artificial superintelligence?,"What kinds of fundamental limits are there in how capable artificial intelligence (AI) systems might become? Two questions in particular are of interest: (1) How much more capable could AI become relative to humans, and (2) how easily could superhuman capability be acquired? To answer these questions, we will consider the literature on human expertise and intelligence, discuss its relevance for AI, and consider how AI could improve on humans in two major aspects of thought and expertise, namely simulation and pattern recognition. We find that although there are very real limits to prediction, it seems like AI could still substantially improve on human intelligence.",https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1402-4896%2Faa90e8,2017,journalArticle,"Sotala, Kaj",Physica Scripta,1545
-A Framework for the Safety of Agent-Environment Systems,"Ensuring the safety of an autonomous artificial agent in a complex environment represents a formidable problem across multiple domains. However, there is little interaction between these domains, and no unifying theoretical framework forcing the delineation of assumptions. I propose such a framework in terms of agent-environment systems, in which an agent and environment co-evolve according to a modified statespace nonlinear system. The agent gathers limited information from the environment and itself to perform an action, operating implicitly on the basis of a coarse-grained model of the systems dynamics. To ensure the systems safety, it is minimally necessary first to translate the set of undesirable states from human terms into an adequately precise definition within the system; then to identify a set of universal markers necessary to the system being in a pre-state to an undesirable state, which transfer with fidelity from the systems state to the agents information; and finally to have a set of actions by the agent for each pre-state which keep the system out of the set of undesirable states, with the exception of agent-independent dynamics. Incomplete information, information distortion, and coarse-grained models make this a particularly difficult challenge. I conclude by proposing three threads of a research agenda: reducing the possibility space of safe agents by demonstrating the failure of certain methods and identifying problems with particular agent-environment system classes; developing and verifying techniques which address those problems; and matching real systems to agentenvironment systems.",,,manuscript,"Rade, Luca",,1546
-Knowledge and Implicature: Modeling Language Understanding as Social Cognition,,http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/tops.12007,2013,journalArticle,"Goodman, Noah D.; Stuhlmüller, Andreas",Topics in Cognitive Science,1547
-Complex Value Systems in Friendly AI,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-22887-2_48,2011,bookSection,"Yudkowsky, Eliezer",Artificial General Intelligence,1548
-Distinguishing definitions of takeoff,"I find discussions about AI takeoff to be very confusing. Often, people will argue for ""slow takeoff"" or ""fast takeoff"" and then when I ask them to operationalize what those terms mean, they end up saying something quite different than what I thought those terms meant. To help alleviate this problem, I aim to compile the definitions of AI takeoff that I'm currently aware of, with an emphasis on definitions that have clear specifications. I will continue updating the post as long as I think it serves as a useful reference for others. In this post, an AI takeoff can be roughly construed as ""the dynamics of the world associated with the development of powerful artificial intelligence."" These definitions characterize different ways that the world can evolve as transformative AI is developed. FOOM/HARD TAKEOFF The traditional hard takeoff position, or ""Foom"" position (these appear to be equivalent terms) was characterized in this post from Eliezer Yudkowsky. It contrasts Hanson's takeoff scenario by emphasizing local dynamics: rather than a population of artificial intelligences coming into existence, there would be a single intelligence that quickly reaches a level of competence that outstrips the world's capabilities to control it. The proposed mechanism that causes such a dynamic is recursive self improvement, though Yudkowsky later suggested that this wasn't necessary. The ability for recursive self improvement to induce a hard takeoff was defended in Intelligence Explosion Microeconomics. He argues against Robin Hanson in the AI Foom debates. Watch this video to see the live debate. Given the word ""hard"" in this notion of takeoff, a ""soft"" takeoff could simply be defined as the negation of a hard takeoff. HANSONIAN ""SLOW"" TAKEOFF Robin Hanson objected to hard takeoff by predicting that growth in AI capabilities will not be extremely uneven between projects. In other words, there is unlikely to be one AI project, or even a small set of AI projects, that pro",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/YgNYA6pj2hPSDQiTE/distinguishing-definitions-of-takeoff,2020,blogPost,"Barnett, Matthew",AI Alignment Forum,1549
-Nonparametric General Reinforcement Learning,,,2016,thesis,"Leike, Jan",,1550
-Neuroenhancement of love and marriage: The chemicals between us,,,2008,journalArticle,"Savulescu, Julian; Sandberg, Anders",Neuroethics,1551
-Limits to Verification and Validation of Agentic Behavior,"Verification and validation of agentic behavior have been suggested as important research priorities in efforts to reduce risks associated with the creation of general artificial intelligence (Russell et al 2015). In this paper we question the appropriateness of using language of certainty with respect to efforts to manage that risk. We begin by establishing a very general formalism to characterize agentic behavior and to describe standards of acceptable behavior. We show that determination of whether an agent meets any particular standard is not computable. We discuss the extent of the burden associated with verification by manual proof and by automated behavioral governance. We show that to ensure decidability of the behavioral standard itself, one must further limit the capabilities of the agent. We then demonstrate that if our concerns relate to outcomes in the physical world, attempts at validation are futile. Finally, we show that layered architectures aimed at making these challenges tractable mistakenly equate intentions with actions or outcomes, thereby failing to provide any guarantees. We conclude with a discussion of why language of certainty should be eradicated from the conversation about the safety of general artificial intelligence.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.06963,2016,manuscript,"Jilk, David J.",,1552
-Injective State-Image Mapping facilitates Visual Adversarial Imitation Learning,"The growing use of virtual autonomous agents in applications like games and entertainment demands better control policies for natural-looking movements and actions. Unlike the conventional approach of hard-coding motion routines, we propose a deep learning method for obtaining control policies by directly mimicking raw video demonstrations. Previous methods in this domain rely on extracting low-dimensional features from expert videos followed by a separate hand-crafted reward estimation step. We propose an imitation learning framework that reduces the dependence on hand-engineered reward functions by jointly learning the feature extraction and reward estimation steps using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). Our main contribution in this paper is to show that under injective mapping between low-level joint state (angles and velocities) trajectories and corresponding raw video stream, performing adversarial imitation learning on video demonstrations is equivalent to learning from the state trajectories. Experimental results show that the proposed adversarial learning method from raw videos produces a similar performance to state-of-the-art imitation learning techniques while frequently outperforming existing hand-crafted video imitation methods. Furthermore, we show that our method can learn action policies by imitating video demonstrations on YouTube with similar performance to learned agents from true reward signals. Please see the supplementary video submission at https://ibm.biz/BdzzNA.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.01108,2019,conferencePaper,"Chaudhury, Subhajit; Kimura, Daiki; Munawar, Asim; Tachibana, Ryuki",2019 IEEE 21st International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP),1553
-AI Safety Open Problems,Created: 2018-11-08 | Updated: 2019-11-2 | Suggestions: please make suggestions directly in this Doc | List maintainer: Mati Roy (contact@matiroy.com) AI Safety Open Problems Technical AGI safety research outside AI: https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/2e9NDGiXt8PjjbTMC/technical-agi-safet...,https://docs.google.com/document/d/1J2fOOF-NYiPC0-J3ZGEfE0OhA-QcOInhlvWjr1fAsS0/edit?usp=embed_facebook,2019,manuscript,"Roy, Mati",,1554
-"A Scalable Framework For Real-Time Multi-Robot, Multi-Human Collision Avoidance","Robust motion planning is a well-studied problem in the robotics literature, yet current algorithms struggle to operate scalably and safely in the presence of other moving agents, such as humans. This paper introduces a novel framework for robot navigation that accounts for high-order system dynamics and maintains safety in the presence of external disturbances, other robots, and non-deterministic intentional agents. Our approach precomputes a tracking error margin for each robot, generates confidence-aware human motion predictions, and coordinates multiple robots with a sequential priority ordering, effectively enabling scalable safe trajectory planning and execution. We demonstrate our approach in hardware with two robots and two humans. We also showcase our work’s scalability in a larger simulation.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.05929,2018,conferencePaper,"Bajcsy, Andrea; Herbert, Sylvia L.; Fridovich-Keil, David; Fisac, Jaime F.; Deglurkar, Sampada; Dragan, Anca D.; Tomlin, Claire J.",2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA),1555
-My AI Timelines Have Sped Up,"For this post, I’m going to take artificial general intelligence (AGI) to mean an AI system that matches or exceeds humans at almost all (95%+) economically valuable work. I prefer this definition because it focuses on what causes the most societal change, rather than how we get there.",http://www.alexirpan.com/2020/08/18/ai-timelines.html,2020,blogPost,"Irpan, Alex",Sorta Insightful,1556
-Goal Inference Improves Objective and Perceived Performance in Human-Robot Collaboration,"The study of human-robot interaction is fundamental to the design and use of robotics in real-world applications. Robots will need to predict and adapt to the actions of human collaborators in order to achieve good performance and improve safety and end-user adoption. This paper evaluates a human-robot collaboration scheme that combines the task allocation and motion levels of reasoning: the robotic agent uses Bayesian inference to predict the next goal of its human partner from his or her ongoing motion, and re-plans its own actions in real time. This anticipative adaptation is desirable in many practical scenarios, where humans are unable or unwilling to take on the cognitive overhead required to explicitly communicate their intent to the robot. A behavioral experiment indicates that the combination of goal inference and dynamic task planning significantly improves both objective and perceived performance of the human-robot team. Participants were highly sensitive to the differences between robot behaviors, preferring to work with a robot that adapted to their actions over one that did not.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.01780,2018,conferencePaper,"Liu, Chang; Hamrick, Jessica B.; Fisac, Jaime F.; Dragan, Anca D.; Hedrick, J. Karl; Sastry, S. Shankar; Griffiths, Thomas L.",Proceedings of the 15th International Conferenceon Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2016),1557
-Modeling the social dynamics of moral enhancement: Social strategies sold over the counter and the stability of society,,,2017,journalArticle,"Sandberg, Anders; Fabiano, Joao",Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics,1558
-An Agent-Based Model of Financial Benchmark Manipulation,,https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10105527-agent-based-model-financial-benchmark-manipulation,2019,conferencePaper,"Shearer, Megan; Rauterberg, Gabriel; Wellman, Michael P.",ICML-19 Workshop on AI in Finance,1559
-The new weapons of mass destruction?,,,2018,magazineArticle,"Arkin, Ronald; Russell, Stuart; Min-Seok, Kim",The Security Times,1560
-"Cause, responsibility and blame: a structural-model approach",,https://academic.oup.com/lpr/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/lpr/mgu020,2015,journalArticle,"Halpern, J. Y.","Law, Probability and Risk",1561
-Artificial General Intelligence: Coordination & Great Powers,,,2018,journalArticle,"Duettmann, Allison; Afanasjeva, Olga; Armstrong, Stuart; Braley, Ryan; Cussins, Jessica; Ding, Jeffrey; Eckersley, Peter; Guan, Melody; Vance, Alyssa; Yampolskiy, Roman","Foresight Institute: Palo Alto, CA, USA",1562
-Concrete Problems in AI Safety,"Rapid progress in machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) has brought increasing attention to the potential impacts of AI technologies on society. In this paper we discuss one such potential impact: the problem of accidents in machine learning systems, defined as unintended and harmful behavior that may emerge from poor design of real-world AI systems. We present a list of five practical research problems related to accident risk, categorized according to whether the problem originates from having the wrong objective function (""avoiding side effects"" and ""avoiding reward hacking""), an objective function that is too expensive to evaluate frequently (""scalable supervision""), or undesirable behavior during the learning process (""safe exploration"" and ""distributional shift""). We review previous work in these areas as well as suggesting research directions with a focus on relevance to cutting-edge AI systems. Finally, we consider the high-level question of how to think most productively about the safety of forward-looking applications of AI.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.06565,2016,manuscript,"Amodei, Dario; Olah, Chris; Steinhardt, Jacob; Christiano, Paul; Schulman, John; Mané, Dan",,1563
-Classification of global catastrophic risks connected with artificial intelligence,"A classification of the global catastrophic risks of AI is presented, along with a comprehensive list of previously identified risks. This classification allows the identification of several new risks. We show that at each level of AI’s intelligence power, separate types of possible catastrophes dominate. Our classification demonstrates that the field of AI risks is diverse, and includes many scenarios beyond the commonly discussed cases of a paperclip maximizer or robot-caused unemployment. Global catastrophic failure could happen at various levels of AI development, namely, (1) before it starts self-improvement, (2) during its takeoff, when it uses various instruments to escape its initial confinement, or (3) after it successfully takes over the world and starts to implement its goal system, which could be plainly unaligned, or feature-flawed friendliness. AI could also halt at later stages of its development either due to technical glitches or ontological problems. Overall, we identified around several dozen scenarios of AI-driven global catastrophe. The extent of this list illustrates that there is no one simple solution to the problem of AI safety, and that AI safety theory is complex and must be customized for each AI development level.",https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s00146-018-0845-5,2020,journalArticle,"Turchin, Alexey; Denkenberger, David",AI & Society,1564
-Exploring artificial intelligence futures,"Artificial intelligence technologies are receiving high levels of attention and ‘hype’, leading to a range of speculation about futures in which such technologies, and their successors, are commonly deployed. By looking at existing AI futures work, this paper surveys, and offers an initial categorisation of, several of the tools available for such futures-exploration, in particular those available to humanities scholars, and discusses some of the benefits and limitations of each. While no tools exist to reliably predict the future of artificial intelligence, several tools can help us expand our range of possible futures in order to reduce unexpected surprises, and to create common languages and models that enable constructive conversations about the kinds of futures we would like to occupy or avoid. The paper points at several tools as particularly promising and currently neglected, calling for more work in data-driven, realistic, integrative, and participatory scenario role-plays.",http://kiss.kstudy.com/journal/thesis_name.asp?key=3706902,2018,journalArticle,"Shahar, Avin",Journal of AI Humanities,1565
-The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity,"This urgent and eye-opening book makes the case that protecting humanity's future is the central challenge of our time. If all goes well, human history is just beginning. Our species could survive for billions of years - enough time to end disease, poverty, and injustice, and to flourish in ways unimaginable today. But this vast future is at risk. With the advent of nuclear weapons, humanity entered a new age, where we face existential catastrophes - those from which we could never come back. Since then, these dangers have only multiplied, from climate change to engineered pathogens and artificial intelligence. If we do not act fast to reach a place of safety, it will soon be too late. Drawing on over a decade of research, The Precipice explores the cutting-edge science behind the risks we face. It puts them in the context of the greater story of humanity: showing how ending these risks is among the most pressing moral issues of our time. And it points the way forward, to the actions and strategies that can safeguard humanity. An Oxford philosopher committed to putting ideas into action, Toby Ord has advised the US National Intelligence Council, the UK Prime Minister's Office, and the World Bank on the biggest questions facing humanity. In The Precipice, he offers a startling reassessment of human history, the future we are failing to protect, and the steps we must take to ensure that our generation is not the last.",,2020,book,"Ord, Toby",,1566
-Prediction and Control with Temporal Segment Models,"We introduce a method for learning the dynamics of complex nonlinear systems based on deep generative models over temporal segments of states and actions. Unlike dynamics models that operate over individual discrete timesteps, we learn the distribution over future state trajectories conditioned on past state, past action, and planned future action trajectories, as well as a latent prior over action trajectories. Our approach is based on convolutional autoregressive models and variational autoencoders. It makes stable and accurate predictions over long horizons for complex, stochastic systems, effectively expressing uncertainty and modeling the effects of collisions, sensory noise, and action delays. The learned dynamics model and action prior can be used for end-to-end, fully differentiable trajectory optimization and model-based policy optimization, which we use to evaluate the performance and sample-efficiency of our method.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.04070v2,2017,conferencePaper,"Mishra, Nikhil; Abbeel, Pieter; Mordatch, Igor",ICML 2017,1567
-"On the referendum #31: Project Maven, procurement, lollapalooza results & nuclear/AGI safety","‘People, ideas, machines — in that order!’ Colonel Boyd ‘[R]ational systems exhibit universal drives towards self-protection, resource acquisition, replication and efficienc…",https://dominiccummings.com/2019/03/01/on-the-referendum-31-project-maven-procurement-lollapalooza-results-nuclear-agi-safety/,2019,blogPost,"Cummings, Dominic",Dominic Cummings's Blog,1568
-The Future of AI and Cybersecurity,"Ben Buchanan recently testified at a House Homeland Security Subcommittee Meeting on Preparing for the Future: An Assessment of Emerging Cyber Threats. He is a Senior Faculty Fellow, Center for Security and Emerging Technology, Mortara Center, Assistant Teaching Professor, Georgetown University. Cybersecurity, already rife with challenges, is becoming even more complex with the rise in prominence of artificial intelligence … Continue reading ""The Future of AI and Cybersecurity""",https://www.thecipherbrief.com/column_article/the-future-of-ai-and-cybersecurity,2019,blogPost,"Buchanan, Ben",The Cipher Brief,1569
-Genetically Modified Organisms: A Precautionary Tale For AI Governance | AI Pulse,"The fruits of a long anticipated technology finally hit the market, with promise to extend human life, revolutionize production, improve consumer welfare, reduce poverty, and inspire countless yet-imagined innovations.",https://aipulse.org/genetically-modified-organisms-a-precautionary-tale-for-ai-governance-2/,2019,blogPost,"Grotto, Andrew",AI Pulse,1570
-Self-Imitation Learning,"This paper proposes Self-Imitation Learning (SIL), a simple off-policy actor-critic algorithm that learns to reproduce the agent's past good decisions. This algorithm is designed to verify our hypothesis that exploiting past good experiences can indirectly drive deep exploration. Our empirical results show that SIL significantly improves advantage actor-critic (A2C) on several hard exploration Atari games and is competitive to the state-of-the-art count-based exploration methods. We also show that SIL improves proximal policy optimization (PPO) on MuJoCo tasks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.05635,2018,conferencePaper,"Oh, Junhyuk; Guo, Yijie; Singh, Satinder; Lee, Honglak",Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning,1571
-SOLAR: Deep Structured Representations for Model-Based Reinforcement Learning,"Model-based reinforcement learning (RL) has proven to be a data efficient approach for learning control tasks but is difficult to utilize in domains with complex observations such as images. In this paper, we present a method for learning representations that are suitable for iterative model-based policy improvement, even when the underlying dynamical system has complex dynamics and image observations, in that these representations are optimized for inferring simple dynamics and cost models given data from the current policy. This enables a model-based RL method based on the linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) to be used for systems with image observations. We evaluate our approach on a range of robotics tasks, including manipulation with a real-world robotic arm directly from images. We find that our method produces substantially better final performance than other model-based RL methods while being significantly more efficient than model-free RL.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.09105,2019,conferencePaper,"Zhang, Marvin; Vikram, Sharad; Smith, Laura; Abbeel, Pieter; Johnson, Matthew J.; Levine, Sergey",Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning,1572
-Embedded vs. External Decision Problems,,https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/br7KRSeNymwSvZnf5/embedded-vs-external-decision-problems,2020,blogPost,"Leong, Chris",AI Alignment Forum,1573
-“Betting on the Past” by Arif Ahmed,"[This post assumes knowledge of decision theory, as discussed in Eliezer Yudkowsky’s Timeless Decision Theory and in Arbital’s Introduction to Logical Decision Theory.] I recently discovered an int…",https://casparoesterheld.com/2017/02/06/betting-on-the-past-by-arif-ahmed/,2017,blogPost,"Treutlein, Johannes",The Universe from an Intentional Stance,1574
-Adversarial Attacks on Neural Network Policies,"Machine learning classifiers are known to be vulnerable to inputs maliciously constructed by adversaries to force misclassification. Such adversarial examples have been extensively studied in the context of computer vision applications. In this work, we show adversarial attacks are also effective when targeting neural network policies in reinforcement learning. Specifically, we show existing adversarial example crafting techniques can be used to significantly degrade test-time performance of trained policies. Our threat model considers adversaries capable of introducing small perturbations to the raw input of the policy. We characterize the degree of vulnerability across tasks and training algorithms, for a subclass of adversarial-example attacks in white-box and black-box settings. Regardless of the learned task or training algorithm, we observe a significant drop in performance, even with small adversarial perturbations that do not interfere with human perception. Videos are available at http://rll.berkeley.edu/adversarial.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.02284v1,2017,manuscript,"Huang, Sandy; Papernot, Nicolas; Goodfellow, Ian; Duan, Yan; Abbeel, Pieter",,1575
-Robust Physical-World Attacks on Deep Learning Models,"Recent studies show that the state-of-the-art deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to adversarial examples, resulting from small-magnitude perturbations added to the input. Given that that emerging physical systems are using DNNs in safety-critical situations, adversarial examples could mislead these systems and cause dangerous situations.Therefore, understanding adversarial examples in the physical world is an important step towards developing resilient learning algorithms. We propose a general attack algorithm,Robust Physical Perturbations (RP2), to generate robust visual adversarial perturbations under different physical conditions. Using the real-world case of road sign classification, we show that adversarial examples generated using RP2 achieve high targeted misclassification rates against standard-architecture road sign classifiers in the physical world under various environmental conditions, including viewpoints. Due to the current lack of a standardized testing method, we propose a two-stage evaluation methodology for robust physical adversarial examples consisting of lab and field tests. Using this methodology, we evaluate the efficacy of physical adversarial manipulations on real objects. Witha perturbation in the form of only black and white stickers,we attack a real stop sign, causing targeted misclassification in 100% of the images obtained in lab settings, and in 84.8%of the captured video frames obtained on a moving vehicle(field test) for the target classifier.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.08945,2018,conferencePaper,"Eykholt, Kevin; Evtimov, Ivan; Fernandes, Earlence; Li, Bo; Rahmati, Amir; Xiao, Chaowei; Prakash, Atul; Kohno, Tadayoshi; Song, Dawn",Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR),1576
-Negotiable Reinforcement Learning for Pareto Optimal Sequential Decision-Making,,http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7721-negotiable-reinforcement-learning-for-pareto-optimal-sequential-decision-making.pdf,2018,bookSection,"Desai, Nishant; Critch, Andrew; Russell, Stuart J",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31,1577
-Diminishing Returns and Recursive Self Improving Artificial Intelligence,"SummaryIn this chapter we will examine in more detail the concept of an artificial intelligence that can improve upon itself, and show how that might not be as problematic as some researchers think. The ability for an AI to better itself over time through a process called recursive self-improvement has been considered as a promising path to creating the technological singularity. In this type of system an AI has access to its own source code and possibly even hardware, with the ability to edit both at will. This gives the AI the option to constantly improve upon itself and become increasingly intelligent. Eventually this would produce versions of the AI that are more intelligent than humans and cause us to reach the technological singularity. Researchers have speculated that this process could create an extremely dangerous situation for humanity as we get left behind in a growing intelligence gap. This chapter proposes that this gap would not be as drastic as initially thought, and that there may be natural limits on the ability for an AI to improve upon itself. Along the way we will propose that the law of diminishing returns will take effect to limit runaway intelligence. We also theorize that developing and manufacturing new hardware will introduce a latency in AI improvement that could easily be exploited to halt any dangerous situation.",https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54033-6_7,2017,bookSection,"Majot, Andrew; Yampolskiy, Roman",The Technological Singularity: Managing the Journey,1578
-CEB Improves Model Robustness,"We demonstrate that the Conditional Entropy Bottleneck (CEB) can improve model robustness. CEB is an easy strategy to implement and works in tandem with data augmentation procedures. We report results of a large scale adversarial robustness study on CIFAR-10, as well as the ImageNet-C Common Corruptions Benchmark, ImageNet-A, and PGD attacks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.05380,2020,journalArticle,"Fischer, Ian; Alemi, Alexander A.",Entropy,1579
-AI governance: a research agenda,,https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/GovAI-Agenda.pdf,2018,report,"Dafoe, Allan",,1580
-Inaccessible information,What kind of information might be hard to elicit from ML models?,https://ai-alignment.com/inaccessible-information-c749c6a88ce,2020,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),1581
-Alignment As A Bottleneck To Usefulness Of GPT-3,"So there’s this thing where GPT-3 is able to do addition, it has the internal model to do addition, but it takes a little poking and prodding to actually get it to do addition. “Few-shot learning”, as the paper calls it. Rather than prompting the model with Q: What is 48 + 76? A: … instead prompt it with Q: What is 48 + 76? A: 124 Q: What is 34 + 53? A: 87 Q: What is 29 + 86? A: The same applies to lots of other tasks: arithmetic, anagrams and spelling correction, translation, assorted benchmarks, etc. To get GPT-3 to do the thing we want, it helps to give it a few examples, so it can “figure out what we’re asking for”. This is an alignment problem. Indeed, I think of it as the quintessential alignment problem: to translate what-a-human-wants into a specification usable by an AI. The hard part is not to build a system which can do the thing we want, the hard part is to specify the thing we want in such a way that the system actually does it. The GPT family of models are trained to mimic human writing. So the prototypical “alignment problem” on GPT is prompt design: write a prompt such that actual human writing which started with that prompt would likely contain the thing you actually want. Assuming that GPT has a sufficiently powerful and accurate model of human writing, it should then generate the thing you want. Viewed through that frame, “few-shot learning” just designs a prompt by listing some examples of what we want - e.g. listing some addition problems and their answers. Call me picky, but that seems like a rather primitive way to design a prompt. Surely we can do better? Indeed, people are already noticing clever ways to get better results out of GPT-3 - e.g. TurnTrout recommends conditioning on writing by smart people, and the right prompt makes the system complain about nonsense rather than generating further nonsense in response. I expect we’ll see many such insights over the next month or so. CAPABILITIES VS ALIGNMENT AS BOTTLENECK TO VALUE I",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/BnDF5kejzQLqd5cjH/alignment-as-a-bottleneck-to-usefulness-of-gpt-3,2020,blogPost,"Wentworth, John S",AI Alignment Forum,1582
-Introduction—The Transhumanist FAQ: A General Introduction,,,2014,bookSection,"Bostrom, Nick",Transhumanism and the Body,1583
-Off-policy Monte Carlo agents with variable behaviour policies,"This paper looks at the convergence property of off-policy Monte Carlo agents with variable behaviour policies. It presents results about convergence and lack of convergence. Even if the agent generates every possible episode history infinitely often, the algorithm can fail to converge on the correct Q-values. On the other hand, it can converge on the correct Q-values under certain conditions. For instance, if, during the n-th episode, the agent has an independent probability of 1/ log(n) of following the original policy at any given state, then it will converge on the right Q-values for that policy.",https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/monte_carlo_arXiv.pdf,2015,manuscript,"Armstrong, Stuart",,1584
-Unethical Research: How to Create a Malevolent Artificial Intelligence,"Cybersecurity research involves publishing papers about malicious exploits as much as publishing information on how to design tools to protect cyber-infrastructure. It is this information exchange between ethical hackers and security experts, which results in a well-balanced cyber-ecosystem. In the blooming domain of AI Safety Engineering, hundreds of papers have been published on different proposals geared at the creation of a safe machine, yet nothing, to our knowledge, has been published on how to design a malevolent machine. Availability of such information would be of great value particularly to computer scientists, mathematicians, and others who have an interest in AI safety, and who are attempting to avoid the spontaneous emergence or the deliberate creation of a dangerous AI, which can negatively affect human activities and in the worst case cause the complete obliteration of the human species. This paper provides some general guidelines for the creation of a Malevolent Artificial Intelligence (MAI).",http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.02817,2016,bookSection,"Pistono, Federico; Yampolskiy, Roman V.",The Age of Artificial Intelligence: An Exploration,1585
-Beyond Near- and Long-Term: Towards a Clearer Account of Research Priorities in AI Ethics and Society,"One way of carving up the broad ‘AI ethics and society’ research space that has emerged in recent years is to distinguish between ‘near-term’ and ‘long-term’ research. While such ways of breaking down the research space can be useful, we put forward several concerns about the near/long-term distinction gaining too much prominence in how research questions and priorities are framed. We highlight some ambiguities and inconsistencies in how the distinction is used, and argue that while there are differing priorities within this broad research community, these differences are not well-captured by the near/long-term distinction. We unpack the near/long-term distinction into four different dimensions, and propose some ways that researchers can communicate more clearly about their work and priorities using these dimensions. We suggest that moving towards a more nuanced conversation about research priorities can help establish new opportunities for collaboration, aid the development of more consistent and coherent research agendas, and enable identification of previously neglected research areas.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.04335,2020,conferencePaper,"Prunkl, Carina; Whittlestone, Jess",arXiv:2001.04335 [cs],1586
-Humans learn too: Better Human-AI Interaction using Optimized Human Inputs,"Humans rely more and more on systems with AI components. The AI community typically treats human inputs as a given and optimizes AI models only. This thinking is one-sided and it neglects the fact that humans can learn, too. In this work, human inputs are optimized for better interaction with an AI model while keeping the model fixed. The optimized inputs are accompanied by instructions on how to create them. They allow humans to save time and cut on errors, while keeping required changes to original inputs limited. We propose continuous and discrete optimization methods modifying samples in an iterative fashion. Our quantitative and qualitative evaluation including a human study on different hand-generated inputs shows that the generated proposals lead to lower error rates, require less effort to create and differ only modestly from the original samples.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.09266,2020,manuscript,"Schneider, Johannes",,1587
-Bayesian computational models for inferring preferences,,,2015,thesis,"Evans, Owain Rhys",,1588
-Modelling Morality with Prospective Logic,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-540-77002-2_9,2007,bookSection,"Pereira, Luís Moniz; Saptawijaya, Ari",Progress in Artificial Intelligence,1589
-Regularization and visualization of attention in reinforcement learning agents,,https://attentionentropy.github.io/,2019,blogPost,"Nikulin, Dmitry; Kosch, Sebastian; Steuer, Fabian; Cunningham, Hoagy",AI Safety Camp,1590
-The Ethical Knob: ethically-customisable automated vehicles and the law,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10506-017-9211-z,2017,journalArticle,"Contissa, Giuseppe; Lagioia, Francesca; Sartor, Giovanni",Artificial Intelligence and Law,1591
-"Counterfactual equivalence for POMDPs, and underlying deterministic environments",,https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.03737,2018,manuscript,"Armstrong, Stuart",,1592
-XXII. Programming a computer for playing chess,,http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786445008521796,1950,journalArticle,"Shannon, Claude E.","The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science",1593
-Learning an Interface to Improve Efficiency in Combined Task and Motion Planning,"In mobile manipulation planning, it is not uncommon for tasks to require thousands of individual motions. Planning complexity is exponential in the length of the plan, rendering direct motion planning intractable for many problems of interest. Recent work has focused on task and motion planning (TAMP) as a way to address this challenge. TAMP methods integrate logical search with continuous geometric reasoning in order to sequence several short-horizon motion plans that together solve a long-horizon task. To account for continuous parameters, many of these systems rely on handcoded discretizations of the domain. Such an approach lacks robustness and requires substantial design effort. In this paper, we present methods to improve the reliability and speed of planning in a TAMP system. The approach we build on first plans abstractly, ignoring continuous values, and then performs plan refinement to determine feasible parameter settings. We formulate plan refinement as a Markov decision process (MDP) and give a reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm to learn a policy for it. We also present initial work that learns which plan, from a set of potential candidates, to try to refine. Our contributions are as follows: 1) we present a randomized local search algorithm for plan refinement that is easily formulated as an MDP; 2) we give an RL algorithm that learns a policy for this MDP; 3) we present a method that trains heuristics for selecting which plan to try to refine; and 4) we perform experiments to evaluate the performance of our system in a variety of simulated domains. We show improvements in success rate and planning time over a hand-coded baseline.",,2015,conferencePaper,"Chitnis, Rohan; Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Srivastava, Siddharth; Gupta, Abhishek; Abbeel, Pieter",,1594
-Can Intelligence Explode?,"The technological singularity refers to a hypothetical scenario in which technological advances virtually explode. The most popular scenario is the creation of super-intelligent algorithms that recursively create ever higher intelligences. It took many decades for these ideas to spread from science fiction to popular science magazines and finally to attract the attention of serious philosophers. David Chalmers' (JCS 2010) article is the first comprehensive philosophical analysis of the singularity in a respected philosophy journal. The motivation of my article is to augment Chalmers' and to discuss some issues not addressed by him, in particular what it could mean for intelligence to explode. In this course, I will (have to) provide a more careful treatment of what intelligence actually is, separate speed from intelligence explosion, compare what super-intelligent participants and classical human observers might experience and do, discuss immediate implications for the diversity and value of life, consider possible bounds on intelligence, and contemplate intelligences right at the singularity.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1202.6177,2012,journalArticle,"Hutter, Marcus",Journal of Consciousness Studies,1595
-Minimizing global catastrophic and existential risks from emerging technologies through international law,,,2013,journalArticle,"Wilson, Grant",Va. Envtl. LJ,1596
-AI safety via debate,"To make AI systems broadly useful for challenging real-world tasks, we need them to learn complex human goals and preferences. One approach to specifying complex goals asks humans to judge during training which agent behaviors are safe and useful, but this approach can fail if the task is too complicated for a human to directly judge. To help address this concern, we propose training agents via self play on a zero sum debate game. Given a question or proposed action, two agents take turns making short statements up to a limit, then a human judges which of the agents gave the most true, useful information. In an analogy to complexity theory, debate with optimal play can answer any question in PSPACE given polynomial time judges (direct judging answers only NP questions). In practice, whether debate works involves empirical questions about humans and the tasks we want AIs to perform, plus theoretical questions about the meaning of AI alignment. We report results on an initial MNIST experiment where agents compete to convince a sparse classifier, boosting the classifier's accuracy from 59.4% to 88.9% given 6 pixels and from 48.2% to 85.2% given 4 pixels. Finally, we discuss theoretical and practical aspects of the debate model, focusing on potential weaknesses as the model scales up, and we propose future human and computer experiments to test these properties.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.00899,2018,manuscript,"Irving, Geoffrey; Christiano, Paul; Amodei, Dario",,1597
-About Understanding,"The concept of understanding is commonly used in everyday communications, and seems to lie at the heart of human intelligence. However, no concrete theory of understanding has been fielded as of yet in artificial intelligence (AI), and references on this subject are far from abundant in the research literature. We contend that the ability of an artificial system to autonomously deepen its understanding of phenomena in its surroundings must be part of any system design targeting general intelligence. We present a theory of pragmatic understanding, discuss its implications for architectural design and analyze the behavior of an intelligent agent implementing the theory. Our agent learns to understand how to perform multimodal dialogue with humans through observation, becoming capable of constructing sentences with complex grammar, generating proper question-answer patterns, correctly resolving and generating anaphora with coordinated deictic gestures, producing efficient turntaking, and following the structure of interviews, without any information on this being provided up front.",http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-41649-6_11,2016,conferencePaper,"Thórisson, Kristinn R.",Artificial General Intelligence,1598
-Toward a Rational and Mechanistic Account of Mental Effort,,http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031526,2017,journalArticle,"Shenhav, Amitai; Musslick, Sebastian; Lieder, Falk; Kool, Wouter; Griffiths, Thomas L.; Cohen, Jonathan D.; Botvinick, Matthew M.",Annual Review of Neuroscience,1599
-Image Augmentation Is All You Need: Regularizing Deep Reinforcement Learning from Pixels,"We propose a simple data augmentation technique that can be applied to standard model-free reinforcement learning algorithms, enabling robust learning directly from pixels without the need for auxiliary losses or pre-training. The approach leverages input perturbations commonly used in computer vision tasks to transform input examples, as well as regularizing the value function and policy. Existing model-free approaches, such as Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) [22], are not able to train deep networks effectively from image pixels. However, the addition of our augmentation method dramatically improves SAC’s performance, enabling it to reach state-of-the-art performance on the DeepMind control suite, surpassing model-based [23, 38, 24] methods and recently proposed contrastive learning [50]. Our approach, which we dub DrQ: Data-regularized Q, can be combined with any model-free reinforcement learning algorithm. We further demonstrate this by applying it to DQN [43] and significantly improve its data-efficiency on the Atari 100k [31] benchmark. An implementation can be found at https://sites. google.com/view/data-regularized-q.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.13649,2020,manuscript,"Kostrikov, Ilya; Yarats, Denis; Fergus, Rob",,1600
-Combining Deep Reinforcement Learning and Search for Imperfect-Information Games,"The combination of deep reinforcement learning and search at both training and test time is a powerful paradigm that has led to a number of a successes in single-agent settings and perfect-information games, best exemplified by the success of AlphaZero. However, algorithms of this form have been unable to cope with imperfect-information games. This paper presents ReBeL, a general framework for self-play reinforcement learning and search for imperfect-information games. In the simpler setting of perfect-information games, ReBeL reduces to an algorithm similar to AlphaZero. Results show ReBeL leads to low exploitability in benchmark imperfect-information games and achieves superhuman performance in heads-up no-limit Texas hold'em poker, while using far less domain knowledge than any prior poker AI. We also prove that ReBeL converges to a Nash equilibrium in two-player zero-sum games in tabular settings.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.13544,2020,conferencePaper,"Brown, Noam; Bakhtin, Anton; Lerer, Adam; Gong, Qucheng",34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2020),1601
-How valuable is movement growth?,,http://globalprioritiesproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/MovementGrowth.pdf,2015,report,"Cotton-Barratt, Owen",,1602
-The ground of optimization,"This work was supported by OAK, a monastic community in the Berkeley hills. This document could not have been written without the daily love of living in this beautiful community. The work involved in writing this cannot be separated from the sitting, chanting, cooking, cleaning, crying, correcting, fundraising, listening, laughing, and teaching of the whole community. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- What is optimization? What is the relationship between a computational optimization process — say, a computer program solving an optimization problem — and a physical optimization process — say, a team of humans building a house? We propose the concept of an optimizing system as a physically closed system containing both that which is being optimized and that which is doing the optimizing, and defined by a tendency to evolve from a broad basin of attraction towards a small set of target configurations despite perturbations to the system. We compare our definition to that proposed by Yudkowsky, and place our work in the context of work by Demski and Garrabrant’s Embedded Agency, and Drexler’s Comprehensive AI Services. We show that our definition resolves difficult cases proposed by Daniel Filan. We work through numerous examples of biological, computational, and simple physical systems showing how our definition relates to each. INTRODUCTION In the field of computer science, an optimization algorithm is a computer program that outputs the solution, or an approximation thereof, to an optimization problem. An optimization problem consists of an objective function to be maximized or minimized, and a feasible region within which to search for a solution. For example we might take the objective function (x2−2)2 as a minimization problem and the whole real number line as the feasible region. The solution then would be x=√2 and a working optimization algorithm for this problem is one that outputs a close approximation to th",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/znfkdCoHMANwqc2WE/the-ground-of-optimization-1,2020,blogPost,"Flint, Alex",AI Alignment Forum,1603
-Parametric Bounded Löb's Theorem and Robust Cooperation of Bounded Agents,"Löb's theorem and Gödel's theorems make predictions about the behavior of systems capable of self-reference with unbounded computational resources with which to write and evaluate proofs. However, in the real world, systems capable of self-reference will have limited memory and processing speed, so in this paper we introduce an effective version of L\""ob's theorem which is applicable given such bounded resources. These results have powerful implications for the game theory of bounded agents who are able to write proofs about themselves and one another, including the capacity to out-perform classical Nash equilibria and correlated equilibria, attaining mutually cooperative program equilibrium in the Prisoner's Dilemma. Previous cooperative program equilibria studied by Tennenholtz (2004) and Fortnow (2009) have depended on tests for program equality, a fragile condition, whereas ""L\""obian"" cooperation is much more robust and agnostic of the opponent's implementation.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1602.04184,2016,manuscript,"Critch, Andrew",,1604
-Expert-augmented actor-critic for ViZDoom and Montezumas Revenge,"We propose an expert-augmented actor-critic algorithm, which we evaluate on two environments with sparse rewards: Montezumas Revenge and a demanding maze from the ViZDoom suite. In the case of Montezumas Revenge, an agent trained with our method achieves very good results consistently scoring above 27,000 points (in many experiments beating the first world). With an appropriate choice of hyperparameters, our algorithm surpasses the performance of the expert data. In a number of experiments, we have observed an unreported bug in Montezumas Revenge which allowed the agent to score more than 800,000 points.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.03447,2018,manuscript,"Garmulewicz, Michał; Michalewski, Henryk; Miłoś, Piotr",,1605
-Symmetric Decomposition of Asymmetric Games,,http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-19194-4,2018,journalArticle,"Tuyls, Karl; Pérolat, Julien; Lanctot, Marc; Ostrovski, Georg; Savani, Rahul; Leibo, Joel Z; Ord, Toby; Graepel, Thore; Legg, Shane",Scientific Reports,1606
-Moral Anti-Realism Sequence #5: Metaethical Fanaticism (Dialogue),"This is the fifth post in my sequence on moral anti-realism. I tried to provide enough background in the “Context” section so readers who are new to this sequence can enjoy it as a standalone piece. CONTEXT There are two different types of moral realism, versions based on irreducible normativity (“moral non-naturalism”), and naturalist versions of moral realism. Very crudely, the difference is that irreducible normativity is usually considered to have the deeper ramifications if it were true (there are exceptions; see “#1: What Is Moral Realism?” for a detailed discussion). The dialogue below, as well as my previous posts in this sequence, have therefore focused primarily on versions of moral realism based on irreducible normativity. Readers looking for arguments against irreducible normativity could read the preceding posts, “#2: Why Realists and Anti-Realists Disagree” and “#3: Against Irreducible Normativity.” The dialogue below contains short versions of some of my main arguments. However, I didn’t intend it to be a further argument against irreducible normativity. Instead, I wrote this dialogue to call into question that even if things increasingly started to look as though irreducible normativity were false, we should still act as though it applies. In my previous post “#4: Why the Moral Realism Wager Fails,” I voiced skepticism about a general wager in favor of pursuing irreducible normativity. Still, I conceded that such a wager could apply in the case of certain individuals. I coined the term metaethical fanaticism to refer to the stance of locking in the pursuit of irreducible normativity as a life goal. In the dialogue below, I describe a world in which we gain ever higher degrees of confidence in the falsity (or meaninglessness) of irreducible normativity. Metaethical fanaticism would imply that even in that world, one would continue with (increasingly desperate) attempts to make irreducible normativity work anyway. I aimed to visualize these implica",https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/BYjj4WdrxgPJxMre9/moral-anti-realism-sequence-5-metaethical-fanaticism,2020,blogPost,"Gloor, Lukas",Effective Altruism Forum,1607
-Moral Anti-Realism Sequence #1: What Is Moral Realism?,"Last update: 7/7/2020. This is the first post in my sequence on moral anti-realism. INTRODUCTION To start off this sequence, I want to give a short description of moral realism; I’ll be arguing against moral realism in later posts, and I want to clearly explain what it is I’m arguing against. When I’m arguing against moral realism, I will deliberately set aside some moral realist views and focus on those forms of moral realism that I find most relevant – in the sense that the “relevant” versions, if correct, would be the most relevant to effective altruism and to people’s lives in general. I will call these versions of moral realism strong moral realism. Thus, I don’t claim that all versions of moral realism discussed in the academic literature are mistaken. The goal of this introductory post is threefold: 1. to give a quick overview of metaethics[1] and different versions of moral realism 2. to explain why I find many of these versions of moral realism only modestly relevant to ethical practice 3. to outline what I take to be strong moral realism OVERVIEW AND SUMMARY Two definitions of moral realism * Moral realism has two common definitions: the semantic definition and the ontological one. I contrast these to illustrate how moral claims can be discussed at a linguistic level (“What do people mean when they make moral claims?” and a substantive level (“Given the objectivist assumption that moral claims refer to a speaker-independent moral reality, are they sometimes true?”). Positions that are sometimes referred to as ‘moral realism’ are not always consequential (i.e., their truth or falsity does not have action-guiding implications for effective altruism). Sidenote: Subjectivism and intersubjectivism * Subjectivism and intersubjectivism are usually not counted as moral realist positions. I discuss them mainly for the sake of completeness and because I think they are fruitful frameworks to think about morality. Obje",https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/TwJb75GtbD4LvGiku/moral-anti-realism-sequence-1-what-is-moral-realism,2020,blogPost,"Gloor, Lukas",Effective Altruism Forum,1608
-"Suffering-focused AI safety: Why ""fail-safe'"" measures might be our top intervention","AI-safety efforts focused on suffering reduction should place particular emphasis on avoiding risks of astronomical disvalue. Among the cases where uncontrolled AI destroys humanity, outcomes might still differ enormously in the amounts of suffering produced. Rather than concentrating all our efforts on a specific future we would like to bring about, we should identify futures we least want to bring about and work on ways to steer AI trajectories around these. In particular, a “fail-safe”1 approach to AI safety is especially promising because avoiding very bad outcomes might be much easier than making sure we get everything right. This is also a neglected cause despite there being a broad consensus among different moral views that avoiding the creation of vast amounts of suffering in our future is an ethical priority.",,2016,manuscript,"Gloor, Lukas",,1609
-Toward negotiable reinforcement learning: shifting priorities in Pareto optimal sequential decision-making,"Existing multi-objective reinforcement learning (MORL) algorithms do not account for objectives that arise from players with differing beliefs. Concretely, consider two players with different beliefs and utility functions who may cooperate to build a machine that takes actions on their behalf. A representation is needed for how much the machine's policy will prioritize each player's interests over time. Assuming the players have reached common knowledge of their situation, this paper derives a recursion that any Pareto optimal policy must satisfy. Two qualitative observations can be made from the recursion: the machine must (1) use each player's own beliefs in evaluating how well an action will serve that player's utility function, and (2) shift the relative priority it assigns to each player's expected utilities over time, by a factor proportional to how well that player's beliefs predict the machine's inputs. Observation (2) represents a substantial divergence from na\""{i}ve linear utility aggregation (as in Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem, and existing MORL algorithms), which is shown here to be inadequate for Pareto optimal sequential decision-making on behalf of players with different beliefs.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1701.01302,2017,manuscript,"Critch, Andrew",,1610
-On the Foundations of Expected Expected Utility,"Intelligent agents often need to assess user utility functions in order to make decisions on their behalf, or predict their behavior. When uncertainty exists over the precise nature of this utility function, one can model this uncertainty using a distribution over utility functions. This view lies at the core of games with incomplete information and, more recently, several proposals for incremental preference elicitation. In such cases, decisions (or predicted behavior) are based on computing the expected expected utility (EEU) of decisions with respect to the distribution over utility functions. Unfortunately, decisions made under EEU are sensitive to the precise representation of the utility function. We examine the conditions under which EEU provides for sensible decisions by appeal to the foundational axioms of decision theory. We also discuss the impact these conditions have on the enterprise of preference elicitation more broadly.",,2003,conferencePaper,"Boutilier, Craig",,1611
-AI Timeline Surveys,"[This page is out of date and will be updated soon. It does not reflect all surveys known and documented by AI Impacts.] We know of thirteen surveys on the predicted timing of human-level AI. If we collapse a few slightly different meanings of 'human-level AI', then: Median estimates for when there will be a 10% chance of human-level AI are...",https://aiimpacts.org/ai-timeline-surveys/,2015,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,1612
-Global challenges: 12 risks that threaten human civilization,,,2015,journalArticle,"Pamlin, Dennis; Armstrong, Stuart","Global Challenges Foundation, Stockholm",1613
-Informal organizational networking as a crisis- avoidance strategy: US naval flight operations as a case study,,http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/108602668900300205,1989,journalArticle,"Rochlin, Gene I.",Industrial Crisis Quarterly,1614
-Domain Randomization for Transferring Deep Neural Networks from Simulation to the Real World,"Bridging the 'reality gap' that separates simulated robotics from experiments on hardware could accelerate robotic research through improved data availability. This paper explores domain randomization, a simple technique for training models on simulated images that transfer to real images by randomizing rendering in the simulator. With enough variability in the simulator, the real world may appear to the model as just another variation. We focus on the task of object localization, which is a stepping stone to general robotic manipulation skills. We find that it is possible to train a real-world object detector that is accurate to $1.5$cm and robust to distractors and partial occlusions using only data from a simulator with non-realistic random textures. To demonstrate the capabilities of our detectors, we show they can be used to perform grasping in a cluttered environment. To our knowledge, this is the first successful transfer of a deep neural network trained only on simulated RGB images (without pre-training on real images) to the real world for the purpose of robotic control.",https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8202133?casa_token=RtXV4bNeIQwAAAAA:RIdUZYp1nDkcCGsZA3PDaUvcwYqxggIXUkloOQjrNXNMw1oYzx2IDpziZNK59RYhZrBDcPkF,2017,conferencePaper,"Tobin, Josh; Fong, Rachel; Ray, Alex; Schneider, Jonas; Zaremba, Wojciech; Abbeel, Pieter",2017 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS),1615
-Techniques for optimizing worst-case performance,Optimizing neural networks for worst-case performance looks really hard. Here’s why I have hope.,https://ai-alignment.com/techniques-for-optimizing-worst-case-performance-39eafec74b99,2018,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),1616
-"The Control Problem. Excerpts from Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies",,,2016,journalArticle,"Bostrom, Nick",Science Fiction and Philosophy: From Time Travel to Superintelligence,1617
-What the Baldwin Effect affects depends on the nature of plasticity,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010027719303397,2020,journalArticle,"Morgan, Thomas J.H.; Suchow, Jordan W.; Griffiths, Thomas L.",Cognition,1618
-State-only Imitation with Transition Dynamics Mismatch,"Imitation Learning (IL) is a popular paradigm for training agents to achieve complicated goals by leveraging expert behavior, rather than dealing with the hardships of designing a correct reward function. With the environment modeled as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), most of the existing IL algorithms are contingent on the availability of expert demonstrations in the same MDP as the one in which a new imitator policy is to be learned. This is uncharacteristic of many real-life scenarios where discrepancies between the expert and the imitator MDPs are common, especially in the transition dynamics function. Furthermore, obtaining expert actions may be costly or infeasible, making the recent trend towards state-only IL (where expert demonstrations constitute only states or observations) ever so promising. Building on recent adversarial imitation approaches that are motivated by the idea of divergence minimization, we present a new state-only IL algorithm in this paper. It divides the overall optimization objective into two subproblems by introducing an indirection step and solves the subproblems iteratively. We show that our algorithm is particularly effective when there is a transition dynamics mismatch between the expert and imitator MDPs, while the baseline IL methods suffer from performance degradation. To analyze this, we construct several interesting MDPs by modifying the configuration parameters for the MuJoCo locomotion tasks from OpenAI Gym.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11879,2020,manuscript,"Gangwani, Tanmay; Peng, Jian",,1619
-A Critique of Functional Decision Theory,"A Critique of Functional Decision Theory NB: My writing this note was prompted by Carl Shulman, who suggested we could try a low-time-commitment way of attempting to understanding the disagreement between some folks in the rationality community and academic decision theorists (including myself, though I’m not much of a decision theorist). Apologies that it’s sloppier than I’d usually aim for in a philosophy paper, and lacking in appropriate references. And, even though the paper is pretty negative about FDT, I want to emphasise that my writing this should be taken as a sign of respect for those involved in developing FDT. I’ll also caveat I’m unlikely to have time to engage in the comments; I thought it was better to get this out there all the same rather than delay publication further. 1. Introduction There’s a long-running issue where many in the rationality community take functional decision theory (and its variants) very seriously, but the academic decision theory community does not. But there’s been little public discussion of FDT from academic decision theorists (one exception is here); this note attempts to partly address this gap. So that there’s a clear object of discussion, I’m going to focus on Yudkowsky and Soares’ ‘Functional Decision Theory’ (which I’ll refer to as Y&S), though I also read a revised version of Soares and Levinstein’s Cheating Death in Damascus. This note is structured as follows. Section II describes causal decision theory (CDT), evidential decision theory (EDT) and functional decision theory (FDT). Sections III-VI describe problems for FDT: (i) that it sometimes makes bizarre recommendations, recommending an option that is certainly lower-utility than another option; (ii) that it fails to one-box in most instances of Newcomb’s problem, even though the correctness of one-boxing is supposed to be one of the guiding motivations for the theory; (iii) that it results in implausible discontinuities, where what is rational to do can d",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/ySLYSsNeFL5CoAQzN/a-critique-of-functional-decision-theory,2019,blogPost,"MacAskill, William",AI Alignment Forum,1620
-Sharing the World with Digital Minds,"The minds of biological creatures occupy a small corner of a much larger space of possible minds that could be created once we master the technology of artificial intelligence. Yet many of our moral intuitions and practices are based on assumptions about human nature that need not hold for digital minds. This points to the need for moral reflection as we approach the era of advanced machine intelligence. Here we focus on one set of issues, which arise from the prospect of digital “utility monsters”. These may be mass-produced minds with moral statuses and interests similar to those of human beings or other morally considerable animals, so that collectively their moral claims outweigh those of the incumbent populations. Alternatively it may become easy to create individual digital minds with much stronger individual interests and claims to resources than humans. Disrespecting these could produce a moral catastrophe of immense proportions, while a naive way of respecting them could be disastrous for humanity. A sensible approach requires reforms of our moral norms and institutions along with advance planning regarding what kinds of digital minds we bring into existence.",,2020,manuscript,"Shulman, Carl; Bostrom, Nick",,1621
-"Tiling Agents for Self-Modifying AI, and the Löbian Obstacle",,https://intelligence.org/files/TilingAgentsDraft.pdf,2013,manuscript,"Yudkowsky, Eliezer; Herreshoff, Marcello",,1622
-Finite Sample Complexity of Rare Pattern Anomaly Detection,"Anomaly detection is a fundamental problem for which a wide variety of algorithms have been developed. However, compared to supervised learning, there has been very little work aimed at understanding the sample complexity of anomaly detection. In this paper, we take a step in this direction by introducing a Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) framework for anomaly detection based on the identification of rare patterns. In analogy with the PAC framework for supervised learning, we develop sample complexity results that relate the complexity of the pattern space to the data requirements needed for PAC guarantees. We instantiate the general result for a number of pattern spaces, some of which are implicit in current state-of-the-art anomaly detectors. Finally, we design a new simple anomaly detection algorithm motivated by our analysis and show experimentally on several benchmark problems that it is competitive with a state-of-the-art detector using the same pattern space.",,2016,conferencePaper,"Siddiqui, Amran; Fern, Alan; Dietterich, Thomas G; Das, Shubhomoy",,1623
-Software Verification with ITPs Should Use Binary Code Extraction to Reduce the TCB: (Short Paper),,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-94821-8_21,2018,bookSection,"Kumar, Ramana; Mullen, Eric; Tatlock, Zachary; Myreen, Magnus O.",Interactive Theorem Proving,1624
-Information security careers for GCR reduction,"Update 2019-12-14: There is now a Facebook group for discussion of infosec careers in EA (including for GCR reduction); join here This post was written by Claire Zabel and Luke Muehlhauser, based on their experiences as Open Philanthropy Project staff members working on global catastrophic risk reduction, though this post isn't intended to represent an official position of Open Phil. SUMMARY In this post, we summarize why we think information security (preventing unauthorized users, such as hackers, from accessing or altering information) may be an impactful career path for some people who are focused on reducing global catastrophic risks (GCRs). If you'd like to hear about job opportunities in information security and global catastrophic risk, you can fill out this form created by 80,000 Hours, and their staff will get in touch with you if something might be a good fit. In brief, we think: * Information security (infosec) expertise may be crucial for addressing catastrophic risks related to AI and biosecurity. * More generally, security expertise may be useful for those attempting to reduce GCRs, because such work sometimes involves engaging with information that could do harm if misused. * We have thus far found it difficult to hire security professionals who aren't motivated by GCR reduction to work with us and some of our GCR-focused grantees, due to the high demand for security experts and the unconventional nature of our situation and that of some of our grantees. * More broadly, we expect there to continue to be a deficit of GCR-focused security expertise in AI and biosecurity, and that this deficit will result in several GCR-specific challenges and concerns being under-addressed by default. * It’s more likely than not that within 10 years, there will be dozens of GCR-focused roles in information security, and some organizations are already looking for candidates that fit their needs (and would hire them now, if they",https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/ZJiCfwTy5dC4CoxqA/information-security-careers-for-gcr-reduction,2019,blogPost,"Zabel, Claire; Muehlhauser, Luke",Effective Altruism Forum,1625
-An upper bound for the background rate of human extinction,"We evaluate the total probability of human extinction from naturally occurring processes. Such processes include risks that are well characterized such as asteroid impacts and supervolcanic eruptions, as well as risks that remain unknown. Using only the information that Homo sapiens has existed at least 200,000 years, we conclude that the probability that humanity goes extinct from natural causes in any given year is almost guaranteed to be less than one in 14,000, and likely to be less than one in 87,000. Using the longer track record of survival for our entire genus Homo produces even tighter bounds, with an annual probability of natural extinction likely below one in 870,000. These bounds are unlikely to be affected by possible survivorship bias in the data, and are consistent with mammalian extinction rates, typical hominin species lifespans, the frequency of well-characterized risks, and the frequency of mass extinctions. No similar guarantee can be made for risks that our ancestors did not face, such as anthropogenic climate change or nuclear/biological warfare.",https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47540-7,2019,journalArticle,"Snyder-Beattie, Andrew E.; Ord, Toby; Bonsall, Michael B.",Scientific Reports,1626
-Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences,"For sophisticated reinforcement learning (RL) systems to interact usefully with real-world environments, we need to communicate complex goals to these systems. In this work, we explore goals defined in terms of (non-expert) human preferences between pairs of trajectory segments. We show that this approach can effectively solve complex RL tasks without access to the reward function, including Atari games and simulated robot locomotion, while providing feedback on less than one percent of our agent's interactions with the environment. This reduces the cost of human oversight far enough that it can be practically applied to state-of-the-art RL systems. To demonstrate the flexibility of our approach, we show that we can successfully train complex novel behaviors with about an hour of human time. These behaviors and environments are considerably more complex than any that have been previously learned from human feedback.",https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2017/hash/d5e2c0adad503c91f91df240d0cd4e49-Abstract.html,2017,conferencePaper,"Christiano, Paul; Leike, Jan; Brown, Tom B.; Martic, Miljan; Legg, Shane; Amodei, Dario",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (NIPS 2017),1627
-Avoiding Tampering Incentives in Deep RL via Decoupled Approval,"How can we design agents that pursue a given objective when all feedback mechanisms are influenceable by the agent? Standard RL algorithms assume a secure reward function, and can thus perform poorly in settings where agents can tamper with the reward-generating mechanism. We present a principled solution to the problem of learning from influenceable feedback, which combines approval with a decoupled feedback collection procedure. For a natural class of corruption functions, decoupled approval algorithms have aligned incentives both at convergence and for their local updates. Empirically, they also scale to complex 3D environments where tampering is possible.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.08827,2020,manuscript,"Uesato, Jonathan; Kumar, Ramana; Krakovna, Victoria; Everitt, Tom; Ngo, Richard; Legg, Shane",,1628
-Factored Cognition,"Note: This post (originally published here) is the transcript of a presentation about a project worked on at the non-profit Ought. It is included in the sequence because it contains a very clear explanation of some of the key ideas behind iterated amplification. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The presentation below motivates our Factored Cognition project from an AI alignment angle and describes the state of our work as of May 2018. Andreas gave versions of this presentation at CHAI (4/25), a Deepmind-FHI seminar (5/24) and FHI (5/25). I'll talk about Factored Cognition, our current main project at Ought. This is joint work with Ozzie Gooen, Ben Rachbach, Andrew Schreiber, Ben Weinstein-Raun, and (as board members) Paul Christiano and Owain Evans. Before I get into the details of the project, I want to talk about the broader research program that it is part of. And to do that, I want to talk about research programs for AGI more generally. Right now, the dominant paradigm for researchers who explicitly work towards AGI is what you could call ""scalable learning and planning in complex environments"". This paradigm substantially relies on training agents in simulated physical environments to solve tasks that are similar to the sorts of tasks animals and humans can solve, sometimes in isolation and sometimes in competitive multi-agent settings. To be clear, not all tasks are physical tasks. There's also interest in more abstract environments as in the case of playing Go, proving theorems, or participating in goal-based dialog. For our purposes, the key characteristic of this research paradigm is that agents are optimized for success at particular tasks. To the extent that they learn particular decision-making strategies, those are learned implicitly. We only provide external supervision, and it wouldn't be entirely wrong to call this sort of approach ""recapitulating evolution"", even if this isn't exactly wha",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/DFkGStzvj3jgXibFG/factored-cognition,2018,blogPost,"Stuhlmueller, Andreas",LessWrong,1629
-Choice Set Misspecification in Reward Inference,"Specifying reward functions for robots that operate in environments without a natural reward signal can be challenging, and incorrectly specified rewards can incentivise degenerate or dangerous behavior. A promising alternative to manually specifying reward functions is to enable robots to infer them from human feedback, like demonstrations or corrections. To interpret this feedback, robots treat as approximately optimal a choice the person makes from a choice set, like the set of possible trajectories they could have demonstrated or possible corrections they could have made. In this work, we introduce the idea that the choice set itself might be difficult to specify, and analyze choice set misspecification: what happens as the robot makes incorrect assumptions about the set of choices from which the human selects their feedback. We propose a classification of different kinds of choice set misspecification, and show that these different classes lead to meaningful differences in the inferred reward and resulting performance. While we would normally expect misspecification to hurt, we find that certain kinds of misspecification are neither helpful nor harmful (in expectation). However, in other situations, misspecification can be extremely harmful, leading the robot to believe the opposite of what it should believe. We hope our results will allow for better prediction and response to the effects of misspecification in real-world reward inference.",http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2640/paper_14.pdf,2020,conferencePaper,"Freedman, Rachel; Shah, Rohin; Dragan, Anca",CEUR Workshop Proceedings,1630
-Revisiting the Insights model,,http://mediangroup.org/insights2.html,2019,blogPost,Median Group,Median Group,1631
-Addressing Sample Complexity in Visual Tasks Using Hindsight Experience Replay and Hallucinatory GANs,"Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms typically require millions of environment interactions to learn successful policies in sparse reward settings. Hindsight Experience Replay (HER) was introduced as a technique to increase sample efficiency by re-imagining unsuccessful trajectories as successful ones by changing the originally intended goals. However, HER cannot be directly applied to visual environments where goal states are characterized by the presence of distinct visual features. In this work, we show how visual trajectories can be hallucinated to appear successful by altering agent observations using a generative model trained on relatively few snapshots of the goal. We then use this model in combination with HER to train RL agents in visual settings. We validate our approach on 3D navigation tasks and a simulated robotics application and show marked improvement over standard RL algorithms and baselines derived from previous work.",,2019,conferencePaper,"Sahni, Himanshu; Buckley, Toby; Abbeel, Pieter; Kuzovkin, Ilya",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 (NeurIPS 2019),1632
-Learning the Arrow of Time for Problems in Reinforcement Learning,,,2019,conferencePaper,"Rahaman, Nasim; Wolf, Steffen; Goyal, Anirudh; Remme, Roman; Bengio, Yoshua",International Conference on Learning Representations,1633
-High Reliability and the Management of Critical Infrastructures,,http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.0966-0879.2004.01201003.x,2004,journalArticle,"Schulman, Paul; Roe, Emery; Eeten, Michel van; Bruijne, Mark de",Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management,1634
-Generating Multi-Agent Trajectories using Programmatic Weak Supervision,"We study the problem of training sequential generative models for capturing coordinated multi-agent trajectory behavior, such as offensive basketball gameplay. When modeling such settings, it is often beneficial to design hierarchical models that can capture long-term coordination using intermediate variables. Furthermore, these intermediate variables should capture interesting high-level behavioral semantics in an interpretable and manipulatable way. We present a hierarchical framework that can effectively learn such sequential generative models. Our approach is inspired by recent work on leveraging programmatically produced weak labels, which we extend to the spatiotemporal regime. In addition to synthetic settings, we show how to instantiate our framework to effectively model complex interactions between basketball players and generate realistic multi-agent trajectories of basketball gameplay over long time periods. We validate our approach using both quantitative and qualitative evaluations, including a user study comparison conducted with professional sports analysts.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.07612,2019,conferencePaper,"Zhan, Eric; Zheng, Stephan; Yue, Yisong; Sha, Long; Lucey, Patrick",Seventh International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR 2019),1635
-The Ingredients of Real World Robotic Reinforcement Learning,"Robots have been useful in environments that can be carefully controlled, such as those commonly found in industrial settings (e.g. assembly lines). However, in unstructured settings like the home, we need robotic systems that are adaptive to the diversity of the real world.",http://bair.berkeley.edu/blog/2020/04/27/ingredients/,2020,blogPost,"Gupta, Abhishek; Zhu, Henry; Yu, Justin; Kumar, Vikash; Shah, Dhruv; Levine, Sergey",The Berkeley Artificial Intelligence Research Blog,1636
-Probing the improbable: methodological challenges for risks with low probabilities and high stakes,"Some risks have extremely high stakes. For example, a worldwide pandemic or asteroid impact could potentially kill more than a billion people. Comfortingly, scientific calcultions often put very low probabilities on the occurrence of such catastrophes. In this paper, we argue that there are important new methodological problems which arise when assessing global catastrophic risks and we focus on a problem regarding probability estimation. When an expert provides a calculation of the probability of an outcome, they are really providing the probability of the outcome occurring, given that their argument is watertight. However, their argument may fail for a number of reasons, such as a flaw in the underlying theory, a flaw in the modelling of the problem or a mistake in the calculations. If the probability estimate given by an argument is dwarfed by the chance that the argument itself is flawed, then the estimate is suspect. We develop this idea formally, explaining how it differs from the related distinction between model and parameter uncertainty. Using the risk estimates from the Large Hadron Collider as a test case, we show how serious the problem can be when it comes to catastrophic risks and how best to address it.",https://doi.org/10.1080/13669870903126267,2010,journalArticle,"Ord, Toby; Hillerbrand, Rafaela; Sandberg, Anders",Journal of Risk Research,1637
-The Steering Problem,"Using black-box access to human-level cognitive abilities, can we write a program that is as useful as a well-motivated human?",https://ai-alignment.com/the-steering-problem-a3543e65c5c4,2015,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),1638
-Learning latent state representation for speeding up exploration,"Exploration is an extremely challenging problem in reinforcement learning, especially in high dimensional state and action spaces and when only sparse rewards are available. Effective representations can indicate which components of the state are task relevant and thus reduce the dimensionality of the space to explore. In this work, we take a representation learning viewpoint on exploration, utilizing prior experience to learn effective latent representations, which can subsequently indicate which regions to explore. Prior experience on separate but related tasks help learn representations of the state which are effective at predicting instantaneous rewards. These learned representations can then be used with an entropy-based exploration method to effectively perform exploration in high dimensional spaces by effectively lowering the dimensionality of the search space. We show the benefits of this representation for meta-exploration in a simulated object pushing environment.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12621,2019,conferencePaper,"Vezzani, Giulia; Gupta, Abhishek; Natale, Lorenzo; Abbeel, Pieter","arXiv:1905.12621 [cs, stat]",1639
-Regret-based Reward Elicitation for Markov Decision Processes,"The specification of aMarkov decision process (MDP) can be difficult. Reward function specification is especially problematic; in practice, it is often cognitively complex and time-consuming for users to precisely specify rewards. This work casts the problem of specifying rewards as one of preference elicitation and aims to minimize the degree of precision with which a reward function must be specified while still allowing optimal or near-optimal policies to be produced. We first discuss how robust policies can be computed for MDPs given only partial reward information using the minimax regret criterion. We then demonstrate how regret can be reduced by efficiently eliciting reward information using bound queries, using regret-reduction as a means for choosing suitable queries. Empirical results demonstrate that regret-based reward elicitation offers an effective way to produce near-optimal policies without resorting to the precise specification of the entire reward function.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.2619v1,2012,conferencePaper,"Regan, Kevin; Boutilier, Craig",Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence,1640
-"Towards an Ethical Robot: Internal Models, Consequences and Ethical Action Selection",,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-10401-0_8,2014,bookSection,"Winfield, Alan F. T.; Blum, Christian; Liu, Wenguo",Advances in Autonomous Robotics Systems,1641
-Friendly Artificial Intelligence: the Physics Challenge,"Relentless progress in artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly raising concerns that machines will replace humans on the job market, and perhaps altogether. Eliezer Yudkowski and others have explored the possibility that a promising future for humankind could be guaranteed by a superintelligent ""Friendly AI"", designed to safeguard humanity and its values. I argue that, from a physics perspective where everything is simply an arrangement of elementary particles, this might be even harder than it appears. Indeed, it may require thinking rigorously about the meaning of life: What is ""meaning"" in a particle arrangement? What is ""life""? What is the ultimate ethical imperative, i.e., how should we strive to rearrange the particles of our Universe and shape its future? If we fail to answer the last question rigorously, this future is unlikely to contain humans.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0813,2014,conferencePaper,"Tegmark, Max",Artificial Intelligence and Ethics: Papers from the 2015 AAAI Workshop,1642
-Who knows anything about anything about AI?,,,2014,journalArticle,"Armstrong, Stuart; ÓhÉigeartaigh, Seán",Intelligence Unbound: The Future of Uploaded and Machine Minds,1643
-Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control,"""The most important book on AI this year."" --The Guardian""Mr. Russell's exciting book goes deep, while sparkling with dry witticisms."" --The Wall Street Journal""The most important book I have read in quite some time"" (Daniel Kahneman); ""A must-read"" (Max Tegmark); ""The book we've all been waiting for"" (Sam Harris)A leading artificial intelligence researcher lays out a new approach to AI that will enable us to coexist successfully with increasingly intelligent machinesIn the popular imagination, superhuman artificial intelligence is an approaching tidal wave that threatens not just jobs and human relationships, but civilization itself. Conflict between humans and machines is seen as inevitable and its outcome all too predictable.In this groundbreaking book, distinguished AI researcher Stuart Russell argues that this scenario can be avoided, but only if we rethink AI from the ground up. Russell begins by exploring the idea of intelligence in humans and in machines. He describes the near-term benefits we can expect, from intelligent personal assistants to vastly accelerated scientific research, and outlines the AI breakthroughs that still have to happen before we reach superhuman AI. He also spells out the ways humans are already finding to misuse AI, from lethal autonomous weapons to viral sabotage.If the predicted breakthroughs occur and superhuman AI emerges, we will have created entities far more powerful than ourselves. How can we ensure they never, ever, have power over us? Russell suggests that we can rebuild AI on a new foundation, according to which machines are designed to be inherently uncertain about the human preferences they are required to satisfy. Such machines would be humble, altruistic, and committed to pursue our objectives, not theirs. This new foundation would allow us to create machines that are provably deferential and provably beneficial.",,2019,book,"Russell, Stuart",,1644
-Liability For Present And Future Robotics Technology,,,2017,journalArticle,"White, Trevor N.; Baum, Seth D.",Robot Ethics 2.0: From Autonomous Cars to Artificial Intelligence,1645
-AI Impacts research bounties,"We are offering rewards for several inputs to our research, described below. These offers have no specific deadline except where noted. We may modify them or take them down, but will give at least one week's notice here unless there is strong reason not to. To submit an entry, email katja@intelligence.org. There is currently a large backlog of entries to...",https://aiimpacts.org/ai-impacts-research-bounties/,2015,blogPost,AI Impacts,AI Impacts,1646
-Literal or Pedagogic Human? Analyzing Human Model Misspecification in Objective Learning,"It is incredibly easy for a system designer to misspecify the objective for an autonomous system (“robot”), thus motivating the desire to have the robot learn the objective from human behavior instead. Recent work has suggested that people have an interest in the robot performing well, and will thus behave pedagogically, choosing actions that are informative to the robot. In turn, robots benefit from interpreting the behavior by accounting for this pedagogy. In this work, we focus on misspecification: we argue that robots might not know whether people are being pedagogic or literal and that it is important to ask which assumption is safer to make. We cast objective learning into the more general form of a common-payoff game between the robot and human, and prove that in any such game literal interpretation is more robust to misspecification. Experiments with human data support our theoretical results and point to the sensitivity of the pedagogic assumption.",http://proceedings.mlr.press/v115/milli20a.html,2019,conferencePaper,"Milli, Smitha; Dragan, Anca D.",Proceedings of The 35th Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence Conference,1647
-How to study superintelligence strategy,,,2014,blogPost,"Muehlhauser, Luke",Luke Muehlhauser,1648
-The great downside dilemma for risky emerging technologies,,http://stacks.iop.org/1402-4896/89/i=12/a=128004?key=crossref.f5938bc78a3023d740968f020cfa9970,2014,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D",Physica Scripta,1649
-Doing more with less: meta-reasoning and meta-learning in humans and machines,"Artificial intelligence systems use an increasing amount of computation and data to solve very specific problems. By contrast, human minds solve a wide range of problems using a fixed amount of computation and limited experience. We identify two abilities that we see as crucial to this kind of general intelligence: meta-reasoning (deciding how to allocate computational resources) and meta-learning (modeling the learning environment to make better use of limited data). We summarize the relevant AI literature and relate the resulting ideas to recent work in psychology.",http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352154618302122,2019,journalArticle,"Griffiths, Thomas L; Callaway, Frederick; Chang, Michael B; Grant, Erin; Krueger, Paul M; Lieder, Falk",Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences,1650
-On Functional Decision Theory,,https://www.umsu.de/blog/2018/688,2018,blogPost,"Schwarz, Wolfgang",Wolfgang Schwarz,1651
-Enabling Robots to Communicate their Objectives,"The overarching goal of this work is to efficiently enable end-users to correctly anticipate a robot's behavior in novel situations. Since a robot's behavior is often a direct result of its underlying objective function, our insight is that end-users need to have an accurate mental model of this objective function in order to understand and predict what the robot will do. While people naturally develop such a mental model over time through observing the robot act, this familiarization process may be lengthy. Our approach reduces this time by having the robot model how people infer objectives from observed behavior, and then it selects those behaviors that are maximally informative. The problem of computing a posterior over objectives from observed behavior is known as Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL), and has been applied to robots learning human objectives. We consider the problem where the roles of human and robot are swapped. Our main contribution is to recognize that unlike robots, humans will not be exact in their IRL inference. We thus introduce two factors to define candidate approximate-inference models for human learning in this setting, and analyze them in a user study in the autonomous driving domain. We show that certain approximate-inference models lead to the robot generating example behaviors that better enable users to anticipate what it will do in novel situations. Our results also suggest, however, that additional research is needed in modeling how humans extrapolate from examples of robot behavior.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.03465v2,2017,journalArticle,"Huang, Sandy H.; Held, David; Abbeel, Pieter; Dragan, Anca D.",Autonomous Robots,1652
-Toward Trustworthy AI Development: Mechanisms for Supporting Verifiable Claims,"With the recent wave of progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has come a growing awareness of the large-scale impacts of AI systems, and recognition that existing regulations and norms in industry and academia are insufficient to ensure responsible AI development. In order for AI developers to earn trust from system users, customers, civil society, governments, and other stakeholders that they are building AI responsibly, they will need to make verifiable claims to which they can be held accountable. Those outside of a given organization also need effective means of scrutinizing such claims. This report suggests various steps that different stakeholders can take to improve the verifiability of claims made about AI systems and their associated development processes, with a focus on providing evidence about the safety, security, fairness, and privacy protection of AI systems. We analyze ten mechanisms for this purpose--spanning institutions, software, and hardware--and make recommendations aimed at implementing, exploring, or improving those mechanisms.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.07213,2020,manuscript,"Brundage, Miles; Avin, Shahar; Wang, Jasmine; Belfield, Haydn; Krueger, Gretchen; Hadfield, Gillian; Khlaaf, Heidy; Yang, Jingying; Toner, Helen; Fong, Ruth; Maharaj, Tegan; Koh, Pang Wei; Hooker, Sara; Leung, Jade; Trask, Andrew; Bluemke, Emma; Lebensold, Jonathan; O'Keefe, Cullen; Koren, Mark; Ryffel, Théo; Rubinovitz, J. B.; Besiroglu, Tamay; Carugati, Federica; Clark, Jack; Eckersley, Peter; de Haas, Sarah; Johnson, Maritza; Laurie, Ben; Ingerman, Alex; Krawczuk, Igor; Askell, Amanda; Cammarota, Rosario; Lohn, Andrew; Krueger, David; Stix, Charlotte; Henderson, Peter; Graham, Logan; Prunkl, Carina; Martin, Bianca; Seger, Elizabeth; Zilberman, Noa; hÉigeartaigh, Seán Ó; Kroeger, Frens; Sastry, Girish; Kagan, Rebecca; Weller, Adrian; Tse, Brian; Barnes, Elizabeth; Dafoe, Allan; Scharre, Paul; Herbert-Voss, Ariel; Rasser, Martijn; Sodhani, Shagun; Flynn, Carrick; Gilbert, Thomas Krendl; Dyer, Lisa; Khan, Saif; Bengio, Yoshua; Anderljung, Markus",,1653
-Simplicity and probability in causal explanation,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010028506000739,2007,journalArticle,"Lombrozo, T",Cognitive Psychology,1654
-Interpretable Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning through Policy Orchestration,"Autonomous cyber-physical agents and systems play an increasingly large role in our lives. To ensure that agents behave in ways aligned with the values of the societies in which they operate, we must develop techniques that allow these agents to not only maximize their reward in an environment, but also to learn and follow the implicit constraints of society. These constraints and norms can come from any number of sources including regulations, business process guidelines, laws, ethical principles, social norms, and moral values. We detail a novel approach that uses inverse reinforcement learning to learn a set of unspecified constraints from demonstrations of the task, and reinforcement learning to learn to maximize the environment rewards. More precisely, we assume that an agent can observe traces of behavior of members of the society but has no access to the explicit set of constraints that give rise to the observed behavior. Inverse reinforcement learning is used to learn such constraints, that are then combined with a possibly orthogonal value function through the use of a contextual bandit-based orchestrator that picks a contextually-appropriate choice between the two policies (constraint-based and environment reward-based) when taking actions. The contextual bandit orchestrator allows the agent to mix policies in novel ways, taking the best actions from either a reward maximizing or constrained policy. In addition, the orchestrator is transparent on which policy is being employed at each time step. We test our algorithms using a Pac-Man domain and show that the agent is able to learn to act optimally, act within the demonstrated constraints, and mix these two functions in complex ways.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.08343,2018,manuscript,"Noothigattu, Ritesh; Bouneffouf, Djallel; Mattei, Nicholas; Chandra, Rachita; Madan, Piyush; Varshney, Kush; Campbell, Murray; Singh, Moninder; Rossi, Francesca",,1655
-Are Labels Required for Improving Adversarial Robustness?,"Recent work has uncovered the interesting (and somewhat surprising) finding that training models to be invariant to adversarial perturbations requires substantially larger datasets than those required for standard classification. This result is a key hurdle in the deployment of robust machine learning models in many real world applications where labeled data is expensive. Our main insight is that unlabeled data can be a competitive alternative to labeled data for training adversarially robust models. Theoretically, we show that in a simple statistical setting, the sample complexity for learning an adversarially robust model from unlabeled data matches the fully supervised case up to constant factors. On standard datasets like CIFAR-10, a simple Unsupervised Adversarial Training (UAT) approach using unlabeled data improves robust accuracy by 21.7% over using 4K supervised examples alone, and captures over 95% of the improvement from the same number of labeled examples. Finally, we report an improvement of 4% over the previous state-of-the-art on CIFAR-10 against the strongest known attack by using additional unlabeled data from the uncurated 80 Million Tiny Images dataset. This demonstrates that our finding extends as well to the more realistic case where unlabeled data is also uncurated, therefore opening a new avenue for improving adversarial training.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.13725,2019,conferencePaper,"Uesato, Jonathan; Alayrac, Jean-Baptiste; Huang, Po-Sen; Stanforth, Robert; Fawzi, Alhussein; Kohli, Pushmeet",Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 (NeurIPS 2019),1656
-Rough Consensus and Running Code' and the Internet-OSI Standards War,,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1677461/,2006,journalArticle,"Russell, A.L.",IEEE Annals of the History of Computing,1657
-Sample Efficient Reinforcement Learning through Learning from Demonstrations in Minecraft,"Sample inefficiency of deep reinforcement learning methods is a major obstacle for their use in real-world applications. In this work, we show how human demonstrations can improve final performance of agents on the Minecraft minigame ObtainDiamond with only 8M frames of environment interaction. We propose a training procedure where policy networks are first trained on human data and later fine-tuned by reinforcement learning. Using a policy exploitation mechanism, experience replay and an additional loss against catastrophic forgetting, our best agent was able to achieve a mean score of 48. Our proposed solution placed 3rd in the NeurIPS MineRL Competition for Sample-Efficient Reinforcement Learning.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.06066,2020,manuscript,"Scheller, Christian; Schraner, Yanick; Vogel, Manfred",,1658
-"Debate on Instrumental Convergence between LeCun, Russell, Bengio, Zador, and More","An actual debate about instrumental convergence, in a public space! Major respect to all involved, especially Yoshua Bengio for great facilitation. For posterity (i.e. having a good historical archive) and further discussion, I've reproduced the conversation here. I'm happy to make edits at the request of anyone in the discussion who is quoted below. I've improved formatting for clarity and fixed some typos. For people who are not researchers in this area who wish to comment, see the public version of this post here. For people who do work on the relevant areas, please sign up in the top right. It will take a day or so to confirm membership. ORIGINAL POST Yann LeCun: ""don't fear the Terminator"", a short opinion piece by Tony Zador and me that was just published in Scientific American. ""We dramatically overestimate the threat of an accidental AI takeover, because we tend to conflate intelligence with the drive to achieve dominance. [...] But intelligence per se does not generate the drive for domination, any more than horns do."" https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/dont-fear-the-terminator/ COMMENT THREAD #1 Elliot Olds: Yann, the smart people who are very worried about AI seeking power and ensuring its own survival believe it's a big risk because power and survival are instrumental goals for almost any ultimate goal. If you give a generally intelligent AI the goal to make as much money in the stock market as possible, it will resist being shut down because that would interfere with tis goal. It would try to become more powerful because then it could make money more effectively. This is the natural consequence of giving a smart agent a goal, unless we do something special to counteract this. You've often written about how we shouldn't be so worried about AI, but I've never seen you address this point directly. Stuart Russell: It is trivial to construct a toy MDP in which the agent's only reward comes from fetching the coffee. If, in that MDP, the",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/WxW6Gc6f2z3mzmqKs/debate-on-instrumental-convergence-between-lecun-russell,2019,blogPost,"Pace, Ben",AI Alignment Forum,1659
-Scaled Autonomy: Enabling Human Operators to Control Robot Fleets,"Autonomous robots often encounter challenging situations where their control policies fail and an expert human operator must briefly intervene, e.g., through teleoperation. In settings where multiple robots act in separate environments, a single human operator can manage a fleet of robots by identifying and teleoperating one robot at any given time. The key challenge is that users have limited attention: as the number of robots increases, users lose the ability to decide which robot requires teleoperation the most. Our goal is to automate this decision, thereby enabling users to supervise more robots than their attention would normally allow for. Our insight is that we can model the user's choice of which robot to control as an approximately optimal decision that maximizes the user's utility function. We learn a model of the user's preferences from observations of the user's choices in easy settings with a few robots, and use it in challenging settings with more robots to automatically identify which robot the user would most likely choose to control, if they were able to evaluate the states of all robots at all times. We run simulation experiments and a user study with twelve participants that show our method can be used to assist users in performing a navigation task and manipulator reaching task.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.02910,2019,conferencePaper,"Swamy, Gokul; Reddy, Siddharth; Levine, Sergey; Dragan, Anca D.",2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA),1660
-Avoiding Unintended AI Behaviors,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-35506-6_12,2012,bookSection,"Hibbard, Bill",Artificial General Intelligence,1661
-"Meaning, Medicine, and Merit","Abstract Given the inevitability of scarcity, should public institutions ration healthcare resources so as to prioritize those who contribute more to society? Intuitively, we may feel that this would be somehow inegalitarian. I argue that the egalitarian objection to prioritizing treatment on the basis of patients’ usefulness to others is best thought of as semiotic: i.e. as having to do with what this practice would mean, convey, or express about a person's standing. I explore the implications of this conclusion when taken in conjunction with the observation that semiotic objections are generally flimsy, failing to identify anything wrong with a practice as such and having limited capacity to generalize beyond particular contexts.",https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0953820819000360/type/journal_article,2020,journalArticle,"Mogensen, Andreas L.",Utilitas,1662
-Predicting Human Deliberative Judgments with Machine Learning,,,2018,report,"Evans, Owain; Stuhlmüller, Andreas; Cundy, Chris; Carey, Ryan; Kenton, Zachary; McGrath, Thomas; Schreiber, Andrew",,1663
-Chinese Perspectives on AI and Future Military Capabilities,"The world is watching how the Chinese military develops and deploys artificial intelligence—but how exactly will it apply AI? This policy brief analyzes Chinese experts’ arguments about AI and prospective warfighting capabilities, identifying prevailing concerns about strategic stability and unintended escalation.",https://cset.georgetown.edu/research/chinese-perspectives-on-ai-and-future-military-capabilities/,2020,report,"Fedasiuk, Ryan",,1664
-Large-Scale Study of Curiosity-Driven Learning,"Reinforcement learning algorithms rely on carefully engineering environment rewards that are extrinsic to the agent. However, annotating each environment with hand-designed, dense rewards is not scalable, motivating the need for developing reward functions that are intrinsic to the agent. Curiosity is a type of intrinsic reward function which uses prediction error as reward signal. In this paper: (a) We perform the first large-scale study of purely curiosity-driven learning, i.e. without any extrinsic rewards, across 54 standard benchmark environments, including the Atari game suite. Our results show surprisingly good performance, and a high degree of alignment between the intrinsic curiosity objective and the hand-designed extrinsic rewards of many game environments. (b) We investigate the effect of using different feature spaces for computing prediction error and show that random features are sufficient for many popular RL game benchmarks, but learned features appear to generalize better (e.g. to novel game levels in Super Mario Bros.). (c) We demonstrate limitations of the prediction-based rewards in stochastic setups. Game-play videos and code are at https://pathak22.github.io/large-scale-curiosity/",http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.04355,2018,manuscript,"Burda, Yuri; Edwards, Harri; Pathak, Deepak; Storkey, Amos; Darrell, Trevor; Efros, Alexei A.",,1665
-The benefits and harm of transmitting into space,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0265964612001361,2013,journalArticle,"Haqq-Misra, Jacob; Busch, Michael W.; Som, Sanjoy M.; Baum, Seth D.",Space Policy,1666
-The Off-Switch Game,"It is clear that one of the primary tools we can use to mitigate the potential risk from a misbehaving AI system is the ability to turn the system off. As the capabilities of AI systems improve, it is important to ensure that such systems do not adopt subgoals that prevent a human from switching them off. This is a challenge because many formulations of rational agents create strong incentives for self-preservation. This is not caused by a built-in instinct, but because a rational agent will maximize expected utility and cannot achieve whatever objective it has been given if it is dead. Our goal is to study the incentives an agent has to allow itself to be switched off. We analyze a simple game between a human H and a robot R, where H can press R’s off switch but R can disable the off switch. A traditional agent takes its reward function for granted: we show that such agents have an incentive to disable the off switch, except in the special case where H is perfectly rational. Our key insight is that for R to want to preserve its off switch, it needs to be uncertain about the utility associated with the outcome, and to treat H’s actions as important observations about that utility. (R also has no incentive to switch itself off in this setting.) We conclude that giving machines an appropriate level of uncertainty about their objectives leads to safer designs, and we argue that this setting is a useful generalization of the classical AI paradigm of rational agents.",https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2017/32,2017,conferencePaper,"Hadfield-Menell, Dylan; Dragan, Anca; Abbeel, Pieter; Russell, Stuart",Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1667
-Boomerang Effects in Science Communication: How Motivated Reasoning and Identity Cues Amplify Opinion Polarization About Climate Mitigation Policies,,http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0093650211416646,2012,journalArticle,"Hart, P. Sol; Nisbet, Erik C.",Communication Research,1668
-Incorrigibility in the CIRL Framework,"A value learning system has incentives to follow shutdown instructions, assuming the shutdown instruction provides information (in the technical sense) about which actions lead to valuable outcomes. However, this assumption is not robust to model mis-specification (e.g., in the case of programmer errors). We demonstrate this by presenting some Supervised POMDP scenarios in which errors in the parameterized reward function remove the incentive to follow shutdown commands. These difficulties parallel those discussed by Soares et al. (2015) in their paper on corrigibility. We argue that it is important to consider systems that follow shutdown commands under some weaker set of assumptions (e.g., that one small verified module is correctly implemented; as opposed to an entire prior probability distribution and/or parameterized reward function). We discuss some difficulties with simple ways to attempt to attain these sorts of guarantees in a value learning framework.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.06275,2018,conferencePaper,"Carey, Ryan","AIES '18: Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",1669
-"Safety engineering, target selection, and alignment theory","Artificial intelligence capabilities research is aimed at making computer systems more intelligent — able to solve a wider range of problems more effectively and efficiently. We can distinguish this from research specifically aimed at making AI systems at various capability levels safer, or more “robust and beneficial.” In this post, I distinguish three kinds of direct... Read more »",https://intelligence.org/2015/12/31/safety-engineering-target-selection-and-alignment-theory/,2015,blogPost,"Soares, Nate",Machine Intelligence Research Institute,1670
-A Survey of Data Mining and Machine Learning Methods for Cyber Security Intrusion Detection,,https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7307098/,2016,journalArticle,"Buczak, Anna L.; Guven, Erhan",IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials,1671
-Sleeping Beauty and Self-location: A Hybrid Model,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11229-006-9010-7,2007,journalArticle,"Bostrom, Nick",Synthese,1672
-Performance of Bounded-Rational Agents With the Ability to Self-Modify,"Self-modification of agents embedded in complex environments is hard to avoid, whether it happens via direct means (e.g. own code modification) or indirectly (e.g. influencing the operator, exploiting bugs or the environment). While it has been argued that intelligent agents have an incentive to avoid modifying their utility function so that their future instances will work towards the same goals, it is not clear whether this also applies in non-dualistic scenarios, where the agent is embedded in the environment. The problem of self-modification safety is raised by Bostrom in Superintelligence (2014) in the context of safe AGI deployment. In contrast to Everitt et al. (2016), who formally show that providing an option to self-modify is harmless for perfectly rational agents, we show that for agents with bounded rationality, self-modification may cause exponential deterioration in performance and gradual misalignment of a previously aligned agent. We investigate how the size of this effect depends on the type and magnitude of imperfections in the agent's rationality (1-4 below). We also discuss model assumptions and the wider problem and framing space. Specifically, we introduce several types of a bounded-rational agent, which either (1) doesn't always choose the optimal action, (2) is not perfectly aligned with human values, (3) has an innacurate model of the environment, or (4) uses the wrong temporal discounting factor. We show that while in the cases (2)-(4) the misalignment caused by the agent's imperfection does not worsen over time, with (1) the misalignment may grow exponentially.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.06275,2020,manuscript,"Tětek, Jakub; Sklenka, Marek; Gavenčiak, Tomáš",,1673
-"Subagents, introspective awareness, and blending","In this post, I extend the model of mind that I've been building up in previous posts to explain some things about change blindness, not knowing whether you are conscious, forgetting most of your thoughts, and mistaking your thoughts and emotions as objective facts, while also connecting it with the theory in the meditation book The Mind Illuminated. (If you didn't read my previous posts, this article has been written to also work as a stand-alone piece.)The Mind Illuminated (Amazon, SSC review), or TMI for short, presents what it calls the moments of consciousness model. According to this model, our stream of consciousness consists of a series of discrete moments, each a mental object. Under this model, there are always different “subminds” which are projecting mental objects into consciousness. At different moments, different mental objects get selected as the content of consciousness. If you’ve read some of the previous posts in this sequence, you may recognize this as sounding familiar. We started by discussing some of the neuroscience research on consciousness. There we covered the GWT/GNW theory of consciousness being a “workspace” in the brain that different brain systems project information into, and which allows them to synchronize their processing around a single piece of information. In the next post, we discussed the psychotherapy model of Internal Family Systems, which also conceives the mind of being composed of different parts, many of which are trying to accomplish various aims by competing to project various mental objects into consciousness. (TMI talks about subminds, IFS talks about parts, GWT/GNW just talks about different parts of the brain; for consistency’s sake, I will just use “subagent” in the rest of this post.) At this point, we might want to look at some criticisms of this kind of a framework. Susan Blackmore has written an interesting paper called “There is no stream of consciousness”. She has several examples for why we should rejec",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/AhcEaqWYpa2NieNsK/subagents-introspective-awareness-and-blending,2019,blogPost,"Sotala, Kaj",LessWrong,1674
-A citizen's guide to artificial intelligence,"""An accessible overview of the threats and opportunities inherent in automated decision making in academia, government, and industry""--",,2020,book,"Zerilli, John; Danaher, John; Maclaurin, James; Gavaghan, Colin; Knott, Alistair; Liddicoat, Joy; Noorman, Merel E.",,1675
-The easy goal inference problem is still hard,"Posted as part of the AI Alignment Forum sequence on Value Learning. Rohin’s note: In this post (original here), Paul Christiano analyzes the ambitious value learning approach. He considers a more general view of ambitious value learning where you infer preferences more generally (i.e. not necessarily in the form of a utility function), and you can ask the user about their preferences, but it’s fine to imagine that you infer a utility function from data and then optimize it. The key takeaway is that in order to infer preferences that can lead to superhuman performance, it is necessary to understand how humans are biased, which seems very hard to do even with infinite data. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- One approach to the AI control problem goes like this: 1. Observe what the user of the system says and does. 2. Infer the user’s preferences. 3. Try to make the world better according to the user’s preference, perhaps while working alongside the user and asking clarifying questions. This approach has the major advantage that we can begin empirical work today — we can actually build systems which observe user behavior, try to figure out what the user wants, and then help with that. There are many applications that people care about already, and we can set to work on making rich toy models. It seems great to develop these capabilities in parallel with other AI progress, and to address whatever difficulties actually arise, as they arise. That is, in each domain where AI can act effectively, we’d like to ensure that AI can also act effectively in the service of goals inferred from users (and that this inference is good enough to support foreseeable applications). This approach gives us a nice, concrete model of each difficulty we are trying to address. It also provides a relatively clear indicator of whether our ability to control AI lags behind our ability to build it. And by being technically interesting an",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/h9DesGT3WT9u2k7Hr/the-easy-goal-inference-problem-is-still-hard,2018,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment Forum,1676
-Better priors as a safety problem,Many universal priors are inefficient in the finite data regime. I argue that’s a safety problem and we should try to fix it directly.,https://ai-alignment.com/better-priors-as-a-safety-problem-24aa1c300710,2020,blogPost,"Christiano, Paul",AI Alignment (Medium),1677
-Protecting the Ozone Layer: The United Nations History,,https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781849772266,2012,book,"Andersen, Stephen O",,1678
-Deconfusing Human Values Research Agenda v1,"On Friday I attended the 2020 Foresight AGI Strategy Meeting. Eventually a report will come out summarizing some of what was talked about, but for now I want to focus on what I talked about in my session on deconfusing human values. For that session I wrote up some notes summarizing what I've been working on and thinking about. None of it is new, but it is newly condensed in one place and in convenient list form, and it provides a decent summary of the current state of my research agenda for building beneficial superintelligent AI; a version 1 of my agenda, if you will. Thus, I hope this will be helpful in making it a bit clearer what it is I'm working on, why I'm working on it, and what direction my thinking is moving in. As always, if you're interesting in collaborating on things, whether that be discussing ideas or something more, please reach out. PROBLEM OVERVIEW * I think we're confused about what we really mean when we talk about human values. * This is a problem because: * building aligned AI likely requires a mathematically precise understanding of the structure of human values, though not necessarily the content of human values;we can't trust AI to discover that structure for us because we would need to understand it enough to verify the result, and I think we're so confused about what human values are we couldn't do that without high risk of error. * What are values? * We don't have an agreed upon precise definition, but loosely it's ""stuff people care about"". * When I talk about ""values"" I mean the cluster we sometimes also point at with words like value, preference, affinity, taste, aesthetic, intention, and axiology. Importantly, what people care about is used to make decisions, and this has had implications for existing approaches to understanding values. * Much research on values tries to understand the content of human values or why humans value what they value, but not what the structure of human",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/k8F8TBzuZtLheJt47/deconfusing-human-values-research-agenda-v1,2020,blogPost,G Gordon Worley III,AI Alignment Forum,1679
-A Psychopathological Approach to Safety Engineering in AI and AGI,"The complexity of dynamics in AI techniques is already approaching that of complex adaptive systems, thus curtailing the feasibility of formal controllability and reachability analysis in the context of AI safety. It follows that the envisioned instances of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) will also suffer from challenges of complexity. To tackle such issues, we propose the modeling of deleterious behaviors in AI and AGI as psychological disorders, thereby enabling the employment of psychopathological approaches to analysis and control of misbehaviors. Accordingly, we present a discussion on the feasibility of the psychopathological approaches to AI safety, and propose general directions for research on modeling, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders in AGI.",https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.08915v1,2018,conferencePaper,"Behzadan, Vahid; Munir, Arslan; Yampolskiy, Roman V.",,1680
-"War, Peace and International Relations: An introduction to strategic history",,https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203180952,2013,book,"Gray, Colin",,1681
-Motivating the Rules of the Game for Adversarial Example Research,"Advances in machine learning have led to broad deployment of systems with impressive performance on important problems. Nonetheless, these systems can be induced to make errors on data that are surprisingly similar to examples the learned system handles correctly. The existence of these errors raises a variety of questions about out-of-sample generalization and whether bad actors might use such examples to abuse deployed systems. As a result of these security concerns, there has been a flurry of recent papers proposing algorithms to defend against such malicious perturbations of correctly handled examples. It is unclear how such misclassifications represent a different kind of security problem than other errors, or even other attacker-produced examples that have no specific relationship to an uncorrupted input. In this paper, we argue that adversarial example defense papers have, to date, mostly considered abstract, toy games that do not relate to any specific security concern. Furthermore, defense papers have not yet precisely described all the abilities and limitations of attackers that would be relevant in practical security. Towards this end, we establish a taxonomy of motivations, constraints, and abilities for more plausible adversaries. Finally, we provide a series of recommendations outlining a path forward for future work to more clearly articulate the threat model and perform more meaningful evaluation.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06732,2018,manuscript,"Gilmer, Justin; Adams, Ryan P.; Goodfellow, Ian; Andersen, David; Dahl, George E.",,1682
-One-Shot Hierarchical Imitation Learning of Compound Visuomotor Tasks,"We consider the problem of learning multi-stage vision-based tasks on a real robot from a single video of a human performing the task, while leveraging demonstration data of subtasks with other objects. This problem presents a number of major challenges. Video demonstrations without teleoperation are easy for humans to provide, but do not provide any direct supervision. Learning policies from raw pixels enables full generality but calls for large function approximators with many parameters to be learned. Finally, compound tasks can require impractical amounts of demonstration data, when treated as a monolithic skill. To address these challenges, we propose a method that learns both how to learn primitive behaviors from video demonstrations and how to dynamically compose these behaviors to perform multi-stage tasks by ""watching"" a human demonstrator. Our results on a simulated Sawyer robot and real PR2 robot illustrate our method for learning a variety of order fulfillment and kitchen serving tasks with novel objects and raw pixel inputs.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.11043,2018,manuscript,"Yu, Tianhe; Abbeel, Pieter; Levine, Sergey; Finn, Chelsea",,1683
-Partial Awareness,"We develop a modal logic to capture partial awareness. The logic has three building blocks: objects, properties, and concepts. Properties are unary predicates on objects; concepts are Boolean combinations of properties. We take an agent to be partially aware of a concept if she is aware of the concept without being aware of the properties that define it. The logic allows for quantification over objects and properties, so that the agent can reason about her own unawareness. We then apply the logic to contracts, which we view as syntactic objects that dictate outcomes based on the truth of formulas. We show that when agents are unaware of some relevant properties, referencing concepts that agents are only partially aware of can improve welfare.",https://aaai.org/ojs/index.php/AAAI/article/view/4138,2019,conferencePaper,"Halpern, Joseph Y.; Piermont, Evan",Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1684
-Responsible AI—Two Frameworks for Ethical Design Practice,"In 2019, the IEEE launched the P7000 standards projects intended to address ethical issues in the design of autonomous and intelligent systems. This move came amidst a growing public concern over the unintended consequences of artificial intelligence (AI), compounded by the lack of an anticipatory process for attending to ethical impact within professional practice. However, the difficulty in moving from principles to practice presents a significant challenge to the implementation of ethical guidelines. Herein, we describe two complementary frameworks for integrating ethical analysis into engineering practice to help address this challenge. We then provide the outcomes of an ethical analysis informed by these frameworks, conducted within the specific context of Internet-delivered therapy in digital mental health. We hope both the frameworks and analysis can provide tools and insights, not only for the context of digital healthcare but also for data-enabled and intelligent technology development more broadly.",https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9001063/,2020,journalArticle,"Peters, Dorian; Vold, Karina; Robinson, Diana; Calvo, Rafael A.",IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society,1685
-Soft Actor-Critic Algorithms and Applications,"Model-free deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have been successfully applied to a range of challenging sequential decision making and control tasks. However, these methods typically suffer from two major challenges: high sample complexity and brittleness to hyperparameters. Both of these challenges limit the applicability of such methods to real-world domains. In this paper, we describe Soft Actor-Critic (SAC), our recently introduced off-policy actor-critic algorithm based on the maximum entropy RL framework. In this framework, the actor aims to simultaneously maximize expected return and entropy. That is, to succeed at the task while acting as randomly as possible. We extend SAC to incorporate a number of modifications that accelerate training and improve stability with respect to the hyperparameters, including a constrained formulation that automatically tunes the temperature hyperparameter. We systematically evaluate SAC on a range of benchmark tasks, as well as real-world challenging tasks such as locomotion for a quadrupedal robot and robotic manipulation with a dexterous hand. With these improvements, SAC achieves state-of-the-art performance, outperforming prior on-policy and off-policy methods in sample-efficiency and asymptotic performance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, in contrast to other off-policy algorithms, our approach is very stable, achieving similar performance across different random seeds. These results suggest that SAC is a promising candidate for learning in real-world robotics tasks.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.05905,2019,manuscript,"Haarnoja, Tuomas; Zhou, Aurick; Hartikainen, Kristian; Tucker, George; Ha, Sehoon; Tan, Jie; Kumar, Vikash; Zhu, Henry; Gupta, Abhishek; Abbeel, Pieter; Levine, Sergey",,1686
-The “big red button” is too late: an alternative model for the ethical evaluation of AI systems,,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10676-018-9447-7,2018,journalArticle,"Arnold, Thomas; Scheutz, Matthias",Ethics and Information Technology,1687
-Overcoming Barriers to Cross-cultural Cooperation in AI Ethics and Governance,"Achieving the global benefits of artificial intelligence (AI) will require international cooperation on many areas of governance and ethical standards, while allowing for diverse cultural perspectives and priorities. There are many barriers to achieving this at present, including mistrust between cultures, and more practical challenges of coordinating across different locations. This paper focuses particularly on barriers to cooperation between Europe and North America on the one hand and East Asia on the other, as regions which currently have an outsized impact on the development of AI ethics and governance. We suggest that there is reason to be optimistic about achieving greater cross-cultural cooperation on AI ethics and governance. We argue that misunderstandings between cultures and regions play a more important role in undermining cross-cultural trust, relative to fundamental disagreements, than is often supposed. Even where fundamental differences exist, these may not necessarily prevent productive cross-cultural cooperation, for two reasons: (1) cooperation does not require achieving agreement on principles and standards for all areas of AI; and (2) it is sometimes possible to reach agreement on practical issues despite disagreement on more abstract values or principles. We believe that academia has a key role to play in promoting cross-cultural cooperation on AI ethics and governance, by building greater mutual understanding, and clarifying where different forms of agreement will be both necessary and possible. We make a number of recommendations for practical steps and initiatives, including translation and multilingual publication of key documents, researcher exchange programmes, and development of research agendas on cross-cultural topics.",http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13347-020-00402-x,2020,journalArticle,"ÓhÉigeartaigh, Seán S.; Whittlestone, Jess; Liu, Yang; Zeng, Yi; Liu, Zhe",Philosophy & Technology,1688
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-Title,Abstract Note,Url,Publication Year,Item Type,Author,Publication Title,Label,ID
-Malign generalization without internal search,"In my last post, I challenged the idea that inner alignment failures should be explained by appealing to agents which perform explicit internal search. By doing so, I argued that we should instead appeal to the more general concept of malign generalization, and treat mesa-misalignment as a special case. Unfortunately, the post was light on examples of what we should be worrying about instead of mesa-misalignment. Evan Hubinger wrote, Personally, I think there is a meaningful sense in which all the models I'm most worried about do some sort of search internally (at least to the same extent that humans do search internally), but I'm definitely uncertain about that.Wei Dai expressed confusion why I would want to retreat to malign generalization without some sort of concrete failure mode in mind, Can you give some realistic examples/scenarios of “malign generalization” that does not involve mesa optimization? I’m not sure what kind of thing you’re actually worried about here.In this post, I will outline a general category of agents which may exhibit malign generalization without internal search, and then will provide a concrete example of an agent in the category. Then I will argue that, rather than being a very narrow counterexample, this class of agents could be competitive with search-based agents. THE SWITCH CASE AGENT Consider an agent governed by the following general behavior, LOOP:State = GetStateOfWorld(Observation)IF State == 1:PerformActionSequence1() IF State == 2:PerformActionSequence2()...END_LOOP It's clear that this agent does not perform any internal search for strategies: it doesn't operate by choosing actions which rank highly according to some sort of internal objective function. While you could potentially rationalize its behavior according to some observed-utility function, this would generally lead to more confusion than clarity. However, this agent could still be malign in the following way. Suppose the agent is 'mistaken' about the s",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/ynt9TD6PrYw6iT49m/malign-generalization-without-internal-search,2020,blogPost,"Barnett, Matthew",AI Alignment Forum,TAI safety research,0
-Utility Indifference,"Consider an AI that follows its own motivations. We’re not entirely sure what its motivations are, but we would prefer that the AI cooperate with humanity; or, failing that, that we can destroy it before it defects. We’ll have someone sitting in a room, their finger on a detonator, ready at the slightest hint of defection. Unfortunately as has been noted ([3], [1]), this does not preclude the AI from misbehaving. It just means that the AI must act to take control of the explosives, the detonators or the human who will press the button. For a superlatively intelligence AI, this would represent merely a slight extra difficulty. But now imagine that the AI was somehow indifferent to the explosives going off or not (but that nothing else was changed). Then if ever the AI does decide to defect, it will most likely do so without taking control of the explosives, as that would be easier than otherwise. By “easier ” we mean that the chances of failure are less, since the plan is simpler – recall that under these assumptions, the AI counts getting blown up as an equal value to successfully defecting.",,2010,report,"Armstrong, Stuart",,TAI safety research,1
-Improving Sample Efficiency in Model-Free Reinforcement Learning from Images,"Training an agent to solve control tasks directly from high-dimensional images with model-free reinforcement learning (RL) has proven difficult. A promising approach is to learn a latent representation together with the control policy. However, fitting a high-capacity encoder using a scarce reward signal is sample inefficient and leads to poor performance. Prior work has shown that auxiliary losses, such as image reconstruction, can aid efficient representation learning. However, incorporating reconstruction loss into an off-policy learning algorithm often leads to training instability. We explore the underlying reasons and identify variational autoencoders, used by previous investigations, as the cause of the divergence. Following these findings, we propose effective techniques to improve training stability. This results in a simple approach capable of matching state-of-the-art model-free and model-based algorithms on MuJoCo control tasks. Furthermore, our approach demonstrates robustness to observational noise, surpassing existing approaches in this setting. Code, results, and videos are anonymously available at https://sites.google.com/view/sac-ae/home.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01741,2020,manuscript,"Yarats, Denis; Zhang, Amy; Kostrikov, Ilya; Amos, Brandon; Pineau, Joelle; Fergus, Rob",,not TAI safety research,2
-Teaching A.I. Systems to Behave Themselves (Published 2017),"As philosophers and pundits worry that artificial intelligence will one day harm the world, some researchers are working on ways to lower the risks.",https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/13/technology/artificial-intelligence-safety-training.html,2017,newspaperArticle,"Metz, Cade",The New York Times,not TAI safety research,3
-Incentives in Teams,,https://www.jstor.org/stable/1914085?origin=crossref,1973,journalArticle,"Groves, Theodore",Econometrica,not TAI safety research,4
-A bargaining-theoretic approach to moral uncertainty,"This paper explores a new approach to the problem of decision under relevant moral uncertainty. We treat the case of an agent making decisions in the face of moral uncertainty on the model of bargaining theory, as if the decision-making process were one of bargaining among different internal parts of the agent, with different parts committed to different moral theories. The resulting approach contrasts interestingly with the extant “maximise expected choiceworthiness” and “my favourite theory” approaches, in several key respects. In particular, it seems somewhat less prone than the MEC approach to ‘fanaticism’: allowing decisions to be dictated by a theory in which the agent has extremely low credence, if the relative stakes are high enough. Overall, however, we tentatively conclude that the MEC approach is superior to a bargaining-theoretic approach.",,2019,report,"Greaves, Hilary; Cotton-Barratt, Owen",,not TAI safety research,5
-The Timing of Evolutionary Transitions Suggests Intelligent Life Is Rare,"It is unknown how abundant extraterrestrial life is, or whether such life might be complex or intelligent. On Earth, the emergence of complex intelligent life required a preceding series of evolutionary transitions such as abiogenesis, eukaryogenesis, and the evolution of sexual reproduction, multicellularity, and intelligence itself. Some of these transitions could have been extraordinarily improbable, even in conducive environments. The emergence of intelligent life late in Earth's lifetime is thought to be evidence for a handful of rare evolutionary transitions, but the timing of other evolutionary transitions in the fossil record is yet to be analyzed in a similar framework. Using a simplified Bayesian model that combines uninformative priors and the timing of evolutionary transitions, we demonstrate that expected evolutionary transition times likely exceed the lifetime of Earth, perhaps by many orders of magnitude. Our results corroborate the original argument suggested by Brandon Carter that intelligent life in the Universe is exceptionally rare, assuming that intelligent life elsewhere requires analogous evolutionary transitions. Arriving at the opposite conclusion would require exceptionally conservative priors, evidence for much earlier transitions, multiple instances of transitions, or an alternative model that can explain why evolutionary transitions took hundreds of millions of years without appealing to rare chance events. Although the model is simple, it provides an initial basis for evaluating how varying biological assumptions and fossil record data impact the probability of evolving intelligent life, and also provides a number of testable predictions, such as that some biological paradoxes will remain unresolved and that planets orbiting M dwarf stars are uninhabitable.",https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/ast.2019.2149,2020,journalArticle,"Snyder-Beattie, Andrew E.; Sandberg, Anders; Drexler, K. Eric; Bonsall, Michael B.",Astrobiology,not TAI safety research,6
-Changing Identity: Retiring from Unemployment,,https://academic.oup.com/ej/article/124/575/149-166/5076984,2014,journalArticle,"Hetschko, Clemens; Knabe, Andreas; Schöb, Ronnie",The Economic Journal,not TAI safety research,7
-Model-Based Reinforcement Learning via Meta-Policy Optimization,"Model-based reinforcement learning approaches carry the promise of being data efficient. However, due to challenges in learning dynamics models that sufficiently match the real-world dynamics, they struggle to achieve the same asymptotic performance as model-free methods. We propose Model-Based Meta-Policy-Optimization (MB-MPO), an approach that foregoes the strong reliance on accurate learned dynamics models. Using an ensemble of learned dynamic models, MB-MPO meta-learns a policy that can quickly adapt to any model in the ensemble with one policy gradient step. This steers the meta-policy towards internalizing consistent dynamics predictions among the ensemble while shifting the burden of behaving optimally w.r.t. the model discrepancies towards the adaptation step. Our experiments show that MB-MPO is more robust to model imperfections than previous model-based approaches. Finally, we demonstrate that our approach is able to match the asymptotic performance of model-free methods while requiring significantly less experience.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.05214,2018,manuscript,"Clavera, Ignasi; Rothfuss, Jonas; Schulman, John; Fujita, Yasuhiro; Asfour, Tamim; Abbeel, Pieter",,not TAI safety research,8
-Advancing rational analysis to the algorithmic level,"Abstract The commentaries raised questions about normativity, human rationality, cognitive architectures, cognitive constraints, and the scope or resource rational analysis (RRA). We respond to these questions and clarify that RRA is a methodological advance that extends the scope of rational modeling to understanding cognitive processes, why they differ between people, why they change over time, and how they could be improved.",https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0140525X19002012/type/journal_article,2020,journalArticle,"Lieder, Falk; Griffiths, Thomas L.",Behavioral and Brain Sciences,not TAI safety research,9
-Confronting future catastrophic threats to humanity,,https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016328715001135,2015,journalArticle,"Baum, Seth D.; Tonn, Bruce E.",Futures,TAI safety research,10
-Latent Variables and Model Mis-Specification,"Posted as part of the AI Alignment Forum sequence on Value Learning. Rohin's note: So far, we’ve seen that ambitious value learning needs to understand human biases, and that we can't simply learn the biases in tandem with the reward. Perhaps we could hardcode a specific model of human biases? Such a model is likely to be incomplete and inaccurate, but it will perform better than assuming an optimal human, and as we notice failure modes we can improve the model. In the language of this post by Jacob Steinhardt (original here), we are using a mis-specified human model. The post talks about why model mis-specification is worse than it may seem at first glance. This post is fairly technical and may not be accessible if you don’t have a background in machine learning. If so, you can skip this post and still understand the rest of the posts in the sequence. However, if you want to do ML-related safety research, I strongly recommend putting in the effort to understand the problems that can arise with mis-specification. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Machine learning is very good at optimizing predictions to match an observed signal — for instance, given a dataset of input images and labels of the images (e.g. dog, cat, etc.), machine learning is very good at correctly predicting the label of a new image. However, performance can quickly break down as soon as we care about criteria other than predicting observables. There are several cases where we might care about such criteria: * In scientific investigations, we often care less about predicting a specific observable phenomenon, and more about what that phenomenon implies about an underlying scientific theory. * In economic analysis, we are most interested in what policies will lead to desirable outcomes. This requires predicting what would counterfactually happen if we were to enact the policy, which we (usually) don’t have any data about. * In ma",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/gnvrixhDfG7S2TpNL/latent-variables-and-model-mis-specification,2018,blogPost,"Steinhardt, Jacob",AI Alignment Forum,TAI safety research,11
-Economics of the singularity,,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4531461/,2008,journalArticle,"Hanson, Robin",IEEE Spectrum,TAI safety research,12
-Penalizing side effects using stepwise relative reachability,"How can we design safe reinforcement learning agents that avoid unnecessary disruptions to their environment? We show that current approaches to penalizing side effects can introduce bad incentives, e.g. to prevent any irreversible changes in the environment, including the actions of other agents. To isolate the source of such undesirable incentives, we break down side effects penalties into two components: a baseline state and a measure of deviation from this baseline state. We argue that some of these incentives arise from the choice of baseline, and others arise from the choice of deviation measure. We introduce a new variant of the stepwise inaction baseline and a new deviation measure based on relative reachability of states. The combination of these design choices avoids the given undesirable incentives, while simpler baselines and the unreachability measure fail. We demonstrate this empirically by comparing different combinations of baseline and deviation measure choices on a set of gridworld experiments designed to illustrate possible bad incentives.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.01186,2019,conferencePaper,"Krakovna, Victoria; Orseau, Laurent; Kumar, Ramana; Martic, Miljan; Legg, Shane",Proceedings of the Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Safety 2019,TAI safety research,13
-“Explaining” machine learning reveals policy challenges,,https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aba9647,2020,journalArticle,"Coyle, Diane; Weller, Adrian",Science,TAI safety research,14
-How unlikely is a doomsday catastrophe?,"Numerous Earth-destroying doomsday scenarios have recently been analyzed, including breakdown of a metastable vacuum state and planetary destruction triggered by a ""strangelet'' or microscopic black hole. We point out that many previous bounds on their frequency give a false sense of security: one cannot infer that such events are rare from the the fact that Earth has survived for so long, because observers are by definition in places lucky enough to have avoided destruction. We derive a new upper bound of one per 10^9 years (99.9% c.l.) on the exogenous terminal catastrophe rate that is free of such selection bias, using planetary age distributions and the relatively late formation time of Earth.",https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0512204v2,2005,manuscript,"Tegmark, Max; Bostrom, Nick",,TAI safety research,15
-A new model and dataset for long-range memory,"This blog introduces a new long-range memory model, the Compressive Transformer, alongside a new benchmark for book-level language modelling, PG19. We provide the conceptual tools needed to understand this new research in the context of recent developments in memory models and language modelling.",deepmind.com/blog/article/A_new_model_and_dataset_for_long-range_memory,2020,blogPost,"Rae, Jack; Lillicrap, Timothy",Deepmind,not TAI safety research,16
-Safe Imitation Learning via Fast Bayesian Reward Inference from Preferences,"Bayesian reward learning from demonstrations enables rigorous safety and uncertainty analysis when performing imitation learning. However, Bayesian reward learning methods are typically computationally intractable for complex control problems. We propose Bayesian Reward Extrapolation (Bayesian REX), a highly efficient Bayesian reward learning algorithm that scales to high-dimensional imitation learning problems by pre-training a low-dimensional feature encoding via self-supervised tasks and then leveraging preferences over demonstrations to perform fast Bayesian inference. Bayesian REX can learn to play Atari games from demonstrations, without access to the game score and can generate 100,000 samples from the posterior over reward functions in only 5 minutes on a personal laptop. Bayesian REX also results in imitation learning performance that is competitive with or better than stateof-the-art methods that only learn point estimates of the reward function. Finally, Bayesian REX enables efficient high-confidence policy evaluation without having access to samples of the reward function. These high-confidence performance bounds can be used to rank the performance and risk of a variety of evaluation policies and provide a way to detect reward hacking behaviors.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.09089,2020,conferencePaper,"Brown, Daniel S.; Coleman, Russell; Srinivasan, Ravi; Niekum, Scott","arXiv:2002.09089 [cs, stat]",TAI safety research,17
-Specification gaming: the flip side of AI ingenuity,"Specification gaming is a behaviour that satisfies the literal specification of an objective without achieving the intended outcome. We have all had experiences with specification gaming, even if not by this name. Readers may have heard the myth of King Midas and the golden touch, in which the king asks that anything he touches be turned to gold - but soon finds that even food and drink turn to metal in his hands. In the real world, when rewarded for doing well on a homework assignment, a student might copy another student to get the right answers, rather than learning the material - and thus exploit a loophole in the task specification.",deepmind.com/blog/article/Specification-gaming-the-flip-side-of-AI-ingenuity,2020,blogPost,"Krakovna, Victoria; Uesato, Jonathan; Mikulik, Vladimir; Rahtz, Matthew; Everitt, Tom; Kumar, Ramana; Kenton, Zachary; Leike, Jan; Legg, Shane",Deepmind,TAI safety research,18
-Vingean Reflection: Reliable Reasoning for Self-Improving Agents,"Today, human-level machine intelligence is in the domain of futurism, but there is every reason to expect that it will be developed eventually. Once artificial agents become able to improve themselves further, they may far surpass human intelligence, making it vitally important to ensure that the result of an “intelligence explosion” is aligned with human interests. In this paper, we discuss one aspect of this challenge: ensuring that the initial agent’s reasoning about its future versions is reliable, even if these future versions are far more intelligent than the current reasoner. We refer to reasoning of this sort as Vingean reflection.",https://intelligence.org/files/VingeanReflection.pdf,2015,report,"Fallenstein, Benja; Soares, Nate",,TAI safety research,19
-Directed Policy Gradient for Safe Reinforcement Learning with Human Advice,"Many currently deployed Reinforcement Learning agents work in an environment shared with humans, be them co-workers, users or clients. It is desirable that these agents adjust to people's preferences, learn faster thanks to their help, and act safely around them. We argue that most current approaches that learn from human feedback are unsafe: rewarding or punishing the agent a-posteriori cannot immediately prevent it from wrong-doing. In this paper, we extend Policy Gradient to make it robust to external directives, that would otherwise break the fundamentally on-policy nature of Policy Gradient. Our technique, Directed Policy Gradient (DPG), allows a teacher or backup policy to override the agent before it acts undesirably, while allowing the agent to leverage human advice or directives to learn faster. Our experiments demonstrate that DPG makes the agent learn much faster than reward-based approaches, while requiring an order of magnitude less advice.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.04096,2018,manuscript,"Plisnier, Hélène; Steckelmacher, Denis; Brys, Tim; Roijers, Diederik M.; Nowé, Ann",,TAI safety research,20
-Cognitive prostheses for goal achievement,"Procrastination takes a considerable toll on people’s lives, the economy and society at large. Procrastination is often a consequence of people’s propensity to prioritize their immediate experiences over the long-term consequences of their actions. This suggests that aligning immediate rewards with long-term values could be a promising way to help people make more future-minded decisions and overcome procrastination. Here we develop an approach to decision support that leverages artificial intelligence and game elements to restructure challenging sequential decision problems in such a way that it becomes easier for people to take the right course of action. A series of four increasingly realistic experiments suggests that this approach can enable people to make better decisions faster, procrastinate less, complete their work on time and waste less time on unimportant tasks. These findings suggest that our method is a promising step towards developing cognitive prostheses that help people achieve their goals.",https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-019-0672-9,2019,journalArticle,"Lieder, Falk; Chen, Owen X.; Krueger, Paul M.; Griffiths, Thomas L.",Nature Human Behaviour,not TAI safety research,21
-Forecasting Transformative AI: An Expert Survey,"Transformative AI technologies have the potential to reshape critical aspects of society in the near future. However, in order to properly prepare policy initiatives for the arrival of such technologies accurate forecasts and timelines are necessary. A survey was administered to attendees of three AI conferences during the summer of 2018 (ICML, IJCAI and the HLAI conference). The survey included questions for estimating AI capabilities over the next decade, questions for forecasting five scenarios of transformative AI and questions concerning the impact of computational resources in AI research. Respondents indicated a median of 21.5% of human tasks (i.e., all tasks that humans are currently paid to do) can be feasibly automated now, and that this figure would rise to 40% in 5 years and 60% in 10 years. Median forecasts indicated a 50% probability of AI systems being capable of automating 90% of current human tasks in 25 years and 99% of current human tasks in 50 years. The conference of attendance was found to have a statistically significant impact on all forecasts, with attendees of HLAI providing more optimistic timelines with less uncertainty. These findings suggest that AI experts expect major advances in AI technology to continue over the next decade to a degree that will likely have profound transformative impacts on society.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.08579,2019,manuscript,"Gruetzemacher, Ross; Paradice, David; Lee, Kang Bok",,TAI safety research,22
-Guide Me: Interacting with Deep Networks,"Interaction and collaboration between humans and intelligent machines has become increasingly important as machine learning methods move into real-world applications that involve end users. While much prior work lies at the intersection of natural language and vision, such as image captioning or image generation from text descriptions, less focus has been placed on the use of language to guide or improve the performance of a learned visual processing algorithm. In this paper, we explore methods to flexibly guide a trained convolutional neural network through user input to improve its performance during inference. We do so by inserting a layer that acts as a spatio-semantic guide into the network. This guide is trained to modify the network's activations, either directly via an energy minimization scheme or indirectly through a recurrent model that translates human language queries to interaction weights. Learning the verbal interaction is fully automatic and does not require manual text annotations. We evaluate the method on two datasets, showing that guiding a pre-trained network can improve performance, and provide extensive insights into the interaction between the guide and the CNN.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.11544,2018,conferencePaper,"Rupprecht, Christian; Laina, Iro; Navab, Nassir; Hager, Gregory D.; Tombari, Federico",Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR),not TAI safety research,23
-Thread: Circuits,What can we learn if we invest heavily in reverse engineering a single neural network?,https://distill.pub/2020/circuits,2020,journalArticle,"Cammarata, Nick; Carter, Shan; Goh, Gabriel; Olah, Chris; Petrov, Michael; Schubert, Ludwig",Distill,not TAI safety research,24
-Visualizing Representations: Deep Learning and Human Beings - colah's blog,,http://colah.github.io/posts/2015-01-Visualizing-Representations/,2015,blogPost,"Olah, Chris",Colah's blog,not TAI safety research,25
-One Decade of Universal Artificial Intelligence,"The first decade of this century has seen the nascency of the first mathematical theory of general artificial intelligence. This theory of Universal Artificial Intelligence (UAI) has made significant contributions to many theoretical, philosophical, and practical AI questions. In a series of papers culminating in book (Hutter, 2005), an exciting sound and complete mathematical model for a super intelligent agent (AIXI) has been developed and rigorously analyzed. While nowadays most AI researchers avoid discussing intelligence, the award-winning PhD thesis (Legg, 2008) provided the philosophical embedding and investigated the UAI-based universal measure of rational intelligence, which is formal, objective and non-anthropocentric. Recently, effective approximations of AIXI have been derived and experimentally investigated in JAIR paper (Veness et al. 2011). This practical breakthrough has resulted in some impressive applications, finally muting earlier critique that UAI is only a theory. For the first time, without providing any domain knowledge, the same agent is able to self-adapt to a diverse range of interactive environments. For instance, AIXI is able to learn from scratch to play TicTacToe, Pacman, Kuhn Poker, and other games by trial and error, without even providing the rules of the games. These achievements give new hope that the grand goal of Artificial General Intelligence is not elusive. This article provides an informal overview of UAI in context. It attempts to gently introduce a very theoretical, formal, and mathematical subject, and discusses philosophical and technical ingredients, traits of intelligence, some social questions, and the past and future of UAI.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1202.6153,2012,journalArticle,"Hutter, Marcus",Theoretical Foundations of Artificial General Intelligence,TAI safety research,26
-Should Artificial Intelligence Governance be Centralised?: Design Lessons from History,,https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3375627.3375857,2020,conferencePaper,"Cihon, Peter; Maas, Matthijs M.; Kemp, Luke","Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",TAI safety research,27
-Feature Expansive Reward Learning: Rethinking Human Input,"In collaborative human-robot scenarios, when a person is not satisfied with how a robot performs a task, they can intervene to correct it. Reward learning methods enable the robot to adapt its reward function online based on such human input. However, due to the real-time nature of the input, this online adaptation requires low sample complexity algorithms which rely on simple functions of handcrafted features. In practice, pre-specifying an exhaustive set of features the person might care about is impossible; what should the robot do when the human correction cannot be explained by the features it already has access to? Recent progress in deep Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) suggests that the robot could fall back on demonstrations: ask the human for demonstrations of the task, and recover a reward defined over not just the known features, but also the raw state space. Our insight is that rather than implicitly learning about the missing feature(s) from task demonstrations, the robot should instead ask for data that explicitly teaches it about what it is missing. We introduce a new type of human input, in which the person guides the robot from areas of the state space where the feature she is teaching is highly expressed to states where it is not. We propose an algorithm for learning the feature from the raw state space and integrating it into the reward function. By focusing the human input on the missing feature, our method decreases sample complexity and improves generalization of the learned reward over the above deep IRL baseline. We show this in experiments with a 7DOF robot manipulator. Finally, we discuss our method’s potential implications for deep reward learning more broadly: taking a divide-and-conquer approach that focuses on important features separately before learning from demonstrations can improve generalization in tasks where such features are easy for the human to teach.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.13208,2020,manuscript,"Bobu, Andreea; Wiggert, Marius; Tomlin, Claire; Dragan, Anca D.",,not TAI safety research,28
-Emergent Complexity via Multi-Agent Competition,"Reinforcement learning algorithms can train agents that solve problems in complex, interesting environments. Normally, the complexity of the trained agent is closely related to the complexity of the environment. This suggests that a highly capable agent requires a complex environment for training. In this paper, we point out that a competitive multi-agent environment trained with self-play can produce behaviors that are far more complex than the environment itself. We also point out that such environments come with a natural curriculum, because for any skill level, an environment full of agents of this level will have the right level of difficulty. This work introduces several competitive multi-agent environments where agents compete in a 3D world with simulated physics. The trained agents learn a wide variety of complex and interesting skills, even though the environment themselves are relatively simple. The skills include behaviors such as running, blocking, ducking, tackling, fooling opponents, kicking, and defending using both arms and legs. A highlight of the learned behaviors can be found here: https://goo.gl/eR7fbX",http://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03748,2018,conferencePaper,"Bansal, Trapit; Pachocki, Jakub; Sidor, Szymon; Sutskever, Ilya; Mordatch, Igor",arXiv:1710.03748 [cs],not TAI safety research,29
-Learning Agile Robotic Locomotion Skills by Imitating Animals,"Reproducing the diverse and agile locomotion skills of animals has been a longstanding challenge in robotics. While manually-designed controllers have been able to emulate many complex behaviors, building such controllers involves a time-consuming and difficult development process, often requiring substantial expertise of the nuances of each skill. Reinforcement learning provides an appealing alternative for automating the manual effort involved in the development of controllers. However, designing learning objectives that elicit the desired behaviors from an agent can also require a great deal of skill-specific expertise. In this work, we present an imitation learning system that enables legged robots to learn agile locomotion skills by imitating real-world animals. We show that by leveraging reference motion data, a single learning-based approach is able to automatically synthesize controllers for a diverse repertoire behaviors for legged robots. By incorporating sample efficient domain adaptation techniques into the training process, our system is able to learn adaptive policies in simulation that can then be quickly adapted for real-world deployment. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our system, we train an 18-DoF quadruped robot to perform a variety of agile behaviors ranging from different locomotion gaits to dynamic hops and turns.",http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.00784,2020,conferencePaper,"Peng, Xue Bin; Coumans, Erwin; Zhang, Tingnan; Lee, Tsang-Wei; Tan, Jie; Levine, Sergey",arXiv:2004.00784 [cs],not TAI safety research,30
-Antitrust-Compliant AI Industry Self-Regulation,"The touchstone of antitrust compliance is competition. To be legally permissible, any industrial restraint on trade must have sufficient countervailing procompetitive justifications. Usually, anticompetitive horizontal agreements like boycotts (including a refusal to produce certain products) are per se illegal.",https://cullenokeefe.com/blog/antitrust-compliant-ai-industry-self-regulation,2020,manuscript,"O’Keefe, Cullen",,TAI safety research,31
-Machine Learning Explainability for External Stakeholders,"As machine learning is increasingly deployed in high-stakes contexts affecting people's livelihoods, there have been growing calls to open the black box and to make machine learning algorithms more explainable. Providing useful explanations requires careful consideration of the needs of stakeholders, including end-users, regulators, and domain experts. Despite this need, little work has been done to facilitate inter-stakeholder conversation around explainable machine learning. To help address this gap, we conducted a closed-door, day-long workshop between academics, industry experts, legal scholars, and policymakers to develop a shared language around explainability and to understand the current shortcomings of and potential solutions for deploying explainable machine learning in service of transparency goals. We also asked participants to share case studies in deploying explainable machine learning at scale. In this paper, we provide a short summary of various case studies of explainable machine learning, lessons from those studies, and discuss open challenges.",https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.05408v1,2020,conferencePaper,"Bhatt, Umang; Andrus, McKane; Weller, Adrian; Xiang, Alice",,TAI safety research,32
-Avoiding Wireheading with Value Reinforcement Learning,"How can we design good goals for arbitrarily intelligent agents? Reinforcement learning (RL) is a natural approach. Unfortunately, RL does not work well for generally intelligent agents, as RL agents are incentivised to shortcut the reward sensor for maximum reward -- the so-called wireheading problem. In this paper we suggest an alternative to RL called value reinforcement learning (VRL). In VRL, agents use the reward signal to learn a utility function. The VRL setup allows us to remove the incentive to wirehead by placing a constraint on the agent's actions. The constraint is defined in terms of the agent's belief distributions, and does not require an explicit specification of which actions constitute wireheading.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.03143,2016,conferencePaper,"Everitt, Tom; Hutter, Marcus",AGI 2016: Artificial General Intelligence,TAI safety research,33
-Principles for the Application of Human Intelligence,"Before humans become the standard way in which we make decisions, we need to consider the risks and ensure implementation of human decision-making systems does not cause widespread harm.",https://behavioralscientist.org/principles-for-the-application-of-human-intelligence/,2019,blogPost,"Collins, Jason",Behavioral Scientist,not TAI safety research,34
-Backup utility functions as a fail-safe AI technique,"Many experts believe that AIs will, within the not-too-distant future, become powerful enough for their decisions to have tremendous impact. Unfortunately, setting up AI goal systems in a way that results in benevolent behavior is expected to be difficult, and we cannot be certain to get it completely right on the first attempt. We should therefore account for the possibility that the goal systems fail to implement our values the intended way. In this paper, we propose the idea of backup utility functions: Secondary utility functions that are used in case the primary ones “fail”. We also describe how this approach can be generalized to the use of multi-layered utility functions, some of which can fail without affecting the final outcome as badly as without the backup mechanism.",https://longtermrisk.org/files/backup-utility-functions.pdf,2016,manuscript,"Oesterheld, Caspar",,TAI safety research,35
-Predicting human decisions with behavioral theories and machine learning,"Behavioral decision theories aim to explain human behavior. Can they help predict it? An open tournament for prediction of human choices in fundamental economic decision tasks is presented. The results suggest that integration of certain behavioral theories as features in machine learning systems provides the best predictions. Surprisingly, the most useful theories for prediction build on basic properties of human and animal learning and are very different from mainstream decision theories that focus on deviations from rational choice. Moreover, we find that theoretical features should be based not only on qualitative behavioral insights (e.g. loss aversion), but also on quantitative behavioral foresights generated by functional descriptive models (e.g. Prospect Theory). Our analysis prescribes a recipe for derivation of explainable, useful predictions of human decisions.",http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.06866,2019,manuscript,"Plonsky, Ori; Apel, Reut; Ert, Eyal; Tennenholtz, Moshe; Bourgin, David; Peterson, Joshua C.; Reichman, Daniel; Griffiths, Thomas L.; Russell, Stuart J.; Carter, Evan C.; Cavanagh, James F.; Erev, Ido",,TAI safety research,36
-"Exchange-Traded Funds, Market Structure, and the Flash Crash",,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2469/faj.v68.n4.6,2012,journalArticle,"Madhavan, Ananth",Financial Analysts Journal,not TAI safety research,37
-A general model of safety-oriented AI development,"This may be trivial or obvious for a lot of people, but it doesn't seem like anyone has bothered to write it down (or I haven't looked hard enough). It started out as a generalization of Paul Christiano's IDA, but also covers things like safe recursive self-improvement. Start with a team of one or more humans (researchers, programmers, trainers, and/or overseers), with access to zero or more AIs (initially as assistants). The human/AI team in each round develops a new AI and adds it to the team, and repeats this until maturity in AI technology is achieved. Safety/alignment is ensured by having some set of safety/alignment properties on the team that is inductively maintained by the development process. The reason I started thinking in this direction is that Paul's approach seemed very hard to knock down, because any time a flaw or difficulty is pointed out or someone expresses skepticism on some technique that it uses or the overall safety invariant, there's always a list of other techniques or invariants that could be substituted in for that part (sometimes in my own brain as I tried to criticize some part of it). Eventually I realized this shouldn't be surprising because IDA is an instance of this more general model of safety-oriented AI development, so there are bound to be many points near it in the space of possible safety-oriented AI development practices. (Again, this may already be obvious to others including Paul, and in their minds IDA is perhaps already a cluster of possible development practices consisting of the most promising safety techniques and invariants, rather than a single point.) If this model turns out not to have been written down before, perhaps it should be assigned a name, like Iterated Safety-Invariant AI-Assisted AI Development, or something pithier?",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/idb5Ppp9zghcichJ5/a-general-model-of-safety-oriented-ai-development,2018,blogPost,Wei Dai,AI Alignment Forum,TAI safety research,38
-The Role and Limits of Principles in AI Ethics: Towards a Focus on Tensions,"The last few years have seen a proliferation of principles for AI ethics. There is substantial overlap between different sets of principles, with widespread agreement that AI should be used for the common good, should not be used to harm people or undermine their rights, and should respect widely held values such as fairness, privacy, and autonomy. While articulating and agreeing on principles is important, it is only a starting point. Drawing on comparisons with the field of bioethics, we highlight some of the limitations of principles: in particular, they are often too broad and high-level to guide ethics in practice. We suggest that an important next step for the field of AI ethics is to focus on exploring the tensions that inevitably arise as we try to implement principles in practice. By explicitly recognising these tensions we can begin to make decisions about how they should be resolved in specific cases, and develop frameworks and guidelines for AI ethics that are rigorous and practically relevant. We discuss some different specific ways that tensions arise in AI ethics, and what processes might be needed to resolve them.",,2019,conferencePaper,"Whittlestone, Jess; Nyrup, Rune; Alexandrova, Anna; Cave, Stephen","AIES '19: Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society",TAI safety research,39
-Enhancing metacognitive reinforcement learning using reward structures and feedback,"How do we learn to think better, and what can we do to promote such metacognitive learning? Here, we propose that cognitive growth proceeds through metacognitive reinforcement learning. We apply this theory to model how people learn how far to plan ahead and test its predictions about the speed of metacognitive learning in two experiments. In the first experiment, we find that our model can discern a reward structure that promotes metacognitive reinforcement learning from one that hinders it. In the second experiment, we show that our model can be used to design a feedback mechanism that enhances metacognitive reinforcement learning in an environment that hinders learning. Our results suggest that modeling metacognitive learning is a promising step towards promoting cognitive growth.",,2017,conferencePaper,"Krueger, Paul M; Lieder, Falk; Griffiths, Thomas L",39th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society,not TAI safety research,40
-Learning agents for uncertain environments (extended abstract),,http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=279943.279964,1998,conferencePaper,"Russell, Stuart",Proceedings of the eleventh annual conference on Computational learning theory - COLT' 98,TAI safety research,41
-Existential Risk and Growth,"Human activity can create or mitigate risks of catastrophes, such as nuclear war, climate change, pandemics, or artificial intelligence run amok. These could even imperil the survival of human civilization. What is the relationship between economic growth and such existential risks? In a model of directed technical change, with moderate parameters, existential risk follows a Kuznets-style inverted U-shape. This suggests we could be living in a unique “time of perils,” having developed technologies advanced enough to threaten our permanent destruction, but not having grown wealthy enough yet to be willing to spend sufficiently on safety. Accelerating growth during this “time of perils” initially increases risk, but improves the chances of humanity’s survival in the long run. Conversely, even short-term stagnation could substantially curtail the future of humanity.",,2020,report,"Aschenbrenner, Leopold",,not TAI safety research,42
-Coherence arguments do not imply goal-directed behavior,"One of the most pleasing things about probability and expected utility theory is that there are many coherence arguments that suggest that these are the “correct” ways to reason. If you deviate from what the theory prescribes, then you must be executing a dominated strategy. There must be some other strategy that never does any worse than your strategy, but does strictly better than your strategy with certainty in at least one situation. There’s a good explanation of these arguments here. We shouldn’t expect mere humans to be able to notice any failures of coherence in a superintelligent agent, since if we could notice these failures, so could the agent. So we should expect that powerful agents appear coherent to us. (Note that it is possible that the agent doesn’t fix the failures because it would not be worth it -- in this case, the argument says that we will not be able to notice any exploitable failures.) Taken together, these arguments suggest that we should model an agent much smarter than us as an expected utility (EU) maximizer. And many people agree that EU maximizers are dangerous. So does this mean we’re doomed? I don’t think so: it seems to me that the problems about EU maximizers that we’ve identified are actually about goal-directed behavior or explicit reward maximizers. The coherence theorems say nothing about whether an AI system must look like one of these categories. This suggests that we could try building an AI system that can be modeled as an EU maximizer, yet doesn’t fall into one of these two categories, and so doesn’t have all of the problems that we worry about. Note that there are two different flavors of arguments that the AI systems we build will be goal-directed agents (which are dangerous if the goal is even slightly wrong): * Simply knowing that an agent is intelligent lets us infer that it is goal-directed. (ETA: See this comment for more details on this argument.) * Humans are particularly likely to build goal-directed agen",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/NxF5G6CJiof6cemTw/coherence-arguments-do-not-imply-goal-directed-behavior,2018,blogPost,"Shah, Rohin",AI Alignment Forum,TAI safety research,43
-Two Alternatives to Logical Counterfactuals,"The following is a critique of the idea of logical counterfactuals. The idea of logical counterfactuals has appeared in previous agent foundations research (especially at MIRI): here, here. “…",https://unstableontology.com/2020/04/01/alternatives-to-logical-counterfactuals/,2020,blogPost,"Taylor, Jessica",Unstable Ontology,TAI safety research,44
-The race for an artificial general intelligence: implications for public policy,"An arms race for an artificial general intelligence (AGI) would be detrimental for and even pose an existential threat to humanity if it results in an unfriendly AGI. In this paper, an all-pay contest model is developed to derive implications for public policy to avoid such an outcome. It is established that, in a winner-takes-all race, where players must invest in R&D, only the most competitive teams will participate. Thus, given the difficulty of AGI, the number of competing teams is unlikely ever to be very large. It is also established that the intention of teams competing in an AGI race, as well as the possibility of an intermediate outcome (prize), is important. The possibility of an intermediate prize will raise the probability of finding the dominant AGI application and, hence, will make public control more urgent. It is recommended that the danger of an unfriendly AGI can be reduced by taxing AI and using public procurement. This would reduce the pay-off of contestants, raise the amount of R&D needed to compete, and coordinate and incentivize co-operation. This will help to alleviate the control and political problems in AI. Future research is needed to elaborate the design of systems of public procurement of AI innovation and for appropriately adjusting the legal frameworks underpinning high-tech innovation, in particular dealing with patenting by AI.",https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-019-00887-x,2019,journalArticle,"Naudé, Wim; Dimitri, Nicola",AI & Society,TAI safety research,45
-Neuroevolution of Self-Interpretable Agents,"Inattentional blindness is the psychological phenomenon that causes one to miss things in plain sight. It is a consequence of the selective attention in perception that lets us remain focused on important parts of our world without distraction from irrelevant details. Motivated by selective attention, we study the properties of artificial agents that perceive the world through the lens of a self-attention bottleneck. By constraining access to only a small fraction of the visual input, we show that their policies are directly interpretable in pixel space. We find neuroevolution ideal for training self-attention architectures for vision-based reinforcement learning (RL) tasks, allowing us to incorporate modules that can include discrete, non-differentiable operations which are useful for our agent. We argue that self-attention has similar properties as indirect encoding, in the sense that large implicit weight matrices are generated from a small number of key-query parameters, thus enabling our agent to solve challenging vision based tasks with at least 1000x fewer parameters than existing methods. Since our agent attends to only task critical visual hints, they are able to generalize to environments where task irrelevant elements are modified while conventional methods fail. Videos of our results and source code available at https://attentionagent.github.io/",http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.08165,2020,conferencePaper,"Tang, Yujin; Nguyen, Duong; Ha, David",Proceedings of the 2020 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference,not TAI safety research,46
-Brainjacking in deep brain stimulation and autonomy,,,2018,journalArticle,"Pugh, Jonathan; Pycroft, Laurie; Sandberg, Anders; Aziz, Tipu; Savulescu, Julian",Ethics and information technology,not TAI safety research,47
-AI development incentive gradients are not uniformly terrible,"Much of the work for this post was done together with Nuño Sempere Perhaps you think that your values will be best served if the AGI you (or your team, company or nation) are developing is deployed first. Would you decide that it's worth cutting a few corners, reducing your safety budget, and pushing ahead to try and get your AI out the door first? It seems plausible, and worrying, that you might. And if your competitors reason symmetrically, we would get a ""safety race to the bottom"". On the other hand, perhaps you think your values will be better served if your enemy wins than if either of you accidentally produces an unfriendly AI. Would you decide the safety costs to improving your chances aren't worth it? In a simple two player model, you should only shift funds from safety to capabilities if (the relative₁ decrease in chance of friendliness) / (the relative₁ increase in the chance of winning) < (expected relative₂ loss of value if your enemy wins rather than you). Here, the relative₁ increases and decreases are relative to the current values. The relative₂ loss of value is relative to the expected value if you win. The plan of this post is as follows: 1. Consider a very simple model that leads to a safety race. Identify unrealistic assumptions which are driving its results. 2. Remove some of the unrealistic assumptions and generate a different model. Derive the inequality expressed above. 3. Look at some specific example cases, and see how they affect safety considerations. A PARTLY DISCONTINUOUS MODEL Let's consider a model with two players with the same amount of resources. Each player's choice is what fraction of their resources to devote to safety, rather than capabilities. Whichever player contributes more to capabilities wins the race. If you win the race, you either get a good outcome or a bad outcome. Your chance of getting a good outcome increases continuously with the amount you spent on safety. If the other player wins, you get a bad outcome.",https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/bkG4qj9BFEkNva3EX/ai-development-incentive-gradients-are-not-uniformly,2018,blogPost,rk,LessWrong,TAI safety research,48
-What is ambitious value learning?,"I think of ambitious value learning as a proposed solution to the specification problem, which I define as the problem of defining the behavior that we would want to see from our AI system. I italicize “defining” to emphasize that this is not the problem of actually computing behavior that we want to see -- that’s the full AI safety problem. Here we are allowed to use hopelessly impractical schemes, as long as the resulting definition would allow us to in theory compute the behavior that an AI system would take, perhaps with assumptions like infinite computing power or arbitrarily many queries to a human. (Although we do prefer specifications that seem like they could admit an efficient implementation.) In terms of DeepMind’s classification, we are looking for a design specification that exactly matches the ideal specification. HCH and indirect normativity are examples of attempts at such specifications. We will consider a model in which our AI system is maximizing the expected utility of some explicitly represented utility function that can depend on history. (It does not matter materially whether we consider utility functions or reward functions, as long as they can depend on history.) The utility function may be learned from data, or designed by hand, but it must be an explicit part of the AI that is then maximized. I will not justify this model for now, but simply assume it by fiat and see where it takes us. I’ll note briefly that this model is often justified by the VNM utility theorem and AIXI, and as the natural idealization of reinforcement learning, which aims to maximize the expected sum of rewards, although typically rewards in RL depend only on states. A lot of conceptual arguments, as well as experiences with specification gaming, suggest that we are unlikely to be able to simply think hard and write down a good specification, since even small errors in specifications can lead to bad results. However, machine learning is particularly good at narro",https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/5eX8ko7GCxwR5N9mN/what-is-ambitious-value-learning,2018,blogPost,"Shah, Rohin",AI Alignment Forum,TAI safety research,49
diff --git a/data/terms_of_service/task.json b/data/terms_of_service/task.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 98a015cb25c5754ebb02e7735b77ec1902f5f1dc..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/terms_of_service/task.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"name": "terms_of_service", "description": "", "data_columns": ["Sentence", "ID"], "label_columns": {"Label": ["not potentially unfair", "potentially unfair"]}}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/terms_of_service/test_unlabeled.csv b/data/terms_of_service/test_unlabeled.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index 20a660d1d20b9c79edffacb170e5474ddc57fc98..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/terms_of_service/test_unlabeled.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5001 +0,0 @@
-Sentence,ID
-There are no refunds for termination or cancellation of your premium service.,50
-"Use the airbnb platform to request, make or accept a booking independent of the airbnb platform, to circumvent any service fees or for any other reason ; ",51
-"Further, as part of our order processing procedures, we may screen orders for fraud or other undesirable activity.",52
-Limitations on your use of world of warcraft.,53
-"We are not responsible for any offensive, inappropriate, obscene, unlawful or otherwise objectionable content or information you may encounter on facebook.",54
-These terms of use will govern any disputes arising before the effective date of the updated terms.,55
-"If you do not comply with these terms, and we do n't take action right away, this does n't mean that we are giving up any rights that we may have (such as taking action in the future).",56
-Skype reserves the right to remove or amend the available payment methods at its sole discretion.,57
-"In some cases, a third party, like your internet service provider, may have assigned a microsoft account to you.",58
-"1.7 due to the nature of the internet, airbnb can not guarantee the continuous and uninterrupted availability and accessibility of the airbnb platform.",59
-"The use or distribution of tools designed for compromising security (e.g. password guessing programs, cracking tools, malware, or network probing tools) is strictly prohibited.",60
-You will comply with any instructions concerning access to and/or use of the services that onavo may offer from time to time.,61
-The transfer of virtual items is prohibited except where expressly authorized in the service.,62
-"As between you and vimeo, you own all non-video content that you submit to the vimeo service.",63
-Any such changes (other than crowdtangle's right to change these terms of service) will not amend any conflicting provisions in a hardcopy subscription order entered into between you and crowdtangle prior to the time such changes are made.,64
-"You may not assign, delegate, or transfer these terms, by operation of law or otherwise, without fitbit's prior written consent.",65
-You must file any claim within one (1) year after such claim arose or it is forever barred.,66
-"(5) that is, contains, or is substantially similar to a trademark or service mark, whether registered or not ; ",67
-The laws of england and wales govern these terms and any claims and disputes (whether contractual or otherwise) arising out of or relating to these terms or their subject matter.,68
-"As a tripadvisor member, you will be able to post travel reviews, participate in discussion forums, email tripadvisor content to yourself and to others, access and receive members-only newsletters and travel planning content, and enter surveys, contests, or sweepstakes.",69
-"Except as provided in the preceding sentence, this ``dispute resolution'' section will survive any termination of these terms.",70
-The licence for a digital product may also be purchased or acquired outside of nintendo shopping services.,71
-You may only purchase services for your personal use or to give as a gift unless otherwise expressly permitted in these terms.,72
-Use or develop any third-party applications that interact with the services or other users' content or information without our written consent.,73
-"For turkish users shopping on http://www.underarmour.com.tr, only those terms and conditions agreed to by such users that are valid under turkish law will apply.",74
-"Without limiting the foregoing, vimeo makes no representations or warranties : ",75
-"Vivino reserves the right to assume the exclusive defense and control of any matter otherwise subject to indemnification by you, in which event you will assist and cooperate with vivino in asserting any available defenses.",76
-"If a host fails to provide us with documentation that we determine to be sufficient to alleviate our obligation (if any) to withhold taxes from payouts to you, we reserve the right to freeze all payouts, withhold such amounts as required by law, or to do both, until resolution.",77
-"If your viber account is deactivated, your viber credit will be lost.",78
-"Youtube has no control over, and assumes no responsibility for, the content, privacy policies, or practices of any third party websites.",79
-"We will create your account by extracting from your google, ptc, facebook, or other pre-existing third-party account certain personal information (such as your email address) that your privacy settings on the applicable account permit us to access.",80
-"If you prefer to submit a report in writing, please provide us with this information : ",81
-"The laws of the state of california govern our terms, as well as any disputes, whether in court or arbitration, which might arise between whatsapp and you, without regard to conflict of law provisions.",82
-"If you are between the ages of 13 and 17, you represent that your legal guardian has reviewed and agreed to these terms.",83
-Linden lab may on occasion need to interrupt the service with or without prior notice.,84
-Special arbitration provision for the united states or canada users ,85
-"After your initial subscription commitment period, and again after any subsequent subscription period, your subscription will automatically continue for an additional equivalent period, at the price you agreed to when subscribing.",86
-The failure of onavo to enforce any right or provision in this agreement shall not constitute a waiver of such right or provision unless acknowledged and agreed to by onavo in writing.,87
-"9.2 guests can cancel a confirmed booking at any time subject to the listing's cancellation policy, and airbnb payments will provide any refund to the guest in accordance with such cancellation policy.",88
-(iii) your use of this website.,89
-"For the avoidance of doubt, only notices submitted under the digital millennium copyright act and the procedures set forth in this agreement should be sent to the designated agent at copyright@9gag.com or to the postal address identified above.",90
-We have no control over the contents of those sites or resources and accept no responsibility for them or for any loss or damage that may arise from your use of them.,91
-"If you're on an annual plan, we'll send you a notice email reminding you that your plan is about to renew within a reasonable period of time prior to the renewal date.",92
-"However, other members and/or visitors may access and share your content and information, consistent with your choices.",93
-"We aim to provide useful general information for our community, not professional medical advice.",94
-All requests for further information should be directed to : support@onavo.com.,95
-"Misrepresent your identity (e.g. by using a pseudonym), your current or previous positions, qualifications or affiliations with a person or entity ; ",96
-"These and other features may require our systems to access, store and scan your stuff.",97
-"Pursuant to 815 ilcs 414/1 .5 (c), for transactions involving tickets to events in illinois, buyers and sellers may elect to submit complaints against one another to the american arbitration association (``aaa'') under its rules and procedures.",98
-Our collection and use of personal information in connection with the services is as provided in uber's privacy policy located at https://www.uber.com/legal.,99
-"Before starting or modifying any activity or sleep program using microsoft health, consult your physician.",100
-"If you do so, you acknowledge and agree that you : (i) would be in breach of these terms ; (ii) accept all risks and responsibility for such payment, and (iii) hold airbnb harmless from any liability for such payment ; ",101
-"Ebay may store message contents, including to conduct this scanning and analysis.",102
-"Except as expressly permitted by applicable law or authorized by under armour, you agree not to modify, rent, lease, loan, sell, distribute, or create derivative works based on the services, the services' software, or any ua content offered as part of the services (other than user-generated content), in whole or in part.",103
-"Sections 4, 6 and 7 of this contract ; ",104
-"In accordance with such provisions, any use of any such software, application or widget shall be governed solely by these terms of use.",105
-"Needham, ma 02494, usa ",106
-Cortana is microsoft's personal assistant service.,107
-"Therefore, you should make whatever investigation you feel is necessary or appropriate before proceeding with any transaction with any third party to determine whether a charge will be incurred.",108
-"The service can only be downloaded, installed and used in accordance with these terms of use.",109
-"For your convenience, we are providing an opt-out notice form you must complete and mail to opt out of the agreement to arbitrate.",110
-We do n't claim ownership of your content.,111
-Supercell may revise the pricing for the goods and services offered through the service at any time.,112
-"Currency exchange settlements and foreign transaction fees, if any, are based on your agreement with your payment method provider.",113
-"You may not post, modify, distribute, or reproduce in any way any copyrighted material, trademarks, or other proprietary information belonging to others without obtaining the prior written consent of the owner of such proprietary rights.",114
-"You're responsible for all applicable taxes, and we'll charge tax when required to do so.",115
-"• item's location, listing format, price and shipping cost, terms of service, end time, history, and relevance to the user query ; ",116
-"You agree that if a third-party claims that material you have contributed to our service is unlawful, you will bear the burden of establishing that it is lawful.",117
-"Airbnb is not acting as an agent in any capacity for any member, except as specified in the payments terms.",118
-"The information, software, products, and services published on this website may include inaccuracies or errors, including reservation availability and pricing errors.",119
-This refund policy does not affect any of your statutory rights to pursue a claim.,120
-"To manage your skype account, you must ``sign in'' at www.skype.com.",121
-9.3 viber credit currently can be used only for viber out calls.,122
-"(9) comprised of partial or complete sentence (e.g., ``inyourface'', ``welovebeef'', etc) ; ",123
-We do n't offer any passcode recovery features for this restricted area.,124
-"We reserve the right, but are not obligated, to remove or disable access to any content, at any time and without notice, including but not limited to, if we, at our sole discretion, consider any content to be objectionable or in violation of these terms.",125
-``websites'' are the websites and services available from the domain and subdomains of linden lab and any related entity or successor domains from which linden lab may offer the service.,126
-Do not use such services in a way that distracts you and prevents you from obeying traffic or safety laws.,127
-"As between you and linkedin, you own the content and information that you submit or post to the services and you are only granting linkedin and our affiliates the following non-exclusive license : a worldwide, transferable and sublicensable right to use, copy, modify, distribute, publish, and process, information and content that you provide through our services, without any further consent, notice and/or compensation to you or others.",128
-"You further acknowledge and agree that yahoo shall not be responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with use of or reliance on any such content, goods or services available on or through any such site or resource.",129
-"8.2 you may link to our home page, provided you do so in a way that is fair and legal and does not damage our reputation or take advantage of it, but you must not establish a link in such a way as to suggest any form of association, approval or endorsement on our part where none exists.",130
-"The purpose of this website, 9gag.",131
-"If you are using the services on behalf of a business (rather than for your personal use), you and snap group limited agree that to the extent permitted by law, all claims and disputes between us arising out of or relating to these terms or the use of the services will be finally settled under the lcia arbitration rules, which are incorporated by reference into this clause.",132
-"13.1 as a host you are solely responsible for determining your obligations to report, collect, remit or include in your listing fees any applicable vat or other indirect sales taxes, occupancy tax, tourist or other visitor taxes or income taxes (``taxes'').",133
-"The content and information on this website (including, but not limited to, messages, data, information, text, music, sound, photos, graphics, video, maps, icons, software, code or other material), as well as the infrastructure used to provide such content and information, is proprietary to us.",134
-"You represent and warrant that use of any such content (including derivative works) by us, our users, or others in contract with us, and in compliance with this agreement, does not and will not infringe any intellectual property rights of any third party.",135
-"For all others, including those who live outside of the united states, you agree that the laws of the state of california, u.s.a., excluding its conflict of laws rules, shall exclusively govern any dispute relating to this contract and/or the services.",136
-Effective as of 1 november 2016 ,137
-"This may be for reasons set forth in airbnb's extenuating circumstances policy or (i) where airbnb believes in good faith, while taking the legitimate interests of both parties into account, this is necessary to avoid significant harm to airbnb, other members, third parties or property, or (ii) for any of the reasons set out in these terms.",138
-"5.8 you will not post, upload, publish, submit or transmit any member content that : (i) is fraudulent, false, misleading (directly or by omission or failure to update information) or deceptive ; (ii) is defamatory, libelous, obscene, pornographic, vulgar or offensive ; (iii) promotes discrimination, bigotry, racism, hatred, harassment or harm against any individual or group ; (iv) is violent or threatening or promotes violence or actions that are threatening to any other person ; (v) promotes illegal or harmful activities or substances ; or (vi) violates airbnb's content policy or any other airbnb policy.",139
-(b) other changes to numbers.,140
-"7.5 you agree that your conduct on the site will comply with (and you agree that the content of all of your content shall comply with) the youtube community guidelines, found at https://www.youtube.co.uk/t/community_guidelines, as updated from time to time.",141
-14.3 software development kits and apis.,142
-You may not use any internet-based service in any way that could harm it or impair anyone else's use of it or the wireless network.,143
-"Additional information may be obtained from mpeg la, l.l.c. see the mpeg la website.",144
-"You must not create accounts with the service through unauthorized means, including but not limited to, by using an automated device, script, bot, spider, crawler or scraper.",145
-"By using our services, you're agreeing to be bound by these terms, our privacy policy and acceptable use policy.",146
-"If we do not enforce a provision of these terms, feature terms, the community rules, or our privacy policy, that does not waive our right to do so later.",147
-Hosts are not allowed to ask for a security deposit after a booking has been confirmed or outside of the airbnb platform.,148
-(further) correspondence and communication ,149
-You will not use facebook if you are a convicted sex offender.,150
-"On zynga.com, the payment page will let you know what you can use to pay when you make your purchase.",151
-"If you convert an existing dropbox account into part of a dropbox team, your administrators may prevent you from later disassociating your account from the dropbox team.",152
-You may reject any change we make to section 15 (except address changes) by sending us notice within 30 days of the change by u.s. mail to the address in section 15 (b).,153
-"Irrespective of the country from which you access or use the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms, to the extent permitted by law these terms and your use of the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms shall be governed in accordance with the laws of england and wales and you are deemed to have submitted to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of england and wales to resolve any disputes which may arise hereunder.",154
-"The arbitrator can grant any relief that a court can, but you should note that arbitration proceedings are usually simpler and more streamlined than trials and other judicial proceedings.",155
-"However, blizzard entertainment reserves the right to temporarily suspend the service for maintenance, testing, replacement and repair of the telecommunications equipment related to world of warcraft, as well as for transmission interruption or any other operational needs of the system.",156
-"If you experience a medical emergency, stop using the fitbit service and consult with a medical professional.",157
-"4.1 in order to access some features of the website or other elements of the service, you will have to create a youtube account.",158
-Other local taxes may apply in certain countries.,159
-"If we choose to conduct identity verification or background checks on any member, to the extent permitted by applicable law, we disclaim warranties of any kind, either express or implied, that such checks will identify prior misconduct by a member or guarantee that a member will not engage in misconduct in the future.",160
-"Tinder may manage, regulate, control, modify or eliminate virtual items at any time.",161
-"If you are the parent or legal guardian of a minor that creates a microsoft account or skype account, you accept these terms on the minor's behalf and are responsible for all use of the microsoft account, skype account, or services, including purchases, whether the minor's account is now open or created later.",162
-Certain areas of the site (and your access to or use of certain services or collective content) may have different terms and conditions posted or may require you to agree with and accept additional terms and conditions.,163
-"The software is warranted, if at all, only according to the terms of the license agreement.",164
-"Skype may, without prior notice, assign these terms or any rights or obligations contained in them to any third party.",165
-"In the event that this arbitration agreement is for any reason held to be unenforceable, any litigation against the company (except for small-claims court actions) may be commenced only in the federal or state courts located in dallas county, texas.",166
-"Except as expressly set forth in these terms, the exercise by either party of any of its remedies under these terms will be without prejudice to its other remedies under these terms or otherwise.",167
-16.1 the digital product should be used in line with the app store terms of service.,168
-If you do not accept all of these terms and conditions you are not authorized to use this website.,169
-"If you have any concerns about material which appears on our service, please contact support@deliveroo.co.uk ",170
-This licence shall remain in effect until and unless terminated by you or spotify.,171
-"You agree that all information that you submit upon creation of your account, including information submitted from your facebook account, is accurate and truthful and you have the right to post the content on the service and grant the license to tinder above.",172
-"``office store'' means a store for office products and apps for office, sharepoint, exchange, access and project (2013 versions or later).",173
-"Note that the unlimited service may be discontinued in the future, in which case you will no longer be charged for the service.",174
-"Vimeo expressly disclaims any and all warranties of any kind, whether express or implied, including, but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, and any other warranty that might arise under any law.",175
-"If you no longer wish to receive such messages or participate in the group, you agree that you will opt out through the instructions provided by the applicable program or service.",176
-"When you post content in connection with the services, it still belongs to you -- however, you're giving us permission to use that content in certain ways in connection with our services and make the content available to others.",177
-9.1 the licensor may transfer its rights and obligations under these terms of use to another person.,178
-"To the fullest extent permitted by law, dropbox and its affiliates, suppliers and distributors make no warranties, either express or implied, about the services.",179
-"If you allocate skype numbers to a linked account, you are responsible for compliance with any requirements related to the residency or location of your linked account users.",180
-"All charges are due immediately and payment will be facilitated by uber using the preferred payment method designated in your account, after which uber will send you a receipt by email.",181
-"These terms contain the whole agreement between the parties relating to its subject matter and supersede all prior agreements, arrangements and understandings between the parties relating to that subject matter.",182
-"Based on the nature of the compromise, we may be required to disable access to some or all of your content.",183
-Logging in or directly integrating these social networking services into the services may make your online and mobile experiences richer and more personalized.,184
-"In appropriate circumstances, microsoft may also disable or terminate accounts of users of microsoft services who may be repeat infringers.",185
-"In such event, you will not be entitled to compensation for such suspension or termination, and you acknowledge that linden lab will have no liability to you in connection with such suspension or termination.",186
-"Your microsoft account lets you sign in to products, websites and services provided by microsoft and some microsoft partners.",187
-"During game play, please be aware of your surroundings and play safely.",188
-These terms supersede any prior agreements or earlier versions of these terms between you and evernote for the use of the service as of the effective date indicated at the top of these terms.,189
-You can not purchase points.,190
-"Discriminate against or harass anyone on the basis of race, national origin, religion, gender, gender identity, physical or mental disability, medical condition, marital status, age or sexual orientation, or otherwise engage in any abusive or disruptive behavior ; ",191
-Skyscanner is not a travel agentand is not responsible for providing any travel options displayed via the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms or for setting or controlling the prices we display.,192
-"The site, service, content and add-to link are provided ``as is'', ``as available'' and are provided without any representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of title, non-infringement, merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, and any warranties implied by any course of performance or usage of trade, all of which are expressly disclaimed, save to the extent required by law.",193
-"To the extent permitted by applicable law, you acknowledge and agree that we offer the services and set the services' prices in reliance upon the warranty disclaimers, releases, and limitations of liability set forth in the terms.",194
-"Therefore, you should review these terms of use and any updated terms before using the service.",195
-You agree not to submit any content as user material in which you have any expectation of privacy.,196
-"Notwithstanding any other provision of this eula, you represent and warrant that you will comply with all laws and regulations regarding endorsements or testimonials made by you in any user content, including that you will (i) make only accurate statements that represent your genuine experience with any product, good or service and (ii) make all required disclosures pursuant to the federal trade commission's (``ftc'') guides concerning the use of endorsements and testimonials in advertising, as such guides may be amended from time-to-time by the federal trade commission.",197
-"In no event will duolingo be liable to you or any third party claiming through you (whether based in contract, tort, strict liability or other theory) for indirect, incidental, special, consequential or exemplary damages arising out of or relating to the access or use of, or the inability to access or use, the service or any portion thereof, including but not limited to the loss of use of the service, inaccurate results, loss of profits, business interruption, or damages stemming from loss or corruption of data or data being rendered inaccurate, the cost of recovering any data, the cost of substitute services or claims by third parties for any damage to computers, software, modems, telephones or other property, even if duolingo has been advised of the possibility of such damages.",198
-You may need a google account in order to use some of our services.,199
-"16.4 you represent and warrant that you do not live in a us export-embargoed country or a country designated as a ``terrorist supporting'' country by the united states government, and that you are not on the list of people barred or excluded from the united states.",200
-"Your right to access to the service is subject to any limits established by your credit card issuer, billing service, ` world of warcraft game card agreement,' or other payment methods authorized by blizzard entertainment.",201
-We can deactivate your account at any time.,202
-"The amazon services and all information, content, materials, products (including software) and other services included on or otherwise made available to you through the amazon services are provided by amazon on an ``as is'' and ``as available'' basis, unless otherwise specified in writing.",203
-"In respect of users located in the eea who wish to receive services, and/or provide user submissions, and/or provide or access content via the site, such users may have a right to cancel these terms of use under the european distance selling directive (97/7/ec) (``directive'') within 7 days of accepting these terms of use solely to the extent such right applies under the directive to such users, save that if such right to cancel applies, it shall cease to exist from the time of actual use of the services, and/or provision of the user submissions, and/or provision or access of content via the site by such users.",204
-"Contributions must be accurate (where they state facts), be genuinely held (where they state opinions) and comply with applicable law in the uk and in any country from which they are posted.",205
-"Where settings have been set to automatically accept requests for returns or replacements, an ebay-generated return shipping label will be provided to your buyer.",206
-"You understand and agree that you may be required to enter into a separate rental agreement with an advertiser before making a reservation or purchasing a product or service, and such an agreement may place additional restrictions on your reservation, product or service.",207
-"We do not authorize the use of this information for any purpose other than your personal use and you are expressly prohibited from the resale, redistribution, and use of this information for commercial purposes.",208
-"Tripadvisor may change, add or delete these terms and conditions or any portion thereof from time to time in its sole discretion where it deems it necessary for legal, general regulatory and technical purposes, or due to changes in the services provided or nature or layout of the website.",209
-Changes to section 17 on agreement to arbitrate and class action waiver ,210
-Skype reserves all rights not expressly granted in the skype websites.,211
-"User-generated content that you post, send or otherwise make available through your nintendo account service must comply with the nintendo code of conduct.",212
-"All incurred charges are final and non-refundable, except at our sole discretion and in accordance with the rules governing each premium service.",213
-"Airbnb reserves the right to require that listings have a minimum number of images of a certain format, size and resolution.",214
-"If we provide a translated version of these terms, feature terms, the community rules, the zynga privacy policy, or any other terms or policy, it is for informational purposes only.",215
-Thank you for reading our terms.,216
-"If you subscribe to a paid service, you will need to cancel your subscription pursuant to our commercial terms.",217
-"We may notify you via postings on www.supercell.com, and via e-mail or any other communications means to contact information you provide to us.",218
-Any implied warranties prescribed by statute are expressly limited to the warranty period described above.,219
-"If you require further information about skyscanner or have any suggestions concerning how to improve the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms, please contact us here.",220
-A force majeure event means any event beyond the control of skype.,221
-Airbnb is committed to participating in a consumer-friendly dispute resolution process.,222
-"• is offensive, abusive, defamatory, pornographic, threatening, or obscene ; ",223
-"(8) eavesdrop, intercept or monitor any oral communication which is not intended for you or use any tool designed to distort or prevent oral communication of the users.",224
-You acknowledge that you do not desire and will not receive compensation for your activities as a course contributor or for our use of any course contributor materials (as defined below) you submit.,225
-"This website is provided solely to assist customers in gathering travel information, posting opinions of travel related issues, engaging in interactive travel forums, and searching for and booking travel reservations, and for no other purposes.",226
-"In addition, we are not responsible for the accuracy, availability, or reliability of any information, content, goods, data, opinions, advice, or statements made available by any third-party applications.",227
-"Welcome to blizzard entertainment, inc.'s massively multi-player on-line role-playing game, world of warcraft ® (``world of warcraft'').",228
-"We recommend that you choose a password that is hard to guess and consists of letters, numbers and symbols.",229
-You will be responsible for all subscription fees incurred for the then current subscription period.,230
-"By using the services, you represent that you have either reached the age of ``majority'' where you live or have valid parent or legal guardian consent to be bound by these terms.",231
-"Exceptions to agreement to arbitrate : either you or fitbit may assert claims, if they qualify, in small claims court in san francisco (ca) or any united states county where you live or work.",232
-We have no obligation to provide any updates or to continue to provide or enable any particular features or functionality of any service.,233
-"The arbitrator must follow this agreement and can award the same damages and relief as a court (including attorney fees), except that the arbitrator may not award declaratory or injunctive relief benefiting anyone but the parties to the arbitration.",234
-``stalk'' or otherwise harass another ; and/or ,235
-Whatsapp's license to you.,236
-"Effective : february 10, 2017 ",237
-"If you believe that viber has charged you in error, you must contact viber within 90 days of such charge.",238
-"Viber does not undertake to monitor or review forums, and the content of forums is not the responsibility of viber.",239
-Sections 6 and 11 though 16 shall survive termination.,240
-The license granted to you in article i. section 2.,241
-"Accordingly, some of the above limitations of sections 19 and 20 may not apply to you.",242
-Our services are not intended for distribution to or use in any country where such distribution or use would violate local law or would subject us to any regulations in another country.,243
-Please review your settings regularly to control and limit what kind of messages you receive from us.,244
-Grant of a limited license to use the service ,245
-Unredeemed points expire if you do not earn or redeem any points for 90 days.,246
-These terms of use do not confer any third-party beneficiary rights.,247
-"We may use information such as device id, method of payment or an account email address used with an existing or recent netflix membership to determine eligibility.",248
-"These pages, the content and infrastructure of these pages, and the online reservation service provided on these pages and through the website are owned, operated and provided by booking.com b.v. and are provided for your personal, non-commercial use only, subject to the terms and conditions set out below.",249
-"If you have an idea or information that you would like to keep confidential and/or do n't want others to use, do n't post it.",250
-"You shall remain solely responsible for the content of property profiles, public postings, messages and other materials you may upload to the service or users of the service.",251
-Is fraudulent or otherwise unlawful or violates any law ,252
-"If you are a user having your usual residence in germany, instead of the below these eula -lsb- https://musical.ly/de/eula -rsb- exclusively shall apply.",253
-This is not the responsibility of betterpoints.uk.,254
-"You expressly agree that your athletic activities, which may generate the user-generated content you post or seek to post on or via the services (e.g., running, walking, cycling, hiking) and certain third-party activities carry certain inherent and significant risks of property damage, bodily injury, or death and that you voluntarily assume all known and unknown risks associated with these activities, even if caused in whole or part by the action, inaction, or negligence of under armour or by the action, inaction, or negligence of others.",255
-"You must not establish a link in such a way as to suggest any form of association, approval or endorsement by skype where none exists.",256
-D. does not constitute an infringement of the intellectual property or privacy rights of any third party ; ,257
-Our designated agent for notice of alleged copyright infringement on the services is : ,258
-The service is controlled and operated by the company from its offices in the state of california and the people's republic of china.,259
-Your access to the services using these devices is subject to terms set forth in the applicable third party beneficiary's terms of service.,260
-Any court with jurisdiction over the parties may enforce the arbitrator's award.,261
-"If you are a resident of the united states or canada, these terms and the relationship between you and evernote (including any dispute) shall be governed in all respects by the laws of the state of california, united states of america, as they apply to agreements entered into and to be performed entirely within california between california residents, without regard to its conflict of law provisions.",262
-"We may also provide notice of or ask you to accept supplemental terms relating to specific products or services, which are incorporated into these terms by this reference.",263
-Any third party trade or service marks present on content not uploaded or posted by you are trade or service marks of their respective owners.,264
-You are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of any login information associated with any account you use to access our resources.,265
-"Provide a personal statement that you have a good-faith belief that the use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law.",266
-"However, vivino reserves the right to (i) remove, suspend, edit or modify any content in its sole discretion, including without limitation any user submissions at any time, without notice to you and for any reason (including, but not limited to, upon receipt of claims or allegations from third parties or authorities relating to such content or if vivino is concerned that you may have violated these terms of use), or for no reason at all and (ii) to remove, suspend or block any user submissions from the service.",267
-Read that section carefully and completely.,268
-"As the nintendo account service is for your own personal recreational and non-commercial use, we are also not responsible for any loss of profit, loss of business, business interruption, loss of data or loss of business opportunity.",269
-"Also, in some of our services, there are terms or settings that narrow the scope of our use of the content submitted in those services.",270
-Such third-party services may be subject to different terms and conditions and privacy practices.,271
-You acknowledge that different terms of use and privacy policies may apply to your use of such third party services and content.,272
-"Do n't engage in any activity, post any user content, or register and/or use a username, which is or includes material that : ",273
-"Accordingly, you represent and warrant that : (i) you either are the sole and exclusive owner of all member content that you make available through the site or services or you have all rights, licenses, consents and releases that are necessary to grant to academia.edu the rights in such member content, as contemplated under these terms ; and (ii) neither the member content nor your posting, uploading, publication, submission or transmittal of the member content or academia.edu's use of the member content (or any portion thereof) on, through or by means of the site or services will infringe, misappropriate or violate a third party's patent, copyright, trademark, trade secret, moral rights or other intellectual property rights, or rights of publicity or privacy, or result in the violation of any applicable law or regulation.",274
-"Onavo provides apps that perform functions like compressing mobile data, analyzing mobile data usage, and helping to secure mobile data communications on certain mobile platforms and communication networks.",275
-"Solely in respect of users located in european economic area (eea) and/or australia, nothing in these terms of use shall be deemed to exclude or limit our or your liability (as applicable) in respect of : ",276
-"Using any software that sends automated queries to the systems and networks we use to provide the services that seek bulk data, or determine how many saved routes or athletes we have for various queries ; ",277
-"Accordingly, you may not store any material or content on, or disseminate any material or content over, the products in any manner that constitutes an infringement of third party intellectual property rights, including rights granted by copyright law.",278
-"You release us, our subsidiaries, affiliates, and our and their directors, officers, employees, partners, and agents (together, the ``whatsapp parties'') from any claim, complaint, cause of action, controversy, or dispute (together, ``claim'') and damages, known and unknown, relating to, arising out of, or in any way connected with any such claim you have against any third parties.",279
-"If you have any questions about this agreement, please contact us by email : service@nintendo.de.",280
-This arbitration agreement will survive the termination of your relationship with onavo.,281
-Opt-out of agreement to arbitrate : you can decline this agreement to arbitrate by contacting legal@fitbit.com within 30 days of first accepting these terms of service and stating that you (include your first and last name) decline this arbitration agreement.,282
-Skype may change the charges payable for the purchase of such products at any time without any notice to you.,283
-G. must file within one year.,284
-A. consent for internet-based or wireless services.,285
-"All content and materials available on atlassolutionsgroup.com, including but not limited to text, graphics, website name, code, images and logos are the intellectual property of atlas solutions group inc., and are protected by applicable copyright and trademark law.",286
-"Other than this, no other person or company shall be a third party beneficiary to these terms.",287
-"This product is licensed under the h. 264/avc, mpeg-4 visual, and the vc-1 patent portfolio licenses for the personal and noncommercial use of a consumer to (a) encode video in compliance with the standards (``video standards'') and/or (b) decode h. 264/avc, mpeg-4 visual, and vc-1 video that was encoded by a consumer engaged in a personal and noncommercial activity and/or was obtained from a video provider licensed to provide such video.",288
-Please read these guidelines carefully which form part of the terms.,289
-"(iv) use any cheats, mods, hacks, or any other unauthorized techniques or unauthorized third-party software to cheat in any competition or game that may be offered on the service, or to otherwise disrupt or modify the service or the experience of any users on the service ; or ",290
-"Last updated : may 30, 2017 ",291
-"Use a user name that is a name that is otherwise offensive, vulgar or obscene or otherwise unlawful.",292
-"Alternatively, you may assert your claims in small claims court, if your claims qualify and so long as the matter remains in such court and advances only on an individual (non-class, non-representative) basis.",293
-"Sellers can create rules to automate replacements, returns, and refunds under certain circumstances.",294
-"The company will allow you to submit and upload information into the service directly, either as your profile information (e.g. full name, phone number, email address, age, etc.), or as notes (``user submissions'').",295
-"Apple is not responsible for the investigation, defense, settlement and discharge of any third party claim that the service and/or your possession and use of the app infringe that third party's intellectual property rights.",296
-Viber can not ensure that you will be satisfied with any products or services that you purchase from any third-party site that links to or from viber since the third-party sites are owned and operated by independent retailers.,297
-"To that end, these terms provide for a two-part process for individuals to whom section 19.1 applies : (1) an informal negotiation directly with airbnb's customer service team, and (2) a binding arbitration administered by the american arbitration association (``aaa'') using its specially designed consumer arbitration rules (as modified by this section 19).",298
-"You can create an account if you have (a) a pre-existing google account ; (b) a pre-existing pokémon trainer club (``ptc'') account ; (c) a pre-existing account with facebook, or (d) such other pre-existing third-party accounts as we may choose to support in the future (notification of which will be provided by allowing selection of such pre-existing accounts on the relevant account-creation screen).",299
-"When used with onavo's permission, all trademarks must be identified as trademarks of onavo using the appropriate symbol (e.g., ™ or ®).",300
-"Ncl, at its sole discretion, may allow you to link your nintendo account to one or several devices manufactured by nintendo or third parties.",301
-"You represent that you are a ` natural person' who is over the age of eighteen (18) years old, or over the age of majority in the country where you are a citizen, and agree to these terms of use on behalf of yourself and, at your discretion, for one (1) minor child for whom you are a parent or guardian and whom you have authorized to use the account you create on the service.",302
-"When you provide your data or your content to bing places, you grant microsoft a worldwide, royalty-free intellectual property license to use, reproduce, save, modify, aggregate, promote, transmit, display or distribute as part of a service, and sub-license those rights to third parties.",303
-Please notify us of any unauthorized use or breach of your account or our services at https://www.facebook.com/whitehat.,304
-"Do n't engage in activity that is harmful to you, the services, or others (e.g., transmitting viruses, stalking, posting terrorist content, communicating hate speech, or advocating violence against others).",305
-You agree that the only way to provide us legal notice is at the addresses provided in section 10.,306
-"We will not provide your information, or your content, to anyone, even next of kin, unless we determine that we are legally obligated to do so.",307
-"Failure to assert, at any time, any right, or require performance in regard to this agreement by or on behalf of the company shall not constitute concession, yield, waiver or relinquishment of any sort, and shall not limit the company's rights with respect to such breach or any subsequent breaches.",308
-"We may ask you to supply additional information relevant to your transaction, including, without limitation, your credit card number, the expiration date of your credit card, your billing address and additional information to verify your identity before completing your transaction (such information, ``payment information'').",309
-"While we're not required to do so, we may access, review, screen, and delete your content at any time and for any reason, including if we think your content violates these terms.",310
-"(4) sending repeated unsolicited or unwelcome messages to a single user or repeatedly posting similar messages in a chat area, including but not limited to continuous advertisements to sell goods or services ; ",311
-"If a skype premium subscription or day pass expires during a group video call, or it has exceeded the fair usage limit, or the owner of the skype premium subscription leaves the call (and there is no other participant on the call who owns a skype premium subscription), then the call will convert from video to audio.",312
-"For clarity, email or other communications will not constitute an effective written agreement for this purpose.",313
-• promotes fraudulent or dubious business schemes ; or ,314
-Nor is combining individual proceedings without the consent of all parties.,315
-You will not use the services for any purpose that is illegal or prohibited in these terms.,316
-"Ranking, preferred programme, stars and guest reviews ",317
-"Notwithstanding the above, for transparency and fraud prevention purposes, and as permitted by applicable laws, we may, but have no obligation to (i) ask members to provide a form of government identification or other information or undertake additional checks designed to help verify the identities or backgrounds of members, (ii) screen members against third party databases or other sources and request reports from service providers, and (iii) where we have sufficient information to identify a member, obtain reports from public records of criminal convictions or sex offender registrations or an equivalent version of background or registered sex offender checks in your local jurisdiction (if available).",318
-"Nevertheless, all use of the apps and the related mobile services must be in accordance with this eula.",319
-"We may employ various technological measures to monitor, detect and prevent misuse of the services.",320
-"You understand and agree that your express acceptance of the terms or your use of the software, products and/or skype websites after the date of publication shall constitute your agreement to the updated terms.",321
-"10.2 viber reserves the right to refuse a refund request if it reasonably believes or suspects (i) that you are trying to unfairly exploit this refund policy, for example, by making repetitive refund requests in respect of the same product or feature ; (ii) that you are in breach of the terms of this license ; (iii) that you are using any of our products fraudulently or that your user account is being used by a third party fraudulently ; or (iv) that you purchased your credit through a third party service and the terms of such third party do not allow such refund.",322
-"Instead, those parts will be severed and proceed in a court of law, with the remaining parts proceeding in arbitration.",323
-"For example, if you use evernote basic, you will not enjoy all of the benefits provided to subscribers of evernote plus, evernote premium or evernote business.",324
-So please use good judgment and play fair.,325
-"This limitation of liability is part of the basis of the bargain between you and linkedin and shall apply to all claims of liability (e.g. warranty, tort, negligence, contract, law) and even if linkedin or its affiliates has been told of the possibility of any such damage, and even if these remedies fail their essential purpose.",326
-Failure to pay these fees will result in the termination of your paid services.,327
-"Except as may be required to register and/or maintain your account, do not submit personally identifiable information (e.g. first and last name together, password, phone number, address, credit or debit card number, medical information, e-mail address, or other contact information) on the service.",328
-We have taken every care in the preparation of our site and our service.,329
-"If you are a vimeo member who has been granted access to a pro or business account, you must comply with the terms of this agreement in accessing that account.",330
-"Insofar as the services utilize components or functions operated or managed by third parties, onavo will not be liable for any form of liability, including, but not limited to any direct or indirect damage, pecuniary or otherwise, arising from the use of, reliance on, or in connection with, such third parties' components and functions.",331
-"All content, whether publicly posted or privately transmitted, is the sole responsibility of the person who originated such content.",332
-You can disable background communication features in the settings of your user device and/or in the settings of the respective application.,333
-"Evernote engages certain affiliates or other third parties (``service providers'') to provide technical or other services relating to all or part of the service, and you hereby agree that such involvement by these service providers is acceptable.",334
-"To demonstrate our commitment to your privacy, we designed our privacy policy to make important disclosures about our practices concerning how we collect, use and share your information.",335
-"As limited by the faa, these terms and the applicable aaa rules, the arbitrator will have the exclusive power and jurisdiction to make all procedural and substantive decisions concerning the dispute, provided, however, that this power does not include the power to conduct a class arbitration or a representative action, which is prohibited by these terms (as stated above).",336
-"You must protect the information you receive from us against unauthorized access, use, or disclosure.",337
-Your continued use of qik premium after publication on the skype website shall constitute your acceptance to be bound by the terms and conditions of the revised fair usage policy.,338
-You represent and warrant that you own your content or that you have all rights necessary to grant us a license to use your content as described in these terms.,339
-Use of instagram's api is subject to a separate set of terms available here : http://instagram.com/about/legal/terms/api/ (``api terms'').,340
-"Those acts include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following : ",341
-"Nothing in the services is intended to be professional advice, including but not limited to, investment or tax advice.",342
-"Nothing grants you any license or right to use, alter or remove or copy such material.",343
-"For information about how to contact google, please visit our contact page.",344
-Buyers and sellers further agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the state of illinois for complaints involving a ticketed event held in illinois.,345
-"Request, accept or make any payment for listing fees outside of the airbnb platform or airbnb payments.",346
-"You ca n't recover any other damages or losses, including direct, consequential, lost profits, special, indirect, incidental, or punitive.",347
-"Additionally, users may form ``guilds'' and such guilds will be required to choose a name for the guild.",348
-"By using the service (as defined below), you agree to and accept these terms, including important dispute resolution procedures and all policies and terms linked to or otherwise referenced herein, all of which are incorporated into this agreement.",349
-"Uber shall not be liable for any damages, liability or losses arising out of : (i) your use of or reliance on the services or your inability to access or use the services ; or (ii) any transaction or relationship between you and any third party provider, even if uber has been advised of the possibility of such damages.",350
-(ii) premium rate numbers : the charges payable for calling premium rate numbers consist of a per-minute rate available at www.skype.com/go/rates-premium.,351
-"You will not share your password (or in the case of developers, your secret key), let anyone else access your account, or do anything else that might jeopardize the security of your account.",352
-"Ebay may also contact you using autodialed or prerecorded calls and text messages for marketing purposes (e.g., offers and promotions), if you consent to such communications.",353
-"We always appreciate your feedback or other suggestions about facebook, but you understand that we may use your feedback or suggestions without any obligation to compensate you for them (just as you have no obligation to offer them).",354
-"Although we have tried our best to strip the legalese from the terms, there are places where these terms may still read like a traditional contract.",355
-"That means we may add or remove features, products, or functionalities, and we may also suspend or stop the services altogether.",356
-"You acknowledge that niantic is not required to provide a refund for any reason, and that you will not receive money or other compensation for unused virtual money and virtual goods when your account is closed, whether such closure was voluntary or involuntary.",357
-Please contact us through the support portal at https://support.oculus.com for assistance.,358
-"Although most travel, including travel to international destinations, is completed without incident, travel to certain destinations may involve greater risk than others.",359
-Be sure to return to this page periodically to review the most current version of the agreement.,360
-"Linden lab has the right to change, limit access to, and/or eliminate any aspect (s), feature (s) or functionality of the service (including your user content) as it sees fit at any time without notice, and linden lab makes no commitment, express or implied, to maintain or continue, or to permit open access to, any aspect of the service.",361
-"On termination of subscriber's membership to the site and use of the services, 9gag, inc shall make all reasonable efforts to promptly remove from the site and cease use of the subscriber content ; however, subscriber recognizes and agrees that caching of or references to the subscriber content may not be immediately removed.",362
-Background communication with other user devices may happen depending on the application you use.,363
-"For notices made by e-mail, the date of receipt on the message will be deemed the date on which such notice is transmitted.",364
-"This terms of service agreement (the ``agreement'') governs your use of onavo mobile ltd's and onavo inc's (``onavo'', ``we'', ``our'', or ``us'') mobile data usage reduction software applications (the ``apps''), the onavo website at www.onavo.com (the ``website''), and other websites and online services that link to these terms (collectively, including the apps and the website, the ``services'').",365
-"Limitation on claims : regardless of any statute or law to the contrary, any claim or cause of action arising out of or related to your use of the fitbit products or fitbit service must be filed within one (1) year after such claim or cause of action arose, or else that claim or cause of action will be barred forever.",366
-"For the avoidance of doubt, user videos exclude any broadcast content.",367
-Software related to or made available by the service may be subject to united states export controls.,368
-"If you are located in the eu, you consent that the supply of the digital content may begin immediately following the completion of your purchase and you acknowledge that you therefore will lose any statutory rights that you may have to withdraw and receive a refund.",369
-B. you agree not to alter or modify any part of the website or any of the service (including but not limited to the youtube player and its related technologies) ; ,370
-"Your continued use of our services following such amendment confirms your acceptance of our terms, as amended.",371
-"To avoid future charges, cancel before the renewal date.",372
-"You may only use the services to : (a) access content on crowdtangle's platform ; and (b) access, manage and obtain content from other platforms (e.g., twitter, facebook) in accordance with these terms of service and any terms specified by those other platforms.",373
-When you register for the services we will ask you to provide us with certain contact and personal details.,374
-"If your services are canceled or your microsoft account or skype account is closed (whether by you or us), a few things happen.",375
-"The company respects the intellectual property of others and takes the protection of intellectual property very seriously, and we ask our users to do the same.",376
-7.7 we are entitled to identify you to third parties who claim that their rights have been infringed by user material you have submitted.,377
-X. do n't help others break these rules.,378
-"Any content that is not published by truecaller, i.e. that you or other users post or communicate directly in or on the services, including user information, user profile information, status updates and messages sent via the services may not be previewed by truecaller.",379
-"A search is the act of an individual user manually entering text for the good faith purpose of obtaining bing search results for such user's own research purposes and does not include any query entered by a bot, macro, or other automated or fraudulent means of any kind (``search'').",380
-"If we have a dispute about whether this agreement to arbitrate can be enforced or applies to our dispute, we all agree that the arbitrator will decide that, too.",381
-"(i) our obligation to provide the products only comes into being when we take receipt of your order, and we confirm your purchase to you by email.",382
-From time to time we may make you update the game or your software to continue to use our services.,383
-You can purchase skype credit using any payment method made available to you by skype from time to time.,384
-"18.3 these terms constitute the entire agreement between you and skype with respect to your use of the software, products and/or skype websites and replace any prior agreements between you and skype with respect to the software, products and/or skype websites.",385
-"In the event of any failure of any app to conform to any applicable warranty, you may notify apple, and apple will refund the purchase price, if any, for the app to you ; to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, apple will have no other warranty obligation whatsoever with respect to the apps, and any other claims, losses, liabilities, damages, costs or expenses attributable to any failure to conform to any warranty will be solely governed by these terms and conditions.",386
-"The following related policies are incorporated by reference in and made part of this agreement, and provide additional terms, conditions and guidelines regarding the service.",387
-"Some areas of the airbnb platform implement google maps/earth mapping services, including google maps api (s).",388
-"Skype takes no responsibility for any disruption, interruption or delay caused by any failure of or inadequacy in any of these items or any other items over which we have no control.",389
-"(v) post, display, or transmit content that is obscene, hateful, involves terrorism, or is racially, ethnically or otherwise objectionable ; or ",390
-"If after a good faith effort to negotiate one of us feels the dispute has not and can not be resolved informally, the party intending to pursue arbitration agrees to notify the other party via email prior to initiating the arbitration.",391
-"If you believe any content submitted to our services violates the community guidelines, or if you know or suspect that someone is misusing your user-generated content, please report it to the customer support team.",392
-Any charges or obligations you take on in dealing with these other companies are your responsibility.,393
-"In order to indemnify you, please make sure that you report this fraud to your credit card provider (in accordance with its reporting rules and procedures) and contact us immediately by email (customer.relations@booking.com).",394
-"When you instruct microsoft and microsoft-controlled affiliates to send such messages to you or to others, you represent and warrant to us that you and each person you have instructed us to message consent to receive such messages and any other related administrative text messages from microsoft and microsoft-controlled affiliates.",395
-Instagram's failure to insist upon or enforce strict performance of any provision of these terms will not be construed as a waiver of any provision or right.,396
-Overstay fees for late checkouts on the checkout date that do not impact upcoming bookings may be limited to the additional costs incurred by the host as a result of such overstay.,397
-"2.6 if you access or download the application from the apple app store, you agree to apple's licensed application end user license agreement.",398
-"If the prohibition against class actions and other claims brought on behalf of third parties contained in section 20.3.3 is found to be unenforceable, then all of section 16.3 will be null and void as to that dispute.",399
-"Supercell owns, has licensed, or otherwise has rights to use all of the content that appears in the service or in supercell games.",400
-"By using any of the commercial tools, you acknowledge and agree to the terms and any additional terms and conditions applicable to those select services.",401
-Any failure by spotify or any third party beneficiary to enforce the agreements or any provision thereof shall not waive spotify's or the applicable third party beneficiary's right to do so.,402
-Fitbit is not liable for any loss or damages caused by your failure to maintain the confidentiality of your account credentials.,403
-You will not transfer your account (including any page or application you administer) to anyone without first getting our written permission.,404
-"Upon receipt of a notice of dispute, you and we shall attempt to resolve the dispute through informal negotiation within sixty (60) days from the date the notice of dispute is sent.",405
-You pay no additional fees for selling through the global shipping program.,406
-"Unless you timely provide niantic with an arbitration opt-out notice, you acknowledge and agree that you and niantic are each waiving the right to a trial by jury or to participate as a plaintiff or class member in any purported class action or representative proceeding.",407
-"(a) any indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages ; or ",408
-"After you have received services or goods obtained through the service, you will have the opportunity to rate your experience and leave additional feedback about your third party provider.",409
-We have no obligation to monitor user content and we are not responsible for monitoring the service for inappropriate or illegal user content or conduct by other players.,410
-You will not upload viruses or other malicious code or otherwise compromise the security of the services.,411
-Contains any type of unauthorized or unsolicited advertising ; ,412
-We are not responsible for and are not obligated to control the actions or information (including content) of our users or other third parties.,413
-"9gag, inc reserves the right to remove any subscriber content from the site, suspend or terminate subscriber's right to use the services at any time, or pursue any other remedy or relief available to 9gag, inc and/or the site under equity or law, for any reason (including, but not limited to, upon receipt of claims or allegations from third parties or authorities relating to such subscriber content or if 9gag, inc is concerned that subscriber may have breached the immediately preceding sentence), or for no reason at all.",414
-"While we hope you remain a lifelong snapchatter, you can terminate these terms at any time and for any reason by deleting your account.",415
-"The yahoo services may provide, or third parties may provide, links to other world wide web sites or resources.",416
-This paragraph does n't affect consumer rights that ca n't be waived or limited by any contract or agreement.,417
-They may not be used without the express written prior permission of ebay.,418
-The permission to use catalog content is subject to modification or revocation at any time at ebay's sole discretion.,419
-Content submitted or made available for inclusion on the yahoo services ,420
-"For notices made by email, the date of receipt will be deemed the date on which such notice is transmitted.",421
-"Your continued use of the service now, or following the posting of notice of any changes in this agreement, will constitute a binding acceptance by you of this agreement, or any subsequent modifications.",422
-"Spotify may change the price for the paid subscriptions, pre-paid period (for periods not yet paid for), or codes from time to time, and will communicate any price changes to you in advance and, if applicable, how to accept those changes.",423
-"You are responsible for obtaining and maintaining, at your sole cost, all internet devices and other equipment and software, and services necessary for you to access and use the service.",424
-Tripadvisor nevertheless reserves the right for any reason in its sole discretion to remove without notice any user messages and/or site content.,425
-"Under certain circumstances we may also elect to notify you of changes or updates to our terms by additional means, such as pop-up or push notifications within the products or email.",426
-"6.3 to the extent not prohibited by law, in no event shall the licensor be liable for personal injury, or any incidental, special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages whatsoever, including, without limitation : ",427
-• your listing may not be immediately searchable by keyword or category for several hours (or up to 24 hours in some circumstances).,428
-(a) applicability of arbitration agreement.,429
-"We both agree that all of these claims can only be litigated in dublin, ireland, and we each agree to personal jurisdiction of the courts located in dublin, ireland.",430
-Click here to see a non-exhaustive list of amazon trademarks.,431
-"Enett international usa, llc (for credit or debit cards issued in the united states excluding american express) or enett international (uk) limited (for all other cards and all american express cards) is appointed by, and has contractual relationship with, the supplier to process your reservation payment as the supplier's agent.",432
-"If you collect information from users, you will : obtain their consent, make it clear you (and not facebook) are the one collecting their information, and post a privacy policy explaining what information you collect and how you will use it.",433
-"World of warcraft, warcraft and blizzard entertainment are trademarks or registered trademarks, of blizzard entertainment, inc., in the u.s. and/or other countries.",434
-"Any in-person hearing will take place in your county of residence (or if a business your principal place of business) or our principal place of business -- king county, washington if your dispute is with microsoft.",435
-"Last updated date : july 29, 2016 ",436
-This disbursement of the updated credit card information is provided to headspace and headspace's third party payment service provider at the sole election of your credit card issuer.,437
-"You acknowledge, consent and agree that yahoo may access, preserve and disclose your account information and content if required to do so by law or in a good faith belief that such access preservation or disclosure is reasonably necessary to : (i) comply with legal process ; (ii) enforce the tos ; (iii) respond to claims that any content violates the rights of third parties ; (iv) respond to your requests for customer service ; or (v) protect the rights, property or personal safety of yahoo, its users and the public.",438
-1.6 the airbnb platform may contain links to third-party websites or resources (``third-party services'').,439
-"Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary herein, you agree that you have no right or title in or to any content that appears in the service, including without limitation the virtual goods or currency appearing or originating in any supercell game, whether earned in a game or purchased from supercell, or any other attributes associated with an account or stored on the service.",440
-"18.7 this paragraph 18, along with paragraphs, 4.2, 12, 20.3 and any other provisions, which are expressed or clearly intended to survive or operate in the event of termination, shall survive termination of the terms.",441
-We shall confirm your order and send you an email to confirm your access to the subscription purchased.,442
-2.3 you grant linden lab certain licenses to your user content.,443
-(f) user-generated content and eligibility to participate in certain sports organizations ,444
-We encourage you to learn about the practices of such third party.,445
-If you send sms messages to more than one person you will be charged for each sms sent to each recipient.,446
-"For masquerade users located in the united states or canada, masquerade and you each agree to waive the right to a trial by judge or jury for all disputes, except for the excluded disputes.",447
-"By using the services, you represent and warrant that you have read and understand these warnings and instructions.",448
-You can always unfollow a viber public chat if you find it to be unsuitable for you in any way.,449
-Any remaining balance of prepaid fees not used within twelve (12) months from the purchase will expire without any right of refund.,450
-"(e) third-party services, activities, and events ",451
-(d) jury trial waiver.,452
-Thank you for using airbnb ! ,453
-You must not transmit or otherwise make available to others any worms or viruses or any code of a destructive nature through the services.,454
-You expressly acknowledge and agree that instagram is in no way responsible or liable for any such third-party services or features.,455
-(e) circumvent any territorial restrictions applied to the products ; or ,456
-"This section also limits the time you have to start an arbitration or, if permissible, a court action.",457
-Your account and its content may be deleted if your subscription is not renewed.,458
-"Other uses, including downloading, copying, or redistributing these materials, are permitted only to the extent specifically authorized by microsoft or rights holders, or allowed by applicable copyright law.",459
-You understand and agree that the services are provided to you on an ``as is'' and ``as available'' basis.,460
-"If you are attacked by another athlete, and you reciprocate, you may also be subject to the same consequences.",461
-Microsoft health and the microsoft band are not medical devices and are intended for fitness and wellness purposes only.,462
-"Contacts who have tinder stacks will be able to vote on the photos by swiping right, swiping left or using the voting buttons.",463
-"Where the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms contain links to other sites and resources provided by third parties, these links are provided for your information only.",464
-"To learn more about how to report claims of intellectual property infringement, visit : https://help.instagram.com/customer/portal/articles/270501 ",465
-"``third-party services'' refers to any applications, software, add-on content, services, websites, portals, data and other digital content provided by third parties that may be accessible via the nintendo account service, but that are not operated by nintendo and that allow users to access or register games, applications, software and other digital content of third parties independently from the nintendo account under the terms established by third parties.",466
-"You will not, directly or indirectly, export, re-export, provide, or otherwise transfer our services : (a) to any individual, entity, or country prohibited by export laws ; (b) to anyone on u.s. or non-u.s. government restricted parties lists ; or (c) for any purpose prohibited by export laws, including nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons, or missile technology applications without the required government authorizations.",467
-"(e) other than for the purposes of download and installation, use the software except through your user account.",468
-"Unless otherwise indicated, the services are the property of oculus or our licensors and are protected by copyright, trademark and other laws of the united states and foreign countries.",469
-"We may need to provide you with certain communications, such as service announcements and administrative messages.",470
-Please note that this procedure is exclusively for notifying amazon that your copyrighted material has been infringed.,471
-All purchases of physical items from amazon are made pursuant to a shipment contract.,472
-"B) although all intellectual property rights subsisting in any user content will be owned by you or your licensors, you hereby grant skyscanner and its group companies a non-exclusive, perpetual, royalty-free, worldwide, transferrable and sub-licensable right to use, reproduce both electronically and otherwise, display, distribute, modify, adapt, publish, translate, and create derivative works from any and all such user content (excluding personally identifiable information) including for the purposes of advertising and marketing the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms ; ",473
-"The existence and content of the mediation and arbitration proceedings, including documents and briefs submitted by the parties, correspondence from and to the international chamber of commerce, correspondence from the mediator, and correspondence, orders and awards issued by the sole arbitrator, shall remain strictly confidential and shall not be disclosed to any third party without the express written consent from the other party unless : (i) the disclosure to the third party is reasonably required in the context of conducting the mediation or arbitration proceedings ; and (ii) the third party agrees unconditionally in writing to be bound by the confidentiality obligation stipulated herein.",474
-The identity of the relevant travel provider and the terms and conditions applicable to your booking with them (``travel provider terms'') will be notified to you at the time of booking and you should ensure that you read and fully understand them before completing your booking.,475
-"You must comply with all domestic and international export laws and regulations that apply to the software and/or services, which include restrictions on destinations, end users, and end use.",476
-"We need your help to keep facebook safe, which includes the following commitments by you : ",477
-"Collect or post anyone's private information, including personally identifiable information (whether in text, image or video form), identification documents, or financial information through the service.",478
-The facebook companies and third-party services' terms and privacy policies will govern your use of such services.,479
-"If any of the product-specific terms are different than the terms, the product-specific terms will supplement, amend, or supersede the terms, but only with respect to the subject matter of the product-specific terms.",480
-"Viber does not undertake to monitor public chats or other forums, and the content posted on public chats and other forums is not the responsibility of viber.",481
-Applicable taxes may be charged by the accommodation in the event of a no-show or cancellation fee.,482
-"9.2 linden lab provides the service on an ``as is'' basis, without express or implied warranties, and all content, including virtual tender and other virtual goods and services, have no guarantee or warranty of any compensable value.",483
-"You are responsible for all federal, state, and local taxes and any other costs of accepting and using the reward.",484
-"Apple is not responsible for addressing any claims by you or any third party relating to the service or your possession and/or use of the service, including, but not limited to : (1) product liability claims ; (2) any claim that the service fails to conform to any applicable legal or regulatory requirement ; and (3) claims arising under consumer protection or similar legislation.",485
-"To the extent permitted under your local law, we exclude any implied warranties, including for merchantability, satisfactory quality, fitness for a particular purpose, workmanlike effort, and non-infringement.",486
-"If you are between the ages of 13-18, you may use the services (excluding under armour shopping and myfitnesspal) only with the supervision and consent of a parent or guardian.",487
-Such incidents will not be considered a breach of this agreement.,488
-"The rights you grant in this license are for the limited purpose of operating, promoting, and improving our services, and to develop new ones.",489
-These terms constitute the entire agreement and understanding of the parties with respect to its subject matter and replaces and supersedes all prior or contemporaneous agreements or undertakings regarding such subject matter.,490
-You may send notices of a legal nature to vimeo at legal -lsb- at -rsb- vimeo -lsb- dot -rsb- com or the following address : ,491
-"If you send any unsolicited feedback to microsoft through the services or otherwise, you acknowledge and agree that microsoft shall not be under any obligation of confidentiality with respect to the unsolicited feedback.",492
-"For example, healthvault records are not designated record sets as defined under u.s. regulations.",493
-"If something in these terms is different than aaa's rules and procedures, then we will follow these terms instead.",494
-For skype accounts you can access your online statement by signing into your account at www.skype.com.,495
-"Effective on june 7, 2017 ",496
-"Deliveroo operates the challenge 25 age verification policy whereby customers who are lucky enough not to look 25 or over, will be asked to provide proof of age to show that they are aged 18 or over.",497
-"If you do not maintain such accounts, then the rovio services or certain features of the rovio services may not operate or may cease to function properly, either in whole or in part.",498
-"These terms of service (``terms'') govern your access to and use of our services, including our various websites, sms, apis, email notifications, applications, buttons, widgets, ads, commerce services, and our other covered services (https://support.twitter.com/articles/20172501) that link to these terms (collectively, the ``services''), and any information, text, links, graphics, photos, videos, or other materials or arrangements of materials uploaded, downloaded or appearing on the services (collectively referred to as ``content'').",499
-You acknowledge that these terms and your use of the service evidences a transaction involving interstate commerce.,500
-"You agree to submit to the exclusive personal jurisdiction of the courts located within são paolo-sp, brasil (and, for the avoidance of doubt, to exclude the jurisdiction of any other court) for the purpose of litigating all such claims or disputes.",501
-Headings are for reference purposes only and do not limit the scope or extent of such section.,502
-"This document describes in detail your rights and our rights relating to the provision of the service (as defined below), so please review these terms carefully.",503
-"You are responsible for providing your own access (e.g., computer, mobile device, internet connection, etc.) to the vimeo service.",504
-"You may terminate your yahoo account, any associated email address and access to the yahoo services by submitting such termination request to yahoo.",505
-"If you do not know whether you have reached the age of majority where you live, or do not understand this section, please ask your parent or legal guardian for help before you create a microsoft account or skype account.",506
-"User-generated content is the sole responsibility of the nintendo account user who posted, sent or otherwise made available such user-generated content via the nintendo account.",507
-"The rights you grant in this license are for the limited purposes of allowing under armour to operate the services in accordance with their functionality, improve the services, develop new services, and to allow other community members to use the services in accordance with their intended function.",508
-You may not interfere with such access control measures or attempt to disable or circumvent such security features.,509
-Duolingo shall have no liability to you or any third party in the event that duolingo exercises any such rights.,510
-"For subscribers residing in the eu or european economic area, in accordance with local law, you are entitled to a full refund during the 14 days after the subscription begins.",511
-The remainder of these terms and this section (what do i do if i think i have a claim against evernote ?) ,512
-"This means that in the event you dispose of any device on which you have installed any app, such as by sale or gift, you are responsible for deleting any such app (s) from your mobile device prior to such disposition.",513
-"Thus, no software from the service may be downloaded, exported or re-exported : (a) into (or to a national or resident of) any country to which the united states has embargoed goods ; or (b) to anyone on the u.s. treasury department's list of specially designated nationals or the u.s. commerce department's table of deny orders.",514
-We have the right to limit how you connect and interact on our services.,515
-"Headspace, inc. is located at 2415 michigan avenue, santa monica, ca 90404.",516
-"Yahoo holdings, inc. (``yahoo'') welcomes you.",517
-"These terms and any document expressly referred to in them constitute the whole agreement between us and supersede all previous discussions, correspondence, negotiations, previous arrangement, understanding or agreement between us relating to their subject matter.",518
-"Unless you timely provide cir with an arbitration opt-out notice, you acknowledge and agree that you and academia.edu are each waiving the right to a trial by jury or to participate as a plaintiff or class member in any purported class action or representative proceeding.",519
-"We are not responsible for any health problems that may result from training programs, consultations, products, or events you learn about through the services.",520
-Instructions for cancelling your subscription are stated below in the ``cancelling subscriptions'' section.,521
-"For purposes of these terms : (a) ``content'' means the text, software, scripts, graphics, photos, sounds, music, videos, audiovisual combinations, interactive features, works of authorship of any kind, and information or other materials that are posted, generated, provided, or otherwise made available through the services ; and (b) ``user content'' means any content that account holders (including you) provide to be made available through the services.",522
-You are entitled to one refund only.,523
-(d) software versions.,524
-"Any translation of an existing duolingo course you submit or have submitted and any new language course you submit or have submitted as a course contributor (collectively, ``course contributor materials'') are owned by you (subject of course to us retaining ownership of the existing duolingo course you translated).",525
-"Upon any termination, you agree to cease using the services.",526
-"Services shall include, but not be limited to, any services vivino performs for you, any applications or widgets offered by vivino that you download from the site or, subject to the terms set out under the ``third party sites and services'' section below, from third party application stores (e.g., itunes ® store, blackberry app world ™, or google apps marketplace) authorized by vivino, as well as the offering of any materials displayed or performed on or through the services (including content (as defined below)).",527
-"By using our services, you agree, represent and warrant that you have received consent from your physician to participate in wellness and fitness programs, workouts, exercises or any of the related activities made available to you in connection with the services.",528
-"You may not use bird's eye imagery of the united states, canada, mexico, new zealand, australia or japan for governmental use without our separate written approval.",529
-"If you are between the ages of 14 and 18, you or your legal representative may cancel the applicable sales contract created pursuant to under amour shopping if your legal representative has not consented to such sales contract.",530
-You retain the right to request lower charges from a third party provider for services or goods received by you from such third party provider at the time you receive such services or goods.,531
-"We may provide you with notices by email (to the email address associated with your account), regular mail or postings on the website (s) related to the affected service.",532
-"We may, in our sole discretion, permit members to post, upload, publish, submit or transmit member content.",533
-"In case you acquire the licence for a digital product from any third party, the third party will inform you about the applicable payment method.",534
-"(b) use any type of spider, virus, worm, trojan-horse, time bomb or any other codes or instructions that are designed to distort, delete, damage, emulate or disassemble the software, products, skype websites, communication or protocols ; ",535
-"We will not incur any liability or responsibility if we choose to remove, disable or delete such access or ability to use any or all portion (s) of the services.",536
-"You acknowledge and agree that if you have not paid anything to supercell during such time period, your sole remedy (and supercell's exclusive liability) for any dispute with supercell is to stop using the service and to cancel your account.",537
-Use another user's account.,538
-"These terms do not alter in any way the terms or conditions of any other agreement that you may have with oculus for products, services or otherwise.",539
-Right to use third-party software.,540
-"If you are using software pre-loaded on, embedded in, combined, distributed or used with or downloaded onto third party products, hardware, software applications, programs or devices (``third-party technology''), you agree and acknowledge that : (a) you may be required to enter into a separate licence agreement with the relevant third party owner or licensor for the use of such third-party technology ; (b) some products and/or functionality may not be accessible through the third-party technology and (c) skype can not guarantee that the software shall always be available on or in connection with such third-party technology.",541
-You may not access the products in an unauthorized manner.,542
-Agree that we may start to supply your purchased virtual items immediately after you have clicked that button ; and ,543
-"If you reside outside of the u.s., this does not affect airbnb's liability for death or personal injury arising from its negligence, nor for fraudulent misrepresentation, misrepresentation as to a fundamental matter or any other liability which can not be excluded or limited under applicable law.",544
-"Upon termination, all licenses and other rights granted to you in these terms of use will immediately cease.",545
-"Accordingly, instagram does not accept unsolicited materials or ideas, and takes no responsibility for any materials or ideas so transmitted.",546
-(a) applicable laws require that some of the information or communications we send to you should be in writing.,547
-"You know is false, misleading, untruthful or inaccurate ; ",548
-Certain equipment and software may be required to access and use the services.,549
-"If you live in the european union : you agree that the laws of ireland, excluding conflict of laws rules, shall exclusively govern any dispute relating to this contract and/or the services.",550
-"Ebay's automated systems scan and analyze the contents of every message sent through its messages platform, including messages between users, to detect and prevent fraudulent activity or violations of ebay's user agreement, including the incorporated terms, notices, rules, and policies.",551
-19.2 overview of dispute resolution process.,552
-(a) you may cancel a monthly subscription at any time.,553
-"This ``alternative dispute resolution process'' shall be initiated by either party sending notice to the other, in which event you and evernote agree to use our reasonable efforts to agree within thirty (30) days upon an individual or service to manage the alternative dispute resolution process (the ``arbitration manager'') according to the following requirements : (i) neither party shall be required to attend any proceeding in person, (ii) the proceeding will be conducted via written submissions, telephone or online communications or as otherwise agreed upon, (iii) the fees for the arbitration manager will be borne equally by the parties or be submitted to the arbitration manager to determine as part of the dispute and (iv) the judgment rendered by the arbitration manager may be entered in any court of competent jurisdiction for enforcement.",554
-"It is your own responsibility to use a discount, coupon or gift code before it expires, and expired codes can not be refunded or extended.",555
-"For example, if you are billed on a monthly basis and cancel during a given month, you will be charged for the entirety of that month and maintain access to the premium service through the end of that month.",556
-"By ``information'' we mean facts and other information about you, including actions taken by users and non-users who interact with facebook.",557
-You are solely responsible for all activities conducted through your account whether or not you authorize the activity (except to the extent that activities occur because someone gains access to our system without using your identifiers and password).,558
-"If enabled, your skype credit balance will be recharged with the same amount and by your chosen payment method every time your skype account balance goes below the threshold set by skype from time to time.",559
-"The company makes no warranty or representations, whether express or implied in connection with the service and your use of the service or any information provided or otherwise disseminated in connection with the service (including user submissions), and shall not be held liable or responsible, with respect to the service and its quality, fitness for any particular purpose and promises of specific results, lack of accuracy, availability in any location, correctness, performance, merchantability, completeness, continuity, reliability, error or malware free, network-related problems, non-infringement of third party rights and security of the service, its content or any part thereof.",560
-You further agree that your use of the services may be subject to the agreements that microsoft has with you or your organization and these terms do not apply.,561
-"``intellectual property rights'' means unpatented inventions, patent applications, patents, design rights, copyrights, trademarks, service marks, trade names, domain name rights, mask work rights, know-how and other trade secret rights, and all other intellectual property rights, derivatives thereof, and forms of protection of a similar nature anywhere in the world and any goodwill associated therewith.",562
-"(f) to retain a copy, you must either have a printer connected to your personal computer or other device or, alternatively, the ability to save a copy through use of printing service or software such as adobe acrobat ®.",563
-"In no event shall 9gag, inc, its directors, officers, shareholders, employees or members be liable with respect to the site or the services for (a) any indirect, incidental, punitive, or consequential damages of any kind whatsoever ; (b) damages for loss of use, profits, data, images, subscriber content or other intangibles ; (c) damages for unauthorized use, non-performance of the site, errors or omissions ; or (d) damages related to downloading or posting content.",564
-All fee-based services and virtual goods are provided ``as is'' with no warranties of any kind.,565
-The applicable service fees are due and payable and collected by airbnb payments pursuant to the payments terms.,566
-"Yahoo provides users with access to a rich collection of resources, including without limitation various communications tools, forums, shopping services, search services, personalized content and branded programming through its network of properties which may be accessed through any various medium or device now known or hereafter developed (the ``yahoo services'').",567
-Please read these terms of use carefully before using the services offered by vivino.,568
-Thank you and keep the ideas coming ! ,569
-"If we make material changes to it, we will provide you notice through our services, or by other means, to provide you the opportunity to review the changes before they become effective.",570
-"As soon as you submit your payment details, your free trial will begin.",571
-"Restrictions : except as expressly permitted by vimeo in writing, you will not scrape, reproduce, redistribute, sell, create derivative works from, decompile, reverse engineer, or disassemble the vimeo service or any source code therein.",572
-"You will not, in your use of the services, cause nuisance, annoyance, inconvenience, or property damage, whether to the third party provider or any other party.",573
-"This license does not give you any right to, and you may not : ",574
-"If you buy any of our paid services (``premium services''), you agree to pay us the applicable fees and taxes and to additional terms specific to the paid services.",575
-"If you reside outside of the united states, canada and brazil, then the other party to this contract is evernote gmbh, a company headquartered in zurich, switzerland.",576
-"The disputed party will send any notice of dispute to your address if it has it, or otherwise to your e-mail address on file.",577
-"Limitations on your right to use world of warcraft may include, but not necessarily be limited to, the following : ",578
-"These terms of service contain important terms and conditions that affect you and your use of the services, including, unless you choose to opt out, a provision regarding binding arbitration of disputes (other than certain specified intellectual property claims and small claims) and a waiver of certain rights to jury trials and/or class actions.",579
-Binding arbitration and class action waiver if you live in (or if a business your principal place of business is in) the united states.,580
-You will notify the company immediately at privacy@musical.ly if you suspect or know of any unauthorized use of your log-in credentials or any other breach of security with respect to your account.,581
-Except for users residing within the eu or european economic area and elsewhere where prohibited by applicable law : ,582
-"The transfer of virtual items is prohibited, and you shall not sell, redeem or otherwise transfer virtual items to any person or entity.",583
-"You may not assign or transfer these terms, by operation of law or otherwise, without academia.edu's prior written consent.",584
-You are responsible for reading and understanding the terms and conditions and privacy policy that applies to your use of any third-party services.,585
-"You understand that academia.edu does not screen or inquire into the background of any users of the site or services, nor does academia.edu make any attempt to verify the statements of users of the site or services.",586
-"When there's something important to tell you about a service you use, we'll send you service notifications to the email associated with your microsoft account or, for skype notifications, your skype account.",587
-"The fitbit service is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.",588
-"When you delete ip content, it is deleted in a manner similar to emptying the recycle bin on a computer.",589
-"If your payment method fails or your account is past due, we may collect fees owed by charging other payment methods on file with us, retain collection agencies and legal counsel, and, for accounts over 180 days past due, request that paypal deduct the amount owed from your paypal account balance.",590
-This section only applies to players in the us and canada.,591
-We reserve the right to refuse or cancel orders at any time and at our sole discretion.,592
-"C) we are under no obligation to store, retain, publish or make available any user content uploaded by you and that you shall be responsible for creating backups of any such user content if necessary.",593
-Game managers and hosts are not authorized microsoft spokespersons.,594
-"If you do not wish to receive such communications, you may change your communications preference at any time, including through the communication preferences section of your my ebay.",595
-"If you are a resident of finland : notwithstanding anything in these terms to the contrary, if there is a dispute that you and under armour can not resolve, you have the right to submit a complaint to the local consumer disputes board (www.kuluttajariita.fi) or other corresponding body.",596
-Prolonged contact with wearable devices may contribute to skin irritation or allergies in some users.,597
-(v) deep-link to any portion of this website for any purpose without our express written permission ; ,598
-"We are always working on adding additional features to our services, and because of that, and also since sometimes applicable laws change, we may revise and reissue these terms occasionally, by posting updated terms at / viber-terms-use.",599
-"Please carefully read the fine print (below the room types or at the bottom of each supplier page on our platform) and important information in your reservation confirmation for additional policies as may be applied by the supplier (e.g. in respect of age requirement, security deposit, non-cancellation/additional supplements for group bookings, extra beds/no free breakfast, pets/cards accepted).",600
-"If you have more content stored in your onedrive account than is provided to you under the terms of your free or paid subscription service for onedrive and you do not respond to notice from microsoft to fix your account by removing excess content or moving to a new subscription plan with more storage, we reserve the right to close your account and delete or disable access to your content on onedrive.",601
-Harm to whatsapp or our users.,602
-"It is instagram's policy not to accept or consider content, information, ideas, suggestions or other materials other than those we have specifically requested and to which certain specific terms, conditions and requirements may apply.",603
-"Attempt to access or search the services or content, or download content from the services through the use of any technology or means other than those provided by niantic or other generally available third-party web browsers (including, without limitation, automation software, bots, spiders, crawlers, data-mining tools, or hacks, tools, agents, engines, or devices of any kind) ; ",604
-Special admonitions for international use and export and import compliance ,605
-"In a dispute involving $ 25,000 or less, any hearing will be telephonic unless the arbitrator finds good cause to hold an in-person hearing instead.",606
-5.9 airbnb respects copyright law and expects its members to do the same.,607
-"To reduce irritation, follow four simple wear and care tips : (1) keep it clean, (2) keep it dry, (3) do n't wear it too tight, and (4) give your wrist a rest by removing the band for an hour after extended wear.",608
-"In such event, such invalid provision shall nonetheless be enforced to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, and you will at least agree to accept a similar effect as the invalid, unenforceable or non-binding provision, given the contents and purpose of these terms and conditions.",609
-"Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, duolingo does not make any representation or warranty of any kind relating to accuracy, service availability, completeness, informational content, error-free operation, results to be obtained from use, or non-infringement.",610
-"With the exception of people or businesses that are expressly authorized to create accounts on behalf of their employers or clients, instagram prohibits the creation of and you agree that you will not create an account for anyone other than yourself.",611
-So please read all terms carefully.,612
-"Uber may give notice by means of a general notice on the services, electronic mail to your email address in your account, or by written communication sent to your address as set forth in your account.",613
-"14.6 the terms, and your relationship with youtube under the terms, shall be governed by english law.",614
-We are not responsible for any delay or failure in removing such content.,615
-Your continued use of the products constitutes your agreement to abide by the terms as changed.,616
-Your right to terminate this agreement at any time remains unaffected.,617
-"Notices, if any, for the third party code are included for your information only.",618
-"If you and ebay are unable to resolve the claims described in the notice within 30 days after the notice is sent, you or ebay may initiate arbitration proceedings.",619
-The term ``you'' refers to the customer visiting the website and/or contributing content on this website.,620
-"Be likely to deceive any person or be made in breach of any legal duty owed to a third party, such as a contractual duty or a duty of confidence or promote any illegal activity ; ",621
-"If the aaa is not available to arbitrate, the parties will select an alternative arbitral forum.",622
-"You can not derive any rights from any request to, or communication with the supplier or (any form of) acknowledgement of receipt of any communication or request.",623
-22.8 if you reside in the eu you can access the european commission's online dispute resolution platform here : http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/odr.,624
-"You may only connect to the fitbit service using (i) a device that is manufactured, distributed, or sold by fitbit itself or through its authorized resellers or agents ; (ii) our mobile applications and software, or approved third-party applications, software, or devices ; or (iii) our websites (``authorized connections'').",625
-"When you provide user-generated content to under armour through the services, you grant under armour and our athletes a non-exclusive, irrevocable, royalty-free, freely transferable, sublicensable, worldwide right and license to use, host, store, cache, reproduce, publish, display (publicly or otherwise), perform (publicly or otherwise), distribute, transmit, modify, adapt (including, without limitation, in order to conform it to the requirements of any networks, devices, services, or media through which the services are available), commercialize, create derivative works of, and otherwise exploit such user-generated content in connection with any and all services.",626
-"Because neither tripadvisor nor its affiliates are parties to rental transactions between travelers and advertisers, any dispute or conflict involving an actual or potential transaction between you and an advertiser, including the quality, condition, safety or legality of a listed property, the accuracy of the listing content, the advertiser's ability to rent a vacation rental property, or your ability to pay for a vacation rental property, is solely the responsibility of each user.",627
-"Below ; (2) any suspension or interruption of the service that is attributable to you, or to any other third party including without limitation, our internet service provider and any other user of the service ; (3) any suspension or interruption of the service in the event that blizzard entertainment's telecommunication providers fail to provide the telecommunication service required to host the service through no fault of blizzard entertainment ; and (4) scheduled maintenance, replacement, regular examination, and/or construction of equipment for the service where blizzard entertainment posts prior notice of the pending interruption in the service.",628
-"Reproducing sr samples in timed relation to visual images (i.e., synchronizing) in user videos created in strict compliance with this eula, provided you are using only an sr sample provided by the company and not any sound recordings, musical works, or other user videos uploaded by you or others to the service ; and ",629
-"5.9 quality : skype can not guarantee that the software, products or skype websites will always function without disruptions, delay or errors.",630
-Right to modify the service.,631
-"The privacy statement also describes how microsoft uses your content, which is your communications with others ; postings or feedback submitted by you to microsoft via the services ; and the files, photos, documents, audio, digital works, and videos that you upload, store or share through the services (``your content'').",632
-"Subject to your complete and ongoing compliance with this eula, the company hereby grants you a revocable, non-exclusive, non-transferable, non-sublicensable, royalty-free and worldwide right and license to access and use the service solely for your personal, non-commercial use and solely in strict compliance with the provisions of this eula.",633
-"The average price displayed for a wine is based on prices submitted by vivino users and, if available, prices from online retailers.",634
-"No derogatory references to sex, gender, age, weight, body type, disability, ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation, or endorsement of violence against any person or group, even if couched in humor, will be permitted.",635
-"The services may also include virtual, digital items or goods that may be purchased from microsoft using actual monetary instruments or using game currency.",636
-"By transmitting or submitting any user content while using the service, you affirm, represent and warrant that such transmission or submission is (a) accurate and not confidential or misleading ; (b) not in violation of any laws, contractual restrictions or other third party rights, and that you have permission from any third party whose personal information or intellectual property is comprised in the user content ; (c) free of viruses, adware, spyware, worms or other malicious code ; and (d) you acknowledge and agree that any of your personal information within such content will at all times be processed by supercell in accordance with its privacy policy.",637
-"During the arbitration, the amount of any settlement offer made by you or spotify shall not be disclosed to the arbitrator until after the arbitrator makes a final decision and award, if any.",638
-"Instagram, llc attn : arbitration opt-out 1601 willow rd..",639
-"Oculus has no responsibility or liability for user content made available through the services, and we have no obligation to screen, edit or monitor such content.",640
-You are responsible for your interactions with other players.,641
-"In the event that you are eligible for a ``game time adjustment,'' blizzard entertainment shall credit your account with four (4) times the amount of time that the service was interrupted.",642
-"If any provision of this agreement is held to be invalid or unenforceable, then such provision shall be construed, as nearly as possible, to reflect the intentions of the invalid or unenforceable provision, with all other provisions remaining in full force and effect.",643
-"In order to maximise your enjoyment, safety and overall experience through our services, the runtime may only be used with oculus-approved hardware devices and with software developed using the oculus rift software development kit, as specified in the oculus rift software development kit licence agreement.",644
-We both agree to arbitrate.,645
-Applicable city/tourist tax may still be charged by the supplier in the event of a no-show or charged cancellation.,646
-The contract between us in relation to the applicable services will be formed when we send you the order acceptance.,647
-"Birger jarlsgatan 61, 113 56 stockholm ",648
-(i) you are legally capable of entering into binding contracts ; (ii) all registration information you submit is truthful and accurate ; (iii) you will maintain the accuracy of such information ; and (iv) your use of the products does not violate any applicable law or regulation.,649
-(a) all intellectual property rights in the service belong to the licensor ; ,650
-Identify the copyrighted work claimed to have been infringed.,651
-"We reserve the right to make changes to our site, policies, service terms, and these conditions of use at any time.",652
-"You may find them or the information and content posted therein not compatible with your requirements, objectionable, annoying, improper, unlawful or immoral.",653
-Your access to this page verifies that your system/device meets these requirements.,654
-"7.7 you agree that content you submit to the service will not contain any third party copyright material, or material that is subject to other third party proprietary rights (including rights of privacy or rights of publicity), unless you have a formal licence or permission from the rightful owner, or are otherwise legally entitled, to post the material in question and to grant youtube the licence referred to in paragraph 8.1 below.",655
-"(a) loss of profit, ",656
-"In cases where we do not ask for your explicit agreement to a modified version of the terms, the modified version of the terms will become effective as of the date specified in the terms.",657
-"You agree that by clicking ``join now'', ``join linkedin'', ``sign up'' or similar, registering, accessing or using our services (described below), you are agreeing to enter into a legally binding contract with linkedin (even if you are using our services on behalf of a company).",658
-"By agreeing to become a member you opt-in to receiving occasional special offer, marketing, survey and product based communication emails.",659
-"Downloading, copying, or storing any content for other than personal, noncommercial use is expressly prohibited without prior written permission from 9gag, inc, or from the copyright holder identified in such content's copyright notice.",660
-"In no event shall the protected entities be liable for or in connection with any content posted, transmitted, exchanged or received by or on behalf of any user or other person on or through the products.",661
-"To cancel a service and request a refund, if you are entitled to one, visit the microsoft account management website.",662
-(f) any arbitration will be conducted by the american arbitration association (the ``aaa'') under its commercial arbitration rules.,663
-"Uber may, but shall not be obligated to, review, monitor, or remove user content, at uber's sole discretion and at any time and for any reason, without notice to you.",664
-"B, no revisions to this eula will apply to any dispute between you and the company that arose prior to the effective date of such revision.",665
-"Netflix may, from time to time, change these terms of use.",666
-"If you elect to purchase an annual or monthly subscription, you will be charged the annual or monthly subscription fee (``subscription fee'') plus any applicable taxes, at the beginning of your subscription and each year or month thereafter, respectively, at the then-current rate.",667
-"Some content may contain ``r-rated'' material, nudity, profanity, and mature subject matter.",668
-"The user submission shall be taken down without any admission as to liability and without prejudice to any rights, remedies or defenses, all of which are expressly reserved.",669
-"You shall ensure that any such information is complete, up-to-date and accurate.",670
-"If you have purchased a paid subscription using a code, your paid subscription will automatically terminate at the end of the pre-paid period, or when there is an insufficient pre-paid balance to pay for the service.",671
-For truecaller sdk and truecaller priority users specific terms apply in accordance with the respective agreements for such services.,672
-"(a) intercept or monitor, damage or modify any communication which is not intended for you ; ",673
-"The software is licensed, not sold.",674
-Identification of the material that has been removed or to which access has been disabled and the location at which the material appeared before it was removed or access to it was disabled ; ,675
-The company offers users the ability to submit user content to or transmit through the service.,676
-"When using this information for any financial purpose, we advise you to consult a qualified professional to verify the accuracy of the currency rates.",677
-"Discount, coupon and gift codes can not be combined with any other cash-off price, sales, promotion or coupon.",678
-"Cep : 01310-300, são paulo/sp ",679
-"If you spot any objectionable content, please let us know.",680
-"Truecaller strives to provide adequate and efficient technical support, upgrades and updates for the services.",681
-"If the value of the relief sought is $ 10,000 or less, at your request, ebay will pay all filing, administration, and arbitrator fees associated with the arbitration.",682
-"Subject to the foregoing, these terms of service shall ensure to the benefit of and be binding upon you and crowdtangle and their respective successors (including any successor by reason of amalgamation) and assigns.",683
-Override any security feature of the services ; ,684
-"In no event shall vivino, nor its directors, employees, agents, representatives, partners, suppliers or content providers, be liable under contract, tort, strict liability, negligence or any other legal or equitable theory or otherwise (and whether or not vivino, its directors, employees, agents, representatives, partners, suppliers or content providers had prior knowledge of the circumstances giving rise to such loss or damage) with respect to the site, service, content, user submissions or add-to link for : ",685
-"Except for such updated terms, this agreement may not be modified except by mutual written agreement between you and linden lab that is signed by hand (not electronically) by duly authorized representatives of both parties and expressly references amendment of this agreement.",686
-"9gag, inc may change, suspend or discontinue the services at any time, including the availability of any feature, database, or content.",687
-Please note that receiving the order acknowledgement does not mean that your order has been accepted.,688
-"If any court or competent authority decides that any of them are unlawful or unenforceable, the remaining conditions will remain in full force and effect.",689
-"Your address, telephone number, and e-mail address ; ",690
-"(b) rights in the service are licensed, not sold, to the licensee ; ",691
-"* promotions guidelines : these guidelines outline the policies that apply if you offer contests, sweepstakes, and other types of promotions on facebook.",692
-You also understand and agree that the yahoo services may include advertisements and that these advertisements are necessary for yahoo to provide the yahoo services.,693
-"We grant you a limited, non-exclusive, revocable licence to make use of the spotify service, and a limited, non-exclusive, revocable licence to make personal, non-commercial, entertainment use of the content (the ``licence'').",694
-"If you reside outside the united states these terms and our relationship will be governed by irish law, except for its conflicts of laws principles.",695
-"We operate an intellectual property complaint process for complaints that user content infringes another's intellectual property rights, the details of which are described in the intellectual property infringement notification policy.",696
-"But because we do not review all content, we can not guarantee that content on the services will always conform to our terms or guidelines.",697
-"Removal or disabling of access to user content shall be at our sole discretion, and we do not promise to remove or disable access to any specific user content.",698
-"In the event you become aware of or reasonably suspect any breach of security, such as an unauthorised access to your nintendo account by a third party, or any loss, theft or disclosure of your sign-in information, you must immediately notify ncl.",699
-"When you post your observations and comments on the service such as in forums, blogs and chat features, we can not guarantee that other players will not use the ideas and information that you share.",700
-"In all cases, google, and its suppliers and distributors, will not be liable for any loss or damage that is not reasonably foreseeable.",701
-"Solely in respect of users located in the eea and/or australia, in respect of these terms of use and your use of this site, service, content or user submissions, nothing in these terms of use shall be deemed to grant any rights or benefits to any person, other than us and you (and our and your respective successors in title or assignees), or entitle any third party to enforce any provision hereof, and we and you agree that we do not intend that any provision of these terms of use should be enforceable by a third party by virtue of the contracts (rights of third parties) act 1999.",702
-"In addition, the services may be subject to malfunctions and delays inherent in the use of the internet and electronic communications.",703
-Is this the only contract i have with evernote ? ,704
-"The user agreement, the user privacy notice, and all polices posted through our services set forth the entire understanding and agreement between you and ebay, and supersede all prior understandings and agreements of the parties.",705
-You may not resell any memories features.,706
-Please visit https://policies.yahoo.com/us/en/yahoo/cc/index.htm for more information or to register any concerns or complaints regarding video content accessible on the yahoo network of properties.,707
-This includes things like your profile picture or your in-game chat.,708
-Under armour cares about your safety.,709
-"Unless the local law where you are located requires otherwise, we are not required to provide refunds, benefits or other compensation if you request deletion of your account.",710
-Any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved.,711
-Skype may revoke the permission to link to the skype websites at any time at its sole discretion and will notify you in this respect.,712
-"Where applicable, we'll offer you a prorated refund based on the amounts you have prepaid for services and your account cancellation date.",713
-"You and vivino agree that any cause of action arising out of or related to the service must commence within one (1) year after the cause of action arose ; otherwise, such cause of action is permanently barred.",714
-"Linden lab provides access to linden content and hereby grants you a non-exclusive, non-transferable, non-sublicensable, limited, personal, revocable license to use, reproduce, distribute, prepare derivative works of, display, and perform the linden content solely as permitted through the normal functionality of the service and under these terms, except that photographs, images, films, and videos of linden content may be used in other areas of and outside the service only as may be set forth in an applicable product policy.",715
-Tinder may correct any billing errors or mistakes that it makes even if it has already requested or received payment.,716
-"Google gives you a personal, worldwide, royalty-free, non-assignable and non-exclusive license to use the software provided to you by google as part of the services.",717
-All calls will be disconnected and require a re-dial after a 4-hour duration and an additional connection fee will be charged on re-dial.,718
-"By using the services, you agree that you will not : ",719
-"You agree that some experiences, events or other host services may carry inherent risk, and by participating in those host services, you choose to assume those risks voluntarily.",720
-"If a fault occurs in the products, please report it to us at help@headspace.com and we will review your complaint and, where we determine it is appropriate to do so, correct the fault.",721
-"If at any point any applicable sales use, vat, gst, excise, withholding or similar taxes or levies, whether domestic or foreign, exist, the member is liable for them.",722
-"If there is a conflict between these terms and terms and conditions posted for a specific area of the site, services or collective content, the latter terms and conditions will take precedence with respect to your use of or access to that area of the site, services or collective content, as applicable.",723
-"If we discover a pricing or other material error related to a service that has yet to be dispatched or delivered, we will contact you to inform you of this error and give you the option of continuing to purchase at the correct price or cancelling your order.",724
-Such notice shall be deemed to have been given upon the expiration of 48 hours after posting or 12 hours after sending by email.,725
-"We may perform these updates remotely including to zynga software residing on your computer or mobile device, without notifying you.",726
-"When returning the software subject to the limited warranty above, please send the original software only to the rovio address specified below and include : your name and return address ; a photocopy of your dated sales receipt ; and a brief note describing the defect and the system on which you are running the software.",727
-"With the exception of any acts or omissions of willful misconduct, any indemnification obligations hereunder, and any claim of breach of the confidentiality obligations set forth herein, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, crowdtangle parties disclaims all liability, whether based on warranty, contract, tort (including but not limited to negligence, gross negligence or willful misconduct), product liability, strict liability, statutory liability, breach of a fundamental term, fundamental breach, or any other legal theory, for any loss or damages of any kind (including, without limitation any (i) direct, indirect, special, consequential, exemplary or punitive loss or damage, (ii) lost profits or savings, (iii) business interruption, (iv) loss of programs or data (including any content), (v) lost revenue or failure to realize expected savings, (vi) loss of use, (vii) personal injury, (viii) fines, fees, penalties, or (vi) any other losses or damages whether or not crowdtangle is advised of the possibility of such damages, resulting from the use of, or the inability to make use of, the services.",728
-Yahoo can not and will not be liable for any loss or damage arising from your failure to comply with this section 5.,729
-"We may also remove or refuse to distribute any content on the services, suspend or terminate users, and reclaim usernames without liability to you.",730
-Rules related to character names.,731
-We may modify these terms at any time.,732
-"Some of the skyscanner services and/or platforms (for example, our ` skyscanner for business' b2b products) impose different terms and conditions on your use of those services.",733
-"By creating or joining a family, you represent that you will use the family in accordance with its purpose and wo n't use it in an unauthorized way to unlawfully gain access to another person's information.",734
-Any violation by you of the terms of this section may result in immediate termination of your accounts without any refund or other compensation.,735
-"You grant to us a nonexclusive, worldwide, perpetual, irrevocable, fully paid, royalty free, sublicensable, and transferable license under any and all intellectual property rights that you own or control to use, copy, modify, create derivative works based upon, and otherwise exploit the feedback for any purpose.",736
-"7.3.5 you must provide an experience, event or other host service in person and may not allow any third party to provide the experience, event or other host service on your behalf, unless authorized by airbnb.",737
-Amazon does not take title to returned items until the item arrives at our fulfillment center.,738
-You are responsible for any messaging or data fees you may be charged by your wireless carrier.,739
-You agree to indemnify headspace and its affiliates for all claims arising from or in connection with any claims to any rights in your user material or any damages arising from your user material.,740
-"Except as set forth in any additional terms (such as any refund policies that may apply to a subscription service) or above with respect to usage subscriptions, if linden lab modifies, suspends or terminates any usage subscription or virtual goods and services (including any virtual tender), then you will forfeit your rights to the modified, suspended, or terminated usage subscription or virtual goods and services.",741
-"Subject to these terms and to the extent permitted by law, our maximum aggregate liability to you arising out of or in connection with these terms or your access to, use of, or inability to access or use, the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms shall be limited to the sum of # 100 (one hundred pounds sterling).",742
-"Unless you are subject to the arbitration agreement set out below, and subject to any applicable laws, if a claim arises between you and evernote where the total value of such claim is less than us$ 10,000, the party initiating the claim may elect to have the dispute resolved pursuant to a binding arbitration process that does not require attendance in person.",743
-"If you do n't, we might have to suspend or terminate your account.",744
-The termination of a part of this agreement may limit your use of selected applications and functionalities of the nintendo account service.,745
-"7.6 each time you submit user material to us, you represent and warrant to us as follows : ",746
-"Amazon does sell products for children, but it sells them to adults, who can purchase with a credit card or other permitted payment method.",747
-"You understand that all information, data, text, software, music, sound, photographs, graphics, video, messages, tags, or other materials (``content''), whether publicly posted or privately transmitted, are the sole responsibility of the person from whom such content originated.",748
-"You may not assign or delegate any rights or obligations under the terms of service or privacy policy without supercell's prior written consent, and any unauthorized assignment and delegation by you is ineffective.",749
-5.2 we may terminate your accounts for violation of this agreement.,750
-"8.3.2 before and during an experience, event or other host service you must at all times adhere to the hosts' instructions.",751
-You may only use the software through your user account.,752
-Truecaller also reserves the right to modify these terms at any time by providing revised terms to the user or by publishing the revised terms within the services.,753
-Access to the service through third parties may be available or discontinued at the discretion of linden lab.,754
-Exercise common sense and your best judgment in your interactions with others (e.g. when you submit any personal or other information) and in all of your other online activities.,755
-Some content licensed or provided to spotify (e.g. podcasts) may contain advertising as part of the content.,756
-"By creating an account, you agree to : (i) provide accurate, current and complete account information ; (ii) maintain the security of your password, not share your password with any other person and accept all risks of unauthorised access to your account ; and (iii) promptly provide notice at https://www.facebook.com/whitehat if you discover or otherwise suspect any security breaches related to the services.",757
-"Assign rights, severability and waiver ",758
-Do n't post deceptive or fraudulent links.,759
-"You can become a subscriber by purchasing a subscription to the products from the website, within the apps, where allowed by the app marketplace partners, or through a bundle with one or more of our bundle subscription partners.",760
-Information about you and your visits to our site and use of our service ,761
-These terms are personal to you.,762
-(e) live chat.,763
-"If the translated version means something different than the english version, then the english meaning will be the one that applies.",764
-Call charges will be deducted from your skype credit balance.,765
-"For example, we do n't make any commitments about the content within the services, the specific functions of the services, or their reliability, availability, or ability to meet your needs.",766
-We are not responsible for and do not give any warranties or make any representations regarding any causes that are introduced and do not give any warranties and are not responsible for or liable in relation to involvement in these causes or any outcome from any involvement.,767
-We advise you to print a copy of these terms for your records.,768
-"All content available through the service, including designs, text, graphics, images, information, software, audio and other files, and their selection and arrangement (the ``service content''), are the proprietary property of duolingo or its licensors.",769
-"In such event, the licenses granted by you in this section 2 shall terminate in the manner provided below, but only for those particular copies or instances of content that you have deleted from the service.",770
-"``nintendo shopping services'' refers to any applications, software and services available as nintendo account service that allow users by using a nintendo account to (i) acquire digital products from noe, free of charge or against payment, and/or to (ii) register licenses for and download games, applications, software, add-on content for games, applications and software, vouchers for digital services and other digital content.",771
-"Attempt to decipher, decompile, disassemble or reverse engineer any of the software or source code comprising or making up the service ; ",772
-Transfer of funds or points to causes ,773
-"All other trademarks not owned by amazon that appear in any amazon service are the property of their respective owners, who may or may not be affiliated with, connected to, or sponsored by amazon.",774
-Facebook offers social reporting tools to enable users to provide feedback about tagging.,775
-We try to keep the services up and running and free of annoyances.,776
-"Crowdtangle, in its sole discretion, has the right to suspend, terminate or restrict your access to the services, or any other crowdtangle service, for any reason and at any time.",777
-This agreement may not be assigned by you without the prior written approval of onavo and any assignment without such prior written consent shall be void.,778
-This arbitration agreement will survive the termination of your relationship with instagram.,779
-"We encourage you to review any third-party agreements and policies carefully before accessing, downloading or using third-party content.",780
-"All fees are, except as otherwise expressly provided herein or as required by applicable law, non-refundable.",781
-"Such additional uses by twitter, or other companies, organizations or individuals, may be made with no compensation paid to you with respect to the content that you submit, post, transmit or otherwise make available through the services.",782
-"Uber does not guarantee the quality, suitability, safety or ability of third party providers.",783
-Activities promoted by the services may pose risks even to those who are currently in good health.,784
-"The notice to duolingo should be sent by any of the following means : (i) electronic mail to legal@duolingo.com ; or (ii) sending the notice by u.s. postal service certified mail to duolingo, inc., attention : legal, 5900 penn ave ; pittsburgh, pa 15206.",785
-"The rights you grant in this license are for the limited purpose of operating and providing our services (such as to allow us to display your profile picture and status message, transmit your messages, store your undelivered messages on our servers for up to 30 days as we try to deliver them, and otherwise as described in our privacy policy).",786
-(c) the ``unlimited world extra'' subscription has a minimum fixed term of 2 years from the date of purchase.,787
-"Any payment facilitated to the supplier in this manner will, in each case, constitute a payment of (part of) the booking price by you of the relevant product or service in the final settlement (bevrijdende betaling) of such (partial) due and payable price and you can not reclaim such paid monies.",788
-"You agree that given the unique and irreplaceable nature of the rights granted and obligations made under these terms and the community rules, if you breach these terms, feature terms, community rules and/or our privacy policy, or intend to breach these terms, feature terms, community rules or privacy policy, money damages alone will not be enough to repair the harm to zynga.",789
-"You agree that you will not disclose your password to any third party and that you will take sole responsibility for any activities or actions under your account, whether or not you have authorized such activities or actions.",790
-You should use our service only if you are fully able to understand and enter into and comply with these terms.,791
-Content includes without limitation user content.,792
-"Any apps downloaded from onavo are subject to this agreement, which should be reviewed carefully before downloading and installing onavo's apps.",793
-"When investigating alleged violations of these terms, microsoft reserves the right to review your content in order to resolve the issue.",794
-• depicts animal cruelty or extreme violence towards animals ; ,795
-"If you do not agree with the amended terms, you may terminate your relationship with skype in accordance with paragraph 11 below.",796
-You may be able to adjust these automatic downloads through your device's settings.,797
-``terms of service'' or ``terms'' means these terms of service.,798
-Our privacy policy is included under the scope of this user agreement.,799
-"If any provision of this agreement is judged to be illegal or unenforceable, the continuation in full force and effect of the remainder of the provisions shall not be prejudiced.",800
-You must be at least 18 years of age to access and view such areas.,801
-"However, if your claim for damages does not exceed $ 75,000, academia.edu will pay all such fees unless the arbitrator finds that either the substance of your claim or the relief sought in your demand for arbitration was frivolous or was brought for an improper purpose (as measured by the standards set forth in federal rule of civil procedure 11 (b)).",802
-Call services ; premium services.,803
-We may offer additional services with additional terms that may require you to be even older to use them.,804
-A. is true and not false or misleading ; ,805
-The information you give us to use the service must be correct.,806
-"Copy, archive, download, upload, distribute, syndicate, broadcast, perform, display, make available, or otherwise use any portion of the services or the content on the services except as set forth in these terms.",807
-"If you do not accept them, you have no right to and must not download or use the application.",808
-You are entering into this contract with linkedin (also referred to as ``we'' and ``us'').,809
-"If for any reason a court of competent jurisdiction finds any provision of these terms invalid or unenforceable, that provision will be enforced to the maximum extent permissible and the other provisions of these terms will remain in full force and effect.",810
-Such hyperlinks are provided for your reference only.,811
-"14.2 you acknowledge that airbnb has no obligation to monitor the access to or use of the airbnb platform by any member or to review, disable access to, or edit any member content, but has the right to do so to (i) operate, secure and improve the airbnb platform (including without limitation for fraud prevention, risk assessment, investigation and customer support purposes) ; (ii) ensure members' compliance with these terms ; (iii) comply with applicable law or the order or requirement of a court, law enforcement or other administrative agency or governmental body ; (iv) respond to member content that it determines is harmful or objectionable ; or (v) as otherwise set forth in these terms.",812
-A waiver of any breach of any provision of this agreement shall not be construed as a continuing waiver of other breaches of the same or other provisions of this agreement.,813
-Are there rules about what i can do on the evernote service ? ,814
-"A statement by you, made under penalty of perjury, that the above information in your notice is accurate and that you are the copyright owner or authorized to act on the copyright owner's behalf.",815
-"You and oculus agree that these terms affect interstate commerce and that the enforceability of section 18 shall be governed by, construed and enforced, both substantively and procedurally, by the us federal arbitration act, title 9 (1) et seq..",816
-"8.3 upon termination of the license, the licensee shall cease all use of the service and destroy all copies, full or partial, of the service in the licensee's possession.",817
-We reserve the right to request at any time proof of permissions in a form acceptable to us.,818
-"Please note that gifting codes can not be redeemed if the recipient has already purchased a subscription through the apple itunes store or our iphone application, or the google play store or our android application.",819
-"We will provide you notice of amendments to our terms, as appropriate, and update the ``effective date'' at the top of our terms.",820
-"In all circumstances, you understand and acknowledge that your rights with respect to digital goods are limited by these terms, copyright law, and the usage rules located at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?linkid=723143.",821
-"Subscriber is solely responsible for any use of or action taken under subscriber's password and accepts full responsibility for all activity conducted through subscriber's account and agrees to and hereby releases the site and 9gag, inc from any and all liability concerning such activity.",822
-7.3 we do not systematically review user material submitted by you or other users.,823
-The aaa rules will govern payment of all arbitration fees.,824
-"Skyscanner is not a travel agent and is not responsible for providing, or for setting or controlling the prices applicable to, anyof the travel options or products (such as flights or hotels) which you may search for, find on and/or book via the skyscanner services or skyscanner platforms (``third party travel products'').",825
-"Xbox live, games for windows live and microsoft studios games, applications, services and content provided by microsoft (collectively, the ``xbox services'') are only for your personal and noncommercial use.",826
-• harass or stalk any other person ; ,827
-"These terms of use are effective on january 19, 2013.",828
-These terms and conditions constitute the entire agreement between duolingo and you concerning the subject matter hereof.,829
-Noe may allow you to upload and use funds to make the payment for digital products that you purchase from noe in nintendo shopping services.,830
-We will get your consent if we want to give third parties the right to publish your posts beyond the service.,831
-The arbitration proceedings shall be conducted in english.,832
-"Second, you acknowledge and agree that each affiliate of evernote shall be a third party beneficiary to these terms and that such other companies shall be entitled to directly enforce, and rely upon, any provision of these terms which confers a benefit on (or provides rights in favor of) them.",833
-"You understand and agree that we are not responsible or liable for the availability or accuracy of such third-party properties or the content, products or services made available through such properties.",834
-"We hereby grant you a limited, personal, non-exclusive, non-transferable, non-sublicensable, revocable license to use our applications downloaded directly from a legitimate marketplace, solely in object code format and solely for your personal use for lawful purposes.",835
-"You hereby acknowledge and agree that if you (i) desire to post (as defined below) a user video to any external sites ; or (ii) use a user video for any commercial purpose, then, in each case, you must obtain all necessary consents from each owner of any third party content included in your user video, including creators in the event you incorporated any user content in a collaborative ugv.",836
-"To redeem a discount or coupon code, log in to the applicable service and enter the applicable code in the purchasing process to take advantage of the relevant promotion.",837
-We regularly check list prices against prices recently found on amazon and other retailers.,838
-"199 fremont street, 14th floor ",839
-You may use the amazon services only as permitted by law.,840
-"• you are a vimeo pro or vimeo business user, in which case you may use and access the vimeo service for commercial and non-commercial purposes, subject to compliance with the vimeo guidelines ; or ",841
-"If we terminate your access to the service or you use the form detailed above to deactivate your account, your photos, comments, likes, friendships, and all other data will no longer be accessible through your account (e.g., users will not be able to navigate to your username and view your photos), but those materials and data may persist and appear within the service (e.g., if your content has been reshared by others).",842
-You will not share an account with anyone else and will follow our rules and the law.,843
-"If the value of the relief sought is $ 10,000 or less, you or ebay may elect to have the arbitration conducted by telephone or based solely on written submissions, which election shall be binding on you and ebay subject to the arbitrator's discretion to require an in-person hearing, if the circumstances warrant.",844
-"You acknowledge that this eula is between you and the company only, not with apple, and apple is not responsible for the apps or the content thereof.",845
-Without limiting the liability under article xvii .1.,846
-"To do so, please contact us at privacy@lindenlab.com.",847
-Subscription fees are generally billed or charged in advance of the applicable subscription period.,848
-"By accepting this eula, as provided in greater detail in section 11 of this eula, you and the company are each waiving the right to a trial by jury or to participate in a class action ; ",849
-Under no circumstances will myfitnesspal be responsible for any loss or damage resulting from your reliance on nutritional information.,850
-(some older accounts also required a username .) ,851
-Any notices that you provide without compliance with this section on notices shall have no legal effect.,852
-"You and supercell agree that if any portion of these terms of service or of the supercell privacy policy is found illegal or unenforceable, in whole or in part by any court of competent jurisdiction, such provision shall, as to such jurisdiction, be ineffective solely to the extent of such determination of invalidity or unenforceability without affecting the validity or enforceability thereof in any other manner or jurisdiction and without affecting the remaining provisions of the terms, which shall continue to be in full force and effect.",853
-"In advance of a new service launch, it may be possible to place pre-orders.",854
-"Serious violations are violations of important provisions which include article iii of this agreement or repeated violations of other provisions of this agreement, including further non-compliance where you already have received a prior warning.",855
-5.4 we may terminate your accounts upon a general suspension or discontinuation of the service.,856
-"By rejecting any change, you are agreeing that you will arbitrate any dispute between you and academia.edu in accordance with the provisions of this ``dispute resolution'' section as of the date you first accepted these terms (or accepted any subsequent changes to these terms).",857
-Each offer is governed by individual terms and conditions.,858
-"You and the disputed party will attempt to resolve any dispute through informal negotiation within 60 days from the date the notice of dispute is sent, after which you or the disputed party may commence arbitration.",859
-You may never use another's account without permission.,860
-"The netflix service is provided to you by netflix international b.v., a netherlands limited liability company.",861
-"In no event shall the total aggregate liability of the protected entities to you for all damages, losses, and causes of action (whether in contract or tort, including, but not limited to, negligence or otherwise) arising from these terms of use or your use of the products exceed, in the aggregate, the amount, if any, paid by you to headspace for your use of the products.",862
-"To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, truecaller makes no warranty or representation, either express or implied with respect to the services, their quality, performance, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of third party rights.",863
-"Indemnity : you agree to indemnify, defend and hold rovio, its partners, affiliates, contractors, officers, directors, employees and agents harmless from and against any and all damages, losses and expenses arising directly or indirectly from : (i) your acts and omissions to act in using the rovio services pursuant to the terms of the eula ; or (ii) your breach of this eula.",864
-You can choose to pay for the premium services on a monthly or annual basis.,865
-"As a headspace member you will receive access to certain sections, features and functions of the products that are not available to non-members.",866
-Such third party content may be protected by intellectual property laws and the owners of the intellectual property rights in such content may object to its use.,867
-"Any dispute or claim relating in any way to your use of any amazon service, or to any products or services sold or distributed by amazon or through amazon.com will be resolved by binding arbitration, rather than in court, except that you may assert claims in small claims court if your claims qualify.",868
-"``content'' includes the text, software, scripts, graphics, photos, sounds, music, videos, audiovisual combinations, interactive features and other materials you may view on, access through or contribute to the service.",869
-"Deep-link to our services for any purpose other than to promote your profile or a group on our services, without linkedin's consent ; ",870
-One of the ways that we may make ebay.com listings available to international buyers on ebay.com and on ebay's international sites is through the global shipping program.,871
-Information and content that you share or post may be seen by other members or visitors.,872
-"Vivino may terminate your access to all or any part of the service at any time, with or without cause, with or without notice, effective immediately, which may result in the forfeiture and destruction of all information associated with your membership.",873
-"Except as otherwise provided, all users on your linked user device may use the respective digital product.",874
-"The services are copyright © 2016 microsoft corporation and/or its suppliers, one microsoft way, redmond, wa 98052, u.s.a. all rights reserved.",875
-"As a result, and also as a result of yahoo's network architecture and business practices and the nature of electronic communications, even communications that seem to be intrastate in nature can result in the transmission of interstate communications regardless of where you are physically located at the time of transmission.",876
-"You may own the subscriber content on which the software is recorded, but 9gag, inc or third party licensors retain full and complete title to the software and all intellectual property rights therein.",877
-"By using this site, you acknowledge that 9gag, inc is not responsible or liable for any harm resulting from (1) use of the site ; (2) downloading information contained on the site including but not limited to downloads of content posted by subscribers ; (3) unauthorized disclosure of images, information or data that results from the upload, download or storage of content posted by subscribers ; (4) the temporary or permanent inability to access or retrieve any subscriber content from the site, including, without limitation, harm caused by viruses, worms, trojan horses, or any similar contamination or destructive program.",878
-"When you register for a paid subscription, trial, or code online, you consent to get access to spotify premium immediately.",879
-"If you object to your information being used or disclosed as described therein, please do not use the service.",880
-We may amend these terms.,881
-"We reserve the right to modify or terminate free trials at any time, without notice and in our sole discretion.",882
-"You will not modify, create derivative works of, decompile, or otherwise attempt to extract source code from us, unless you are expressly permitted to do so under an open source license, or we give you express written permission.",883
-"Facebook users provide their real names and information, and we need your help to keep it that way.",884
-"An arbitration proceeding is before a neutral arbitrator instead of a judge and jury, so we are all giving up our right to a trial before a judge and jury.",885
-"These terms of use constitute the entire agreement between you and instagram and governs your use of the service, superseding any prior agreements between you and instagram.",886
-"Unless otherwise specified, the materials on the websites are presented solely to provide information regarding and to promote tripadvisor's services, websites, partners and other products available in the united states, its territories, possessions and protectorates.",887
-"We make no representation or promises about any content, goods or services these other companies provide, even if linked to or from our service or games.",888
-"We offer certain premium versions of the services (e.g., mvp membership, myfitnesspal and endomondo premium) (the ``premium services'') for a fee.",889
-These terms of use were written in english (us).,890
-"In consideration for duolingo granting you access to and use of the service, you agree that duolingo and its third party providers and partners may place such advertising in connection with the display of content or information submitted by you or others.",891
-2.3 use of headspace by minors ,892
-"To the extent permitted under law (and unless linkedin has entered into a separate written agreement that overrides this contract), linkedin and its affiliates (and those that linkedin works with to provide the services) shall not be liable to you or others for any indirect, incidental, special, consequential or punitive damages, or any loss of data, opportunities, reputation, profits or revenues, related to the services (e.g. offensive or defamatory statements, down time or loss, use of, or changes to, your information or content).",893
-"As an alternative, you may bring your claim in your local ``small claims'' court, if permitted by that small claims court's rules.",894
-"These terms represent the entire agreement between us and you and supersede and replace all and any previous terms, conditions, agreements and arrangements in respect of your use of the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms.",895
-"To the fullest extent permitted by law, you agree to defend, indemnify, and hold harmless the company parties from and against any claims, actions or demands, including, without limitation, reasonable legal and accounting fees, arising or resulting from (i) your breach of this eula ; (ii) your access to, use or misuse of the company content or the service ; or (iii) your user content.",896
-We provide the services for us government end use solely in accordance with the following : (a) the services are licensed only as commercial items ; and (b) the us government will have the same rights as all other end users pursuant to these terms.,897
-There may be more limited discovery than in court.,898
-"You understand that the yahoo services and software embodied within the yahoo services may include security components that permit digital materials to be protected, and that use of these materials is subject to usage rules set by yahoo and/or content providers who provide content to the yahoo services.",899
-"All of the rights you grant in this eula are provided on a through-to-the-audience basis, meaning the owners or operators of external sites will not have any separate liability to you or any other third party for user content posted or used on such external sites via the service.",900
-"© 2012 blizzard entertainment, inc..",901
-Access and use of the service is subject to the following terms and conditions of service (``terms and conditions'').,902
-• we may provide you with optional recommendations to consider when creating your listings.,903
-"By entering into these terms, you either (1) acknowledge that you have read and understand the aaa rules ; or (2) waive reading the aaa rules and waive any claim that the aaa rules are unfair in any way.",904
-"Linden lab will not assume any responsibility, obligation, or liability for the receipt or non-receipt of any of the foregoing.",905
-"To better protect your privacy, we provide notices explaining our information practices and the choices you can make about the way your information is collected and used at our services.",906
-"To the maximum extent permitted by law, supercell shall not be liable to you for any indirect, incidental, consequential, special, punitive or other similar damages, including but not limited to loss of revenues, lost profits, lost data or business interruption or other intangible losses (however such losses are qualified), arising out of or relating in any way to these terms of service or the service itself, whether based on contract, tort or any other legal theory, and whether or not supercell has been advised of the possibility of such damages.",907
-"The provisions of this section, entitled ``claims are time-barred'' shall be deemed to constitute a separate written legally binding agreement by and between you and us.",908
-"If we make changes, we will give a notification to you via email or by other appropriate means ; if you do not object to these changes within 4 weeks after they have been communicated to you, the changes will be deemed to be accepted (the notification will inform you accordingly).",909
-"The service also includes third-party content that we do not control, maintain or endorse.",910
-"If you use our applications, your standard data and messaging rates will apply, and the rules of the app store from which you are downloading will also apply.",911
-"For more information, see the full yahoo privacy policy at https://policies.yahoo.com/us/en/yahoo/privacy/index.html.",912
-Termination of your account can include disabling your access to the service or any part thereof including any content you submitted or others submitted.,913
-"If we make a significant change, we'll notify you and, where required, seek your consent.",914
-"Airbnb does not endorse any member, listing or host services.",915
-Paragraph 20.3 (i) prevails over this paragraph if inconsistent with it.,916
-"Your access and use of the services (regardless of whether you create an account with us), constitutes your agreement to these terms and our privacy policy, which is incorporated into the terms.",917
-"Uber reserves the right to withhold or deduct credits or other features or benefits obtained through the use of promo codes by you or any other user in the event that uber determines or believes that the use or redemption of the promo code was in error, fraudulent, illegal, or in violation of the applicable promo code terms or these terms.",918
-"If for any reason you find a defect in the physical storage medium during the warranty period, rovio agrees to replace, free of charge, any physical storage medium and related software discovered to be defective within the warranty period as long as the software is currently commercially distributed by rovio.",919
-"If the prohibition against class actions and other claims brought on behalf of third parties contained above is found to be unenforceable, then all of the preceding language in this arbitration section will be null and void.",920
-"Whatsapp inc. (``whatsapp,'' ``our,'' ``we,'' or ``us'') provides messaging, internet calling, and other services to users around the world.",921
-"If you are not a united states resident and you are accessing our services from outside the united states, you agree to transfer certain information outside your home country to us, and that you will follow all the laws that apply to you.",922
-"User-generated content available in connection with the services, whether publicly posted or privately transmitted, is the sole responsibility of the athlete from whom such user-generated content originated.",923
-"7.4.1 airbnb may enable hosts to authorize other members (``co-hosts'') to administer the host's listing (s), and to bind the host and take certain actions in relation to the listing (s) as permitted by the host, such as accepting booking requests, messaging and welcoming guests, and updating the listing fee and calendar availability (collectively, ``co-host services'').",924
-"By using the service, you may be exposed to user content that is offensive, indecent or otherwise not in line with your expectations.",925
-"Although tripadvisor has no obligation to screen, edit or monitor any of the content posted to or distributed through any interactive area, tripadvisor reserves the right, and has absolute discretion, to remove, screen, translate or edit without notice any content posted or stored on this website at any time and for any reason, or to have such actions performed by third parties on its behalf, and you are solely responsible for creating backup copies of and replacing any content you post or store on this website at your sole cost and expense.",926
-We reserve the right to refuse access to the service to anyone for any reason at any time.,927
-"22.2 no joint venture, partnership, employment, or agency relationship exists between you and airbnb as a result of this agreement or your use of the airbnb platform.",928
-"In many cities, hosts may have to register, get a permit or obtain a license before preparing food or serving alcohol for sale.",929
-* community standards : these guidelines outline our expectations regarding the content you post to facebook and your activity on facebook.,930
-"Supercell may assign or delegate these terms of service and/or the supercell privacy policy, in whole or in part, to any person or entity at any time with or without your consent.",931
-"By using any interactive areas, you expressly agree not to post, upload to, transmit, distribute, store, create or otherwise publish through this website any of the following : ",932
-This may result in a change to your payment billing dates.,933
-"If you are over the age of 13 and register to create an account through ptc, ptc will enable you to access and use the services.",934
-"Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, any fraudulent, abusive, or otherwise illegal activity, or that may otherwise affect the enjoyment of the service or the internet by others may be grounds for termination of your access to all or part of the service at our sole discretion, and you may be referred to appropriate law enforcement agencies.",935
-"You expressly understand and agree that yahoo and its subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, employees, agents, partners and licensors shall not be liable to you for any punitive, indirect, incidental, special, consequential or exemplary damages, including, but not limited to, damages for loss of profits, goodwill, use, data or other intangible losses (even if yahoo has been advised of the possibility of such damages), resulting from : (a) the use or the inability to use the yahoo service ; (b) the cost of procurement of substitute goods and services ; (c) unauthorized access to or alteration of your transmissions or data ; (d) statements or conduct of any third party on the yahoo service ; or (e) any other matter relating to the yahoo service.",936
-"After the goods have been delivered to you, you have the right, within 30 days from the date of your receipt of the goods, to cancel our contract with you and return the goods.",937
-"When a reservation is paid by credit or debit card, it will be processed by enett international usa, llc (for credit or debit cards issued in the united states excluding american express) or enett international (uk) limited (trading as ``hotel booking services'') (for all other cards and all american express cards), which act as an independent third party and the merchant of record.",938
-You acknowledge and agree that skype is under no obligation to put back such user submission at any time.,939
-"If the prohibition against class actions and other disputes brought on behalf of third parties is found to be unenforceable for a dispute, then all of the provisions above under the caption ``special arbitration provision for united states or canada users'' will be null and void as to that dispute.",940
-Please note that a reservation which requires down payment or (wholly or partly) prepayment may be cancelled (without a prior notice of default or warning) insofar the relevant (remaining) amount (s) can not be collected in full on the relevant payment date in accordance with the relevant payment policy of the supplier and the reservation.,941
-The services may contain links to external content provided by third party websites and services.,942
-"You may access and display material and all other content displayed on our services for non-commercial, personal, entertainment use on any computer, tablet, smart watch, or mobile device you own or control.",943
-"If such supplemental terms conflict with these terms, the supplemental terms will govern solely with respect to your use of the associated product or service and to the extent of the conflict.",944
-8.1.3 the duration of a call shall be based on one-minute increments.,945
-"Last updated date : may 15, 2017 ",946
-"We are not responsible for examining or evaluating, and we do not warrant, the offerings of any of these businesses or individuals (including the content of their web sites).",947
-Section 15 (i) prevails over this section if inconsistent with it.,948
-"• use our services if you are not able to form legally binding contracts (for example, if you are under 18 years old), or are temporarily or indefinitely suspended from using our sites, services, applications or tools ; ",949
-"Any changes which youtube may make to the service, or for any permanent or temporary cessation in the provision of the service (or any features within the service) ; iii.",950
-"You shall not (or attempt to) purchase, sell, rent or give away your account, create an account using a false identity or information, or on behalf of someone other than yourself ; you shall not use the service if you have previously been removed by supercell, or previously been banned from playing any supercell game.",951
-(f) use the products in a way that violates this license agreement or the other terms.,952
-Skype does not support emergency calls in the majority of countries around the world.,953
-The foregoing disclaimer of certain damages and limitation of liability will apply to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law.,954
-Super likes and other virtual items.,955
-"If you acquired the application in any other country, the laws of that country apply.",956
-"If you access any third party website, service, or content from duolingo, you understand that these terms and conditions and our privacy policy do not apply to your use of such sites.",957
-"If you are participating in our forums, please stay on-topic in an existing thread, and post new threads in the appropriate forum.",958
-"This means all content created, transmitted, stored or displayed in your account, is your sole responsibility as the person who created the content or introduced it into the service.",959
-"The online reservation service is rendered by booking.com b.v., which is a private limited liability company, incorporated under the laws of the netherlands and having its offices at herengracht 597, 1017 ce amsterdam, the netherlands and registered with the trade register of the chamber of commerce in amsterdam under registration number 31047344.",960
-(b) not medical advice ,961
-"Public chats are conversations held between groups of participants who have a common interest or affiliation, and are chatting amongst themselves, on viber, while any viber user choosing to follow such public chat (``viber public chat'') publically views the chat.",962
-"From time to time, we may restrict access to some parts our site or our service, or our entire site or service to users who have registered with us.",963
-"You acknowledge and agree that the services, any necessary software used in connection with the services (if any), and the ua content contain proprietary and confidential information that is protected by applicable intellectual property and other laws.",964
-Local tax charges may vary depending on the payment method used.,965
-You are solely responsible for your interactions with other users of the service and any other parties with whom you interact through the service and/or supercell games.,966
-"It is academia.edu's policy to terminate, in appropriate circumstances, members or other account holders who repeatedly infringe or are believed to be repeatedly infringing the rights of copyright holders.",967
-"This agreement applies to the use of the services and any content (defined below) included therein by every computer or other communication means (such as cellular phones, wireless mobile devices, pda's, etc.).",968
-This license exists only for as long as you elect to continue to include such content on the yahoo services and will terminate at the time you remove or yahoo removes such content from the yahoo services.,969
-"Amazon makes no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, as to the operation of the amazon services, or the information, content, materials, products (including software) or other services included on or otherwise made available to you through the amazon services, unless otherwise specified in writing.",970
-"You understand that by using the services, you may be exposed to content that might be offensive, harmful, inaccurate or otherwise inappropriate, or in some cases, postings that have been mislabeled or are otherwise deceptive.",971
-"In such cases, facebook's liability will be limited to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law.",972
-Any access to or use of the site or services by anyone under the age of 13 is expressly prohibited.,973
-"You should not include personal information such as your name, your email address, your address or your telephone number or any other sensitive data in user-generated content.",974
-"If applicable law does not allow all or any part of the above limitation of liability to apply to you, the limitations will apply to you only to the extent permitted by applicable law.",975
-"Some jurisdictions may not allow certain limitation on or exclusion of implied warranties, so some of the above limitation or exclusions may not apply in full to you.",976
-It is also your responsibility to terminate the premium service before the end of a free or discounted period if you do not want to continue with a premium service at the regular price.,977
-Viber agrees that it will not seek reimbursement from you for its costs and fees incurred by it in the arbitration.,978
-You agree that you will : ,979
-"Interfere with or disrupt the yahoo services or servers or networks connected to the yahoo services, or disobey any requirements, procedures, policies or regulations of networks connected to the yahoo services, including using any device, software or routine to bypass our robot exclusion headers ; ",980
-"You must sign into your outlook.com inbox and your onedrive (separately) at least once in a one-year period, otherwise we will close your outlook.com inbox and your onedrive for you.",981
-You may opt out of this feature.,982
-"Gifting codes can only be used once in the country for which they were purchased and can not be redeemed for cash, resold or combined with any other offers, including free trial.",983
-``publicly accessible'' areas of the service are those areas that are accessible to other users of that aspect of the service.,984
-"Any ``virtual currency'' balance shown in your account does not constitute a real-world balance or reflect any stored value, but instead constitutes a measurement of the extent of your limited license.",985
-Term and termination ; account deletion ,986
-Evernote may from time to time include as part of the service and evernote software computer software supplied by third parties which is utilized by permission of the respective licensors and/or copyright holders on the terms provided by such parties.,987
-"We can not guarantee, and assume no responsibility for verifying, the accuracy of the information provided by other users of the service.",988
-The arbitrator will render an award within the time frame specified in the aaa rules.,989
-• encourage or enable any other individual to do any of the foregoing.,990
-"You agree and acknowledge that we do not assume any responsibility with respect to, or in connection with the termination of the services' operations and loss of any data as a result.",991
-"You may register directly via the site or by logging into your account with certain third party social media or social networking sites (``sns'') (including, but not limited to, facebook) via the site, as described herein.",992
-"For instance, you might need to check a box or click on a button marked ``i agree.'' ",993
-"You acknowledge and agree that academia.edu is not responsible or liable for : (i) the availability or accuracy of such websites or resources ; or (ii) the content, products, or services on or available from such websites or resources.",994
-Procedure for reporting claimed infringement.,995
-"You and yahoo agree to submit to the personal jurisdiction of the courts located within the county of santa clara, california or the northern district of california, and agree to waive any and all objections to the exercise of jurisdiction over the parties by such courts and to venue in such courts.",996
-Our services often contain community features.,997
-"Immediately stop using and consult a doctor if you experience any of these symptoms, or consult a doctor before using the applications if you've ever suffered symptoms linked to seizures.",998
-The arbitrator's award of damages must be consistent with the terms of the ``limitation of liability'' section above as to the types and amounts of damages for which a party may be held liable.,999
-"The skype website does not enable users in such territories to take advantage of this vat exemption and we therefore do not provide the products in such territories : mount athos, canary islands, french overseas departments, aland islands, channel islands, heligoland island, büsingen / buesingen territory, ceuta, melilla, livigno, campione d'italia and italian waters of lake lugano.",1000
-Microsoft respects the intellectual property rights of third parties.,1001
-"To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, in no event will tinder, its affiliates, employees, licensors or service providers be liable for any indirect, consequential, exemplary, incidental, special or punitive damages, including, without limitation, loss of profits, whether incurred directly or indirectly, or any loss of data, use, goodwill, or other intangible losses, resulting from : (i) your access to or use of or inability to access or use the services, (ii) the conduct or content of other users or third parties on, through, or following use of the services ; or (iii) unauthorized access, use or alteration of your content, even if tinder has been advised of the possibility of such damages.",1002
-"We encourage you to review the terms from time to time to ensure that you understand the terms and conditions that apply to your access to, and use of, the services.",1003
-"Your continued use of tripadvisor now, or following the posting of any such notice of any changes, will indicate acceptance by you of such modifications.",1004
-"By accessing or using any part of the service, you represent that you have read, understood, and agree to be bound by these terms and conditions including any future modifications.",1005
-"We may do this through forums, blogs, message boards, social networking environments, social communities, e-mail and other functionality.",1006
-• metatags and url links that are included in a listing may be removed or altered so as to not affect third-party search engine results.,1007
-"Airbnb reserves the right, in our sole discretion, to limit the number of co-hosts a host may invite for each listing and to limit the number of listings a co-host may manage.",1008
-"If you do not agree to updated terms, you should stop using our services and/or close your account.",1009
-We may report any such breach to the relevant law enforcement authorities and we may cooperate with those authorities by disclosing your identity to them.,1010
-You may stop using the service at any time.,1011
-Loss of actual or anticipated profits ; ,1012
-"To the extent it's necessary, when you appear in, create, upload, post, or send live, local, or other crowd-sourced content, you also grant snap group limited, snap inc., and our affiliates and business partners the unrestricted, worldwide right and license to use your name, likeness, and voice.",1013
-You are responsible for updating your user information.,1014
-Any reward value in your account will be immediately forfeited.,1015
-• we do not transfer legal ownership of items from the seller to the buyer.,1016
-"Our aggregate liability relating to, arising out of, or in any way in connection with masquerade's terms and policies, us, our services, or any content will not exceed the greater of one hundred dollars ($ 100) or the amount you have paid masquerade in the past twelve months.",1017
-"Subscriber certifies to 9gag, inc that if subscriber is an individual (i.e., not a corporate entity), subscriber is at least 13 years of age.",1018
-"No agency, partnership, joint venture, employee-employer or franchiser-franchisee relationship is intended or created by this user agreement.",1019
-Creating an account for the purposes of deceiving other athletes or to work around a services suspension is not permitted and will be grounds for a permanent ban from the services.,1020
-This indemnification only applies to credit card reservations made using booking.com's secure server and the unauthorised use of your credit card resulted through our default or negligence and through no fault of your own while using the secure server.,1021
-"The instagram parties do not make any representations or warranties that the information (including any instructions) on the service is accurate, complete, or useful.",1022
-Please do n't post other people's work without permission.,1023
-"You warrant that you own all the rights, titles and interests required for you to use your user submission in the manner contemplated herein.",1024
-Please review the terms on a regular basis.,1025
-Your content does not include any content owned by masquerade or third parties.,1026
-"You may be exposed to user-generated content from a variety of sources, and that we are not responsible for the accuracy, usefulness, safety, or intellectual property rights of or relating to such user-generated content.",1027
-"Any claim or complaint against booking.com or in respect of the service must be promptly submitted, but in any event within 30 days after the scheduled day of consummation of the product or service (e.g. check out date).",1028
-"If you violate these terms, or any of our other terms that apply to you, we may take action against you, up to and including permanently suspending your account in addition, you may be breaking the law, including violations of zynga's intellectual property rights.",1029
-No one under 13 is allowed to create an account or use the services.,1030
-The inclusion of such a link does not imply endorsement of any site by viber or any association with its operators.,1031
-"Nothing in these terms limits or excludes our responsibility for (1) fraudulent representations made by us, (2) death or personal injury caused by our negligence or willful misconduct, or (3) non-execution of any material contractual obligation.",1032
-"By visiting our website and accessing the information, resources, services, products, and tools we provide, you understand and agree to accept and adhere to the following terms and conditions as stated in this policy (hereafter referred to as ` user agreement'), along with the terms and conditions as stated in our privacy policy (please refer to the privacy policy section below for more information).",1033
-You are solely responsible for creating back-ups of your subscriber content.,1034
-"We reserve the right, at your expense, to assume the exclusive defense and control of any matter for which you are required to indemnify us under the terms, and you agree to cooperate with our defense of these claims.",1035
-"Please review our privacy policy, which governs the use of personal information on the site and to which subscriber agrees to be bound as a user of the site.",1036
-"Microsoft does not support non-microsoft credentials (such as facebook and openid), so healthvault customer support will not be able to help with sign-in issues for those.",1037
-The transfer of virtual items and merchandise is prohibited except where expressly authorized in the service.,1038
-"The notice to ebay should be sent to ebay inc., attn : litigation department, re : notice of dispute, 583 w. ebay way, draper, ut 84020.",1039
-"If you create an account, you are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of any and all actions that take place while using your account, and you must notify our support team right away of any actual or suspected loss, theft, or unauthorized use of your account or account password.",1040
-"``gnuplot'' software used in certain microsoft website servers is copyright © 1986-1993 thomas williams, colin kelley.",1041
-"In connection with registering for and using the service, you agree (i) to provide accurate, current and complete information about you and/or your organization as requested by duolingo ; (ii) to maintain the confidentiality of your password and other information related to the security of your account ; (iii) to maintain and promptly update any registration information you provide to duolingo, to keep such information accurate, current and complete ; and (iv) to be fully responsible for all use of your account and for any actions that take place through your account.",1042
-"If you publish your content in areas of the service where it is available broadly online without restrictions, your content may appear in demonstrations or materials that promote the service.",1043
-"By listing information relevant to travel to particular international destinations, tripadvisor does not represent or warrant that travel to such points is advisable or without risk, and is not liable for damages or losses that may result from travel to such destinations.",1044
-"If you are a u.s. government end user, we are licensing the amazon software to you as a ``commercial item'' as that term is defined in the u.s. code of federal regulations (see 48 c.f.r. § 2.101), and the rights we grant you to the amazon software are the same as the rights we grant to all others under these conditions of use.",1045
-(i) using subscriptions for telemarketing or call centre operations ; ,1046
-"Any unauthorized use of the services or other failure by you to comply with the terms of this agreement will be deemed a material breach of this agreement and will entitle onavo, without derogating from any other remedies available to it, to immediately suspend or terminate this agreement with no liability to you.",1047
-"If you do so, neither you nor onavo can require the other to participate in an arbitration proceeding.",1048
-Spotify provides streaming services offering a selection of music and other content.,1049
-"Airbnb is liable for any negligent breaches of essential contractual obligations by us, our legal representatives, directors, or other vicarious agents.",1050
-If you do register for or otherwise use our service you shall be deemed to confirm your acceptance of the terms and your agreement to be a party to this binding contract.,1051
-"You may terminate this eula by sending written notification to the company at privacy@musical.ly, deleting the apps from your mobile devices, and terminating all other uses of the service.",1052
-"Linden lab has no obligation to monitor or enforce your intellectual property rights to your user content, but you grant us the right to protect and enforce our rights to your user content, including by bringing and controlling actions in your name and on your behalf (at linden lab's cost and expense, to which you hereby consent and irrevocably appoint linden lab as your attorney-in-fact, with the power of substitution and delegation, which appointment is coupled with an interest).",1053
-"The arbitration will be conducted before a neutral single arbitrator in the county of allegheny in the commonwealth of pennsylvania, whose decision will be final and binding, and the arbitral proceedings will be governed by the american arbitration association (``aaa'') under its aaa commercial arbitration rules, consumer due process protocol, and supplementary procedures for resolution of consumer related disputes, as modified by these terms and conditions.",1054
-"Under no circumstances will yahoo be liable in any way for any content, including, but not limited to, any errors or omissions in any content, or any loss or damage of any kind incurred as a result of the use of any content posted, emailed, transmitted or otherwise made available via the yahoo services.",1055
-"If a gift you have purchased is corrupted or otherwise damaged, then please send an email explaining the problem and the circumstances under which such problem arose to legal@musical.ly.",1056
-"You expressly understand and agree that evernote, its subsidiaries, affiliates, service providers, and licensors, and our and their respective officers, employees, agents and successors shall not be liable to you for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential or exemplary damages, including but not limited to, damages for loss of profits, goodwill, use, data, cover or other intangible losses (even if evernote has been advised of the possibility of such damages) resulting from : (i) the use or the inability to use the service or to use promotional codes or evernote points ; (ii) the cost of procurement of substitute services resulting from any data, information or service purchased or obtained or messages received or transactions entered into through or from the service ; (iii) unauthorized access to or the loss, corruption or alteration of your transmissions, content or data ; (iv) statements or conduct of any third party on or using the service, or providing any services related to the operation of the service ; (v) evernote's actions or omissions in reliance upon your basic subscriber information and any changes thereto or notices received therefrom ; (vi) your failure to protect the confidentiality of any passwords or access rights to your account ; (vii) the acts or omissions of any third party using or integrating with the service ; (viii) any advertising content or your purchase or use of any advertised or other third-party product or service ; (ix) the termination of your account in accordance with the terms of these terms of service ; or (x) any other matter relating to the service.",1057
-"``onavo technology'' means all of onavo proprietary technology (including software, hardware, products, processes, algorithms, user interfaces, know-how, techniques, designs and other tangible or intangible technical material or information) made available to you by onavo in providing the services.",1058
-Any information that you provided during sign-up can be corrected during the sign-up process by returning to the previous screens and correcting erroneous information.,1059
-"Guests and hosts agree that we may seek additional amounts from you in the event that the taxes collected and/or remitted are insufficient to fully discharge your obligations to the tax authority, and agree that your sole remedy for occupancy taxes collected is a refund of occupancy taxes collected by airbnb from the applicable tax authority in accordance with applicable procedures set by that tax authority.",1060
-(d) we may charge you a reasonable service charge to mail you a paper copy of any communication.,1061
-This arbitration agreement evidences a transaction in interstate commerce and thus the federal arbitration act governs the interpretation and enforcement of this provision.,1062
-"You understand and agree that, while you are free to provide additional payment as a gratuity to any third party provider who provides you with services or goods obtained through the service, you are under no obligation to do so.",1063
-"These terms of service (these ``terms'') govern your use of the app, our website (http://msqrd.me/ or the ``site'') and other features, functionality, products, and services we offer or make available (collectively, the ``services'').",1064
-"Each supplier remains responsible at all times for the accuracy, completeness and correctness of the (descriptive) information (including the rates and availability) displayed on our platform.",1065
-We will notify you by email or at the next time you attempt to access your account.,1066
-We're providing you notice about our intellectual property rights.,1067
-It is your responsibility to ensure that you are legally allowed to use the software where you are located.,1068
-"As used in these terms of use, ``netflix service'', ``our service'' or ``the service'' means the service provided by netflix for discovering and watching netflix content, including all features and functionalities, recommendations and reviews, the website, and user interfaces, as well as all content and software associated with our service.",1069
-This license authorizes us to make your content available to the rest of the world and to let others do the same.,1070
-"• buyer's location, search query, browsing site, and history ; ",1071
-"If the correct price of an item sold by amazon is higher than our stated price, we will, at our discretion, either contact you for instructions before shipping or cancel your order and notify you of such cancellation.",1072
-"Use the service in connection with material which promotes illegal activities, or the violation of any local, state, national, or international law or regulation, including, without limitation, laws governing intellectual property and other proprietary rights (including, but not limited to, patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights, or any confidential, proprietary or trade secret information of any third party), information protection and privacy, including, but not limited to, content which disseminates another person's personal information without his or her permission.",1073
-Zynga may revise the pricing for the goods and services it licenses to you through the service at any time.,1074
-"Such termination of the services will result in the deactivation or deletion of your account or your access to your account, and the deletion of all content on your account.",1075
-"Either party may bring a lawsuit solely for injunctive relief to stop unauthorized use or abuse of the services, or intellectual property infringement (for example, trademark, trade secret, copyright, or patent rights) without first engaging in arbitration or the informal dispute-resolution process described above.",1076
-"H. is accurate, fair, and is not disparaging of us, the services or other users.",1077
-"We have the right to offer, modify, eliminate, and/or terminate trading items, virtual money, virtual goods, the content, and/or the services, or any portion thereof, at any time, without notice or liability to you.",1078
-"However and to the extent permitted by law, neither we nor any of our officers, directors, employees, representatives, subsidiaries, affiliated companies, distributors, affiliate (distribution) partners, licensees, agents or others involved in creating, sponsoring, promoting, or otherwise making available the site and its contents shall be liable for (i) any punitive, special, indirect or consequential loss or damages, any loss of production, loss of profit, loss of revenue, loss of contract, loss of or damage to goodwill or reputation, loss of claim, (ii) any inaccuracy relating to the (descriptive) information (including rates, availability and ratings) of the supplier as made available on our platform, (iii) the services rendered or the products offered by the supplier or other business partners, (iv) any (direct, indirect, consequential or punitive) damages, losses or costs suffered, incurred or paid by you, pursuant to, arising out of or in connection with the use, inability to use or delay of our platform, or (v) any (personal) injury, death, property damage, or other (direct, indirect, special, consequential or punitive) damages, losses or costs suffered, incurred or paid by you, whether due to (legal) acts, errors, breaches, (gross) negligence, willful misconduct, omissions, non-performance, misrepresentations, tort or strict liability by or (wholly or partly) attributable to the supplier or any of our other business partners (including any of their employees, directors, officers, agents, representatives or affiliated companies) whose products or service are (directly or indirectly) made available, offered or promoted on or through the platform, including any (partial) cancellation, overbooking, strike, force majeure or any other event beyond our control.",1079
-"You agree to indemnify and hold betterpoints.uk its directors, its officers, its employees and agents harmless from and against all liabilities, including without limitation legal fees, damages, losses, costs and other expenses in relation to any claims or actions brought against betterpoints.uk arising out of any breach by you of these terms and conditions, complaints made by other parties against you or other liabilities arising out of your use of this website.",1080
-"Unless explicitly otherwise provided, neither 9gag, inc nor the site make any representation or warranty whatsoever about any third party site that is linked to the site, or endorse the products or services offered on such site.",1081
-"11.3 youtube may at any time terminate its legal agreement with you if : a.you have breached any provision of the terms (or have acted in manner which clearly shows that you do not intend to, or are unable to comply with the provisions of the terms) ; or b. youtube is required to do so by law (for example, where the provision of the service to you is, or becomes, unlawful) ; or ",1082
-"All content is provided for entertainment and / or information purposes only, and is not intended, and should not be taken, as specific advice in any particular circumstance.",1083
-"The company has not reviewed, has no control over, nor does it endorse, screen, promote or otherwise assume any responsibility for the content of third party websites or applications (``third party services''), or to the information, advertisements, services, practices or other material contained on, or accessible through third party services, including without limitation third party websites to which hyperlinks are contained in the service.",1084
-"Academia.edu reserves the right to revoke your access to and use of the site, services and collective content at any time, with or without cause.",1085
-"However, if your claim for damages does not exceed $ 75,000, niantic will pay all such fees unless the arbitrator finds that either the substance of your claim or the relief sought in your demand for arbitration was frivolous or was brought for an improper purpose (as measured by the standards set forth in federal rules of civil procedure 11 (b)).",1086
-You are not required to become a course contributor and you may cease your activities as a course contributor at any time.,1087
-"If you have purchased your paid subscription through a third party, your subscription is also subject to the terms of your agreement with that third party (in addition to these terms).",1088
-You can control most communications from the services.,1089
-"(8) cheat or utilize world of warcraft ``exploits'' in any way, including without limitation modification of the game program files ; ",1090
-"(d) any claim, damage or loss (whether direct or indirect) arising from or relating to : ",1091
-"Notwithstanding the abovementioned warranty for physical storage medium specified in section 6.1 above, and to the fullest extent permissible under applicable law, the rovio services are provided to you ``as is,'' with all faults, without warranty of any kind, without performance assurances or guarantees of any kind, and your use is at your sole risk.",1092
-"You should not provide your financial information (for example, your credit card or bank account information), or wire or otherwise send money, to other users.",1093
-"10.2 ratings and reviews by guests and hosts must be fair, truthful and factual and may not contain any offensive or defamatory language.",1094
-"(an account holder is the person or entity who has contracted with evernote as either an individual basic, plus, or premium user or as a customer as defined in our evernote business agreement .) ",1095
-- address of consumer (s) ; ,1096
-"- a statement that the information in the notification is accurate, and under penalty of perjury, that you are authorized to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed.",1097
-"You represent and warrant that your content, the use and provision of your content on the fitbit service, and your use of the fitbit service will not (a) infringe, misappropriate, or violate a third party's patent, copyright, trademark, trade secret, moral rights, or other intellectual property rights, or rights of publicity or privacy ; (b) violate, or encourage any conduct that would violate, any applicable law or regulation or would give rise to civil liability ; (c) be fraudulent, false, misleading, or deceptive ; (d) be defamatory, obscene, pornographic, vulgar, or offensive ; (e) promote discrimination, bigotry, racism, hatred, harassment, or harm against any individual or group ; (f) be violent or threatening or promote violence or actions that are threatening to any person or entity ; or (g) promote illegal or harmful activities or substances.",1098
-"Your address, telephone number, and email address ; ",1099
-"To the fullest extent permissible by law, neither instagram nor its parent company nor any of their employees, managers, officers or agents (collectively, the ``instagram parties'') make any representations or warranties or endorsements of any kind whatsoever, express or implied, as to : (a) the service ; (b) the instagram content ; (c) user content ; or (d) security associated with the transmission of information to instagram or via the service.",1100
-"Portions of tripadvisor mobile software may use copyrighted material, the use of which tripadvisor acknowledges.",1101
-"For further information on geographic and export restrictions, visit http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=141397 and http://www.microsoft.com/exporting.",1102
-(c) our license to you ,1103
-"This agreement does not convey to you any ownership interest in or to the services, but only a limited and revocable right of use in accordance with the terms of this agreement.",1104
-"8.1 when you upload or post content to youtube, you grant : ",1105
-Please go to our support site for more details on passcodes.,1106
-"Microsoft reserves the right to disqualify you ; disable your access to the program or your rewards account ; and/or withhold points, rewards and charitable contributions, if microsoft believes you are tampering with or abusing any aspect of the program or may be engaging in activities that violate these terms.",1107
-"The exact amount of these costs depends, among other things, on the device that you use to access the nintendo account service, on your activities in the nintendo account service and on the conditions of your internet access provider.",1108
-Please contact customer support if you discover or suspect any security breach related to the fitbit service or your account.,1109
-"Arbitration notice : unless you opt out of arbitration within 30 days of the date you first agree to these terms by following the opt-out procedure specified in the ``arbitration'' section below, and except for certain types of disputes described in the ``arbitration ``section below, you agree that disputes between you and academia.edu will be resolved by binding, individual arbitration and you are waiving your right to a trial by jury or to participate as a plaintiff or class member in any purported class action or representative proceeding.",1110
-"Any such transfer or attempted transfer is prohibited and void, and we may terminate your account because of it.",1111
-Please be responsible and use your best judgment and common sense.,1112
-Using the services after the changes become effective means you agree to the new terms.,1113
-You retain all rights to your content that you post to the fitbit service.,1114
-"In case of material changes, the user shall always be notified thereof and provided the option to immediately terminate the services.",1115
-"If you cancel your airbnb account as a host, any confirmed booking (s) will be automatically cancelled and your guests will receive a full refund.",1116
-"(e) all conditions, warranties and other terms which might otherwise be implied by statute, common law or the law of equity are, to the extent permitted by law, excluded.",1117
-Iv) any defects in the operation or functionality of any resources we provide will be repaired or corrected.,1118
-Interstate nature of communications on yahoo network ,1119
-"You will not take any action to jeopardise, limit or interfere with skype's intellectual property rights in the software, products and/or skype websites.",1120
-"The skyscanner services and skyscanner platforms are provided by skyscanner limited, a private limited company incorporated and registered in england & wales with company number 04217916.",1121
-This license will end once you delete such content or your account unless users who have seen the content saved it.,1122
-"In exchange for being enabled to use the service, you agree to abide by these terms.",1123
-You are responsible for compliance with any applicable laws and regulations of the jurisdiction from which you are accessing this website.,1124
-"When you create an account, you agree to provide accurate, up to date information as required for the account registration.",1125
-"Thereafter, you expressly agree to be bound by any such amended terms and conditions.",1126
-"We also reserve the right to respond to user support requests or reports provided through the viber app, or protect the rights, property or safety of viber, its users and the public.",1127
-16.2 the parties acknowledge that apple has no obligation to furnish any maintenance or support services with respect to the digital product.,1128
-5.3 we may terminate your account (s) to protect the best interests of the service and the community or if we believe you pose an unacceptable risk to the community.,1129
-"In the event of any failure of the apps to conform to any applicable warranty, then you may notify apple and apple will refund the purchase price for the relevant apps to you ; and, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, apple has no other warranty obligation whatsoever with respect to the apps.",1130
-"Some countries have mandatory local laws regarding your cancellation rights, and this paragraph does n't override these laws.",1131
-Electronic communications privacy act notice (18 usc 2701-2711) : vivino makes no guaranty of confidentiality or privacy of any communication or information transmitted on the service or any website linked to the service.,1132
-"These terms of use shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the state of new york, excluding its conflicts of law rules, and the united states of america.",1133
-The arbitrator must honor the terms of this agreement (and any additional terms) and can award the prevailing party damages and other relief (including attorneys' fees) consistent with applicable law.,1134
-"You must immediately notify airbnb if you know or have any reason to suspect that your credentials have been lost, stolen, misappropriated, or otherwise compromised or in case of any actual or suspected unauthorized use of your airbnb account.",1135
-The english version is available on our platform (by selecting the english language) or shall be sent to you upon your written request.,1136
-"If noe offers a license for a digital product for download and use on a nintendo 3ds system or wii u console for purchasing in nintendo shopping services, a nintendo network id is required and the license for the respective digital product is registered and tied to your nintendo network id.",1137
-"Our automated systems analyze your content (including emails) to provide you personally relevant product features, such as customized search results, tailored advertising, and spam and malware detection.",1138
-"If any change to this eula is not acceptable to you, then your sole remedy is to stop accessing, browsing and otherwise using the service.",1139
-"If you are under 13 years of age, you must not use or access the service at any time or in any manner.",1140
-"For example, you may not take the results from a search of the services and reformat and display them, or mirror our home pages or results pages on your website.",1141
-"You agree that, to the extent permitted by applicable law, your sole and exclusive remedy for any problems or dissatisfaction with the spotify service is to uninstall any spotify software and to stop using the spotify service.",1142
-"If we feel that your behavior towards any of our customer care representatives or other employees is at any time threatening or offensive, we reserve the right to immediately terminate your account.",1143
-(a) availability and use.,1144
-"Additionally, microsoft reserves the right to cancel the program account of a specific user without cause and without providing a reason.",1145
-"Youtube reserves the right to make changes the terms from time to time, for example to address changes to the law or regulatory changes or changes to functionality offered through the service.",1146
-"Some features of our services may be subject to additional terms and conditions, which you should read before making use of those features, and they add up to these terms.",1147
-This is why we have different features allowing you to do so.,1148
-"You are entirely liable for all activities conducted through the account, and are responsible for ensuring that any other person who uses your world of warcraft account is aware of the terms of and complies with this agreement.",1149
-Nothing in this statement shall prevent us from complying with the law.,1150
-Arbitrations have different rules than lawsuits in court.,1151
-(iii) engage in malicious or disruptive conduct that impedes or interferes with other users' normal use of or enjoyment of the service ; ,1152
-"• software viruses, trojan horses, worms, vandals, spyware and any other malicious applications or any other similar software or programs that may damage the operation of the services ; ",1153
-"You may not modify, or use the material or any other content on our services for any purpose not permitted by these terms.",1154
-"We do not, and can not, pre-screen or monitor all user content.",1155
-All rights not expressly granted to you under these terms shall be retained by truecaller.,1156
-"Those who choose to access world of warcraft through the service from other locations do so on their own initiative and are responsible for compliance with local laws, if and to the extent local laws are applicable.",1157
-"19.2 the laws of the state of california, excluding its conflicts of law rules, govern your access to and use of the services.",1158
-"Copyright compliance department c/o match group legal 8750 n. central expressway, suite 1400 dallas, texas 75231 ",1159
-• depicts unlawful acts or extreme violence ; ,1160
-"If you're not in the united states, then references to ``zynga,'' ``us'' or ``we'' mean zynga game ireland limited located at 25-28 north wall quay, dublin 1, ireland.",1161
-"You acknowledge and agree that : (a) we have the right to arrange the posting of user-generated content in any way we desire ; (b) under armour has no obligation to provide you with any credit when using your user-generated content, but if under armour chooses to provide you with credit, the size and placement of the credit is at our sole discretion ; and (c) you are not entitled to any compensation or other payment from us in connection with the use of your user-generated content.",1162
-Live chat customer support is available as part of the skype premium subscription.,1163
-"You agree that linden lab is not responsible or liable for the content, policies or practices of any third-party websites, servers or online services or environments.",1164
-The cost of return shipping for an item that is not as described is the seller's responsibility.,1165
-"By using any amazon service, you agree that the federal arbitration act, applicable federal law, and the laws of the state of washington, without regard to principles of conflict of laws, will govern these conditions of use and any dispute of any sort that might arise between you and amazon.",1166
-"If any provision of this eula is held to be unenforceable for any reason, such provision shall be reformed only to the extent necessary to make it enforceable and the remaining provisions of this eula shall not be affected.",1167
-"• selling a user account or playlist, or otherwise accepting any compensation, financial or otherwise, to influence the name of an account or playlist or the content included on an account or playlist.",1168
-You acknowledge and agree that you are solely responsible for all member content that you make available through the site or services.,1169
-(ii) your violation of any law or the rights of a third party ; or ,1170
-"The ``caller id'' feature allows you to associate a name with a phone number, whether automatically in an incoming call or manually by a numeric search.",1171
-"Further, we rely on parents and guardians to ensure minors only use the service if they can understand their rights and responsibilities as stated in these terms and our privacy policy.",1172
-"You acknowledge that, in the event the company or a third party breaches this eula, the damage or harm, if any, caused to you will not entitle you to seek injunctive or other equitable relief against the company, and your only remedy will be for monetary damages, subject to the limitations of liability set forth in this eula.",1173
-"Attempt to, or harass, abuse, or harm, or advocate or incite harassment, abuse, or harm of another person, group, including supercell employees, including supercell's customer service representatives.",1174
-"5.1 airbnb may, at its sole discretion, enable members to (i) create, upload, post, send, receive and store content, such as text, photos, audio, video, or other materials and information on or through the airbnb platform (``member content'') ; and (ii) access and view member content and any content that airbnb itself makes available on or through the airbnb platform, including proprietary airbnb content and any content licensed or authorized for use by or through airbnb from a third party (``airbnb content'' and together with member content, ``collective content'').",1175
-"If you believe that your work has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, please follow our notice and procedure for making claims of copyright infringement ",1176
-"From time to time, we or others on our behalf may offer trials of paid subscriptions for a specified period without payment or at a reduced rate (a ``trial'').",1177
-"After your refund, any future subscriptions will no longer qualify for the 30-day money back guarantee.",1178
-We are n't responsible for the content people post and share via the services.,1179
-Academia.edu makes no representations or warranties as to the conduct of users of the site or services or their compatibility with any current or future users of the site or services.,1180
-"By installing, accessing or using the rovio services you explicitly agree with the terms and conditions of rovio's privacy policy and to any terms and conditions included therein by reference.",1181
-"By creating a spotify support account, you confirm that any registration information that you submit to spotify is true, accurate, and complete and that you will update such information in order to keep it current.",1182
-Microsoft may update the rewards offered in the redemption center or discontinue to offer specific rewards.,1183
-"Term and termination, suspension and other measures ",1184
-Spams or solicits our users.,1185
-The notice must (a) describe the nature and basis of the claim or dispute ; and (b) set forth the specific relief sought (the ``demand'').,1186
-"8.1.3 if you book a host service on behalf of additional guests, you are required to ensure that every additional guest meets any requirements set by the host, and is made aware of and agrees to these terms and any terms and conditions, rules and restrictions set by the host.",1187
-"Therefore, if you have an idea or information that you would like to keep confidential and/or do n't want others to use, do not post it on the service.",1188
-Nintendo may change the terms and conditions of this agreement at any time so far as this is necessary or helpful to enhance the service or to adapt it to reflect changes in technical or legal requirements.,1189
-"You and duolingo acknowledge that, in the event of any third-party claim that any app or your possession and use of that app infringes that third party's intellectual property rights, duolingo, not apple, will be solely responsible for the investigation, defense, settlement and discharge of any such intellectual property infringement claim to the extent required by these terms and conditions.",1190
-You are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your account and password and for restricting access to your device.,1191
-"You may deactivate your account with our service at any time, for any reason (or no reason).",1192
-You may cancel your subscription at any time.,1193
-"We respond to notices of alleged copyright infringement if they comply with the law, and such notices should be reported using our copyright policy.",1194
-"Being an under armour athlete is a badge of honor, and we encourage you to proudly wear our gear and display the ua trademarks for personal use.",1195
-"Our services let you share your stuff with others, so please think carefully about what you share.",1196
-"Except for the foregoing limited license, no right, title or interest shall be transferred to you.",1197
-Skype and other disputed parties agree to commence arbitration only in your county of residence.,1198
-"Last updated : july 1, 2016 ",1199
-"When the service is ready for dispatch or delivery, we will contact you to provide you with your purchase confirmation (including delivery costs and any taxes where applicable).",1200
-Once your order has been confirmed your credit or debit card will have been authorised and the amount marked for payment.,1201
-"If you want to send us notices or service of process, please contact us : ",1202
-"With new products, services, and features launching all the time, we need the flexibility to make changes, impose limits, and occasionally suspend or terminate certain offerings.",1203
-We will explain which services are available to you when you are signing up for the services.,1204
-"Instagram reserves the right to assume the exclusive defense and control of any matter subject to indemnification by you, and you will not in any event settle any claim without the prior written consent of instagram.",1205
-You must cancel your subscription before it renews each month in order to avoid billing of the next month's subscription fee to the payment method you provided.,1206
-You may opt out of some of those communications.,1207
-"Prior to your first use of the skype software and your first use of the qik software, you will be asked to create a user account and choose a user id and password.",1208
-"You are solely responsible for your use of the interactive areas and for any user-generated content that you post, including the transmission, accuracy and completeness of the user-generated content.",1209
-"Instead, all disputes will be resolved before a neutral arbitrator, whose decision will be final except for a limited right of appeal under the faa.",1210
-"(evernote corporation, evernote gmbh and evernote brasil, as applicable, may be referred to in these terms of service as ``evernote,'' ``we'' and sometimes ``us'').",1211
-You understand that there may be fees and taxes that are added to our prices.,1212
-"Accordingly, to the extent permitted by applicable law, we exclude all express or implied warranties, terms and conditions including, but not limited to, implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, and non-infringement.",1213
-You should review such terms before making any purchase or using any third party product or service and skype shall not be responsible for your failure to do so.,1214
-Skype may need to change or withdraw the number allocated to you from time to time.,1215
-"22.4 if any provision of these terms is held to be invalid or unenforceable, such provision will be struck and will not affect the validity and enforceability of the remaining provisions.",1216
-"(d) expose any third party to material which is offensive, harmful to minors, indecent or otherwise objectionable in any way ; ",1217
-"Use the airbnb platform or collective content for any commercial or other purposes that are not expressly permitted by these terms or in a manner that falsely implies airbnb endorsement, partnership or otherwise misleads others as to your affiliation with airbnb ; ",1218
-"6.1 although we aim to offer you the best service possible, we make no promise that the products will meet your requirements and we can not guarantee that the products will be fault free.",1219
-It's important to us that athletes stay healthy while training.,1220
-"Unless as otherwise stated in the agreements, should any provision of the agreements be held invalid or unenforceable for any reason or to any extent, such invalidity or enforceability shall not in any manner affect or render invalid or unenforceable the remaining provisions of the agreements, and the application of that provision shall be enforced to the extent permitted by law.",1221
-"You shall defend, indemnify, and hold harmless vivino, its affiliates and each of its, and its affiliates employees, contractors, directors, suppliers and representatives from all losses, costs, actions, claims, damages, expenses (including reasonable legal costs) or liabilities, that arise from or relate to your use or misuse of, or access to, the site or otherwise from your user submissions, violation of these terms of use, or infringement by you, or any third party using the your account, of any intellectual property or other right of any person or entity (save to the extent that a court of competent jurisdiction holds that such claim arose due to an act or omission of vivino).",1222
-This eula is governed by the internal substantive laws of the state of california without respect to its conflict of laws provisions.,1223
-"Because facebook provides a wide range of services, we may ask you to review and accept supplemental terms that apply to your interaction with a specific app, product, or service.",1224
-"Blizzard entertainment will use reasonable efforts to provide the service all day, every day.",1225
-"In such cases, modifications will be effective at the time of your agreement to the modified version of the terms.",1226
-What law applies to my use of evernote ? ,1227
-Vimeo may block your email address and internet protocol address to prevent further registration.,1228
-4.4 your right to cancel or return physical goods.,1229
-"The notice to the company should be addressed to 1161 mission street, office # 502, san francisco, ca 94103, attn : chief executive officer (the ``arbitration notice address'').",1230
-"This agreement includes both the terms above and the following sections, which you may jump to directly by selecting the appropriate link below.",1231
-"In addition, both host and co-host are jointly responsible and severally liable for third party claims, including guest claims, arising from the acts and omissions of the other person as related to hosting activities, communications with guests, and the provision of any co-host services.",1232
-"The item you placed for sale, or your ``high bid,'' will appear in that character's mail when it reaches the target server.",1233
-The company will not be liable for any loss or damage arising from unauthorized use of your credentials prior to you notifying the company of such unauthorized use or loss of your credentials.,1234
-"19.3 to the extent that the provisions in section 18 do not apply, you further agree that all disputes, causes of action, claims or controversies arising under these terms that can not be settled through informal negotiation will be resolved exclusively in the united states district court for the northern district of california or a state court located in san mateo county, and you agree to submit to the personal jurisdiction of such courts for the purposes of litigating all such claims.",1235
-"The services are not medical devices, and the data provided by them is not intended to be utilized for medical purposes and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease, ailment or injury.",1236
-"The arbitrator's decision or award in one person's case can only impact the person who brought the claim, not other zynga players, and can not be used to decide other disputes with other players.",1237
-"When these terms mention ``airbnb,'' ``we,'' ``us,'' or ``our,'' it refers to the airbnb company you are contracting with.",1238
-"If applicable law prohibits a one-year limitation period for asserting claims, any claim must be asserted within the shortest time period permitted by applicable law.",1239
-You can pay for select paid-for products using skype credit.,1240
-"Because of this, the following provisions apply specifically to athletes located outside of the united states : (i) you consent to the transfer, storage, and processing of your information, including but not limited to user-generated content and any personal data, to and in the united states and/or other countries ; (ii) if you are using the services from a country embargoed by the united states, or are on the united states treasury department's list of ``specially designated nationals,'' you are not authorized to access or make use of the services ; and (iii) you agree to comply with all local laws, rules, and regulations including, without limitation, all laws, rules, and regulations in effect in the country in which you reside and the country from which you access the services.",1241
-"In case you wish to use any part of the services as a part of your own application or modify any part of the services, such use is subject to truecaller's prior written approval and that you enter into a separate license agreement with truecaller.",1242
-"You acknowledge and agree that supercell may update the service and supercell games, with or without notifying you.",1243
-"If applicable and available, certain suppliers offer the opportunity for reservations to be paid (wholly or partly and as required under the payment policy of the accommodation) to the supplier during the reservation process by means of secure online payment (all to the extent offered and supported by your bank).",1244
-"If you received your microsoft account from a third party, the third party may have additional rights over your account, like the ability to access or delete your microsoft account.",1245
-"We reserve the right, at our sole discretion and where technically feasible, to disable your access to or ability to use services that we believe present a health and safety risk or violate our community standards, agreements, laws, regulations or policies.",1246
-21.2 if you reside in china these terms will be interpreted in accordance with the laws of china (``china laws'').,1247
-Fitbit respects the intellectual property of others and expects its users to do the same.,1248
-"Evernote may act to temporarily limit your use of the service, suspend access to your account, or close your account, with or without notice according to these terms.",1249
-"This agreement, with the privacy policy, the safety tips and any terms disclosed and agreed to by you if you purchase additional features, products or services we offer on the service, contains the entire agreement between you and tinder regarding the use of the service.",1250
-"You are solely responsible for any harm resulting from your disclosure, or authorization of the disclosure, of your password or from any person's use of your password to gain access to your account or account name.",1251
-Some software used in our services may be offered under an open source license that we will make available to you.,1252
-H. rejecting future arbitration changes.,1253
-"However, the availability and functionality of the services depend on various factors and elements, including software, hardware and communication networks provided by third parties.",1254
-"The netflix software is developed by, or for, netflix and is designed to enable viewing of netflix content through netflix ready devices.",1255
-"In such jurisdictions, the liability of the linden lab parties to you is limited to the lowest amount permitted by applicable law.",1256
-"You may review those rules and procedures, and obtain a form for initiating arbitration proceedings at the aaa's website.",1257
-"In addition, you warrant that you are 18 years of age or older, that you possess the legal authority to enter into this agreement and use instant booking and this site in accordance with these terms and conditions, and that all information you supply is true and accurate.",1258
-"Our service is free of charge because, unlike many other parties, we will not charge you for our service or add any additional (reservation) fees to the rate.",1259
-You may be required to be a registered user in order to purchase some services.,1260
-Our services are constantly evolving to be more useful for our athletes and community.,1261
-Arbitration is more informal than a lawsuit in court.,1262
-All rights not expressly granted by vimeo are reserved.,1263
-"Any questions, complaints, or claims related to any product or service provided by a merchant should be directed to the applicable merchant.",1264
-"Some jurisdictions do not allow exclusion of implied warranties or limitations on the duration of implied warranties, so the above disclaimers may not apply to you in their entireties, but will apply to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law.",1265
-Discovery will be permitted pursuant to the applicable arbitration rules.,1266
-"Yahoo and its subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, employees, agents, partners and licensors make no warranty that (i) the yahoo services or software will meet your requirements ; (ii) the yahoo services or software will be uninterrupted, timely, secure or error-free ; (iii) the results that may be obtained from the use of the yahoo services or software will be accurate or reliable ; (iv) the quality of any products, services, information or other material purchased or obtained by you through the yahoo services or software will meet your expectations ; and (v) any errors in the software will be corrected.",1267
-"You and dropbox agree that any judicial proceeding to resolve claims relating to these terms or the services will be brought in the federal or state courts of san francisco county, california, subject to the mandatory arbitration provisions below.",1268
-"Any idea, information or feedback you submit to us without our specific request is subject to our unsolicited ideas policy.",1269
-Taxes are calculated based on your location at the time your microsoft or skype account was registered.,1270
-``publicly accessible'' areas of the yahoo services are those areas of the yahoo network of properties that are intended by yahoo to be available to the general public.,1271
-We hope you enjoy using our services and encourage you to share your enthusiasm for them with your friends.,1272
-"This agreement (and any other terms and conditions referenced herein) constitutes the entire agreement between you and tripadvisor with respect to this website and it supersedes all prior or contemporaneous communications and proposals, whether electronic, oral, or written, between the customer and tripadvisor with respect to this website.",1273
-"If this occurs, we will attempt to notify you.",1274
-"V. transfer the software, any software licenses, or any rights to access or use the services ; ",1275
-"For support-related inquiries, you may contact us.",1276
-"If you are acting as a business, you agree to submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the irish courts.",1277
-"Unless otherwise provided by law or by a particular service offer, all purchases are final and non-refundable.",1278
-"The oculus marks and those of its affiliates may not be copied, imitated or used, in whole or in part, without prior written permission, including as authorised by any applicable brand guidelines.",1279
-"You agree that any dispute between you and fitbit arising out of or relating to these terms of service, the fitbit service, or any other fitbit products or services (collectively, ``disputes'') will be governed by the arbitration procedure outlined below.",1280
-"The service is available worldwide, but your data is stored in the united states, as described in our privacy policy.",1281
-Ebay is not a traditional auctioneer.,1282
-"Without limiting the foregoing, yahoo and its designees shall have the right to remove any content that violates the tos or is otherwise objectionable.",1283
-"(f) use the service for any illegal activities, such as infringing or violating the rights of any other party ; and ",1284
-The website from which you are linking must comply in all respects with the content standards set out in our acceptable use policy.,1285
-The relevant partner restaurant will normally verify prices as part of the order process.,1286
-"Any questions, complaints or claims with respect to the service should be directed to : ",1287
-"If you are a resident of the united states, these terms of service and any dispute arising out of or related to it or privacy policy or the service shall be governed in all respects by california law, without regard to conflict of law provisions.",1288
-"Third-party links, content and programming.",1289
-"Also, your content must not include content that is illegal, obscene, defamatory, threatening, intimidating, harassing, hateful, racially or ethnically offensive, libelous, invasive of another's privacy, bigoted, inflammatory, vulgar, sexually explicit, pornographic, violent, discriminatory, or harmful to minors in any way, that would instigate or encourage conduct that would be illegal, or otherwise inappropriate, including promoting violent crimes or that violate facebook's community standards or masquerade's terms and policies.",1290
-"The price of the service that you pre-order will be as quoted to you at the time when you submit your pre-order, and may include tax and delivery charges when applicable.",1291
-"This agreement replaces all prior or contemporaneous understandings or agreements, written or oral, regarding the subject matter hereof.",1292
-"• post, list or upload content or items in inappropriate categories or areas on our sites ; ",1293
-We're not liable for various things that could go wrong as a result of your use of the services.,1294
-"If you claim that you have incurred any losses or damages in connection with your use of the service, then the losses and damages will not be irreparable or sufficient to entitle you to an injunction or other equitable relief of any kind.",1295
-"If you do n't provide niantic with an arbitration opt-out notice within the thirty (30) day period, you will be deemed to have knowingly and intentionally waived your right to litigate any dispute except as expressly set forth in clauses (a) and (b) above.",1296
-"This agreement is concluded between you and the company only, and not with any other party.",1297
-"For more information regarding the information we collect from you and how we use it, please consult our privacy policy.",1298
-"Those services have been marked beta, preview, early access, or evaluation (or with words or phrases with similar meanings) and may not be as reliable as dropbox's other services, so please keep that in mind.",1299
-"By accessing the service, you understand that you may be waiving rights with respect to claims that are at this time unknown or unsuspected, and in accordance with such waiver, you acknowledge that you have read and understand, and hereby expressly waive, the benefits of section 1542 of the civil code of california, and any similar law of any state or territory, which provides as follows : ``a general release does not extend to claims which the creditor does not know or suspect to exist in his favor at the time of executing the release, which if known by him must have materially affected his settlement with the debtor.'' ",1300
-"9.7 members may use the resolution center to send or request money for refunds, additional host services, co-host services or damage claims related to bookings.",1301
-You are responsible for keeping your listing information (including calendar availability) up-to-date at all times.,1302
-"If you purchase through one or more of our bundle subscription partners, the purchase may be further subject to the terms and conditions of such partners, and payment and management of the bundle subscription may be administered by them.",1303
-"All parties to the arbitration will have the right, at their own expense, to be represented by an attorney or other advocate of their choosing.",1304
-"Oculus will have no responsibility or liability for inaccurate information or information that later becomes outdated, and oculus will have no obligation to make efforts to determine the correct contact or delivery information.",1305
-"If blizzard entertainment finds such a label to be offensive or improper, it may, in its sole and absolute discretion, change the name, remove the label and corresponding chat room, and/or suspend or terminate your use of world of warcraft.",1306
-"By using the service, you hereby assign to duolingo any and all rights, title and interest, including any intellectual property rights or proprietary rights, in the activity materials.",1307
-Do n't share your account credentials or give others access to your account.,1308
-"If you repeatedly infringe other people's intellectual property rights, we will disable your account when appropriate.",1309
-Your right to make use of our service and any material or other content appearing on it is subject to your compliance with these terms.,1310
-"In agreeing to these terms, you also agree that the rights in the service and evernote software, including all intellectual property rights, such as trademarks, patents, designs and copyrights, are protected by one or more of copyright, trademark, patent, trade secret and other laws, regulations and treaties, in addition to these terms and any separate agreement.",1311
-"Background communication with nintendo servers enables your user device to receive system updates, updates for software and applications installed on your user device, updates for content on the nintendo account service, new applications and important service messages from nintendo.",1312
-22.3 these terms do not and are not intended to confer any rights or remedies upon any person other than the parties.,1313
-Ncl is not obligated to store any user-generated content.,1314
-"Also, we may charge you up to the amount you have approved, and we will notify you in advance of any change in the amount to be charged for recurring subscription services.",1315
-"The company parties will not be subject to liability for the truth, accuracy or completeness of any content on the service or any other information conveyed to any user, or for errors, mistakes or omissions therein, or for any delays or interruptions of the data, or information stream from whatever cause.",1316
-Identification of the work or material being infringed.,1317
-"In the event you read these terms in any language other than english, you agree that in the event of any discrepancies, the english version shall prevail.",1318
-"If you believe that your work has been copied and posted on the service in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, please provide our copyright agent with the following information : ",1319
-"Creators, editors and all other users of the service, including transmitters and viewers of broadcast content through the apps, will be referred to herein collectively as ``users.'' ",1320
-19.2 user account on skype manager ,1321
-"If you acquired the application in the united states or canada, the laws of the state or province where you live (or, if a business, where your principal place of business is located) govern the interpretation of these terms, claims for breach of them, and all other claims (including consumer protection, unfair competition, and tort claims), regardless of conflict of laws principles.",1322
-"(ii) post or transmit unsolicited or unauthorized advertising, or promotional materials, that are in the nature of ``junk mail,'' ``spam,'' ``chain letters,'' ``pyramid schemes,'' or any other form of solicitation that linden lab considers to be of such nature ; ",1323
-A target character's ignore list will not transfer to a target server.,1324
-"Our license to your content is subject to your rights under applicable law (for example laws regarding personal data protection to the extent any content contains personal information as defined by those laws) and is for the limited purpose of operating, developing, providing, and improving the service and researching and developing new ones.",1325
-"When you register and join the linkedin service, you become a member.",1326
-"If other terms are presented in connection with your use of services accessed using the application, those terms also apply.",1327
-E. you agree not to use the service (including the youtube player) for any of the following commercial uses unless you obtain youtube's prior written approval : ,1328
-"If you receive a notification from the company that material made available by you on or through the service has been the subject of a notification of claimed infringement, then you will have the right to provide the company with what is called a ``counter notification.'' ",1329
-Deliveroo terms and conditions of service ,1330
-"Amazon does not assume any responsibility or liability for the actions, product, and content of all these and any other third parties.",1331
-"Except as otherwise agreed upon, if we enable the use of software, content, virtual items or other materials owned or licensed by us (``software and content''), we hereby grant you a limited, non-exclusive, non-sublicensable licence to access, install and use the software and content solely for personal and non-commercial purposes, conditioned on your compliance with these terms.",1332
-"9gag has discretion, however, to terminate the account of any user after receipt of a single notification of claimed infringement or upon 9gag's own determination.",1333
-(d) tamper with the products or circumvent any technology used by headspace or its licensors to protect any content accessible through the products ; ,1334
-"In the event the american arbitration association is unwilling or unable to set a hearing date within one hundred and sixty (160) days of filing the case, then either instagram or you can elect to have the arbitration administered instead by the judicial arbitration and mediation services.",1335
-"If you do not wish to accept this new number, you are entitled to terminate your number.",1336
-"Comply with all applicable laws, including, without limitation, privacy laws, intellectual property laws, anti-spam laws, export control laws, tax laws, and regulatory requirements ; ",1337
-"In some cases, we will notify you in advance, and your continued use of the service after the changes have been made will constitute your acceptance of the changes.",1338
-"In certain instances you may be asked to provide proof of identity to access or use the services, and you agree that you may be denied access to or use of the services if you refuse to provide proof of identity.",1339
-"To maintain control over the account and to prevent anyone from accessing the account (which would include information on viewing history for the account), the account owner should maintain control over the netflix ready devices that are used to access the service and not reveal the password nor details of the payment method associated with the account to anyone.",1340
-"Create or operate a pyramid scheme, fraud or other similar practice ; ",1341
-"You agree to not provide user content that is defamatory, libelous, hateful, violent, obscene, pornographic, unlawful, or otherwise offensive, as determined by uber in its sole discretion, whether or not such material may be protected by law.",1342
-Digital millenium copyright act (``dmca'') notice ,1343
-"Following termination of your account, or if you remove any user-generated content from the services, we may retain your user-generated content for a commercially reasonable period of time for backup, archival, or audit purposes, or as otherwise required or permitted by law.",1344
-You will not post anyone's identification documents or sensitive financial information on facebook.,1345
-"If we fail to enforce any of this statement, it will not be considered a waiver.",1346
-"If you do so, neither you nor oculus can require the other to participate in an arbitration proceeding.",1347
-The types and extent of advertising by duolingo on the service are subject to change.,1348
-"We make no warranties or representations, express or implied, for technical accessibility, fitness or flawlessness of the products.",1349
-"Your right to use the service is subject to any limitations, conditions and restrictions established by us from time to time, in our sole discretion.",1350
-"Use of the site or services to violate the security of any computer network, crack passwords or security encryption codes, transfer or store illegal material including that are deemed threatening or obscene, or engage in any kind of illegal activity is expressly prohibited.",1351
-"If you change the country registered with your nintendo account, you must agree to the nintendo account agreement applicable for the new country.",1352
-Fractional call minutes and fractional cent charges will be rounded up to the next whole unit.,1353
-"Our host guarantee terms, guest refund policy, nondiscrimination policy and other policies applicable to your use of the airbnb platform are incorporated by reference into this agreement.",1354
-"If you believe that any content infringes your intellectual property rights or other rights, see spotify's copyright policy.",1355
-"If you have downloaded the app from the apple, inc. (``apple'') app store or if you are using the app on an ios device, you acknowledge that you have read, understood, and agree to the following notice regarding apple.",1356
-"This information will only be used for the purpose of identifying ``cheaters,'' and for no other reason.",1357
-"Any dispute, conflict, claim or controversy arising out of or broadly in connection with or relating to the services or these terms, including those relating to its validity, its construction or its enforceability (any ``dispute'') shall be first mandatorily submitted to mediation proceedings under the international chamber of commerce mediation rules (``icc mediation rules'').",1358
-We may change or discontinue any of our services.,1359
-"(a) all materials (including software and content whether downloaded or not) contained in the products are owned by headspace (or our affiliates and/or third party licensors, where applicable), unless indicated otherwise.",1360
-"If you post content that we choose to remove, you hereby consent to such removal, and consent to waive any claim against us.",1361
-"The arbitration will be held in the united states county where you live or work, san francisco (ca), or any other location we agree to.",1362
-"The terms of this agreement (``terms of service'') govern the relationship between you and supercell oy., a finnish company (business id 2336509-6) having its registered office at itämerenkatu 11, 00180 helsinki, finland, (hereinafter ``supercell'' or ``us'' or ``we'') regarding your use of supercell's games, websites and related services (the ``service'').",1363
-"7.4 we reserve the right, in our sole discretion, to refuse to post or to remove or edit any of your user material, or to restrict, suspend, or terminate your access to all or any part of the products, particularly where user material breaches this section 7, and we may do this with or without giving you any prior notice.",1364
-It is important that you read the entirety of and understand this document.,1365
-Vimeo is not the primary producer of the visual content contained in the vimeo service.,1366
-3 use of nintendo account service ,1367
-(a) wireless carrier and device considerations ,1368
-Judicial proceedings that you are able to bring against us arising from or in connection with these terms may only be brought in a court located in ireland or a court with jurisdiction in your place of residence.,1369
-"You will indemnify and hold harmless niantic, tpc, and tpci and their respective officers, directors, employees, and agents, from and against any claims, disputes, demands, liabilities, damages, losses, and costs and expenses, including, without limitation, reasonable legal and accounting fees arising out of or in any way connected with (a) your access to or use of the services or content, (b) your user content, or (c) your violation of these terms.",1370
-"Impersonates any person or entity, including any atlassolutionsgroup.com employees or representatives.",1371
-"7.3.1 to list an experience, event or other host service, you must create a listing and submit the experience, event or host service to airbnb.",1372
-"To take advantage of these features and capabilities, we may ask you to authenticate, register for, or log into social networking services on the websites of their respective providers.",1373
-Skype wifi is provided by one of skype's wifi partners.,1374
-8.5 third-party charges : using the software on mobile applications will use some of the data allowance available on the data package to which you have subscribed with your mobile network operator.,1375
-"``nintendo account service'' refers to an aggregate of all games, applications, software, services, portals, data, websites and other content, whether commercial or non-commercial content, of nintendo or third-party partners of nintendo, that is available to users with a registered nintendo account when they access games, applications, software, portals, messages, information, data and other content identified as nintendo account service content on any device connected to the internet.",1376
-"We have no control over the contents of those sites or resources, and accept no responsibility for them or for any loss or damage that may arise from your use of them.",1377
-"You, zynga or the zynga corporate family member may also ask a court to halt a court proceeding while an arbitration proceeding is ongoing.",1378
-"If you do not agree to these terms of use, do not use access our site or use our service.",1379
-Headspace memberships and subscriptions are not transferable and therefore can not be sold or exchanged or transferred in any way whatsoever.,1380
-Any translated version is provided solely for your convenience.,1381
-"While you may always browse the public-facing portions of the service without registering with us, in order to enjoy the full benefits of the service, including to serve as a creator or editor, you must download the apps and register an account with us (an ``account'').",1382
-"You agree that, except to the extent inconsistent with or preempted by federal law, the laws of the state of utah, without regard to principles of conflict of laws, will govern the user agreement and any claim or dispute that has arisen or may arise between you and ebay, except as otherwise stated in the user agreement.",1383
-"Additionally, apple inc., google, inc., microsoft corporation or blackberry limited and/or their applicable international subsidiaries and affiliates will be third-party beneficiaries to this contract if you access the services using applications developed for apple ios, android, microsoft windows, or blackberry-powered mobile devices, respectively.",1384
-We strongly suggest that you carefully review any causes prior to any involvement whatsoever and have ensured that you have the necessary insurance in place before any participation with any causes.,1385
-"7.2 the content and compilation of content included on the skype websites, (excluding user submissions) such as sounds, text, graphics, logos, icons, images, audio clips, digital downloads and software, are the property of skype, its affiliates or licensors and are protected by united states and international copyright laws.",1386
-"If we fail to comply with these terms, we will be liable to you only for the purchase price of the products in question.",1387
-"Refunds will not, however, be provided if you have accessed spotify at any time during the cooling-off period.",1388
-"However, ncl is not the seller.",1389
-"No oral or written information, guidelines or advice given by oculus will create a warranty.",1390
-"For the avoidance of doubt, (a) it administrators working on behalf of a company may download and install the skype software onto personal computers or other devices used by personnel of such company ; and (b) you are permitted to use the software at a university or other educational institution, or at work.",1391
-"Please be sure to include in any email or postal mail your full name, email address, postal address, and any message.",1392
-We designed our data policy to make important disclosures about how you can use facebook to share with others and how we collect and can use your content and information.,1393
-"If you are a player outside of the united states, and you have to give us notice of something according to the terms, feature terms or the zynga privacy policy, the notice must be in writing and addressed to : zynga game ireland limited located at 25-28 north wall quay, dublin 1, ireland, unless we have provided a more specific method way of notifying us.",1394
-"Vivino makes no representations concerning any content contained in or accessed through the service, and vivino will not be responsible or liable for the accuracy, copyright compliance, legality or decency of material contained in or accessed through the service.",1395
-"You agree not to remove any copyright, proprietary, or identification markings included within the catalogs and not to create any derivative works based on catalog content (other than by including them in your listings).",1396
-"To the extent possible and unless an intervention is urgently required, skype will publish the time and date of such suspension or limitation on the skype website in advance.",1397
-You have the right to cancel an order within a reasonable time and before the order becomes a started order.,1398
-You may have other rights under the laws of your state or country.,1399
-Viber may remove or modify any content without notice or liability at any time in viber's sole discretion.,1400
-"Spotify users may post, upload, and/or contribute (``post'') content to the service (which may include, for example, pictures, text, messages, information, playlist compilations, and/or other types of content) (``user content'').",1401
-"Your notice must include your name and address, and the email address you used to set up your headspace account (if you have one), and an unequivocal statement that you want to opt-out of this arbitration agreement.",1402
-Suspension and termination of account and service ,1403
-"Without limiting the foregoing, you understand that, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, we make no warranty regarding the quality, accuracy, timeliness, truthfulness, completeness or reliability of any of the services or any content.",1404
-"You therefore may be exposed to content that is offensive, unlawful, harmful to minors, obscene, indecent or otherwise objectionable.",1405
-"In any litigation between you and headspace over whether to vacate or enforce an arbitration award, you and headspace waive all rights to a jury trial, and elect instead to have the dispute be resolved by a judge.",1406
-"You can end this license for specific content by deleting such content from the services, or generally by closing your account, except (a) to the extent you shared it with others as part of the service and they copied, re-shared it or stored it and (b) for the reasonable time it takes to remove from backup and other systems.",1407
-"Except as otherwise agreed separately in writing between us or as set forth in the api license addendum and subject to your compliance with these terms at all times, truecaller grants you a personal, non-exclusive, non-transferable and limited right to use the services for your own personal, non-commercial use.",1408
-"If the licensee does not agree to the terms and conditions of these terms of use, the licensor does not license the service to the licensee and the licensee must refrain from downloading, installing and using the service.",1409
-"The articles, text, photos, maps, videos, video players, and third-party material available on bing and msn are for your noncommercial, personal use only.",1410
-"If you purchase an auto-renewing periodic subscription through the service, your duolingo account will be billed continuously for the subscription until you terminate it as set forth below.",1411
-"You agree to defend and indemnify tripadvisor and its affiliates and any of their officers, directors, employees and agents from and against any claims, causes of action, demands, recoveries, losses, damages, fines, penalties or other costs or expenses of any kind or nature including but not limited to reasonable legal and accounting fees, brought by third parties as a result of : ",1412
-All information provided as part of our registration process is covered by our privacy policy.,1413
-Skype is committed to respecting your privacy and the confidentiality of your personal information.,1414
-Funds can only be used to purchase digital products from noe in nintendo shopping services.,1415
-"If you are a resident of the european union, hong kong, russia, new zealand or south korea : notwithstanding anything in these terms to the contrary, please note that certain jurisdictions may not allow the waiver or limitation of certain warranties, liabilities or damages under mandatory law, so some of the exclusions and limitations in these terms may not apply to you.",1416
-"If you make a payment on facebook, you agree to our payments terms unless it is stated that other terms apply.",1417
-"You acknowledge and agree that headspace is authorized to charge the payment method used for (i) the initial annual or two year subscription fee at the rate secured at the time of purchase, and (ii) the renewal subscription fee (s) at the non-discounted rate in effect at the time of any such renewal.",1418
-"You agree that we may access, store and use any information that you provide in accordance with the terms of the privacy policy and your choices (including settings).",1419
-"You agree to indemnify and hold yahoo and its subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, agents, employees, partners and licensors harmless from any claim or demand, including reasonable attorneys' fees, made by any third party due to or arising out of content you submit, post, transmit, modify or otherwise make available through the yahoo services, your use of the yahoo services, your connection to the yahoo services, your violation of the tos, or your violation of any rights of another.",1420
-"To the extent that any element of the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms is hosted on a third party website (for example, facebook or another social media website) and there are separate terms and conditions of use relating to that third party website, you agree to fully comply with such terms and conditions.",1421
-"You also agree not to participate in claims brought in a private attorney general or representative capacity, or consolidated claims involving another person's account, if instagram is a party to the proceeding.",1422
-(e) you will not collect usernames and/or email addresses of users for the purpose of sending unsolicited email.,1423
-D. publish or otherwise make the application available for others to copy.,1424
-Decisions by the arbitrator are enforceable in court and may be overturned by a court only for very limited reasons.,1425
-"If you use advertising features of the services, you must agree to our twitter master services agreement (https://ads.twitter.com/terms).",1426
-We do not claim any ownership rights in user material.,1427
-"Our privacy policy, which is available at https://www.oculus.com/legal/privacy-policy/, is incorporated into these terms and sets forth how we treat data, including how we collect, use and disclose information.",1428
-All rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by onavo.,1429
-"If you do not want us to have this access, you should not consent to support through the remote access tool, and we will assist you through other means.",1430
-The section headings used herein are for reference only and shall not be read to have any legal effect.,1431
-"Ebay does not control the privacy policies of pitney bowes inc., its affiliates, or its service providers, and you are subject to the privacy policies of those parties, as applicable.",1432
-You'll need a microsoft account to access many of the services.,1433
-"The arbitrator shall be a retired judge or justice of any new york state or federal court with substantial experience in the internet industry and shall follow new york substantive law in adjudicating the dispute, except that this section 8 (a) shall be construed as a ``written agreement to arbitrate'' pursuant to the federal arbitration act (``faa'').",1434
-E. arbitration fees and payments.,1435
-"If you have already paid, we will refund you the full amount, including any delivery costs charged.",1436
-"In the event of such a breach, your right to use the products will cease immediately.",1437
-Funds are non-refundable and can not be exchanged for cash or credit.,1438
-All purchases and redemptions of virtual items made through the service are final and non-refundable.,1439
-"Unless otherwise specifically indicated, all notices given by you to us must be given to headspace at help@headspace.com.",1440
-"In connection with your use of the airbnb platform, you will not and will not assist or enable others to : ",1441
-"Skype further does not represent or warrant that the software, products and/or skype websites will always be available, accessible, uninterrupted, timely, secure, accurate, complete and error-free or will operate without packet loss, nor does skype warrant any connection to or transmission from the internet, or any quality of calls made through the software.",1442
-"The following sections survive any termination of this user agreement : fees, content, disclaimer of warranties ; limitation of liability ; release, indemnity, legal disputes, and general.",1443
-"All of our rights and obligations under this statement are freely assignable by us in connection with a merger, acquisition, or sale of assets, or by operation of law or otherwise.",1444
-"You agree that any claim you may have arising out of or related to your relationship with instagram must be filed within one year after such claim arose ; otherwise, your claim is permanently barred.",1445
-"The recurring charge feature will be automatically enabled when you buy viber credit through the viber website, unless you uncheck the appropriate checkbox at the time of purchase.",1446
-"Oculus vr, llc (``oculus'', ``we'', ``us'' or ``our'') is pleased to provide you with access to, and use of, physical goods, platform services, software, websites, applications and content (collectively, the ``services'').",1447
-"B. your use of the service will be uninterrupted, timely, secure or free from error, ",1448
-"Fitbit may change or discontinue, temporarily or permanently, any feature or component of the fitbit service at any time without notice.",1449
-"4.1 you must establish an account to use certain aspects of the service, using true and accurate registration information.",1450
-Separate components of the software or services for use on different devices ; ,1451
-"Once bought, the giftor will receive an order confirmation and receipt.",1452
-"This end user license agreement and terms of service (this ``eula'') is a binding contract between you, an individual user (``you'') and musical.ly, an exempted company duly incorporated with limited liability and validly existing under the laws of the cayman islands d/b/a musical.ly inc. (``company,'' ``we,'' ``us'' or ``our'') governing your use of all mobile software applications the company makes available for download (each, an ``app,'' and together, the ``apps'') and the related website located at www.musical.ly and/or any other website (s) owned or controlled by or on behalf of the company (collectively, ``sites,'' and collectively with the apps, the ``service'').",1453
-"Reporting third-party copyright, trademark, and other intellectual property infringement ",1454
-"Find out more about calling 112, the dedicated emergency number for the eu at www.skype.com/go/emergency.",1455
-"These terms of use are personal to you, and are not assignable, transferable or sublicensable by you except with vivino's prior written consent.",1456
-Please note that blizzard is entitled to and will prevent any such illegal sales.,1457
-Rovio respects your privacy rights and recognizes the importance of protecting any information collected about you.,1458
-"(2) that incorporates ` swear' words or which are otherwise offensive, defamatory, vulgar, obscene, hateful, or racially, ethnically or otherwise objectionable ; ",1459
-Additional health and safety warnings and instructions may be provided by developers in relation to specific third-party content.,1460
-"8.3.3 you may not bring any additional individuals to an experience, event or other host service unless such an individual was added by you as an additional guest during the booking process on the airbnb platform.",1461
-"Crowdtangle does not assume any responsibility for any incompleteness, errors, security, viruses, bugs, problems, omissions, inaccuracies or other limitations in, or interruptions in the operation of, the services.",1462
-"(iii) stalk, harass, or engage in any sexual, suggestive, lewd, lascivious, or otherwise inappropriate conduct with minors on the service ; ",1463
-"If and as far as necessary to operate the service in accordance with the terms contained herein, in particular to keep a balanced and enjoyable gaming experience for all players blizzard entertainment reserves the right to modify or delete game data.",1464
-Disclaimers ; limitation of liability ; indemnity.,1465
-Invite people you do not know to join your network ; ,1466
-"(d) your user material does not identify any individual (including by way or name, address or a still picture or video) under the age of 18 and if user material identifies any individual over the age of 18, you have that person's consent to being identified in exactly that way in your user material ; and in submitting your user material you are not impersonating any other person.",1467
-In this case blizzard entertainment will notify you of any such changes or modifications by providing special notice.,1468
-Dispute will be given the broadest possible meaning allowable under law.,1469
-"You can respectfully disagree with a message, post or topic, but please do not attack other athletes by mocking or insulting them.",1470
-Nothing in this agreement shall exclue or limit tripadvisor's liability for (i) death or personal infury caused by negligence ; (ii) fraud ; (iii) fraudulent mistatement (iv) deliberate breach or gross negligence (v) any other liability which can not be excluded under applicable law.,1471
-"You will not use any robot, spider, crawler, scraper, or other automated means or interface to access the services or extract other user's information.",1472
-Many of our services allow you to store or share your content or receive material from others.,1473
-You should keep traditional wireless (mobile) or fixed line telephone services available for your calls to emergency services and use skype's limited emergency calling only as an absolute last resort.,1474
-"Should onavo become aware that you have violated section 4.2 above, onavo shall be entitled, at its own discretion, to remove the content in violation immediately, terminate your user account under section 9 below and/or notify the relevant authorities.",1475
-Snap group limited respects the rights of others.,1476
-"We welcome feedback, comments, and suggestions for improvements to the services (``feedback'').",1477
-"When you sign up for the premium services, you must designate and provide information about your preferred payment method (``payment method'').",1478
-"We have the right to investigate violations of these terms and any conduct that affects the fitbit service, and in response may take any action we may deem appropriate.",1479
-"Except for the rights expressly granted to you in these agreements, spotify grants no right, title, or interest to you in the spotify service or content.",1480
-No breach of legal duty.,1481
-Limitation of liability ; sole and exclusive remedy ; indemnification ,1482
-``meta-searching'' the services and the systems and networks we use to provide the services ; and ,1483
-"New versions of the terms, the community rules and the privacy policy and any other policies, codes or rules will be accessible at www.zynga.com or from within the services.",1484
-Minors may only use the service under the supervision of an adult.,1485
-"Violation of any of the rules of conduct set forth above may result in actions being taken by blizzard entertainment, effective immediately or at a time determined by blizzard entertainment, which may include without limitation : temporarily suspending your access to world of warcraft, permanently terminating your access to world of warcraft (see article xv, section 2 below), modify a character or an account, including without limitation, reducing or removing experience points, skills, levels, in-game currency or items ; or temporarily or permanently suspend, or terminate, your access to an account that you use to access the service.",1486
-All parts of these terms apply to the maximum extent permitted by relevant law.,1487
-You may cancel your order or pre-order of physical goods at any time prior to dispatch and order acceptance.,1488
-Deliveroo seeks to provide a quality service and will be the first contact in event in there is a problem with your meal either in regards to food quality and/or temperature.,1489
-"Duolingo may manage, regulate, control, modify, or eliminate virtual items at any time, with or without notice.",1490
-"If a court of competent jurisdiction finds the foregoing arbitration provisions invalid or inapplicable, you and duolingo agree that all claims arising out of or related to these terms and conditions must be resolved exclusively by a state or federal court located in the county of allegheny in the commonwealth of pennsylvania, and you and duolingo each agree to submit to the exercise of personal jurisdiction of such courts for the purpose of litigating all such claims.",1491
-"By mail : 5900 penn avenue, pittsburgh pa 15206, usa ",1492
-"You will not assign the terms of use or assign any rights or delegate any obligations hereunder, in whole or in part, whether voluntarily or by operation of law, without the prior written consent of instagram.",1493
-"If you receive a notification from 9gag that material made available by you on or through the services has been the subject of a notification of claimed infringement, then you will have the right to provide 9gag with what is called a ``counter notification.'' ",1494
-We strongly encourage you to make whatever investigation you feel necessary or appropriate before proceeding with any online transaction with any of these third-parties.,1495
-You are responsible for all of your activity in connection with the service.,1496
-"You will immediately notify vivino in writing of any unauthorized use of your account, or other account related security breach of which you are aware.",1497
-"Viber also offers you the opportunity to become a premium ``viber out'' user, which allows you to call non-viber users (landlines or mobiles) around the world at such rates as presented herein https://account.viber.com/en/rates/.",1498
-"If any provision or provisions of these terms of use shall be held to be invalid, illegal, or unenforceable, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions shall remain in full force and effect.",1499
-We encourage you to read the zynga privacy policy carefully and use it to make informed decisions.,1500
-At no time should you respond to an online request for a password other than in connection with the log-on process to the service.,1501
-"You waive any rights you may have under california civil code § 1542, or any other similar applicable statute or law of any other jurisdiction, which says that : a general release does not extend to claims which the creditor does not know or suspect to exist in his or her favor at the time of executing the release, which if known by him or her must have materially affected his or her settlement with the debtor.",1502
-"The arbitrator may only award relief (including monetary, injunctive, and declaratory relief) in favor of the individual party seeking relief and only to the extent necessary to provide relief necessitated by that party's individual claim (s).",1503
-"After your initial subscription period, and again after any subsequent subscription period, your subscription will automatically renew for an additional equivalent period.",1504
-Please contact us if you have any questions about these terms.,1505
-"Linden lab and other content providers may use the normal functionality of the service, including an applicable permissions system and the copy, modify, and transfer settings, to indicate how you may use, reproduce, distribute, prepare derivative works of, display, or perform their respective content solely through the service.",1506
-"Likewise, except as set forth above, in any additional terms, or as required by applicable law, linden lab is not responsible for repairing, replacing or restoring access to your usage subscription, or virtual goods and services (including any virtual space or other virtual tender associated with each product, as further described in an applicable product policy), or providing you with any credit or refund or any other sum, in the event of : (a) linden lab's change, suspension or termination of any usage subscription or virtual goods and services (including any virtual space or other virtual tender associated with each product, as further described in an applicable product policy) ; or (b) for loss or damage due to website or server error, or any other reason.",1507
-So we can not -- and do not -- take responsibility for any content that others provide through the services.,1508
-"Rovio, rovio's licensors and channel partners do not warrant against interference with your enjoyment of the software ; that the rovio services will meet your requirements ; that operation of the rovio services will be uninterrupted or error-free, or that the rovio services will interoperate or be compatible with any other rovio services or that any errors in the rovio services will be corrected.",1509
-You acknowledge that all content accessed by you using the service is at your own risk and you will be solely responsible and liable for any damage or loss to you or any other party resulting therefrom.,1510
-"In addition, we will not be liable for : ",1511
-We may offer subscriptions on a free trial basis (``free trial'') for a specified period of time.,1512
-"Do n't use the services in a way that harms minors (or anyone, really).",1513
-"You further hereby grant to supercell the unconditional, irrevocable right to use and exploit your name, likeness and any other information or material included in any user content and in connection with any user content, without any obligation to you.",1514
-"You are responsible for keeping your device and your whatsapp account safe and secure, and you must notify us promptly of any unauthorized use or security breach of your account or our services.",1515
-"Other than as expressly authorized in the service, you shall not sell, purchase, redeem or otherwise transfer virtual items or merchandise to any person or entity or attempt any of the aforesaid, including but not limited to supercell, another user or any third party.",1516
-An electronic or physical signature of the person authorized to act on behalf of the owner of the copyright interest ; ,1517
-We may revise these terms of use at any time by amending this page.,1518
-"(b) if legally incompetent, has obtained a verifiable consent from his or her legal guardian (s), as required under applicable law, to accept the terms and conditions of these terms of use ; ",1519
-You are responsible for all carrier data plan and other fees and taxes associated with your use of our services.,1520
-We can not and will not establish conditions that will require or encourage children to disclose personal data over and above what is reasonably necessary to participate in any activity features on our web sites.,1521
-9.1 you can purchase credits (``viber credit'') using any payment method made available to you by viber from time to time.,1522
-"2.2 you can not accept these terms if : (a) you are not lawfully entitled to use the software, products and/or skype websites in the country in which you are located or reside or (b) if you are not of legal age to form a binding agreement with skype.",1523
-You acknowledge and agree that the yahoo services and any necessary software used in connection with the yahoo services (``software'') contain proprietary and confidential information that is protected by applicable intellectual property and other laws.,1524
-For any transactions in nintendo shopping services you will receive an electronic receipt confirming the transaction.,1525
-What do i do if i think i have a claim against evernote ? ,1526
-"Solicit, or attempt to solicit, personal information from other users of the service ; ",1527
-"Amazon does not warrant that the amazon services, information, content, materials, products (including software) or other services included on or otherwise made available to you through the amazon services, amazon's servers or electronic communications sent from amazon are free of viruses or other harmful components.",1528
-You may be able to cancel your order once we notify you.,1529
-You acknowledge that we may indirectly commercially benefit from use of your user material.,1530
-"You must be 18 years of age, or the age of majority in your province, territory or country, to become a member of the netflix service.",1531
-"These terms of service, any supplemental policies and any documents expressly incorporated by reference herein (including the supercell privacy policy), contain the entire understanding of you and supercell, and supersede all prior understandings of the parties hereto relating to the subject matter hereof, whether electronic, oral or written, or whether established by custom, practice, policy or precedent, between you and us with respect to the service.",1532
-You are giving up the right to litigate (or participate in as a party or class member) all disputes in court before a judge or jury.,1533
-Your use of the service must be in accordance with these terms.,1534
-"If, however, this waiver of class or consolidated actions is deemed invalid or unenforceable, neither you nor headspace are entitled to arbitration ; instead all claims and disputes will be resolved in a court as set forth in section 13.13 below.",1535
-"Post any content that promotes racism, bigotry, hatred or physical harm of any kind against any group or individual.",1536
-Violators will be prosecuted to the maximum extent possible.,1537
-"8.2 if any license fees have been paid by the licensee for use of the service, termination shall take effect 30 days after the notice of termination was sent to the other party in writing.",1538
-"If we discontinue a service, where reasonably possible, we will give you reasonable advance notice and a chance to get information out of that service.",1539
-"Rovio, rovio's licensors and channel partners do not make, and hereby disclaim, any and all express, implied or statutory warranties, including implied warranties of condition, uninterrupted use, accuracy of data (including but not limited to location data), merchantability, satisfactory quality, fitness for a particular purpose, noninfringement of third party rights, and warranties (if any) arising from a course of dealing, usage, or trade practice.",1540
-You must obtain from the applicable content providers any necessary license rights in content that you desire to use or access.,1541
-"9.6 if a guest suffers a travel issue pursuant to the guest refund policy, airbnb may determine, in its sole discretion, to refund the guest part or all of the total fees in accordance with the guest refund policy.",1542
-"Feedback is provided on a non-confidential basis, and the company is not under any obligation to keep any feedback you send confidential or to refrain from using or disclosing it in any way ; ",1543
-"If we make an error on your bill, you must tell us within 90 days after the error first appears on your bill.",1544
-You may close your account at any time by contacting customer support.,1545
-Nintendo account services may offer access to nintendo shopping services.,1546
-"In order to use our services, we may ask you to create an account and select a password and/or provide us with certain personal information, which may include your name, birth date, e-mail address, and, in some cases, payment information.",1547
-"7.5 we may link user material or parts of user material to other material, including material submitted by other users or created by headspace or other third parties.",1548
-"However, publicly accessible areas of the yahoo services would not include portions of yahoo groups that are limited to members, yahoo services intended for private communication such as yahoo mail or yahoo messenger, or areas off of the yahoo network of properties such as portions of world wide web sites that are accessible via hypertext or other links but are not hosted or served by yahoo.",1549
-Operating hours will vary depending on local trading conditions and the availability of our partner restaurants.,1550
-"In the event that your credit card company or bank charges the deductible from you because of unauthorised transactions resulting from a reservation made on our platform, we will pay you this deductible, up to an aggregate amount of eur 50 (or the equivalent in your local currency).",1551
-"However, amazon does not warrant that product descriptions or other content of any amazon service is accurate, complete, reliable, current, or error-free.",1552
-You must use our services according to our terms and posted policies.,1553
-"In such event, you must destroy all copies of the software and all of its component parts and cease and desist from accessing any rovio services.",1554
-(3) subject to the rights of any other person or entity without written authorization from that person or entity ; ,1555
-The services and all rights therein are and shall remain uber's property or the property of uber's licensors.,1556
-"• forge any tcp/ip packet header or any part of the header information in any email or newsgroup posting, or in any way use the site, services or collective content to send altered, deceptive or false source-identifying information ; ",1557
-You are solely responsible for all your user content.,1558
-Microsoft health and microsoft band.,1559
-"These updates may include updated versions of our applications, which may automatically electronically upgrade the versions used on your device, as well as updates to wearables and other connected products.",1560
-"(b) you acknowledge and agree that certain materials on or in the products are the property of third party licensors and, without prejudice to any and all other rights and remedies available, each such licensor has the right to directly enforce relevant provisions of section 12 against you.",1561
-"We may alter, suspend or discontinue any aspect of the service at any time, including the availability of any service feature, database or content.",1562
-"If we make changes to policies, guidelines or other terms referenced in or incorporated by this statement, we may provide notice on the site governance page.",1563
-"Any other claims, losses, liabilities, damages, costs, or expenses attributable to any failure of an app to conform to any warranty will be the sole responsibility of niantic.",1564
-"If we do update these terms, you are free to decide whether to accept the updated terms or to stop using our service (see ``how is my account closed'' below) ; your continued use of the service after the effectiveness of that update will be deemed to represent your agreement with, and consent to be bound by, the new terms.",1565
-Our vat registration number is nl805734958b01.,1566
-"No service content may be modified, copied, distributed, framed, reproduced, republished, downloaded, scraped, displayed, posted, transmitted, or sold in any form or by any means, in whole or in part, other than as expressly permitted in these terms and conditions.",1567
-All fees may be subject to taxes.,1568
-"With respect to content you submit or make available for inclusion on publicly accessible areas of yahoo groups, the license to use, distribute, reproduce, modify, adapt, publicly perform and publicly display such content on the yahoo services solely for the purposes of providing and promoting the specific yahoo group to which such content was submitted or made available.",1569
-"Linden lab may assign this agreement, in whole or in part, and all related rights, licenses, benefits and obligations, without restriction, including the right to sublicense any rights and licenses under this agreement.",1570
-The amount of any refund will depend on the nature of the test issue and will not exceed the total amount actually paid by the user for the affected test.,1571
-Please note that airbnb ireland is not committed nor obliged to use an alternative dispute resolution entity to resolve disputes with consumers.,1572
-"If you pay with foreign currency, you agree that the amount you are eventually credited may vary, as a result of foreign currency conversion policies of our third party payment processors, which you can find at the relevant website or location where you make the actual purchase.",1573
-"When you submit any ideas, suggestions, documents and/or proposals relating to the service (or other products or services) to evernote through the ``contact us,'' user forum or support interfaces or through any other channel or mechanism (collectively, ``contributions''), you acknowledge and agree that : (i) your contributions do not contain confidential or proprietary information ; (ii) evernote is not under any obligation of confidentiality, express or implied, with respect to the contributions ; (iii) evernote shall be entitled to use or disclose (or choose not to use or disclose) such contributions for any purpose, in any way ; (iv) evernote may have something similar to the contributions already under consideration or in development ; (v) your contributions automatically become the property of evernote without any obligation of evernote to you ; and (vi) you are not entitled to any accounting, compensation or reimbursement of any kind from evernote under any circumstances.",1574
-Under armour is a community dedicated to helping all athletes reach their fitness and wellness goals.,1575
-"No licenses or rights are granted to you by implication or otherwise under any intellectual property rights owned or controlled by academia.edu or its licensors, except for the licenses and rights expressly granted in these terms.",1576
-"If you are a resident of germany, france, austria or finland : notwithstanding anything in these terms to the contrary, the qualifier ``to the maximum extent permitted by law'' and other qualifiers of similar effect shall be deemed to be deleted from the terms everywhere it appears and shall have no force and effect.",1577
-"In some cases, these communities may supplement these terms with their own terms and conditions.",1578
-"Also, we will not ask the child for any personal data beyond e-mail addresses without obtaining prior parental consent.",1579
-"In the event that you choose to terminate the service, you shall be entitled to a ` refund' subject to the following terms and conditions : ",1580
-"In order to access our resources, you may be required to provide certain information about yourself (such as identification, contact details, etc.) as part of the registration process, or as part of your ability to use the resources.",1581
-"15.6 if we take any of the measures described above (i) we may refund your guests in full for any and all confirmed bookings that have been cancelled, irrespective of preexisting cancellation policies, and (ii) you will not be entitled to any compensation for pending or confirmed bookings that were cancelled.",1582
-Our aggregate liability arising out of this statement or facebook will not exceed the greater of one hundred dollars ($ 100) or the amount you have paid us in the past twelve months.,1583
-These third party beneficiaries are not parties to this contract and are not responsible for the provision or support of the services in any manner.,1584
-You and your nonprofit are solely responsible for complying with all laws that apply to your organization and your social impact experience.,1585
-"Unless a mutually executed agreement between you and us states otherwise, our terms make up the entire agreement between you and us regarding whatsapp and our services, and supersede any prior agreements.",1586
-"When engaging in chat in world of warcraft, or otherwise utilizing world of warcraft, you may not : ",1587
-"You may only use our service and its contents for lawful purposes and in accordance with applicable law and you are prohibited from storing, distributing, or transmitting any unlawful material through this service, otherwise you may be exposed to criminal and/or civil liability.",1588
-The federal arbitration act will govern the interpretation and enforcement of this section.,1589
-"The arbitrator's decision must consist of a written statement stating the disposition of each claim of the dispute, and must provide a statement of the essential findings and conclusions on which the decision and award (if any) may be entered in or by any court that has jurisdiction over the parties pursuant to section 9 of the federal arbitration act.",1590
-"9gag, inc reserves the right to refuse registration of, or cancel a 9gag, inc url in its discretion.",1591
-"Sync.me (the ``company'' or ``we'') is a multi-platform social application and global phonebook network, which allows you (``you'', ``user'' or ``users'') to synchronize the information in your contact list with your contacts' social networks' profiles, identify callers or perform numeric search (``caller id''), perform manual name search and participate in a collaborative mobile community, where you can share your information and your contacts' information with other users.",1592
-"You remain liable for the accuracy of information you provide about items, and you agree to provide timely responses to requests for additional information.",1593
-"We make no warranty regarding the quality, accuracy, timeliness, truthfulness, completeness, or reliability of the fitbit service or any fitbit content.",1594
-"Microsoft, your hardware manufacturer and your wireless carrier (unless one of them is the application publisher) are n't responsible for providing support services for the application.",1595
-"World of warcraft shall be considered ``out of publication'' following the date that world of warcraft is no longer manufactured and/or distributed by blizzard entertainment, or its affiliates.",1596
-"9gag, inc and the site disclaim : (a) all responsibility and liability for content on third party websites and (b) any representations or warranties as to the security of any information (including, without limitation, credit card and other personal information) you might be requested to give any third party, and you hereby irrevocably waive any claim against the site or 9gag, inc with respect to such sites and third party content.",1597
-(3) disrupt the normal flow of dialogue in chat or otherwise act in a manner that negatively affects other users including without limitation posting commercial solicitations and/or advertisements for goods and service available outside of the world of warcraft universe ; ,1598
-"Certain features allow you to synchronize your profile information and your contacts' information with the information contained on your social networks and platforms (facebook, google +, vk, linkedin, etc.), including information made available by your contacts or friends on such social networks (e.g. birthdays, photos, status, etc.).",1599
-"You acknowledge that linden lab is not liable for the acts or omissions of such third parties, which are not the partner or representative of linden lab or endorsed or controlled by linden lab.",1600
-These terms expressly supersede prior agreements or arrangements with you.,1601
-"Probe, scan or test the vulnerability of our services or any system or network.",1602
-"The truecallerprivacy policy describes how we collect, use, share and process personal information and you acknowledge and agree that truecaller may collect, use, share and process personal information as described therein.",1603
-"``member content'' means content that a member posts, uploads, publishes, submits or transmits to be made available through the site or services.",1604
-Thanks for reading all of this and welcome to under armour ! ,1605
-"If you choose to contribute by sending the company or our employees any ideas for products, services, features, modifications, enhancements, content, refinements, technologies, content offerings (such as audio, visual, games, or other types of content), promotions, strategies, or product/feature names, or any related documentation, artwork, computer code, diagrams, or other materials (collectively ``feedback''), then regardless of what your accompanying communication may say, the following terms will apply, so that future misunderstandings can be avoided.",1606
-"Except as otherwise specifically described in the service's privacy statement or any additional terms, your relationship with linden lab is not a confidential, fiduciary, or other type of special relationship and your unsolicited ideas and materials, and anything else submitted by you will be treated as non-confidential and non-proprietary user content -- regardless of whether you mark them ``confidential'', ``proprietary'', or the like.",1607
-This section sets forth the exclusive way you can resolve any dispute you may have with us.,1608
-"If you become involved in any violation of system security, viber reserves the right to release your details to system administrators at other sites, law enforcement and/or governmental authorities in order to assist them in resolving security incidents.",1609
-We do not give your content or information to advertisers without your consent.,1610
-We may offer free trials or other limited versions of services so that you can preview services before you purchase the full version.,1611
-"If you reside in the united states, you are contracting with airbnb, inc., 888 brannan street, 4th floor, san francisco, ca 94103, united states.",1612
-Our services are designed as a safe and supportive environment to help you reach your fitness and wellness goals.,1613
-Thanks for sending us good vibes by using the various services available within viber ! ,1614
-"When you use an amazon service (for example, your profile, gift cards, amazon video, your media library, amazon devices, or amazon applications) you also will be subject to the guidelines, terms and agreements applicable to that amazon service (``service terms'').",1615
-"10.1 except as provided by law, all purchases are final and non-refundable.",1616
-"Please review our privacy notice, which also governs your use of amazon services, to understand our practices.",1617
-"For the avoidance of doubt, ``user content'' includes any such content posted to the spotify support community as well as any other part of the spotify service.",1618
-You are solely responsible for remembering your passcode.,1619
-"The section headings in the agreement are included for convenience only and shall take no part in the interpretation, or construing of the agreement.",1620
-"If you can not resolve a dispute with us informally pursuant to section 20.2, then, except as described elsewhere in section 20, you and onavo agree to submit the dispute to a single arbitrator at the american arbitration association (aaa) under its then-current commercial arbitration rules, including the optional rules for emergency measures of protection and the supplementary procedures for consumer-related disputes, or, by separate mutual agreement, at another arbitration institution.",1621
-"As between you and others (including your employer), your account belongs to you.",1622
-"We may offer catalogs including, for example, product images, descriptions and specifications that are provided by third parties (including ebay users).",1623
-"In addition, if you purchase physical goods from oculus, other terms of sale or promotion may apply from time to time.",1624
-"To drive the recommendations experience, you agree that we may display the sales and performance history of your individual listings to other sellers.",1625
-Booking vacation rentals with third-party suppliers listed on affiliate sites.,1626
-Truecaller hereby reserves the right in its absolute discretion to remove any user generated content from the services.,1627
-You must have less than ten (10) characters on the target server in order to migrate a character to the target server.,1628
-"You agree that if you sue crowdtangle and do not obtain judgment in your favor, you will pay all of crowdtangle's costs, including reasonable fees for in-house and outside legal counsel.",1629
-"In order to help us do that, you agree to the following : ",1630
-"The site will take reasonably security precautions when using the internet, telephone or other means to transport date or other communications, but expressly disclaims any and all liability for the accessing of any such data communications by unauthorized persons or entities.",1631
-"You have never been convicted of a felony and that you are not required to register as a sex offender with any state, federal or local sex offender registry.",1632
-"When you provide your payment information, you authorise us (or a third-party payment processor) to process and store your payment and related information.",1633
-There may be provisions in the open source license that expressly override some of these terms.,1634
-14.1 the terms constitute the whole legal agreement between you and youtube and govern your use of the service and completely replace any prior agreements between you and youtube in relation to the service.,1635
-You need a valid microsoft account and your devices must meet the minimum system requirements.,1636
-"If viber believes, in its sole discretion, that a violation of these terms has occurred, it may edit or modify any submission, posting or emails, remove the material permanently, cancel postings, warn users, suspend users and passwords, terminate accounts, or take other corrective action it deems appropriate.",1637
-By accessing or using the airbnb platform you represent and warrant that you are 18 or older and have the legal capacity and authority to enter into a contract.,1638
-"If you subscribed using your apple id, refunds are handled by apple, not tinder.",1639
-"For customer support with account-related and payment-related questions (``customer support queries''), please submit a ticket to our customer service department using the customer service contact form on the about us section of our website.",1640
-"Any other comments, compliments, complaints or suggestions about 9gag, the operation of the services or any other matter should be sent to support@9gag.com.",1641
-"You acknowledge and agree that these terms and conditions are solely between you and duolingo, not apple, and that apple has no responsibility for the apps or content thereof.",1642
-"The arbitration will be administered by the american arbitration association (``aaa'') in accordance with its commercial arbitration rules and the supplementary procedures for consumer related disputes (``rules''), as modified by this eula.",1643
-I'm guessing evernote has some rights relating to the service ? ,1644
-``account'' means an account you create when you access the services.,1645
-Your content remains your content and you are responsible for it.,1646
-"Unless otherwise stated herein, there are no refunds where the account is terminated prior to the end of a subscription period ; the service will be available for your use until such time that the then-current subscription period expires.",1647
-Tinder shall have no liability to you or any third party in the event that tinder exercises any such rights.,1648
-"The outlook.com (or @msn, @hotmail, or @live) email address that you use to create your microsoft account will be unique to you for as long as your outlook.com inbox or microsoft account is still active.",1649
-"However, you agree that linkedin may assign this contract to its affiliates or a party that buys it without your consent.",1650
-Consent to use of data.,1651
-Any breach of any obligations implied by section 12 of the sale of goods act 1979 or section 2 of the supply of goods and services act 1982.,1652
-"Not all content is available in all formats, such as hd, ultra hd and hdr, and not all subscription plans allow you to receive content in all formats.",1653
-"To be considered for publishing on the airbnb platform, experiences, events or other host services must at all times meet the quality standards for experiences and meet guest demand.",1654
-"The arbitration shall be conducted in helsinki, finland, in the english language.",1655
-Neither snap group limited nor snap inc. is responsible or liable for a third party's terms or actions taken under the third party's terms.,1656
-"This means that you, and not yahoo, are entirely responsible for all content that you upload, post, email, transmit or otherwise make available via the yahoo services.",1657
-"Attempt to decipher, decompile, disassemble, or reverse engineer any of the software used to provide the services or content ; ",1658
-"1.3 the licensor reserves the right to change, suspend, remove or disable access to the service at any time without notice.",1659
-"If you receive an arbitration award that is more favorable than any offer we make to resolve the claim, we will pay you $ 1,000 in addition to the award.",1660
-"Please read the agreement carefully, as it contains information concerning your legal rights and limitations on these rights, as well as a section regarding applicable law and jurisdiction of disputes.",1661
-"Defame, abuse, harass, harm, stalk, threaten, or otherwise violate the legal rights (including the rights of privacy and publicity) of others ; ",1662
-The arbitrator's decision will include the essential findings and conclusions upon which the arbitrator based the award.,1663
-"Neither academia.edu nor any other person or entity involved in creating, producing, or delivering the site, services or collective content will be liable for any incidental, special, exemplary or consequential damages, or lost profits, loss of data or loss of goodwill, service interruption, computer damage or system failure or the cost of substitute products or services, or for any damages for personal or bodily injury or emotional distress arising out of or in connection with these terms or from the use of or inability to use the site, services or collective content, or from any communications, interactions or meetings with other users of the site or services or other persons with whom you communicate or interact as a result of your use of the site or services, whether based on warranty, contract, tort (including negligence), product liability or any other legal theory, whether or not academia.edu has been informed of the possibility of such damage, and whether or not foreseeable, even if a limited remedy set forth herein is found to have failed of its essential purpose.",1664
-"Likewise, amazon will not seek attorneys' fees and costs in arbitration unless the arbitrator determines the claims are frivolous.",1665
-"Additionally, you hereby acknowledge that blizzard entertainment is under no obligation to monitor chat, and you engage in chat at your own risk.",1666
-A very small percentage of people may experience seizures when exposed to certain visual images like flashing lights or patterns that may appear in applications.,1667
-"Headspace will enforce its trademark rights to the fullest extent of the law, including the seeking of criminal prosecution.",1668
-"• circumventing any technology used by spotify, its licensors, or any third party to protect the content or the service ; ",1669
-We all agree that we can only bring a claim against each other on an individual basis.,1670
-"I below) ; or (ii) in response to complaints from other users or licensors of any company content, with or without notice and without any liability to you.",1671
-19.5 exceptions to arbitration agreement.,1672
-The license granted in this section 2.3 is referred to as the ``service content license.'' ,1673
-"Identification of the specific material that is claimed to be infringing or to be the subject of infringing activity and that is to be removed or access to which is to be disabled, and information reasonably sufficient to permit the company to locate the material ; ",1674
-I. do n't do anything illegal.,1675
-"These terms are in addition to, and do not replace or change, any other agreements that you enter into with oculus, which may include, but are not limited to, our developer agreements, special device terms of use, community standards and contest, competition or promotion-related terms.",1676
-You acknowledge that you are fully responsible for the internet connection and/or mobile charges that you may incur for using our services.,1677
-"If any provision of this eula is found to be invalid by any court having competent jurisdiction, the invalidity of such provision will not affect the validity of the remaining provisions of this eula, which will remain in full force and effect.",1678
-"Further, you agree that the terms (and any additional modifications of the same) will apply to any and all updates to the services.",1679
-"The services may allow you to access or acquire products, services, websites, links, content, material, games or applications from third parties (companies or people who are n't microsoft) (``third-party apps and services'').",1680
-"``user content'' means any communications, images, sounds, and all the material, data, and information that you upload or transmit through a supercell game client or the service, or that other users upload or transmit, including without limitation any chat text.",1681
-9.2 each of the conditions of these terms of use operates separately.,1682
-"9gag's intellectual property policy is to (a) remove material that 9gag believes in good faith, upon notice from an intellectual property owner or their agent, is infringing the intellectual property of a third party by being made available through the services, and (b) remove any subscriber content posted to the services by ``repeat infringers.'' ",1683
-"If you file a notice with our copyright agent, it must : ",1684
-"Illegal, harassing, hateful, defamatory, embarrassing, offensive, obscene, sexually explicit or otherwise objectionable actions performed with the nintendo account ; ",1685
-"Our services are designed to promote economic opportunity for our members by enabling you and millions of other professionals to meet, exchange ideas, learn, and find opportunities or employees, work, and make decisions in a network of trusted relationships.",1686
-"The service, including, without limitation, instagram content, is provided on an ``as is'', ``as available'' and ``with all faults'' basis.",1687
-You may not assign this agreement without vimeo's prior written consent.,1688
-"If this specific paragraph is held unenforceable, then the entirety of this ``dispute resolution'' section will be deemed void.",1689
-"The terms of service constitutes the entire agreement between you and crowdtangle and governs your use of the services, superseding any prior agreements between you and crowdtangle (including, but not limited to, any prior versions of the terms of service).",1690
-"If (a) you willfully fail to comply with the notice of dispute requirement discussed above, or (b) in the event the arbitrator determines the claim (s) you assert in the arbitration to be frivolous, you agree to reimburse ebay for all fees associated with the arbitration paid by ebay on your behalf that you otherwise would be obligated to pay under the aaa's rules.",1691
-"If you do not agree with the price changes, you have the right to reject the change by unsubscribing from the spotify service prior to the price change going into effect.",1692
-Please read these terms of service in their entirety.,1693
-1.3 your user content is not confidential ; you represent that your content is original to you (and/or your minor child).,1694
-"To the extent permitted under your local laws, covered parties exclude any implied warranties or conditions, including those of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, safety, comfort, and non-infringement.",1695
-Make sure you have the necessary rights to grant us this license for any content that you submit to our services.,1696
-The new rate will apply to your next purchase after the new rates have been published.,1697
-"``academia.edu content'' means content that academia.edu makes available through the site or services, including any content licensed from a third party, but excluding member content.",1698
-You may not misuse the amazon services.,1699
-18.6 you may not assign these terms or any rights or obligations contained in them.,1700
-Zynga keeps records of transactions in order to deal with any future questions about that transaction.,1701
-"(ii) access, monitor or copy any content or information of this website using any robot, spider, scraper or other automated means or any manual process for any purpose without our express written permission ; ",1702
-• harm or exploit minors ; ,1703
-(d) service monitoring and suspension ,1704
-"Any notices or other communications provided by niantic under these terms, including those regarding modifications to these terms, will be given : (a) via email, or (b) by posting to the services.",1705
-"If this arbitration provision is found to be null and void, then all disputes arising under the terms between us will be subject to the jurisdiction of the state and federal courts located in baltimore, maryland, and you and we hereby submit to the personal jurisdiction and venue of these courts.",1706
-Respect the intellectual property of others.,1707
-"For clarity, termination or suspension of your account or certain activities on the service that results from a violation of section 5 regarding the english test rules and procedures does not constitute a ``test issue'' and will not result in a refund.",1708
-By e-mail : hcannom@wscylaw.com subject line : dmca ,1709
-You are responsible for maintaining the security of your account.,1710
-"Use of the services to promote, glamorize, or achieve dangerously low levels of eating is not permitted.",1711
-Please visit www.adr.org for more information about arbitration.,1712
-Evernote service accounts should not be shared.,1713
-Choice of law and forum.,1714
-A description of the copyrighted work that you claim has been infringed upon ; ,1715
-"Please be advised that despite its great efforts, the company can not guarantee that its service will not be abused ; we urge you to be cautious whenever you are asked to provide personal or sensitive information with strangers.",1716
-"1.2 as the provider of the airbnb platform, airbnb does not own, create, sell, resell, provide, control, manage, offer, deliver, or supply any listings or host services.",1717
-"This includes win trading and any other kind of manipulation of rankings, taking advantage of errors in the service to gain an unfair edge over other players and any other act that intentionally abuses or goes against the design of the service.",1718
-"Make any copies of, modify, adapt, disassemble, translate, decompile, distribute or otherwise transfer, rent, lease, loan, resell, sublicense or reverse engineer our service or any part thereof ; ",1719
-"If we ca n't resolve our dispute through customer service, you and zynga or any member of the zynga corporate family all agree to resolve any claims relating to the terms, the privacy policy, feature terms or zynga's services through final and binding arbitration.",1720
-"We may delete or terminate accounts that are inactive (i.e., not logged into) for 180 days.",1721
-"Once you order a reward, you can not cancel it or return it for a refund of points.",1722
-"Unless the following restrictions are prohibited by law, you agree not to reverse engineer or decompile the services, attempt to do so, or assist anyone in doing so.",1723
-"You may not assign these terms or any of the rights granted hereunder without the prior written consent of oculus, and any attempted assignment without such consent shall be void.",1724
-Do n't believe everything you read on the internet.,1725
-"Selling, trading, assigning or otherwise transferring a nintendo account to another person or entity ; ",1726
-"We may use such measures and the data collected through them, in order to enforce this agreement and handle the results of any wrongdoings or misconduct with respect to the services.",1727
-"If the terms or the privacy policy have provisions that conflict with other zynga terms or policies, the provisions in these terms and the privacy policy win.",1728
-"If you wish to dispute the information ebay reported to a credit bureau (i.e., experian, equifax or transunion) please contact us at ebay inc., c/o global collections, 7700 west parmer lane, building d, austin, tx 78729.",1729
-- a physical or electronic signature of the subscriber ; ,1730
-"You are responsible for any mobile charges that you may incur for using our services, including text-messaging and data charges.",1731
-"The laws of some states or jurisdictions do not allow the disclaimer of implied warranties, so some or all of the disclaimers in this section may not apply to you.",1732
-You must have rights to the content you post.,1733
-"By downloading any software related to the service, you represent and warrant that you are not located in, under the control of, or a national or resident of, any such country or on any such list.",1734
-"* facebook brand resources : these guidelines outline the policies that apply to use of facebook trademarks, logos and screenshots.",1735
-"Except as expressly granted in this agreement, all rights, title and interest in and to the service, and in and to the linden marks are reserved by linden lab.",1736
-Virtual items represent a limited license right governed by this agreement.,1737
-You can not migrate a character to a target server if the name of the character is already in use on the target server.,1738
-Third-party services are subject to terms and conditions provided by the respective third parties.,1739
-"And by your use of the service, you consent to such disclosures and communications subject to the terms of our privacy statement.",1740
-"To be clear, and without limiting the foregoing, you may not use, reproduce, distribute, prepare derivative works of, display or perform any linden content, whether modified by you or not, outside the virtual environment of the service except as provided in an applicable product policy or as expressly agreed upon in a written agreement with linden lab.",1741
-"Anyone who wishes to obtain storage capacity beyond what is offered with the vimeo business subscription, or additional bandwidth for applications not using the vimeo player may request a custom account by contacting us here : vimeo.com/help/contact.",1742
-"D. you agree not to (or attempt to) circumvent, disable or otherwise interfere with any security related features of the service or features that (i) prevent or restrict use or copying of content or (ii) enforce limitations on use of the service or the content accessible via the service ; ",1743
-"8.4 if any license fees have been paid by the licensee for use of the service and the license is terminated by the licensor, the licensor shall recompense the licensee pro rata for his or her loss.",1744
-"As between you and oculus, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, the services are provided on an ``as is'' and ``as available'', basis, and oculus expressly disclaims all representations, warranties and conditions (express or implied, oral or written), including any implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and non-infringement.",1745
-This payment structure is intended to fully compensate the third party provider for the services or goods provided.,1746
-There are no third party beneficiaries to this contract.,1747
-You further represent and warrant that you are the rightful owner of all such data that onavo collects or that you are permitted by the rightful owners to grant us the rights to use it in accordance with this agreement.,1748
-All content is the sole responsibility of the person who originated such content.,1749
-"Free of viruses, adware, spyware, worms or other malicious code ; ",1750
-"- the subscriber's name, address, and telephone number, and a statement that the subscriber consents to the jurisdiction of federal district court for the judicial district in which the address is located, or if the subscriber's address is outside of the united states, for any judicial district in which 9gag may be found, and that the subscriber will accept service of process from the person who provided a notification of claimed infringement as set forth above or an agent of such person.",1751
-"(b) comments : when you use our public forums, your content is public and you allowing anyone, on viber and elsewhere to view it and associate it with you.",1752
-"If the agreement to arbitrate is found not to apply to you or your claim, you agree to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts in san francisco county, california to resolve your claim.",1753
-"Nothing in the terms gives you a right to use the twitter name or any of the twitter trademarks, logos, domain names, and other distinctive brand features.",1754
-"By using the service, you represent and warrant that you are not located in any such country or on any such list, and shall not use the service, or provide access to or use of the service to anyone, in any such country.",1755
-"Skype paid products are sold to you by skype communications s.à.r.l, however the seller-of-record accountable for taxes is skype communications us corporation.",1756
-You can form a binding contract with snap group limited.,1757
-"If you do not agree to be bound by all of these terms of use, do not access or use the service.",1758
-"Notice about the h. 264/avc, mpeg-4 visual, and vc-1 video standards.",1759
-This policy and consent forms part of our website terms of use and as such it shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of england and wales.,1760
-"You may not upload, post, or transmit (collectively, ``submit'') any video, image, text, audio recording, or other work (collectively, ``content'') that : ",1761
-"To access skype on certain platforms, you have the option of using a skype account or a microsoft account.",1762
-"If the contact information you provide is out of date, you may miss out on important notices.",1763
-"All arbitration proceedings will be closed to the public and confidential and all records relating thereto will be permanently sealed, except as necessary to obtain court confirmation of the arbitration award.",1764
-The spotify service also includes the spotify support community as further described in the spotify support community section.,1765
-Please read this section carefully.,1766
-"In certain countries, a number may be made available to you by a skype partner rather than skype, and you may need to enter into a separate agreement with such partner.",1767
-"You are welcome to access and use our content, products and services.",1768
-"(c) make alterations to, modifications of or derivative works based on the whole or any part of the service, nor permit the service or any part of it to be combined with or become incorporated in any other service or program ; ",1769
-"By submitting, posting or displaying content on or through the services, you grant us a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free license (with the right to sublicense) to use, copy, reproduce, process, adapt, modify, publish, transmit, display and distribute such content in any and all media or distribution methods (now known or later developed).",1770
-"No licenses or rights are granted to you by implication or otherwise, except for the licenses and rights expressly granted to you.",1771
-"If you are a developer or operator of a platform application or website or if you use social plugins, you must comply with the facebook platform policy.",1772
-"And, you agree not to seek injunctive or equitable relief or otherwise seek to stop us from operating any aspect of the service or any zynga game.",1773
-"If you choose to submit comments, ideas or feedback, you should submit the idea through our idea submission website at https://uaideas.force.com/, and you agree that we are free to use the ideas you submit without any restriction or compensation to you.",1774
-"Our responsibility to pay any aaa filing, administrative, and arbitrator fees will be solely as set forth in the aaa rules.",1775
-"World of warcraft is an ` on-line' game that must be played over the internet through the service, as provided by blizzard entertainment.",1776
-You can get a copy of your invoice through your linkedin account settings under ``purchase history''.,1777
-"Vi) no information or advice, whether expressed, implied, oral or written, obtained by you from atlas solutions group inc. or through any resources we provide shall create any warranty, guarantee, or conditions of any kind, except for those expressly outlined in this user agreement.",1778
-"If a provision is found unenforceable, the remaining provisions of the terms will remain in full effect and an enforceable term will be substituted reflecting our intent as closely as possible.",1779
-Deleting your account on tinder or deleting the tinder application from your device does not cancel your subscription ; tinder will retain all funds charged to your iap account until you cancel your subscription through your iap account.,1780
-"We are not obligated to monitor access or use of the fitbit service, fitbit content, or your content or to review or edit any fitbit content or your content, but we have the right to do so for the purpose of operating the fitbit service, to ensure compliance with these terms, and to comply with applicable law or other legal requirements.",1781
-"It will hold harmless and indemnify google and its affiliates, officers, agents, and employees from any claim, suit or action arising from or related to the use of the services or violation of these terms, including any liability or expense arising from claims, losses, damages, suits, judgments, litigation costs and attorneys' fees.",1782
-These policies are incorporated in these terms by reference.,1783
-"You will not use the service to infringe the privacy rights, property rights, or any other rights of any person, business or organisation ; ",1784
-"For japanese numbers (+81), viber credit expires within 180 days of purchase, with no ability to reactivate.",1785
-"Supercell reserves the right in its sole discretion to review, monitor, prohibit, edit, delete, disable access to or otherwise make unavailable any user content (including without limitation your user content) without notice for any reason or for no reason at any time.",1786
-"9.1 with the exception of content submitted to the service by you, all other content on the service is either owned by or licensed to youtube, and is subject to copyright, trade mark rights, and other intellectual property rights of youtube or youtube's licensors.",1787
-It is important that you take the time to read them carefully.,1788
-Crowdtangle may terminate the license granted per these terms of service at any time at its discretion.,1789
-"If you reside in the united states or are otherwise subject to the us federal arbitration act, you and evernote agree that any and all disputes or claims that have arisen or may arise between us - except any dispute relating to the enforcement or validity of your, our or either of our licensors' intellectual property rights - shall be resolved exclusively through final and binding arbitration, rather than in court, except that you may assert claims in small claims court, if your claims qualify.",1790
-"In no event will the instagram parties total liability to you for all damages, losses or causes or action exceed one hundred united states dollars ($ 100.00).",1791
-"If you do n't agree to be bound by the modified terms, then you may not use the services anymore.",1792
-"Default playback settings on cellular networks exclude hd, ultra hd and hdr content.",1793
-"You may be exposed to user-generated content shared by other athletes that is offensive, indecent, or otherwise objectionable.",1794
-"15.7 when this agreement has been terminated, you are not entitled to a restoration of your airbnb account or any of your member content.",1795
-Blizzard entertainment does not eavesdrop or monitor the content of your oral communication through the voice client.,1796
-"11.1 as a guest, you are responsible for leaving the accommodation (including any personal or other property located at the accommodation) in the condition it was in when you arrived.",1797
-"Yahoo provides the yahoo services (defined below) to you subject to the following terms of service (``tos''), which may be updated by us from time to time without notice to you.",1798
-"Use meta tags or code or other devices containing any reference to tinder or the service (or any trademark, trade name, service mark, logo or slogan of tinder) to direct any person to any other website for any purpose.",1799
-"If you send any unsolicited feedback to skype through the skype website or otherwise, you acknowledge and agree that skype shall not be under any obligation of confidentiality with respect to the unsolicited feedback.",1800
-"You will not use, copy, adapt, modify, decompile, reverse-engineer, disassemble, decrypt, attempt to derive the source code of, prepare derivative works based upon, distribute, license, sell, rent, transfer, publicly display, publicly perform, transmit, stream, broadcast or otherwise exploit the software and content, except as expressly permitted by oculus or as permitted under applicable law.",1801
-"Netflix does not accept unsolicited materials or ideas for netflix content, and is not responsible for the similarity of any of its content or programming in any media to materials or ideas transmitted to netflix.",1802
-The terms ``include'' and ``including'' are not limiting.,1803
-(d) our ``yearly'' and ``two year'' subscriptions are paid for by an upfront one-off payment with automatic annual or two year renewals respectively.,1804
-"In order to assist blizzard entertainment to police users who may use ``hacks,'' or ``cheats'' to gain an advantage over other players, you acknowledge that blizzard entertainment shall have the right to obtain certain information from your computer and its component parts, including your computer's random access memory, video card, central processing unit, and storage devices.",1805
-"If you breach any of these terms, academia.edu will have the right to suspend or disable your account or terminate these terms, at its sole discretion and without prior notice to you.",1806
-We may change the truecaller fees from time to time by posting the changes in or on the services or by notifying you in advance.,1807
-These additional rules and terms apply in addition to these terms and are important.,1808
-The arbitrator may award declaratory or injunctive relief only on an individual basis and only to the extent necessary to provide relief warranted by the claimant's individual claim.,1809
-"To make these pokémon go terms of service (the ``terms'') easier to read, our video game services, the app, and our websites located at http://pokemongo.nianticlabs.com and http://www.pokemongolive.com (the ``site'') are collectively called the ``services.'' ",1810
-Certain portions of our services may not properly operate if you do not install all updates.,1811
-You can review the most current version of the tos at any time at : https://policies.yahoo.com/us/en/yahoo/terms/utos/index.html.,1812
-"That could include, for example, access to the spotify service as a result of a gift card or free or discounted trials.",1813
-"The laws in jurisdictions may vary, but these taxes may be required to be collected and remitted as a percentage of the listing fees set by hosts, a set amount per day, or other variations, and are sometimes called ``transient occupancy taxes,'' ``hotel taxes,'' ``lodging taxes,'' ``city taxes,'' ``room taxes'' or ``tourist taxes'' (``occupancy taxes'').",1814
-"In such cases, spotify will make such content available to you unmodified.",1815
-The terms of service constitutes a contract between evernote and you.,1816
-We use the services of third parties to process your payments and we require that these third parties take the appropriate organizational and technical measures to protect your personal data and traffic data and to comply with relevant laws.,1817
-"Not in violation of contractual restrictions or other parties' rights, and that you have permission from any other party whose personal or other information or intellectual property is contained within the user content ; ",1818
-"The arbitrator shall not be bound by rulings in prior arbitrations involving different evernote users, but is bound by rulings in prior arbitrations involving the same user to the extent required by applicable law.",1819
-Please check the latest rates before you make your call.,1820
-"Oculus does not endorse or guarantee the opinions, views, advice or recommendations posted or sent by users.",1821
-"Upon program cancellation (by you or us) or if the program is suspended, you will have 90 days to redeem your points ; otherwise, those points will be forfeited.",1822
-"Supercell reserves the right to stop offering and/or supporting the service or a particular game or part of the service at any time, at which point your license to use the service or a part thereof will be automatically terminated.",1823
-"There will be one arbitrator (to be appointed by the lcia), the arbitration will take place in london, and the arbitration will be conducted in english.",1824
-"Further, in the event that you have a dispute with one or more other users of the app, you release niantic, tpc, and tpci (and our officers, directors, agents, subsidiaries, joint ventures, and employees) from all claims, demands, and damages (actual and consequential) of every kind and nature, known and unknown, suspected and unsuspected, disclosed and undisclosed, arising out of or in any way connected with such disputes.",1825
-Either party may terminate the services at any time by notifying the other party by any means.,1826
-"Safeguard your password to the services, and keep your account information current.",1827
-"In this regard, you acknowledge that you may not rely on any content created by yahoo or submitted to yahoo, including without limitation information in yahoo message boards and in all other parts of the yahoo services.",1828
-"If you believe that user-generated content or ua content infringes copyright under u.s. or other national law, please notify our copyright agent immediately using the contact information provided herein.",1829
-"By ``data'' or ``user data'' or ``user's data'' we mean any data, including a user's content or information that you or third parties can retrieve from facebook or provide to facebook through platform.",1830
-"In the event that notice is provided via links displayed in connection with the services, then it will be considered received twenty-four hours after it is first displayed.",1831
-"Zynga is not responsible for any other person's use or appropriation of any content or information you post in any forums, blogs and chat rooms.",1832
-"Airbnb in turn grants you a limited, non-exclusive, non-sublicensable, revocable, non-transferable license to use verified images outside of the airbnb platform solely for your personal and non-commercial use.",1833
-"5.3 youtube grants the operators of public search engines permission to use spiders to copy materials from the site for the sole purpose of creating publicly available searchable indices of the materials, but not caches or archives of such materials.",1834
-"An ``unauthorized third party program'' as used herein shall be defined as any third party software, including without limitation any ``addon'' or ``mod,'' that in blizzard entertainment's sole determination : (1) enables or facilitates cheating of any type ; (2) allows users to modify or hack the world of warcraft interface, environment, and/or experience in any way not expressly authorized by blizzard entertainment ; or (3) intercepts, ``mines,'' or otherwise collects information from or through world of warcraft ; (4) in the event that world of warcraft detects an unauthorized third party program, blizzard entertainment may (a) communicate information back to blizzard entertainment, including without limitation the account name, details about the unauthorized third party program detected, and the time and date the unauthorized third party program was detected ; and/or (b) exercise any or all of its rights under any blizzard agreement, with or without prior notice to the user.",1835
-"Welcome to tinder, operated by match group, llc (``us,'' ``we,'' the ``company'' or ``tinder'').",1836
-Interpretation ; severability ; waiver ; remedies : headings are for convenience only and shall not be used to construe the terms of this agreement.,1837
-The nintendo account service is solely for your own personal recreational and non-commercial use.,1838
-"Betterpoints.uk aims to fully comply with the governing law but is not responsible in the event of any misuse of funds, loss of funds, money laundering or any other form of misdemeanour, misuse or error to do with the transfer of funds to causes.",1839
-``viber in'' is provided to you for free and you may disable the ` viber in' service at any time by changing the application settings.,1840
-"We may, but do not always, monitor our community features, and ultimately you are responsible for your interactions with other athletes.",1841
-"9gag, inc makes no representations concerning any content contained in or accessed through the site, and 9gag, inc will not be responsible or liable for the accuracy, copyright compliance, legality or decency of material contained in or accessed through the site.",1842
-"Use bots or other automated methods to access the services, add or download contacts, send or redirect messages ; ",1843
-"By accepting your submission, under armour does not waive any rights to use similar or related feedback previously known to under armour, developed by our employees, or obtained from sources other than you.",1844
-"22.1 except as they may be supplemented by additional terms and conditions, policies, guidelines or standards, these terms constitute the entire agreement between airbnb and you pertaining to the subject matter hereof, and supersede any and all prior oral or written understandings or agreements between airbnb and you in relation to the access to and use of the airbnb platform.",1845
-• that the vimeo service will meet your business or professional needs ; ,1846
-"When the co-host agreement is terminated, the host will remain responsible for all of the co-host's actions prior to the termination, including the responsibility to fulfill any pending or future bookings initiated prior to the termination.",1847
-"All provisions of this agreement which by their nature should survive termination shall survive termination, including, without limitation, ownership provisions, warranty disclaimers, and limitations of liability.",1848
-"Notwithstanding the above, you agree that duolingo shall still be allowed to apply for and obtain injunctive remedies (or an equivalent type of urgent legal relief) in any jurisdiction.",1849
-"You are not a person who is barred from receiving the services under the laws of the united states, the united kingdom, or any other applicable jurisdiction -- meaning that you do not appear on the u.s. treasury department's list of specially designated nationals or face any other similar prohibition.",1850
-"For example, you may choose to use third-party data backup services (such as icloud or google drive) that are integrated with our services or interact with a share button on a third party's website that enables you to send information to your whatsapp contacts.",1851
-"If you are having a problem with the service, many issues can be resolved on one of our forums.",1852
-You shall cooperate as fully as reasonably required in the defense of any claim.,1853
-"Notwithstanding any rights or obligations governed by the additional terms (as defined below) if, at any time you choose to upload or post user submissions to the skype websites or through the software (excluding reports and excluding the content of your communications) you automatically grant skype a non-exclusive, worldwide, irrevocable, royalty-free, perpetual, sub-licensable and transferable license of all rights to use, edit, modify, include, incorporate, adapt, record, publicly perform, display, transmit and reproduce the user submissions including, without limitation, all trade marks associated therewith, in connection with the skype websites and skype's software and products including for the purpose of promoting or redistributing part or all of the skype websites and/or the software or products, in any and all media now known or hereafter devised.",1854
-Tripadvisor also reserves the right to take steps to verify your identity to process your reservation.,1855
-The member who created the netflix account and whose payment method is charged (the ``account owner'') has access and control over the netflix account and the netflix ready devices that are used to access our service.,1856
-"You also agree to pay the applicable host fee and any applicable taxes, which will be collected pursuant to the payments terms.",1857
-You will not upload viruses or other malicious code.,1858
-"The following rules are not meant to be exhaustive, and blizzard entertainment reserves the right to determine which conduct it considers to be outside the spirit of the game and to take disciplinary measures in accordance with article vii of the terms of use.",1859
-8.4 viber may collect vat or other indirect taxes at the applicable rate for the particular country (as per applicable tax rules) at the time of purchase of viber credit or at the time you use the viber credit.,1860
-Paid services and billing will auto-renew unless you cancel.,1861
-"Any unauthorized reproduction, publication, further distribution or public exhibition of the materials provided on the yahoo services, in whole or in part, is strictly prohibited.",1862
-"Instagram is not responsible for the actions, content, information, or data of third parties, and you release us, our directors, officers, employees, and agents from any claims and damages, known and unknown, arising out of or in any way connected with any claim you have against any such third parties.",1863
-5.4 youtube is constantly innovating in order to provide the best possible experience for its users.,1864
-"If you continue to use the services after the changes become effective, then you agree to the revised agreement.",1865
-"Except as otherwise provided, the licence for a digital product is tied to your nintendo account and allows you to use the digital product only on one user device you have linked to your nintendo account and to which the digital product has been downloaded.",1866
-Bid update and other notification functionality in ebay's applications may not occur in real time.,1867
-You can enable the auto recharge feature when you buy skype credit by ticking the appropriate box.,1868
-"The information contained herein : (1) is proprietary to morningstar and/or its content providers ; (2) may not be copied or distributed ; and (3) is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely.",1869
-"1.1 your use of the youtube website (the ``website'') and any youtube products, channels, software, data feeds and services, including the youtube embeddable video player (the ``youtube player'') provided to you on or from or through the website by youtube (collectively the ``service'') is subject to the terms of a legal agreement between you and youtube.",1870
-You specifically agree to comply with all applicable laws concerning the transmission of technical data exported from the united states or the country you reside in.,1871
-Payments and purchases of virtual goods ,1872
-"When permitted by law, snap group limited, snap inc., and our affiliates, directors, officers, stockholders, employees, licensors, and agents, will not be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, consequential, punitive, or multiple damages, or any loss of profits or revenues, whether incurred directly or indirectly, or any loss of data, use, goodwill, or other intangible losses, resulting from : (a) your use of the services or inability to use the services ; (b) your access to or inability to access the services ; (c) the conduct or content of other users or third parties on or through the services ; or (d) unauthorized access, use, or alteration of your content, even if snap group limited has been advised of the possibility of such damages.",1873
-We will notify you at least 30 days before these new terms of use apply to you.,1874
-"Content removed from the service may continue to be stored by instagram, including, without limitation, in order to comply with certain legal obligations, but may not be retrievable without a valid court order.",1875
-"You expressly acknowledge that you have read these terms and understand the rights, obligations, terms and conditions set forth herein.",1876
-"The services, content, site and any software are provided on an ``as is'' basis, without warranties of any kind, either express or implied, including, without limitation, implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement.",1877
-Some services may rely on services provided by third parties for some or all of their functionality.,1878
-The arbitral award rendered is final and binding upon both parties.,1879
-"4.1 you must register an account (``airbnb account'') to access and use certain features of the airbnb platform, such as publishing or booking a listing.",1880
-"Generally, we do not moderate any interactive service we provide although we may remove content in contravention of these terms of use as set out in section 6.",1881
-"Notwithstanding the foregoing, if you have prepaid fees for paid subscriptions that spotify permanently discontinues prior to the end of the pre-paid period (defined in the payments, cancellations, and cooling off section), spotify will refund you the prepaid fees for the pre-paid period after such discontinuation.",1882
-"If skype waives a breach of these terms, this shall not operate as a waiver of a subsequent breach of the terms.",1883
-J. you agree not to use the website or the services (including the comments and email features in the website) for the solicitation of business in the course of trade or in connection with a commercial enterprise ; ,1884
-The service is distributed on an ``as is'' basis.,1885
-"However, we do reserve the right, and have absolute discretion, to remove, screen or edit user content at any time and for any reason.",1886
-Onavo assumes no liability for your use of the content or any applications assistance provided by onavo.,1887
-"Except for our obligations to pay amounts to applicable hosts pursuant to these terms or an approved payment request under the airbnb host guarantee, in no event will airbnb's aggregate liability arising out of or in connection with these terms and your use of the airbnb platform including, but not limited to, from your publishing or booking of any listings via the airbnb platform, or from the use of or inability to use the airbnb platform or collective content and in connection with any accommodation, experiences, event or other host service, or interactions with any other members, exceed the amounts you have paid or owe for bookings via the airbnb platform as a guest in the twelve (12) month period prior to the event giving rise to the liability, or if you are a host, the amounts paid by airbnb to you in the twelve (12) month period prior to the event giving rise to the liability, or one hundred u.s. dollars (us$ 100), if no such payments have been made, as applicable.",1888
-By installing or using the services you agree that we can receive this information.,1889
-"If you have any questions or concerns regarding these terms, please contact us online at privacy@msqrd.me, or by mail at : ",1890
-Any material downloaded or otherwise obtained through the use of the service is done at your own discretion and risk and you are solely responsible for any damage to your computer or other device or loss of data resulting from the download or use of any such material.,1891
-"If oculus makes changes to these terms, we will provide notice of such changes as appropriate, such as by sending an email notification to the address that you have provided, providing notice through the services and/or updating the ``last updated'' date at the top of these terms.",1892
-"The manner, mode and extent of such advertising and promotions are subject to change without specific notice to you.",1893
-"If you have a google account, we may display your profile name, profile photo, and actions you take on google or on third-party applications connected to your google account (such as +1's, reviews you write and comments you post) in our services, including displaying in ads and other commercial contexts.",1894
-We may amend or update these terms.,1895
-"You accept these terms by creating a microsoft account or skype account, through your use of the services, or by continuing to use the services after being notified of a change to these terms.",1896
-"Please read the following section carefully because it requires you to submit to binding arbitration (jury trial waiver) of any and all disputes (other than specified intellectual property claims and small claims) with oculus and limits the manner in which you can seek relief from oculus (no class arbitrations, class actions or representative actions or arbitrations).",1897
-"In the event that duolingo suspends or terminates your use of the service or these terms and conditions or you close your account voluntarily, you understand and agree that you will receive no refund or exchange of any kind, including for any unused virtual currency or other virtual item, any content or data associated with your use of the service, or for anything else.",1898
-The last revision will be reflected in the ``last modified by'' heading above.,1899
-You may not assign this agreement or your account without the prior written consent of linden lab.,1900
-"5.7 content of communications : skype is not the source of, does not verify or endorse and takes no responsibility for the content of communications made using the software.",1901
-"By ``use'' we mean use, run, copy, publicly perform or display, distribute, modify, translate, and create derivative works of.",1902
-You understand and agree that instagram can not and will not be responsible for the content posted on the service and you use the service at your own risk.,1903
-"Unless extenuating circumstances exist, any amounts due to the host under the applicable cancellation policy will be remitted to the host by airbnb payments pursuant to the payments terms.",1904
-"Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in these terms, nothing in these terms excludes or limits our liability for fraud or for death or personal injury caused by our negligence.",1905
-"You agree to retain and not to distort, remove or tamper with any trademark, logo, copyright or other intellectual property notice appearing on or contained within the services, whether of onavo or any other third parties.",1906
-"And you irrevocably grant the company perpetual and unlimited permission to reproduce, distribute, create derivative works of, modify, publicly perform (including on a through-to-the-audience basis), communicate to the public, make available, publicly display, and otherwise use and exploit the feedback and derivatives thereof for any purpose and without restriction, free of charge and without attribution of any kind, including by making, using, selling, offering for sale, importing, and promoting commercial products and services that incorporate or embody feedback, whether in whole or in part, and whether as provided or as modified.",1907
-"We may revise these terms from time to time to better reflect : (a) changes to the law, (b) new regulatory requirements, or (c) improvements or enhancements made to our services.",1908
-A form is available at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=245499.,1909
-"Solicit passwords for any purpose, or personal identifying information for commercial or unlawful purposes from other users or disseminate another person's personal information without his or her permission.",1910
-"Service contracts : the cancellation right expires earlier if the service has been fully performed by us, the performance of the service began with your prior express consent, and you acknowledged that you lose your right of cancellation once the contract has been fully performed.",1911
-"C) disassemble, reverse engineer or otherwise decompile any software, applications, updates or hardware contained in or available via the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms, except as permitted by law ; ",1912
-If you continue to use the services after the changes are posted you agree to the changes.,1913
-You also agree that spotify may also reclaim your username for any reason.,1914
-Please have a look at our privacy and cookies policy for further information.,1915
-"If any provision of these terms and conditions is or becomes invalid, unenforceable or non-binding, you shall remain bound by all other provisions hereof.",1916
-"Although it is instagram's intention for the service to be available as much as possible, there will be occasions when the service may be interrupted, including, without limitation, for scheduled maintenance or upgrades, for emergency repairs, or due to failure of telecommunications links and/or equipment.",1917
-"Apple, and apple's subsidiaries, are third party beneficiaries of this agreement, and upon your acceptance of this agreement, apple will have the right (and will be deemed to have accepted the right) to enforce this agreement against you as a third party beneficiary of this agreement.",1918
-"You must send your opt-out notice to one of the following physical or email addresses : headspace, inc., attn : arbitration opt-out, 2415 michigan avenue, santa monica, ca 90404 ; adr@headspace.com ",1919
-You are responsible for the actions of those persons insofar as your account is concerned.,1920
-Our goal is to resolve claims fairly and quickly.,1921
-"At skype, we want all of our customers to get the best calling plans, known as ` subscriptions', at the lowest possible price.",1922
-"- to nintendo of europe gmbh, herriotstrasse 4, 60528 frankfurt am main, germany, fax number : +49 69 667747 95412, email address : for the uk and ireland : customer-support@nintendo.co.uk / for other eu countries and south africa : eshopservice@nintendo.de ",1923
-"If it turns out that a particular term is not enforceable, this will not affect any other terms.",1924
-"If we can not ship a product to your location, we will inform you by email that shipment to your location is not possible.",1925
-The existence of more than one claim hereunder will not increase this limit.,1926
-"Any reproduction or redistribution of the software is expressly prohibited, and may result in severe civil and criminal penalties.",1927
-"Use, disclose or distribute any data obtained in violation of this policy ; ",1928
-(13) that incorporates titles.,1929
-Your use of any app must comply with the app store terms of service.,1930
-"Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this eula or the breach, termination or validity thereof shall be finally settled at rovio's discretion (i) at your domicile's competent courts ; or (ii) by arbitration in accordance with the rules for expedited arbitration of the arbitration institute of the finland chamber of commerce.",1931
-It is niantic's policy to terminate in appropriate circumstances account holders who repeatedly infringe or are believed to be repeatedly infringing the rights of copyright holders.,1932
-The new prices will apply to your next purchase after the new prices have been published.,1933
-"(7) play on the account of a third person including, but not limited to, providing so-called ``power leveling services'' ; ",1934
-Please review our intellectual property guidelines regarding intellectual property concerns on our advertising network.,1935
-"When a sufficient number of users report a phone number as spam, it will be listed in our searchable public directory, which will be periodically updated.",1936
-"Vimeo has the right, but not the obligation, to monitor all conduct on and content submitted to the vimeo service.",1937
-"You agree to comply with all applicable export and import laws and regulations, including without limitation the export administration regulations (see http://www.access.gpo.gov/bis/ear/ear_data.html) and sanctions control programs of the united states (see http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/programs/pages/programs.aspx).",1938
-"We do not own, manage, or contract for any vacation rental property listed on this website or our affiliate sites.",1939
-"You acknowledge and agree that linden lab and its licensors own all right, title, and interest in and to the service, including all intellectual property rights therein, other than with respect to user content.",1940
-"Updated : september 28, 2017 ",1941
-"Except as prohibited by law, you waive any rights of attribution and/or any moral rights you may have in your user content, regardless of whether your user content is altered or changed in any manner.",1942
-"For applications you download from the xbox store, you may install and use the application on xbox consoles as described in our usage rules.",1943
-"Nor may you reverse engineer or attempt to extract the source code of that software, unless laws prohibit these restrictions or you have our written permission to do so.",1944
-"Facebook reserves the right to designate, in its sole discretion, that certain of our brands, products, or services are governed by separate terms and not this srr.",1945
-"Provided that automatic renewals are allowed in your state, you may choose for services to automatically renew at the end of a fixed service period.",1946
-"If you buy things through under armour shopping, we require you to provide additional personal and payment method information in order to complete your purchase.",1947
-"You ca n't make changes to the terms, community rules, feature terms, or privacy policy unless both you and zynga sign a written amendment.",1948
-"The spotify software applications and the content are licensed, not sold, to you, and spotify and its licensors retain ownership of all copies of the spotify software applications and content even after installation on your personal computers, mobile handsets, tablets, and/or other relevant devices (``devices'').",1949
-You agree that you are not permitted to resell any products purchased through headspace for commercial purposes.,1950
-"You must avoid any action or omission which may dilute, or tarnish onavo's goodwill or reputation.",1951
-"Submit fake, falsified, misleading, or inappropriate data submissions, edits, or removals ; ",1952
-Hosts acknowledge that reviews and ratings from guests for their listing (s) may be impacted by a co-host's conduct and performance.,1953
-You can create a microsoft account or a skype account by signing up online.,1954
-Please consult your carrier for further information.,1955
-"Furthermore, the rights to terminate, rescind, or agree to any variation, waiver, or settlement of the agreements are not subject to the consent of any other person.",1956
-"Attendance at an in-person hearing may be made by telephone by you and/or us, unless the arbitrator requires otherwise.",1957
-"You hereby agree not to participate in claims brought in a private attorney general or representative capacity, or consolidated claims involving another person's account in the service, if the company is a party to the proceeding.",1958
-"To report claims of third-party copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property infringement, please email an intellectual property report to us at ip@msqrd.me or to our designated agent : ",1959
-Full use of the fitbit service is dependent upon your use of a computer with adequate software or a supported mobile device and internet access.,1960
-Additional terms with your payment provider may apply.,1961
-"These terms of use (``terms of use'') are a legal agreement concluded between you (``licensee'') and protogeo oy of salomonkatu 17 a, fi-00100 helsinki, finland (``licensor'') for the moves app (``service'').",1962
-"4.3 if you choose to use paid aspects of the service, you agree to the posted pricing and billing policies on the websites, through the service, or by an applicable payment service provider.",1963
-(a) you authorise your mobile phone carrier to charge appropriate fees directly to your mobile phone bill ; and ,1964
-Please check with the betterpoints partner concerned for full details.,1965
-Things that happen online may have consequences in the real world.,1966
-"Certain software, content, or areas of the service may be subject to certain age requirements, as specified in an applicable product policy.",1967
-Yahoo's agent for notice of claims of copyright or other intellectual property infringement can be reached as follows : ,1968
-"If you are not the bill payer, we will assume that you have received permission from the bill payer.",1969
-"Supercell reserves the right to remove or reclaim any usernames at any time and for any reason, including but not limited to claims by a third party that a username violates the third party's rights.",1970
-"However, the duration of statutorily required warranties, if any, shall be limited to the maximum extent permitted by law.",1971
-"With respect to photos, graphics, audio or video you submit or make available for inclusion on publicly accessible areas of the yahoo services other than yahoo groups, the license to use, distribute, reproduce, modify, adapt, publicly perform and publicly display such content on the yahoo services solely for the purpose for which such content was submitted or made available.",1972
-A co-host will not be entitled to any fees for any co-host services that have not been completed prior to the co-host's termination.,1973
-17 u.s.c. § 512 (f).,1974
-You must be at least 14 to use under armour shopping.,1975
-"Use the service in connection with material which a reasonable person could deem to be : stalking, offensive, inaccurate, incomplete, abusive, obscene, objectionable, defamatory, libelous, fraudulent or deceptive, indecent, pornographic, profane, threatening, advocating harassment or intimidation, distressing, vulgar, hateful, malicious, harmful for minors, racially or ethnically offensive, advocating racism, bigotry, hatred or physical harm of any kind against any group or individual, or disparaging the religious, political, or legal agenda of any person or entity ; ",1976
-Once these limits have been reached you can not upload any new videos in that month or continue recording beyond the 90-minute mark.,1977
-• take any action that may undermine the feedback or ratings systems (see about our feedback policies) ; ,1978
-"As a member of a skype manager account you acknowledge and agree that the administrator of the skype manager may, if you agree, view detailed information about the activity on your user account including the time, date, duration and destination number of calls and sms made and details of your purchases and downloads.",1979
-10.1 the licensor is entitled to revise these terms of use at any time.,1980
-(v) conduct of third party emergency services operatives and calling centres to which you may be connected.,1981
-"To use or access our applications, you will need a compatible device.",1982
-We will not be liable to you if the products are unavailable for a commercially reasonable period of time.,1983
-"If you have reason to believe that a group member no longer wishes to receive such messages or participate in the group, you agree to remove them from the group.",1984
-"``user-generated content'' refers to any communications, messages, text, images, drawings, photos, sound, voice, audio recordings, music, movies, information, data and any other material and content (including user names, nicknames, customised mii characters, mii nicknames, customised levels, maps, scenarios etc.) that is created by or licensed to nintendo account users and that is posted, sent or otherwise made available by a nintendo account user via the nintendo account service.",1985
-"``youtube'' means youtube llc, whose principal place of business is at 901 cherry avenue, san bruno, ca 94066, united states.",1986
-"If you opt to use third-party applications via your account with us, they may gain access to certain information that you have provided to us, including personal data, and they will use, store, and disclose such information in accordance with their individual privacy policies and terms and conditions.",1987
-We all agree that we will go to court to resolve disputes relating to ,1988
-"And a statement that the information in the notification is accurate, and under penalty of perjury, that you are authorized to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed.",1989
-We will also provide you with instructions on how you may cancel the services.,1990
-"The language of the terms will seem legal (basically, because they are) but we still tried to make them as simple as possible for you to read, so that we are sure that you knowingly choose to enjoy our services under these binding terms (which actually constitute a binding agreement between viber media s.a r.l. and yourself).",1991
-"If you establish a spotify account on behalf of a company, organization, entity, or brand (a ``brand'', and such account a ``brand account''), the terms ``you'' and ``your'', as used throughout the agreements, apply to both you and the brand, as applicable.",1992
-(iii) the service limitations set out in paragraph 5.6 ; ,1993
-8.1 we may provide links to other websites or services for you to access.,1994
-Term and termination of the eula.,1995
-You and we agree that we intend that this section 8 (a) satisfies the ``writing'' requirement of the faa.,1996
-"Use, display, mirror or frame the airbnb platform or collective content, or any individual element within the airbnb platform, airbnb's name, any airbnb trademark, logo or other proprietary information, or the layout and design of any page or form contained on a page in the airbnb platform, without airbnb's express written consent ; ",1997
-"Some reasons for rejection can include : (a) we are unable to supply you with the service, for example because that item is no longer available or because of an error in the price at the point of sale ; (b) you do not live in a country or region from which the services may be purchased ; or (c) you order more than the permitted maximum number of services.",1998
-We will notify you of amendments to this agreement to arbitrate by posting the amended terms on www.ebay.com at least 30 days before the effective date of the amendments and by providing notice through the ebay message center and/or by email.,1999
-"We are not liable for any changes or problems out of our control, for example changes or problems caused by like natural disasters, war, terrorism, riots, embargoes, acts of civil or military authorities, fire, floods, accidents, network infrastructure failures, strikes, or shortages of transportation facilities, fuel, energy, labor or materials.",2000
-"• you fail to send your buyer a return shipping label and, instead, an ebay-generated shipping label is used ; and/or ",2001
-We recently revised these terms.,2002
-"Duolingo and its licensors own and shall retain all intellectual property rights and other rights in and to the apps, and any changes, modifications, or corrections thereto.",2003
-You can at any time opt-out of tests by visiting the ``your account'' page and changing the ``test participation'' settings.,2004
-"Any notices, agreements, disclosures, or other communications that we send to you electronically will satisfy any legal communication requirements, including that the communication be in writing.",2005
-"Skype may in its option, terminate its relationship with you, or suspend your account immediately if it determines you are using video messaging contrary to this fup or these terms.",2006
-"You are fully accountable for any outcome resulting from your failure to provide true, accurate and complete details in the course of the registration process, and for any use or misuse of your account.",2007
-"You are not granted any right to use truecaller's name, trademarks or other commercial symbols.",2008
-• artificially increasing play count or otherwise manipulating the services by using a script or other automated process ; ,2009
-"9.3 the laws of finland, excluding its conflict of law rules, govern these terms of use and the licensee's use of the service.",2010
-"The minimum connection speed for sd quality is 0.5 mbps ; however, we recommend a faster connection for improved video quality.",2011
-You agree that you are not relying on the future availability of any feature or product offered through the service in agreeing to or making payments hereunder.,2012
-"Tinder takes no responsibility for any content that you or another user or third party posts, sends or receives through the services.",2013
-"This applies to all kinds of claims under any legal theory, unless the claim fits in one of the exceptions in the exceptions to agreement to arbitrate sub-section.",2014
-"Enable access to the services or modify any microsoft-authorized device (e.g., xbox one, xbox 360, microsoft surface, etc.) by unauthorized third-party applications.",2015
-"For passport and visa requirements, please consult the relevant embassy or consulate for information.",2016
-"For more information about onavo's services, please visit the website.",2017
-"Zynga's privacy policy tells you how we collect and use information about you and your computer or mobile device, and how you can use the services to share such information with others.",2018
-Storage limits are calculated based upon source files.,2019
-"If we find that any shared content in your account violates our terms of service (including by violating another person's intellectual property or privacy rights), we reserve the right to un-share or take down such content.",2020
-Instructions for right to cancel (of a transaction in nintendo shopping services) ,2021
-"(b) if you purchased a subscription with a payment method other than credit card, paypal or moneybookers (skrill), and you have enabled auto-recharge, your skype credit balance will be recharged with the amount necessary to purchase your next recurring subscription.",2022
-(a) we will use reasonable endeavors to remedy faults in the products.,2023
-"Offers are not transferable, redeemable or exchangeable for other things of value, except at our sole discretion.",2024
-"You also agree that you will only obtain trading items from other account holders and through means provided by us, and not from or through any third-party platform, exchange, broker, or other mechanism, unless expressly authorized.",2025
-"You and niantic agree that any dispute, claim, or controversy arising out of or relating to these terms or the breach, termination, enforcement, interpretation, or validity thereof or the use of the services or content (collectively, ``disputes'') will be settled by binding arbitration, except that each party retains the right : (a) to bring an individual action in small claims court and (b) to seek injunctive or other equitable relief in a court of competent jurisdiction to prevent the actual or threatened infringement, misappropriation, or violation of a party's copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, patents, or other intellectual property rights (the action described in this clause (b), an ``ip protection action'').",2026
-"For more refund information, please visit our help topic.",2027
-"Members who were below this new minimum age when they started using the services under a previous user agreement may continue to use them, as they have already reached the new minimum age since then or will reach it in the near future.",2028
-Please forward any questions regarding privacy to privacy@viber.com and other legal matters to support@viber.com.,2029
-Our business model is to make the service so valuable that our users will want to subscribe to a paid service.,2030
-"This license has the sole purpose of enabling you to use and enjoy the benefit of the services as provided by twitter, in the manner permitted by these terms.",2031
-"Supercell assumes no responsibility for the conduct of any user submitting any user content, and assumes no responsibility for monitoring the service for inappropriate content or conduct.",2032
-Export compliance and us government rights ,2033
-(iii) violate the restrictions in any robot exclusion headers on this website or bypass or circumvent other measures employed to prevent or limit access to this website ; ,2034
-"Upon your acceptance of these terms and submission of your order, you hereby agree that linden lab or an applicable payment service provider (collectively, for purposes of this section 4.3, ``we'') have the right to automatically charge your credit card or debit your account (or other payment method) for the applicable fees or charges, plus any applicable taxes that we are required to collect, and you authorize us to do so.",2035
-"In addition, no agency, partnership, joint venture or franchise relationship is intended or created by this agreement.",2036
-The limitation of liability reflects the allocation of risk between the parties.,2037
-"If you are booking for an additional guest who is a minor, you represent and warrant that you are legally authorized to act on behalf of the minor.",2038
-You agree to only provide content or information that does not violate the law nor anyone's rights (including intellectual property rights).,2039
-"Any supplemental terms will not vary or replace this agreement regarding any use of the services, unless otherwise expressly stated.",2040
-"• for motor vehicles and real estate, a bid or offer initiates a non-binding transaction representing a buyer's serious expression of interest in buying the seller's item and does not create a formal contract between the buyer and the seller.",2041
-"For purposes of this eula ``software'' means all software programs distributed, published or otherwise made available by rovio or its affiliates including, but not limited to mobile games, downloadable/installable games for personal computer, and games accessed by means of a browser or other online communication method.",2042
-"The deletion of, corruption of, or failure to store, any content and other communications data maintained or transmitted by or through your use of the service ; iv.",2043
-"You are solely responsible for ensuring that these terms of use are in compliance with all laws, rules and regulations applicable to you and the right to access the service is revoked where these terms of use or use of the service is prohibited and, in such circumstances, you agree not to use or access the site or services in any way.",2044
-"You acknowledge that zynga is not required to provide a refund for any reason, and that you will not receive money or other compensation for unused virtual items when an account is closed, whether such closure was voluntary or involuntary, or whether you made a payment through zynga.com or another platform such as apple, google, facebook, or any other sites or platforms where we offer our services.",2045
-"In this case, the member in question is not eligible for any refunds on any portion of their subscription payment.",2046
-Airbnb reserves the right to modify these terms at any time in accordance with this provision.,2047
-"If you and oculus can not reach an agreement to resolve the claim within 30 days after such notice is received, then either party may, as appropriate in accordance with this section 18, commence an arbitration proceeding or file a claim in court.",2048
-• using the spotify service to import or copy any local files you do not have the legal right to import or copy in this way ; ,2049
-"We are not responsible for the accuracy, reliability, availability, effectiveness, or correct use of information you receive through the fitbit service.",2050
-"We offer a wide range of amazon services, and sometimes additional terms may apply.",2051
-7.1 the licensee represents and warrants that he or she : ,2052
-"The skype credit that you purchase will be credited to your user account at the time of purchase (or if you are using a skype credit voucher, at the time you redeem that voucher).",2053
-"You can lose your user name and persona in the service as a result of account termination or limitation, as well as any benefits, privileges, earned items and purchased items associated with your use of the service, and supercell is under no obligation to compensate you for any such losses or results.",2054
-Our failure to act with respect to a breach by you or others does not waive our right to act with respect to subsequent or similar breaches.,2055
-"The time it takes to begin watching netflix content will vary based on a number of factors, including your location, available bandwidth at the time, the content you have selected and the configuration of your netflix ready device.",2056
-"The nintendo account is personal to you and you may not sell, trade, assign or otherwise transfer your nintendo account to any other person or entity.",2057
-"If any term of this agreement is found invalid or unenforceable by any court of competent jurisdiction, that term will be severed from this agreement.",2058
-"This includes not using our services for commercial purposes without our permission, or doing bad things to us or other athletes.",2059
-"You will not engage in unlawful multi-level marketing, such as a pyramid scheme, on facebook.",2060
-Default homepage and new tab page on microsoft edge ,2061
-"You acknowledge and agree that if you submit any feedback to us, you hereby grant to us a non-exclusive, worldwide, perpetual, irrevocable, fully-paid, royalty-free, sub-licensable and transferable license under any and all intellectual property rights that you own or control to use, copy, modify, create derivative works based upon and otherwise exploit the feedback for any purpose.",2062
-"The terms of use are in addition to, and do not replace or supplant, the ``bnet tou'', and the end user license agreement that accompanied the world of warcraft software (the ``eula'') and to which the world of warcraft software (the ``game client'') is subject.",2063
-"For job searching activities, we default to not notifying your connections network or the public.",2064
-"(g) to the extent permitted by law, any claim or dispute relating to your use of pay by mobile must be filed within one year in small claims court (paragraph 20.3 (c)) or in arbitration (paragraph 20.3 (d)).",2065
-"(h) we reserve the right, in our sole discretion, to discontinue the provision of your electronic communications, or to terminate or change the terms and conditions on which we provide electronic communications.",2066
-Stock quotes and index data (including index values).,2067
-"By making a reservation through booking.com, you enter into a direct (legally binding) contractual relationship with the supplier with which you make a reservation or purchase a product or service (as applicable).",2068
-"Through tinder stacks, you can select photos from your mobile device to create your own card stack to share with your contacts.",2069
-"If you do not want to arbitrate disputes with duolingo and you are an individual, you may opt out of this arbitration agreement by sending an email to legal@duolingo.com within 30 days of the day you first access or use the service.",2070
-"You are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your account and password and for restricting access to your account, and you agree to accept responsibility for all activities that occur under your account or password.",2071
-You must sign into the xbox services (defined in section 14 (a) (i)) at least once in a five-year period to keep the gamertag associated with your microsoft account.,2072
-"Host are alone responsible for identifying and obtaining any required licenses, permits, or registrations for any host services they offer.",2073
-You must not allow others to use your account credentials and you must safeguard the confidentiality of those credentials.,2074
-"The application is licensed, not sold.",2075
-"The spotify support community is a place for discussions and exchange of information, tips, and other materials related to the spotify service.",2076
-"Any reproduction or redistribution of the apps or the software not in accordance with this agreement is expressly prohibited, and may result in civil and criminal penalties.",2077
-You must use this address to opt-out : ,2078
-"This means that you may not create derivative works based on world of warcraft, without the prior express, written permission of blizzard entertainment.",2079
-"If the licence for a digital product is offered free of charge by noe in nintendo shopping services, the licence will be registered to your nintendo account after you have submitted the respective order in nintendo shopping services.",2080
-"The monthly renewal subscription fees will continue to be billed to the payment method you provided, automatically until cancelled.",2081
-"You may not sell, transfer or assign your account or its contractual rights, licenses and obligations, to any third party (including, for the avoidance of doubt, permitting another individual to access your account) without the prior written consent of linden lab.",2082
-"Please review the twitter rules, which are part of the user agreement and outline what is prohibited on the services.",2083
-Each unique user must represent a person and not any sort of automated bot or set of people.,2084
-10.4 youtube encourages you to be aware when you leave the service and to read the terms and conditions and privacy policy of each other website that you visit.,2085
-"10.1 when you purchase paid-for-products directly from skype you will be entitled to a cancellation period of fifteen (15) days (a ``cooling-off period'') unless you have made use of the paid-for-products in any way, in which case the cooling-off period will be extinguished and your purchase can not be cancelled or refunded.",2086
-"You are expected to check this page from time to time to take notice of any changes we make, as they are binding on you.",2087
-"We will automatically bill the payment method you provided for any purchased gift subscriptions at the time of purchase, not delivery.",2088
-"If your account is seen to be dormant (showing no transactions) for 18 months or more, we reserve the right to terminate your account.",2089
-"Blizzard entertainment does not warrant that world of warcraft will be uninterrupted or error-free, or that world of warcraft or the service are free of viruses or other harmful components.",2090
-(g) our designated agent for notice of claims of copyright infringement can be reached as follows : ,2091
-3.1 skype may make changes to these terms from time to time.,2092
-"We expressly exclude, to the fullest extent permitted by law, all liability of betterpoints.uk, its directors, employees or other representatives, howsoever arising, for any loss suffered as a result of your use of this website or involvement in any way with betterpoints.uk.",2093
-"Accounts that are ``suspended'' by blizzard entertainment for ``non payment,'' or for a violation of these terms of use, are not eligible for a refund.",2094
-The service is not available for use by persons under the age of 18.,2095
-"If you do not terminate your agreement before the date the revised terms become effective, your continued access to or use of the airbnb platform will constitute acceptance of the revised terms.",2096
-"These terms may be amended as new features, technology, or legal requirements arise, so please check back from time to time.",2097
-Viber may change the prices of such products at any time without any notice to you.,2098
-"Unless both you and we agree otherwise, the arbitrator may not consolidate or join your or our claim with another person's or party's claims, and may not otherwise preside over any form of a consolidated, representative or class proceeding.",2099
-"If you select pay by mobile and your mobile phone account is registered with a mobile phone carrier in the usa or you reside in the usa, the following additional terms apply : ",2100
-Spotify terms and conditions of use ,2101
-You agree to pay all monies owing to any person as a result of posting your user content on the service.,2102
-"Booking.com can not guarantee that any request or communication will be (duly and timely) received/read by, complied with, executed or accepted by the supplier.",2103
-You hereby acknowledge and warrant that your use of any information obtained in connection with your use of the service is at your sole discretion and risk.,2104
-"To opt out, you must notify the company in writing within thirty (30) days of the date that you first become subject to this agreement.",2105
-The arbitration hearing shall be held in the county in which you reside or at another mutually agreed location.,2106
-"If the parties are unable to agree upon an arbitrator within seven (7) days of delivery of the demand for arbitration, then the aaa will appoint the arbitrator in accordance with the aaa rules.",2107
-"By making your content available on or through the fitbit service you hereby grant to fitbit a non-exclusive, transferable, sublicensable, worldwide, royalty-free license to use, copy, modify, publicly display, publicly perform, reproduce, translate, create derivative works from, and distribute your content, in whole or in part, including your name and likeness, in any media.",2108
-"You acknowledge and agree that the permissions system and other functionality of the service do not grant you any license, consent, or permission to copy, modify, transfer, or use in any manner any content outside the service.",2109
-Using the services & support.,2110
-The reports shall be deemed the property of skype.,2111
-Purchases of virtual items are final and non-refundable.,2112
-13.2 subject to the overall provision in paragraph 13.1 above youtube shall not be liable to you for : a. any indirect or consequential losses which may be incurred by you.,2113
-"If you believe that any content made available on or through the services has been used or exploited in a manner that infringes an intellectual property right you own or control, then please promptly send a ``notification of claimed infringement'' containing the following information to the designated agent identified below.",2114
-"You acknowledge and agree that your relationship with instagram is not a confidential, fiduciary, or other type of special relationship, and that your decision to submit any content does not place instagram in a position that is any different from the position held by members of the general public, including with regard to your content.",2115
-"If you opt out of the agreement to arbitrate, all other parts of the agreement and its legal disputes section will continue to apply to you.",2116
-"In addition, there are specific terms that apply to use of certain tripadvisor mobile applications.",2117
-This license is for the sole purpose of letting you use and enjoy the services' benefits as intended by tinder and permitted by this agreement.,2118
-"12.1 we are committed to complying with copyright and related laws, and we require all users of the products to comply with these laws.",2119
-You will be informed of such transfer at least one month in advance.,2120
-Your use of the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms is entirely at your own risk.,2121
-"If the changes include material changes that affect your rights or obligations, we will notify you in advance of the changes by reasonable means, which could include notification through the services or via email.",2122
-"Except for certain software or portions of the websites which linden lab allows users to access without registration, you must establish an account with linden lab to use the service.",2123
-You should refer back to the offer describing the services as (i) you may not receive a refund at the time of cancellation ; (ii) you may be obligated to pay cancellation charges ; (iii) you may be obligated to pay all charges made to your billing account for the services before the date of cancellation ; or (iv) you may lose access to and use of your account when you cancel the services.,2124
-You acknowledge sole responsibility for and assume all risk arising from your use of any third-party websites or resources.,2125
-Any amendment to or waiver of our terms requires our express consent.,2126
-"A waiver by duolingo or you of any provision of these terms and conditions or any breach thereof, in any one instance, will not waive such term or condition or any subsequent breach thereof.",2127
-"If you are a resident of canada : notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, with respect to any purchase using a visa credit card at under armour's canada website, these terms shall be governed by and construed in accordance with canadian law, without regard to its conflict of law principles.",2128
-"You agree to indemnify and hold nintendo, its affiliates and subsidiaries harmless from and against any loss, liability or claim (including reasonable attorney fees) arising out of or in connection with your use of the nintendo account service in an unlawful manner or otherwise in breach of the terms of this agreement (including, without limitation, the nintendo code of conduct).",2129
-Changes to terms of use.,2130
-"Skype shall exclusively own all now known or hereafter existing rights to the reports throughout the universe in perpetuity and shall be entitled to use the reports for any purpose whatsoever, commercial or otherwise, without compensation to the provider of the reports.",2131
-Bypass or circumvent any access controls or service use limits (such as caps on keyword searches) ; ,2132
-"Tinder reserves the right to investigate and / or terminate your account without a refund of any purchases if you have misused the service or behaved in a way that tinder regards as inappropriate or unlawful, including actions or communications that occur off the service but involve users you meet through the service.",2133
-"Last modified : august 25, 2016 (archived versions) ",2134
-"As between you and duolingo, all data, information and materials generated from your access and use of the educational activities made available on or through the service, including translated content generated by you (collectively, the ``activity materials''), shall be exclusively owned by duolingo, and you shall not have any right to use such activity materials except as expressly authorized by these terms and conditions.",2135
-"Spotify and/or the owners of any content may, from time to time, remove any such content without notice to the extent permitted by applicable law.",2136
-"If the tripadvisor media group companies are found liable for any loss or damage that arises out of or is in any way connected with your use of our sites or services, then the tripadvisor media group companies' liabilities will in no event exceed, in the aggregate, the greater of (a) the transaction fees paid to tripadvisor for the transaction (s) on this website giving rise to the claim, or (b) one-hundred dollars (us $ 100.00).",2137
-"Reviews, comments and use of other interactive areas ",2138
-"However, we can not monitor the entire services and make no attempt to do so.",2139
-"If you choose to access these third-party applications, you may be requested to log-in and sync your accounts with such applications.",2140
-"7.6 you agree that you will not post or upload any content which contains material which it is unlawful for you to possess in the country in which you are resident, or which it would be unlawful for youtube to use or possess in connection with the provision of the service.",2141
-"You agree that all agreements, notices, disclosures, and other communications that we provide to you electronically satisfy any legal requirement that such communications be in writing.",2142
-"Except as described in these terms, we have no responsibility for any transactions that you enter into with a third party for third-party content or in-app purchases and assume no liability for third-party content or third-party in-app purchases that occur within third-party content.",2143
-"The section headings used herein, including descriptive summary sentences at the start of each section, are for convenience only and shall not affect the interpretation of this agreement.",2144
-You can not opt out of receiving these communications while you continue to use our services.,2145
-This agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws applicable in your country of residence.,2146
-"If you provide feedback, ideas or suggestions to spotify in connection with the spotify service or content (``feedback''), you acknowledge that the feedback is not confidential and you authorize spotify to use that feedback without restriction and without payment to you.",2147
-"Notwithstanding the foregoing, you acknowledge and agree that no user video will be considered to be a separate copyrightable work and all rights in each user video will remain with the owners of the content used to create such user video.",2148
-"The company parties do not warrant that the service will operate error free, or that the service and any content thereon (including gifts) are free of computer viruses or similar contamination or destructive features.",2149
-Suppliers pay a commission (being a small percentage of the product price (e.g. room price)) to booking.com after the end user has consumated the service or product of the supplier or after the guest has stayed at (and paid) the accommodation.,2150
-The advice and other materials we make available are intended to support the relationship between you and your healthcare providers and not replace it.,2151
-8.1 the license is effective until terminated by the licensee or the licensor.,2152
-Any additional terms do not modify any of these terms.,2153
-4.1 the licensee acknowledges that : ,2154
-11.6 no equitable or injunctive relief.,2155
-"You should always exercise due diligence and care when deciding whether to stay in an accommodation, participate in an experience or event or use other host services, accept a booking request from a guest, or communicate and interact with other members, whether online or in person.",2156
-"If you have received a discount, coupon or gift code to a premium service, the following terms and conditions apply in addition to the terms and conditions of the specific code.",2157
-Please review the terms of use and privacy policies of those third parties before providing your banking or payment information.,2158
-"The instagram name and logo are trademarks of instagram, and may not be copied, imitated or used, in whole or in part, without the prior written permission of instagram, except in accordance with our brand guidelines, available here : https://www.instagram-brand.com/.",2159
-"11.4 if you are a guest or a co-host, you understand and agree that airbnb may make a claim under your homeowner's, renter's or other insurance policy related to any damage or loss that you may have caused, or been responsible for, to an accommodation or any personal or other property located at an accommodation (including without limitation amounts paid by airbnb under the airbnb host guarantee).",2160
-Payment is safely processed from your credit/debit card or bank account to the bank account of the supplier through a third-party payment processor.,2161
-"If you are a resident of the european union : notwithstanding anything in these terms to the contrary, if there is a dispute that you and under armour can not resolve, you have the right to submit a complaint through http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/odr.",2162
-"Microsoft does not endorse or control, and is not responsible for, the operation, support, or security of non-microsoft credentials you may use.",2163
-"If you wish to make any use of material on or in the products other than that set out above, please address your request to help@headspace.com.",2164
-"Tripadvisor, its subsidiaries and corporate affiliates (collectively, the ``tripadvisor media group companies'') do not guarantee the accuracy of, and disclaim all liability for, any errors or other inaccuracies relating to the information and description of the hotel, vacation rental properties, air, cruise, car and any other travel products displayed on this website (including, without limitation, the pricing, availability, photographs, list of hotel or vacation rental property amenities, general product descriptions, reviews and ratings, etc.).",2165
-Your continued access or use of our services constitutes your acceptance of the amended terms.,2166
-"By submitting any course contributor material, you grant us a fully paid up, royalty-free, perpetual, sublicensable license to reproduce, display, perform, modify, create derivative works of, distribute and otherwise use such course contributor material in any manner.",2167
-This agreement was written in english (us).,2168
-"Forge any tcp/ip packet header or any part of the header information in any email or newsgroup posting, or in any way use the services or content to send altered, deceptive, or false source-identifying information ; ",2169
-"If there is a conflict between these terms and the additional terms, the additional terms will control for that conflict.",2170
-"You acknowledge that we may not always identify paid services, sponsored content, or commercial communications as such.",2171
-Disclose information that you do not have the consent to disclose (such as confidential information of others (including your employer)) ; ,2172
-"You and skype agree to the terms governing procedures, fees and incentives at go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=275219.",2173
-You will immediately notify academia.edu of any unauthorized use of your account.,2174
-"Contains software viruses or any other computer codes, files, worms, logic bombs or programs that are designed or intended to disrupt, disable, damage, limit or interfere with the proper function of any software, hardware, or telecommunications equipment or to damage or obtain unauthorized access to any system, data, password or other information of vivino or any third party ; ",2175
-"Although tinder reserves the right to review and remove content that violates this agreement, such content is the sole responsibility of the user who posts it, and tinder can not guarantee that all content will comply with this agreement.",2176
-"We do not represent or endorse the accuracy or reliability of any introduction, advice, opinion, statement or other information displayed, uploaded or distributed through the service by betterpoints.uk or any user of the service or any other service.",2177
-"Second, you will need to access your account through a web browser or by installing our client software on your computers, tablets and phones.",2178
-"Subject to the company's potential blocking of certain content owned or controlled by the third parties, which blocking you hereby authorize, the service enables you to (i) create 15-second videos, including videos that incorporate locally stored sound recordings from your personal music library and ambient noise (each, a ``ugv''), (ii) extract all or any portion of the user content (defined in section 5.",2179
-"We reserve the right to limit the availability of the service or any portion of the service, to any person, geographic area, or jurisdiction, at any time and in our sole discretion, and to limit the quantities of any content, program, product, service or other feature that instagram provides.",2180
-You can not transfer your microsoft account or skype account to another user or entity.,2181
-"This license does not include any resale or commercial use of any amazon service, or its contents ; any collection and use of any product listings, descriptions, or prices ; any derivative use of any amazon service or its contents ; any downloading, copying, or other use of account information for the benefit of any third party ; or any use of data mining, robots, or similar data gathering and extraction tools.",2182
-4.1 purchasing services from oculus.,2183
-We provide a policy and process for complaints concerning content posted by our members.,2184
-"Atlas solutions group inc. will not be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary loss or damages which may be incurred by you as a result of using our resources, or as a result of any changes, data loss or corruption, cancellation, loss of access, or downtime to the full extent that applicable limitation of liability laws apply.",2185
-"To the maximum extent permissible under applicable laws, the total liability of zynga and/or the zynga affiliates is limited to the total amount you have paid zynga and/or the zynga affiliate in the one hundred and eighty days (180) days immediately preceding the date on which you first assert any such claim.",2186
-Impersonate any person or entity or post any images of another person without his or her permission.,2187
-"Minors may only participate in an experience, event or other host service if accompanied by an adult who is responsible for them.",2188
-These terms will automatically terminate if you fail to comply with them.,2189
-Some services may offer you ways to access and remove content that has been provided to that service.,2190
-Your earned points can be redeemed for items (``rewards'') in the redemption center.,2191
-Please let us know right away if you believe your account has been hacked or compromised.,2192
-"For paid subscriptions, you must be age of majority in your province or territory of residence, or 13 or older with parent or guardian consent.",2193
-To cancel your skype account please submit a support request to http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?linkid=618280.,2194
-"Exclusion of warranties, limitation of liability and indemnity ",2195
-"We reserve the right to refuse service to anyone, and can monitor, terminate or suspend our services or your account at any time.",2196
-You are solely responsible for all of your communications and interactions with other users of the site and services and with other persons with whom you communicate or interact as a result of your use of the site or services.,2197
-"If after such notice you fail to take the steps we ask of you, we'll terminate or suspend your access to the services.",2198
-"Upon receipt of a counter notification, 9gag shall promptly provide the party submitting a notification of claimed infringement with a copy of the counter notification, and 9gag will replace the removed material or cease disabling access to it in not less than 10, nor more than fourteen (14), business days following receipt of the counter notice, unless 9gag's designated agent first receives notice from the person who submitted the notification of claimed infringement that such person has filed an action seeking a court order to restrain the subscriber from engaging in infringing activity relating to the material on 9gag's system or network.",2199
-"You must also respect the rights of snap group limited and its affiliates, including snap inc..",2200
-"The aaa will conduct any arbitration under its commercial arbitration rules (or if you are an individual and use the services for personal or household use, or if the value of the dispute is $ 75,000 or less whether or not you are an individual or how you use the services, its consumer arbitration rules).",2201
-"If you no longer access platform but have not deleted all data from us, the term application will apply until you delete the data.",2202
-"Upload, post, email, transmit, or otherwise make available any material that contains software viruses or any other computer code, files or programs designed to interrupt, destroy or limit the functionality of any computer software or hardware or telecommunications equipment ; ",2203
-2.1 you must be at least 18 years old and able to enter into legally binding contracts to access and use the airbnb platform or register an airbnb account.,2204
-"In addition, you waive any so-called ``moral rights'' in your non-video content.",2205
-We will provide you 30 days' notice by posting the amended terms.,2206
-We reserve the right at any time to change and update our pricing and inventory of virtual money and virtual goods.,2207
-"You may choose to have the arbitration conducted by telephone, based on written submissions, or in person in the county where you live or at another mutually agreed location.",2208
-The arbitrator can grant any remedy that the parties could have received in court to resolve the party's individual claim.,2209
-"We welcome and encourage you to provide feedback, comments and suggestions for improvements to the site or services (``feedback'').",2210
-"If you join a dropbox team, you must use it in compliance with your organization's terms and policies.",2211
-Your user submissions will be sent and published to anyone whose device's contact list contains your phone number and your name.,2212
-"If tripadvisor provides such interactive areas, you are solely responsible for your use of such interactive areas and use them at your own risk.",2213
-6.7 export restrictions : the software may be subject to international rules that govern the export of software.,2214
-Such account is owned and controlled by the business entity.,2215
-Supercell shall have no liability to you or any third party in the event that supercell exercises any such rights.,2216
-"You may not offer any account for sale or trade, and any such offer : (1) is a violation of this agreement ; (2) may result in suspension or termination of the account at blizzard entertainment's sole and absolute discretion ; and (3) will not be opposable to blizzard entertainment.",2217
-"If a court decides that this subsection on ``no class actions'' is not enforceable or valid, then the entire section 17 (agreement to arbitrate and class action waiver) will be null and void (i.e., go away).",2218
-Otherwise the termination shall take effect immediately.,2219
-"If you wish to review the terms of the agreements, the effective version of the agreements can be found on spotify's website.",2220
-"B. to each user of the service, a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free licence to access your content through the service, and to use, reproduce, distribute, prepare derivative works of, display and perform such content to the extent permitted by the functionality of the service and under these terms.",2221
-Your partner restaurant may offer an alternative for any meal it can not provide you with.,2222
-"Microsoft is n't a broker/dealer or registered investment advisor under united states federal securities law or securities laws of other jurisdictions and does n't advise individuals as to the advisability of investing in, purchasing, or selling securities or other financial products or services.",2223
-"Subject to your full compliance with all of the terms of this agreement and the privacy policy, we hereby grant you a limited, personal, non-commercial, non-exclusive, revocable, non-sub-licensable, non-transferable, non-assignable, free of charge, license to download, access and use the service on a device you own or control, for the sole purpose of your personal use of the service in connection with terms provided herein.",2224
-"Every reasonable step will be taken by 9gag, inc to minimize such disruption where it is within 9gag, inc's reasonable control.",2225
-"Video messaging is for personal, individual and non-commercial use only, and to be in accordance with these terms at all times (``legitimate use'').",2226
-"Immediately discontinue use of the yahoo services and consult your physician if you experience any of the following symptoms while using the yahoo service : dizziness, altered vision, eye or muscle twitches, loss of awareness, disorientation, any involuntary movement, or convulsions.",2227
-"In addition, tripadvisor expressly reserves the right to correct any availability and pricing errors on our website and/or on pending reservations made under an incorrect price.",2228
-The aaa consumer arbitration rules (``aaa rules'') governing the arbitration are available online at www.adr.org or by calling the aaa at 1-800-778-7879.,2229
-"If any provision of these terms of service is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, the parties nevertheless agree that the court should endeavor to give effect to the parties' intentions as reflected in the provision, and the other provisions of the terms of service remain in full force and effect.",2230
-"We therefore disclaim all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on such materials by any visitor to our service, or by anyone who may be informed of any of its contents.",2231
-The software is being licensed to you and you hereby acknowledge that no title or ownership in the software is being transferred or assigned and this eula is not to be construed as a sale of any rights in the software.,2232
-"You are strongly urged to take measures to preserve copies of any data, material, content or information you post or upload on the site.",2233
-"While we try to offer reliable data, we can not promise that the catalogs or other content provided through the services will always be available, accurate, complete, and up-to-date.",2234
-Refunds can not be claimed for any partial subscription period.,2235
-We also retain the right to create limits on use and storage at our sole discretion at any time.,2236
-You may also be required to update the software to continue using the services.,2237
-We will notify our members of material changes to these terms and conditions by either sending a notice to the email address provided to us at registration or by placing a notice on our website.,2238
-Skype's subscriptions are for individual use only (personal or business communications) in accordance with our terms of use and this fup (``legitimate use'').,2239
-"In particular, but without limitation, the evernote software may not be (i) exported or re-exported into any countries that are subject to u.s. economic sanctions or (ii) provided to or used by anyone on the u.s. department of the treasury's lists of foreign sanctions evaders or specially designated nationals or the u.s. department of commerce denied persons, unverified, or entity lists.",2240
-The award of the arbitrator will be in writing and will include a statement describing the reasons for the disposition of any claim.,2241
-"Unless the arbitrator finds that the arbitration was frivolous or brought for an improper purpose, oculus will pay all filing, aaa and arbitrator's fees and expenses.",2242
-Commercial use : you may not use the vimeo service for commercial purposes unless : ,2243
-Any amounts owed by either party prior to termination remain owed after termination.,2244
-"(a) u.s. residents : to the fullest extent permissible by law, with the exception of disputes pertaining to viber's intellectual property rights and certain statutory claims that, pursuant to law, are not arbitrable, any dispute of any kind between you and viber arising under these terms shall be resolved through binding arbitration pursuant to the jams streamlined arbitration rules and procedures on an individual basis with no class relief.",2245
-"Further, you agree to be fair, accurate and non-disparaging while reporting numbers, leaving comments, suggestions, feedback, testimonials and reviews on or about the services.",2246
-"Please read the following paragraphs carefully, as they require you to arbitrate disputes with headspace, and limit the manner in which you can seek relief from headspace.",2247
-You acknowledge that spotify's decision in respect of any reward shall be final and binding.,2248
-When you use our services you agree to all of these terms.,2249
-"Microsoft and the names, logos, and icons of all microsoft products, software, and services may be either trademarks or registered trademarks of microsoft in the united states and/or other countries.",2250
-"In addition, you agree not to upload, post, e-mail or otherwise send or transmit any material designed to interrupt, destroy or limit the functionality of any computer software or hardware or telecommunications equipment associated with the netflix service, including any software viruses or any other computer code, files or programs.",2251
-"In addition, host agrees to pay co-host for all co-host services completed prior to co-host's termination within 14 days of co-host's termination via the resolution center.",2252
-"You will pay any applicable taxes, if any, relating to any such purchases, transactions or other monetary transaction interactions.",2253
-"Instead, the host of such listing (s) will be reviewed by guests (including potentially on the basis of the co-host's conduct and performance).",2254
-"When you publish content or information using the public setting, it means that you are allowing everyone, including people off of facebook, to access and use that information, and to associate it with you (i.e., your name and profile picture).",2255
-"Post any information that is abusive, threatening, obscene, defamatory, libelous, or racially, sexually, religiously, or otherwise objectionable or offensive or engage in ongoing toxic behavior, such as by repeatedly posting information on an unsolicited basis.",2256
-"You may not institute, assist, or become involved in an attack upon any world of warcraft server or otherwise attempt to disrupt the world of warcraft servers.",2257
-You must be at least 13 years old to use our services (or such greater age required in your country for you to be authorized to use our services without parental approval).,2258
-"Private information of any third party, including, without limitation, surname (family name) addresses, phone numbers, email addresses, social security numbers and credit card numbers ; ",2259
-Cancellation of these terms of use ,2260
-"Who can use our service : we are excited to have you start playing our games, but there are some limits on who can use our service.",2261
-"If you and a disputed party do not resolve any dispute by informal negotiation or in small claims court, any other effort to resolve the dispute will be conducted exclusively by binding arbitration governed by the united states federal arbitration act (``faa'').",2262
-"Except as otherwise provided on the airbnb platform, service fees are non-refundable.",2263
-Please visit uber's web page at https://www.uber.com/legal for the designated address and additional information.,2264
-Are there countries where i'm not allowed to use evernote ? ,2265
-Use of the information provided on the website may require a license from onavo or a third party under the patents or other intellectual property rights of onavo or that third party.,2266
-"If you have a dispute with one or more users, you release us (and our officers, directors, agents, subsidiaries, joint ventures and employees) from claims, demands and damages (actual and consequential) of every kind and nature, known and unknown, arising out of or in any way connected with such disputes.",2267
-False notifications of claimed infringement or counter notifications.,2268
-Taking a thread off-topic is considered hijacking.,2269
-"That said, we have the right, in our sole discretion, to edit, refuse to post, or remove any user content.",2270
-"Microsoft does not provide medical or any other health care advice, diagnosis, or treatment.",2271
-"You understand that niantic, tpc, and tpci do not screen or inquire into the background of any users of the services.",2272
-You'll honor your payment obligations and you are okay with us storing your payment information.,2273
-"* facebook platform policies : these guidelines outline the policies that apply to applications, including connect sites.",2274
-These activity tracking services rely on sensors and/or gps functionality that track your movement or body at rest.,2275
-"Cause for such termination, limitation of access or suspension shall include, but not be limited to, (a) breaches or violations of the tos or other incorporated agreements or guidelines, (b) requests by law enforcement or other government agencies, (c) discontinuance or material modification to the yahoo services (or any part thereof), (d) unexpected technical or security issues or problems, (e) extended periods of inactivity, (f) engagement by you in fraudulent or illegal activities, and/or (g) nonpayment of any fees owed by you in connection with the yahoo services.",2276
-"Nonetheless, certain acts go beyond what is ``fair'' and are considered serious violations of these terms of use.",2277
-"13.4 in certain jurisdictions, airbnb may decide in its sole discretion to facilitate collection and remittance of occupancy taxes from or on behalf of guests or hosts, in accordance these terms (``collection and remittance'') if such jurisdiction asserts airbnb or hosts have an occupancy tax collection and remittance obligation.",2278
-"In short, what belongs to you stays yours.",2279
-Behaviour is considered utterly unacceptable in case of serious violations of the nintendo code of conduct and other important provisions of this agreement.,2280
-These items are not redeemable or subject to refund and can not be traded outside of the services for money or other items for value.,2281
-"As permitted by local law, you accept the new price by continuing to use the spotify service after the price change takes effect.",2282
-"If you do n't agree with the privacy policy, then you must stop using our services.",2283
-Please review our terms from time to time.,2284
-These terms control the relationship between google and you.,2285
-"If you signed up for an account on or after june 19, 2017, the updated terms apply to you.",2286
-The licenses granted by amazon terminate if you do not comply with these conditions of use or any service terms.,2287
-"Last updated : march 3, 2017 ",2288
-If we modify these terms we will post the modification on the site or provide you with notice of the modification.,2289
-"If you choose to make a purchase through tinder online, you agree to pay tinder all charges at the prices displayed to you for the services you've selected as well as any sales or similar taxes that may be imposed on your payments, and you authorize tinder to charge your chosen payment provider (your ``payment method'').",2290
-It is strictly prohibited to include information in your profile that suggests that you are a spotify employee or moderator or to otherwise pose as such an employee or moderator when using the spotify support community.,2291
-"9gag, inc reserves the right, at its discretion, to modify these terms of service at any time by posting revised terms of service on the site and by providing notice via e-mail, where possible, or on the site.",2292
-"Microsoft uses the processes set out in title 17, united states code, section 512 to respond to notices of copyright infringement.",2293
-"Further, your phone company's normal messaging, data, and other rates and fees will still apply.",2294
-"Interfere with the operation of, or place an unreasonable load on, the services (e.g., spam, denial of service attack, viruses, gaming algorithms) ; and/or ",2295
-"We may take any of these actions at any time, and when we do, we will try to notify you beforehand, but this wo n't always be possible.",2296
-Evernote expressly disclaims any warranty or other assurance to you regarding such third party software.,2297
-You must ensure you comply with any allocation requirements displayed when purchasing a skype number as failure to do so could result in the number being withdrawn.,2298
-"If you are less than eighteen (18) years of age (or the legal age of majority in your jurisdiction, if greater), then your parent or legal guardian must read and accept this agreement, your use of the service, participating in the service, and providing any personal information in connection with the service on your behalf.",2299
-Both you and dropbox consent to venue and personal jurisdiction in such courts.,2300
-"If this is a contract, who are the parties ? ",2301
-"However, if you keep using the service after the changes are posted, you are agreeing that the changes apply to your continued use of the services.",2302
-"We wo n't provide notice before termination where : (a) you're in material breach of these terms, (b) doing so would cause us legal liability or compromise our ability to provide the services to our other users, or (c) we're prohibited from doing so by law.",2303
-Binding arbitration of all disputes ; no class relief.,2304
-These factors are not fault free.,2305
-Vimeo has no obligation to screen or monitor any content and does not guarantee that any content available on the vimeo service complies with this agreement or is suitable for all users.,2306
-"You are responsible for providing all connections, plans, and/or equipment needed to use the services and for paying the fees charged by the provider (s) of your connections, plans, and equipment.",2307
-"Remember, at the outset of these terms of use, where we discussed how you were ``licensed'' the right to use world of warcraft, and that your license was ``limited'' ? ",2308
-"To the extent any disclaimer or limitation of liability does not apply, all applicable express, implied, and statutory warranties will be limited in duration to a period of thirty (30) days after the date on which you first used the vimeo service, and no warranties shall apply after such period.",2309
-The services are available ``as-is'' ,2310
-"If you use third party services to purchase viber out credit, such purchase is also subject to the terms of such third party (including with respect to payment terms, refunds, etc.).",2311
-You acknowledge that your use of the service is at your sole risk.,2312
-"Consequently, instagram encourages you to maintain your own backup of your content.",2313
-"All financial transactions made in connection with the service will be processed by a third party in accordance with their respective terms of use, privacy policy, and/or any applicable payment terms and conditions.",2314
-You and the company agree that you and the company may bring claims against the other only in your or its individual capacity and not as a plaintiff or class member in any purported class or representative proceeding.,2315
-"This notice shall be sent to : tinder, attn : cancellations, p.o. box 25472, dallas, texas 75225, usa (in addition, ohio users may send a facsimile to 214-853-4309).",2316
-• that vimeo will continue to support any particular feature of the vimeo service ; or ,2317
-You agree to process any personal information of your linked account users in accordance with all applicable data protection laws.,2318
-9gag's designated agent for notices of claimed infringement can be contacted at : ,2319
-These terms and conditions are available in the language of the website.,2320
-"(vii) attempt to modify, translate, adapt, edit, decompile, disassemble, or reverse engineer any software programs used by tripadvisor in connection with the website or the services.",2321
-"(5) buy or sell for ``real'' money or exchange gold, weapons, armor, or any other virtual items that may be used in world of warcraft outside the world of warcraft platform ; ",2322
-"2.5 the access to or use of certain areas and features of the airbnb platform may be subject to separate policies, standards or guidelines, or may require that you accept additional terms and conditions.",2323
-11.3 we agree to provide each other with notices in a specified manner.,2324
-"These terms and conditions (``terms'') govern your access to and use of the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms and, together with our privacy policy, constitute a legal agreement between you and skyscanner.",2325
-"If you accept any offer, you may have to sign a declaration of eligibility and liability release, or sign other paperwork in order to get the offer.",2326
-"However, nothing contained herein shall be construed so as to place an obligation upon blizzard entertainment to provide the service beyond the time that world of warcraft is out of publication.",2327
-General practices regarding use and storage ,2328
-"If you do not wish to continue using the service under the new version of the agreements, you may terminate the agreements by contacting us through the customer service contact form.",2329
-"Yahoo respects the intellectual property of others, and we ask our users to do the same.",2330
-You agree not to use the service for any other purpose.,2331
-You agree that we are not responsible for others' (including other members') content or information.,2332
-If you are under 13 years of age you may not use the services.,2333
-This page (together with the documents referred to on it) tells you the terms and conditions on which our partner restaurants supply any of their meals (the ``meals'') listed on our site to you.,2334
-"Please also note that the linked sites are not under our control and may collect data or ask you to provide them with your personal or other information, or they may automatically collect information from you.",2335
-"If the need arises, we may suspend access to our site and our service, or close them indefinitely.",2336
-"After you place an order, you may receive a communication from us acknowledging that we have received your order (``order acknowledgement'').",2337
-"9gag, inc makes no representations or warranties of any kind with respect to the site, the services, including any representation or warranty that the use of the site or services will (a) be timely, uninterrupted or error-free or operate in combination with any other hardware, software, system or data, (b) meet your requirements or expectations, (c) be free from errors or that defects will be corrected, (d) be free of viruses or other harmful components.",2338
-"You may not assign any of your rights under these terms, and any such attempt will be void.",2339
-"Vivino also reserves the right to access, read, preserve, and disclose any information as vivino reasonably believes is necessary to (i) satisfy any applicable law, regulation, legal process or governmental request, (ii) enforce these terms of use, including investigation of potential violations hereof, (iii) detect, prevent, or otherwise address fraud, security or technical issues, (iv) respond to user support requests, or (v) protect the rights, property or safety of vivino, its users and the public.",2340
-"22.7 unless specified otherwise, any notices or other communications to members permitted or required under this agreement, will be in writing and given by airbnb via email, airbnb platform notification, or messaging service (including sms and wechat).",2341
-"These other sites are not under the control of viber, and you acknowledge that (whether or not such sites are affiliated in any way with viber) viber is not responsible for the accuracy, copyright compliance, legality, decency, or any other aspect of the content of such sites, and that your use of such sites is subject to their respective terms of use.",2342
-"Address : 1601 willow road, menlo park, ca 94025, usa ",2343
-You will not solicit login credentials from another user.,2344
-"However, certain technical difficulties or maintenance may, from time to time, result in temporary interruptions.",2345
-"You (and also any third party for whom you operate an account or activity on the service) agree to defend (at instagram's request), indemnify and hold the instagram parties harmless from and against any claims, liabilities, damages, losses, and expenses, including without limitation, reasonable attorney's fees and costs, arising out of or in any way connected with any of the following (including as a result of your direct activities on the service or those conducted on your behalf) : (i) your content or your access to or use of the service ; (ii) your breach or alleged breach of these terms of use ; (iii) your violation of any third-party right, including without limitation, any intellectual property right, publicity, confidentiality, property or privacy right ; (iv) your violation of any laws, rules, regulations, codes, statutes, ordinances or orders of any governmental and quasi-governmental authorities, including, without limitation, all regulatory, administrative and legislative authorities ; or (v) any misrepresentation made by you.",2346
-In short : you may not use the services or the content on the services in ways that are not authorized by these terms.,2347
-Here's some information about all the ways you can enjoy spotify.,2348
-You certify and represent that the information or feedback you submit to us through the services is not confidential or proprietary information.,2349
-"Note that blizzard entertainment either owns, or has exclusively licensed, all of the content which appears in world of warcraft.",2350
-All contents of this website are : © 2017 tripadvisor.,2351
-No access to emergency services : there are important differences between whatsapp and your mobile and fixed-line telephone and sms services.,2352
-"Unless otherwise specified in these term of use, all notices under these terms of use will be in writing and will be deemed to have been duly given when received, if personally delivered or sent by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested ; when receipt is electronically confirmed, if transmitted by facsimile or e-mail ; or the day after it is sent, if sent for next day delivery by recognized overnight delivery service.",2353
-"Unless we state otherwise, changes are effective when posted.",2354
-User content subject to a separate license with zynga (which will be subject to the terms of such license).,2355
-"As a condition to using services, subscriber will be required to register with 9gag, inc and select a password and 9gag, inc url.",2356
-"You may not use our copyrights, trademarks, domains, logos, trade dress, patents, and other intellectual property rights unless you have our express permission and except in accordance with our brand guidelines.",2357
-Please check the (reservation) details of your product or service of choice thoroughly for any such conditions prior to making your reservation.,2358
-"Tripadvisor accepts no liability for travelers who are refused entry onto a flight or into any country because of the traveler's failure to carry the travel documents required by any airline, authority, or country, including countries the traveler may just be passing through en route to his or her destination.",2359
-"However, because we want to protect you and other users and make sure your experience is positive, we reserve the right at all times (but will not have an obligation) to remove or refuse to distribute any user content on the service, to suspend or terminate users, and to block participants of viber public chats without liability to us, including where such user content, in our sole discretion, violates these terms, including these house rules, the public chat & public accounts terms & guidelines or any additional terms, or that we otherwise find objectionable.",2360
-"This information must be complete and accurate, and you are responsible for keeping it up to date.",2361
-Please be aware that any fee or subscription plan is exclusive of all taxes.,2362
-This license is personal to you and may not be assigned or sublicensed to anyone else.,2363
-The brand may not stream media.,2364
-"Accordingly, by using the service and uploading content, you are granting evernote a license to display, perform and distribute your content and to modify (for technical purposes, e.g., making sure content is viewable on smartphones as well as computers and other devices) and reproduce such content to enable evernote to operate the service.",2365
-9 § andra stycket yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen).,2366
-In connection with using or accessing the services you will not : ,2367
-"You acknowledge and agree that airbnb shall have the right to use any verified images in advertising, marketing and/or any other business purposes in any media or platform, whether in relation to your listing or otherwise, without further notice or compensation to you.",2368
-"These terms of use apply to all users of the service, including, without limitation, users who are contributors of content, information, and other materials or services on the site, individual users of the service, venues that access the service, and users that have a page on the service ",2369
-"For example, we may need to do so in connection with an update to our services, like to bring you the most up-to-date and innovative features, or to address a legal or safety concern.",2370
-"Effective date : july 29, 2016 ",2371
-"Some of the service is supported by advertising revenue and may display advertisements and promotions, and you hereby agree that instagram may place such advertising and promotions on the service or on, about, or in conjunction with your content.",2372
-The specific information that we extract may depend on the privacy settings you have with the sns.,2373
-The fourth paragraph of section 8 shall apply to the refund of license fees.,2374
-You are responsible for anything that happens through your account.,2375
-"Niantic, tpc, and tpci make no warranty that the services will meet your requirements or be available on an uninterrupted, secure, or error - free basis, and we make no warranty regarding the quality, accuracy, timeliness, truthfulness, completeness, or reliability of any content.",2376
-"The swedish authority for press, radio and television (sw : myndigheten för press, radio och tv) has issued a publishing certificate (sw : utgivningsbevis) for the truecaller database and website (truecaller, www.truecaller.com) in accordance with the database rule of the swedish fundamental law on freedom of expression (sw : 1 kap.",2377
-"If the class action waiver at section 24.2 is found to be unenforceable in arbitration or if any part of this section 24.3 is found to be invalid or unenforceable, then the entirety of this section 24.3 shall be null and void and, in such case, the parties agree that the exclusive jurisdiction and venue described in section 24.1 shall govern any action arising out of or related to the agreements.",2378
-"Subject to the terms of these terms and conditions, duolingo grants you a non-transferable, non-exclusive license to download, install, and use one copy of each app in object code form only on an interactive wireless device that you own or control.",2379
-Here are some important details about how to read the contract.,2380
-Applicable from : 7 may 2013.,2381
-"Welcome to the tripadvisor website or mobile properties, including related applications (collectively, this ``website'').",2382
-"You acknowledge that no other written, oral or electronic communications will serve to modify or supplement this agreement, and you agree not to make any claims inconsistent with this understanding or in reliance on communications not part of this agreement.",2383
-You may need to upgrade to a new version in order to enjoy the benefit of certain products.,2384
-"Uber shall not be liable for indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, punitive or consequential damages, including lost profits, lost data, personal injury or property damage related to, in connection with, or otherwise resulting from any use of the services, even if uber has been advised of the possibility of such damages.",2385
-"No licences or rights are granted to you by implication or otherwise, except for the licences and rights expressly granted to you.",2386
-"Upon such termination or suspension, your right to use the services will immediately cease.",2387
-8.2 charges for other paid for products : the charges for other paid for products will be confirmed to you before you complete a purchase from skype.,2388
-"If microsoft disables the ability to use the applications on your devices pursuant to your agreement with microsoft, any associated license rights will terminate.",2389
-Brands may wish to consult spotify's brand playlist guidelines.,2390
-Please see also paragraph 19.1.,2391
-"The company has discretion, however, to terminate the account of any user after receipt of a single notification of claimed infringement or upon the company's own determination.",2392
-"(in some cases, that jurisdiction will be ``exclusive'', meaning that no other countries' courts can preside over the matter ; have jurisdiction ; in other cases, the jurisdiction is ``non-exclusive'', meaning that other countries' courts may have jurisdiction as well.",2393
-Not in violation of the law ; ,2394
-"The arbitration will be conducted by the american arbitration association (aaa) under its rules, including the aaa's supplementary procedures for consumer-related disputes.",2395
-"To the extent not waivable, you irrevocably agree not to exercise such rights (if any) in a manner that interferes with any exercise of the granted rights.",2396
-"The spotify services that may be accessed after payment are currently referred to as the ``premium service'' and the ``unlimited service'' (together, the ``paid subscriptions'').",2397
-"Make available through the service any material or information that infringes any copyright, trademark, patent, trade secret, right of privacy, right of publicity, or other right of any person or entity or impersonates any other person, including without limitation a supercell employee.",2398
-"Nothing in the agreements removes or limits spotify's liability for fraud, fraudulent misrepresentation, death or personal injury caused by its negligence, and, if required by applicable law, gross negligence.",2399
-The federal arbitration act governs the interpretation and enforcement of this agreement to arbitrate.,2400
-"We strive to keep the services up and running ; however, all online services suffer occasional disruptions and outages, and microsoft is not liable for any disruption or loss you may suffer as a result.",2401
-Violate any applicable law or regulation ; or ,2402
-"14.4 if any court of law, having the jurisdiction to decide on this matter, rules that any provision of these terms is invalid, then that provision will be removed from the terms without affecting the rest of the terms.",2403
-"If you are a resident of south korea : the under armour contracting party for under armour shopping is under amour korea, ltd..",2404
-"Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion or limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages, so the foregoing limitation of liability shall apply to the fullest extent permitted by law in the applicable jurisdiction.",2405
-"While there is third party evidence from research that meditation can assist in the prevention and recovery process for a wide array of conditions as well as in improving some performance and relationship issues, headspace makes no claims, representations or guarantees that the products provide a therapeutic benefit.",2406
-The application publisher knew or should have known about the possibility of the damages.,2407
-"Skype may in its sole discretion block, prevent delivery of or otherwise remove the content of communications as part of its effort to protect the software, products or its customers, or otherwise enforce these terms.",2408
-You agree not to sue us or bring arbitration in any other forum.,2409
-Tinder is not responsible for the availability (or lack of availability) of such external websites or resources.,2410
-"Some of the characters, logos, or other images incorporated by viber in our services are also protected as registered or unregistered trademarks, trade names, and/or service marks owned by viber or others (``trademarks'').",2411
-But we ca n't guarantee it.,2412
-"Late payment, wrong bank, debit or credit card details, invalid credit/debit cards or insufficient funds are for your own risk and account and you shall not be entitled to any refund of any (non-refundable) prepaid amount unless the supplier agrees or allows otherwise under its (pre) payment and cancellation policy.",2413
-Notice for claims of intellectual property violations and copyright infringement pursuant to section 512 (c) of title 17 of the united states code ,2414
-"You agree not to modify, copy or distribute any such information in any manner whatsoever without having first received the express permission of the owner of such information.",2415
-"F. prohibited commercial uses shall not include (i) uploading an original video to youtube, (ii) maintaining an original channel on the website in order to promote a business or artistic enterprise, (iii) showing youtube videos through the youtube player or otherwise on an ad-enabled blog or website, subject to those advertising restrictions set out in 5.1 (e) (iii) above ; and (iv) any use that is expressly authorised by youtube in writing ; ",2416
-"Uber may, in uber's sole discretion, permit you from time to time to submit, upload, publish or otherwise make available to uber through the services textual, audio, and/or visual content and information, including commentary and feedback related to the services, initiation of support requests, and submission of entries for competitions and promotions (``user content'').",2417
-You must follow any policies made available to you within the services.,2418
-A. united states and canada.,2419
-We do n't guarantee refunds.,2420
-Use the service or any content contained in the service for any commercial purposes without our written consent.,2421
-"Should you desire to do so, please contact your credit card issuer.",2422
-The arbitration will not require any personal appearance by the parties or witnesses unless otherwise mutually agreed in writing by the parties ; and ,2423
-Notice for claims of copyright violations and agent for notice ,2424
-"You understand that you will not receive any fees, sums, consideration or remuneration for any of the rights granted in this section.",2425
-The customer who has contracted with evernote and the administrator of the evernote business account (as ``customer'' and ``administrator'' are defined in the applicable evernote business agreement) have the responsibility to and agree to share the terms of such separate agreement with each individual whose user account is linked to that evernote business account (``end user'').,2426
-"Unless otherwise expressly required by applicable law, each party shall bear its own attorneys' fees without regard to which party is deemed the prevailing party in the arbitration proceeding.",2427
-(i) you do not own the number or have a right to retain that number forever ; ,2428
-"To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, under no circumstances (including, without limitation, negligence) shall under armour, its subsidiaries, partners or any wireless carriers be liable to you or any third party for (a) any indirect, incidental, special, reliance, exemplary, punitive, or consequential damages of any kind whatsoever ; (b) loss of profits, revenue, data, use, goodwill, or other intangible losses ; (c) damages relating to your access to, use of, or inability to access or use the services ; (d) damages relating to any conduct or content of any third party or athlete using the services, including without limitation, defamatory, offensive or illegal conduct or content ; and/or (e) damages in any manner relating to any third-party content, third-party products or third-party activities accessed via the services.",2429
-"In order for you to download and use digital products via the nintendo shopping services, a licence for the respective digital product needs to be registered.",2430
-You may redeem your points by visiting the redemption center or you may contribute points to a listed nonprofit organization.,2431
-"The tos constitutes the entire agreement between you and yahoo and governs your use of the yahoo services, superseding any prior version of this tos between you and yahoo with respect to the yahoo services.",2432
-"You will not be entitled to claim damages for such suspension or limitation of the use of any software, product or skype website.",2433
-"The company may modify, revalue, or make gifts more or less common, valuable, effective, or functional.",2434
-"Our platform does not constitute and should not be regarded as a recommendation or endorsement of the quality, service level, qualification or (star) rating of any supplier (or its facilities, venue, products or services) made available.",2435
-A description of the copyrighted work that you claim has been infringed ; ,2436
-"To the extent allowed under law, these changes may be effective upon notice provided to you.",2437
-"You own your user content, but you give zynga a perpetual and irrevocable (other than as provided below), worldwide, fully paid-up and royalty free, non-exclusive, license to use your user content and any modified and derivative works thereof in connection with the service, including in marketing and promotions.",2438
-Our privacy policy explains how we collect and use your information while our acceptable use policy outlines your responsibilities when using our services.,2439
-"Such modifications include, but are not limited to, changing of fonts, reducing picture resolutions, encrypting data, etc..",2440
-19.11 no class actions or representative proceedings.,2441
-"However, skype may (a) require you to download and install updates ; or (b) download and install updates from skype automatically from time to time unless you have chosen (through your skype client settings) not to receive automatic updates.",2442
-Any judgment on the award rendered by the arbitrator may be entered in any court of competent jurisdiction.,2443
-You agree that your account will be subject to this automatic renewal feature.,2444
-"5.2 use of your equipment : the internet communications software may use the processing capabilities, memory and bandwidth of the computer (or other applicable device) you are using, for the limited purpose of facilitating the communication and establishing the connection between internet communications software users.",2445
-"The company reserves the right, at its sole discretion, to periodically amend or revise the terms of this agreement ; material changes will be effective immediately upon the publication of the amended agreement.",2446
-"By using the tripadvisor websites, you represent and warrant that you are not located in, under the control of, or a national or resident of any such country or on any such list.",2447
-"No value, either express or implied, is guaranteed or warranted with respect to any content, including virtual tender or any other virtual goods and services.",2448
-"To cancel, go to the ``your account'' page and follow the instructions for cancellation.",2449
-"2.1 in order to use the service, you must firstly agree to the terms.",2450
-"You hereby agree that any claim may have arising out of or related to your relationship with the company must be filed within one (1) year after from the arising incident ; otherwise, your claim shall be permanently barred.",2451
-Please note that certain rates or special offers are not eligible for cancellation or change.,2452
-"Accordingly, by sending feedback to the company, you agree that : ",2453
-"If you make a submission, you represent and warrant that you own or otherwise control the rights to your submission.",2454
-"(b) undertake, cause, permit or authorise the modification, creation of derivative works or improvements, translation, reverse engineering, decompiling, disassembling, decryption, emulation, hacking, discovery or attempted discovery of the source code or protocols of the software or any part or features thereof (except to the extent permitted by law) ; ",2455
-"Evernote does not warrant that (i) the service will meet all of your requirements ; (ii) the service will be uninterrupted, timely, secure or error-free ; or (iii) all errors in the software or service will be corrected.",2456
-"Except as otherwise set forth in these terms, these terms shall be exclusively governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the netherlands, excluding its rules on conflicts of laws.",2457
-"You may not use the service for any other purpose, or in connection with any other software.",2458
-"Moreover, the internet communications software may not be exported or re exported from the us to or downloaded by any person or entity subject to us sanctions regardless of location.",2459
-We may make changes to this agreement and to the services from time to time.,2460
-"Betterpoints.uk is also not responsible or liable for any reputational and goodwill damage or loss to you through being associated with betterpoints.uk by being a member, partner, merchant or any other involvement with betterpoints.uk within the area of causes.",2461
-"The completed guest review may be (a) uploaded onto the relevant supplier's information page on our platform for the sole purpose of informing (future) customers of your opinion of the service (level) and quality of the supplier, and (b) (wholly or partly) used and placed by booking.com at its sole discretion (e.g. for marketing, promotion or improvement of our service) on our platform or such social media platforms, newsletters, special promotions, apps or other channels owned, hosted, used or controlled by booking.com and our business partners.",2462
-System abuse ; bulk messaging.,2463
-Uploading material to our site and our service ,2464
-"Therefore, the appearance or placement of listings in search and browse results will depend on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to : ",2465
-"If there is a substantial change in the itinerary or the host service needs to be cancelled, airbnb will work with the host to provide guests an alternative date for the host service, an appropriate refund or a rebooking.",2466
-All claims you bring against the company must be resolved in accordance with this dispute resolution section.,2467
-Zynga gives you a limited license to use your account and the related items while we offer the services ,2468
-"In particular, content that promotes an illegal or unauthorized copy of another person's copyrighted work, such as providing pirated computer programs or links to them, providing information to circumvent manufacture-installed copy-protect devices, or providing pirated music or links to pirated music files ; ",2469
-(h) rejecting future arbitration changes.,2470
-The courts in some countries may not apply the laws of england and wales to some disputes related to these terms.,2471
-Each partner restaurant has a prescribed delivery area.,2472
-"For the avoidance of doubt, the choice of texas governing law shall not supersede any mandatory consumer protection legislation in such jurisdictions.",2473
-"The spotify service is integrated with third party applications, websites, and services (``third party applications'') to make available content, products, and/or services to you.",2474
-"If you register with the duolingo english test, you further represent and warrant that the identification materials you submit to duolingo are true and accurate representations of legal identification documents, issued to you by a government entity in accordance with local laws, and that you are registering for the duolingo english test for the express purpose of taking a language examination.",2475
-Mobile app : your use of the vimeo service through one of our mobile applications is also subject to our mobile app addendum.,2476
-You can look at aaa's rules and procedures on their website www.adr.org or you can call them at 1-800-778-7879.,2477
-"1.4 if you choose to use the airbnb platform as a host or co-host (as defined below), your relationship with airbnb is limited to being an independent, third-party contractor, and not an employee, agent, joint venturer or partner of airbnb for any reason, and you act exclusively on your own behalf and for your own benefit, and not on behalf, or for the benefit, of airbnb.",2478
-A description of where the material that you claim is infringing is located on the service (and such description must be reasonably sufficient to enable us to find the alleged infringing material) ; ,2479
-"If you are a seller, you are liable for transaction fees arising out of all sales made using some or all ebay services, even if sales terms are finalized or payment is made outside of ebay.",2480
-"All of our rights and obligations under our terms are freely assignable by us to any of our affiliates or in connection with a merger, acquisition, restructuring, or sale of assets, or by operation of law or otherwise, and we may transfer your information to any of our affiliates, successor entities, or new owner.",2481
-We will also provide you with notice of the modifications by email at least thirty (30) days before the date they become effective.,2482
-"Your content in memories might become unavailable for any number of reasons, including things like an operational glitch or a decision on our end to terminate your account.",2483
-The service may allow you to purchase or use gifts or other digital products (``gifts'') for other users.,2484
-"You acknowledge and agree that the airbnb platform and airbnb content, including all associated intellectual property rights, are the exclusive property of airbnb and/or its licensors or authorizing third-parties.",2485
-"Headspace reserves the right, at its own expense, to assume the exclusive defense and control of any matter otherwise subject to indemnification by you, and in such case, you agree to cooperate with headspace defense of such claim.",2486
-"By using or accessing the services, you agree to become bound by all the terms and conditions of this agreement.",2487
-"Moreover, the company solely owns all design rights, databases and compilation and other intellectual property rights in and to the service, in each case whether registered or unregistered, and any related goodwill.",2488
-10.1 headspace is a provider of online and mobile meditation content in the health & wellness space.,2489
-Fractions of minutes will be rounded up to the next minute.,2490
-Instagram does not claim ownership of any content that you post on or through the service.,2491
-"We also aim to provide information about our refund, exchange, re-stocking, taxes, shipping, and related policies at or near the point of purchase.",2492
-"Bully, ``stalk,'' intimidate, harass or defame any person.",2493
-"You agree not to exploit the services or the content in any unauthorized way whatsoever, including but not limited to, trespassing or burdening network capacity.",2494
-"By mail : headspace, inc..",2495
-"To learn more, visit our how to report claims of intellectual property infringement page.",2496
-"As used in this agreement, references to a determination made in linden lab's discretion means that the determination will be made by linden lab in accordance with its good faith business judgment.",2497
-"Submits, transfers, or otherwise provides to or through the use of the services.",2498
-"You also agree not to use the service for illegal or unlawful purposes, including, without limitation, to stalk any other user.",2499
-"If you believe that your intellectual property rights have been infringed, please notify our vero team and we will investigate.",2500
-"Microsoft will provide you with an online billing statement on the microsoft account management website, where you can view and print your statement.",2501
-And we may suspend or stop a service altogether.,2502
-"If you are unable to download, install or access purchased content, please contact us through the support portal at https://support.oculus.com.",2503
-"Attempt to gain unauthorized access to the service, accounts registered to others or to the computers, servers, or networks connected to the service by any means other than the user interface provided by supercell, including but not limited to, by circumventing or modifying, attempting to circumvent or modify, or encouraging or assisting any other person to circumvent or modify, any security, technology, device, or software that is part of the service.",2504
-"Above is subject to the limitations set forth in these terms of use, the eula and the bnet tou.",2505
-You may not use our service if : ,2506
-Safety ; your interactions with other users.,2507
-Our notice to you will be sent to you based on the most recent contact information that you provide us.,2508
-"You may not assign, delegate, or otherwise transfer your account or your obligations under these terms without our prior written consent.",2509
-"To cancel, you can either (i) email us at support@academia.edu and follow instructions, if any, we provide to you in response to your cancellation request, or (ii) initiate a cancellation through your account settings within the services.",2510
-Parents or legal guardians are responsible for using the parental control functionalities offered by nintendo as part of the nintendo account service if they want to limit their children's use of nintendo account service.,2511
-Subscriber shall be responsible for ensuring that such equipment or ancillary services are compatible with the services.,2512
-"You may be required to provide additional information, like your mailing address and a telephone number (other than a voip or toll-free number), and you may also be asked to enter a fraud-prevention code or sign additional legal documents to redeem points for rewards.",2513
-"``zynga affiliates'' refers to the zynga corporate family plus zynga's and the zynga corporate family's third-party content providers, distributors, licensees or licensors.",2514
-"You irrevocably waive all rights to seek injunctive or other equitable relief, or to enjoin or restrain the operation of the service or any supercell game, exploitation of any advertising or other materials issued in connection therewith, or exploitation of the service or any content or other material used or displayed through the service and agree to limit your claims to claims for monetary damages, limited by section 7 (if any).",2515
-"Post any content that is hate speech, threatening, sexually explicit or pornographic ; incites violence ; or contains nudity or graphic or gratuitous violence.",2516
-Or assist or permit any person in engaging in any of the activities described above.,2517
-"Linkedin reserves the right to limit your use of the services, including the number of your connections and your ability to contact other members.",2518
-You are responsible for your dealings with third parties.,2519
-"7.1.4 pictures, animations or videos (collectively, ``images'') used in your listings must accurately reflect the quality and condition of your host services.",2520
-"Equitable remedies : you hereby agree that if the terms of this eula are not specifically observed, rovio will be irreparably damaged, and therefore you agree that rovio shall be entitled, without bond, other security or proof of damages, to appropriate equitable remedies with respect to your breach of any of the terms of this eula, in addition to any other available remedies.",2521
-"The services are provided ``as is'' and ``as available'' and to the extent permitted by law without warranties of any kind, either express or implied, including, but not limited to, implied warranties, conditions, or other terms relating to merchantability, satisfactory quality, fitness for a particular purpose, title, quiet enjoyment, non-infringement, or arising from a course of dealing.",2522
-"If you do, the most recent version of section 15 before the change you rejected will apply.",2523
-Use of the services and your account ,2524
-"We may discontinue some or all of our services, including certain features and the support for certain devices and platforms, at any time.",2525
-This website may link you to supplier sites or other websites that tripadvisor does not operate or control.,2526
-Obvious errors and mistakes (including misprints) are not binding.,2527
-"To the extent allowed by law, the english language version of this contract is binding and other translations are for convenience only.",2528
-"If any provision of this agreement is found to be unenforceable or invalid, that provision shall be limited or eliminated to the minimum extent necessary so that this agreement shall otherwise remain in full force and effect and enforceable.",2529
-(a) an electronic or physical signature of the person authorized to act on behalf of the owner of the copyright or other intellectual property interest ; ,2530
-All claims filed or brought contrary to the dispute resolution section shall be considered improperly filed and a breach of these terms of service.,2531
-What are the terms of service ? ,2532
-Tripadvisor in no way guarantees that this information is correct nor is it in anyway responsible for content or services provided on such third party websites.,2533
-"If you reside in the european union, you acknowledge that you will therefore no longer have the right to cancel under the eu's consumer rights directive (as implemented by the law of the country where you are located) once we start to supply the virtual item.",2534
-"The site is protected by copyright as a collective work and/or compilation, pursuant to hong kong copyright laws, international conventions, and other copyright laws.",2535
-"If you cancel your airbnb account as a guest, any confirmed booking (s) will be automatically cancelled and any refund will depend upon the terms of the listing's cancellation policy.",2536
-"Linden lab's receipt of your unsolicited ideas and materials is not an admission by linden lab of their novelty, priority, or originality, and it does not impair linden lab's right to contest existing or future intellectual property rights relating to your unsolicited ideas and materials.",2537
-"This license is for the sole purpose of letting you use and enjoy the services' benefits in a way that these terms and our usage policies, such as our community guidelines, allow.",2538
-Viber may suspend any users whose conduct or postings are under investigation and may remove such material from its servers as it deems appropriate and without notice.,2539
-Such functionality is subject to delays beyond ebay's control.,2540
-"The prevailing party in any arbitration or other proceeding arising under these terms of use shall be entitled to receive reimbursement of its reasonable expenses (including reasonable attorneys' fees, expert witness fees and all other expenses) incurred in connection therewith.",2541
-"Academia, inc. (``academia.edu'' or ``we'') offers a social networking service which enables its users, including graduate students and academics, to create academic profile pages and to connect with other users, including graduate students and academics, around the world with the same research interests (the ``services'') through our website, accessible at academia.edu (the ``site'').",2542
-"All provisions of these terms of use which by their nature should survive termination shall survive termination, including, without limitation, ownership provisions, warranty disclaimers, indemnity and limitations of liability.",2543
-"However, if you are a subscriber for evernote plus, evernote premium, evernote business or another paid version of the service (each a ``paid service'') and find that any such modifications or interruption of the paid service adversely affects you, you may notify our customer support team, explain the adverse impact the modification has created and, if you desire, request a termination of your paid service.",2544
-No waiver of any of these terms will be deemed a further or continuing waiver of such term or condition or any other term or condition.,2545
-The aaa's rules are available at www.adr.org or by calling 1-800-778-7879.,2546
-You are responsible for keeping your password secret and secure.,2547
-6.2 the licensor is not in any way responsible for the use made by the licensee of the service.,2548
-"Prices are liable to change at any time, but changes will not affect orders in respect of which you have been presented with the confirmation email, save in the case of an obvious pricing mistake, whereby we will notify you as soon as we can about the pricing issue.",2549
-You agree to pay all fees and applicable taxes incurred by you or anyone using an account registered to you.,2550
-"16/f, king palace plaza, ",2551
-Many of our services are accessible to international sellers and buyers.,2552
-A person who purchases the gift is referred to in these terms as the ``giftor''.,2553
-"Subscriber warrants, represents and agrees subscriber has the right to grant 9gag, inc and the site the rights set forth above.",2554
-"If you reside in one of those countries, the laws of your home country may apply to those disputes.",2555
-"Snap group limited grants you a personal, worldwide, royalty-free, non-assignable, nonexclusive, revocable, and non-sublicensable license to access and use the services.",2556
-"``booking.com'', ``us'', ``we'' or ``our'' means booking.com b.v., a limited liability company incorporated under the laws of the netherlands, and having its registered address at herengracht 597, 1017 ce, amsterdam, the netherlands.",2557
-"Additionally, you agree to permit microsoft to use any updated account information regarding your selected payment method provided by your issuing bank or the applicable payment network.",2558
-"In addition to being the minimum age required to use our services under applicable law, if you are not old enough to have authority to agree to our terms in your country, your parent or guardian must agree to our terms on your behalf.",2559
-We may cancel unconfirmed accounts or accounts that have been inactive for a long time or modify or discontinue our services.,2560
-"We may at any time and from time to time, in our sole discretion, change the fees and charges, or add new fees and charges, in relation to any of the products.",2561
-Where does my data go ? ,2562
-"If you do n't sign in during this time, we will assume your microsoft account is inactive and will close it for you.",2563
-"Use of the yahoo services and transfer, posting and uploading of software, technology, and other technical data via the yahoo services may be subject to the export and import laws of the united states and other countries.",2564
-These are the limits of legal liability we may have to you.,2565
-"Vivino will not be liable for the privacy of email addresses, registration and identification information, disk space, communications, confidential or trade-secret information, or any other content stored on vivino's equipment, transmitted over networks accessed by the site, or otherwise connected with your use of the service.",2566
-Use of the amazon software.,2567
-Your use of the service is at your own risk.,2568
-"False, incorrect, or outdated information may prevent you from registering and impair our ability to contact you.",2569
-You must keep this information up to date.,2570
-Tinder is not responsible or liable for such third parties' terms or actions.,2571
-"In consideration of your use of the yahoo services, you represent that you are of legal age to form a binding contract and are not a person barred from receiving the yahoo services under the laws of the united states or other applicable jurisdiction.",2572
-"We will respond to notices of alleged copyright infringement that comply with applicable law and are properly provided to us, as described in our copyright policy (https://support.twitter.com/articles/15795).",2573
-You acknowledge that any personally identifiable information which you submit to or via the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms may be used by us in accordance with our privacy policy.,2574
-"You acknowledge that you have read and understood the agreements, accept these agreements, and agree to be bound by them.",2575
-"These terms shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of sweden, excluding its choice of law rules.",2576
-"You certify that you are of the legal age of majority in the jurisdiction in which you reside or, if you are between the ages of 13 and the legal age of majority, that you are using the services with the supervision of your parent or legal guardian who agrees to be bound by these terms of service.",2577
-"If you purchase a subscription through the google play store you may cancel automatic renewals in account settings under subscriptions in the google play app, or according to the current process outlined by google play.",2578
-"You will not use the service to engage in any form of harassment or offensive behaviour, including but not limited to the posting of communications, pictures or recordings which contain libelous, slanderous, abusive or defamatory statements, or racist, pornographic, obscene, or offensive language ; ",2579
-"You represent and warrant that if you are an individual, you are of legal age to form a binding contract, or that if you are registering on behalf of an entity, that you are authorized to enter into, and bind the entity to, these terms of use and register for the service.",2580
-"We advise you to periodically read the terms of this agreement, as they may change from time to time.",2581
-Includes anyone's identification documents or sensitive financial information ; or ,2582
-Microsoft in its sole discretion determines what constitutes a search or acquisition that qualifies for points.,2583
-"To protect your account, keep your account details and password confidential.",2584
-"10.2 you acknowledge and agree that youtube is not responsible for the availability of any such external sites or resources, and does not endorse any advertising, products or other materials on or available from such web sites or resources.",2585
-"Onavo reserves the right to make corrections, modifications, enhancements, improvements and other changes to the services at any time or to discontinue the services without notice.",2586
-"If you submit a counter notification to the company in response to a notification of claimed infringement, then the company will promptly provide the person who provided the notification of claimed infringement with a copy of your counter notification and inform that person that the company will replace the removed user content or feedback or cease disabling access to it in 10 business days, and the company will replace the removed user content or feedback and cease disabling access to it not less than 10, nor more than 14, business days following receipt of the counter notification, unless the company's designated agent receives notice from the party that submitted the notification of claimed infringement that such person has filed an action seeking a court order to restrain the user from engaging in infringing activity relating to the material on the company's system or network.",2587
-You represent and warrant that you will read all health and safety warnings and instructions before using the services.,2588
-"Noe may, in its sole discretion, restrict the maximum amount of funds that may be uploaded to your wallet.",2589
-You can find additional information about some of the legal obligations that may apply to you on our responsible hosting pages.,2590
-Make sure that you review these terms of service with your parent or guardian so that you both understand all of your rights and obligations.,2591
-10.4 there have been rare reports where people with certain psychiatric problems like anxiety and depression have experienced worsening conditions in conjunction with intensive meditation practice.,2592
-"You agree to comply with all applicable laws when using the services, and you may only use the services for lawful purposes (e.g., no transport of unlawful or hazardous materials).",2593
-"By continuing to use or access the services after the updates come into effect, you agree to be bound by the revised terms.",2594
-"(9) participate in any action that, in the sole and absolute opinion of blizzard entertainment, results or may result in an authorized user of world of warcraft being ``scammed'' or defrauded out of gold, weapons, armor, or any other items that user has earned through authorized game play in world of warcraft.",2595
-"Other than as set out in this section, the agreements are not intended to grant rights to anyone except you and spotify, and in no event shall the agreements create any third party beneficiary rights.",2596
-"Your rights will be determined by a neutral arbitrator, not a judge or jury, and the arbitrator shall determine all issues regarding the arbitrability of the dispute.",2597
-"Or, you can write to us at : ",2598
-"With respect to content made available by headspace through the products that is specifically identified as available for distribution by you (``distribution content'') as part of your blog or other online commentary, analysis or review (``user commentary''), headspace grants you a limited right to download, reproduce and distribute distribution content over the internet as part of your user commentary.",2599
-Term : this agreement begins on the date you first use the vimeo service and continues as long as you have an account with us.,2600
-"2.3 you may not use the service and may not accept the terms if (a) you are not of legal age to form a binding contract with youtube, or (b) you are a person who is either barred or otherwise legally prohibited from receiving or using the service under the laws of the country in which you are resident or from which you access or use the service.",2601
-Use your real name on your profile ; ,2602
-Supercell does not claim any ownership rights in your user content and nothing in these terms of service is intended to restrict any rights that you may have to use and exploit your user content.,2603
-"Rewards will be emailed to the email address you provide when ordering your reward, so keep your email address up to date.",2604
-"Rules related to ``chat'', interaction with other users or with blizzard entertainment representatives.",2605
-Tinder stacks is an imessage app that allows users to have a tinder-like experience outside of tinder.,2606
-"The content of communications may be protected by intellectual property rights, which are owned by third parties.",2607
-"Our services may be accessed on third-party devices or other products (``third party products''), and your ability to use certain features of the services may require you to purchase third-party products (e.g., fitness trackers).",2608
-"You acknowledge that yahoo may or may not pre-screen content, but that yahoo and its designees shall have the right (but not the obligation) in their sole discretion to pre-screen, refuse, or remove any content that is available via the yahoo services.",2609
-"We provide these links only as a convenience and are not responsible for the products, services, or other content that are available from third-party services.",2610
-"To the extent allowed by applicable laws, you waive any moral rights you may have in any user content (like the right to be identified as the author of the user content or the right to object to a certain use of that user content).",2611
-"Accordingly, you represent and warrant that : (i) you either are the sole and exclusive owner of all member content that you make available on or through the airbnb platform or you have all rights, licenses, consents and releases that are necessary to grant to airbnb the rights in and to such member content, as contemplated under these terms ; and (ii) neither the member content nor your posting, uploading, publication, submission or transmittal of the member content or airbnb's use of the member content (or any portion thereof) will infringe, misappropriate or violate a third party's patent, copyright, trademark, trade secret, moral rights or other proprietary or intellectual property rights, or rights of publicity or privacy, or result in the violation of any applicable law or regulation.",2612
-"Furthermore, any action to enforce this user agreement shall be brought in the federal or state courts located in us, ca you hereby agree to personal jurisdiction by such courts, and waive any jurisdictional, venue, or inconvenient forum objections to such courts.",2613
-One way to do that is to select a strong password that you do n't use for any other account.,2614
-"Please note that when you access facebook companies and third-party services through our services, masquerade is not responsible for those third-party services and masquerade does not endorse or make any representations or warranties about those facebook companies or third-party services.",2615
-"Please note that all software, including, without limitation, all html, xml, java code and active x controls contained on this website, is owned by tripadvisor and/or its affiliates, and is protected by copyright laws and international treaty provisions.",2616
-"Airbnb also reserves the right to otherwise collect payment from you and pursue any remedies available to airbnb in this regard in situations in which you are responsible for a damage claim, including, but not limited to, in relation to any payment requests made by hosts under the airbnb host guarantee.",2617
-"Google disclaims all warranties related to the translations, express or implied, including any warranties of accuracy, reliability, and any implied warranties for merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement.",2618
-"Facebook is not responsible for the actions, content, information, or data of third parties, and you release us, our directors, officers, employees, and agents from any claims and damages, known and unknown, arising out of or in any way connected with any claim you have against any such third parties.",2619
-"Subscriber represents to 9gag, inc that subscriber is the authorized account holder or an authorized user of the chosen method of payment used to pay for the paid aspects of the services.",2620
-"21.3 if you reside outside of the united states and china, these terms will be interpreted in accordance with irish law.",2621
-When you post content through these features that content may become public.,2622
-(a) third-party services and logins ,2623
-"You and your nonprofit acknowledge that listing a social impact experience does not create a commercial fundraising or co-venturer, or charitable trust relationship with airbnb and airbnb is not a professional fundraiser or commercial participator.",2624
-Spotify is not responsible for user content nor does it endorse any opinion contained in any user content.,2625
-You may list your items directly on one or more of ebay's international sites.,2626
-"The service may include advertisements, which may be targeted to the content or information on the service, or other information.",2627
-"Betterpoints.uk is also not responsible or liable for any reputational and goodwill damage or loss to you through being associated with betterpoints.uk by being a member, partner, merchant or any other involvement with betterpoints.uk within the area of transfer of funds.",2628
-"We may suspend or cancel the services if we do not receive an on time, full payment from you.",2629
-"Microsoft does not consider or accept unsolicited proposals or ideas, including without limitation ideas for new products, technologies, promotions, product names, product feedback and product improvements (``unsolicited feedback'').",2630
-"No agency, partnership, joint venture, or employment is created as a result of this agreement and subscriber does not have any authority of any kind to bind 9gag, inc in any respect whatsoever.",2631
-"F) introduce onto, or transmit via, the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms any disruptive computer program code, virus, ` denial of service' or ` spam' attack, worm, trojan horse, authorisation key, licence control utility or software lock ; ",2632
-"By submitting suggestions or feedback to tinder regarding our services, you agree that tinder may use and share such feedback for any purpose without compensating you.",2633
-You consent to the terms and conditions in the gift points policy available at https://www.musical.ly/giftpointspolicy.html (the ``gift points policy'') ; ,2634
-"Notwithstanding the above, we will not make use of any of your user-generated content in a manner that is inconsistent with the privacy settings you establish within our services.",2635
-"Per the distance agreement, the delivery of your products will be made within thirty (30) days.",2636
-"In exchange for use of the rovio services, and to the extent that your contributions through use of the rovio services give rise to any copyright, design right or any other intellectual or industrial property right you hereby grant rovio an exclusive, royalty-free, perpetual, irrevocable, fully transferable and sub-licensable worldwide right and license to use your contributions in any way and for any purpose including, but not limited to the rights to reproduce, copy, adapt, modify, perform, display, publish, broadcast, transmit, or otherwise communicate to the public by any means whether now known or unknown and distribute your contributions without any further notice or compensation to you of any kind for the whole duration of protection granted to intellectual and industrial property rights by applicable laws and international conventions.",2637
-"Each time you submit any user content, you represent and warrant that you are at least the age of majority in the state in which you reside and are the parent or legal guardian, or have all proper consents from the parent or legal guardian, of any minor who is depicted in or contributed to any user content you submit, and that, as to that user content, (a) you are the sole author and owner of the intellectual property and other rights to the user content, or you have a lawful right to submit the user content and grant linden lab the rights to it that you are granting by this agreement and any additional terms (as defined in section 2.2 below), all without any linden lab obligation to obtain consent of any third party and without creating any obligation or liability of linden lab ; (b) the user content is accurate ; (c) the user content does not and, as to linden lab's permitted uses and exploitation set forth in this agreement, will not infringe any intellectual property or other right of any third party ; and (d) the user content will not violate this agreement or any additional terms, or cause injury or harm to any person.",2638
-"Accordingly, we strongly encourage you to become familiar with the terms of use, privacy policies and practices of any such third party services.",2639
-"(7) harass, threaten, stalk, embarrass or cause distress, unwanted attention or discomfort to any user of world of warcraft or to blizzard entertainment representatives ; ",2640
-"Contracts for the supply of digital content : where we supply digital content not on a tangible medium, the cancellation right expires if we have begun our supply of the digital content after you have expressly consented that we can begin the supply before the cancellation period ends, and you have acknowledged that you lose your right to cancel the contract in this circumstance ; ",2641
-We may also ask you to acknowledge your acceptance of the user agreement through an electronic click-through.,2642
-We do not warrant that this service will be uninterrupted or error-free.,2643
-B. outside the united states and canada.,2644
-"In addition, spotify makes no representation nor does it warrant, endorse, guarantee, or assume responsibility for any third party applications (or the content thereof), user content, or any other product or service advertised or offered by a third party on or through the spotify service or any hyperlinked website, or featured in any banner or other advertising.",2645
-"You also acknowledge that the service content license granted to linden lab with respect to your content will survive any such termination solely as follows to permit linden lab : (i) to retain server copies of particular instances of your content, including copies stored in connection with back-up, debugging, and testing procedures ; and (ii) to enable the exercise of the licenses granted in this section 2 for any other copies or instances of the same content that you have not specifically deleted from the service, including those that may be displayed elsewhere through the service or exist in other users' account inventories.",2646
-We operate this website from england and make no representation or warranty that the information contained herein is appropriate or available for use in other locations including england and wales.,2647
-Qik premium is subject to a fair usage policy of 15gb of video storage per user per month and each video can be no more than 90 minutes in duration.,2648
-"You are solely responsible for clearing the rights to any third party content, including, but not limited to, sound recordings and musical works for use in user videos or broadcast content.",2649
-"7.4 you represent and warrant that you have (and will continue to have during your use of the service) all necessary licenses, rights, consents, and permissions which are required to enable youtube to use your content for the purposes of the provision of the service by youtube, and otherwise to use your content in the manner contemplated by the service and these terms.",2650
-You do not have the right to assign this agreement or any of your rights to the service to anyone.,2651
-"2.7 you agree to respect the intellectual property rights of other users, linden lab, and third parties.",2652
-Provide any false personal information to the company ; ,2653
-"If you are an end user of an evernote business account, please note that the customer of your evernote business account (such as your employer or organization) may have established its own rules regarding end users' access, use, disclosure, or retention of data stored in that account.",2654
-Please read the following section carefully because it requires you to arbitrate certain disputes and claims with us and limits the manner in which you can seek relief from us.,2655
-Parents can restrict the use their child makes of the service by way of a parental control system.,2656
-"Your decision to provide this information is purely voluntary and optional ; however, if you elect not to provide it, then you may not be able to access certain content or participate in certain features of the service.",2657
-"Therefore, for disputes that are not required to be resolved through arbitration as described in section 17, zynga may seek injunctive or other equitable relief (e.g., get a court order to make you stop doing whatever you're doing that is causing harm) if you breach or intend to breach these terms, feature terms, community rules or our privacy policy and zynga does not have to post any bond or surety or submit proof of damages.",2658
-"To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, you and under armour agree that any dispute resolution proceedings will be conducted only on an individual basis and not in a class, consolidated or representative action.",2659
-"The application publisher means the entity licensing the application to you, as identified in the windows store or xbox store.",2660
-"Please see our subscription pages for current plus, pro, and business features and pricing.",2661
-"Contracting entity, choice of law, jurisdiction ",2662
-The use of third party services is at your sole risk.,2663
-"One of our goals is to provide athletes with the tools to achieve their weight management goals at a steady, sustainable rate.",2664
-"You may send a copy to ebay at the following address : ebay, inc. c/o ct corporation system, 1108 e south union ave., midvale, ut 84047.",2665
-"You are allowed to purchase virtual items through the service, and not in any other way.",2666
-"If you encounter what you believe to be a violation of your intellectual property rights in the service, please notify us via e-mail to : support@sync.me.",2667
-Deliveroo offers an ordering and delivery service from our partner restaurants throughout london and elsewhere in the uk.,2668
-"If you access the service from a social networking site (``sns''), such as facebook or google +, you shall comply with its terms of service/use as well as these terms of service.",2669
-Tripadvisor makes no representation that materials on the tripadvisor websites are appropriate or available for use outside of the united states.,2670
-Uber will respond accordingly to any request from a third party provider to modify the charges for a particular service or good.,2671
-The compilation of all content included in or made available through any amazon service is the exclusive property of amazon and protected by u.s. and international copyright laws.,2672
-"At the end of such trials, we may automatically start to charge you for the applicable paid subscription on the first day following the end of the trial, on a recurring monthly basis.",2673
-"If you submit feedback or suggestions about our services, we may use your feedback or suggestions without obligation to you.",2674
-The program is solely for your personal and noncommercial use.,2675
-"Yahoo may provide you with notices, including those regarding changes to the tos, including by but not limited to email, regular mail, sms, mms, text message, postings on the yahoo services, or other reasonable means now known or hereafter developed.",2676
-"You hereby grant the company a worldwide, non-revocable, royalty-free, sub-licensable and transferable license to use your user submissions in any way at its sole discretion, including without limitation to reproduce, distribute, make derivatives of it and use it in order to promote the company's business in any way, and without the need for any further compensation, approval or consent.",2677
-"As always, the name must adhere to the naming conventions stated herein.",2678
-"You are granted only a limited and revocable right to use the service, subject to the terms of this agreement, and for personal use only, and under no circumstances are you acquired any right, interest or title to any part of the materials.",2679
-"In other words, instagram is not a backup service and you agree that you will not rely on the service for the purposes of content backup or storage.",2680
-"You consent to the collection, use, and disclosure of your personally identifiable information by accessing to the service and/or participating in the gift points program in accordance with the company's privacy policy available at http://musical.ly/privacy.html (``privacy policy'') and the gift points policy, including with respect to the collection of location information or payment related information ; ",2681
-"Subscriber represents, warrants and agrees that it will not contribute any subscriber content that (a) infringes, violates or otherwise interferes with any copyright or trademark of another party, (b) reveals any trade secret, unless subscriber owns the trade secret or has the owner's permission to post it, (c) infringes any intellectual property right of another or the privacy or publicity rights of another, (d) is libelous, defamatory, abusive, threatening, harassing, hateful, offensive or otherwise violates any law or right of any third party, (e) contains a virus, trojan horse, worm, time bomb or other computer programming routine or engine that is intended to damage, detrimentally interfere with, surreptitiously intercept or expropriate any system, data or information, or (f) remains posted after subscriber has been notified that such subscriber content violates any of sections (a) to (e) of this sentence.",2682
-The nintendo account service must not be used for any other purpose.,2683
-"If you download or use our software, such as a stand-alone software product, an app, or a browser plugin, you agree that from time to time, the software may download and install upgrades, updates and additional features from us in order to improve, enhance, and further develop the software.",2684
-"Attn : legal, itämerenkatu 11-13, fi - 00180 helsinki, finland.",2685
-"Premium service features and content may change at any time, and we can not guarantee that any specific feature or content will be available for the entire free trial period.",2686
-The original english version of these terms and conditions may have been translated into other languages.,2687
-• you are responsible for reading the full item listing before making a bid or commitment to buy.,2688
-"Monitor or review any content submitted by you in connection with the service, reject any content submitted or remove any content from the service, or refuse your requests in connection with the service.",2689
-"For details regarding official support, see the section customer support.",2690
-"For answers to your questions or ways to contact us, visit our help center.",2691
-"Any personal data obtained from children and parents during contests will be kept until the contest ends and prizes are delivered, and then it will be deleted.",2692
-"Co-hosts may only act in an individual capacity and not on behalf of a company or other organization, unless expressly authorized by airbnb.",2693
-You must provide accurate and complete data during the registration and update your registration data if it changes.,2694
-"The service allows users to access and use a variety of educational services, including learning or practicing a language, taking examinations in the duolingo english test, and creating and viewing flashcards on the tinycards app.",2695
-"Those who choose to access the tripadvisor website from outside of the united states do so on their own initiative and are responsible for compliance with local laws, if and to the extent that local laws are applicable.",2696
-"You are solely responsible for any activity in your account whether or not authorized by you, including purchases made using any payment instrument (for example, credit card, paypal or social network or platform virtual currency).",2697
-"9gag, inc's and the site's collective liability under this agreement shall be limited to three hundred u.s. dollars.",2698
-"When it comes to your use of the service, you agree that you are responsible for your own conduct and all conduct under your account.",2699
-"If you receive a payment in error, we may reverse or require return of the payment.",2700
-Your arbitration fees and your share of arbitrator compensation will be limited to those fees set forth in the aaa rules with the remainder paid by headspace.,2701
-"If you are a recording artist under contract with a record label, then you are solely responsible for ensuring that your use of the service is in compliance with any contractual obligations you may have to your record label, including if you create any new recordings through the service that may be claimed by your label.",2702
-"We reserve the right to monitor, remove or modify user-generated content for any reason and at any time, including user-generated content that we believe violates these terms, the community guidelines, and/or our policies.",2703
-No deceptive or fraudulent links.,2704
-"You can use nintendo shopping services to acquire digital products from noe, free of charge or against payment, as well as to download and use digital products on your user device and/or via nintendo account services.",2705
-You must comply with all domestic and international export laws and regulations that apply to the technology used or supported by the application.,2706
-"Upload, post, email, transmit, or otherwise make available any content that you do not have a right to make available under any law or under contractual or fiduciary relationships (such as inside information, proprietary and confidential information learned or disclosed as part of employment relationships or under nondisclosure agreements) ; ",2707
-Tpci requires the parent to verify that he or she is the parent of the child and to consent to the creation of an account with us for the child.,2708
-"If the class action waiver is found to be illegal or unenforceable as to all or some parts of a dispute, then those parts wo n't be arbitrated but will proceed in court, with the rest proceeding in arbitration.",2709
-You may opt out of this arbitration agreement.,2710
-"Therefore, your decision to submit any unsolicited ideas and materials to linden lab does not place linden lab in a position that is any different from the position held by members of the general public with regard to your unsolicited ideas and materials.",2711
-"If you install any evernote software on your computing devices, you may be asked to agree to an end user license agreement.",2712
-``nintendo account'' refers to an individual account created by ncl for a person who submitted the registration request and accepted the terms of this agreement by means specifically provided by ncl for this purpose.,2713
-The services may contain links to other websites or mobile applications provided by third parties.,2714
-"See section 14 (b) for additional terms for applications acquired through the office store, the xbox store or the windows store.",2715
-"Other than as expressly authorized in the service, you shall not sell, redeem or otherwise transfer virtual items to any person or entity, including but not limited to company, another user, or any third party.",2716
-": if you violate these terms, we may stop providing services to you or we may close your microsoft account or skype account.",2717
-"Third party sites are not within the supervision or control of 9gag, inc or the site.",2718
-"Subscriber shall be responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of subscriber's 9gag, inc password.",2719
-Neither microsoft nor its licensors of stock quotes or index data endorse or recommend any particular financial products or services.,2720
-Notice and procedure for making claims of copyright or other intellectual property infringements ,2721
-"``user content'' means any content that a user of the service has uploaded, published, or submitted to or through the servers, websites or other areas of the service.",2722
-"``user content'' means any content that users upload, post or transmit (collectively, ``post'') to or through the service including, without limitation, any text, photographs, user videos or sound recordings and the musical works embodied therein, broadcast content, and any other works subject to protection under the laws of the united states or any other jurisdiction, including, but not limited to, patent, trademark, trade secret, and copyright laws, and excludes any and all company content (including, without limitation, any sr samples incorporated into the company videos).",2723
-"Vivino may assign, transfer or delegate any of its rights and obligations hereunder without consent.",2724
-Booking.com disclaims all responsibility and liability for the pictures posted.,2725
-"The service contains content specifically provided by vivino or its partners and such content is protected by copyrights, trademarks, service marks, patents, trade secrets or other proprietary rights and laws, as applicable.",2726
-"As such, we are not liable for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any such social networking services.",2727
-This is the entire agreement between you and viber relating to the matters contained here and the service.,2728
-Federal taxpayer registration cnpj/mf no 17.566.240 / 0001-50 ,2729
-We may terminate your account if you repeatedly infringe the intellectual property rights of others.,2730
-A. disputes covered -- everything except ip.,2731
-"If you choose to interact with the third parties made available through our service, such party's terms will govern their relationship with you.",2732
-Character migrations can only occur when the account that you utilize to play world of warcraft is not in use.,2733
-"We may suspend, or terminate your access to or use of our services anytime for any reason, such as if you violate the letter or spirit of our terms and polices, or create harm, risk, or possible legal exposure for us, our users, or others.",2734
-This arbitration agreement will survive the termination of your relationship with headspace.,2735
-"Your skype credit balance will be recharged with the same amount and by the same payment method chosen when you first sign up for auto-recharge, unless you subsequently change the amount by accessing your user account.",2736
-We may also retain copies of user content if we are legally required to do so.,2737
-The website may not always be updated on a periodic or regular basis and consequently is not required to register as editorial product under any relevant law.,2738
-"When you initiate a transaction, you authorize us to store and continue billing you using your payment information and to provide your payment information to our third party payment processors as needed to complete your transactions.",2739
-The yahoo services and software are provided on an ``as is'' and ``as available'' basis.,2740
-"When creating your account, you must provide accurate and complete information.",2741
-"You can stop using our services at any time, although we'll be sorry to see you go.",2742
-Purchases by end users outside the u.s. ,2743
-Provide any false personal information to vivino (including a false user name) or create any account for anyone other than yourself without such person's permission ; ,2744
-"We welcome feedback, but note that we may use comments or suggestions without any obligation to you.",2745
-"If you reject our last written settlement offer made before the arbitrator was appointed, your dispute goes all the way to an arbitrator's decision (called an ``award''), and the arbitrator awards you more than this last written offer, we will : (i) pay the greater of the award or $ 1,000 ; (ii) pay your reasonable attorney's fees, if any ; and (iii) reimburse any expenses (including expert witness fees and costs) that your attorney reasonably accrues for investigating, preparing, and pursuing your claim in arbitration.",2746
-"You must sign into xbox services at least once in a five-year period, otherwise you may lose access to the gamertag associated with your account and that gamertag may become available for use by others.",2747
-"Occasionally we may, in our discretion, make changes to the agreements.",2748
-We'll automatically bill you from the date you convert to a paid account and on each periodic renewal until cancellation.,2749
-Skype will publish the changes at www.skype.com/go/tou.,2750
-"Masquerade's privacy policy describes our information practices, including the types of information we receive and collect and how we use and share this information.",2751
-12.3 in particular youtube does not represent or warrant to you that : ,2752
-"The aaa rules and other information about aaa and arbitration are readily available at http://www.adr.org, by calling +1 800 778 7879 or by post to 120 broadway, floor 21, new york, ny 10271, usa.",2753
-"You agree to submit to the exclusive personal jurisdiction of the courts located within zurich, switzerland (and, for the avoidance of doubt, to exclude the jurisdiction of any other court) for the purpose of litigating all such claims or disputes.",2754
-Disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability ,2755
-Claims of copyright infringement should be sent to uber's designated agent.,2756
-"The following provisions will survive any termination of your relationship with masquerade : ``licenses,'' ``disclaimers,'' ``limitation of liability,'' ``indemnification,'' ``termination and survival,'' ``assignability,'' ``other terms,'' ``dispute resolution,'' and ``special arbitration provision for the united states or canada users.'' ",2757
-"If certain features of our service are subject to additional terms, provisions or guidelines, they are incorporated herein by reference.",2758
-Tripadvisor is not a travel agency and does not provide or own transportation services or accommodations.,2759
-Certain software used in certain microsoft website servers is based in part on the work of the independent jpeg group.,2760
-"In the event of any litigation or arbitration arising from or related to these terms, or the services provided, the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover from the non-prevailing party all reasonable costs incurred including staff time, court costs, attorneys' fees, and all other related expenses incurred in such litigation or arbitration.",2761
-You and youtube agree to submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of england to resolve any legal matter arising from the terms.,2762
-"You agree that we shall not be liable to you or to any third party for any modification, suspension or discontinuance of any part of the service.",2763
-Further information can be found here : http://eu.battle.net/parents ,2764
-"Subscriber shall abide by all copyright notices, information, and restrictions contained in any content accessed through the services.",2765
-"If you see content on the services that violates this agreement, please report it within the services or via help@gotinder.com.",2766
-Betterpoints.uk has the right to assign any or all of its rights and duties under this agreement or to the service to any third party.,2767
-"We will make reasonable efforts to notify you by the email address associated with your account or the next time you attempt to access your account, depending on the circumstances.",2768
-"``member'' means a person who completes academia.edu's account registration process, as described under the ``account registration'' section below.",2769
-"• ``crawling'' the spotify service or otherwise using any automated means (including bots, scrapers, and spiders) to collect information from spotify ; or ",2770
-"Expressly disclaims all warranties and conditions of any kind, whether express or implied, including, but not limited to the implied warranties and conditions of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and non-infringement.",2771
-This agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the state of delaware without regard to the conflict of laws provisions thereof.,2772
-We may amend this user agreement at any time by posting the amended terms on www.ebay.com.,2773
-"These terms and conditions of use are the rules of the game -- designed to create a positive, law-abiding community of our athletes.",2774
-Points are awarded to you on a promotional basis.,2775
-No commercial reuse of yahoo services ,2776
-U.s.c. (``faa'') to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law.,2777
-"If you do not want to continue to be charged on a recurring monthly basis, you must cancel the applicable paid subscription through your spotify account's subscription page or terminate your spotify account before the end of the recurring monthly period.",2778
-Instagram does not control any of these third-party web services or any of their content.,2779
-"This may include the opportunity for you to link your fitbit account, fitbit data, or the fitbit service with third-party services.",2780
-"You will not use our copyrights or trademarks or any confusingly similar marks, except as expressly permitted by our brand usage guidelines or with our prior written permission.",2781
-If you are a resident of the european union : you have the right to delete your account with us by contacting our support team.,2782
-"Other than as set out in these terms, we do not participate in any adr scheme.",2783
-You may opt-out of this arbitration agreement.,2784
-"The effective date of these terms of use is january 19, 2013.",2785
-2.4 user verification on the internet is difficult and we do not assume any responsibility for the confirmation of any member's identity.,2786
-"Supercell reserves all rights, including without limitation, all intellectual property rights or other proprietary rights, in connection with its games and the service.",2787
-"If company modifies, suspends or terminates any gifts, then you will forfeit the modified, suspended, or terminated gifts.",2788
-"If you choose to make an in app purchase, you will be prompted to enter details for your account with your software store (``your iap account''), and your iap account will be charged for the in app purchase in accordance with the terms disclosed to you at the time of purchase as well as the general terms for in app purchases that apply to your iap account.",2789
-"The terms include the provisions set forth in this document and in the evernote privacy policy, commercial terms, evernote business agreement, user guidelines, ip compliance program and other terms or conditions that may be presented by us and accepted by you from time to time in connection with specific service offerings (all of which we collectively refer to as the ``terms of service'' or ``terms'').",2790
-See the termination and account cancellation section below for information on canceling your account.,2791
-If you subscribed using your google play store account or through tinder online : please contact customer support with your order number for the google play store (you can find the order number in the order confirmation email or by logging in to google wallet) or tinder online (you can find this on your confirmation email).,2792
-Our advertising policies are covered in detail in the privacy statement.,2793
-"During the call, charges incurred will be deducted automatically from the skype credit balance in your user account.",2794
-The updated terms will be effective as of the time that linden lab posts them or such later date as may be specified in them.,2795
-You must keep your sign-in information secure at all times.,2796
-"If for any reason a claim proceeds in court rather than in arbitration, you and duolingo each waive any right to a jury trial.",2797
-Vivino does not guarantee that any content or user submissions (as defined above) will be made available on the site or through the service.,2798
-We may also impose limits on certain services or restrict your access to part or all of the services without notice or liability.,2799
-"Neither you nor a disputed party will seek to have any dispute heard as a class action, private attorney general action, or in any other proceeding in which either party acts or proposes to act in a representative capacity.",2800
-The following terms and conditions apply to you only if you are using the apps from the apple app store.,2801
-No access to emergency services : the software is not a replacement for your ordinary mobile or fixed line telephone.,2802
-"This license is referred to as the ``user content license,'' and the content being licensed is referred to as ``user content.'' ",2803
-"You and linden lab agree that we intend that this section 10 satisfies the ``writing'' requirement of the federal arbitration act and further agree that, notwithstanding any other provision of these terms of service, the federal arbitration act shall govern the interpretation and enforcement of this agreement to arbitrate.",2804
-"If a us government agency has a need for any additional rights, it must negotiate directly with oculus to determine if the parties can negotiate an acceptable licence amendment that must be included in any applicable contract or agreement.",2805
-"However, by providing user content to uber, you grant uber a worldwide, perpetual, irrevocable, transferrable, royalty-free license, with the right to sublicense, to use, copy, modify, create derivative works of, distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, and otherwise exploit in any manner such user content in all formats and distribution channels now known or hereafter devised (including in connection with the services and uber's business and on third-party sites and services), without further notice to or consent from you, and without the requirement of payment to you or any other person or entity.",2806
-This content is the sole responsibility of the entity that makes it available.,2807
-"All licenses granted by linden lab to use the service, including any virtual tender will automatically terminate.",2808
-Deliveroo may revise these terms of use at any time by amending this page.,2809
-"This is another reason why it's important for you to make sure your basic subscriber information is accurate, complete and up to date.",2810
-"Gross negligence refers to an action or omission of significant carelessness, demonstrating a clear disregard of one's basic duties.",2811
-"Otherwise, such cause of action is permanently barred.",2812
-Linkedin reserves all of its intellectual property rights in the services.,2813
-"8.3.1 you should carefully review the description of any experience, event or other host service you intend to book to ensure you (and any additional guests you are booking for) meet any minimum age, proficiency, fitness or other requirements which the host has specified in their listing.",2814
-"You and duolingo acknowledge and agree that apple, and apple's subsidiaries, are third party beneficiaries of these terms and conditions as they relate to your license of the apps, and that, upon your acceptance of these terms and conditions, apple will have the right (and will be deemed to have accepted the right) to enforce these terms and conditions against you as a third party beneficiary thereof.",2815
-"Except as may be provided in any additional terms, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, in no event will linden lab's cumulative liability to you exceed the greater of (i) one hundred dollars (u.s. $ 100.00) ; or (ii) the fees, if any, paid by you for use of the service ; provided, however, this provision will not apply if a tribunal with applicable jurisdiction finds such to be unconscionable.",2816
-"Further, by accessing and using our services, you understand and agree that your personal data (as that term is defined in our privacy policy) and user-generated content (defined below) that is shared with a service may also be shared among the entirety of under armour and its other services.",2817
-"You agree that linden lab will have no liability for, and you agree to defend, indemnify, and hold linden lab harmless for, any claims, losses or damages arising out of or in connection with your use, reproduction, distribution, modification, display, or performance of any content.",2818
-Create a member profile for anyone other than yourself (a real person) ; ,2819
-"Parties retain the right to seek relief in small claims court for certain claims, at their option ; ",2820
-"In the event of a dispute about the contents or interpretation of these terms and conditions or inconsistency or discrepancy between the english version and any other language version of these terms and conditions, the english language version to the extent permitted by law shall apply, prevail and be conclusive.",2821
-The exclusions and limitations of damages set forth above are fundamental elements of the basis of the bargain between fitbit and you.,2822
-Choice of law and place to resolve disputes.,2823
-"Trespass, or in any manner attempt to gain or gain access to any property or location where you do not have a right or permission to be ; ",2824
-The foregoing shall not apply to the extent that applicable law in your country of residence requires application of another law and/or jurisdiction and this can not be excluded by contract.,2825
-All fees are non-refundable unless expressly stated otherwise on the site.,2826
-You may terminate this agreement at any time by deleting your nintendo account.,2827
-"You retain your rights to any content you submit, post or display on or through the services.",2828
-You can choose whether or not to accept the new charges prior to completing your next purchase of the applicable product.,2829
-They do not create any third party beneficiary rights.,2830
-2.8 corporate and other consumer communities ,2831
-"17.1 to contact skype in relation to the skype software or ``skype'' branded products, please submit a support request to support.skype.com.",2832
-"If you cancel, your cancellation will be effective immediately, but academia.edu will allow you to access the subscription features until the most recently paid-up subscription period ends, and then we will terminate your access.",2833
-"If you believe that any content does not comply with the user guidelines, please fill out our notice form.",2834
-"We may also deactivate, terminate or suspend your account at any time : (1) if we, in our sole discretion, determine that you are or have been in violation of these terms or the spirit thereof (as highlighted in our community guidelines), (2) if we, in our sole discretion, determine that you have created risk or possible legal exposure for under armour or any other athlete, (3) in response to requests by law enforcement or other government agencies, (4) upon discontinuance or material modification of any services, or (5) due to unexpected technical issues or problems.",2835
-Academia.edu does not claim any ownership rights in any member content and nothing in these terms will be deemed to restrict any rights that you may have to use and exploit any member content.,2836
-Solicit or attempt to solicit login information or any other login credentials or personal information from other users of the service or any supercell game.,2837
-"You will not use facebook if you are prohibited from receiving products, services, or software originating from the united states.",2838
-12 termination and transfer of the agreement ,2839
-Certain spotify services are provided to you free-of-charge.,2840
-"Truecaller shall, however, not be under any obligation to provide support or maintenance for the services under these terms and reserves the right to limit or discontinue the support, upgrades and updates provided from time to time.",2841
-"We may terminate your access to and use of the services, at our sole discretion, at any time and without notice to you.",2842
-The services are provided ``as is.'' ,2843
-"These terms of service (``terms'') constitute a legally binding agreement (``agreement'') between you and airbnb (as defined below) governing your access to and use of the airbnb website, including any subdomains thereof, and any other websites through which airbnb makes the airbnb services available (collectively, ``site''), our mobile, tablet and other smart device applications, and application program interfaces (collectively, ``application'') and all associated services (collectively, ``airbnb services'').",2844
-You affirm that you are at least 13 years old.,2845
-"Yahoo may, in appropriate circumstances and at its discretion, disable and/or terminate the accounts of users who may be repeat infringers.",2846
-"The services, with the exception of certain products and services provided though the under armour-branded websites and certain widgets that we make available as tools for website owners (collectively, the ``commercial tools''), are intended only for your personal, non-commercial use.",2847
-"Yahoo and its subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, employees, agents, partners and licensors expressly disclaim all warranties of any kind, whether express or implied, including, but not limited to the implied warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and non-infringement.",2848
-We do not operate or monitor the content of these websites or mobile applications.,2849
-You agree that all sales by us to you of virtual money and virtual goods are final and that we will not permit exchanges or refunds for any unused virtual money or virtual goods once the transaction has been made.,2850
-"Either you or dropbox may assert claims, if they qualify, in small claims court in san francisco (ca) or any united states county where you live or work.",2851
-"Tinder grants you a personal, worldwide, royalty-free, non-assignable, nonexclusive, revocable, and non-sublicensable license to access and use the services.",2852
-Therefore you must look at the terms regularly to check for such changes.,2853
-"If your claim does not exceed $ 10,000, then the arbitration will be conducted solely on the basis of the documents that you and academia.edu submit to the arbitrator, unless you request a hearing or the arbitrator determines that a hearing is necessary.",2854
-"7.1.5 the placement and ranking of listings in search results on the airbnb platform may vary and depend on a variety of factors, such as guest search parameters and preferences, host requirements, price and calendar availability, number and quality of images, customer service and cancellation history, reviews and ratings, type of host service, and/or ease of booking.",2855
-"If you do n't agree to the new terms, you must stop using the services, close your microsoft account and/or skype account and, if you are a parent or guardian, help your minor child close his or her microsoft account or skype account.",2856
-"If any gifts are subject to sales tax in any jurisdiction and you have not paid the applicable sales tax to the company, then you will be responsible for the payment of such sales tax and any related penalties or interest to the relevant tax authority.",2857
-"Supercell reserves the right to take action as a result, which may include terminating your account and prohibiting you from using the service in whole or in part.",2858
-"Vivino reserves the right to refuse registration of, or cancel a user name in its sole discretion.",2859
-Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion of certain warranties or the limitation or exclusion of liability for incidental or consequential damages.,2860
-"Via u.s. mail : 1161 mission street, office # 502, san francisco, ca 94103 ",2861
-"Accordingly, by agreeing to this tos, you acknowledge that use of the service results in interstate data transmissions.",2862
-You have no right to sublicense the license rights granted in this section.,2863
-"Unless airbnb explicitly permits otherwise, book any listing if you will not actually be using the host services yourself ; ",2864
-None of the licenses extend to any other product regardless of whether such product is included with this software in a single article.,2865
-"If you reside outside of the united states and the people's republic of china (which for purposes of these terms does not include hong kong, macau and taiwan) (hereinafter ``china''), you are contracting with airbnb ireland uc (``airbnb ireland''), the watermarque building, south lotts road, ringsend, dublin 4, ireland.",2866
-"Skype reserves the right to charge you for such products (at the normal rate) in the event that skype determines (in its reasonable discretion) that you are abusing the terms of the offer, including if you are using any service, proxy or other devices or anonymous ip address that prevents us from locating you.",2867
-You can find the earlier terms in our archive.,2868
-You may cancel your dropbox paid account at any time.,2869
-(iii) any use of websites linked to the products but operated by third parties.,2870
-"19.1 this dispute resolution and arbitration agreement shall apply if you (i) reside in the united states ; or (ii) do not reside in the united states, but bring any claim against airbnb in the united states (to the extent not in conflict with section 21).",2871
-"If any of the provisions contained in these terms of service are determined to be void, invalid or otherwise unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, that provision shall be enforced to the maximum extent permissible so as to effect the intent of these terms of service and such determination shall not affect the remaining provisions contained herein.",2872
-"Please read the terms carefully before using our services, as they are a legally binding contract between you and under armour.",2873
-"Subject to the foregoing restriction, these terms will be fully binding upon, inure to the benefit of and enforceable by us and our respective successors and assignees.",2874
-7.3 you understand and agree that you are solely responsible for your own content and the consequences of posting or publishing it.,2875
-You agree to not use the yahoo services to : ,2876
-"Any charges mentioned in specific currencies are solely considered as examples, and do not take currency fluctuations or discrepancies into account.",2877
-Such notices may not be received if you violate this tos by accessing the yahoo services in an unauthorized manner.,2878
-"• contains sexually explicit content or pornography (provided, however, that non-sexual nudity is permitted) ; ",2879
-Tripadvisor operates on a ``notice and takedown'' basis.,2880
-"If you do not have an account, you accept these terms by using any part of the fitbit service.",2881
-11.3 you agree that you will not and you will not assist or permit any third party to : ,2882
-Modifying the services and termination.,2883
-"In addition, user-generated content, including advice, statements, or other information, including, without limitation, food, nutrition and exercise database entries, are not produced by under armour, and should not necessarily be relied on.",2884
-You can learn how your information is handled when you use our services by reading the privacy policy.,2885
-"Spotify's products may be subject to u.s. export and re-export control laws and regulations or similar laws applicable in other jurisdictions, including the export administration regulations (``ear'') maintained by the u.s. department of commerce, trade and economic sanctions maintained by the treasury department's office of foreign assets control (``ofac''), and the international traffic in arms regulations (``itar'') maintained by the department of state.",2886
-"Deliveroo also reserves the right to refuse to deliver any alcohol to any person who is, or appears to be, under the influence of either alcohol or drugs.",2887
-Your privacy is very important to us.,2888
-It affects how disputes with airbnb are resolved.,2889
-"Alternatively, nintendo may offer you to re-accept the revised agreement by means provided by nintendo for this purpose.",2890
-The merchant has the ability to change its pricing or terminate its product availability at anytime.,2891
-"If you disable or otherwise tamper with the technical protection measures, the rovio services will not function properly.",2892
-When listing a social impact experience you (i) represent and warrant that you are duly authorized to act on behalf of your nonprofit and (ii) acknowledge and agree that all payouts will be directed to an account owned by your nonprofit.,2893
-You acknowledge that your unauthorised use of the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms may result in irreparable damage and injury to skyscanner and/or its affiliates or licensors for which money damages would be inadequate.,2894
-"You get a limited license to virtual items by visiting the purchase page in one of our games and providing billing authorization through the platform on which you are playing (e.g., facebook, apple ios, android).",2895
-"15.4 airbnb may immediately, without notice terminate this agreement if (i) you have materially breached your obligations under these terms, the payments terms, our policies or standards, (ii) you have violated applicable laws, regulations or third party rights, or (iii) airbnb believes in good faith that such action is reasonably necessary to protect the personal safety or property of airbnb, its members, or third parties (for example in the case of fraudulent behavior of a member).",2896
-"You may not use a misspelling or an alternative spelling to circumvent the name restrictions listed above, nor can you have a ``first'' and ``last'' name that, when combined, violate the above name restrictions.",2897
-"Except where prohibited, you and we agree to submit to the personal and exclusive arbitration of disputes relating to your general use of the services under the rules of the american arbitration association.",2898
-"``supplier'' means the provider of accommodation (e.g. hotel, motel, apartment, bed & breakfast), (theme) parks, attractions, museums, sightseeing tours, cruises, rail and coach tours, transfers, tour operators, insurances, and any other travel or related product or service as from time to time available for reservation on the platform.",2899
-"You acknowledge that when you receive a user content license you receive only licensing and use rights ; therefore, you do not acquire ownership of any copies of the content, or transfer of any copyright or other intellectual property rights in the content.",2900
-"9.3 if a host cancels a confirmed booking, the guest will receive a full refund of the total fees for such booking and airbnb may publish an automated review on the listing cancelled by the host indicating that a booking was cancelled.",2901
-"You (as seller) authorize ebay to place the return shipping label cost on your invoice, subject to your automatic payment method on file when : ",2902
-You agree not to use the service for public performances.,2903
-"The united states federal arbitration act will govern the interpretation, enforcement, and proceedings pursuant to the mandatory arbitration clause in this eula.",2904
-All sales of gifts are final and the company does not offer refunds for any purchased gifts.,2905
-"Copy, modify, transmit, create any derivative works from, make use of, or reproduce in any way any copyrighted material, images, trademarks, trade names, service marks, or other intellectual property, content or proprietary information accessible through the service without tinder's prior written consent.",2906
-"If we feel an order could be fraudulent, unauthorized, or illegal, we reserve the right to refuse to process that order.",2907
-"Academia.edu makes no warranty regarding the quality of any products, services or collective content purchased or obtained through the site or services or the accuracy, timeliness, truthfulness, completeness or reliability of any content obtained through the site or services.",2908
-"Vimeo, inc. 555 west 18th street new york, new york 10011 attention : legal department ",2909
-"Software also includes updates and upgrades as well as accompanying manual (s), packaging and other written, files, electronic or on-line materials or documentation, and any and all copies of such software and its materials.",2910
-"Masquerade does not endorse or make any representations or warranties about, and has no obligation to review, screen, or otherwise control, content connected with the services.",2911
-"All other trademarks, registered trademarks, product names and company names or logos mentioned in this website are the property of their respective owners.",2912
-"We make no warranties or representations, express or implied, about user material, including as to its legality or accuracy.",2913
-"9gag, inc retains the right to create limits on use and storage in its sole discretion at any time with or without notice.",2914
-We make it easy for you to report suspected copyright infringement.,2915
-"If you cancel this contract, we will reimburse to you all payments received from you, including the costs of delivery (except for the supplementary costs arising if you chose a type of delivery other than the least expensive type of standard delivery offered by us).",2916
-"Under armour owns or licenses all under armour trademarks, service marks, branding, logos, and other similar assets (the ``ua trademarks'').",2917
-"You agree not to use the services, content or information to attempt to circumvent the regular operation of the services, or reduce the fees or consideration that we may derive from the services by any means including by creating multiple accounts, redirecting traffic, following other fraudulent or deceptive practices, creating a parallel repository thereof, or seeking to by-pass the services or compete with us.",2918
-The unlimited service may not be available to all users.,2919
-All information and/or data included in and/or on this website is made available for guidance only.,2920
-"If you initiate arbitration, your arbitration fees will be limited to the filing fee set forth in the aaa's consumer arbitration rules.",2921
-"9gag, inc does not monitor the content of the site and takes no responsibility for such content.",2922
-"We each acknowledge that neither of us relies on, or will have any remedies in respect of, any representation or warranty (whether made innocently or negligently) that is not set out in these terms or the documents referred to in them.",2923
-You control whether your user videos and/or broadcast content are made publicly available on the service to all the users or only available to people you approve among the users.,2924
-"C. any information obtained by you as a result of your use of the service will be accurate or reliable, and ",2925
-"Neither fitbit, its suppliers, or licensors, nor any other party involved in creating, producing, or delivering the fitbit service will be liable for any incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages, including lost profits, loss of data or goodwill, service interruption, computer damage, or system failure or the cost of substitute services arising out of or in connection with these terms or from the use of or inability to use the fitbit service, whether based on warranty, contract, tort (including negligence), product liability, or any other legal theory, and whether or not fitbit has been informed of the possibility of such damage, even if a limited remedy set forth herein is found to have failed of its essential purpose.",2926
-"Dispute, for purposes of paragraph 20.3, means any dispute, action, or other controversy whether in contract, warranty, tort, statute, regulation, ordinance, or any other legal or equitable basis.",2927
-In compliance with the zynga community rules.,2928
-Subscriber is responsible for all of its activity in connection with the services and accessing the site.,2929
-"Post any information that contains nudity, excessive violence, or offensive subject matter or that contains a link to such content.",2930
-• ebay's duplicate listing policy may also affect whether your listing appears in search results.,2931
-Our service is made available for personal and non-commercial use only.,2932
-Information use by other members of the service ,2933
-Noe is not obliged to participate and is currently not participating in alternative dispute resolution proceedings before a consumer arbitration body.,2934
-"You agree to abide by all messages and signs pertaining to proprietary rights, such as -- copyright mark -lsb- © -rsb- or trademark -lsb- ® or ™ -rsb- accompanying the content.",2935
-Performing ``offline'' searches relative to the services.,2936
-"Blizzard entertainment shall give users notice on the world of warcraft ``home page'' located at http://eu.battle.net/wow/ prior to blizzard entertainment installing software upgrades, performing testing, or performing maintenance on the servers, data transmission lines, and other systems related to world of warcraft, and/or in the manner set forth in article xii, below, whenever possible.",2937
-The app permits the purchase of virtual currency (``virtual money'') and use of that virtual money to purchase virtual items or services that we expressly make available for use in the app (``virtual goods'').,2938
-• includes your password or purposely includes any other user's password or purposely includes personal data of third parties or is intended to solicit such personal data ; ,2939
-"Accordingly, the rules that govern game play in world of warcraft are taken very seriously by blizzard entertainment.",2940
-These services are subject to respective third party terms and conditions.,2941
-"8.1.2 upon receipt of a booking confirmation from airbnb, a legally binding agreement is formed between you and your host, subject to any additional terms and conditions of the host that apply, including in particular the applicable cancellation policy and any rules and restrictions specified in the listing.",2942
-"Under no circumstances will subscriber use the site or the service to (a) send unsolicited e-mails, bulk mail, spam or other materials to users of the site or any other individual, (b) harass, threaten, stalk or abuse any person or party, including other users of the site, (c) create a false identity or to impersonate another person, or (d) post any false, inaccurate or incomplete material or delete or revise any material that was not posted by you.",2943
-16.5 the parties acknowledge and agree that apple and apple's subsidiaries are third party beneficiaries of this agreement and apple will have the right (and will be deemed to have accepted the right) to enforce the agreement against you as a third party beneficiary thereof.,2944
-"Contact us.if you would like to contact us in connection with your use of the service, then please refer to the contact information below : by mail at musical.ly, inc., 2461 santa monica blvd, p.o. box # 344, santa monica, ca 90404, and by email at privacy@musical.ly.",2945
-You may appoint additional administrators to your skype manager group subject to their acceptance of these terms.,2946
-"All such third party travel products are provided by independent travel agents, airlines, hotels, tour operators or other third parties and are subject to the terms and conditions imposed by those third parties.",2947
-"Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in our terms, in such cases, the liability of the masquerade parties will be limited to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law.",2948
-"(to learn more about platform, including how you can control what information other people may share with applications, read our data policy and platform page .) ",2949
-"You may not adapt or use otherwise any name, mark or logo that is identical, or confusingly similar to any of onavo's trademarks.",2950
-With regards to software delivered on a physical storage medium you can end this eula by destroying the software and all copies and reproductions of the software and deleting and permanently purging the software from any client server or computer on which it has been installed.,2951
-Vivino can not guarantee the authenticity of any content or data which users may provide about themselves.,2952
-"If it is determined that you retain moral rights (including rights of attribution or integrity) in the content, you hereby declare that (a) you do not require that any personally identifying information be used in connection with the content, or any derivative works of or upgrades or updates thereto ; (b) you have no objection to the publication, use, modification, deletion and exploitation of the content by tripadvisor or its licensees, successors and assigns ; (c) you forever waive and agree not to claim or assert any entitlement to any and all moral rights of an author in any of the content ; and (d) you forever release tripadvisor, and its licensees, successors and assigns, from any claims that you could otherwise assert against tripadvisor by virtue of any such moral rights.",2953
-"By posting or uploading any user content to viber, you specifically grant us the a non-exclusive, transferable, sub-licensable, royalty-free, worldwide license to use any intellectual property rights for the content that you share publicly on or in connection with our service.",2954
-"To opt out, you must notify us in writing within 30 days of the date that you first became subject to this arbitration provision, and must include your name and home address, the email address that you use for your oculus account (if you have one) and a clear statement that you want to opt out of this arbitration agreement.",2955
-• impersonate or misrepresent your affiliation with any person or entity ; ,2956
-Microsoft is not responsible for any decision you make based on information you receive from microsoft.,2957
-"Tripadvisor urges passengers to investigate and review travel prohibitions, warnings, announcements and advisories issued by the uk government, the european union (eu) and destination country governments prior to booking travel to international destinations.",2958
-"We take the collection, use and security of the personal data that our athletes provide to us very seriously.",2959
-Any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by uber and uber's licensors.,2960
-"You agree to only give kudos to other users (and not to yourself) and only when deserved, and to refrain from any attempts to manipulate the reward system, e.g., by creating multiple accounts or artificial responses.",2961
-"Academia.edu will not seek, and hereby waives all rights it may have under applicable law to recover, attorneys' fees and expenses if it prevails in arbitration.",2962
-The currency converter is for information purposes only and should not be relied upon as accurate and real time ; actual rates may vary.,2963
-"Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition, diet, fitness, or wellness program.",2964
-"Because of this, in your communications with linden lab, please keep in mind that linden lab does not accept or consider any unsolicited ideas or materials for products or services, or even improvements to products or services, (collectively, ``unsolicited ideas and materials'').",2965
-These features do not require that you share your credentials with any other person.,2966
-"In the event ebay initiates an arbitration against you, it will send a copy of the completed form to the physical address we have on file associated with your ebay account.",2967
-The actual contract for sale is directly between the seller and buyer.,2968
-"At linden lab's request, you agree to defend, indemnify and hold harmless linden lab, its officers, directors, shareholders, employees, subsidiaries, and agents from all damages, liabilities, claims and expenses, including without limitation attorneys' fees and costs, arising from : (i) your user content ; (ii) your acts, omissions, or use of the service, including without limitation your negligent, willful or illegal conduct ; (iii) your breach or alleged breach by you of this agreement, including without limitation your representations and warranties relating to your content ; (iv) your violation or anticipatory violation of any applicable law, rule or order in connection with your use of or activities in the service ; (v) information or material transmitted through your internet device that infringes or misappropriates any intellectual property right ; (vi) any misrepresentation made by you ; (vii) linden lab's use of the information that you submit to us ; (viii) your purported ``ownership'' of any usage subscriptions or virtual items ; or (ix) the increase or decrease in ``value'' or loss of usage subscriptions or virtual items if linden lab deletes, terminates, or modifies them (all of the foregoing, ``claims and losses'').",2969
-You assume all risk of loss from using the service on this basis.,2970
-"Since we ca n't promise that your content will always be available, we recommend keeping a separate copy of the content you save to memories.",2971
-"Payments made with a united states-based payment instrument will be charged by linden research, inc..",2972
-"In the event of an error, we reserve the right to correct such error and revise your order accordingly (which includes charging the correct price) or to cancel the order and refund any amount charged.",2973
-"If you object to any changes, you may close your account.",2974
-Vimeo reserves the right to modify the vimeo service.,2975
-"• export or re-export any ebay application or tool, except in compliance with the export control laws of any relevant jurisdictions and in accordance with posted rules and restrictions ; ",2976
-"Blizzard entertainment reserves the right to terminate this agreement as follows : if you fail to comply with any terms contained in this agreement, blizzard entertainment will provide you with a warning of your non-compliance.",2977
-You will not post unauthorized commercial communications (such as spam) on facebook.,2978
-"Skyscanner has no responsibility whatsoever for any arrangements you make with any third party as a result of your use of the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms (including, without limitation, any travel provider).",2979
-We provide you with tools to help you protect your intellectual property rights.,2980
-Any agreement formed between host and co-host may not conflict with these terms and the payments terms.,2981
-The specific terms and conditions under to which you signify your agreement will not be individually stored by tripadvisor.,2982
-All rights of duolingo or its licensors that are not expressly granted in these terms and conditions are reserved to duolingo and its licensors.,2983
-"No third party is authorized by airbnb to ask for your credentials, and you shall not request the credentials of another member.",2984
-"You agree that no joint venture, partnership, employment, or agency relationship exists between you and the company as a result of this eula or use of the service.",2985
-"If a parent has consented to a child's access to and use of the services but wishes to rescind such consent, the parent should contact us at https://pokemongo.nianticlabs.com/support/delete/en to submit the request.",2986
-"If you believe that your content has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, please report this by visiting our copyright reporting form (https://support.twitter.com/forms/dmca) or contacting our designated copyright agent at : ",2987
-"You may need to create an under armour account to access the services, and it's important that the information associated with your account is accurate and up-to-date (particularly your email address -- if you ever forget your password, a working email address is often the only way for us to verify your identity and help you log back in).",2988
-(1) modify or cause to be modified any files that are a part of a world of warcraft installation ; ,2989
-"The price stated for the services excludes all applicable taxes and currency exchange settlements, unless stated otherwise.",2990
-"Such modifications are an integral part of certain services, such as the apps, and you hereby acknowledge them and agree to them.",2991
-"Despite our best efforts, some of the meals listed on our service may be incorrectly priced.",2992
-"You agree to abide by certain rules of conduct, including any applicable community standards for the portion of the service you are using) and other rules prohibiting illegal and other practices that linden lab deems harmful.",2993
-"When placing an order or making a purchase, you will be required to provide us with information, such as your address and billing information.",2994
-These terms apply to you if you live outside the united states or if you are using the services on behalf of a business located outside the united states.,2995
-"If you have a dispute with another player, you release zynga and its officers, directors, agents, subsidiaries, joint ventures, and employees, and all zynga affiliates from responsibility, claims, demands and/or damages (actual or consequential) of every kind and nature, whether known or unknown, resulting from that dispute or connected to that dispute.",2996
-"You further acknowledge and agree that content contained in advertisements or information presented to you through the yahoo services or by advertisers is protected by copyrights, trademarks, service marks, patents or other proprietary rights and laws.",2997
-Learn how to submit a notice to ebay.,2998
-Encourage or promote any activity that violates this agreement.,2999
-The services and all content are provided on an ``as is'' and ``as available'' with all faults basis.,3000
-"By submitting feedback to us, you grant us a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free, irrevocable, sub-licensable, perpetual license to use and publish those ideas and materials for any purpose, without compensation to you.",3001
-Use the fitbit service at your own risk ,3002
-"13.1 third parties may offer products or services via the software and/or skype websites, including games, applications, images, ring tones, or avatars.",3003
-Digital products must not be used for any other purpose.,3004
-"You understand that we may modify or adapt your content as it is distributed, syndicated, published, or broadcast by us and our partners and/or make changes to your content in order to adapt the content to different media.",3005
-"You may not transfer or sublicense any licenses granted by linden lab in this agreement without the prior, written consent of linden lab, except solely to the extent this agreement or an applicable product policy permits transfer of any applicable virtual tender licenses.",3006
-We have outlined how you can manage some of these settings here.,3007
-Ebay takes no responsibility and assumes no liability for any content provided by you or any third party.,3008
-You understand that you are responsible for all use of your username and password on the service.,3009
-"Airbnb may improve, enhance and modify the airbnb platform and introduce new airbnb services from time to time.",3010
-"The material and all other content on this service may not otherwise be copied, reproduced, republished, uploaded, posted, transmitted, distributed, or used in any way unless specifically authorized by viber.",3011
-"• interfere with the working of our services, or impose an unreasonable or disproportionately large load on our infrastructure ; ",3012
-"C/o yahoo holdings, inc..",3013
-"(a) copy, store, reproduce, transmit, modify, alter, reverse-engineer, emulate, de-compile, or disassemble the products in any way, or create derivative works of the products ; ",3014
-"If you have a word processor or text editor program on your computer, then you can also copy the text and paste the text into a new document in the word processor or text editor and save the text.",3015
-Airbnb can not guarantee the accuracy or quality of such translations and members are responsible for reviewing and verifying the accuracy of such translations.,3016
-"Unless otherwise permitted by uber in writing, you may only possess one account.",3017
-"Content that would constitute, encourage, promote or provide instructions for a conduct of an illegal activity, criminal offense, give rise to civil liability, violate the rights of any party in any country of the world, or that would otherwise create liability or violate any local, state, national or international law, including, without limitation, the regulations of the u.s. securities and exchange commission (sec) or any rules of any of securities exchange, including but not limited to, the new york stock exchange (nyse), the nasdaq, or the london stock exchange ; ",3018
-"For purposes of these terms, (i) the term ``content'' means any creative expression and includes, without limitation, video, audio, photographs, images, illustrations, animations, logos, tools, text, ideas, communications, replies, ``likes,'' comments, information, data, software, scripts, executable files, graphics, maps, routes, geo-data, workouts and workout data, training plans, sleep activity, annotations, nutrition information, recipes, interactive features, designs, copyrights, trademarks, patents, sounds, applications and any intellectual property therein, any of which may be generated, provided, or otherwise made accessible on or through the services ; (ii) the term ``user-generated content'' means any content that an athlete (that includes you !) ",3019
-"If there is a fixed term and price for your service offer, that price will remain in force for the fixed term.",3020
-You acknowledge that third party transportation providers providing transportation services requested through some request brands may offer ridesharing or peer-to-peer transportation services and may not be professionally licensed or permitted.,3021
-"(f) you may not otherwise download, display, copy, reproduce, distribute, modify, perform, transfer, create derivative works from, sell or otherwise exploit any content, code, data or materials in the products.",3022
-"If that happens, zynga is not required to provide refunds, benefits or other compensation to players in connection with discontinued elements of the service or for virtual goods previously earned or purchased.",3023
-These terms and conditions and foregoing liablity disclaimer do not affect mandatory legal rights that can not be excluded under applicable law.,3024
-"Our services may contain links to third-party websites, content, advertisers, services, promotions, special offers, or other events or activities (``third-party content'') that are not owned or controlled by us.",3025
-Any delinquent or unpaid accounts must be settled before oculus will allow you to register again.,3026
-"Notwithstanding this, you agree that youtube shall still be allowed to apply for injunctive remedies (or other equivalent types of urgent legal remedy) in any jurisdiction.",3027
-"The rovio services may require an internet connection to access the rovio services or its internet-based features, authenticate the software, or perform other functions.",3028
-"We do not knowingly collect personal information from children under 13, and if we learn that we have collected or received personal information from a child under 13, we will delete that information in accordance with our privacy policy.",3029
-Tinder makes no representations or warranties as to the conduct of users.,3030
-The foregoing disclaimers apply to the maximum extent permitted by law.,3031
-"If you ever wish to seek any relief from us, you agree to do it only through arbitration, and you waive the ability to pursue class action.",3032
-We waive any right to seek an award of legal fees and expenses in connection with any non-frivolous arbitration between you and us.,3033
-"You may not use someone else's name, a name that violates any third party right, or a name that is obscene or otherwise objectionable.",3034
-"If your primary account payment method is determined to be expired, invalid or otherwise not able to be charged, you agree that uber may, as the third party provider's limited payment collection agent, use a secondary payment method in your account, if available.",3035
-"For each month that your monthly subscription is active, you acknowledge and agree that headspace is authorized to charge the same credit card as was used for the initial subscription fee or other payment method as set forth in section 2.6 (h) (the ``payment method'') in the amount of the then current monthly subscription fee.",3036
-Make unauthorized copies of any content made available on or through the service ; ,3037
-"Although we enforce strict ` price accuracy' policies with all partners who provide us with travel data and endeavour to ensure that the content displayed on or via the skyscanner services and platforms is up todate and accurate, we can not guarantee the reliability or accuracy of such content.",3038
-"The service will be accessible via a mobile phone, tablet or other wireless device (collectively, ``mobile services'').",3039
-"12.2 the airbnb platform facilitates bookings between guests and hosts who may prefer to pay in a currency different from their destination currency, which may require currency conversions to accommodate these differing currency preferences.",3040
-"When you use amazon services, or send e-mails, text messages, and other communications from your desktop or mobile device to us, you may be communicating with us electronically.",3041
-"For virtual items, your order will represent an offer to us to obtain a limited license for the relevant service (s) or virtual in-game item (s) which will be accepted by us when we make the virtual items available in your account for you to use in our games or debit the account through which you paid, whichever comes first.",3042
-"Content or links to content that, in the sole judgment of tripadvisor, (a) violates the previous subsections herein, (b) is objectionable, (c) which restricts or inhibits any other person from using or enjoying the interactive areas or this website, or (d) which may expose tripadvisor or its affiliates or its users to any harm or liability of any type.",3043
-Manipulate identifiers in order to disguise the origin of any message or post transmitted through the services.,3044
-Any failure by us to enforce any of these terms shall not be considered to be a waiver of them or the right to subsequently enforce any of these terms.,3045
-"You are responsible for, and assume all risks associated with, your use of the services and for any content accessed or made available to others through your account (even if that content is accessed or made available by others).",3046
-Niantic may freely assign or transfer these terms without restriction.,3047
-Use a service for tasks that it is not intended for ; ,3048
-F. conflict with aaa rules.,3049
-You can request a refund from skype using the cancellation and refund form.,3050
-"During your netflix membership we grant you a limited, non-exclusive, non-transferable, license to access the netflix service and view netflix content.",3051
-"Evernote will endeavor to provide you with the option of whether or not to install the update ; however, in certain circumstances (e.g., security risks), evernote may require you to install the update to continue accessing the service.",3052
-"2.1 in order to download and/or use the software, products and/or skype websites you must first accept these terms.these terms are accepted by you (a) when you click to accept or agree to the terms ; or (b) when you download and/or use the software, products and/or skype websites.",3053
-"If any provision of these terms is held invalid or unenforceable (either by an arbitrator appointed pursuant to the terms of the ``dispute resolution'' section above or by a court of competent jurisdiction, but only if you timely opt out of arbitration by sending us an arbitration opt-out notice in accordance with the terms set forth above), that provision will be enforced to the maximum extent permissible, and the other provisions of these terms will remain in full force and effect.",3054
-You represent that you are authorized to provide any third-party contact information that you provide to us for referrals.,3055
-"C. make more copies of the application than specified in this agreement or allowed by applicable law, despite this limitation.",3056
-Monitoring use of service and user content ,3057
-"Third-party activities are offered and provided by third parties, not under armour.",3058
-"Pre-payment, cancellation, no-show and fine print ",3059
-"If this paragraph is held unenforceable with respect to any dispute, then the entirety of the arbitration agreement will be deemed void with respect to such dispute.",3060
-The names of actual companies and products may be the trademarks of their respective owners.,3061
-"You agree that no joint venture, agency, partnership, or employment relationship exists between you and the tripadvisor media group companies and/or affiliates as a result of this agreement or use of this website.",3062
-"Provide a statement that the information in the notification is accurate and, under penalty of perjury, that you are authorized to act on behalf of the copyright owner.",3063
-Linkedin ``dos'' and ``do n'ts'' ,3064
-"Academia.edu reserves the right to suspend or terminate your account if any information provided during the registration process or thereafter proves to be inaccurate, not current or incomplete.",3065
-"When a service requires or includes downloadable software, this software may update automatically on your device once a new version or feature is available.",3066
-You should carefully review their privacy statements and other conditions of use.,3067
-"You may not purchase services from oculus for commercial use or resale, although you may use oculus services to develop and test content, software or applications intended for distribution by oculus.",3068
-"If you want to use certain features of the services, you will have to create an account with us (an ``account'').",3069
-The app provider and its subsidiaries are third-party beneficiaries of these terms as it relates to your license to the applications.,3070
-International buying and selling ; translation ,3071
-"In addition, airbnb may (i) keep the calendar for the listing unavailable or blocked for the dates of the cancelled booking, and/or (ii) impose a cancellation fee, unless the host has a valid reason for cancelling the booking pursuant to airbnb's extenuating circumstances policy or has legitimate concerns about the guest's behavior.",3072
-"If the service does not permit you to post user videos directly to one or more third party social media platforms, then you are not authorized by the company to post your user videos on such platforms and you are solely responsible for obtaining any necessary rights, clearances, permissions or authorizations for such posting and may be subject to liability for your failure to do so in the event of any unauthorized posting of user videos.",3073
-"If you make suggestions to vimeo on improving or adding new features to the vimeo service, vimeo shall have the right to use your suggestions without any compensation to you.",3074
-Account deletion : you may delete your account at any time.,3075
-10.3 any advice or other materials in the products are intended for general information purposes only.,3076
-"Microsoft, and our affiliates, resellers, distributors, and vendors, make no warranties, express or implied, guarantees or conditions with respect to your use of the services.",3077
-"Finally, you understand and agree that evernote, in performing the required technical steps to provide the service to our users, may make such changes to your content as are necessary to conform and adapt that content to the technical requirements of connecting networks, devices, services or media.",3078
-"Subject to this fup, skype's unlimited subscriptions allow unlimited calls to landlines in the applicable subscription countries (excluding special, premium, service and non-geographic numbers).",3079
-"Uber may from time to time provide certain users with promotional offers and discounts that may result in different amounts charged for the same or similar services or goods obtained through the use of the services, and you agree that such promotional offers and discounts, unless also made available to you, shall have no bearing on your use of the services or the charges applied to you.",3080
-"By accessing or using the instagram website, the instagram service, or any applications (including mobile applications) made available by instagram (together, the ``service''), however accessed, you agree to be bound by these terms of use (``terms of use'').",3081
-"You may not display content from crowdtangle as any sort of public-facing display, app, product or otherwise external format without the express written consent of crowdtangle.",3082
-"9.4 for experiences, events and other host services, if inclement weather creates an unsafe or uncomfortable scenario for guests, hosts may modify or cancel a host service.",3083
-"This relationship in no way modifies, lessens or alters your obligations under this terms.",3084
-"Exercise common sense and your best judgment when interacting with others, including when you submit or post content or any personal or other information.",3085
-What's yours is yours -- you own your content (and your photos and videos are part of the content).,3086
-"For issues relating to certain naturalmotion games, you may find resolution by clicking on the ``support'' link on that game's page on naturalmotion's website.",3087
-It is your entire responsibility to secure an internet connection and all fees related thereto shall be at your own charge.,3088
-The services and the content are provided to you strictly on an ``as is'' basis.,3089
-"If you are registering with truecaller as a business entity, you represent that you have the authority to legally bind that entity.",3090
-"The use of any ``user interface'' other than the user interface that is included in the world of warcraft software (``third party user interface'') is not recommended by blizzard entertainment, and you hereby agree to indemnify and hold harmless blizzard entertainment from all claims, damages, and other losses which may arise from your use of a third party user interface.",3091
-The arbitrator may award the same damages to you individually as a court could.,3092
-• providing your password to any other person or using any other person's username and password ; ,3093
-"Your use of others' content and information posted on our services, is at your own risk.",3094
-"But that does not necessarily mean that we review content, so please do n't assume that we do.",3095
-"Please consult your carrier, mobile operator, etc. for further information.",3096
-A repeat infringer is a user who has been notified of infringing activity more than twice.,3097
-"The information supplied by this application is believed to be accurate, but tripadvisor, and/or its affiliates do not warrant or guarantee such accuracy.",3098
-Yahoo complies with applicable federal communications commission rules and regulations regarding the closed captioning of video content.,3099
-"Using cheats, automation software (bots), hacks, mods or any other unauthorised software designed to modify the nintendo account service or any part of it or using any unauthorised user device or any unauthorised modification of the user device ; attempting to derive source code of the nintendo account service ; ",3100
-"(i) post, display, or transmit content that violates any law or the rights of any third party, including without limitation intellectual property rights.",3101
-"``servers'' are the online environments that support the service, including without limitation : the server computation, electronic data storage, software access, messaging and protocols that simulate the service.",3102
-"Linden lab reserves the right, but is not obligated to use technological measures designed to prohibit the copying, transfer, or distribution of content outside the service when we in good faith believe that such copying, transfer, or distribution would or might violate the intellectual property rights of our users, linden lab, or third parties.",3103
-Please consult your legal counsel for further details or see 17 u.s.c. § 512 (c) (3).,3104
-"You agree to our data practices, including the collection, use, processing, and sharing of your information as described in our privacy policy, as well as the transfer and processing of your information to the united states and other countries globally where we have or use facilities, service providers, or partners, regardless of where you use our services.",3105
-"By visiting our website and accessing the information, resources, services, products, and tools we provide for you, either directly or indirectly (hereafter referred to as ` resources'), you agree to use these resources only for the purposes intended as permitted by (a) the terms of this user agreement, and (b) applicable laws, regulations and generally accepted online practices or guidelines.",3106
-"If you think somebody is violating your copyrights and want to notify us, you can find information about submitting notices and google's policy about responding to notices in our help center.",3107
-"You have the ability to disable the connection between your account and your third party accounts, at any time, by accessing your account settings page.",3108
-"If you reside in turkey, your access to the free service may be limited to a fixed amount of listening hours per month.",3109
-"``content'' means any information, images, photos, videos, masks, communications, or other content.",3110
-"The termination of this agreement for any reason will lead to the termination of any licences granted under the agreement and will prevent your use of the nintendo account service, including, but not limited to, nintendo shopping services.",3111
-"You must (i) obtain a world of warcraft authorization code from blizzard (usually found in a ` box' copy of world of warcraft or purchased through battle.net), (ii) register for and log in using an authorized battle.net account (the ``account'') to play world of warcraft and (iii) agree to the terms of use, the eula and the bnet tou.",3112
-We provide information about some of this third party software here and within the particular evernote software.,3113
-"Upon termination by truecaller without cause, you will be refunded any unused prepaid fees upon your written request, provided a receipt of such fees and a clear payment instruction are included in your request.",3114
-"When rendering our service, the information that we disclose is based on the information provided to us by suppliers.",3115
-Create profiles or provide content that promotes escort services or prostitution.,3116
-"No class actions : you may only resolve disputes with fitbit on an individual basis, and may not bring a claim as a plaintiff or a class member in a class, consolidated, or representative action.",3117
-We will inform you about your right to terminate the agreement in the notification email.,3118
-There are no refunds or other credits for gift subscription that are not redeemed.,3119
-"Netflix provides a subscription service that allows our members to access movies and tv shows (``netflix content'') streamed over the internet to certain internet-connected tvs, computers and other devices (``netflix ready devices'').",3120
-"If you requested to begin the performance of services during the cancellation period, you shall pay us an amount which is in proportion to what has been performed until you have communicated us your cancellation from this contract, in comparison with the full coverage of the contract.",3121
-You will be responsible for the payment of any gift purchased by you.,3122
-"If you do not agree to this contract (``contract'' or ``user agreement''), do not click ``join now'' (or similar) and do not access or otherwise use any of our services.",3123
-Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk.,3124
-"In addition, we have the right -- but not the obligation -- in our sole discretion to remove, disallow, block or delete any user content (i) that we consider to violate this eula, applicable law or otherwise constitute objectionable content (defined in section 5.",3125
-"Neither airbnb nor any other party involved in creating, producing, or delivering the airbnb platform or collective content will be liable for any incidental, special, exemplary or consequential damages, including lost profits, loss of data or loss of goodwill, service interruption, computer damage or system failure or the cost of substitute products or services, or for any damages for personal or bodily injury or emotional distress arising out of or in connection with (i) these terms, (ii) from the use of or inability to use the airbnb platform or collective content, (iii) from any communications, interactions or meetings with other members or other persons with whom you communicate, interact or meet with as a result of your use of the airbnb platform, or (iv) from your publishing or booking of a listing, including the provision or use of a listing's host services, whether based on warranty, contract, tort (including negligence), product liability or any other legal theory, and whether or not airbnb has been informed of the possibility of such damage, even if a limited remedy set forth herein is found to have failed of its essential purpose.",3126
-"This means you must sign in at least once in a five-year period to keep your microsoft account, and associated services, active, unless provided otherwise in an offer for a paid portion of the services.",3127
-The services may be made available or accessed in connection with third party services and content (including advertising) that uber does not control.,3128
-We may choose to be more lenient with policy enforcement in an effort to do the right thing for both buyers and sellers.,3129
-"We assume no responsibility or liability for any loss or damage resulting from any interaction with other athletes who employ the services, individuals you meet through the services, or individuals who find you because of content posted on, by or through the services.",3130
-A current version of this agreement will always be available on nintendo's website.,3131
-"The tripadvisor media group companies disclaim all warranties, conditions, or other terms of any kind that this website, its servers or any email sent from the tripadvisor media group companies, are free of viruses or other harmful components.",3132
-"You may at any time opt-out of this feature by deactivating it, in which case we will de-list your contacts (unless their details were provided by other sources).",3133
-"In proving the service of any notice via email, it will be sufficient to prove that such e-mail was sent to the specified e-mail address of the addressee.",3134
-"A party shall be excused from any delay or failure in performance hereunder due to any labor dispute, government requirement, act of god, internet congestion or breakdown, or any other cause beyond its reasonable control.",3135
-"The substantive practice area requirements for the arbitrator and the $ 10,000,000 threshold for the number of arbitrators assigned to the dispute set forth in the paragraph above will also apply to any such arbitration under jams or other arbitration service.",3136
-They go doubly for you.,3137
-"From time to time, you may be able to purchase, with ``real world'' money, a limited, personal, non-transferable, non-sublicensable, revocable license to use ``virtual items,'' including but not limited to super likes (collectively, ``virtual items'').",3138
-"If you think that there is a mistake, please make sure that you ask us to confirm any changes in writing, as we only accept responsibility for statements and representations made in writing by an officer of headspace.",3139
-"(2) create or use cheats, ``mods'', and/or hacks, or any other third-party software designed to modify the world of warcraft experience ; ",3140
-"If you do not accept the terms of this eula, do not install, use or access the rovio services.",3141
-"All applicable fees, including the listing fee, security deposit (if applicable), guest fee and any applicable taxes (collectively, ``total fees'') will be presented to you prior to booking a listing.",3142
-"For a period of sixty (60) days from the date of receipt of notice from the other party, linden and you will engage in a dialogue in order to attempt to resolve the dispute, though neither party is required to resolve such dispute on terms which each party, in its sole discretion, is uncomfortable.",3143
-"E. rent, lease, or lend the application.",3144
-"In the event you download software from the site, the software, including any files, images incorporated in or generated by the software, and the data accompanying the software (collectively, the ``software'') is licensed to you by 9gag, inc or third party licensors for your personal, noncommercial use, and no title to the software shall be transferred to you.",3145
-"Except as expressly set forth above, no licenses or rights are granted to you by implication or otherwise.",3146
-"Third-party links, sites, and services ",3147
-You can decline this agreement to arbitrate by clicking here and submitting the opt-out form within 30 days of first registering your account.,3148
-Vivino may also impose limits on certain features and services or restrict your access to parts or all of the service without notice or liability.,3149
-"World of warcraft is protected by the copyright laws of the united states, international copyright treaties and conventions, and other laws.",3150
-Go ahead and contact us first and we'll do our best to resolve the issue.,3151
-About booking.com and the support companies ,3152
-You can withdraw your agreement at any time by changing the settings on your user account.,3153
-"You represent and warrant that you have all the rights, power and authority necessary to grant the rights granted herein to any content that you submit.",3154
-"You are responsible for ensuring that your host service is accurately represented in the verified images and you will stop using the verified images on or through the airbnb platform if they no longer accurately represent your listing, if you stop hosting the host service featured, or if your airbnb account is terminated or suspended for any reason.",3155
-"To begin an arbitration proceeding, you must send a letter requesting arbitration and describing your claim to our registered agent corporation service company, 300 deschutes way sw, suite 304, tumwater, wa 98501.",3156
-"To the extent that you provide us with any suggestions, comments, improvements, ideas or other feedback (``feedback''), you hereby assign ownership of all intellectual property rights subsisting in that feedback to us and acknowledge that we can use and share such feedback for any purpose at our discretion.",3157
-"For applications you download from the windows store : (a) you may install and use the application on a windows device or devices that are affiliated with the microsoft account that you use to access the windows store ; and (b) the device limit for the application is displayed in the store or, for some applications downloaded on the xbox console, in our usage rules.",3158
-"For example, we may deactivate your account due to prolonged inactivity, and we may reclaim your username at any time for any reason.",3159
-"Linden lab hereby grants you a nonexclusive, non-transferable, non-sublicensable, limited, personal and revocable license to install and use the object code of the software on any internet device that you own or control.",3160
-Software from the tripadvisor websites is further subject to united states export controls.,3161
-"• access, tamper with, or use non-public areas of the site, academia.edu's computer systems, or the technical delivery systems of academia.edu's providers ; ",3162
-"You may terminate your account at any time, for any reason, by following the instructions in ``settings'' in the service, however you will need to manage your in app purchases through your mobile device platform (e.g., itunes, google play).",3163
-This agreement should not be construed as a sale of any rights in virtual items.,3164
-"By using our services, you are agreeing to these terms, our trainer guidelines, and our privacy policy.",3165
-"You agree that if anyone brings a claim against spotify related to user content that you post, then, to the extent permissible under local law, you will indemnify and hold spotify harmless from and against all damages, losses, and expenses of any kind (including reasonable attorney fees and costs) arising out of such claim.",3166
-"If you agree to pay the host, or airbnb determines in its sole discretion that you are responsible for the damage claim, airbnb payments will collect any such sums from you and/or against the security deposit (if applicable) required to cover the damage claim pursuant to the payments terms.",3167
-"Any virtual item balance shown in your account does not constitute a real-world balance or reflect any stored value, but instead constitutes a measurement of the extent of your license.",3168
-World of warcraft terms of use ,3169
-You are responsible for maintaining the confidentially of your login details and any activities that occur under your account.,3170
-"By making any member content available through the site or services, you hereby grant to academia.edu a worldwide, revocable, non-exclusive, transferable license to exercise any and all rights under copyright, in any medium, and to authorize others to do the same, in connection with operating and providing the services and content to you and to other members, provided that the member content is not sold for a profit.",3171
-"By clicking on the accept button and/or continuing to install the software or use the software, products and/or skype websites, you expressly consent to be bound by its terms and conditions and grant to skype the rights set forth herein.",3172
-You can increase your storage space and add paid features to your account (turning your account into a ``paid account'').,3173
-"By accessing or using this website in any manner, you agree to be bound by the agreement and represent that you have read and understood its terms.",3174
-It is your responsibility to carefully review those terms and conditions.,3175
-"However, we have the right, without payment to you or others, to serve ads near your content and information, and your social actions on sponsored content and company pages may be visible, as noted in the privacy policy.",3176
-"You and oculus empower the arbitrator with the exclusive authority to resolve any dispute relating to the interpretation, applicability or enforceability of these terms or formation of this contract, including the arbitrability of any dispute and any claim that all or any part of these terms are void or voidable.",3177
-"Access to the service from jurisdictions where the contents or practices of the service are illegal, unauthorized or penalized is strictly prohibited.",3178
-"Such notice (``takedown notice'') must include your full name, contact details (address and phone number), a reasonably detailed description of the alleged infringement and adequate evidence of your right in the relevant ip (for example, trademark registrar certificate of a signed affidavit).",3179
-"You must not change, modify, adapt or alter the service or change, modify or alter another website so as to falsely imply that it is associated with the service or instagram.",3180
-"In the event that the payment method that you designate can not be verified, is invalid or is not otherwise acceptable, we may suspend or cancel your order.",3181
-"Funds may be uploaded to your wallet by using a credit card or any other payment method accepted by noe, by inserting a digital code printed on a nintendo eshop card available in retail, or by any other method communicated by noe.",3182
-The third-party apps and services may present you with a privacy policy or require you to accept additional terms of use before you can install or use the third-party app or service.,3183
-"In order to operate and provide our services, you grant whatsapp a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free, sublicensable, and transferable license to use, reproduce, distribute, create derivative works of, display, and perform the information (including the content) that you upload, submit, store, send, or receive on or through our services.",3184
-Use of the service is void where prohibited.,3185
-"If you wish to terminate your account, you may do so by following the instructions on the site.",3186
-"7.1.6 when you accept or have pre-approved a booking request by a guest, you are entering into a legally binding agreement with the guest and are required to provide your host service (s) to the guest as described in your listing when the booking request is made.",3187
-"You may not : (i) remove any copyright, trademark or other proprietary notices from any portion of the services ; (ii) reproduce, modify, prepare derivative works based upon, distribute, license, lease, sell, resell, transfer, publicly display, publicly perform, transmit, stream, broadcast or otherwise exploit the services except as expressly permitted by uber ; (iii) decompile, reverse engineer or disassemble the services except as may be permitted by applicable law ; (iv) link to, mirror or frame any portion of the services ; (v) cause or launch any programs or scripts for the purpose of scraping, indexing, surveying, or otherwise data mining any portion of the services or unduly burdening or hindering the operation and/or functionality of any aspect of the services ; or (vi) attempt to gain unauthorized access to or impair any aspect of the services or its related systems or networks.",3188
-Your content does not include masquerade content.,3189
-What is the license i have to grant to evernote ? ,3190
-"14.1 except to the extent expressly provided in section 14.2, this agreement and the relationship between you and ncl shall be governed by the laws of japan, to the exclusion of the un sales convention on contracts for the international sale of goods.",3191
-Reporting copyright and other ip violations ,3192
-"You agree not to use any false, inaccurate or misleading information when signing up for your microsoft account or skype account.",3193
-"If you gave us your phone number in connection with your microsoft account or skype account, then we may send service notifications to you via sms (text message), including to verify your identity before registering your mobile phone number.",3194
-(a) copy the service except where such copying is incidental to normal use of the service ; ,3195
-"No waiver will be effective against the company unless made in writing, and no such waiver will be construed as a waiver in any other or subsequent instance.",3196
-This includes the right to copy and make derivative works from the videos solely to the extent necessary to view the videos.,3197
-Spain must be 14 or older to use free service.,3198
-"If you are n't allowed to use someone else's proprietary work or likeness (either by license or by legal exceptions and limitations such as fair use), please do n't post it.",3199
-Standard telephone minute and text charges may apply and may include overage fees if you have exceeded your plan limits.,3200
-You may reject any change skype makes to paragraph 20.3 (other than address changes) by sending us notice within 30 days of the change by u.s. mail to the address in paragraph 20.3 (b).,3201
-These terms do not create or confer any third-party beneficiary rights.,3202
-"We also can not guarantee that the applications will be compatible with, or available on, your device.",3203
-"We value hearing from our athletes, and are always interested in learning about ways we can make under armour awesome.",3204
-"Posting, sending or otherwise making available via nintendo account service any content that contains personal data (including photos, images and videos) of any third party without their permission ; ",3205
-"Tripadvisor does not edit or control the user messages posted to or distributed on this website including through any chat rooms, bulletin boards or other communications forums, and will not be in any way responsible or liable for such user messages.",3206
-"A statement by you, made under penalty of perjury, that the above information in your notice is accurate and that you are the copyright owner or are authorized to act on the copyright owner's behalf.",3207
-(if you want to cancel the contract please complete and return this form .) ,3208
-"We will try to notify you of material revisions, for example via a service notification or an email to the email associated with your account.",3209
-"This excludes the downloading, copying and/or printing of pages of the website for personal, non-commercial home use only.",3210
-"If you decide to access any external sites, purchase any content from external sites or subscribe to services offered by such external site, then you do so at your own risk.",3211
-The maintenance and security of this equipment may influence the performance of the fitbit service and it is your responsibility to ensure the equipment's functionality.,3212
-We may review your conduct and content for compliance with these terms and our acceptable use policy.,3213
-"After a 4-hour call duration, the call will be disconnected and require a re-dial.",3214
-You may not assign or otherwise transfer your airbnb account to another party.,3215
-"You assume full responsibility for the choices you make before, during and after your participation in a host service.",3216
-You also acknowledge and agree that spotify may remove or reclaim your username at any time if spotify in its absolute discretion considers such action appropriate.,3217
-"Gain unauthorized access to the service, to other users' accounts, names, or personally identifiable information, or to other computers or websites connected or linked to the service ; ",3218
-"Access, tamper with, or use non-public areas of the service, the company's (and its hosting company's) computer systems and infrastructure, or the technical delivery systems of the company's providers ; ",3219
-A physical or electronic signature of the subscriber ; ,3220
-"If you have any concerns about your login details or think they have been misused, you should contact support@deliveroo.co.uk straight away to let us know.",3221
-A description of where the material that you claim is infringing is located on the site ; ,3222
-"Accordingly, only those liability and other limitations which are lawful in your jurisdiction (if any) will apply to you and our liability is limited to the maximum extent permitted by law.",3223
-A payment method may be required to redeem a discount or coupon code.,3224
-The rules and aaa forms are available at http://www.adr.org.,3225
-These terms and any action related thereto will be governed by the laws of the state of california without regard to its conflict of laws provisions.,3226
-"In certain jurisdictions, you may have legal rights as a consumer, and our terms are not intended to limit such consumer legal rights that may not be waived by contract.",3227
-"Upon termination, you will remain liable for any unpaid amounts owed by you to linden lab.",3228
-"(d) discount, coupon or gift codes ",3229
-"The amount of occupancy taxes, if any, collected and remitted by airbnb will be visible to and separately stated to both guests and hosts on their respective transaction documents.",3230
-"If you use or misuse the service, or if you violate these terms or any other applicable rules, including the community rules or feature terms, and that results in loss or damage or in a claim or liability against zynga or any zynga affiliate, you agree to indemnify, defend and hold harmless zynga and/or the zynga affiliate (which means you agree to compensate zynga and/or the zynga affiliate on a ``dollar for dollar'' basis) for that loss, damage, claim or liability, including compensating zynga and/or the applicable zynga affiliate for our legal fees or expenses.",3231
-"Damage to accommodations, disputes between members ",3232
-"Rovio's privacy policy defines how, why and to which extent rovio collects and uses personal and non-personal information in relation to rovio's products and services.",3233
-A non-exhaustive list of our trademarks and the policy governing their use is available here.,3234
-Commercial usage of the services.,3235
-"Do n't post content that is defamatory, obscene, pornographic, offensive, hateful, inflammatory, or promoting sexually explicit material.",3236
-"We do not waive any rights to use similar or related ideas or feedback previously known to us, developed by fitbit, or obtained from sources other than you.",3237
-"Though tinder strives to encourage a respectful user experience through features like the double opt-in that only allows users to communicate if they have both indicated interest in one another, it is not responsible for the conduct of any user on or off of the services.",3238
-(1) blizzard entertainment expressly reserves the exclusive right to create derivative works based on world of warcraft.,3239
-Modify or cause to be modified any files that are a part of the service or any supercell game without supercell's express written consent.,3240
-"If you do so, you authorize us to access and use certain facebook account information, including but not limited to your public facebook profile and information about facebook friends you share in common with other tinder users.",3241
-You agree to pay all fees and applicable taxes incurred by you or anyone using a duolingo account registered to you.,3242
-"H) use any automated computer program or application to scan, copy, index, sort or otherwise exploit the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms or any part thereof.",3243
-"Blizzard entertainment may, in its sole and absolute discretion, take whatever action it deems necessary to preserve the integrity of world of warcraft.",3244
-(c) the licensee has no rights in or to the service other than the license ; and ,3245
-"Each athlete retains ownership, responsibility for, and/or other applicable rights in the user-generated content that they create, and under armour and/or its partners or third parties retain ownership, responsibility for and/or other applicable rights in all ua content.",3246
-B. work or school accounts.,3247
-"As with all things, world of warcraft is governed by certain rules of conduct (``rules of conduct'') that must be adhered to by all users of world of warcraft.",3248
-B) use the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms for any commercial purpose or in any manner which may cause damage to skyscanner or bring skyscanner into disrepute ; ,3249
-"Although we provide rules for user conduct, we do not control or direct users' actions on facebook and are not responsible for the content or information users transmit or share on facebook.",3250
-"``nintendo intellectual property'' refers to all intellectual property, including but not limited to registered and unregistered trademarks, service marks, logos, registered and unregistered designs, copyrights, database rights, inventions, patents, trade secrets, know-how, mii characters and other confidential and proprietary information which nintendo developed, owns or is granted a licence to use.",3251
-(d) the licensee has no right to have access to the service in source code form.,3252
-"You agree that any claim you have against us must be commenced or filed within one year after such claim arose ; otherwise, your claim is permanently barred.",3253
-The arbitrator's award shall be final and binding and judgment on the award rendered by the arbitrator may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof.,3254
-"Effective september 26, 2016 for players who do not play any zynga game for the first time between july 26, 2016 and september 26, 2016.",3255
-"The general cancellation and no-show policy of each supplier is made available on our platform on the supplier information pages, during the reservation procedure and in the confirmation email or ticket (if applicable).",3256
-"Onavo may terminate this agreement, or terminate or suspend your access to any of the services at any time, with or without cause, with or without notice.",3257
-Rewards are not for resale.,3258
-"If we do this, we will post a notice that we have made changes to these terms and conditions on the websites for at least 7 days after the changes are posted and will indicate at the bottom of the terms and conditions the date these terms were last revised.",3259
-Use of the services in violation of the limited license granted hereunder will result in the termination of this license and may expose you to claims for damages.,3260
-Apple has no obligation whatsoever to furnish any maintenance and support services with respect to the apps.,3261
-"All information is provided ``as is'' without any representation, warranty or condition as to its accuracy or reliability.",3262
-"You are solely responsible any consequences, losses, or damages that we may directly or indirectly incur or suffer due to any unauthorized activities conducted by you, as explained above, and may incur criminal or civil liability.",3263
-Purchases or redemptions of third party virtual currency to acquire a license to use virtual items are non-refundable to the fullest extent allowed by law.,3264
-"Further, you agree that the arbitrator may not consolidate proceedings of more than one person's claims, and may not otherwise preside over any form of a representative or class proceeding, and that if this specific proviso is found to be unenforceable, then the entirety of this mandatory arbitration section will be null and void.",3265
-"In the event of account deletion for any reason, content that you submitted may no longer be available.",3266
-"You agree to defend, indemnify, and hold harmless crowdtangle from and against all liabilities, damages, losses, and expenses of any kind (including reasonable legal fees and costs) relating to, arising out of, or in any way in connection with any of the following : (a) your access to or use of the services, including information provided in connection therewith ; (b) your breach or alleged breach of our terms of service ; or (c) any misrepresentation made by you.",3267
-"As a host, you are responsible for your own acts and omissions and are also responsible for the acts and omissions of any individuals who reside at or are otherwise present at the accommodation at your request or invitation, excluding the guest (and the individuals the guest invites to the accommodation, if applicable).",3268
-"For more information, see www.adr.org or call 1-800-778-7879.",3269
-Definitions as used in this agreement and in any subscription orders now or hereafter associated herewith : ,3270
-"If any provision of these terms shall be deemed unlawful, void or for any reason unenforceable, then that provision shall be deemed severable from these terms and shall not affect the validity and enforceability of any remaining provisions.",3271
-"In countries where the following types of exclusions are n't allowed, we're responsible to you only for losses and damages that are a reasonably foreseeable result of our failure to use reasonable care and skill or our breach of our contract with you.",3272
-You hereby warrant that you have all necessary and sufficient right to share such information with the service and other users of its community.,3273
-"However, you acknowledge and agree that the perpetual licence granted by you in relation to user content, including feedback, is irrevocable and will therefore continue after expiry or termination of any of the agreements for any reason.",3274
-"Subscriber agrees to notify 9gag, inc immediately of any actual or suspected loss, theft, or unauthorized use of subscriber's account or password.",3275
-"You agree to indemnify and hold harmless atlas solutions group inc. and its parent company and affiliates, and their directors, officers, managers, employees, donors, agents, and licensors, from and against all losses, expenses, damages and costs, including reasonable attorneys' fees, resulting from any violation of this user agreement or the failure to fulfill any obligations relating to your account incurred by you or any other person using your account.",3276
-"If you post, send or otherwise make available user-generated content via your nintendo account you grant ncl a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual and fully transferable right to reproduce, publish and make available user-generated content via the nintendo account service as envisaged by the application that you use to post, send or otherwise make available such user-generated content.",3277
-Separate log-in credentials may be required to access external sites (defined in section 8 below).,3278
-You and airbnb acknowledge and agree that we are each waiving the right to a trial by jury as to all arbitrable disputes.,3279
-"We are also not responsible for any damage, loss or offense caused or alleged to be caused by, or in connection with, the use of or reliance on such websites or services.",3280
-"Parents of children under the age of 18 can consult the ios or google play settings for their app to restrict in-app purchases, but should also monitor their children's accounts for unexpected activity, including the purchase of virtual money or virtual goods.",3281
-I) the use of our resources will meet your needs or requirements.,3282
-"We work hard to provide a great experience for our athletes, so please respect our intellectual property rights and only use our services the way they're intended to be used.",3283
-"To the extent that the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms allow you to post, upload, transmit or otherwise make available any information, images, video, or other data with skyscanner or other skyscanner users (``user content''), you agree that : ",3284
-"7.2.3 you represent and warrant that any listing you post and the booking of, or a guest's stay at, an accommodation will (i) not breach any agreements you have entered into with any third parties, such as homeowners association, condominium, or other agreements, and (ii) comply with all applicable laws (such as zoning laws), tax requirements, and other rules and regulations (including having all required permits, licenses and registrations).",3285
-"This agreement is between you and spotify only, not with apple, and apple is not responsible for the service and the content thereof.",3286
-"Please consult any applicable terms of use and privacy policies provided by the third party for such websites, servers or online services or environments.",3287
-"7.2 you retain all of your ownership rights in your content, but you are required to grant limited licence rights to youtube and other users of the service.",3288
-"Contains restricted or password only access pages, or hidden pages or images (those not linked to or from another accessible page) ; ",3289
-Any fees paid hereunder are non-refundable.,3290
-We can edit or remove your content from our products and services at any time for any reason.,3291
-"For example, do n't use data obtained from us to provide tools that are used for surveillance.",3292
-"We may also, at our discretion, choose to monitor and/or record your interaction with the service or your communications with zynga or other players (including without limitation chat text and voice communications) when you are using the service.",3293
-Your use of the services and content ,3294
-"Many of these products previously had separate terms that were called different names, such as ``xbox live terms of use'' or ``skype terms of use,'' and these terms replace those separate terms.",3295
-"Likewise, except as set forth in this section or as required by applicable law, the company is not responsible for repairing or replacing your gifts, or providing you with any credit or refund or any other sum, in the event of : (i) the company's change, suspension or termination of any gifts ; or (ii) for loss or damage due to service error, or any other reason.",3296
-"You acknowledge that the runtime incorporates proprietary information, and that you will not disclose it to any other person or entity.",3297
-"We reserve the right to adjust, refuse or remove reviews at our sole discretion.",3298
-A download speed of at least 5.0 mbps per stream is recommended to receive hd content (defined as a resolution of 720p or higher).,3299
-"Linden lab may, but will not have the obligation to, display, maintain, or otherwise make use of, any of your user content, and linden lab may, in its sole discretion, modify, delete, or otherwise make use of user content without notice or any liability to you or any third party.",3300
-"You will not settle any claims and losses without, in each instance, the prior, written consent of an officer of linden lab.",3301
-"As between you and uber, uber reserves the right to establish, remove and/or revise charges for any or all services or goods obtained through the use of the services at any time in uber's sole discretion.",3302
-The services are provided ``as is'' and you agree that the services are used at your own risk.,3303
-"You may enable or log in to the services via various online third-party services, such as social media and social networking services like facebook or twitter (``social networking services'').",3304
-"Depending on what platform you are using, prepaid fees for the services may be connected to your device as well as its phone number.",3305
-"Virtual items purchased in our games on other platforms such as facebook, apple ios, or android will be subject to those platforms' payment terms and conditions.",3306
-"5.13 linking you may link to the skype website from another website owned by you, provided you do so in a way that is fair and legal and does not damage our reputation or take advantage of it.",3307
-"For details on the arbitration process, see our arbitration procedures.",3308
-Try not to reuse your google account password on third-party applications.,3309
-"Our ``name search'' feature will allow you to request a phone number at a manual name search ; the request will only be accommodated it the searched person has made his phone number available for search via the service, or where his phone number is available on a publicly accessible directory.",3310
-"All disputes arising out of, relating to, or in connection with these terms or your use of the products that can not be resolved informally or in small claims court will be resolved through binding arbitration on an individual basis, except that you and headspace are not required to arbitrate any dispute in which either party seeks equitable relief for the alleged unlawful use of copyrights, trademarks, trade names, logos, trade secrets, or patents.",3311
-"The site and its contents are intended solely for the use of 9gag, inc subscribers and may only be used in accordance with the terms of this agreement.",3312
-We'll provide you with reasonable advance notice via the email address associated with your account to remedy the activity that prompted us to contact you and give you the opportunity to export your stuff from our services.,3313
-You shall not resell or commercialise the software and/or products to any third party.,3314
-"No licenses or rights are granted to you by implication or otherwise under any intellectual property rights owned or controlled by fitbit or its licensors, except for the licenses and rights expressly granted in these terms.",3315
-This is indicated in the chart as well .) ,3316
-"Virtual items do not incur fees for non-use, however, the license granted to you in virtual items will terminate in accordance with the terms of this agreement, when tinder ceases providing the service or your account is otherwise closed or terminated.",3317
-Any waiver must be in writing and signed by both you and us to be legally binding.,3318
-"If you and the company do not reach an agreement to resolve the claim within 30 days after the notice is received, you or the company may commence an arbitration proceeding as set forth below or file a claim in small claims court.",3319
-Please check with your internet provider for information on possible internet data usage charges.,3320
-"7.4.6 as a co-host, you will not be reviewed by guests, meaning that your co-host activities will not affect your reviews or ratings for other listings for which you are a host.",3321
-All sales through nintendo shopping services are made by noe and noe is the seller to you.,3322
-"If you purchase a subscription through the google play store, the sale is final and we will not provide a refund.",3323
-Amazon's copyright agent for notice of claims of copyright infringement on its site can be reached as follows : ,3324
-"Please click on the relevant link to view the menus on our service, and then click on your chosen menu which will provide you with the option to submit your order to your chosen partner restaurant.",3325
-The netflix service and any content viewed through the service are for your personal and non-commercial use only.,3326
-"For example, copyright laws could prevent us from processing, maintaining, storing, backing-up and distributing certain content, unless you give us these rights.",3327
-You are responsible for all of the acts or omissions associated with your access and use of the services and the access and use of the services by anyone on your behalf.,3328
-"To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law tripadvisor hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to this information, software, products, and services, including all implied warranties and conditions or terms of any kind as to merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, title, quiet possession and noninfringement.",3329
-"You also represent and warrant that neither your user content, nor your use and provision of your user content to be made available through the services, nor any use of your user content by niantic on or through the services will infringe, misappropriate, or violate a third party's intellectual property rights, or rights of publicity or privacy, or result in the violation of any applicable law or regulation.",3330
-You agree that you are responsible for all data charges you incur through use of the service.,3331
-All other trademarks not owned by skype or any of its related companies that appear on this site are the property of their respective owners.,3332
-"Evernote does not assume any responsibility for, or liability on account of, the actions or omissions of such third party applications or service providers.",3333
-"The united states federal arbitration act governs the interpretation and enforcement of this ``special arbitration provision for united states or canada users'' section, including any question of whether a dispute between masquerade and you is subject to arbitration.",3334
-"Registration : to fully use the vimeo service, you must register as a member by providing a user name, password, and valid email address.",3335
-F. online statement and errors.,3336
-"In such cases, the liability will be limited to the typical and foreseeable damages.",3337
-"If you are a copyright owner and have a good faith belief that any material available through the service infringes upon your copyrights, you may submit a copyright infringement notification to duolingo pursuant to the digital millennium copyright act by providing us with the following information in writing : ",3338
-We will restore the products as soon as we reasonably can.,3339
-"Rovio warrants to you (if you are the initial and original purchaser of the software) that, to the extent the software is made available to you on a physical storage medium, the original storage medium holding the software is free from defects in material and workmanship under normal use and service for 90 days from the date of purchase.",3340
-"In addition, under california civil code section 1789.3, you may contact the complaint assistance unit of the division of consumer services of the california department of consumer affairs in writing at 1625 n. market blvd., suite s-202, sacramento, california 95834, or by telephone at 1-800-952-5210 in order to resolve a complaint regarding the service or to receive further information regarding use of the service.",3341
-"If you become aware, or suspect for any reason, that the security of your log-in details has been compromised, please let us know here as soon as you can.",3342
-"Because our services evolve over time, we may change or discontinue all or any part of the services at any time and without notice.",3343
-"You may use the attached model cancellation form, but it is not obligatory.",3344
-"In particular, you represent and warrant that you : (a) are not a prohibited party identified on any government export exclusion lists (see http://www.bis.doc.gov/complianceandenforcement/liststocheck.htm) or a member of a government of any other export-prohibited countries as identified in applicable export and import laws and regulations ; (b) will not transfer software, technology, and other technical data via the yahoo services to export-prohibited parties or countries ; (c) will not use the yahoo services for military, nuclear, missile, chemical or biological weaponry end uses in violation of u.s. export laws ; and (d) will not transfer, upload, or post via the yahoo services any software, technology or other technical data in violation of u.s. or other applicable export or import laws.",3345
-"In no event will duolingo be responsible for the actions or inactions of any third party payment processor, including, but not limited to, system downtime or payment service outages.",3346
-"You agree to (a) immediately notify yahoo of any unauthorized use of your password or account or any other breach of security, and (b) ensure that you exit from your account at the end of each session.",3347
-"By signing up or otherwise using the spotify service, websites, and software applications (together, the ``spotify service'' or ``service''), or accessing any content or material that is made available by spotify through the service (the ``content'') you are entering into a binding contract with the spotify entity indicated at the bottom of this document.",3348
-"You're okay with us providing notices to you through our websites, apps, and contact information your provided to us.",3349
-Use of the software is subject to these terms and the terms of any applicable product policy provided with such software.,3350
-"If you are an individual and use the software or products for personal or household use, or if the value of the dispute is $ 75,000 usd or less whether or not you are an individual or how you use them, its supplementary procedures for consumer-related disputes will also apply.",3351
-(the aaa rules are available at www.adr.org/arb_med or by calling the aaa at 1-800-778-7879 .) ,3352
-"In addition, you are responsible for compliance with applicable export control, economic sanctions and related laws when you travel across international borders and access your content.",3353
-Customers can cancel an order by contacting the partner restaurant.,3354
-Certain designated support companies render limited customer care support services (only by telephone).,3355
-"You agree that you must evaluate, and bear all risks associated with, the use of any content, including any reliance on the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of such content.",3356
-Learn more about what's changing.,3357
-You acknowledge that computer and telecommunications systems are not fault-free and occasional periods of downtime occur.,3358
-A person who is not a party to these terms shall have no right to enforce any provision of these terms.,3359
-"If you are under 18, do not view such content.",3360
-Youtube reserves the right to revoke these exceptions either generally or in specific cases.,3361
-Age requirement : you must be at least 13 years old to use the vimeo service.,3362
-Please see our commercial terms for information on terminating payment for paid services upon death or incapacity.,3363
-5.6 you agree that you are solely responsible for (and that youtube has no responsibility to you or to any third party for) any breach of your obligations under the terms and for the consequences (including any loss or damage which youtube may suffer) of any such breach.,3364
-"Other practices may be relevant in determining legitimate use and skype reserves the right to take any unlawful, prohibited, abnormal or unusual activity into account in making its determination.",3365
-"There are many features available to family members, so please carefully review the information provided when you agree to create or join a family.",3366
-"If your content violates these terms of use, you may bear legal responsibility for that content.",3367
-"You also represent and warrant that (i) neither you nor your host service (s) are located or take place in a country that is subject to a u.s. government embargo, or that has been designated by the u.s. government as a ``terrorist supporting'' country, and (ii) you are not listed on any u.s. government list of prohibited or restricted parties.",3368
-"Without limitation, you agree not to send, create, or reply to so called ``mailbombs'' (i.e., sending copies of a single message to many users, or sending large or multiple files or messages to a single user with malicious intent) or engage in ``spamming'' (i.e., sending unsolicited messages for business or other purposes) in addition, you agree not to send ``bulk messaging'' (i.e. sending messages for business or other commercial purposes) without written permission by viber, or undertake any other activity which may adversely affect the operation or enjoyment of this service by any other person, including placing malware on the service.",3369
-"From time to time, tinder may offer products and services for purchase (``in app purchases'') through itunes, google play or other application platforms authorized by tinder (each, a ``software store'').",3370
-We'll try to resolve the dispute informally by contacting you via email.,3371
-"12.2 if you feel that a posted message is objectionable or infringing, we encourage you to contact us immediately.",3372
-This agreement was written in us english.,3373
-So these limitations/exclusions may not apply to you if you reside in one of those states or countries.,3374
-This is an aggregate limit.,3375
-"All materials displayed or performed on the site, including, but not limited to text, graphics, logos, tools, photographs, images, illustrations, software or source code, audio and video, animations and themes (as defined below), including without limitation the 9gag, inc template code (as defined below) (collectively, ``content'') (other than content posted by subscriber (``subscriber content'')) are the property of 9gag, inc and/or third parties and are protected by hong kong and international copyright laws.",3376
-"(c) rent, lease, loan, make available to the public, sell or distribute the products in whole or in part ; ",3377
-"Further, you and spotify agree to the jurisdiction of the courts listed below to resolve any dispute, claim, or controversy that arises in connection with the agreements (and any non-contractual disputes/claims arising out of or in connection with them).",3378
-Express or imply that any statements you make are endorsed by tinder.,3379
-Our collection and use of personal information in connection with your access to and use of the airbnb platform is described in our privacy policy.,3380
-"We may store and continue billing your payment method (e.g. credit card) even after it has expired, to avoid interruptions in your services and to use to pay other services you may buy.",3381
-"You may use amazon software solely for purposes of enabling you to use the amazon services as provided by amazon, and as permitted by these conditions of use and any service terms.",3382
-(a) updates to these terms ,3383
-``account name'' means a name to identify yourself to linden lab staff in connection with your account for each product.,3384
-4.4 you may not register more than one (1) airbnb account unless airbnb authorizes you to do so.,3385
-"When you purchase a subscription or make any other paid feature related purchase via the services (each, a ``transaction''), you expressly authorize us (or our third party payment processor, e.g. stripe) to charge you for such transaction.",3386
-You will not log in or attempt to access the services through unauthorized third-party applications or clients.,3387
-"Airbnb reserves the right to change the service fees at any time, and we will provide members adequate notice of any fee changes before they become effective.",3388
-"You agree to comply with any applicable third party terms, when using the apps.",3389
-Nothing contained in the services is an offer or solicitation to buy or sell any security.,3390
-We also care about your safety while using our services.,3391
-"The provisions of the intellectual property, disclaimer of warranty, limitation of liability, and indemnification sections, and anything else that reasonably should be interpreted as surviving termination shall survive the termination, or expiration of the agreement.",3392
-The company does not allow using the service or any of its features for intellectual property infringement.,3393
-This agreement may only be modified as set forth in section xii.,3394
-Consequences of violating the rules of conduct.,3395
-"By downloading or using our applications, you expressly agree that we may communicate with you regarding transactions you have initiated on the services or respond to your communications to us through the services by sms, mms, text message, or other electronic means directed to your device and that certain information about your usage of the applications may be communicated to us.",3396
-"You acknowledge and agree that you have no expectation of privacy concerning the transmission of any user content, including without limitation chat text or voice communications.",3397
-"Your password protects your user account, and you are solely responsible for keeping your password confidential and secure.",3398
-Be reasonable and act responsibly.,3399
-"Further to the licence set out in this agreement, ncl does not provide you with any right, title or interest in the nintendo intellectual property.",3400
-"For example, you can choose your settings so your name and photo do not appear in an ad.",3401
-"Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion of certain warranties or conditions or the limitation or exclusion of liability for loss or damage caused by willful acts, negligence, breach of contract or breach of implied terms, or incidental or consequential damages.",3402
-"• we may revise data in the ebay product catalog to supplement, remove, or correct information ; if your listing uses catalog data that has been revised, those revisions may modify your listing accordingly.",3403
-You may not frame the site on any other site.,3404
-"To register for a paid subscription, you must be 18 or older, or be 14 or older and have parent or guardian consent (your parents/guardians will enter into contract on behalf of you).",3405
-"You represent and warrant that by accepting these terms, you have obtained such consent.",3406
-"Also, while we may help facilitate the resolution of disputes through various programs, ebay has no control over and does not guarantee the existence, quality, safety or legality of items advertised ; the truth or accuracy of users' content or listings ; the ability of sellers to sell items ; the ability of buyers to pay for items ; or that a buyer or seller will actually complete a transaction or return an item.",3407
-"(i) ``basics'' free trial : a free-of-charge program, which gives unlimited access to ten days of our ``foundation course.'' ",3408
-"If you have a dispute and our customer service representatives ca n't resolve it, send a notice of dispute by u.s. mail to microsoft corporation, attn : cela arbitration, one microsoft way, redmond, wa 98052-6399, u.s.a. (or to your mobile phone carrier at its principal place of business in the united states marked attn : legal department).",3409
-You hereby irrevocably consent to the jurisdiction of those courts for such purposes.,3410
-19.7 modification to aaa rules - arbitration hearing/location.,3411
-"Attn : copyright agent 500 molino st., suite 118 los angeles, ca 90013 ",3412
-"This right does not apply to any goods that have been used, or are stated by us to be non-returnable, including any items or goods that have been personalised or modified in accordance with your instructions.",3413
-"After the cancelation period ends, all purchases are final and all fees paid are non-refundable, even if your account is later terminated by vimeo.",3414
-The entire risk of satisfactory quality and performance resides with you.,3415
-Use or attempt to use another's account ; ,3416
-"If any provision of this agreement is held invalid, the remainder of this agreement shall continue in full force and effect.",3417
-"8.3 from time to time, viber may offer products or features available at no charge for a trial period, at viber's sole discretion, including as to duration and scope of no charge offers.",3418
-The prices on our platform are highly competitive.,3419
-Those fees are in addition to any fees you pay us for the services and we will not reimburse you for such fees.,3420
-"Oculus has no responsibility or liability with respect to your access to or use of the third-party content, or any content or functionality contained in such third-party content, your rights to which are solely provided pursuant to a licence between you and the provider of such third-party content.",3421
-These are described in paragraph 8 of these terms (rights you licence).,3422
-"The catalog may include copyrighted, trademarked or other proprietary materials.",3423
-Other merchants may follow different policies in the event of a mispriced item.,3424
-"You understand that whether or not content is published, youtube does not guarantee any confidentiality with respect to content.",3425
-The section titles in the tos are for convenience only and have no legal or contractual effect.,3426
-"Google may also stop providing services to you, or add or create new limits to our services at any time.",3427
-"You are responsible for all activity that occurs under your account, and you agree to maintain the security and secrecy of your account username and password at all times.",3428
-These rules exist to enable an open ecosystem with your rights in mind.,3429
-This means that we do not represent or warrant to you that : ,3430
-We are not responsible for the content of user material provided by you or any other user.,3431
-"1.5 the service is subject to scheduled and unscheduled service interruptions and loss of server data, which you do not own and for which you will not hold us liable.",3432
-1.2 arbitration notice and class action waiver ,3433
-"We may also from time to time, as we see fit, develop and provide updates for certain services.",3434
-"In this case, the nintendo network agreement and nintendo network privacy policy you accepted when registering a nintendo network id apply to your download and use of the digital product.",3435
-"Violates or infringes someone else's rights of publicity, privacy, copyright, trademark, or other intellectual-property right.",3436
-"Is unlawful, threatening, abusive, harassing, defamatory, libelous, deceptive, fraudulent, invasive of another's privacy, tortious, obscene, vulgar, pornographic, offensive, profane, contains or depicts nudity, contains or depicts sexual activity, or is otherwise inappropriate as determined by vivino in its sole discretion ; ",3437
-"You may not assign or delegate your rights according to this agreement, without the company's prior written consent.",3438
-Any unsolicited ideas and materials you post on or send to us via the service are deemed user content and licensed to us as set forth above.,3439
-"Spam, solicit money from or defraud any users.",3440
-"For those claims that the arbitrator determines are not frivolous, viber shall pay the costs and fees of jams and the arbitrator.",3441
-• concerning any third party's use of content that you submit ; ,3442
-We also require that you use only the then-current version of the runtime.,3443
-"This means we may add new product features or enhancements from time to time as well as remove some features, and if these actions do not materially affect your rights or obligations, we may not provide you with notice before taking them.we may even suspend the services entirely, in which event we will notify you in advance unless extenuating circumstances, such as safety or security concerns, prevent us from doing so.",3444
-Please call our partner restaurant prior to ordering if you have an allergy.,3445
-"Arbitration, class-action waiver, and jury waiver.",3446
-Hosts alone are responsible for their listings and host services.,3447
-Some cities may require a license to guide tours or to sail.,3448
-A physical signature of the person authorized to act on behalf of the owner of the copyright interest ; ,3449
-Any relief awarded can not affect other users.,3450
-"And if you are using the apps on an ios-based device, you agree to and acknowledge the ``notice regarding apple,'' below.",3451
-See http://support.twitter.com/articles/15358-how-to-deactivate-your-account for instructions on how to deactivate your account and the privacy policy for more information on what happens to your information.,3452
-"Nintendo may terminate this agreement, or any part of this agreement, at any time, without notice if you breach the terms of this agreement.",3453
-Forge headers or otherwise manipulate identifiers in order to disguise the origin of any information transmitted to or through the service.,3454
-You should have a regular backup plan as microsoft wo n't be able to retrieve your content or data once your account is closed.,3455
-The occasional creation of clearly fictional profiles by linkedin or with its express permission in connection with a promotional campaign does not waive this obligation ; ,3456
-"Disputes involving more than $ 75,000.",3457
-"Before bringing a formal legal case, first contact our customer support team at https://zyngasupport.helpshift.com, or for black diamond slots, email support@risingtidegames.com, or for natural motion games email contact@naturalmotion.com to address your issue most disputes can be resolved that way.",3458
-"If you believe that your copyright has been infringed, please send us a notice as set forth in our copyright and dmca policy, which is incorporated into this agreement.",3459
-Subscription accounts will remain active until the end of the subscription term and any renewal term.,3460
-``payment service provider'' means a third party payment service provider as contracted by linden lab in its sole discretion.,3461
-Respect of third party rights.,3462
-These exclusions or limitations will apply regardless of whether or not dropbox or any of its affiliates has been warned of the possibility of such damages.,3463
-If for any reason a claim proceeds in court rather than in arbitration we each waive any right to a jury trial.,3464
-This section limits tripadvisor's liability to you for issues that may arise in connection with your use of this website.,3465
-"You can choose who can view your content and activities, including your photos, as described in the privacy policy.",3466
-You may be required to select a password for your account or you may also use other credentials to access the account (``login information'').,3467
-"24 choice of law, mandatory arbitration and venue ",3468
-"You agree that you will not copy, transfer, or distribute outside the service any content that contains any linden content, in whole or in part or in modified or unmodified form, except as allowed by an applicable product policy or other policy, or that infringes or violates any intellectual property rights of linden lab, other content providers, or any third parties.",3469
-Skype will have no liability for your failed emergency call in such circumstances.,3470
-"Truecaller shall not be liable for the validity, reliability or correctness of the content and information provided through and in connection with use of the services.",3471
-We hope you're sitting comfortably and listening to some great music.,3472
-"Subject to your agreement to and continuing compliance with the blizzard agreements, blizzard entertainment hereby grants, and you hereby accept, a limited, revocable, non-transferable, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive license to use the service solely for your own non-commercial entertainment purposes by accessing it with an authorized, unmodified game client.",3473
-Microsoft reserves the right to modify our usage rules at any time.,3474
-"In addition, from time to time, we may promote offers.",3475
-"Your display and distribution of distribution content may also be subject to other terms and conditions that are set forth in the description of such content in the products, such as display and distribution of distribution content only within specified usage dates.",3476
-"Effective date : may 5, 2014 ",3477
-3.1 our services & paid subscriptions ,3478
-"Finally, this section waives your right to have your dispute heard and resolved as a class action, class arbitration, or a representative action.",3479
-"In any case, no person will receive more than two requests a week.",3480
-Provide accurate information to us and keep it updated ; ,3481
-"In the event of any failure of the service to conform to any applicable warranty, then you may notify apple and apple will refund any applicable purchase price for the app to you ; and, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, apple has no other warranty obligation whatsoever with respect to the service.",3482
-Niantic further reserves the right to remove any user content from the services at any time and without notice and for any reason.,3483
-"If we intend to seek arbitration against you, we will send any notice of dispute to you at the contact information we have for you.",3484
-"By using the service in any manner, you agree to the above arbitration agreement.",3485
-16.3 the parties acknowledge that apple bears no responsibility for any claims that the use of the digital product infringes the intellectual property rights of third parties.,3486
-"Some places do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitations and exclusions may not apply to subscriber.",3487
-"The site, application and airbnb services together are hereinafter collectively referred to as the ``airbnb platform''.",3488
-Your credit card issuer may give you the right to opt-out of the update service.,3489
-"Because the services contain content that you and other users provide us, advertising may sometimes appear near your content.",3490
-Microsoft does n't guarantee the accuracy or timeliness of information available from the services.,3491
-User content either shared with others which they have not deleted or already used publicly as allowed under these terms ; and ,3492
-"If we make changes to these terms, we will post the revised terms on the airbnb platform and update the ``last updated'' date at the top of these terms.",3493
-C. judicial forum for legal disputes ,3494
-Duolingo's agent for notice of claims of copyright infringement can be reached as follows : ,3495
-"Subject to your compliance with the terms and conditions of these terms, academia.edu authorizes you to download, view and print any academia.edu content, solely for your personal and non-commercial purposes, and to access and use the site and services, including to download, view and print any member content solely for your personal and non-commercial purposes, and subject to the restrictions set forth in these terms.",3496
-"We may update or revise these warnings and instructions, so please review them periodically.",3497
-"• use any robot, spider, scraper, data mining tools, data gathering and extraction tools, or other automated means to access our services for any purpose, except with the prior express permission of ebay ; ",3498
-"9.1 linden lab is not liable for its users' actions, and you release linden lab from any claims relating to other users.",3499
-Our customer service department can help you if needed with informing the supplier.,3500
-(c) any damage to or corruption of data (whether direct or indirect) ; ,3501
-Some games may use game managers and hosts.,3502
-"In consideration of you agreeing to abide by these terms, we grant you a non-transferable, non-exclusive licence to download, access and use the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms for your own personal, non-commercial purposes and for no other purpose.",3503
-(b) receive and use any updates to the service as may be provided by the licensor from time to time.,3504
-The content of communications is entirely the responsibility of the person from whom such content originated.,3505
-You consent and agree to receive notices of updates of these terms through our posting of updated terms on the services.,3506
-"The viber group does not warrant or make any representations regarding the use or the results of the use of the material, information, software, facilities, services, or other content on the service or any websites linked to the service in terms of their correctness, accuracy, reliability, or otherwise.",3507
-"• when you use the consumer seller listing tool to create listings, your fixed-price listings may renew automatically every 30 days, based on the listing terms at that time, until the quantities sell out or until you cancel the listing.",3508
-A partner restaurant will classify a bad order as any order which is cancelled after food has been used to start preparing the order (a ``started order'').,3509
-Attn : legal department -- subpoena ,3510
-"18.4 if any provision of these terms (or part of it), is found by any court or administrative body of competent jurisdiction or an arbitrator to be illegal, invalid or unenforceable, then such provision (or part of it) shall be removed from the terms without affecting the legality, validity or enforceability of the remainder of the terms.",3511
-Copyright © 1991-1996 thomas g. lane.,3512
-"E) use or interfere with the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms in a way that could damage, disable, overburden, impair or compromise our systems or security or interfere with other users ; ",3513
-"If you engage in any exercise program you receive or learn about through the fitbit service, you agree that you do so at your own risk and are voluntarily participating in these activities.",3514
-"Disruptions, exploits, or resource abuse.",3515
-"You hereby consent that you may receive such requests, in accordance with the terms stipulated herein.",3516
-Application publisher reserves all other rights.,3517
-"A person who is not party to these terms will not, subject to section 12 (dmca), have any rights under or in connection with these terms.",3518
-"By accessing or using the airbnb platform, you agree to comply with and be bound by these terms of service.",3519
-"World of warcraft may contain certain licensed materials, and blizzard entertainment's licensors may protect their rights in the event of any violation of this agreement.",3520
-F. transfer the application or this agreement to any third party.,3521
-The company will not charge a user a fee for a re-download.,3522
-"To access and use certain features of the services, you may be required to register for an account.",3523
-"Effective : january 10, 2017 ",3524
-It is our policy to investigate any allegations of copyright infringement brought to our attention.,3525
-You may use the services only if you agree to form a binding contract with twitter and are not a person barred from receiving services under the laws of the applicable jurisdiction.,3526
-"All issues are for the arbitrator to decide, including the scope of this arbitration clause, but the arbitrator is bound by the terms of these terms and conditions.",3527
-"You are in no way obligated to use any third-party applications, and your access and use of such applications is entirely at your own risk.",3528
-Past performance is no guarantee of future results.,3529
-You agree that your tinder account is non-transferable and all of your rights to your account and its content terminate upon your death.,3530
-"Tripadvisor takes no responsibility and assumes no liability for any content posted, stored or uploaded by you or any third party, or for any loss or damage thereto, nor is tripadvisor liable for any mistakes, defamation, slander, libel, omissions, falsehoods, obscenity, pornography or profanity you may encounter.",3531
-We make no representations or warranties that the services are appropriate or available for use in other locations.,3532
-Use the services in a professional manner.,3533
-"You will comply with all applicable export control laws of the united states and any other applicable governmental authority, including, without limitation, the us export administration regulations (``export laws'').",3534
-"The company does not pre-screen any user content, but reserves the right to remove, disallow, block or delete any user content in its sole discretion.",3535
-"If so, that local partner may ask you to accept its own terms of service (``local terms'').",3536
-"Other product and service names located on the service may be trademarks or service marks owned by third parties (the ``third-party trademarks,'' and, collectively with the company trademarks, the ``trademarks'').",3537
-"(i) power cut, battery failure or internet connection failure can lead to a skype call failure, including your call to emergency services.",3538
-You may also find billing information about your netflix membership by visiting your account with the applicable third party.,3539
-"If you encounter any objectionable content on the service, then please immediately email the company at legal@musical.ly or inform us through the functionality offered on the service.",3540
-"For most services, you can manage your information within your account settings.",3541
-"• infringes any third party's copyrights or other rights (e.g., trademark, privacy rights, etc.) ; ",3542
-"If you open a brand account, you represent and warrant that you are authorized to grant all permissions and licences provided in the agreements and to bind the brand to the agreements.",3543
-"That being said, blizzard entertainment may, at its sole and absolute option, determine to reimburse experience lost by players in certain extreme and unusual situations.",3544
-Twitter's failure to enforce any right or provision of these terms will not be deemed a waiver of such right or provision.,3545
-"The skyscanner services and skyscanner platforms are not intended for children under 13 years of age, and no one under the age of 13 may provide any information to, on or via the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms.",3546
-"Should you find your product or service of choice booked through the platform, with the same reservation conditions, at a lower rate on the internet after you have made a reservation through us, we will match the difference between our rate and the lower rate under the terms and conditions of the best price guarantee.",3547
-"Notice to california subscribers : you may cancel your subscription, without penalty or obligation, at any time prior to midnight of the third business day following the date you subscribed.",3548
-"To learn more about these permissions, click here.",3549
-"Points are not your personal property, and you may not obtain any cash or money in exchange for them.",3550
-"A statement by you that you have a good-faith belief that the disputed use is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law ; ",3551
-"4.2 in the event of any third party claim that the service or the licensee's possession and use of the service infringes that third party's intellectual property rights, the licensor shall be responsible for the investigation, defense, settlement and discharge of any such intellectual property infringement claim.",3552
-(b) termination or cancellation of premium services ,3553
-Once this procedure has been followed tripadvisor will make all reasonable endeavours to remove illegal content within a reasonable time.,3554
-"Booking.com is not liable or responsible for the remittance, collection, withholding or payment of the relevant taxes due on the (room/reservation) price to the relevant tax authorities.",3555
-Feedback is considered a type of user content.,3556
-We may modify or discontinue virtual items or in-game currency at any time.,3557
-You may terminate your account at our service at any time by uninstalling the service and ceasing to use the service.,3558
-The failure of either party to exercise in any respect any right provided for herein shall not be deemed a waiver of any further rights hereunder.,3559
-In no event shall the aggregate liability of the oculus parties arising out of or relating to the use of or inability to use the services exceed the greater of one hundred us dollars ($ 100) or the amount that you paid us to use our services.,3560
-"The services may include a virtual, game currency (like gold, coins or points) that may be purchased from microsoft using actual monetary instruments if you have reached the age of ``majority'' where you live.",3561
-"In the event that you are unable to provide the registration data, linden lab reserves the right to suspend your account (s).",3562
-These terms create no third party beneficiary rights.,3563
-"You specifically agree not to, in any way : (i) access (or attempt to access) the services by any unauthorized or automated means, other than through the interface that is provided by onavo ; (ii) breach this agreement or any other applicable rules and instructions that we may convey with respect to the use of the services ; (iii) interfere with or disrupt the integrity or damage the performance of the services or any other computer system or network or circumvent or manipulate the operation, or functionality of the services, including any hosting services provided to facilitate the services ; (iv) use the services for commercial purposes ; including but not limited to, sending commercial email solicitation or advertisements, or any unsolicited bulk e-mail or unsolicited commercial e-mail or any activities that violate anti-spamming laws and regulations ; (v) post false, inaccurate, or misleading content or content which is not compatible with the rules of behavior in any of the services ; (vi) use robots, crawlers and similar applications to collect and compile content from the services, for the purposes of competing with the services, or in such ways that might impair or disrupt the services' functionality ; (vii) impersonate any person or entity, or make any false statement pertaining to your identity, employment, agency or affiliation with any person or entity ; (viii) collect or process personally identifying information of the services' users without their explicit consent ; (ix) post commercial content, including advertisements, sponsorships, solicitations, endorsements and public relations material, except as expressly permitted and in designated zones only ; (x) export illegally any controlled or restricted items, including software, algorithms, or other data that is subject to export laws ; (xi) engage in any illegal activities, including advertising, transmitting, or otherwise making available gambling sites or services or disseminating, promoting or facilitating child pornography ; (xii) violate the security or integrity of any network, computer or communications system, software application, or network or computing device involved in the services ; (xiii) interfere with the proper functioning of any system, including deliberate attempts to overload a system by mail bombing or flooding techniques ; (xiv) send, store, provide or link through the services to any content or material that may reasonably be deemed as : ",3564
-"Alter, deface, mutilate, or otherwise bypass any approved software through which the service is made available ; ",3565
-"Your use of such software is governed by the terms of the end user license agreement, if any, which accompanies, or is included with, the software (``license agreement'').",3566
-"The limitations of this subsection shall apply to any theory of liability, whether based on warranty, contract, statute, tort (including negligence) or otherwise, and whether or not the twitter entities have been informed of the possibility of any such damage, and even if a remedy set forth herein is found to have failed of its essential purpose.",3567
-I. circumvent or bypass any technological protection measures in or relating to the software or services ; ,3568
-"If we delay exercising or fail to exercise or enforce any right available to us under these terms, such delay or failure does not constitute a waiver of that right or any other rights under these terms.",3569
-"You understand and agree that you may be exposed to content that might be offensive, illegal, misleading, or otherwise inappropriate, none of which snap group limited, snap inc., nor their affiliates will be responsible for.",3570
-"This is our disclaimer of legal liability for the quality, safety, or reliability of our services.",3571
-"Notwithstanding the foregoing, this agreement does not govern any use of vimeo's application protocol interface (api), which is governed by our api agreement.",3572
-"Subject to this eula and its terms and conditions, rovio hereby grants you a non-exclusive, non-transferable, non-sublicensable, limited right and license to use the services as provided by rovio, for your personal non-commercial use, in the manner permitted by this eula.",3573
-8.1.1 the rates for calling landlines and mobile phones outside of the viber community consist of a per-minute rate as set out on http://account.viber.com/.,3574
-"From the point at which you make your reservation, we act solely as an intermediary between you and the supplier, transmitting the details of your reservation to the relevant supplier (s) and sending you a confirmation email for and on behalf of the supplier.",3575
-"Athletes can not use our services to post pornographic material, harass people, send spam, violate intellectual property rights, or do other inappropriate stuff.",3576
-"Subscriber releases 9gag, inc from all liability for subscriber having acquired or not acquired content through the site.",3577
-"Any person may opt-out of this feature, free of charge, by contacting us at : support@sync.me.",3578
-Fitbit products using purepulse technology have a heart rate tracking feature that may pose risks to users with certain health conditions.,3579
-"If your nintendo account is linked to such a device, you must delete your nintendo account and any other content that is personal to you from such a device before you sell or otherwise transfer this device to another person.",3580
-The services are accessed by you (``subscriber'' or ``you'') under the following terms and conditions : ,3581
-"By downloading or using the application, or attempting to do any of these, you accept these terms.",3582
-"When you use an application, the application may ask for your permission to access your content and information as well as content and information that others have shared with you.",3583
-"If there is a charge associated with a portion of the services, you agree to pay that charge.",3584
-Informal dispute resolution : we want to address your concerns without needing a formal legal case.,3585
-We will contact you at the email address you have provided to us ; you can contact airbnb's customer service team by emailing us.,3586
-"Failure to meet these standards may result in ebay charging you additional fees, and/or limiting, restricting, suspending, or downgrading your seller account.",3587
-"9gag, inc shall not be liable for any failure to perform its obligations hereunder where such failure results from any cause beyond 9gag, inc's reasonable control, including, without limitation, mechanical, electronic or communications failure or degradation.",3588
-"6.2 your access to the products may be occasionally restricted to allow for repairs, maintenance or the introduction of new facilities or products.",3589
-"You guarantee that any information and other content, such as your profile information and information regarding the contacts contained in your device's phone book, that you may share with truecaller as a user of the services (together ``content''), to the best of your knowledge, is correct, not in violation of applicable law, will not corrupt or disrupt the services, and that you have the right to share the content with truecaller in order for truecaller to provide the services and share the content with other users.",3590
-Your only right or remedy with respect to any problems or dissatisfaction with such software and/or skype websites is to immediately deinstall such software and cease use of such software and/or skype websites.,3591
-"Out-of-country usage may in any event lead to significantly higher costs than regular usage, and you are solely responsible for keeping yourself informed and paying for possible roaming and other applicable charges levied by your mobile network operator.",3592
-"These terms and conditions, as may be amended from time to time, apply to all our services directly or indirectly (through distributors) made available online, through any mobile device, by email or by telephone.",3593
-We respect the intellectual property of others and ask that you do too.,3594
-"If you are the parent and you are accepting these terms on behalf of your child, you accept and acknowledge that your child has your consent to exercise this right independently.",3595
-"By way of example, and not as a limitation, you shall not (and shall not permit any third party to) either (a) take any action or (b) upload, download, post, submit or otherwise distribute or facilitate distribution of any content on or through the service, including without limitation any user submission, that : ",3596
-"When using the products, you agree to transact with us electronically, and that communication with us will be mainly electronic.",3597
-Parents or legal guardians must supervise their children's use of the nintendo account at all times.,3598
-"Such prohibited methods may include, but are not limited to, protocol emulation, reverse engineering, modifying world of warcraft, adding components to world of warcraft, or using a utility program to host world of warcraft.",3599
-(c) you can disable auto-recharge at any time by accessing your user account.,3600
-"(ii) where available, an emergency call made using the internet communications software in an enabled country may not receive the same network priority as a call made using traditional wireless (mobile) or fixed line telephone services.",3601
-"1.1 skype's internet communication software applications (``internet communications software''), other ``skype'' branded software applications (together the ``skype software''), the ``qik'' branded software applications (``qik software'') and associated documentation (whether in printed or electronic form) including any improvements, modifications, enhancements, fixes, updates, upgrades and future versions thereto (``updates'') and whether made available for free or for a fee, (collectively the ``software'') are licensed (not sold) to you by skype software sàrl.",3602
-"The person who uploaded the photo warrants that the photos/images shall not contain any viruses, trojan horses or infected files and shall not contain any pornographic, illegal, obscene, insulting, objectionable or inappropriate material and does not infringe any third party (intellectual property right, copyright or privacy) rights.",3603
-No failure or delay by vimeo in exercising any right hereunder will waive any further exercise of that right.,3604
-"17.3 if you contact skype by any means other than as set out in paragraphs 17.1 or 17.2, your request may not be acknowledged.",3605
-One or more patents owned by amazon apply to the amazon services and to the features and services accessible via the amazon services.,3606
-You or group members no longer wishing to receive such messages can opt-out of receiving further messages from microsoft or microsoft-controlled affiliates at any time by following the instructions provided.,3607
-You use all such content at your sole risk even though sr samples may be made available to you through the service.,3608
-We collect certain data about you as a result of you using our service.,3609
-"As part of building the xbox services community, you grant to microsoft, its affiliates and sublicensees a free and worldwide right to use, modify, reproduce, distribute, and display your content or your name, gamertag, motto, or avatar that you posted for any xbox services.",3610
-"Our goal is to provide helpful and accurate information on the fitbit service, but we make no endorsement, representation, or warranty of any kind about any fitbit content, information, or services.",3611
-"The arbitration will be held in the united states county where you live or work, san francisco, california, or any other location we agree to.",3612
-You are solely responsible and liable for activity that occurs on your account and shall be responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your vivino password.,3613
-"Skype does not control, is not responsible for and does not guarantee : (i) the pricing, quality, performance, availability or terms and conditions of purchase of products or services provided by the merchant ; (ii) any payment transactions, delivery, returns or after sales activities related to the products or services purchased on the merchants' websites ; (iii) the availability of the merchant's websites ; (iv) the completeness, truth or accuracy of any advertising or other materials on, or available from, the merchants' websites, nor any listing or other content about such products and services displayed on the skype websites ; (v) links to the merchants' websites that are featured on the skype websites.",3614
-Our failure to exercise or enforce any right or provision of the terms does not constitute a waiver of such right or provision.,3615
-Engage in any act that supercell deems to be in conflict with the spirit or intent of the service or make improper use of supercell's support services.,3616
-Linden lab employs a staff of designers to develop new ideas and linden lab solicits and receives product idea submissions from professional inventors with whom it has business relationships.,3617
-"You will not use or download our services if you are located in a restricted country, if you are currently listed on any u.s. or non-u.s. restricted parties list, or for any purpose prohibited by export laws, and you will not disguise your location through ip proxying or other methods.",3618
-"You acknowledge and agree that the company provides you the right to report objectionable content as a courtesy, and the company has no obligation to remove or take any other action with respect to any objectionable content on the service that you report to us.",3619
-"Delete, obscure, or in any manner alter any attribution, warning, or link that appears in the services or the content ; ",3620
-"We may change, suspend or end any service, or change and modify prices prospectively in our discretion.",3621
-"We will reimburse those fees for claims totaling less than $ 10,000 unless the arbitrator determines the claims are frivolous.",3622
-"Our services may allow you to access, use or interact with websites, apps, content or other products and services provided by facebook and other facebook affiliates (collectively ``facebook companies''), or third parties (``third-party services'').",3623
-``virtual space'' is virtual space that is stored on our servers and made available in the form of virtual units.,3624
-Providing any incorrect or false data when registering or using the nintendo account ; ,3625
-In entering into this release you expressly waive any protections (whether statutory or otherwise) that would otherwise limit the coverage of this release to include only those claims which you may know or suspect to exist in your favor at the time of agreeing to this release.,3626
-"By submitting user submissions on the site or otherwise through the service, you hereby do and shall grant vivino a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free, fully paid, sublicensable and transferable license to use, copy, edit, modify, reproduce, distribute, prepare derivative works of, display, perform, and otherwise fully exploit the user submissions in connection with the site, the service and vivino's (and its successors and assigns') business, including without limitation for promoting and redistributing part or all of the site (and derivative works thereof) or the service in any media formats and through any media channels (including, without limitation, third party websites and feeds).",3627
-"You further agree not to (1) upload any content that contains software viruses or is designed to interrupt, destroy, or limit the functionality of any equipment or services, or that contains other harmful, disruptive, or destructive files or content ; (2) use or attempt to use another user's account without authorization, or impersonate any person or entity ; (3) harvest, solicit, or collect information of other users for any reason whatsoever, including, without limitation, for sending unsolicited communications ; (4) post, advertise, or promote products or services commercially, or upload any content that is advertising, promotional material, junk mail, spam, or a contest or sweepstake, or that furthers or promotes criminal activity ; or (5) use the fitbit service in any manner that, in our sole discretion, is objectionable or restricts or inhibits any other person from using or enjoying the fitbit service, or which may expose us or our users to any harm or liability of any type.",3628
-"Therefore, you are solely responsible for checking with your mobile carrier to determine if the mobile services are available for your mobile device (s), what restrictions, if any, may be applicable to your use of the mobile services, and how much they will cost you.",3629
-"If you do not wish to accept these changes, you are entitled to terminate your subscription, with effect from the date on which the changes are due to take effect.",3630
-"Depending on the nature of your account, ``you'' will refer to yourself and any entity that you are acting on behalf of.",3631
-"We're thrilled you've decided to use snapchat and our other products and services, all of which we refer to simply as the ``services.'' ",3632
-Subscriber understands and agrees that the payment for virtual goods grants subscriber a limited license to use the virtual goods as specified on the site.,3633
-"If you do not agree to the modified terms for a service, you should discontinue your use of that service.",3634
-If you do n't agree to all the terms and conditions you must not use our services.,3635
-"Post any virus, worm, spyware, or any other computer code, file, or program that may or is intended to disable, overburden, impair, damage, or hijack the operation of any hardware, software, or telecommunications equipment, or any other aspect of the service or communications equipment and computers connected to the service ; ",3636
-"To the fullest extent permitted by law, in no event will spotify, its officers, shareholders, employees, agents, directors, subsidiaries, affiliates, successors, assigns, suppliers, or licensors be liable for (1) any indirect, special, incidental, punitive, exemplary, or consequential damages ; (2) any loss of use, data, business, or profits (whether direct or indirect), in all cases arising out of the use or inability to use the spotify service, third party applications, or third party application content, regardless of legal theory, without regard to whether spotify has been warned of the possibility of those damages, and even if a remedy fails of its essential purpose ; or (3) aggregate liability for all claims relating to the spotify service, third party applications, or third party application content more than the amounts paid by you to spotify during the prior twelve months in question, to the extent permissible by applicable law.",3637
-"No such refunds will apply to subsequent renewals of the yearly and two year subscriptions or subscriptions purchased through the apple itunes store or our iphone application, or the google play store or our android application.",3638
-"Such party shall use commercially reasonable efforts to cure any such failure or delay in performance arising from such a condition, and shall timely advise the other party of such efforts.",3639
-"We reserve the right to set storage limits for memories, and we may change these limits from time to time in our sole discretion.",3640
-You are giving up your right to have a trial by jury ; ,3641
-"The notice to oculus must be sent by certified post addressed to : general counsel, oculus vr, llc, 1601 willow road, menlo park, ca 94025, usa.",3642
-This website is owned and operated by atlas solutions group inc..,3643
-The brand may only send messages to users who first send messages to the brand.,3644
-"You may elect to cancel your request for services or goods from a third party provider at any time prior to such third party provider's arrival, in which case you may be charged a cancellation fee.",3645
-"We reserve the right to enforce, or not enforce, these community guidelines in our sole discretion, and they do n't create a duty or contractual obligation for us to act in any particular manner.",3646
-Infringing activity will not be tolerated on or through the service.,3647
-"By way of example, publicly accessible areas of the yahoo services would include yahoo message boards and portions of yahoo groups and flickr that are open to both members and visitors.",3648
-"You can reactivate the viber credit by accessing your viber-out account on viber.com, and following the instructions therein.",3649
-We do monitor our partner restaurants very closely and it is of utmost importance to us that they comply with our standards and help us to maintain our reputation.,3650
-Deliveroo can not guarantee that any of the meals sold by our partner restaurants are free of allergens.,3651
-"You understand and agree that we will not carry out and are not responsible for any physical inspection, supervision, preparation, execution or conduct of any activities related to or accessed or discovered via the services (e.g., featured, official or community created challenges ; routes ; friendly competitions or similar activities ; any single or group training activities ; any third-party activities or other events or activities that utilize our services).",3652
-You are solely responsible for your interactions with other users.,3653
-I. the sale of access to the service ,3654
-"In order to sign up for a free trial, you may need to provide us with your preferred payment method.",3655
-"To avoid possible injury, discomfort or eye strain, you should take periodic breaks from use of games or other applications, especially if you feel any pain or fatigue resulting from usage.",3656
-"• use the site, services or collective content for any commercial purpose or the benefit of any third party or in any manner not permitted by these terms ; ",3657
-"You agree to indemnify and hold uber and its officers, directors, employees and agents harmless from any and all claims, demands, losses, liabilities, and expenses (including attorneys' fees) arising out of or in connection with : (i) your use of the services or services or goods obtained through your use of the services ; (ii) your breach or violation of any of these terms ; (iii) uber's use of your user content ; or (iv) your violation of the rights of any third party, including third party providers.",3658
-"Your access to and use of the services may also be subject to other local, regional, national or international laws.",3659
-"Your correspondence or business dealings with, or participation in promotions of, advertisers found on or through the yahoo services, including payment and delivery of related goods or services, and any other terms, conditions, warranties or representations associated with such dealings, are solely between you and such advertiser.",3660
-"You also agree not to use the app to violate any applicable law, rule, or regulation (including but not limited to the laws of trespass) or the trainer guidelines, and you agree not to encourage or enable any other individual to violate any applicable law, rule, or regulation or the trainer guidelines.",3661
-Please read these terms carefully before accessing or using the services.,3662
-"``your content'' means any content that you ``make available'', which includes providing, sharing, otherwise making available to masquerade or in connection with our services via any mechanism.",3663
-"If anyone brings a claim against us related to your actions, content or information on facebook, you will indemnify and hold us harmless from and against all damages, losses, and expenses of any kind (including reasonable legal fees and costs) related to such claim.",3664
-Ncl is not obligated to monitor user-generated content.,3665
-"If you use a work or school email address to access services covered under these terms, you may be prompted to update the email address associated with your microsoft account in order to continue accessing such services.",3666
-"Betterpoints ltd, synergis house, crockhamwell road, woodley rg5 3le.",3667
-"9gag respects the intellectual property of others and takes the protection of copyrights and all other intellectual property very seriously, and we ask our users to do the same.",3668
-There may also be links to third-party web sites or features in images or comments within the service.,3669
-"You acknowledge and agree that : (i) it is your responsibility to purchase traditional wireless (mobile) or fixed-line telephone services that offer access to emergency services, and (ii) skype is not a replacement for your primary telephone service.",3670
-"Updates to the services or software, and changes to these terms.",3671
-"Any message, data, information, text, music, sound, photos, graphics, code or any other material (``content'') that is false, unlawful, misleading, libelous, defamatory, obscene, pornographic, indecent, lewd, suggestive, harassing, or advocates harassment of another person, threatening, invasive of privacy or publicity rights, abusive, inflammatory, fraudulent or otherwise objectionable ; ",3672
-"In addition, we are not responsible for the accuracy, availability, or reliability of any information, content, goods, data, opinions, advice, or statements made available in connection with social networking services.",3673
-"You agree that instagram is not responsible for, and does not endorse, content posted within the service.",3674
-"In any jurisdiction in which we decide to facilitate direct collection and remittance, you hereby instruct and authorize airbnb (via airbnb payments) to collect occupancy taxes from guests on the host's behalf at the time listing fees are collected, and to remit such occupancy taxes to the tax authority.",3675
-"If you are a resident outside of the united states, you agree that all disputes between you and supercell shall be governed by the laws of finland, without regard to conflict of law provisions.",3676
-"Warning : even if you are old enough to use the vimeo service and/or have your parent's or guardian's permission, some of the content available within the vimeo service may not be appropriate for you.",3677
-"In any such action, vimeo and you irrevocably waive any right to a trial by jury.",3678
-Third party copyrights and other rights ,3679
-"You may only resolve disputes with us on an individual basis, and may not bring a claim as a plaintiff or a class member in a class, consolidated, or representative action.",3680
-"(4) allow players who are playing characters aligned with the ``alliance'' faction to chat or otherwise communicate directly with players who are playing characters aligned with the ``horde'' faction, or vice versa ; ",3681
-"To the extent you choose to access and use the services, you do so at your own initiative and are responsible for compliance with any applicable laws in connection with such access and use of the services.",3682
-"Use any robots, spider, crawler, scraper or other automated means or processes to access, collect data or other content from or otherwise interact with the airbnb platform for any purpose ; ",3683
-"User-generated content is any content that is created by you or other athletes, and ua content is all other content.",3684
-"7.1.1 when creating a listing through the airbnb platform you must (i) provide complete and accurate information about your host service (such as listing description, location, and calendar availability), (ii) disclose any deficiencies, restrictions (such as house rules) and requirements that apply (such as any minimum age, proficiency or fitness requirements for an experience) and (iii) provide any other pertinent information requested by airbnb.",3685
-"You agree not to otherwise modify, copy, distribute, transmit, display, perform, reproduce, publish, license, create derivative works from, transfer, or sell or re-sell any information, software, products, or services obtained from or through this website.",3686
-"You represent and warrant you will only send messages through the apps to other users who have given you their express consent to receive such messages, and you will indemnify and hold the company harmless from any and all claims arising out of your sending these messages to any users.",3687
-"To the fullest extent permitted by law, crowdtangle disclaims all warranties, representations and conditions of any kind with respect to the services whether express, implied or collateral, including, without limitation, the implied warranties and conditions of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or that the services are or will be secure, complete or free of errors, viruses, bugs, problems or other limitations or will operate without interruption.",3688
-"(ii) impersonate any person or entity without their consent, or otherwise misrepresent your affiliation, or if you are an adult, impersonate a minor for the purpose of interacting with a minor using the service ; ",3689
-"Some of our services may include reviews, discussion forums, conversation pages, blogs or other interactive areas or social features that allow you and other athletes to post user-generated content and interact with one another (``interactive areas'').",3690
-"If you signed up for an account prior to june 19, 2017, we'll ask you to agree to the new terms when you use airbnb on or after september 01, 2017 ; until september 01, 2017 the prior terms of service, payments terms of service, and privacy policy will apply to you.",3691
-"Limitations apply, including restrictions on the number of offline titles per account, the maximum number of devices that can contain offline titles, the time period within which you will need to begin viewing offline titles and how long the offline titles will remain accessible.",3692
-"Last updated november 23, 2012 ",3693
-"• commercialize any ebay application or any information or software associated with such application, except with the prior express permission of ebay ; ",3694
-(d) your license to us ,3695
-"By submitting a video, you grant vimeo and its affiliates a limited, worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free license and right to copy, transmit, distribute, publicly perform and display (through all media now known or hereafter created), and make derivative works from your video for the purpose of (i) displaying the video within the vimeo service ; (ii) displaying the video on third party websites and applications through a video embed or vimeo's api subject to your video privacy choices ; (iii) allowing other users to play, download, and embed on third party websites the video, subject to your video privacy choices ; (iii) promoting the vimeo service, provided that you have made the video publicly available ; and (iv) archiving or preserving the video for disputes, legal proceedings, or investigations.",3696
-Please remember that the service is a public forum and user content that you submit will be accessible to and viewable by other users.,3697
-"Thereafter, if you have purchased or redeemed a subscription-based product or service, each time your subscription comes up for renewal, we have the right to charge your credit card or debit your account the then-current renewal rate plus any applicable taxes we are required to collect, and you authorize us to do so.",3698
-"Trading items are a category of content, and niantic grants you a limited, nontransferable, non-sublicensable, revocable license to use such trading items in conjunction with your personal, noncommercial use of the services.",3699
-"Termination for breach : vimeo may suspend, disable, or delete your account (or any part thereof) or block or remove any content you submitted if vimeo determines that you have violated any provision of this agreement or that your conduct or content would tend to damage vimeo's reputation and goodwill.",3700
-How is my account closed ? ,3701
-"Copy, store or otherwise access or use any information, including personally identifiable information about any other member, contained on the airbnb platform in any way that is inconsistent with airbnb's privacy policy or these terms or that otherwise violates the privacy rights of members or third parties ; ",3702
-"To the maximum extent permitted by law, evernote expressly disclaims all warranties and conditions of any kind, whether express or implied, including, but not limited to the implied warranties and conditions of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and non-infringement.",3703
-You may edit your payment method information by visiting tinder online and going to ``my profile.'' ,3704
-"Your use of services, applications or content provided by third parties (``third-party content'') made available through the services may be subject to additional end-user agreements.",3705
-"Headspace is not responsible if a gift subscription is lost, stolen or used without permission.",3706
-"To the fullest extent permitted by law : (i) vimeo shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential, or exemplary damages, including but not limited to damages for loss of profits, goodwill, use, data or other intangible losses ; and (ii) vimeo's total liability to you shall not exceed the amounts paid by you to vimeo over the twelve (12) months preceding your claim (s).",3707
-"You agree that any notices, agreements, disclosures, or other communications that we send to you electronically will satisfy any legal communication requirements, including that such communications be in writing.",3708
-"Any prices posted in us dollar or non-us dollar currencies by linden lab on the service do not include any applicable sales tax, unless specifically noted that it is tax inclusive.",3709
-Our vat number is 150 0190 65.,3710
-Your use of our material.,3711
-Can i share my account with someone else ? ,3712
-"Upon receipt of both parental verification and consent, tpci will enable the parent to create an account with us for the child.",3713
-"Except where our dispute is being resolved pursuant to an arbitration (as provided below), if you reside in brazil, you agree that any claim or dispute you may have against evernote must be resolved exclusively by the courts in são paolo-sp, brasil.",3714
-"To ensure we are making a fair comparison, we always use the same reservation conditions (e.g. meal plan, cancellation policy and room type).",3715
-"If we ca n't, you and we agree to binding individual arbitration before the american arbitration association (``aaa'') under the federal arbitration act (``faa''), and not to sue in court in front of a judge or jury.",3716
-(a) you may sign up as a registered user of the products free of charge (a ``member'').,3717
-"If you create a user account by selecting a password and providing your name, you are responsible for all activities that occur under your user account.",3718
-"Masquerade technologies, inc. (``masquerade,'' ``we'' or ``us'') offer services such as the masquerade app (the ``app'') that enable people to use filters and masks (``masks'') for a range of activities, like photo and video editing, and sharing.",3719
-"Much of the content on our services is produced by users, publishers, and other third parties.",3720
-No connection fee is payable.,3721
-Warranty disclaimer ; services available on an ``as is'' basis ,3722
-"You agree that regardless of any statute or law to the contrary or the applicable dispute resolution process, any claim or cause of action you may have arising out of or related to use of the service or otherwise under these must be filed within one (1) year after such claim or cause of action arose or you hereby agree to be forever barred from bringing such claim.",3723
-"Rates are not verified as accurate, and actual rates may vary.",3724
-You represent and warrant that you own or otherwise control all of the rights to the content that you post ; that the content is accurate ; that use of the content you supply does not violate this policy and will not cause injury to any person or entity ; and that you will indemnify amazon for all claims resulting from content you supply.,3725
-"8.3 booking experiences, events and other host services ",3726
-"Use of the service is also governed by our privacy policy, a copy of which is located at https://www.duolingo.com/privacy.",3727
-Previous users or trial users of the products do not qualify as new users.,3728
-"Please do n't copy, upload, download or share content unless you have the right to do so.",3729
-"The terms ``we'', ``us'', ``our'' and ``tripadvisor'' refer to tripadvisor llc, and our corporate affiliates and websites (collectively, ``tripadvisor'').",3730
-"We try to keep our services safe, secure, and functioning properly, but we can not guarantee the continuous operation of or access to our services.",3731
-Links to such third-party services are not an endorsement by airbnb of such third-party services.,3732
-"• a transaction is cancelled, to refund the buyer, you (as seller) authorize ebay to request that paypal remove the refund amount (in same or other currency) from your paypal account.",3733
-Yahoo may also offer other services that are governed by different terms of service.,3734
-"If you are not subject to the ``special arbitration provision for united states or canada users'' section below, you agree that you will resolve any claim you have with us relating to, arising out of, or in any way in connection with our terms, us, or our services (each, a ``dispute,'' and together, ``disputes'') exclusively in the united states district court for the northern district of california or a state court located in san mateo county in california, and you agree to submit to the personal jurisdiction of such courts for the purpose of litigating all such disputes.",3735
-"We may cancel any virtual money or virtual goods sold, transferred, or exchanged in violation of these terms.",3736
-Snap group limited terms of service ,3737
-"In order to enable evernote to operate the service, we must obtain from you certain limited license rights to process your content that is covered by intellectual property rights so that technical actions we take in operating the service are not considered legal violations.",3738
-"You may not submit or publish through the skype website or software any user submissions that are libelous, defamatory, pornographic, harassing, hateful, an invasion of privacy, obscene, abusive, illegal, racist, offensive, harmful to a minor or an infringement of any intellectual property rights or a trade secret of a third party, or would otherwise violate the rights of any third party or give rise to civil or criminal liability.",3739
-"Please note that the supplier, not tripadvisor, processes your payment and fulfills your reservation.",3740
-"The american arbitration association (aaa) will run the arbitration between you and zynga or the zynga corporate family member, and aaa's then-current rules and procedures (including their supplementary procedures for consumer-related disputes) will be used.",3741
-"By accessing or using the fitbit service, you agree that we can collect and use your information in accordance with the privacy policy.",3742
-"You agree not to use the products for illegal purposes (including, without limitation, unlawful, harassing, libelous, invasion of another's privacy, abusive, threatening or obscene purposes) and you agree that you will comply with all laws, rules and regulations related to your use of the products.",3743
-"Responsible editor is mr. alan mamedi, appointed by true software scandinavia ab.",3744
-"You own the content that you create, and we own the content that we create.",3745
-"Do n't engage in any activity that exploits, harms, or threatens to harm children.",3746
-We may calculate taxes payable by you based on the billing information that you provide us at the time of purchase.,3747
-"If you want to use skype in connection with any broadcast, you must comply with the ``broadcast tos'' at http://www.skype.com/legal/broadcast.",3748
-"Updates to the services or software, and changes to these terms ",3749
-"Stated alternatively, if you disagree with any part of the terms, then you are not permitted to use our services.",3750
-Skype credit becomes inactive after 180 days : if you purchase skype credit please be aware that it becomes inactive after 180 days of inactivity.,3751
-Even people with no history of seizures may have an undiagnosed condition that can cause these seizures.,3752
-"Those who access the service from other locations are doing so on their own initiative and are responsible for compliance with applicable local laws regarding your online conduct and acceptable content, if and to the extent local laws apply.",3753
-"Uber's services may be used by you to request and schedule transportation, goods or logistics services with third party providers, but you agree that uber has no responsibility or liability to you related to any transportation, goods or logistics services provided to you by third party providers other than as expressly set forth in these terms.",3754
-"If any provision of these terms of use is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid or otherwise unenforceable, the parties nevertheless agree that such portion will be deemed severable from these terms of use and will not affect the validity and enforceability of the remaining provisions, and the remaining provisions of the terms of use remain in full force and effect.",3755
-"We may change these terms at any time, and we'll tell you when we do.",3756
-"You agree that by uploading, publishing, or submitting any content to or through the servers for display in any publicly accessible area of the service, you hereby grant other users a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free, sublicenseable and transferable license to photograph, capture an image of, film, and record a video of the content, and to use, reproduce, distribute, prepare derivative works of, display, and perform the resulting photograph, image, film, or video in any current or future media as provided in and subject to the restrictions and requirements of an applicable product policy or other policy.",3757
-"Skyscanner may suspend your use of the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms without notice at any time, without incurring any liability to you whatsoever.",3758
-"Use the services in any unauthorized way that could interfere with anyone else's use of them or gain access to any service, data, account, or network ; ",3759
-"Under armour, inc. and its affiliates and subsidiaries, including mapmyfitness, inc. (``mapmyfitness''), myfitnesspal, inc. (``myfitnesspal'') and endomondo aps (``endomondo'') (collectively referred to throughout as ``under armour,'' ``we'' or ``us''), offer a variety of products and services, including the under armour-branded fitness and wellness related websites, applications, devices, hardware, content and other technology products and services ; our e-commerce websites and applications (``under armour shopping'') ; and all other current and future digital products and service offerings we make available, including any products and services provided in collaboration with our partners (collectively, the ``services'').",3760
-"Advocate, promote or assist any unlawful act such as (by way of example only) copyright infringement or computer misuse.",3761
-"In case of a serious violation of this agreement, blizzard entertainment will be entitled to immediately terminate this agreement without any prior warning.",3762
-"Depending on where you are located or ask to have services delivered, oculus may utilise an agent, subsidiary or affiliate to process payment and delivery.",3763
-Limitation on and exclusion of remedies and damages.,3764
-This agreement describes certain legal rights.,3765
-"Save for users located in the eea and/or australia, the following arbitration and governing law provisions shall apply : ",3766
-You can find specific details regarding your netflix membership by visiting our website and clicking on the ``your account'' link available at the top of the pages of the netflix website under your profile name.,3767
-"However, if law requires that you must be older in order for linkedin to lawfully provide the services to you without parental consent (including using of your personal data) then the minimum age is such older age.",3768
-"Through these terms and our community guidelines, we make clear that we do not want the services put to bad uses.",3769
-An electronic or physical signature of the copyright owner or the person authorized to act on behalf of the owner of the copyright interest ; ,3770
-The support companies do not operate and are not authorised to act as any form of process or service agent of booking.com.,3771
-"To the extent permitted by applicable law, zynga and any zynga affiliate make no warranties, conditions or other terms of any kind, either express or implied, about the services.",3772
-"We do not in any way exclude or limit our liability for : intent or gross negligence ; death or personal injury ; fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation ; any breach of the terms implied by law relating to our title to the nintendo intellectual property ; any breach of the terms implied by law relating to the description, satisfactory quality and fitness for purpose of products which may be offered via the nintendo account service ; and product liability.",3773
-"If, after making a reasonable effort, you and oculus are not able to agree upon an arbitration forum or arbitrator, aaa or a court having proper jurisdiction will appoint an arbitration forum or arbitrator.",3774
-"Subject to the terms and conditions of this agreement, 9gag, inc may offer to provide the services, as described more fully on the site, and which are selected by subscriber, solely for subscriber's own use, and not for the use or benefit of any third party.",3775
-Booking.com disclaims any liability or responsibility for any communication with the supplier on or through its platform.,3776
-You are solely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your password and for restricting access to your internet device.,3777
-5.10 changes to products : skype is constantly improving the software and products and may also need to change technical features from time to time in order to comply with applicable regulations.,3778
-"(a) sub-license, sell, assign, rent, lease, export, import, distribute or transfer or otherwise grant rights to any third party in the software ; ",3779
-"17.1 unless you reside in the eu, you acknowledge and agree that, to the maximum extent permitted by law, the entire risk arising out of your access to and use of the airbnb platform and collective content, your publishing or booking of any listing via the airbnb platform, your stay at any accommodation, participation in any experience or event or use of any other host service or any other interaction you have with other members whether in person or online remains with you.",3780
-"All arbitration proceedings will be closed to the public and confidential, and all records relating thereto will be permanently sealed, except as necessary to obtain court confirmation of the arbitration award.",3781
-Please read these terms of use carefully before you start to use or site or our service.,3782
-"Any software that we provide you may automatically download and install upgrades, updates, or other new features.",3783
-"When you update your payment method, you authorize us to continue charging the updated payment method, and you remain responsible for any uncollected amounts.",3784
-Availability and termination of our services ,3785
-Some of the services are aimed at tracking your physical movements and sleep activity (``activity tracking services'').,3786
-"For any claim where the potential award is reasonably likely to be $ 10,000 or less, either you or duolingo may elect to have the dispute resolved through non-appearance-based arbitration.",3787
-"6.2 lawful use : you must use the software, products and skype websites in accordance with the laws of where you are located.",3788
-Spotify may take these actions without prior notification to you or any third party.,3789
-Tinder may terminate your account at any time without notice if it believes that you have violated this agreement.,3790
-"Promote or engage in physical harm, violence, or injury against any group or individual ; ",3791
-"This agreement, any applicable privacy policy, any additional terms that accompany the application, and the terms for supplements and updates are the entire license agreement between you and application publisher for the application.",3792
-Supercell does not warrant that you will be able to access or use the service at the times or locations of your choosing ; that the service will be uninterrupted or error-free ; that defects will be corrected ; or that the game or the service are free of viruses or other harmful components.,3793
-"Dropbox and its affiliates are n't responsible for the conduct, whether online or offline, of any user of the services.",3794
-Prices in us dollars and euros include local taxes.,3795
-"``product'' means any interactive entertainment product or software provided to you by linden lab, each of which shall be further governed by an applicable product-specific policy (each a ``product policy'').",3796
-"You are solely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of the login information, and you will be responsible for all uses of the login information, including purchases, whether or not authorized by you.",3797
-Users of the site may gain access from the site to third party sites on the internet through hypertext or other computer links on the site.,3798
-"But, if any of us does not like the arbitrator's decision, the courts only have a limited ability to change the outcome of arbitration or make the arbitrator reconsider his or her decision.",3799
-We encourage you to use a distinct and non-obvious password that is different from passwords you use for any other service.,3800
-The charges payable for calling phones outside of a subscription consist of a connection fee (charged once per call) and a per-minute rate as set out at www.skype.com/go/allrates.,3801
-(a) public chats : the service allows users to follow public chats conducted on the service.,3802
-"Contain any material which is defamatory of any person, obscene, offensive, hateful or inflammatory, promote sexually explicit material or promote violence or promote discrimination based on race, sex, religion, nationality, disability, sexual orientation or age ; ",3803
-"Engage in ``framing,'' ``mirroring,'' or otherwise simulating the appearance or function of the services ; ",3804
-"Profiles, groups, messages, posts, or wall comments that encourage anorexia, bulimia, or very low calorie diets.",3805
-"In the event you change or deactivate your mobile telephone number, you will update your account information on facebook within 48 hours to ensure that your messages are not sent to the person who acquires your old number.",3806
-"In particular, you are responsible for ensuring that you do not submit material that is (i) copyrighted, protected by trade secret or otherwise subject to third party proprietary rights, including privacy and publicity rights, unless you are the owner of such rights or have permission from their rightful owner (ii) a falsehood or misrepresentation (iii) offensive, unlawful, harmful to minors, obscene, defamatory, libellous, threatening, pornographic, harassing, hateful, racially or ethnically offensive, or that encourages conduct that would be considered a criminal offense, gives rise to civil liability, violates any law, or is otherwise objectionable ; (iv) an advertisement or solicitation of business ; or (v) impersonating another person.",3807
-"11.2 if a host claims and provides evidence that you as a guest have damaged an accommodation or any personal or other property at an accommodation (``damage claim''), the host can seek payment from you through the resolution center.",3808
-18.3 us federal arbitration act.,3809
-The limitations of liability provided in these terms inure to the benefit of the tripadvisor media group companies.,3810
-Your interactions with third-party suppliers are at your own risk.,3811
-"Viber does not endorse any of the merchandise, nor has viber taken any steps to confirm the accuracy or reliability of any of the information contained on such third-party sites.",3812
-"And while we'll try to give you advance notice, we ca n't guarantee it.",3813
-"If you registered for our ``viber out'' service (described above), you can request that viber delete your account and our cancellation policy shall apply.",3814
-Please see section 4 (a) (iv) (2) for the consequences of a closed microsoft account.,3815
-"Some of our services allow you to upload, submit, store, send or receive content.",3816
-We suggest that you review the terms of use and privacy statement of such external links prior to use of them.,3817
-"For information on microsoft branded products, go to the microsoft exporting website.",3818
-"If you have any complaints or objections to material or content including user messages posted on this website, or if you believe that material or content posted on this website infringes a copyright that you hold, please contact us immediately by following our notice and takedown procedure.",3819
-"In the event your subscription began on a day not contained in a given month, your payment method will be charged on a day in the applicable month or such other day as we deem appropriate.",3820
-You also hereby grant to supercell the right to authorize others to exercise any of the rights granted to supercell under these terms of service.,3821
-"We may provide various open communication tools on our website, such as blog comments, blog posts, public chat, forums, message boards, newsgroups, product ratings and reviews, various social media services, etc..",3822
-"If mandatory legislation in your jurisdiction requires longer in excess to the aforementioned 90 days, the length of the warranty is amended accordingly.",3823
-"• an ebay-generated return shipping label is used, and the seller is responsible for its cost ; ",3824
-"Information reasonably sufficient to permit the company to contact you, such as an address, telephone number, and, if available, an electronic mail address at which you may be contacted ; ",3825
-"Snap group limited, snap inc., and their affiliates take no responsibility and assume no liability for any content that you, another user, or a third party creates, uploads, posts, sends, receives, or stores on or through our services.",3826
-End user license agreement and terms of service ,3827
-"If you live in the european union, we will provide you with a vat invoice when we are required to do so by law.",3828
-We recommend that you regularly backup your content that you store on the services or store using third-party apps and services.,3829
-"In order to access and use our services, you agree to these terms of service, which incorporate by reference the crowdtangle privacy policy.",3830
-Forge headers or otherwise manipulate identifiers in order to disguise the origin of any content transmitted through the yahoo service ; ,3831
-"In consideration for tinder allowing you to use the services, you agree that we, our affiliates, and our third-party partners may place advertising on the services.",3832
-You may need to update third party software from time to time in order to receive the service and play supercell games.,3833
-"The company (and its respective corporate parents, subsidiaries, affiliates, predecessors in interest, successors, permitted assigns), you and any other parties on whose behalf you are accessing the service agree to arbitration (except for matters that may be taken to small claims court), as the exclusive form of dispute resolution except as provided for below, for all disputes and claims arising out of or relating to this eula or the service.",3834
-"This does not affect our liability for death or personal injury arising from our negligence, or our liability for fraudulent misrepresentation or misrepresentation as to a fundamental matter, or any other liability which can not be excluded or limited under applicable law.",3835
-"Linden lab has no obligation to become involved in any dispute that you may have or claim to have with one or more users of the service, or in any manner in any resolution thereof.",3836
-"Our services are very diverse, so sometimes additional terms or product requirements (including age requirements) may apply.",3837
-"You will not create another account if we have already disabled your account, unless you have our written permission to do so.",3838
-"In order to participate in certain products, you may be required to agree to additional terms and conditions ; those additional terms are hereby incorporated into these terms.",3839
-You should review any additional terms and privacy policies before acquiring or using any third-party apps and services.,3840
-"Access to our site and to our service is permitted on a temporary basis, and we reserve the right to withdraw or amend access to our site or our service without notice (see below).",3841
-"Instagram will not be liable to you for any modification, suspension, or discontinuation of the services, or the loss of any content.",3842
-"To help maintain continued access, we suggest you use more than one sign-in credential with your healthvault account.",3843
-"Your use of the services does not constitute or create a doctor-patient, therapist-patient or other healthcare professional relationship between under armour and you.",3844
-"A. to youtube, a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free, transferable licence (with right to sub-licence) to use, reproduce, distribute, prepare derivative works of, display, and perform that content in connection with the provision of the service and otherwise in connection with the provision of the service and youtube's business, including without limitation for promoting and redistributing part or all of the service (and derivative works thereof) in any media formats and through any media channels ; ",3845
-"The viber group makes no warranties that your use of the materials, information, software, facilities, services, or other content of the service will not infringe the rights of others and the viber group assumes no liability or responsibility for errors or omissions in such materials, information, software, facilities, services, or other content of the service or any other website.",3846
-"As set forth below, all virtual money, virtual goods, and other content is provided ``as is,'' without any warranty.",3847
-We may modify this agreement from time to time.,3848
-You may not attempt to override or circumvent any of the usage rules embedded into the yahoo services.,3849
-"By using the services, you affirm that : ",3850
-"The services are provided ``as is'', ``as available'', with all faults and without warranties, representations or conditions of any kind.",3851
-"You will not collect users' content or information, or otherwise access facebook, using automated means (such as harvesting bots, robots, spiders, or scrapers) without our prior permission.",3852
-"• sell, sponsor, or otherwise monetize any feature of the services, without academia.edu's consent ; ",3853
-User content submitted in response to zynga promotions (which will be subject to the terms of the promotion) ; ,3854
-"You and academia.edu agree that any dispute, claim or controversy arising out of or relating to these terms or the breach, termination, enforcement, interpretation or validity thereof or the use of the site or services (collectively, ``disputes'') will be settled by binding arbitration, except that each party retains the right : (i) to bring an individual action in small claims court and (ii) to seek injunctive or other equitable relief in a court of competent jurisdiction to prevent the actual or threatened infringement, misappropriation or violation of a party's copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, patents or other intellectual property rights (the action described in the foregoing clause (ii), an ``ip protection action'').",3855
-"When you use other companies' services like these, the other company's service may (or may not) ask you for permission to access your information and content.",3856
-"For billing support, call our billing support team at 1-800-762-2530 (north america) or your country code + 80011551398 (all other countries).",3857
-We try hard to keep our services a safe place for all users.,3858
-"You understand and agree that without a written license agreement with linden lab, we do not authorize you to make any use of the linden marks, including but not limited to ``linden,'' or ``linden lab''.",3859
-"In addition, when using particular yahoo owned or operated services, you and yahoo shall be subject to any posted guidelines or rules applicable to such services, which may be posted and modified from time to time.",3860
-Skype may change its calling rates at any time without notice to you by posting such change at www.skype.com/go/allrates.,3861
-You can find an overview of our policies here.,3862
-"By ``application'' we mean any application or website that uses or accesses platform, as well as anything else that receives or has received data from us.",3863
-Venue for legal disputes not subject to arbitration ,3864
-"Myfitnesspal does not (i) guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any nutritional information in the food database ; or (ii) adopt, endorse or accept responsibility for the accuracy or reliability of any such nutritional information.",3865
-"Upon our receipt of a proper notice of claimed infringement under the dmca, we will respond expeditiously to remove, or disable access to, the material claimed to be infringing and will follow the procedures specified in the dmca to resolve the claim between the notifying party and the alleged infringer who provided the content in issue.",3866
-No impersonating under armour or others.,3867
-The exclusive means of resolving any dispute or claim arising out of or relating to this agreement (including any alleged breach thereof) or the service shall be binding arbitration administered by the american arbitration association under the consumer arbitration rules.,3868
-"Violate, or encourage any conduct that would violate, any applicable law or regulation or would give rise to civil liability ; ",3869
-(c) objectionable user-generated content ,3870
-"Duolingo's liability to you or any third party claiming through you for any cause whatsoever, and regardless of the form of the action, is limited to the amount paid, if any, by you to duolingo for the service in the 12 months prior to the initial action giving rise to liability.",3871
-"Once a guest requests a booking of your listing, you may not request that the guest pays a higher price than in the booking request.",3872
-"(iii) you will comply on an ongoing basis with any specific number allocation requirements that we make you aware of, or any reasonable instructions that skype or skype's partners may give to you with regard to the use of the numbers and the products ; ",3873
-Any transactions you make with any betterpoints.uk members are explicitly between you and those members.,3874
-"If you do not wish to grant users of the service a user content license, you agree that it is your obligation to avoid displaying or making available your content to other users.",3875
-The airbnb platform may contain translations powered by google.,3876
-You are responsible for obtaining the data network access necessary to use the services.,3877
-You are responsible for all activity that occurs under your microsoft account or skype account.,3878
-"Airbnb may, without prior notice, remove or disable access to any member content that airbnb finds to be in violation of these terms or airbnb's then-current policies or standards, or otherwise may be harmful or objectionable to airbnb, its members, third parties, or property.",3879
-Your attendance at and participation in third-party activities is solely at your own risk.,3880
-"All right, title, and interest in and to the services (excluding content provided by users) are and will remain the exclusive property of twitter and its licensors.",3881
-Violate the professional community guidelines or any additional terms concerning a specific service that are provided when you sign up for or start using such service.,3882
-"Upload, post, email, transmit, or otherwise make available any unlawful, inappropriate, defamatory, obscene, pornographic, vulgar, offensive, fraudulent, false, misleading, or deceptive content or message ; ",3883
-"When you purchase a voucher or pre-paid card, depending on the country, 15 % luxembourg vat, local vat or other taxes may apply and may be deducted from the value of the voucher or prepaid card upon redemption.",3884
-"- a statement that you have a good faith belief that the use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law ; and ",3885
-No right of survivorship and non-transferability.,3886
-"In some cases your payment date may change, for example if your payment method has not successfully settled or if your paid membership began on a day not contained in a given month.",3887
-(f) you may cancel automatic renewals of your subscription at any time by emailing help@headspace.com.,3888
-"You acknowledge that when you receive a linden content license you do not acquire ownership of any copies of the content, or transfer of any copyright or other intellectual property rights in the content.",3889
-"You will not use your personal timeline primarily for your own commercial gain, and will use a facebook page for such purposes.",3890
-"We may store the information you provide for a period of time, but we will not post this information publicly.",3891
-"Please review these policies which are designed to protect against fraud and abuse and may place limits on the type, duration or volume of calls or messages that you are able to make.",3892
-"By accessing or using the service you represent that you have reached the age of 13 years, or that you have the consent of your parent/guardian to use the service.",3893
-"These terms and conditions, its subject matter and duolingo's and your respective rights under these terms and conditions, as well as and any claim, cause of action or dispute (``claim'') arising out of or related to these terms and conditions, shall be governed by and construed under the laws of the commonwealth of pennsylvania, united states of america, excluding the conflict of law provisions of that or any other jurisdiction, regardless of your country of origin or where you access the service.",3894
-(f) consent to receive communications ,3895
-The refund method will depend upon the payment method.,3896
-Your mobile network's data and messaging rates and fees may apply if you access or use the services from a wireless-enabled device and you shall be responsible for such rates and fees.,3897
-"You will not post or transmit in any manner any contact information including, but not limited to, email addresses, ``instant messenger'' nicknames, telephone numbers, postal addresses, urls, or full names through your publicly posted information.",3898
-"By downloading, installing and using the service, the licensee agrees to the terms and conditions of these terms of use which shall bind the licensee.",3899
-You can find these terms and conditions here.,3900
-"Depending on your user device, you may also disable background communication features completely by switching off your user device communication functions.",3901
-"(7) taken from blizzard entertainment's warcraft products, including character names from the warcraft series of novels ; ",3902
-"Notwithstanding the foregoing, either you or headspace may bring an individual action in small claims court.",3903
-"Once you have cancelled your free trial and received confirmation, you can not resume the free trial period even if you did not use the premium service for the entire duration of the offer.",3904
-"In countries where exclusions or limitations of liability are allowed, dropbox, its affiliates, suppliers or distributors wo n't be liable for : i) any indirect, special, incidental, punitive, exemplary or consequential damages, or ii) any loss of use, data, business, or profits, regardless of legal theory.",3905
-The services are intended to provide you with information to encourage you to support your wellness and fitness activities.,3906
-"You represent and warrant that : (i) you either are the sole and exclusive owner of all user content or you have all rights, licenses, consents and releases necessary to grant uber the license to the user content as set forth above ; and (ii) neither the user content nor your submission, uploading, publishing or otherwise making available of such user content nor uber's use of the user content as permitted herein will infringe, misappropriate or violate a third party's intellectual property or proprietary rights, or rights of publicity or privacy, or result in the violation of any applicable law or regulation.",3907
-"We grant you a limited, revocable, personal, non-transferable, and non-exclusive right and license to access and use the services and ua content, provided that you do not (and do not allow any third party to) copy, modify, create a derivative work from, reverse engineer, sell, assign, sublicense, grant a security interest in, or otherwise transfer any right in the ua content or services to anyone else.",3908
-"These terms of service (``terms'') apply to your access and use of the fitbit service, which is provided to you by fitbit, inc. (``fitbit'').",3909
-"If we do decide to moderate an interactive service, we will make this clear before you use the service and normally provide you with a means of contacting the moderator, should a concern or difficulty arise.",3910
-Some states or countries do not allow the exclusion of certain warranties or the limitations/exclusions of liability described above.,3911
-"Use of the service is also governed by supercell's privacy policy and other relevant policies, which are incorporated herein by reference.",3912
-"In addition, you agree to review and follow tinder's safety tips, located on gotinder.com, prior to using the service.",3913
-These terms do n't give us any rights to your stuff except for the limited rights that enable us to offer the services.,3914
-"If a payment is not successfully settled, due to expiration, insufficient funds, or otherwise, and you do not edit your payment method information or cancel your subscription, you remain responsible for any uncollected amounts and authorize us to continue billing the payment method, as it may be updated.",3915
-In no event will oculus be liable for the removal of or disabling of access to any portion or feature of the services.,3916
-"You must not defame, stalk, bully, abuse, harass, threaten, impersonate or intimidate people or entities and you must not post private or confidential information via the service, including, without limitation, your or any other person's credit card information, social security or alternate national identity numbers, non-public phone numbers or non-public email addresses.",3917
-You may submit feedback by emailing us at feedback@academia.eduor through the ``ideas'' section of the site.,3918
-"Linden lab provides the service, including without limitation the software, the websites, the servers, the content (including the virtual goods and services), and your account, strictly on an ``as is'' basis, and hereby expressly disclaims all warranties or conditions of any kind, written or oral, express, implied or statutory, including without limitation any implied warranty of title, noninfringement, merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.",3919
-"Applicable law may not allow the limitation or exclusion of liability or incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you.",3920
-"You may not reverse engineer, decompile or disassemble, tamper with, or bypass any security associated with the amazon software, whether in whole or in part.",3921
-"You may also mail or deliver a signed and dated notice which states that you, the buyer, are canceling this agreement, or words of similar effect.",3922
-"Reproducing a user video embodying an sr sample on your own mobile device or distributing such user video with private or public audiences via the service, provided such distribution is in strict compliance with this eula and the functionalities of the applicable app.",3923
-"(12) that utilizes ``leet'' or ``dudespeak'' (e.g., ``roflcopter'', ``xxnewbxx'', ``roxxoryou'') ",3924
-"3.2 age requirements for use of areas of the service, software, and content.",3925
-"By submitting any feedback, you agree that your disclosure is gratuitous, unsolicited and without restriction and will not place crowdtangle under any fiduciary or other obligation, and that we are free to use the feedback without any additional compensation to you, and/or to disclose the feedback on a non-confidential basis or otherwise to anyone.",3926
-"The application publisher, on behalf of itself, microsoft, wireless carriers over whose network the application is provided, and each of our respective affiliates, vendors, agents, and suppliers (``covered parties''), gives no express warranties, guarantees, or conditions in relation to the application.",3927
-"Y ou may not assign this eula or any of the rights or licenses granted hereunder, directly or indirectly, including by sale, merger, change of control, operation of law or otherwise, without the prior express written consent of the company.",3928
-You are not allowed to use the truecaller services on any device that you do not own or control.,3929
-"Dropbox will pay all arbitration fees for individual arbitration for claims less than $ 75,000.",3930
-"To commence arbitration, submit the form available at go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=275627 to the aaa.",3931
-"Virtual money may be redeemed only for virtual goods and can never be sold, transferred, or exchanged for ``real'' money, ``real'' goods, or ``real'' services from us or anyone else.",3932
-"You are responsible for obtaining access to the yahoo services, and that access may involve third-party fees (such as internet service provider or airtime charges).",3933
-"By creating an account, you agree that the services may send you informational text (sms) messages as part of the normal business operation of your use of the services.",3934
-"We may modify, suspend, or terminate your access to or use of our services anytime for any reason, such as if you violate the letter or spirit of our terms or create harm, risk, or possible legal exposure for us, our users, or others.",3935
-Neither spotify nor any owner of content warrants that the spotify service is free of malware or other harmful components.,3936
-"You are responsible for your use of the services and for any content you provide, including compliance with applicable laws, rules, and regulations.",3937
-You may opt out of this agreement to arbitrate.,3938
-Failure to pay these fees may result in suspension or termination of your service or subscription.,3939
-"We may send you a reminder when your free trial is about to end, but we do not guarantee any such notifications.",3940
-Those works are protected by copyright laws and treaties around the world.,3941
-Please note also that providing detailed and accurate information at the outset will facilitate efficient processing of your request.,3942
-Rovio may license to you certain virtual goods to be used within rovio services.,3943
-"In no event will tinder's aggregate liability to you for all claims relating to the service exceed the amount paid, if any, by you to tinder for the service while you have an account.",3944
-"Any use, reproduction, modification or distribution of world of warcraft not expressly authorized by the terms of the blizzard agreements is expressly prohibited.",3945
-"To the extent permitted by applicable law, neither niantic nor tpc or tpci or any other party involved in creating, producing, or delivering the services or content will be liable to you for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, exemplary, or consequential damages, including lost profits, loss of data, or goodwill, service interruption, computer damage, or system failure or the cost of substitute services, arising out of or in connection with these terms, or from the use of or inability to use the services or content, or from any communications, interactions, or meetings with other users of the services or persons with whom you communicate or interact as a result of your use of the services, whether based on warranty, contract, tort (including negligence), product liability, or any other legal theory, and whether or not niantic, tpc, or tpci have been advised of the possibility of such damages, even if a limited remedy set forth herein is found to have failed of its essential purpose.",3946
-Redemption and use of gift cards (other than skype gift cards) are governed by the microsoft gift card terms and conditions.,3947
-"Offer, as a host, any accommodation that you do not yourself own or have permission to make available as a residential or other property through the airbnb platform ; ",3948
-"For more information, please review our privacy policy.",3949
-I hereby agree that my use of the world of warcraft service is an acknowledgment of my agreement to be bound by the terms and conditions of this agreement.,3950
-If you intend to seek arbitration you must first send written notice to duolingo's administration office of your intent to arbitrate (``notice'').,3951
-You will maintain only one betterpoints account.,3952
-"However, if you agreed to a previous version of these terms that allowed you to opt out of arbitration, your previous choice to opt out or not opt out remains binding.",3953
-Contain the physical or electronic signature of a person authorized to act on behalf of the copyright owner.,3954
-"``duolingo,'' ``tinycards'' and all other trademarks, service marks, graphics and logos used in connection with the service are trademarks or service marks of duolingo or their respective owners, and certain of them are registered with the united states patent and trademark office.",3955
-The company reserves the right to assume the exclusive defense and control of any matter which is subject to indemnification under this section if the company believes that you are unwilling or incapable of defending the company's interests.,3956
-"(8) related to drugs, sex, alcohol, or criminal activity ; ",3957
-"The company does not warrant, endorse and will not be liable to any damage or claim for any user submissions, including without limitation, its accuracy, engagement with commercial activity, spam, or any attempts to defraud or manipulate other users with deceptive means or misrepresentation.",3958
-Miscellaneous : this eula represents the complete agreement concerning this license between the parties and supersedes all prior agreements and representations between them.,3959
-"If the third party service or application you elect to use would access or extract content, you grant evernote the right and license to enable third party access to and extraction of your content.",3960
-"You may use our services only as permitted by applicable law, including export control laws and regulations.",3961
-"License to vimeo : as between you and vimeo, you own the video content (``videos'') that you submit to the vimeo service.",3962
-"All purchases of premium services are final and non-refundable, except at our sole discretion and in accordance with the rules governing each premium service.",3963
-Your license terminates immediately if you attempt to circumvent any technical protection measures used in connection with the software and/or services or you otherwise use the software and/or services in breach of the terms of this eula.,3964
-Skype reserves the right to ask for verification of your identity and to seek further information to verify your complaint.,3965
-5.7 you are solely responsible for all member content that you make available on or through the airbnb platform.,3966
-"This is similar to the device-lock option you may be using on your mobile device ; by setting a passcode, you make it less likely that another person who gets ahold of your device will be able to see what you saved to the restricted area of memories.",3967
-"You and the company agree that, notwithstanding any other rights the party may have under law or equity, any cause of action arising out of or related to this eula or the service, excluding a claim for indemnification, must commence within one year after the cause of action accrues.",3968
-"You acknowledge that the content of the service is provided or made available to you under license from linden lab and independent content providers, including other users of the service (``content providers'').",3969
-"If we owe you a payment, then you agree to timely and accurately provide us with any information we need to get that payment to you.",3970
-"``dispute'' as used in this section 18 means any dispute, cause of action, claim or controversy arising out of or in any way related to oculus, these terms, the subject matter of these terms or access to and use of the services, including, but not limited to, contract, personal injury, tort, warranty, statute or regulation, or other legal or equitable basis and disputes that involve third parties (such as developers of third-party content), except any dispute, cause of action, claim or controversy relating to oculus' intellectual property (such as trademarks, trade dress, domain names, trade secrets, copyrights and/or patents).",3971
-"To start an arbitration proceeding, use the form on aaa's website (www.adr.org) or call them at 1-800-778-7879.",3972
-Suspension or cancellation of the services for non-payment could result in a loss of access to and use of your account and its content.,3973
-Tripadvisor believes in protecting your privacy.,3974
-"The services change frequently, and their form and functionality may change without prior notice to you.",3975
-This email address may be updated as part of any update to these terms of service.,3976
-You may not use the services in a way that is detrimental to the operation of the services or the access or use of the services by anyone else.,3977
-You acknowledge that yahoo reserves the right to log off accounts that are inactive for an extended period of time.,3978
-"Rent, lease, loan, trade, sell/re-sell access to the services or related data ; ",3979
-"If you do n't provide academia.edu with an arbitration opt-out notice within the thirty (30) day period, you will be deemed to have knowingly and intentionally waived your right to litigate any dispute except for litigable actions.",3980
-"(g) you can also contact us via email at help@headspace.com to withdraw your consent to receive any future communications electronically, including if the system requirements described above change and you no longer possess the required system.",3981
-"``content'' means any works of authorship, creative works, graphics, images, textures, photos, logos, video, audio, text, and interactive features.",3982
-"Any arbitration between you and spotify will be finally settled under the rules of arbitration of the international chamber of commerce (the ``icc'') then in force (the ``icc rules'') by one or more arbitrators appointed in accordance with the icc rules, as modified by these agreements, and will be administered by the international court of arbitration of the icc.",3983
-"The laws of california, u.s.a., excluding california's conflict of laws rules, will apply to any disputes arising out of or relating to these terms or the services.",3984
-"If you reside outside of the united states of america, canada and mexico (``north america'') your agreement is with dropbox international unlimited company, and if you reside in north america your agreement is with dropbox, inc..",3985
-All subscription services provide access through the products.,3986
-Other purchases : purchases of other products and services through the vimeo service are subject to our payment addendumand to other terms and conditions that are presented to you at the time of purchase.,3987
-"You acknowledge that the services and content are protected by copyright, trademark, and other laws of the united states and foreign countries.",3988
-You will not forward chain letters through the service ; ,3989
-Academia.edu will have the right to investigate and prosecute violations of any of the above to the fullest extent of the law.,3990
-"You can opt out of receiving these promotional messages at any time by following the unsubscribe instructions contained in the message footer, or changing the email preferences in your account.",3991
-"We will charge your payment method for your monthly membership fee at the end of the free trial period unless you cancel your membership prior to the end of the free trial period to view the monthly membership price and end date of your free trial period, visit our website and click the ``billing details'' link on the ``your account'' page.",3992
-You can provide feedback to us by clicking on the ` feedback' tab or here.,3993
-"In addition, we provide links to the sites of affiliated companies and certain other businesses.",3994
-"You agree that linden lab will not be liable for any interruption of the service (whether intentional or not), and you understand that except as may otherwise be specifically provided in linden lab's billing policies, posted on applicable areas of the service and/or website (s), you will not be entitled to any refunds of fees or other compensation for interruption of service.",3995
-"The arbitration will be conducted by telephone, online and/or be solely based on written submissions, the specific manner to be chosen by the party initiating the arbitration ; ",3996
-We reserve all rights not expressly granted to you.,3997
-Vimeo may provide all such communications by email or by posting them on the vimeo service.,3998
-"Reasons for evernote suspending or closing your account may include, without limitation : (i) breach or violation of these terms (including the user guidelines) or any separate agreement, (ii) an extended period of inactivity (determined in evernote's sole discretion), (iii) your nonpayment of any fees or other sums due evernote or any other party related to your use of the service, (iv) the discontinuance or material modification of the service (or any part thereof) or (v) unexpected technical or security issues or problems or extensive unsupported use.",3999
-"If you are a resident of the european union (eu), please note that we offer this alternative dispute resolution process, but we can not offer you the european commission dispute platform as we do not have an establishment in the eu.",4000
-"If you do n't agree with (or can not comply with) the agreements, then you may not use the spotify service or consume any content.",4001
-You are solely responsible for your user submissions.,4002
-Skype does not guarantee that you will be able to use your skype credit balance to purchase all products.,4003
-Our information collection and use policies with respect to the privacy of such user information are set forth in the headspace privacy policy.,4004
-"If an additional manufacturer's warranty applies, any claims based on a manufacturer's warranty are irrespective of any statutory rights you may have.",4005
-"Any use of the interactive areas or other portions of this website in violation of the foregoing violates the terms of this agreement and may result in, among other things, termination or suspension of your rights to use the interactive areas and/or this website.",4006
-"Additional information about the program, including policies governing feedback, the handling of lost, damaged, and undeliverable items, returns, and the resolution of buyer protection claims for items that you sell through the program, can be found on the global shipping program seller policies and frequently asked questions page.",4007
-The right to use the number and the cancellation of such right rest with the skype manager administrator at his/her sole discretion and not you.,4008
-You provide us the phone numbers of whatsapp users and your other contacts in your mobile phone address book on a regular basis.,4009
-"By accessing or using the services, you agree that you will not : (a) access or use the services in any manner that could interfere with, disrupt, negatively affect or inhibit anyone from fully enjoying the services, including, but not limited to, defamatory, harassing, threatening, bigoted, hateful, vulgar, obscene, pornographic or otherwise offensive behaviour or content ; (b) damage, disable, overburden or impair the functionality of the services in any manner ; (c) access or use the services for any illegal or unauthorised purpose, or engage in, encourage or promote any illegal activity or any activity that violates these terms, community standards or any other terms or policies provided in connection with the services ; (d) use or attempt to use another user's account without authorisation from such user ; (e) modify, adapt, hack or emulate the services ; (f) use any robot, spider, crawler, scraper or other automated means or interface not provided or authorised by us to access the services or to extract data ; (g) circumvent or attempt to circumvent any filtering, security measures or other features designed to protect the services or third parties ; and (h) infringe upon or violate the rights of oculus, our users or any third party.",4010
-Whenever you send any kind of message to a third party you represent and warrant to evernote that you are acting within the law and that you have prior consent from the recipient to send them such a message.,4011
-"If microsoft has identified a billing error, we will correct that error within 90 days.",4012
-"• unsolicited commercial communications (` spam'), chain letters, or pyramid schemes.",4013
-Please read this section carefully because it contains additional provisions applicable only to our united states and canada users.,4014
-"We may terminate your account if we determine in our discretion that such action is necessary or advisable to comply with legal requirements or protect the rights or interests of linden lab, the service community or any third party.",4015
-"Under armour supports and encourages athletes of all ages, but you must be at least 13 to use most of the services, and at least 18 to use under armour shopping and myfitnesspal.",4016
-"If you purchase any digital content from viber, any right you may have to withdraw from or cancel the purchase will terminate once the digital content has been delivered to you upon your request, and you will not be entitled to claim any refund, except where you believe viber has charged you in error.",4017
-"If any online activity offered by us will allow children under the age of thirteen (13) to reveal personal data publicly (for example via un-moderated forums), we will obtain parental consent before allowing the child to participate.",4018
-"So if you apply for a job through our service or opt to signal that you are interested in a job, our default is to share it only with the job poster.",4019
-"By using the service, you consent to the terms of the privacy policy.",4020
-Amazon attempts to be as accurate as possible.,4021
-"As described in our user privacy notice, ebay may collect other telephone numbers for you and may place manual non-marketing calls to any of those numbers and autodialed non-marketing calls to any landline.",4022
-"The membership fee for the netflix service and any other charges you may incur in connection with your use of the service, such as taxes and possible transaction fees, will be charged on a monthly basis to your payment method on the calendar day corresponding to the commencement of the paying portion of your membership.",4023
-"When you do that, you retain whatever ownership rights in that content you had to begin with.",4024
-"The laws of the state of california will govern these terms of service, as well as any claim that might arise between you and us, without regard to conflict of law provisions.",4025
-"Some jurisdictions do not allow the disclaimer of warranties or exclusion of damages, so such disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you.",4026
-"You agree to indemnify, defend and hold supercell (and our officers, directors, agents, subsidiaries, joint ventures and employees) harmless from any claim, demand, damages or other losses, including reasonable attorneys' fees, asserted by any third-party resulting from or arising out of your use of the service, or any breach by you of these terms of service, however the foregoing does not apply if the infringement of rights is not attributable to your intentional or negligent behavior.",4027
-The contractually-specified characteristics of the software and the service to be provided by blizzard entertainment does not require that the software be completely free of programming errors but merely that the software be free of programming errors that materially impair its use.,4028
-"You and ebay agree that any claim or dispute at law or equity that has arisen, or may arise, between you and ebay (including any claim or dispute between you and a third-party agent of ebay) that relates in any way to or arises out of this or previous versions of the ebay user agreement, your use of or access to the services, the actions of ebay or its agents, or any products or services sold or purchased through the services, will be resolved in accordance with the provisions set forth in this legal disputes section.",4029
-The following restrictions apply to the use of the service : ,4030
-"``platform'' means the (mobile) website and app on which the service is made available owned, controlled, managed, maintained and/or hosted by booking.com.",4031
-"You agree not to challenge truecaller's rights in, or otherwise attempt to assert any rights in, the services or any content provided by other users, except those rights explicitly granted under these terms.",4032
-"If you have any questions concerning this agreement, you may contact support@rovio.com.",4033
-"Microsoft will automatically check for and download updates to your applications, even if you're not signed into the relevant store.",4034
-Supercell may require that you accept updates to the service and to supercell's games you have installed on your device or computer.,4035
-"For details of the system requirements for group video calling, please see www.skype.com/go/skypepremium.requirements.",4036
-"The support companies do not have any platform (and do not in any way control, manage, maintain or host the platform).",4037
-"You may not sign up for more than one free trial of a given premium service at the same time, and we reserve the right to limit your ability to take advantage of multiple free trials.",4038
-"If you are the parent or legal guardian of a child under the age of 13 (the ``parent''), you are agreeing to these terms on behalf of yourself and your child (ren) who are authorized to use the services pursuant to these terms and in our privacy policy.",4039
-"If you are taking part in any trial-period offer, you must cancel the trial service (s) by the end of the trial period to avoid incurring new charges, unless we notify you otherwise.",4040
-"Is not intended to be and should not be used in place of (a) the advice of your physician or other professionals, (b) a visit, call or consultation with your physician or other medical professionals, or (c) information contained on or in any product packaging or label.",4041
-You agree to receive text messages and phone calls (from us or our third-party providers) with codes to register for our services.,4042
-A download speed of at least 25.0 mbps per stream is recommended to receive ultra hd (defined as a resolution of 1080p or higher) and hdr content.,4043
-"We may charge you for our services, including applicable taxes.",4044
-Virtual items (including characters and character names) or in-game currency purchased or available to you in the services can only be used in connection with the services where you obtained them or where they were developed by you as a result of gameplay.,4045
-Refunds are only issued if required by law.,4046
-"All trademarks, service marks, logos, trade names, and any other source identifiers of airbnb used on or in connection with the airbnb platform and airbnb content are trademarks or registered trademarks of airbnb in the united states and abroad.",4047
-"However, any content posted by you using any open communication tools on our website, provided that it does n't violate or infringe on any 3rd party copyrights or trademarks, becomes the property of atlas solutions group inc., and as such, gives us a perpetual, irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, exclusive license to reproduce, modify, adapt, translate, publish, publicly display and/or distribute as we see fit.",4048
-"If you're unsure what those charges may be, you should ask your service provider before using the services.",4049
-"If you accessed or downloaded the app from the apple store, then you agree to use the app only : (a) on an apple-branded product or device that runs ios (apple's proprietary operating system software) ; and (b) as permitted by the ``usage rules'' set forth in the apple store terms of service.",4050
-Trademarks and logos used in connection with the services are be the trademarks of their respective owners.,4051
-"For information about how under armour collects, uses, and shares your personal data, please review our privacy policy.",4052
-"For more details, go to section 17.",4053
-"The parent of each child under the age of 13 must register with the pokémon company international, inc. (``tpci'') through ptc before a child may use the services.",4054
-"If you have any questions or comments about these our terms of service as outlined above, you can contact us at : ",4055
-(a) fair usage policy.,4056
-8.1 calling phones and premium rate numbers with skype credit : ,4057
-You must comply with the spirit of the following standards as well as the letter.,4058
-"Linden lab owns the bits and bytes of electronic data stored on its servers, and accordingly will not be liable for any deletion, corruption or data loss that occurs in connection with the service.",4059
-Disclaimer of warranties ; limitation of liability ,4060
-Supplemental terms shall prevail over these terms in the event of a conflict with respect to the applicable services.,4061
-These terms of use govern your use of our service.,4062
-"Virtual money is a category of content, so the purchase of virtual money grants you only a limited, nontransferable, non-sublicensable, revocable license to use such virtual money to access and purchase virtual goods in conjunction with your personal, noncommercial use of the services.",4063
-"To the extent permitted by applicable law, niantic, the pokémon company (``tpc''), and tpci disclaim all liability related to any property damage, personal injury, or death that may occur during your use of our services, including any claims based on the violation of any applicable law, rule, or regulation or your alleged negligence or other tort liability.",4064
-Supercell can not guarantee that other members will not use the ideas and information that you share.,4065
-Tinder reserves the right to conduct any criminal background check or other screenings (such as sex offender register searches) at any time using available public records.,4066
-"By accessing our site or by using our service, you indicate that you accept these terms of use and that you agree to abide by them.",4067
-"Subject to these terms, including the licence provided in section 3.1, you may access, install and use the oculus runtime software (``runtime'').",4068
-"For further information, please refer to the ``links to third-party sites'' section below.",4069
-"Except as provided in section 19.12 and subject to section 15.8, this section 19 will survive any termination of these terms and will continue to apply even if you stop using the airbnb platform or terminate your airbnb account.",4070
-"You agree and acknowledge that the materials are valuable property and that other than any specific and limited license for use of such materials, you shall not acquire any ownership rights in or to such materials.",4071
-You may not assign or transfer these terms in whole or in part without uber's prior written approval.,4072
-"If a product offered by amazon itself is not as described, your sole remedy is to return it in unused condition.",4073
-"Viber public chats may include content that is not suitable for children and therefore, persons viewing, following or participating in a public chat must be at least 13 years old.",4074
-"You may use our services only as permitted by law, including applicable export and re-export control laws and regulations.",4075
-"They apply to the software applications you download from the windows store or the xbox store, including any updates or supplements for the application, unless the application comes with separate terms, in which case those terms apply.",4076
-"You give us permission to use your name, profile picture, content, and information in connection with commercial, sponsored, or related content (such as a brand you like) served or enhanced by us.",4077
-"Subject to the limitations set out in these terms and conditions and to the extent permitted by law, we shall only be liable for direct damages actually suffered, paid or incurred by you due to an attributable shortcoming of our obligations in respect to our services, up to an aggregate amount of the aggregate cost of your reservation as set out in the confirmation email (whether for one event or series of connected events).",4078
-"We want to know if you have a problem so we encourage you to contact our customer support team if you have any concerns with respect to the operation of the service or any evernote software, as we want to ensure that you have an excellent experience.",4079
-"If you lose access to your account for any reason, linden lab may, but is not required to, attempt to restore access to your account by verifying your registration data.",4080
-(a) a fair usage policy applies at www.skype.com/go/terms.gvc.fairusage and is incorporated herein by reference.,4081
-"However, an arbitrator can award the same damages and relief on an individual basis that a court can award to an individual.",4082
-Responsibilities and acceptable use of the services ,4083
-The foregoing limitations will apply even if the above stated remedy fails of its essential purpose.,4084
-"In the event that fraud, illegality or other conduct that violates this agreement is discovered or reported (whether by you or someone else) that is connected with your account, we may terminate your account (or accounts) as described in section 5.",4085
-Refunds can not be claimed for any partial-month subscription period.,4086
-By ``post'' we mean post on facebook or otherwise make available by using facebook.,4087
-"World of warcraft is the copyrighted work of blizzard entertainment, inc., a corporation organized under the laws of the state of delaware.",4088
-"These terms of service (``terms'') apply to your purchase, access to and use of any services.",4089
-These limitations and exclusions apply even if this remedy does n't fully compensate you for any losses or fails of its essential purpose or if we knew or should have known about the possibility of the damages.,4090
-We may discontinue or change the service or its availability to you at any time and you may stop using the service at any time.,4091
-"Depending on which of our premium services for which you have a free trial, you may lose access to the premium service as soon as you cancel or at the end of the free trial period.",4092
-"If you do not wish to pay the new prices, you may cancel the services prior to the change going into effect.",4093
-10.2 exceptions to requirement to arbitrate.,4094
-"You shall not : (i) take any action that imposes or may impose (as determined by vivino in its sole discretion) an unreasonable or disproportionately large load on vivino's (or its third party providers') infrastructure ; (ii) interfere or attempt to interfere with the proper working of the service or any activities conducted on the service ; (iii) bypass any measures vivino may use to prevent or restrict access to the service (or other accounts, computer systems or networks connected to the service) ; (iv) run any form of auto-responder or ``spam'' on the service ; (v) use manual or automated software, devices, or other processes to ``crawl'' or ``spider'' any page of the site ; (vi) harvest or scrape any content from the service ; or (vii) otherwise take any action in violation of vivino's guidelines and policies.",4095
-This eula will be governed by the laws of finland without reference to its choice of law rules.,4096
-"Where reasonable, skype will provide you with notice of improper usage before suspension or termination of your subscription and, if appropriate, skype may offer you an alternative subscription.",4097
-The number of devices on which you may simultaneously watch depends on your chosen subscription plan and is specified on the ``your account'' page.,4098
-This arbitration provision will survive termination of the agreements.,4099
-"When members make or accept a booking, they are entering into a contract directly with each other.",4100
-"Commercial advertisements, affiliate links, and other forms of solicitation may be removed by us without notice and may result in termination of privileges.",4101
-"For any claim in which you seek u.s. $ 10,000.00 or less, you shall have the choice as to whether the hearing is conducted in person, by telephone, or instead the arbitrator may decide the dispute without a hearing.",4102
-14.4 qik free and open source software notice is incorporated herein by reference.,4103
-"We do our best to keep the community safe and secure (athletes respecting the community guidelines helps), but you still might run into bad stuff before we have a chance to take it down.",4104
-"As set out in section 10.1, in the event a court or arbitrator determines that the limitation of the arbitration to dispute (s) between you and linden lab (prohibiting class or representative proceedings) is unenforceable, the dispute then must be brought exclusively in the state or federal courts of san francisco county, california.",4105
-"Please note that when you use third-party services, their own terms and privacy policies will govern your use of those services.",4106
-2.3 in some countries the products may be provided to you by skype's local partner.,4107
-"• impersonates or misrepresents your affiliation with another user, person, or entity, or is otherwise fraudulent, false, deceptive, or misleading ; ",4108
-"If, with your permission, another user uses your user account, it is your responsibility to inform that user of the limited circumstances in which limited emergency calling is available.",4109
-"A party who intends to seek arbitration must first send to the other, by a reputable courier with a tracking mechanism, a written notice of intent to arbitrate (a ``notice''), or, in the absence of a mailing address provided by you to the company, to you via any other method available to the company, including via e-mail.",4110
-"Note that it is your responsibility to be aware of such notices, and you hereby acknowledge and agree that blizzard entertainment shall not be responsible for any damages which may arise from your failure to read and/or be aware of these publicly posted notices.",4111
-"By submitting ideas, suggestions, documents, and/or proposals (``contributions'') to yahoo through its suggestion or feedback webpages, you acknowledge and agree that : (a) your contributions do not contain confidential or proprietary information ; (b) yahoo is not under any obligation of confidentiality, express or implied, with respect to the contributions ; (c) yahoo shall be entitled to use or disclose (or choose not to use or disclose) such contributions for any purpose, in any way, in any media worldwide ; (d) yahoo may have something similar to the contributions already under consideration or in development ; (e) your contributions automatically become the property of yahoo without any obligation of yahoo to you ; and (f) you are not entitled to any compensation or reimbursement of any kind from yahoo under any circumstances.",4112
-Special arbitration provision and class action waiver applicable to users in the us & canada.,4113
-You must agree to abide by all of the terms and conditions contained in this agreement in order to become or remain an authorized user of the service.,4114
-"On-time payment of commission by a supplier and the commission percentage are also included in the algorithm ; however, they are two of the several (but definitely not leading) factors in the default ranking.",4115
-All other claims will be arbitrated.,4116
-"If you are using a google account assigned to you by an administrator, different or additional terms may apply and your administrator may be able to access or disable your account.",4117
-Any attempt by you to disrupt or interfere with the service including without limitation undermining or manipulating the legitimate operation of any zynga game is a violation of zynga policy and may be a violation of criminal and civil laws.,4118
-You consent to having your personal data transferred to and processed in the united states.,4119
-"Please note that if you purchase a subscription through the apple itunes store or our iphone application, you may cancel automatic renewals by selecting manage app subscriptions in your itunes account settings and selecting the subscription you want to modify.",4120
-Keeping game data safe is a priority of blizzard entertainment.,4121
-You provide consent and all rights necessary to enable users to sync (including through an application) their devices with any information that is visible to them on facebook.,4122
-"Arbitration notice : except if you opt-out and except for certain types of disputes described in the arbitration section below, you agree that disputes between you and instagram will be resolved by binding, individual arbitration and you waive your right to participate in a class action lawsuit or class-wide arbitration.",4123
-"Intentionally or unintentionally violate any applicable local, state, national or international law, including, but not limited to, regulations promulgated by the u.s. securities and exchange commission, any rules of any national or other securities exchange, including, without limitation, the new york stock exchange, the american stock exchange, or the nasdaq, and any regulations having the force of law ; ",4124
-Your program account will be cancelled if you do not log in at least once in a 180-day period.,4125
-"In cases where an in-person hearing is held, you and/or ebay may attend by telephone, unless the arbitrator requires otherwise.",4126
-"Our services may be interrupted, including for maintenance, repairs, upgrades, or network or equipment failures.",4127
-"If you are a resident of the united states or any non-european union country : these terms shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the state of maryland and controlling u.s. federal law as applicable, without regard to its conflict of law principles.",4128
-Products that you may acquire via third-party services are not registered to your nintendo account.,4129
-"If the company provides a translation of the english language version of this eula, the translation is provided solely for convenience, and the english version will prevail.",4130
-"The services may contain links to third-party websites, applications or other third-party services, and you understand that by accessing third-party links, you may be exposed to content that is offensive, harmful, inaccurate or otherwise inappropriate.",4131
-"Furthermore, under armour and its athletes may retain and continue to use, store, display, reproduce, share, modify, create derivative works, perform, and distribute any of your user-generated content that otherwise has been stored or shared through under armour.",4132
-"Microsoft or the owners of the digital goods may, from time to time, remove digital goods from the services without notice.",4133
-We will act promptly to any indications of user content that is in breach of these terms.,4134
-Note that blizzard will not be responsible for the loss of in-game funds or items due to the character migration of either a ``buyer'' or ``seller'' to an auction house transaction.,4135
-Skype has registered and filed applications to register its trademarks in many countries worldwide.,4136
-"(v) unusual calling patterns inconsistent with normal, individual subscription use, for example, regular calls of short duration or calls to multiple numbers in a short period of time.",4137
-"Upload, post, or otherwise make available commercial messages or advertisements, pyramid schemes, or other disruptive notices ; ",4138
-Alcohol listings on amazon are intended for adults.,4139
-• violate any applicable law or regulation ; or ,4140
-"By signing up for and using the premium services, including signing up for free trials of the premium services, you agree to pay any fees or other incurred charges that apply to the premium services (such as subscription fees).",4141
-11.2 you may not assign this agreement or your account ; we may assign this agreement.,4142
-"Any other trademarks, service marks, logos, trade names and any other proprietary designations are the trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective parties.",4143
-"(f) a statement by you, made under penalty of perjury, that the information contained in your report is accurate and that you are the copyright or intellectual property owner or authorized to act on the copyright or intellectual property owner's behalf.",4144
-Our terms are written in english (u.s.).,4145
-"In no event shall the liability of linkedin and its affiliates (and those that linkedin works with to provide the services) exceed, in the aggregate for all claims, an amount that is the lesser of (a) five times the most recent monthly or yearly fee that you paid for a premium service, if any, or (b) us $ 1000.",4146
-"By installing or otherwise accessing or using the service, you agree that you have read, understood, and agree to be bound by this eula.",4147
-Do n't engage in activity that violates the privacy of others.,4148
-"If you are a california resident, in accordance with cal.",4149
-"The rates in effect when you sign up for the free trial will be the same when the free trial ends, unless we notify you otherwise.",4150
-"We can not guarantee that digital content ratings will always be accurate, nor can we promise that you will not find some material harmful, offensive, indecent or objectionable.",4151
-"• conflicts with the agreements, as determined by spotify.",4152
-"Without limiting the foregoing, academia.edu explicitly disclaims any warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, quiet enjoyment or non-infringement, and any warranties arising out of course of dealing or usage of trade.",4153
-Applicable fees and taxes (including tourist/city tax) may be charged by the supplier in the event of a no-show or cancellation fee.,4154
-You agree not to hold us responsible for banking charges incurred due to payments on your account.,4155
-We reserve the right to disclose information about your usage of the service and demographics in forms that do not reveal your personal identity.,4156
-"You authorize us to use automated tools to translate your ebay content and member-to-member communications, in whole or in part, into local languages where such translation solutions are available.",4157
-The arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the aaa consumer arbitration rules (``aaa rules'') then in effect.,4158
-"Skype's trademarks and trade dress may not be used in connection with any product or service that is not skype's, in any manner that is likely to cause confusion among customers, or in any manner that disparages or discredits skype.",4159
-``gift subscriptions'' are pre-paid memberships to the products.,4160
-"7.3.2 when listing an experience, event or other host service you must, where applicable, fully educate and inform guests about (i) any risks inherent to the experience, event or other host service, (ii) any requirements for participation, such as the minimum age, related skills, level of fitness or other requirements, and (iii) anything else they may need to know to safely participate in the experience, event or other host service (including dress codes, equipment, special certifications or licenses, etc.).",4161
-"The company, but not its third party licensors, hereby represents, warrants, and covenants that it will not, for so long as you are authorized to use the service pursuant to this eula, sue or bring a cause of action against you for : ",4162
-Onavo will make reasonable efforts to have the services running efficiently and accessible at all times.,4163
-"Only current accounts that are in ``good standing,'' shall be eligible for a refund.",4164
-"Remove, circumvent, disable, damage or otherwise interfere with any features of the service, or attempt to gain unauthorized access to any portion of the service through any means, or interfere with, corrupt, or disrupt the operation or performance of the service or the ability of any other person to use the service, including, without limitation, transmitting content that contain any viruses, worms, trojan horses, or other destructive items or harmful codes, or placing excessive load on the servers, or attempting to degrade the performance of the servers in any way ; ",4165
-Governing law and dispute resolution.,4166
-"Zynga may, in its sole discretion limit, suspend, terminate, modify, or delete accounts or access to the service or any portion of it and prohibit access to our games and sites, and their content, services and tools, delay or remove hosted content and zynga is under no obligation to compensate you for any such losses or results.",4167
-"(1) transmit or post any content or use any language, in writing or orally, which, in the sole and absolute discretion of blizzard entertainment, is deemed to be offensive, including without limitation content or language that is unlawful, harmful, threatening, abusive, harassing, defamatory, vulgar, obscene, hateful, sexually explicit, or racially, ethnically or otherwise objectionable, nor may you use a misspelling or an alternative spelling to circumvent the content and language restrictions listed above ; ",4168
-"You agree that no joint venture, partnership, employment, or agency relationship exists between you and us as a result of the terms or your use of the services.",4169
-``community rules'' means the rules of conduct that govern your interaction with our services and other players and can be found here.,4170
-"If you have assigned your rights to a music publisher, then you must obtain the consent of such music publisher to grant the royalty-free license (s) set forth in this eula or have such music publisher enter into this agreement with us.",4171
-"We are the owner of or the licensee of all intellectual property rights in our site and our service, and in the material published on it (excluding your contributions).",4172
-A party who desires to initiate arbitration must provide the other party with a written demand for arbitration as specified in the aaa rules.,4173
-"In addition, nothing in these terms limits your rights to bring an action against under armour in the local courts of your place of domicile.",4174
-"The viber group does not warrant that the functions contained on or through this service will be available, uninterrupted or error-free, that defects will be corrected, or that the service or the servers that make the service available are free of viruses or other harmful components.",4175
-"No class actions, class arbitrations, or representative actions for users located in the united states or canada.",4176
-Skyscanner facilitates your bookings with travel providers but is not responsible and has no liability to you in respect of such bookings.,4177
-"You agree that you will not solicit, collect or use the login credentials of other instagram users.",4178
-"(i) except as necessary to maintain your own computer security by use of commercial-off-the-shelf anti-virus or anti-malware products, you will not attempt to probe, scan, or test the vulnerability of the products or any other headspace system or network or breach any security or authentication measures.",4179
-We will promptly reimburse your filing fees and pay the aaa's and arbitrator's fees and expenses.,4180
-"The apps are provided ``as is'' without warranties of any kind and the company's liability to you is limited by the terms herein, the privacy policy and the gift points policy ;.",4181
-"In addition, you authorize us to obtain updated or replacement expiration dates and card numbers for your credit or debit card as provided by your credit or debit card issuer.",4182
-"Important notice : for u.s. and canadian players, disputes about these terms or relating to zynga services generally must be resolved by binding arbitration and on an individual basis only.",4183
-"If you do not tell us within that time, you release us from all liability and claims of loss resulting from the error and we wo n't be required to correct the error or provide a refund.",4184
-(d) the products are not intended for your commercial use.,4185
-"We do not guarantee the services will be uninterrupted, timely, secure, or error-free or that content loss wo n't occur, nor do we guarantee any connection to or transmission from the computer networks.",4186
-"We do not use what you say in email, chat, video calls or voice mail, or your documents, photos or other personal files to target advertising to you.",4187
-The notice must (1) describe the nature and basis of the claim or dispute ; and (2) set forth the specific relief sought (``demand'').,4188
-"By linking to a third-party website or mobile application, we do not endorse or sponsor its content, confirm its accuracy, credibility, authenticity, reliability, validity, integrity or legality.",4189
-"You will comply with these terms and all applicable local, state, national, and international laws, rules, and regulations.",4190
-"Unless otherwise expressed, atlas solutions group inc..",4191
-13.1 nothing in these terms shall exclude or limit youtube's liability for losses which may not be lawfully excluded or limited by applicable law.,4192
-Google's privacy policies explain how we treat your personal data and protect your privacy when you use our services.,4193
-Hosts can pay co-hosts for one-time services and any other expenses using the resolution center.,4194
-Some aspects of this section may not apply in some jurisdictions if prohibited by applicable law.,4195
-"Such third party content, websites and services may be subject to the respective third party terms and conditions and truecaller will not be liable for any such third party content, websites or services.",4196
-"You agree that in the event you incur any damages, losses or injuries that arise out of instagram's acts or omissions, the damages, if any, caused to you are not irreparable or sufficient to entitle you to an injunction preventing any exploitation of any web site, service, property, product or other content owned or controlled by the instagram parties, and you will have no rights to enjoin or restrain the development, production, distribution, advertising, exhibition or exploitation of any web site, property, product, service, or other content owned or controlled by the instagram parties.",4197
-"14.2 the relationship between you and noe, in particular when acquiring digital products via the nintendo shopping services from noe, shall be governed by the laws of germany, to the exclusion of the un sales convention on contracts for the international sale of goods.",4198
-"You are not permitted to and shall not register or use any trade name, trademark, logo, domain name or any other name or sign that incorporates any of skype's intellectual property (in whole or part) or that is confusingly similar thereto.",4199
-"The licence for digital products may be acquired in various ways, subject to availability in your country.",4200
-These terms of use affect your legal rights and obligations.,4201
-"For certain products and services, booking.com facilitates (through third party payment processors) the payment of the relevant product or service (i.e. the payment facilitation service) at the election of the supplier (booking.com never acts nor operates as the merchant of record).",4202
-Registration data and certain other information about you are subject to our applicable privacy policy.,4203
-"• use any meta tags or other hidden text or metadata utilizing a academia.edu trademark, logo url or product name without academia.edu's express written consent ; ",4204
-Please note that removed videos may be cached in search engine indices after removal and that vimeo has no control over such caching.,4205
-This means you can access and search your message history from any computer with access to the internet.,4206
-"Barring extraordinary circumstances, the arbitrator will issue his or her decision within 120 days from the date the arbitrator is appointed.",4207
-Important : ncl will solely provide the technical infrastructure to enable you to register the licence to your nintendo account.,4208
-"Other than as stated in this section or as explicitly agreed upon in writing between you and spotify, the agreements constitute all the terms and conditions agreed upon between you and spotify and supersede any prior agreements in relation to the subject matter of these agreements, whether written or oral.",4209
-The following provisions apply to users and non-users who interact with facebook outside the united states : ,4210
-"If you do not use your skype credit for a period of 180 days, (including skype credit that has been allocated to you by a skype manager administrator) skype will place your skype credit on inactive status.",4211
-"Subscriber shall be responsible for obtaining and maintaining any equipment or ancillary services needed to connect to, access the site or otherwise use the services, including, without limitation, modems, hardware, software, and long distance or local telephone service.",4212
-"You may not frame or utilize framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo, or other proprietary information (including images, text, page layout, or form) of amazon without express written consent.",4213
-"(e) a statement by you that you have a good faith belief that the disputed use is not authorized by the copyright or intellectual property owner, its agent, or the law ; and ",4214
-"Regardless of the manner in which the arbitration is conducted, the arbitrator shall issue a reasoned written decision sufficient to explain the essential findings and conclusions on which the decision and award, if any, are based.",4215
-All documents and information disclosed in the course of the arbitration shall be kept strictly confidential by the recipient and shall not be used by the recipient for any purpose other than for purposes of the arbitration or the enforcement of arbitrator's decision and award and shall not be disclosed except in confidence to persons who have a need to know for such purposes or as required by applicable law.,4216
-"12.4 no conditions, warranties or other terms (including any implied terms as to satisfactory quality, fitness for purpose or conformance with description) apply to the service except to the extent that they are expressly set out in the terms.",4217
-These terms remain effective from the date of acceptance until terminated by you or skype in accordance with paragraph 11.,4218
-"Either of ncl or noe may transfer in its sole discretion the entire contractual relation with you under this agreement, or parts thereof, to the respective other affiliated nintendo company).",4219
-"Seat access : if you are a pro or business subscriber, you may grant access to your account to other vimeo members subject to a seat limit.",4220
-Funds are tied to your wallet and can not be transferred to any other person or entity.,4221
-"1355 market street, suite 900 ",4222
-"Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion of or limitations on implied warranties or the limitations on the applicable statutory rights of a consumer, so some or all of the above exclusions and limitations apply only to the fullest extent permitted by law in the applicable jurisdiction.",4223
-"``excluded dispute'' means any dispute relating to the enforcement or infringement of your or our intellectual property rights (such as copyrights, trademarks, domains, logos, trade dress, trade secrets, and patents).",4224
-You agree to the receipt of these communications.,4225
-"If you have a problem with another player, we are not required to get involved, but we can if we desire.",4226
-"If you are located in japan and you buy skype credit from the skype website, this paragraph does not apply to you and your skype credit shall expire 6 months from the date of purchase.",4227
-All rights not expressly granted to you are reserved to crowdtangle and its licensors.,4228
-You can change your payment method and billing information by logging into your viber account at http://account.viber.com/.,4229
-19.8 skype video messaging (``video messaging'') ,4230
-The failure of yahoo to exercise or enforce any right or provision of the tos shall not constitute a waiver of such right or provision.,4231
-"The rovio services may allow you to create content, including but not limited to gameplay maps, screenshots or a video of your game play.",4232
-"Parents of children under the age of 13 understand and agree that tpci and/or niantic may provide information submitted to tpci and/or niantic, or collected via the services, to third parties who use such information for the sole purpose of administering or providing services (e.g., third-party security monitoring services and web-hosting companies).",4233
-Essential contractual obligations are such duties of airbnb in whose proper fulfilment you regularly trust and must trust for the proper execution of the contract but the amount shall be limited to the typically occurring foreseeable damage.,4234
-"Linden lab may give notice to and obtain consent from you by one or more of the following means : through the service or website, by electronic mail to your e-mail address in our records, or by written mail communication to the address on record for your account.",4235
-"These terms of use are the complete and exclusive statement of the agreement between you and blizzard entertainment concerning the service, and this agreement supersedes any prior or contemporaneous agreement, either oral or written, and any other communications with regard thereto between you and blizzard entertainment ; provided, however that this agreement is in addition to, and does not replace or supplant, the eula, or the bnet tou.",4236
-"Please read carefully these terms, our trainer guidelines, and our privacy policy, because they govern your use of our services.",4237
-4.5 you are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality and security of your airbnb account credentials and may not disclose your credentials to any third party.,4238
-"In order for certain features of the rovio services to operate properly, you may be required to have and maintain (a) an adequate internet connection and/or (b) a valid and active account with an online service as set forth in the documentation related to rovio services.",4239
-"Even if you stop using the services, certain terms listed here will still apply.",4240
-"In order to make the arbitration most convenient to you, airbnb agrees that any required arbitration hearing may be conducted, at your option, (a) in the county where you reside ; (b) in san francisco county ; (c) in any other location to which you and airbnb both agree ; (d) via phone or video conference ; or (e) for any claim or counterclaim under $ 25,000, by solely the submission of documents to the arbitrator.",4241
-"By entering into these terms of service, you hereby provide your irrevocable consent to such monitoring and recording.",4242
-"As a buyer, you agree that ebay is not responsible for examining or warranting the listings or content provided by third parties through the services, and that you will not attempt to hold us liable for any inaccuracies.",4243
-The translated version is a courtesy and office translation only and you can not derive any rights from the translated version.,4244
-15.2 you may terminate this agreement at any time via the ``cancel account'' feature on the airbnb platform or by sending us an email.,4245
-"To the fullest extent allowed by any law that applies, the disclaimers of liability in these terms apply to all damages or injury caused by the service, or related to use of, or inability to use, the service, under any cause of action in any jurisdiction, including, without limitation, actions for breach of warranty, breach of contract or tort (including negligence).",4246
-Published prices do not include taxes.,4247
-"We will process your personal information, the traffic data and the content of your communication (s) in accordance with our privacy policy : http://www.skype.com/go/privacy.",4248
-"All disputes arising under the terms between you and under armour will be subject to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts located in your place of domicile, or the courts located in the netherlands, and you and we hereby submit to the personal jurisdiction and venue of these courts.",4249
-"You agree to promptly update your account and other information, including your email address and payment method details, so we can complete your transactions and contact you as needed in connection with your transactions.",4250
-You understand and acknowledge that the services may be unavailable from time to time and that truecaller will not be liable for your inability to use the services for whatever reason.,4251
-Place to file permitted court actions.,4252
-You understand that linden lab is a service provider that enables its users to interact online and display and communicate information and content chosen by those users.,4253
-You may terminate your account at any time and for any reason by following the process described on our support page located at https://support.supercell.com/ informing supercell that you wish to terminate your account.,4254
-"When you share information, others can see, copy and use that information.",4255
-You may not access or use the service if you are under thirteen (13) years of age or if you are legally unable (under the applicable laws and regulations) to enter into this agreement.,4256
-"Accordingly, nothing this eula or on the service will be construed as granting to you, by implication, estoppel, or otherwise, any additional license rights in and to the service or any company content or trademarks located or displayed therein.",4257
-"By making any user content available through services, you grant to niantic a nonexclusive, perpetual, irrevocable, transferable, sublicensable, worldwide, royalty-free license to use, copy, modify, create derivative works based upon, publicly display, publicly perform, and distribute your user content in connection with operating and providing the services and content to you and to other account holders.",4258
-You are solely liable for any content that you post or communicate directly in or on the services and you agree to only post or communicate content that : ,4259
-Neither the service nor blizzard entertainment's agreement to provide access to the service shall be considered a rental or lease of time on or capacity of blizzard entertainment's servers or other technology.,4260
-"If your local laws impose a warranty, guarantee or condition even though these terms do not, its duration is limited to 90 days from when you download the application.",4261
-"However, if such a child wins, notification will be sent to the parent or guardian's e-mail address (provided by the child when he/she enters the contest).",4262
-We reserve the right to charge for excessive use of bandwidth where plays occur on third-party sites and applications outside the native vimeo player or apps.,4263
-"Modify, adapt, sublicense, translate, sell, reverse engineer, decipher, decompile or otherwise disassemble any portion of the service, or cause others to do so.",4264
-Connecting to the internet via a corporate or other private network which masks your location may cause charges to be different from those displayed for your actual location.,4265
-You may also cancel your user account by contacting us at support@onavo.com.,4266
-"If you choose to subscribe to any of our enhanced, paid services, these are the payment and billing terms that apply.",4267
-"Any of the material on our site or our service may be out of date at any given time, and we are under no obligation to update such material.",4268
-"As such, the suppliers are given access to an extranet through which they are fully responsible for updating all rates, availability and other information which is displayed on our platform.",4269
-"If any part of those additional terms and conditions conflicts with these terms, the additional terms and conditions will prevail.",4270
-"You are responsible for any activity that occurs through your account and you agree you will not sell, transfer, license or assign your account, followers, username, or any account rights.",4271
-"While we do not and can not review every message or other material posted or sent by users of the service, and are not responsible for any content of these messages or materials, we reserve the right, but are not obligated, to delete, move, or edit messages or materials, including without limitation property profiles, public postings and messages, that we, in our sole discretion, deem to violate the code of conduct set out above or any applicable content guidelines, or to be otherwise unacceptable.",4272
-You may need to register for an under armour account in order to access or use certain services.,4273
-"10.2 any health information and links on the products, whether provided by headspace or by contract from outside providers, is provided simply for your convenience.",4274
-(c) personal and traffic data -- members.,4275
-"``zynga corporate family'' refers to zynga's subsidiaries, parent companies, joint ventures and other corporate entities under common ownership and/or any of their agents, consultants, employees, officers and directors.",4276
-We respond to notices of alleged copyright infringement under the united states digital millennium copyright act.,4277
-"Second, we'll delete data or your content associated with your microsoft account or skype account or will otherwise disassociate it from you and your microsoft account or skype account (unless we are required by law to keep it).",4278
-"We respond to clear and complete notices of alleged infringement of copyright, trademark or other intellectual property laws that satisfy the requirements in these terms (which we believe to comply with the united states digital millennium copyright and other applicable laws).",4279
-"(vi) ``frame'', ``mirror'' or otherwise incorporate any part of this website into any other website without our prior written authorization ; or ",4280
-"These terms of use are the entire agreement between you and vivino with respect to the service and use of the site, service, content or user submissions and supersede all prior or contemporaneous communications and proposals (whether oral, written or electronic) between you and vivino with respect to the site.",4281
-This warranty is limited to the physical storage medium and the software as originally provided by rovio and is not applicable to normal wear and tear.,4282
-"To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, we do not warrant that (i) the services will meet your requirements, (ii) the operation of the services will be uninterrupted, virus - or error-free or free from other harmful elements or (iii) errors will be corrected.",4283
-Please read our terms of service so you understand what's up with your use of whatsapp.,4284
-"18.2 for your convenience, skype may provide you with a translation of the english language version of these terms.",4285
-"The guest review form should be regarded as a survey and does not include any (further commercial) offers, invitations or incentives whatsoever.",4286
-"Subject to the foregoing, these terms will bind and inure to the benefit of the parties, their successors and permitted assigns.",4287
-"To the extent that you would (wholly or partly) use or combine our (translated) content (including guest reviews) or would otherwise own any intellectual property rights in the platform or any (translated) content or guest reviews, you hereby assign, transfer and set over all such intellectual property rights to booking.com.",4288
-Evernote also has no responsibility for the availability of the internet and other telecommunication services necessary to access the service.,4289
-"You may not harvest or otherwise collect information about users, including email addresses, without their express consent.",4290
-"Linden lab reserves the right to modify this agreement and any additional terms, at any time without prior notice (``updated terms'').",4291
-"For example, do not copy or distribute (except through the available sharing functionality) the posts or other content of others without their permission, which they may give by posting under a creative commons license ; ",4292
-We may suspend or stop providing our services to you if you do not comply with our terms or policies or if we are investigating suspected misconduct.,4293
-"You agree to take reasonable precautions in all communications and interactions with other users of the site and services and with other persons with whom you communicate or interact as a result of your use of the site or services, particularly if you decide to meet offline or in person.",4294
-"If, on return to us, it is determined that the goods have been used or damaged, are missing components or are not in a resalable condition, we may charge a 15 % restocking fee or otherwise reduce the amount of your refund to take into account the damage, use or missing components.",4295
-"By submitting an order or pre-order, you acknowledge that you are authorised to use the designated payment method, and you authorise us to charge your order to that payment method.",4296
-"We have no obligation or responsibility to, and will not reimburse or refund, you for any trading items, virtual money, or virtual goods lost due to such cancellation, suspension, or termination.",4297
-"Duration of licenses : the above licenses will continue unless and until you remove your videos from the vimeo service, in which case the licenses will terminate within a commercially reasonable period of time.",4298
-All charges and payments for gifts will be made in the currency specified at the point of purchase.,4299
-"If you do, the most recent version of paragraph 20.3 before the change you rejected will apply.",4300
-"Last updated : march 16, 2017 ",4301
-"Except as expressly provided in the terms, nothing in the terms grants you a right or license to use any ua content, including any content owned or controlled by any of our partners or other third parties.",4302
-The arbitrator will decide whether a dispute can be arbitrated.,4303
-"However, user content may persist in our systems, including back-up copies.",4304
-"By using the software, you agree that any content that you submit may be transmitted to the recipient of your communication.",4305
-"You will not post content that contains pornography, graphic violence, threats, hate speech, or incitements to violence.",4306
-You may only use our services in accordance with our terms (including any supplemental terms) and policies (our ``terms and policies'').,4307
-"You may redeem no more than 550,000 points per calendar year in the program.",4308
-They may also be able to restrict or terminate your access to a dropbox team account.,4309
-Your purchase of the paid services may be subject to foreign exchange fees or differences in prices based on location.,4310
-Applicable taxes may be presented at checkout.,4311
-Any use or reliance on any content or materials posted via the services or obtained by you through the services is at your own risk.,4312
-Digital goods may be owned by microsoft or by third parties.,4313
-"We will also remind you that we will bill your chosen payment method for the services renewal, whether it was on file on the renewal date or provided later.",4314
-"You and we irrevocably consent to the exclusive jurisdiction and venue of the state or federal courts in king county, washington, for all disputes arising out of or relating to these terms or the services that are heard in court (excluding arbitration and small claims court).",4315
-"For a period of sixty (60) days from the date of receipt of notice from the other party, viber and you will engage in a dialogue in order to attempt to resolve the section 8 (b) dispute, though nothing will require either you or viber to resolve the section 8 (b) dispute on terms which either you or viber, in each of our sole discretion, are uncomfortable with.",4316
-Your content will be used to help improve how we offer content to you and other users.,4317
-"To be effective, a counter notification must be in writing, provided to the company's designated agent through one of the methods identified in section 10.",4318
-"Ii) the use of our resources will be uninterrupted, timely, secure or free from errors.",4319
-"The twitter entities shall not be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, consequential or punitive damages, or any loss of profits or revenues, whether incurred directly or indirectly, or any loss of data, use, good-will, or other intangible losses, resulting from (i) your access to or use of or inability to access or use the services ; (ii) any conduct or content of any third party on the services, including without limitation, any defamatory, offensive or illegal conduct of other users or third parties ; (iii) any content obtained from the services ; or (iv) unauthorized access, use or alteration of your transmissions or content.",4320
-"17.2 to contact skype in relation to the qik software or ``qik'' branded products, please submit a support request to support.qik.com.",4321
-You may stop using the service at any time and may request that we stop making active use of your data at any time by following the instructions in the privacy policy.,4322
-"The foregoing shall not preclude you using the software for your own business communications, subject to paragraph 4.1 above ; ",4323
-"Unless otherwise required by a mandatory law of a member state of the european union or any other jurisdiction, the agreements (and any non-contractual disputes/claims arising out of or in connection with them) are subject to the laws of the state or country listed below, without regard to choice or conflicts of law principles.",4324
-"Further, unless both you and niantic otherwise agree in writing, the arbitrator may not consolidate more than one person's claims, and may not otherwise preside over any form of any class or representative proceeding.",4325
-By accessing our site and placing an order you agreed to be bound by these terms and conditions and our terms of use policy.,4326
-• harvest or otherwise collect information about users without their consent ; or ,4327
-"Spotify may, but has no obligation to, monitor, review, or edit user content.",4328
-"You acknowledge and agree that : (i) skype is not required to offer access to emergency services under any applicable local and/or national rules, regulations or law ; (ii) it is your responsibility to purchase, separately from the products, traditional wireless (mobile) or fixed line telephone services that offer access to emergency services, and (iii) the software and the products are not a replacement for your primary telephone service.",4329
-"Class action lawsuits, class-wide arbitrations, private attorney-general actions, and any other proceeding where someone acts in a representative capacity are n't allowed.",4330
-Linden lab controls and operates the service from its offices in the united states.,4331
-"If you are a resident of denmark : notwithstanding anything in these terms to the contrary, if there is a dispute that you and under armour can not resolve, you have the right to submit a complaint to the danish competition and consumer authority (konkurrence - og forbrugerstyrelsen, center for klageløsning, carl jacobsens vej 35, 2500 valby, mail : cfk@kfst.dk).",4332
-"Upon receipt of payment by enett international usa, llc (for credit or debit cards issued in the united states excluding american express) or enett international (uk) limited (for all other cards and all american express cards), your obligation to the accommodation provider is extinguished.",4333
-"Unless we make a change for legal or administrative reasons, we will provide reasonable advance notice before the updated terms become effective.",4334
-"The company does not warrant, endorse, guarantee or responsible for any third party, including without limitation advertisers, other users of the service and parties who offer services through the service.",4335
-This user agreement may not otherwise be amended except through mutual agreement by you and an ebay representative who intends to amend this user agreement and is duly authorized to agree to such an amendment.,4336
-"• includes malicious content such as malware, trojan horses, or viruses, or otherwise interferes with any user's access to the service ; ",4337
-"Do n't post content that contains anything that, in under armour's sole determination, is objectionable or inhibits any other person from using or enjoying the services, or that may expose under armour or our athletes to any harm or liability of any kind.",4338
-"When you communicate with us electronically, such as via e-mail and text message, you consent to receive communications from us electronically.",4339
-"Save to the extent required by law, vivino has no special relationship with or fiduciary duty to you.",4340
-"• interfere with, or attempt to interfere with, the access of any user, host or network, including, without limitation, sending a virus, overloading, flooding, spamming, or mail-bombing the site or services ; ",4341
-"In addition, your advertising or other commercial or sponsored activity or content placed on facebook or our publisher network will comply with our advertising policies.",4342
-"(f) use (including as part of your user id and/or profile picture) any material or content that is subject to any third party proprietary rights, unless you have a licence or permission from the owner of such rights ; or ",4343
-We may stop (permanently or temporarily) providing the services or any features within the services to you or to users generally.,4344
-"We retain the right, in our sole discretion, to implement new elements as part of and/or ancillary to the service, including changes that may affect the previous mode of operation of the service or evernote software.",4345
-"Although tripadvisor displays information about properties owned by third-party suppliers and facilitates reservations with certain suppliers on instant booking and affiliate sites, such actions do not in any way imply, suggest, or constitute tripadvisor's sponsorship or approval of third-party suppliers, or any affiliation between tripadvisor and third-party suppliers.",4346
-"9.3 linden lab's liability to you is expressly limited, to the extent allowable under applicable law.",4347
-"We also grant you a license (solely with respect to the masks contained with your implementation), with the right to sublicense, to download, use, reproduce, modify, create derivative works of, distribute, publicly display or publicly perform your implementation, including in connection with our services or any facebook companies or third-party services.",4348
-Here are some commitments you make to us relating to registering and maintaining the security of your account : ,4349
-"Skype is not required to offer access to emergency services under any applicable local and/or national rules, regulations, or law.",4350
-"You agree not to solicit, for commercial purposes, any users of the skype website or software with respect to their user submissions.",4351
-"``windows store'' means a store for windows devices such as phone, pc and tablet, or any other experience that is branded windows store.",4352
-"Neither you, deliveroo nor the partner restaurant shall be responsible to the others for any delay or non-performance of its obligations under this agreement arising from any cause beyond its control including, without limitation, any of the following : act of god, governmental act, war, fire, flood, explosion or civil commotion.",4353
-"The terms ``headspace,'' ``us'' or ``we'' refers to headspace, inc. and its wholly owned uk based subsidiary, headspace meditation limited.",4354
-"License : vimeo grants you a limited, non-exclusive license to access and use the vimeo service for your own personal, non-commercial purposes.",4355
-The rights granted herein are subject to your compliance with this eula.,4356
-"If you accept or agree to these terms on behalf of a company, university or other legal entity, you represent and warrant that you have the authority to bind that company, university or other legal entity to these terms and, in such event, ``you'' and ``your'' will refer and apply to that company or other legal entity.",4357
-There are important differences between traditional telephone services and the products.,4358
-"Unless both you and spotify agree, no arbitrator or judge may consolidate more than one person's claims or otherwise preside over any form of a representative or class proceeding.",4359
-"The standard application license terms (``salt'') at the end of these terms are an agreement between you and the application publisher setting forth the license terms that apply to your use of an application you download through the windows store or the xbox store, unless different license terms are provided with the application.",4360
-"If you do n't agree to these changes, you must stop using the services.",4361
-The posting of any objectionable content may subject you to third party claims and none of the rights granted to you in this eula may be raised as a defense against any third party claims arising from your posting of objectionable content.,4362
-What other assurances do i have to grant to evernote ? ,4363
-You may have the ability to purchase digital content through the services.,4364
-"Many of our services let you create, upload, post, send, receive, and store content.",4365
-"You are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your account, password and other user information and for restricting access to your device to further help protect such information.",4366
-"The brand may not create or share any spotify playlists, whether within the spotify service or elsewhere, that imply an endorsement or relationship between the brand and any artist or any other party, unless the brand has independently obtained the rights to imply such an endorsement.",4367
-(the actions described in clauses (i) and (ii) are the ``litigable actions.'') ,4368
-Betterpoints.uk is not responsible for and does not give any warranties or make any representations regarding the transfer of funds or points to causes (``transfer of funds'') in any way whatsoever.,4369
-Nothing in this agreement constitutes a waiver of onavo's intellectual property rights under any law.,4370
-"If you do not so agree, you should decline this agreement, in which case you are prohibited from accessing or using the service.",4371
-"C. accessing (or attempting to access) any of our resources by any means other than through the means we provide, is strictly prohibited.",4372
-"By accepting this agreement, you represent that you are at least eighteen (18) years of age (or the legal age of majority in your jurisdiction, if greater) and you have the legal authority to enter into this agreement.",4373
-(c) a description of where the material that you claim is infringing is located on the products ; ,4374
-"(b) in order to retain a copy, please select ``print,'' and select the appropriate printer.",4375
-"(b) rent, lease, lend, sell, redistribute or sublicense the service ; ",4376
-"We encourage you to always put safety first, follow applicable traffic regulations, do not change settings on your device while in motion or in unsafe areas and always be vigilant and take stock of your surroundings when exercising.",4377
-"If you opt out of the arbitration agreement, if the arbitration agreement is found by a court to be unenforceable, if your claim is an excluded dispute, or if you neither are a resident of nor have a principal place of business in the us or canada, you agree to resolve any claim you have with us arising out of or relating to these terms or onavo exclusively in a state or federal court located in san mateo county, california, united states and to submit to the personal jurisdiction of the courts located in san mateo county, california, united states for purpose of litigating all such claims.",4378
-Your account and any related items are owned by zynga.,4379
-"If you access such third-party services or products, be aware that different terms and privacy policies may apply to your usage of such services.",4380
-"Onavo grants you a limited, non-exclusive, non-transferable, revocable license, without right to sub-license, to access and use the services, solely for your own personal purposes, subject to the terms and condition of this agreement.",4381
-In such event you will not be entitled to a pro-rata refund or credit.,4382
-"These service providers may contact you using autodialed or prerecorded calls and text messages, only as authorized by ebay to carry out the purposes we have identified above.",4383
-"If you do n't agree to these terms, our trainer guidelines, and our privacy policy, do not use the services.",4384
-"You hereby grant to supercell an irrevocable, perpetual, transferable, fully paid-up, royalty-free, worldwide license (including the right to sublicense and assign to third party) and right to copy, reproduce, fix, adapt, modify, create derivative works from, manufacture, commercialize, publish, distribute, sell, license, sublicense, transfer, lease, transmit, publicly display, publicly perform, or provide access to electronically, broadcast, communicate to the public by telecommunication, display, perform, enter into computer memory, and use and practice, in any way, your user content as well as all modified and derivative works thereof in connection with our provision of the service, including marketing and promotions of the service.",4385
-The online dispute settlement platform of the european commission is available under http://ec.europa.eu/odr.,4386
-4.6 airbnb may enable features that allow you to authorize other members or certain third parties to take certain actions that affect your airbnb account.,4387
-"We will use the child's e-mail address only for the purpose for which it was collected, and we will use the e-mail address of the parent (s) or guardian (s) only to provide notification about the child's contact with us, and to provide notification of the types and uses of personal data collected, if and as required by law.",4388
-"Blizzard entertainment does not recognize the transfer of accounts, and any unauthorized transfer of the world of warcraft software will result in the permanent deletion of the account attached to that software.",4389
-A target character's friends list will not transfer to a target server.,4390
-"If you prevail in arbitration you will be entitled to an award of attorneys' fees and expenses, to the extent provided under applicable law.",4391
-5.2 you agree that you will comply with all of the other provisions of the terms and the youtube community guidelines at all times during your use of the service.,4392
-"At such time, if you do not click ``i accept'', you may not be able to complete such purchase or gain such access.",4393
-"If i have a great idea to share with evernote, what are my rights ? ",4394
-"For other intellectual property claims, please send us a notice at legal -lsb- at -rsb- vimeo -lsb- dot -rsb- com.",4395
-"Accordingly, note that the above license to your user-generated content continues even if you stop using the services.",4396
-"We are providing facebook as is without any express or implied warranties including, but not limited to, implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, and non-infringement.",4397
-"(b) to the extent permitted by law, headspace and its affiliates, suppliers, clients, or licensors (collectively, the ``protected entities'') shall not be liable for any consequential, exemplary or punitive damages arising from, or directly or indirectly related to, the use of, or the inability to use, the products or the content, materials and functions related thereto, your provision of information via the products, or lost business or lost sales, or any errors, viruses or bugs contained in the products, even if such protected entity has been advised of the possibility of such damages.",4398
-"There may be links from the service, or from communications you receive from the service, to third-party web sites or features.",4399
-"By installing, using or otherwise accessing the service, you agree to these terms of service.",4400
-"Impersonates any person or entity, including any employee or representative of vivino ; ",4401
-"The contents, including without limitation commentary, blogs, news feeds and advice, of the website do not constitute advice and should not be relied upon in making or refraining from making any decision.",4402
-You can easily unsubscribe from headspace commercial emails by following the opt-out instruction in these emails.,4403
-"While it is blizzard entertainment's intention to provide the service all day, every day, you hereby acknowledge that blizzard entertainment reserves the right to temporarily suspend the service for maintenance, testing, replacement and repair of the telecommunications equipment related to world of warcraft, as well as for transmission interruption or any other operational needs of the system.",4404
-"Some places do n't allow the disclaimers in this paragraph, so they may not apply to you.",4405
-"You are solely responsible for the information that you post on, through or in connection with the service and that you provide to others.",4406
-In some cases you may be asked by a third party site to link your profile on tripadvisor to a profile on another third party site.,4407
-"You will be charged the applicable fees and taxes during the subscription period unless you cancel the paid service, in which case you agree to still pay these fees through the end of the applicable subscription period.",4408
-This means you are waiving your right to have such disputes resolved in court by a judge or jury.,4409
-Please therefore make sure you read any such notification of price changes carefully.,4410
-"All content provided through the services, whether provided by us or by other athletes or third parties (even if they are claiming to be a doctor !) ",4411
-"If you are or become a course contributor, you may offer to translate or have translated certain existing courses into other languages and you may offer to contribute new courses to the service, as agreed between you and duolingo on a case-by-case basis.",4412
-You must have the necessary rights to such information that you submit for your whatsapp account or through our services and the right to grant the rights and licenses in our terms.,4413
-You can learn more about our services by visiting our website.,4414
-Any photo/image that does not meet the aforesaid criteria will not be posted and/or can be removed/deleted by booking.com at any time and without prior notice.,4415
-"If any portion of this statement is found to be unenforceable, the remaining portion will remain in full force and effect.",4416
-Notice and procedure for making claims of copyright infringement ,4417
-You will keep all information provided to you through the service as private and confidential and will not give such information to anyone without the permission of the person who provided it to you ; ,4418
-A target character's guild affiliation will not transfer to a target server.,4419
-"A ``skype manager admin account'' is a skype account that is created and managed by you, acting as an individual administrator of a skype manager group and not as a business entity.",4420
-"You agree to this electronic means of communication and you acknowledge that all contracts, notices, information and other communications that we provide to you electronically comply with any legal requirement that such communications be in writing.",4421
-Our use of your user content.,4422
-Xbox live and microsoft studios games and applications ,4423
-(a) is legally competent ; ,4424
-"If such dispute has not been settled within sixty (60) days after a request for mediation has been submitted under such icc mediation rules, such dispute can be referred to and shall be exclusively and finally resolved by arbitration under the rules of arbitration of the international chamber of commerce (``icc arbitration rules'').",4425
-Or you may file a notice with our designated agent : ,4426
-Any such unmoderated content will not be covered by constitutional protection under the swedish fundamental law on freedom of expression as per the paragraph above and truecaller will not be liable for the publication of such content.,4427
-"However, certain office store applications that are entirely or partly hosted online may be updated at any time by the application developer and may not require your permission to update.",4428
-"In addition, all page headers, custom graphics, button icons and scripts are service marks, trademarks and/or trade dress of instagram, and may not be copied, imitated or used, in whole or in part, without prior written permission from instagram.",4429
-Your profile information will be visible to that person.,4430
-• manipulate the price of any item or interfere with any other user's listings ; ,4431
-"You agree that you will not, under any circumstances : ",4432
-"1.4 the terms apply to all users of the service, including users who are also contributors of content, on the service.",4433
-We do not endorse or assume any responsibility for third-party content.,4434
-Our privacy policy explains what information we share with advertisers.,4435
-We also accommodate and do not interfere with standard technical measures copyright owners use to protect their materials.,4436
-"Arising out of or related to the licensee's use or inability to use the service, however caused, whether in contract, tort or otherwise and even if the licensor has been advised of the possibility of such damages.",4437
-The arbitrator may award declaratory or injunctive relief only to you individually to satisfy your individual claim.,4438
-10.7 this refund policy does not affect your statutory rights.,4439
-In case of minor breaches nintendo will provide you with a prior warning of your non-compliance and give you an opportunity to remedy this.,4440
-Arbitrators must be neutral and no party may unilaterally select an arbitrator ; ,4441
-"4.2 you agree not to impersonate any other person while using the products, conduct yourself in an offensive manner while using the products, or use the products for any illegal, immoral or harmful purpose.",4442
-"To learn how to terminate your spotify account, please contact us through the customer service contact form which is available on our about us page.",4443
-"Please review our other policies, such as our pricing policy, posted on this site.",4444
-"You agree to ensure that all personally identifiable information you provide to us is accurate and up to date and that you have obtained all consents, licenses or approvals necessary to enable us to use that information in accordance with these terms and with our privacy policy.",4445
-"If you have a concern, let's talk.",4446
-(b) spreading the word ,4447
-"• avoid, bypass, remove, deactivate, impair, descramble or otherwise circumvent any technological measure implemented by academia.edu or any of academia.edu's providers or any other third party (including another user) to protect the site, services or collective content ; ",4448
-"Except as prohibited by law, you hereby waive, and you agree to waive, any moral rights (including attribution and integrity) that you may have in any user content, even if it is altered or changed in a manner not agreeable to you.",4449
-This contract applies to both.,4450
-"Use of the service is not authorized in any jurisdiction that does not give effect to all provisions of these terms of use, including without limitation, this section.",4451
-"Crowdtangle makes no warranties, express or implied, with respect to such third party products, including software.",4452
-How does evernote respond to copyright or other intellectual property violations ? ,4453
-"On some occasions, you may be purchasing products or service subscriptions from an authorized reseller.",4454
-"We respect the intellectual property rights of others and ask that you should, too.",4455
-"The company does not guarantee the accuracy, integrity, appropriateness or quality of any user content, and under no circumstances will the company be liable in any way for any user content.",4456
-"You shall not sell, license, rent, or otherwise use or exploit any content for commercial (whether or not for profit) use or in any way that violates any third party right.",4457
-Technical requirements for use of products and software and feature descriptions are available on the skype website.,4458
-"Given the breadth of our services, we sometimes need to craft additional terms and conditions for specific services.",4459
-"By using our services, you are representing to us that you're over 13.",4460
-"Instead, a neutral arbitrator will decide and the arbitrator's decision will be final except for a limited right of review under the faa.",4461
-"Skype reserves the right to change the terms related to skype numbers and/or skype to go numbers, including without limitation to impose or amend any residency requirements and/or require the provision of further user information for continued access to such numbers.",4462
-"Because world of warcraft is a ``player vs. player'' game, you should always remember to protect yourself in areas where the members of hostile races can attack you, rather than contacting blizzard entertainment's in-game customer service representatives, referred to herein as ``game masters,'' for help when you have been killed by an enemy of your race.",4463
-"Skyscanner (``us'', ``we'' or ``our'' as the context requires) is a global business providing instant online travel search services (including but not limited to flight, hotel and car hire price comparisons) and other travel related services (the ``skyscanner services'') to users throughout the world via our websites, apps and other platforms (the ``skyscanner platforms'').",4464
-"Viber reserves the right to modify or discontinue, temporarily or permanently, all or any part of this service and/or any software, facilities, and services on this service, with or without notice and/or to establish general guidelines and limitations on their use.",4465
-This nintendo account agreement (the ``agreement'') covers your use of the nintendo account.,4466
-You confirm you are authorized to provide us such numbers to allow us to provide our services.,4467
-2.2 linden lab grants you certain licenses to access and use the service while you are in compliance with the terms ; additional terms may apply.,4468
-"To the extent not prohibited by law, supercell shall not be liable to you for more than the amount you have paid to supercell in accordance with these terms of service in the six (6) months immediately preceding the date on which you first assert a claim.",4469
-"The service is evolving and we may require that you accept updates to the service as well as to the terms, community rules, and the zynga privacy policy.",4470
-Commentary and other materials posted on our service are not intended to amount to advice on which reliance should be placed.,4471
-"Should it prove defective, you assume the entire cost of all necessary servicing or repair.",4472
-"You will indemnify and hold us (including our affiliates and subsidiaries, as well as our and their respective officers, directors, employees, agents) harmless from any claim or demand, including reasonable legal fees, made by any third party due to or arising out of your breach of this agreement, your improper use of ebay's services or your breach of any law or the rights of a third party.",4473
-"Any api, commercial or enterprise use of the services shall be governed by the api license addendum or such other separate agreement as may be required by truecaller.",4474
-"In addition, we grant you a personal, worldwide, royalty-free, non-assignable and non-exclusive license to use the evernote software provided to you by or on behalf of evernote, for the sole purpose of enabling you to use the evernote software and enjoy the benefit of the service, subject to any applicable license terms provided with the evernote software and these terms, until your rights are terminated in accordance with such license and/or these terms.",4475
-"For any action at law or in equity relating to the arbitration provision of these terms of use, the excluded disputes or if you opt out of the agreement to arbitrate, you agree to resolve any dispute you have with instagram exclusively in a state or federal court located in santa clara, california, and to submit to the personal jurisdiction of the courts located in santa clara county for the purpose of litigating all such disputes.",4476
-"You must not (or assist others to) access, use, copy, adapt, modify, prepare derivative works based upon, distribute, license, sublicense, transfer, display, perform, or otherwise exploit our services (or systems) in impermissible or unauthorized manners, or in ways that burden, impair, or harm us, our services, systems, our users, or others, including that you must not directly or through automated means : (a) reverse engineer, decompile, or extract code from our services ; (b) send, store, or transmit viruses or other harmful computer code through or onto our services (or systems) ; (c) interfere with or disrupt the integrity or performance of our services (or systems) ; (d) create accounts for our services through unauthorized or automated means ; (e) collect the information of or about our users in any impermissible or unauthorized manner ; or (f) intimidate, harass, interfere with, negatively affect or inhibit another user's use and enjoyment of the services.",4477
-"You also hereby grant each user of the skype website and/or skype's software or products a non-exclusive license to access your user submission through the skype website and/or software or products and to use, copy, distribute, prepare derivative works of, display, perform and transmit such user submissions solely as permitted through the functionality of the skype websites and/or software or products and pursuant to these terms of use.",4478
-"We reserve the right to terminate your right to access and use the services if you violate these terms or any other terms or policies referenced herein, or if you otherwise create risk or possible legal exposure for us.",4479
-"You are responsible for all applicable fees and charges incurred, including applicable taxes, and all subscriptions purchased by you.",4480
-Oculus reserves the right to change or modify these terms in the future at any time and at our sole discretion.,4481
-Last updated : 1 january 2017 ,4482
-"(c) service updates, changes and limitations ",4483
-"Content includes, without limitation, all user-generated content ; and (iii) the term ``ua content'' means all content that is not user-generated content.",4484
-Your interactions with the service may include use of a permissions system as provided in an applicable product policy.,4485
-"If your child is using the vimeo service and is either under 13 or does not have your permission, please contact us immediately so that we can disable his or her access.",4486
-We provide information to help copyright holders manage their intellectual property online.,4487
-"If any payment is returned unpaid or if any credit card or similar transaction is rejected or denied, microsoft or its service providers reserve the right to collect any applicable return item, rejection or insufficient funds fee and to process any such payment as an electronic payment.",4488
-"You may also want to review the following documents, which provide additional information about your use of facebook : ",4489
-8.4 tax : skype may collect vat or other indirect taxes at the appropriate rate (as per applicable tax rules) at the time of purchase of skype credit.,4490
-"Bulgaria, hungary, germany must be 18 or older, or be 14 or older and have parent or guardian consent.",4491
-"You hereby expressly agree, that to the fullest extent not prohibited by the applicable law, that : ",4492
-"• reverse-engineering, decompiling, disassembling, modifying, or creating derivative works based on the spotify service, content or any part thereof unless permitted by applicable law ; ",4493
-"The services are not intended for distribution to, or use by, any person or entity in any jurisdiction or country where such distribution or use would be contrary to law or regulation, or which that would subject under armour or its affiliates to any registration requirement within such jurisdiction or country.",4494
-"Identification of the material that is claimed to be infringing, including its location, with sufficient detail so that we are capable of finding it and verifying its existence.",4495
-All meals are subject to availability.,4496
-Please see niantic's copyright policy (https://nianticlabs.com/copyright) for further information.,4497
-"Brazil laws of brazil exclusive ; state and federal courts of são paulo, state of são paulo, brazil ",4498
-Software and services are collectively referred to as ``rovio services''.,4499
-"You will not use or attempt to use another user's account, username, or password without their permission.",4500
-"You and ebay each agree that any and all disputes or claims that have arisen, or may arise, between you and ebay (including any disputes or claims between you and a third-party agent of ebay) that relate in any way to or arise out of this or previous versions of the user agreement, your use of or access to ebay's services, the actions of ebay or its agents, or any products or services sold, offered, or purchased through ebay's services shall be resolved exclusively through final and binding arbitration, rather than in court.",4501
-"These terms do n't grant you any right, title or interest in the services, others' content in the services, dropbox trademarks, logos and other brand features.",4502
-"If skype needs to withdraw or change the number that has been made available to you, skype will use commercially reasonable endeavours to notify you by e-mail, stating the effective date of the change and where possible, your new number.",4503
-Please therefore make sure you read any such notice carefully.,4504
-The amendment shall apply to all other disputes or claims governed by the agreement to arbitrate that have arisen or may arise between you and ebay.,4505
-"Introductory offers are only available to new users of the products, except where expressly stated otherwise.",4506
-"You must register for our services using accurate data, provide your current mobile phone number, and, if you change it, update this mobile phone number using our in-app change number feature.",4507
-"Further, unless you and airbnb both otherwise agree in writing, the arbitrator may not consolidate more than one party's claims and may not otherwise preside over any form of any class or representative proceeding.",4508
-"Whilst skype takes no responsibility for such products or services, if you encounter any problems with payment for or download, use of installation of such products or services, skype will use commercially reasonable endeavours to assist or resolve the problems.",4509
-Additional e-commerce terms and conditions may apply to under armour shopping.,4510
-"Please review any respective insurance policy carefully, and in particular make sure that you are familiar with and understand any exclusions to, and any deductibles that may apply for, such insurance policy, including, but not limited to, whether or not your insurance policy will cover the actions or inactions of guests (and the individuals the guest has booked for, if applicable) while staying at your accommodation or participating in your experience, event or other host service.",4511
-"``content'' means the audio and visual information, documents, software, products and services contained in or made available to you in the course of using the services that is owned by onavo.",4512
-"We are not responsible for your failure to receive notice if email is quarantined by your email security system (e.g., ``junk'' or ``spam'' folder) or if you fail to update your email address.",4513
-"The services, third-party apps and services, or material or products offered through the services may be unavailable from time to time, may be offered for a limited time, or may vary depending on your region or device.",4514
-You further acknowledge that yahoo reserves the right to modify these general practices and limits from time to time.,4515
-"You are not allowed to transfer virtual items outside of the service (i.e., in the ``real world''), for example by selling, gifting, or trading them.",4516
-"If skype provides you with a skype number or skype to go number, you agree that you do not own the number or have a right to retain that number forever.",4517
-"During the term of your license to your virtual money, you have the right to redeem your virtual money for selected virtual goods.",4518
-We refer to this as your ``basic subscriber information''.,4519
-"You are not allowed to receive products, including services or software, from the united states, for example if you are located in a country embargoed by the united states or if you are on the u.s. treasury department's list of specially designated nationals ; ",4520
-(i) a personal computer or other device which is capable of accessing the internet.,4521
-"You should consult with your healthcare provider (s) and consider the associated risks before using our services in connection with any physical activity, wellness or fitness program.",4522
-"11.3 skype shall effect such termination by preventing your access to your user account, the software, products and/or skype websites (as applicable).",4523
-You are responsible for all transactions made via your nintendo account.,4524
-"In particular, to the extent permitted by applicable law, we are not liable for any claims arising out of (a) your use of the services (including but not limited to your participation in any activities promoted by or accessed via the services), (b) the use, disclosure, display, or maintenance of an athlete's personal data and/or location data, (c) any other interactions with us or any other athletes using the services, even if we have been advised of the possibility of such damages, or (d) other content, information, services or goods received through or advertised on the services or received through any links provided with the services.",4525
-You may not use the service for any unlawful or immoral purposes.,4526
-Please see our privacy and cookies policy for more information about how we may contact you.,4527
-"In all cases, spotify reserves the right to remove or disable access to any user content for any or no reason, including but not limited to, user content that, in spotify's sole discretion, violates the agreements.",4528
-"Full use of the fitbit service requires that you create an account by providing us with information such as your full name and a valid email address, as well as a strong password.",4529
-8.1 calling non-viber phone numbers and premium rate numbers with viber credit : ,4530
-"You shall not copy, reproduce, distribute, transmit, broadcast, display, sell, license, or otherwise exploit any content for any other purposes without the prior written consent of youtube or the respective licensors of the content.",4531
-"Violate other users' or third parties' rights to privacy, publicity and other rights, or harvest, scrap, data aggregate, data mine, screen scrap, index or collect data and information about other users or third parties without their consent, whether manually, or automatically with the use of any means, including without limitation bots, crawlers, spiders, robots, sifters and load testers, without the express written consent of the company, or engage in testing, pen-testing, sniffing or monitoring of the service, its systems, software or hardware in any way ; ",4532
-(e) class action waiver.,4533
-"You agree to commence arbitration only in your county of residence, in santa clara county, california, or another disputed party's principal place of business in the usa.",4534
-"Airbnb reserves the right to decide, in its sole discretion, if a submitted experience, event or other host service will be published on the airbnb platform.",4535
-"If we have a problem, let's practice good sportsmanship and resolve the dispute through arbitration.",4536
-"Except with respect to the prohibition of class and representative actions, if a court decides that any part of this arbitration agreement is invalid or unenforceable, the other parts of this arbitration agreement shall continue to apply.",4537
-"We are not a health care or medical device provider, nor should our products be considered medical advice.",4538
-"Use any trademarks, service marks, design marks, logos, photographs, or other content belonging to the company or obtained from the service ; ",4539
-Third party services and content.,4540
-The company reserves the right to seek damages from any party that submits a notification of claimed infringement or counter notification in violation of the law.,4541
-"(6) let any third person (except for a minor for whom you opened the account) play on your account including, but not limited to, using so-called ``power leveling services'', i.e. paying a third person for playing on your account ; or ",4542
-"7.3.3 if you wish to list an experience on behalf of a nonprofit (``social impact experience''), you must comply with the eligibility requirements for hosting a social impact experience.",4543
-"This includes disputes arising out of or relating to interpretation or application of this ``mandatory arbitration provisions'' section, including its enforceability, revocability, or validity.",4544
-We reserve the right to change the terms of this contract and will provide you notice if we do and we agree that changes can not be retroactive.,4545
-"If we disable your account for a violation of our terms, you will not create another account without our permission.",4546
-Information on skype gift cards is available on skype's help page.,4547
-Registering on battle.net to use the service.,4548
-"The spotify service includes social and interactive features, including the ability to post user content, share content, and make certain information about you public.",4549
-"The truthfulness, validity and right to use of all photos/images is assumed by the person who uploaded the photo, and is not the responsibility of booking.com.",4550
-"At our discretion, our representatives or ",4551
-You are solely responsible for all user content that you post.,4552
-We always love to hear from our users.,4553
-3.1 age requirements for the service.,4554
-"The arbitrator shall not be bound by rulings in prior arbitrations involving different users, but is bound by rulings in prior arbitrations involving the same ebay user to the extent required by applicable law.",4555
-The price of any meals will be listed on our service.,4556
-"Infringes any patent, trademark, trade secret, copyright, right of publicity or other right of any other person or entity or violates any law or contractual duty ; ",4557
-"Your access to and use of the service is also subject to the company's privacy policy and gift points policy, the terms and conditions of which are incorporated herein by reference.",4558
-"Unless expressly authorized by mandatory legislation, the rovio services may not be copied, reproduced or distributed in any manner or medium, in whole or in part, without prior written consent from rovio.",4559
-"Transmit any viruses, worms, defects, trojan horses, or any items of a destructive nature ; ",4560
-Notice and procedure for making claims of copyright infringement.,4561
-Installing or using the services on your mobile device transmits to onavo certain information about your device and how you use it in connection with the services.,4562
-"Ebay may, without further notice or warning and in its discretion, monitor or record telephone conversations you or anyone acting on your behalf has with ebay or its agents for quality control and training purposes, or for its own protection.",4563
-"If, through accessing or using the service, you utilize or obtain any product or service from a third party, you may additionally be subject to such third party's terms and conditions applicable thereto, and these terms shall not affect your legal relationship with such third party.",4564
-We want you to pay the lowest price possible for your product and service of choice.,4565
-"In particular, you agree to not modify, create derivative works of, decompile or otherwise attempt to extract source code from any evernote software, unless you are expressly permitted to do so under an open source license, we give you express written permission or you are otherwise legally permitted to do so notwithstanding this prohibition.",4566
-"Do n't infringe upon the rights of others (e.g., unauthorized sharing of copyrighted music or other copyrighted material, resale or other distribution of bing maps, or photographs).",4567
-"(f) you will not engage in criminal or tortious activity, including fraud, spamming, spimming, sending of viruses or other harmful files, copyright infringement, patent infringement, or theft of trade secrets or attempt to impersonate another user or person.",4568
-"When you place an order through our service, an email thanking you for your order and confirming your order has been received and accepted by the partner restaurant (the ``confirmation email'') will be sent to you by us on behalf of the partner restaurant.",4569
-"If any provision of these terms is held to be illegal, invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, under any law, such provision or part thereof shall to that extent be deemed not to form part of these terms but the legality, validity and enforceability of the other provisions in these terms shall not be affected.",4570
-"``service'' means all features, applications, content and downloads offered by linden lab, including its websites, servers, software, linden content, and user content as those terms are defined herein.",4571
-Lithuania must be 13 or older to use service.,4572
-"Amazon's trademarks and trade dress may not be used in connection with any product or service that is not amazon's, in any manner that is likely to cause confusion among customers, or in any manner that disparages or discredits amazon.",4573
-"Interfere with, or attempt to interfere with, the access of any user, host, or network, including, without limitation, sending a virus, overloading, flooding, spamming, or mail-bombing the services ; ",4574
-Please note that your relationship with the third party service providers associated wth your third party accounts is governed solely by your agreement (s) with such third party service providers.,4575
-A description of the copyrighted work or other intellectual property that you claim has been infringed ; ,4576
-You will not tag users or send email invitations to non-users without their consent.,4577
-You acknowledge and agree that the form and nature of the service which youtube provides may change from time to time without prior notice to you.,4578
-We may amend these terms at any time at our discretion.,4579
-We may also impose limits on certain features and aspects of the service or restrict your access to parts or all of the service without notice or liability.,4580
-"You understand that crowdtangle's service is built on api's provided by third-party services, including facebook, twitter, instagram and others, and from time-to-time, there are adverse events with respect to those apis that are no fault of crowdtangle's.",4581
-The icc rules' emergency arbitrator provisions are excluded.,4582
-"Zynga inc. is located at 699 8th street, san francisco, california 94103, if you're in the united states.",4583
-"You may not use any data mining, robots, scraping or similar data gathering or extraction methods to obtain service content.",4584
-"Our company details, including correspondence address and registered office, are available here.",4585
-In such cases the other terms of service will be posted on the relevant service to which they apply.,4586
-"``software'' is the software provided to you by linden lab and/or its suppliers under license in connection with the service, including but not limited to the software for accessing the service and any other communication software, whether facilitating text-based, chat-based, voice, audio or other communication, within or outside of the service, and any application program interfaces (the ``apis'') for use with the service.",4587
-"No discriminatory or abusive content, or personal attacks or insults.",4588
-You may not transfer your rights or obligations under these terms to anyone else.,4589
-"This warranty shall not be applicable and shall be void if the defect has arisen through abuse, mistreatment, or neglect.",4590
-This agreement applies only to your use of the service.,4591
-"When listing an item, you agree to comply with ebay's rules for listing and selling practices policy and that : ",4592
-"Before you start a skype wifi session at a specific wifi hotspot, you will be notified of the identity of the wifi provider and their terms of service.",4593
-"300 deschutes way sw, suite 304 ",4594
-"The arbitrator can not combine more than one person's claim into a single case, and can not preside over any consolidated, class or representative arbitration proceeding (unless we both agree to change this).",4595
-"Avoid, bypass, remove, deactivate, impair, descramble, or otherwise attempt to circumvent any technological measure implemented by airbnb or any of airbnb's providers or any other third party to protect the airbnb platform ; ",4596
-Previous version of this eula may be found here.,4597
-"As part of the game, you may communicate with other users both in writing and orally.",4598
-"If you have a balance due on the account and you have provided blizzard entertainment with a credit card, you agree that blizzard entertainment can charge these unpaid fees to your credit card or debit them from your debit card, as applicable.",4599
-This contract (including additional terms that may be provided by us when you engage with a feature of the services) is the only agreement between us regarding the services and supersedes all prior agreements for the services.,4600
-"``we,'' ``our,'' and ``us'' includes microsoft, skype (see section 10) and microsoft's affiliates and, if you use skype pay by mobile, your mobile phone carrier.",4601
-We reserve the right to revoke the free trial and put your account on hold in the event that we determine that you are not eligible.,4602
-"Any and all virtual goods are licensed to you on limited, personal, non-transferable, non-sublicensable and revocable basis and limited only for non-commercial use.",4603
-"The terms and conditions of these terms of service include, in particular, disclaimer of warranty in section 5 and limitation of liability in section 6.",4604
-"Act in an unlawful or unprofessional manner in connection with our services, including being dishonest, abusive or discriminatory ; ",4605
-"In addition, downloading, installing, or using certain mobile services may be prohibited or restricted by your mobile carrier, and not all mobile services may work with all carriers or devices.",4606
-"(i) if the class action waiver in paragraph 20.3 (e) is found to be illegal, invalid or unenforceable as to all or some parts of a dispute, then paragraph 20.3 will not apply to those parts.",4607
-"In the event that you become aware of or reasonably suspect any breach of security, including without limitation any loss, theft, or unauthorized disclosure of your password, you will use our automated recovery process.",4608
-"11.5 the applicable law and venue is in san francisco, california.",4609
-"If your section 8 (b) dispute against viber involves a paid viber service and we are unable to resolve it through dialogue (as described above), viber will directive 2013/11/eu on consumer alternative dispute resolution.",4610
-"We may release the services or their features in a beta version, which may not work correctly or in the same way the final version may work.",4611
-"We prohibit crawling, scraping, caching or otherwise accessing any content on the service via automated means, including but not limited to, user profiles and photos (except as may be the result of standard search engine protocols or technologies used by a search engine with instagram's express consent).",4612
-"A number of factors may impact the quality of your communications and use of the software, products (depending on the products used) or skype websites, and may result in the failure of your communications including but not limited to : your local network, firewall, your internet service provider, the public internet, the public switched telephone network and your power supply.",4613
-"You must provide certain devices, software, and data connections to use our services, which we otherwise do not supply.",4614
-"All other trademarks, service marks, logos, trade names and any other proprietary designations are the trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners and may not be used without permission of the applicable trademark holder.",4615
-"Upon spotify's request, in its sole discretion, a brand must cease following a user.",4616
-All calls will be disconnected and require a re-dial after a 2-hour duration.,4617
-"In the event of any inconsistency between a non-english version of these terms and the english version, the english version shall govern your relationship with skype.",4618
-"You may not use the service (i) if you have been terminated from the service by linden lab (including, for avoidance of doubt, if any account of yours has been terminated) ; or (ii) at any time if you are a person barred from receiving the service under applicable law.",4619
-"• send any unsolicited or unauthorized advertising, promotional materials, email, junk mail, spam, chain letters or other form of solicitation ; ",4620
-The agreements do not grant you any rights to use any spotify brand features whether for commercial or non-commercial use.,4621
-It is provided on an ``as is'' basis.,4622
-Ncl is not responsible for any user-generated content.,4623
-Modification : this agreement may not be modified except by a revised terms of service posted by vimeo on the vimeo site or a written amendment signed by an authorized representative of vimeo.,4624
-"In particular, and without limitation, truecaller shall have no liability for any information stored or processed within the services, including the costs of recovering such information.",4625
-"9gag, inc makes no claim that the site may be lawfully viewed or that content may be downloaded outside of hong kong.",4626
-"If you do not agree to these amended terms, you may close your account within the 30-day period and you will not be bound by the amended terms.",4627
-"Subject to the foregoing, niantic and its licensors (including tpc and tpci) exclusively own all right, title, and interest in and to the services and content, including all associated intellectual property rights.",4628
-Section 5 of these terms applies to any third-party apps and services acquired through a store.,4629
-"Beginning on the effective date, as part of the monthly service subscription fee, you shall receive access to both the world of warcraft online game and a television service (esl turtle tv), which is an ip tv service featuring, among other content, blizzard games, blizzard products and other blizzard related content.",4630
-"This statement makes up the entire agreement between the parties regarding facebook, and supersedes any prior agreements.",4631
-Arbitration rules and governing law.,4632
-Use of the software and products and skype websites ,4633
-"If the claim is for $ 10,000 or less, the party initiating the arbitration may choose whether the arbitration will be conducted (1) solely on the basis of documents submitted to the arbitrator ; (2) through a non-appearance based telephonic hearing ; or (3) by an in-person hearing as established by the aaa rules in the county of your billing address.",4634
-"The notice should be sent by certified mail addressed to : onavo, inc., attn : legal -- arbitration opt out, 1601 willow road, menlo park, ca 94025.",4635
-"Material from the products may not be copied or distributed, or republished, or transmitted in any way, without our prior written consent.",4636
-Such recommendations may be based on the aggregated sales and performance history of similar sold and current listings ; results will vary for individual listings.,4637
-"You also agree not to access without authority, interfere with, damage or disrupt any part of our site or our service or any network or equipment used in the provision of our service.",4638
-"As part of this integration, the social networking services will provide us with access to certain information that you have provided to them, and we will use, store, and disclose such information in accordance with our privacy policy.",4639
-Your use of skype wifi is subject to that partner's terms of service.,4640
-Vimeo provides the vimeo service on an ``as is'' and ``as available'' basis.,4641
-"If you are accessing a united kingdom or luxembourg version of the service, nothing in this agreement shall exclude or limit liability for death or personal injury resulting from the negligence of either party or their servants, agents, or employees.",4642
-Academia.edu may offer you the ability to access certain features through purchase of a recurring subscription (``subscription'').,4643
-You agree that all claims you may have against tripadvisor arising from or relating to this website must be heard and resolved in a court of competent subject matter jurisdiction located in the commonwealth of massachusetts.,4644
-You will not create more than one account for yourself.,4645
-"If you have questions about whether a product or application qualifies as an authorized connection, please contact brandprotection@fitbit.com.",4646
-"Airbnb may without restriction assign, transfer or delegate this agreement and any rights and obligations hereunder, at its sole discretion, with 30 days prior notice.",4647
-"We strive to create a global community with consistent standards for everyone, but we also strive to respect local laws.",4648
-"Viber will consider anything you provide to viber, including feedback, ideas or suggestions and/or contribute to this service as available for our use free of any obligations to you (including any payment).",4649
-"While we may edit and make formatting changes to your content (such as translating it, modifying the size, layout or file type or removing metadata), we will not modify the meaning of your expression.",4650
-The site and services are intended solely for persons who are 13 years of age or older.,4651
-"The terms of your payment will be based on your payment method and may be determined by agreements between you and the financial institution, credit card issuer or other provider of your chosen payment method.",4652
-Controls for how microsoft personalizes advertising are available on the security & privacy page of the microsoft account management website.,4653
-"When you upload, submit, store, send or receive content to or through our services, you give google (and those we work with) a worldwide license to use, host, store, reproduce, modify, create derivative works (such as those resulting from translations, adaptations or other changes we make so that your content works better with our services), communicate, publish, publicly perform, publicly display and distribute such content.",4654
-9gag reserves the right to seek damages from any party that submits a notification of claimed infringement or counter notification in violation of the law.,4655
-You will not transfer any of your rights or obligations under this statement to anyone else without our consent.,4656
-You can not enter into a binding contract with zynga ; ,4657
-"A. you agree not to distribute any part of or parts of the website or the service, including but not limited to any content, in any medium without youtube's prior written authorisation, unless youtube makes available the means for such distribution through functionality offered by the service (such as the youtube player) ; ",4658
-Your stuff and you must comply with our acceptable use policy.,4659
-"You and duolingo acknowledge that apple is not responsible for addressing any claims of you or any third party relating to the apps or your possession and/or use of any app, including, but not limited to : (i) product liability claims ; (ii) any claim that an app fails to conform to any applicable legal or regulatory requirement ; and (iii) claims arising under consumer protection or similar legislation.",4660
-"As a condition of access to the service, you release linden lab (and its officers, directors, shareholders, agents, subsidiaries and employees) from claims, demands, losses, liabilities and damages (actual and consequential) of every kind and nature, known and unknown, arising out of or in any way connected with any dispute you have or claim to have with one or more users, including whether or not linden lab becomes involved in any resolution or attempted resolution of the dispute.",4661
-"The airbnb platform and collective content is provided ``as is'', without warranty of any kind, either express or implied.",4662
-"All claims arising out of or relating to these terms or the services will be litigated exclusively in the federal or state courts of santa clara county, california, usa, and you and google consent to personal jurisdiction in those courts.",4663
-"With respect to content other than photos, graphics, audio or video you submit or make available for inclusion on publicly accessible areas of the yahoo services other than yahoo groups, the perpetual, irrevocable and fully sublicensable license to use, distribute, reproduce, modify, adapt, publish, translate, publicly perform and publicly display such content (in whole or in part) and to incorporate such content into other works in any format or medium now known or later developed.",4664
-"No user content or other content posted by spotify employees, moderators and/or representatives on the spotify support community should be construed as official support provided by spotify.",4665
-"The person that answers the telephone at these billing support telephone numbers will not be able to help you with technical issues, game play, or in-game purchasing questions.",4666
-Judgment on the arbitration award may be entered in any court with proper jurisdiction.,4667
-"Imply or state that you are affiliated with or endorsed by linkedin without our express consent (e.g., representing yourself as an accredited linkedin trainer) ; ",4668
-"Other than as expressly set out in these terms or additional terms, neither google nor its suppliers or distributors make any specific promises about the services.",4669
-"Any agreement you make with other users relating to use or access to your content must be consistent with these terms and the applicable product policy, and no such agreement can abrogate, nullify, void or modify these terms or the applicable product policy.",4670
-"You agree that any claim or dispute you may have against supercell must be resolved exclusively by a court located in helsinki, finland.",4671
-(11) referring to pop culture icons or personas ; ,4672
-"If we charged your credit card or other account prior to cancellation, we will issue a credit to your account in the amount of the charge.",4673
-"To the extent allowed by applicable law, you agree that you will bring any claim or cause of action arising from or relating to your access or use of this website within two (2) years from the date on which such claim or action arose or accrued or such claim or cause of action will be irrevocably waived.",4674
-Spotify will make reasonable efforts to keep the spotify service operational.,4675
-"You agree that you are responsible for your own conduct and user content while using the services, and for any consequences thereof.",4676
-Portions of the amazon services operate under license of one or more patents.,4677
-"For some trials, we'll require you to provide your payment details to start the trial.",4678
-"Failure to provide such proof may lead to, among other things, removal of such content from the service ; ",4679
-"Individuals can have no more than one program account, even if an individual has multiple email addresses, and households are limited to six accounts.",4680
-"Where permissible under the law, viber has the right to terminate your rights under our service without notice.",4681
-"If you have any questions about these terms, please contact academia.edu at feedback@academia.edu.",4682
-You acknowledge that uber does not provide transportation or logistics services or function as a transportation carrier and that all such transportation or logistics services are provided by independent third party contractors who are not employed by uber or any of its affiliates.,4683
-Please review your settings to control and limit the messages you receive from us.,4684
-"Any myfitnesspal member can contribute nutritional information to the food database, as well as edit existing nutritional information.",4685
-"You may not use the service to try to gain unauthorized access to any service, data, account, or network by any means.",4686
-"Rovio reserves the right, at its discretion, to change, modify, add or remove portions of this eula by posting the updated eula on rovio's website.",4687
-• you are responsible for the accuracy and content of the listing and item offered.,4688
-"Any proceeding to enforce this arbitration agreement, including any proceeding to confirm, modify, or vacate an arbitration award, may be commenced in any court of competent jurisdiction.",4689
-"``feature terms'' means any other rules related to specific services like platforms and apis, applications for mobile devices, forums, contests, subscriptions or loyalty programs that we may publish which apply to your use of those specific services and state they are part of these terms.",4690
-"Vimeo reserves the right to deny subscriptions, renewals, and other purchases for any reason.",4691
-"You acknowledge and assume the risk of the possibility of termination of your account as provided in this agreement, and you represent that you will make your decisions to participate in the service, contribute content, spend your money and dispose of transferable licenses at all times knowingly based upon these risks.",4692
-"You and ebay agree to submit to the personal jurisdiction of the courts located within salt lake county, utah for the purpose of litigating all such claims or disputes.",4693
-You must not access instagram's private api by means other than those permitted by instagram.,4694
-"You agree to submit to the exclusive personal jurisdiction of the courts located within san mateo county, california (and, for the avoidance of doubt, to exclude the jurisdiction of any other court) for the purpose of litigating all such claims or disputes.",4695
-You do not need to specifically inform youtube when you stop using the service.,4696
-"If not expressly prohibited by mandatory legislation, you hereby waive any moral rights of paternity, publication, reputation, or attribution with respect to rovio's and other players' use and enjoyment of such assets in connection with the rovio services and related goods and services under applicable law.",4697
-"The purpose of our service is to provide a simple and convenient service to you, linking you to the partner restaurant and menu of their choice and allowing you to order meals from them.",4698
-"(ii) an internet web browser which is capable of supporting 128-bit ssl encrypted communications, javascript, and cookies.",4699
-"Tripadvisor offers you the ability to search for, select, and book travel reservations with third-party suppliers without leaving the tripadvisor site experience.",4700
-Please forward any comments or complaints about the service to techsupport@viber.com.,4701
-You must not use domain names or web urls in your username without prior written consent from instagram.,4702
-Microsoft does not license any intellectual property to you as part of any third-party apps and services and is not responsible for information provided by third parties.,4703
-"In the event of any failure of the app to conform to any applicable warranty, you may notify app provider, and app provider will refund the purchase price for the app to you (if applicable) and, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, app provider will have no other warranty obligation whatsoever with respect to the app.",4704
-"For all purposes of these terms of use, the parties consent to exclusive jurisdiction and venue in the united states federal courts or state courts located in the southern district of new york.",4705
-Accounts can not be offered to anyone not employed by you or acting on your behalf.,4706
-This dispute resolution provision will be governed by the federal arbitration act.,4707
-"You release us, our affiliates, and our and their directors, officers, employees, partners, agents, successors and assigns (together, the ``masquerade parties'') from any claim, complaint, cause of action, controversy, or dispute (together, ``claim'') and damages, known and unknown, relating to, arising out of, or in any way connected with any such claim you have against any of our users or other third parties.",4708
-"If we do so, we'll give you reasonable prior notice so that you can export your stuff from our systems.",4709
-"Further, you acknowledge and agree that charges applicable in certain geographical areas may increase substantially during times of high demand.",4710
-"To prevent unauthorised use, you shall keep your password confidential and shall not share it with any third party or use it to access third party websites or services.",4711
-"You understand and agree that all materials publicly posted or privately transmitted on or through this service are the sole responsibility of the sender, not viber, and that you are responsible for all material you upload, publicly post or otherwise transmit to or through this service.",4712
-"However, there will be occasions when the site and/or services will be interrupted for maintenance, upgrades and repairs or due to failure of telecommunications links and equipment.",4713
-"- identification of the specific material that is claimed to be infringing or to be the subject of infringing activity and that is to be removed or access to which is to be disabled, and information reasonably sufficient to permit 9gag to locate the material ; ",4714
-"Develop, support or use software, devices, scripts, robots, or any other means or processes (including crawlers, browser plugins and add-ons, or any other technology or manual work) to scrape the services or otherwise copy profiles and other data from the services ; ",4715
-(c) our ``monthly'' subscription is paid in monthly installments.,4716
-"Copying, transmission, reproduction, replication, posting or redistribution of the website content or any portion thereof is strictly prohibited without the prior written permission of tripadvisor.",4717
-Will these terms of service ever change ? ,4718
-"If you are using our free service, you may simply cease to use the service.",4719
-You are responsible for deciding if you want to access or use third party apps or sites that link from our services.,4720
-We will not be liable for any loss or damage arising from your failure to provide us with accurate information or to keep your basic subscriber information secure.,4721
-"Brazil must be 18 or older, or be 16 or older and have parent or guardian consent.",4722
-8.5 using the service on mobile applications will use some of the data allowance available on the data package to which you have subscribed with your mobile network operator as the case may be.,4723
-Please read these terms carefully.,4724
-"This agreement (the ``agreement'' or the ``terms'') describes the terms on which linden research, inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including tilia inc. and tilia branch uk ltd. (collectively, ``linden lab'') offer you access to its interactive entertainment products and services.",4725
-"The license shall remain in force subject to the payment of license fees, if any, unless terminated in accordance with section 8.",4726
-Dropbox will not seek its attorneys' fees and costs in arbitration unless the arbitrator determines that your claim is frivolous.,4727
-"Without limiting the preceding sentence, you will also have the right to litigate any dispute other than a litigable action, if you provide academia.edu with written notice of your desire to do so by email or regular mail at 251 kearny st, 5th floor, san francisco ca 94108 within thirty (30) days following the date you first agree to these terms (such notice, an ``arbitration opt-out notice'').",4728
-A. microsoft account or skype account.,4729
-• collect or store any personally identifiable information from the site or services from other users of the site or services without their express permission ; ,4730
-"You are granted a limited, nonexclusive, and nontransferable right to create a text hyperlink to the fitbit service for noncommercial purposes, provided that such link does not portray us or any of our products or services in a false, misleading, derogatory, or otherwise defamatory manner, and provided further that the linking site does not contain any adult or illegal material or any material that is offensive, harassing, or otherwise objectionable.",4731
-1.2 the features and products that are made available through the software for free (excluding products or features available for free on a trial basis only) (``free products'') are provided to you by skype software sàrl.,4732
-"Without derogating from the aforesaid, onavo and its licensors make no representation, warranty, or guaranty as to the reliability, timeliness, quality, suitability, truth, availability, accuracy or completeness of the services, the onavo tools or any content.",4733
-"You must be 18 years of age, or the age of majority in your province, territory or country, to sign up as a registered user of the products.",4734
-"To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, we also make no representations or warranties of any kind with respect to content ; user-generated content, in particular, is provided by and is solely the responsibility of the athletes providing that content.",4735
-The company reserves the right to terminate gifts for cause immediately at its sole discretion without advance notice or liability.,4736
-"By providing your payment details in conjunction with the trial, you agree to this charge using such payment details.",4737
-"You and we both consent to venue and personal jurisdiction in san francisco, california.",4738
-"You will fully cooperate with supercell to investigate any suspected unlawful, fraudulent or improper activity, including, without limitation, granting supercell access to any password-protected portions of your account.",4739
-"You shall not share the account or the login information, nor let anyone else access your account or do anything else that might jeopardize the security of your account.",4740
-Please review section 26 to determine whether these terms and conditions apply to you.,4741
-"You represent and warrant that, for all such content you provide, you own or otherwise control all necessary rights to do so and to meet your obligations under this agreement.",4742
-"If you cancel your membership, your account will automatically close at the end of your current billing period.",4743
-We will discontinue that child's access to and use of the services and ensure that such child's information is no longer accessible through the services.,4744
-"If you purchase a subscription through tinder online, your subscription will continue indefinitely until cancelled by you.",4745
-"If you cancel your subscription, you may use your subscription until the end of your then-current subscription term, and your subscription will not be renewed after your then-current term expires.",4746
-"These terms constitute the entire agreement between you and dropbox with respect to the subject matter of these terms, and supersede and replace any other prior or contemporaneous agreements, or terms and conditions applicable to the subject matter of these terms.",4747
-This agreement is governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the state of israel without giving effect to any principles of conflicts of law.,4748
-Help us keep you informed and your stuff protected.,4749
-You should take precautions when downloading files from all websites to protect your computer and mobile devices from viruses and other destructive programs.,4750
-You agree to receive such updates from skype in order to continue using the skype software and you agree to accept such updates subject to these terms.,4751
-"If the dispute has a claimed value of not more than $ 250,000, an arbitration hearing will be conducted, at your election, either by telephone (or other mutually agreeable remote technology) or in city and county of san francisco, california.",4752
-"Code § 1789.3, you may report complaints to the complaint assistance unit of the division of consumer services of the california department of consumer affairs by contacting them in writing at 400 r street, sacramento, ca 95814, or by telephone at -lrb-800-rrb- 952-5210.",4753
-"The instagram parties do not endorse content and specifically disclaim any responsibility or liability to any person or entity for any loss, damage (whether actual, consequential, punitive or otherwise), injury, claim, liability or other cause of any kind or character based upon or resulting from any content.",4754
-"When a sufficient number of users indicated that the phone number is associated with the same name, the name and phone number will be included in our directory.",4755
-You will not be charged for any orders cancelled in accordance with this clause.,4756
-"You may not use the services or any ua content or other information displayed on or made available by the services to stalk, harass, abuse, defame, threaten, or defraud others.",4757
-Collect or store personal data about other users in connection with the prohibited conduct and activities set forth in paragraphs 6.1 through 6.13 above.,4758
-Purchases of virtual money and virtual goods ,4759
-"Please read these terms of service carefully as they contain important information about your legal rights, remedies and obligations.",4760
-"We may terminate your account (s) if we learn, or in good faith believe, that you are a registered sex offender, that accessing the service may violate a condition of parole or probation, that you have engaged in or attempted to engage in conduct with minors on the service that violates this agreement, or that you for any other reason may pose what we deem to be an unacceptable risk to the service community.",4761
-"Co-hosts remain responsible and liable for their own acts and omissions when engaging in their roles and responsibilities as a co-host, including, but not limited to, conduct that causes harm or damage to the host.",4762
-"You shall not copy, post or use text, photos, pictures, music, sounds, images or any other content from any third party or source (``third party content'') without specific permission from the owner.",4763
-"(i) post or transmit viruses, trojan horses, worms, spyware, time bombs, cancelbots, or other computer programming routines that may harm the service or interests or rights of other users, or that may harvest or collect any data or information about other users without their consent ; ",4764
-We will respect the choices you make to limit sharing or visibility settings in your google account.,4765
-Airbnb payments will collect overstay fees from you pursuant to the payments terms.,4766
-"Notwithstanding the foregoing, you may update world of warcraft with authorized patches and updates distributed by blizzard, and use authorized third party user interfaces as set forth in section xvi 7 below ; or ",4767
-"We expect that any such modifications will enhance the overall service, but it is possible that you may not agree with us.",4768
-"Web content, opinions and advice ",4769
-User name : we encourage you to use your real name.,4770
-Much of the content of the site is provided by and is the responsibility of the user or subscriber who posted the content.,4771
-"If you reside outside the united states, you are entering into this contract with linkedin ireland u.c. and your personal data provided to, or collected by or for, our services is controlled by linkedin ireland u.c. ",4772
-(i) your breach of this agreement or the documents referenced herein ; ,4773
-Please let us know if you have any comments relating to our partner restaurants or in respect of the meals by emailing or calling us.,4774
-You may terminate the terms at any time by uninstalling the truecaller applications and ceasing the use of the services.,4775
-"Estonia, hong kong, latvia, lithuania laws of sweden non-exclusive ; courts of sweden ",4776
-After the first thirty (30) day period following the start of your subscription you will not receive a refund of any portion of the subscription fee paid for the then current subscription period at the time of cancellation.,4777
-In no event shall our total liability to you for all damages (other than as may be required by applicable law in cases involving personal injury) exceed the amount of fifty dollars ($ 50.00).,4778
-"Spotify's address for notice is : spotify, attn : general counsel, 45 w. 18th street, 7th floor, new york, new york 10011, usa.",4779
-"If the software is no longer available, rovio retains the right to substitute a similar piece of software of equal or greater value.",4780
-"If you choose to cancel your account, contact privacyct@fb.com.",4781
-"By installing, accessing or otherwise using the service you acknowledge and warrant that you hereby consent to be bound by the terms of this agreement, and to the terms of the privacy policy (available at : sync.me / privacy), which is incorporated herein by reference.",4782
-"Choosing to do so is purely optional, and the decision to allow this information to be linked can be disabled (with the third party site) at any time.",4783
-Entire agreement : this agreement incorporates the following documents by reference : ,4784
-9.4 you agree to indemnify linden lab from claims relating to your use of the service.,4785
-``minimum age'' means 16 years old.,4786
-"We grant you a personal, limited, revocable, non-exclusive, non-sublicensable, and non-transferable license to access and use our services, including to use masks provided via the services, subject to and in accordance with our terms and policies.",4787
-A) you are solely responsible for the user content that you upload and you represent and agree that you will not share anything which you do not have the permission or right to share and which you can not grant the licence referred to in paragraph (b) below in respect of ; ,4788
-"You may rectify or remove any personal information related to you from the service at any time, by contacting us at : support@sync.me.",4789
-"We will remind you by email before any services renew for a new term, and notify you of any price changes in accordance with section 9 (k).",4790
-You will not use facebook if you are under 13.,4791
-It can be accessed by most countries around the world.,4792
-"You provide the equipment (computer, phone, tablet, etc.) and pay any fees to connect to the internet and app stores, or for data or cellular usage to download and use the service.",4793
-This means you ca n't do something like use memories to operate your own file-storage or distribution service for other people.,4794
-The terms and any product-specific terms constitute the entire agreement between you and us with respect to your use of the services.,4795
-Please be advised that this user agreement contains provisions that govern how claims you and we have against each other are resolved (see disclaimer of warranties ; limitation of liability and legal disputes provisions below).,4796
-Do n't post content that is in breach of any contractual or other legal duty owed to a third party.,4797
-"(i) calling landlines and mobiles : the charges payable for calling phones (outside of a subscription) consist of a connection fee (charged once, per call) and a per-minute rate as set out on www.skype.com/go/allrates.",4798
-"Any person who creates a ugv will be referred to herein as a ``creator,'' and any person who uses any user content from another's ugv to create a collaborative ugv as permitted by this eula will be referred to herein as an ``editor.'' ",4799
-This may result in paypal restricting funds in your paypal account.,4800
-You can deactivate your instagram account by logging into the service and completing the form available here : https://instagram.com/accounts/remove/request/.,4801
-"7.1 the software, products and skype websites contain proprietary and confidential information that is protected by intellectual property laws and treaties.",4802
-"For the purposes of the foregoing sentence, ``commercial purpose'' means any purpose that may directly or indirectly generate income, revenue, good will or any other tangible or intangible benefit for you or any third party, excluding company.",4803
-Any relief awarded can not affect other evernote users.,4804
-"The spotify support community features a reward system whereby spotify, in its sole discretion, may reward users based on the amount of ``kudos'' received or quality of responses by a user.",4805
-"To the extent permitted by law, and with the exception of section 8 (which will be construed in accordance with the faa and new york law), these terms shall be governed by, construed and enforced in accordance with the laws of the state of new york, as they are applied to agreements entered into and to be performed entirely within new york.",4806
-Zynga and/or the zynga affiliate will use reasonable efforts to let you know if they learn of any claim on which you have to compensate or reimburse them.,4807
-"Crowdtangle does not make any representations, warranties or conditions about the quality, accuracy, security, reliability, completeness, quiet enjoyment, currency, or timeliness of the services.",4808
-"The use of the word ``arbitrator'' in this provision shall not be construed to prohibit more than one arbitrator from presiding over an arbitration ; rather, the aaa's rules will govern the number of arbitrators that may preside over an arbitration conducted under this agreement to arbitrate.",4809
-"(d) the products and their content are otherwise provided on an ``as is'' basis and we make no representations or warranties of any kind with respect to them, including as to the accuracy, completeness or currency of the products or their content.",4810
-Notice and procedure for making claims of copyright or other intellectual property infringements.,4811
-Your viber credit balance will be recharged with the same amount and by the same payment method you initially designated when you registered your account every time your viber account balance goes below the threshold set by viber from time to time.,4812
-"Such updates are subject to these terms unless other terms accompany the updates, in which case, those other terms apply.",4813
-"We may include or recommend third party resources, materials and developers and/or links to third party websites, content and applications as part of, or in connection with, the service.",4814
-"The software and documentation are ``commercial computer software'' and ``commercial computer software documentation,'' respectively, as such terms are used in united states federal acquisition regulations paragraph 12.212.",4815
-"You may not authorize third parties to use your account, and you may not allow persons under the age of 18 to receive transportation or logistics services from third party providers unless they are accompanied by you.",4816
-Noe is liable for damages arising as foreseeable result of noe's negligence or noe's breach of this agreement.,4817
-Registered users of our services are ``members'' and unregistered users are ``visitors''.,4818
-"Parties other than amazon operate stores, provide services or software, or sell product lines through the amazon services.",4819
-Linkedin generally does not review content provided by our members or others.,4820
-"You are only allowed to purchase virtual items from us or our authorised partners through the service, and not in any other way.",4821
-"Nothing in this eula authorizes you to, with respect to user videos or broadcast content, (i) use any aspect of any musical work or sound recording in a manner that is not expressly permitted by this eula ; (ii) modify, change, or adapt the lyrics or fundamental character of any musical work or sound recording ; (iii) to use the story of any composition ; or (iv) to criticize the copyright owner of any musical work or sound recording, the authors, composers or lyricists of any musical work, or the featured or non-featured recording artists of any sound recording.",4822
-"Earning betterpoints under multiple accounts is strictly forbidden and will result in having one, several or all accounts terminated.",4823
-"If you do not want to enable auto-recharge, please untick the box.",4824
-"Effective date : august 28, 2017 - what's new'' ",4825
-"• post false, inaccurate, misleading, deceptive, defamatory, or libelous content ; ",4826
-We reserve the right to limit our services in any country.,4827
-"You are not allowed to sublicense, trade, sell or attempt to sell in-game virtual items for ``real'' money, or exchange virtual items for value of any kind outside of a game.",4828
-"• selling, renting, sublicensing or leasing of any part of the spotify service or the content ; ",4829
-You are responsible for updating and maintaining the accuracy of the information you provide to us relating to your account.,4830
-"Please remember that the way social networking services use, store, and disclose your information is governed solely by the policies of those third parties that operate those social networking services, and we have no liability or responsibility for the privacy practices or other actions of any third-party website or service that may be enabled within the services.",4831
-Please visit the mobile licenses page for notices specific to tripadvisor mobile applications.,4832
-Notice and procedure for making claims of copyright or intellectual property infringement ,4833
-"In addition, oculus does not represent or warrant that (a) the functions contained in the services will be accurate or meet your requirements ; (b) the operation of the services will be secure, uninterrupted, error-free or virus-free ; or (c) any defects in the services will be corrected.",4834
-"In such cases, you may be required to expressly consent to product-specific terms.",4835
-"If you have any questions about these terms or the services, please contact niantic at termsofservice@nianticlabs.com or 1 ferry building suite 200, san francisco, ca 94111.",4836
-You agree that oculus and its affiliates shall be able to use the feedback in any way it may choose without any obligation to you.,4837
-"Further, the user acknowledge and consent that apple and apple's subsidiaries are third-party beneficiaries of the agreement, and the apple has the right, upon your consent to the terms of this agreement, to enforce the agreement against the you as a third party beneficiary thereto.",4838
-Please read this agreement carefully before using the services.,4839
-We reserve the right to cancel user accounts that have been inactive for more than one (1) year.,4840
-We will not have any liability to you (or anyone you share your basic subscriber information with) as a result of your or their actions under those circumstances.,4841
-"These content standards apply to any and all material which you contribute to our service (the ``contributions''), and to any interactive services associated with it.",4842
-"If the parties are unable to agree on a location, the determination will be made by the arbitration institution.",4843
-"Both you and we agree to comply with the following rules, which are intended to streamline the dispute resolution process and reduce the costs and burdens for everyone involved : ",4844
-The information provided in a notice of copyright infringement may be forwarded to the athlete who posted the allegedly infringing content.,4845
-"As a user of this website, including instant booking, you understand and agree that : (1) neither tripadvisor nor its affiliates will have any liability to you or others for any unauthorized transactions made using your password or account ; and (2) the unauthorized use of your password or account could cause you to incur liability to both tripadvisor and other users.",4846
-The limitation section sets forth additional terms regarding cancellation of your paid subscription.,4847
-"7.4 ``skype'', associated trademarks and logos and the ``s'' logo are trademarks of skype.",4848
-"You also represent that all information you provide or provided to instagram upon registration and at all other times will be true, accurate, current and complete and you agree to update your information as necessary to maintain its truth and accuracy.",4849
-We or other athletes in the community may contact you in connection with your use of the services.,4850
-You may also modify such distribution content but only as required to technically enable the display and distribution of such content through your computer systems and over the internet (e.g. a change in video format or file size) provided such modification does not materially alter the substance or quality of such content.,4851
-We are not responsible or liable for the conduct or content of any user.,4852
-"A. your use of the service will meet your requirements, ",4853
-Spotify respects intellectual property rights and expects you to do the same.,4854
-"The app permits account holders to capture and trade virtual items, including but not limited to pokémon characters or creatures (``trading items'') during gameplay.",4855
-"You may not copy, reproduce, republish, download, post, broadcast, transmit, make available to the public, or otherwise use any content on our site in any way except for your own personal, non-commercial use.",4856
-Fair use policy : this fup is designed to prevent fraud and abuse of video messaging.,4857
-The site or services may contain links to third-party websites or resources.,4858
-"These terms govern your access to and use of the site, services and collective content (defined below), and constitute a binding legal agreement between you and academia.edu.",4859
-"If you access or pay for third-party content, you do so at your own risk and you agree that we have no associated liability.",4860
-(b) arbitration rules.,4861
-"As a parent or guardian of a child under the age of thirteen (13) from whom we have collected personal data, you have the right to review and request deletion of such personal data, and to refuse to permit further collection or use of such personal data.",4862
-The service's practices governing any resulting collection and use of your personal information are disclosed in our privacy policy.,4863
-"The twitter entities make no warranty or representation and disclaim all responsibility and liability for : (i) the completeness, accuracy, availability, timeliness, security or reliability of the services or any content ; (ii) any harm to your computer system, loss of data, or other harm that results from your access to or use of the services or any content ; (iii) the deletion of, or the failure to store or to transmit, any content and other communications maintained by the services ; and (iv) whether the services will meet your requirements or be available on an uninterrupted, secure, or error-free basis.",4864
-"We may make an exception if a refund for a subscription offering is requested within fourteen days of the transaction date, or if the laws applicable in your jurisdiction provide for refunds.",4865
-"The evernote software (as defined below), the evernote service, and other products, services and websites hosted or made available by evernote, including, for example our app center, user forum, and help & learning pages are collectively referred to in these terms as the ``service''.",4866
-You will receive a password and account designation upon completing the yahoo service's registration process.,4867
-"Airbnb is not responsible or liable for the availability or accuracy of such third-party services, or the content, products, or services available from such third-party services.",4868
-"No advice or information, whether oral or written, obtained from other athletes or through the services, will create any warranty not expressly made herein.",4869
-"Do n't spam people via posts, replies, or messages.",4870
-"You agree to comply with any applicable third party terms, when using the service.",4871
-By accessing or using the service you represent and warrant that your activities are lawful in every jurisdiction where you access or use the service.,4872
-"In addition, you may be held liable for any losses incurred by us or another party due to someone else using your user account.",4873
-(b) a description of the copyrighted work or other intellectual property that you claim has been infringed ; ,4874
-"Any dispute arising from or relating to the subject matter of these terms of use shall be finally settled by arbitration in new york county, new york, using the english language in accordance with the arbitration rules and procedures of jams then in effect, by one commercial arbitrator with substantial experience in resolving intellectual property and commercial contract disputes, who shall be selected from the appropriate list of jams arbitrators in accordance with the arbitration rules and procedures of jams.",4875
-We care about the security of our athletes.,4876
-"We aim to update our site and our service regularly, and may change the content at any time.",4877
-"Please be sure not to share any other person details without his or her prior consent, and that the information you share is accurate and up-to-date.",4878
-If you have a pre-existing family account covering children aged under 13 then you have an ongoing responsibility to determine whether any of the yahoo services areas and/or content (as defined in section 6 below) are appropriate for your child.,4879
-"You will not bully, intimidate, or harass any user.",4880
-"If evernote has to send me notice of something, how will that happen ? ",4881
-"If you believe that any content on the airbnb platform infringes copyrights you own, please notify us in accordance with our copyright policy.",4882
-"Instagram content is protected by copyright, trademark, patent, trade secret and other laws, and, as between you and instagram, instagram owns and retains all rights in the instagram content and the service.",4883
-Yahoo does not claim ownership of content you submit or make available for inclusion on the yahoo services.,4884
-(c) authority of arbitrator.,4885
-"All videos you submit must also comply with the vimeo guidelines, which are incorporated into this agreement.",4886
-"If you do not accept the new rates, do not make your call.",4887
-You'll keep your password a secret.,4888
-"We may change the price of the services at any time and if you have a recurring purchase, we will notify you by email at least 15 days before the price change.",4889
-"You promise that, with respect to any user content you post on spotify, (1) you have the right to post such user content, and (2) such user content, or its use by spotify as contemplated by the agreements, does not violate the agreements, applicable law, or the intellectual property (including without limitation copyright), publicity, personality, or other rights of others or imply any affiliation with or endorsement of you or your user content by spotify or any artist, band, label, entity or individual without express written consent from such individual or entity.",4890
-"Generally, all charges for purchases are nonrefundable, and there are no refunds or credits for partially used periods.",4891
-We are not responsible or liable for (and have no obligation to verify) any wrong or misspelled email address or inaccurate or wrong (mobile) phone number or credit card number.,4892
-The failure of supercell to require or enforce strict performance by you of any provision of these terms of service or the supercell privacy policy or failure to exercise any right under them shall not be construed as a waiver or relinquishment of supercell's right to assert or rely upon any such provision or right in that or any other instance.,4893
-"2.3 airbnb may make the access to and use of the airbnb platform, or certain areas or features of the airbnb platform, subject to certain conditions or requirements, such as completing a verification process, meeting specific quality or eligibility criteria, meeting ratings or reviews thresholds, or booking and cancellation history.",4894
-No oral or written information or advice given by us shall create a warranty.,4895
-"The company's intellectual property policy is to (i) remove or disable access to material that the company believes in good faith, upon notice from an intellectual property owner or his or her agent, is infringing the intellectual property of a third party by being made available through the service ; and (ii) remove any user content uploaded to the service by ``repeat infringers.'' ",4896
-Payment is made directly to deliveroo and is subsequently passed on by deliveroo to the partner restaurant.,4897
-"Unless stated otherwise, the software required for our services or available at or used by our platform and the intellectual property rights (including the copyrights) of the contents and information of and material on our platform are owned by booking.com b.v., its suppliers or providers.",4898
-Removed content may persist in backup copies for a reasonable period of time (but will not be available to others).,4899
-"The premium services provide you access to certain enhanced products, services, features and functionality (e.g., premium graphs and analysis, an ad-free browsing experience).",4900
-You will not be charged until the free trial period ends.,4901
-This user information may include information from your facebook and similar social networking profiles.,4902
-A single independent and impartial arbitrator will be appointed pursuant to the rules of the american arbitration association.,4903
-"For orders to obtain a limited license to use virtual items, by clicking the button on the purchase window or page you : ",4904
-"In this situation, amazon does not take title to the refunded item.",4905
-The app provider has no obligation to provide any maintenance and support services with respect to the applications ; ,4906
-"Subject to the aaa rules, the arbitrator will have the discretion to direct a reasonable exchange of information by the parties, consistent with the expedited nature of the arbitration.",4907
-"For the purposes of our forever subscription, forever constitutes 100 years or until the date headspace ceases to commercially offer the products.",4908
-The average price is only indicative.,4909
-"When you use our services, you may have the option, or be required, to register for an account.",4910
-"In particular, myfitnesspal's food database (``food database'') contains a combination of nutritional information entered directly by myfitnesspal and nutritional information entered by myfitnesspal members.",4911
-"(ii) you have the written consent, release and / or permission of each and every identifiable individual person in the user submission to use the name and/or likeness of each and every such individual in the user submission, to enable inclusion and use thereof in the manner contemplated by these terms.",4912
-You may not transfer any of your rights or obligations under these terms without our consent.,4913
-"However, if someone is violating these terms or misusing the service, please let us know by using a ``report abuse'' link provided in the service or contact us at customer support, or for black diamond slots, email support@risingtidegames.com, or, if your report relates to naturalmotion games, you may also contact us through the ``support'' link on that game's page found on naturalmotion's website.",4914
-"The term ``device'' refers to the device which is used to access the products including but not limited to computers, smart phones and tablets.",4915
-"We reserve the right to control, regulate, change, or remove any virtual money or virtual goods without any liability to you.",4916
-"The company may investigate and take any available legal action in response to illegal and / or unauthorized uses of the service, including termination of your account.",4917
-"When you use the fitbit service after a modification becomes effective, you are telling us that you accept the modified terms.",4918
-"True software scandinavia ab (``truecaller'' or ``we'') offers users (``users'' or ``you'') global phone community services transacted through various software applications and services, including but not limited to the ``truecaller'', the ``truedialer'' and the ``truemessenger'' applications.",4919
-"Without limiting the foregoing, to the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, the twitter entities disclaim all warranties and conditions, whether express or implied, of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement.",4920
-"You hereby represent and warrant that (1) you are not located in a country that is subject to a u.s. government embargo, or that has been designated by the u.s. government as a ``terrorist supporting'' country ; and (2) you are not listed on any u.s. government list of prohibited or restricted parties.",4921
-"Other than for the types of liability we can not limit by law (as described in this section), we limit our liability to you to the greater of $ 20 usd or 100 % of any amount you've paid under your current service plan with dropbox.",4922
-(ii) the number provided to you is subject to applicable numbering rules and regulatory practices ; ,4923
-"Everyone's condition and abilities are different, and participating in the activities promoted by our services is at your own risk.",4924
-These taxes are listed at www.skype.com/go/ustax.,4925
-"If you wish to request a refund, please visit https://getsupport.apple.com.",4926
-"(g) you will not engage in any automated use of the system, such as using scripts to alter our content.",4927
-6.2 any applicable service fees (including any applicable taxes) will be displayed to a host or guest prior to publishing or booking a listing.,4928
-"The third-party suppliers providing hotel or vacation rental property information, travel or other services on this website are independent contractors and not agents or employees of the tripadvisor media group companies.",4929
-"For the avoidance of doubt, nothing in clause 11 shall excuse the customer from any payment obligations under this agreement.",4930
-Personal skype accounts can be linked to a skype manager group (``linked account'').,4931
-"If your account is terminated due to your breach of this agreement during the relevant cancelation period, you will not be refunded.",4932
-Use of the services by subscriber following such modification constitutes subscriber's acceptance of the terms and conditions of this agreement as modified.,4933
-"You may be able to upload video, images or sounds.",4934
-"(e) any claim, damage or loss (whether direct or indirect) arising from or relating to : ",4935
-Your use of the yahoo services and software are at your sole risk.,4936
-"You agree to comply with all laws, rules and regulations (for example, federal, state, local and provincial) applicable to your use of the service and your content (defined below), including but not limited to, copyright laws.",4937
-"We reserve the right to monitor all advertisements, public postings and messages to ensure that they conform to the content guidelines which may be applicable from time to time.",4938
-"The company trademarks, service marks, and logos (the ``company trademarks'') used and displayed on the service are the company's registered and unregistered trademarks or service marks.",4939
-Supercell reserves the right to terminate any account that has been inactive for 180 days.,4940
-"The services, including all related software, technical data and documentation, are ``commercial items'' as that term is defined in section 2.101 of title 48 of the us code of federal regulations (u.s.c.).",4941
-9 infringement and reporting user content ,4942
-"The service, including all images, audio files and other content therein, and any other information, property and rights granted or provided to you by duolingo are provided to you on an ``as is'' basis.",4943
-The company does not endorse any external sites or the content made available on such external sites.,4944
-"(i) any product or service provided by a third party under their own terms of service, including without limitation, skype wifi ; ",4945
-You have the right to cancel this contract within 14 days without giving any reason.,4946
-All inquiries not relevant to this procedure will not receive a response.,4947
-"You may not use a false e-mail address, impersonate any person or entity, or otherwise mislead as to the origin of a card or other content.",4948
-In no event is blizzard entertainment obligated to provide any monetary reimbursement or monetary credit.,4949
-"You acknowledge and agree that you are responsible for knowing, protecting, and enforcing any intellectual property rights you hold, and that linden lab can not do so on your behalf.",4950
-"You may download and make personal, non-commercial use of user submissions on www.qik.com that are displayed with a ``download'' or similar link.",4951
-"Apart from that, if you are united states resident, these terms and our relationship will be governed by california law, except for its conflicts of laws principles.",4952
-"We may display age, comfort and content ratings for digital content that are based on information provided to us by the developers of such content.",4953
-"You will be taken to the sign in page, where you can select ``forgot password'' to create a new password.",4954
-(b) skype reserves the right to withdraw or change the subscriptions at any time.,4955
-"Academia.edu makes no effort to review any third party account content for any purpose, including but not limited to, for accuracy, legality or non-infringement and academia.edu is not responsible for any third party account content.",4956
-The materials and all other content in this service are presented for the purpose of providing information regarding the viber services available in the united states and elsewhere.,4957
-"Interfere with or disrupt the service, networks, or servers connected to the service or violate the regulations, policies or procedures of those networks or servers ; ",4958
-"It includes any claim or controversy between you and us concerning the services, the software related to the services, the services' or software's price, your microsoft account, your skype account, or these terms, under any legal theory including contract, warranty, tort, statute, or regulation, except disputes relating to the enforcement or validity of your, your licensors', our, or our licensors' intellectual property rights.",4959
-"Welcome to the pokémon go video game services, which are accessible via the niantic, inc. (``niantic'') mobile device application (the ``app'').",4960
-"(h) you will not, without authorization, access, tamper with, or use non-public areas of the products, headspace's computer systems, or the technical delivery systems of headspace's providers.",4961
-"8.1.1 subject to meeting any requirements (such as completing any verification processes) set by the host, you can book a listing available on the airbnb platform by following the respective booking process.",4962
-"This website is operated by a u.s. entity and this agreement is governed by the laws of the commonwealth of massachusetts, usa.",4963
-"These terms of use (``terms'') govern the access or use by you, an individual, from within any country in the world (excluding the united states and its territories and possessions and mainland china) of applications, websites, content, products, and services (the ``services'') made available by uber b.v., a private limited liability company established in the netherlands, having its offices at vijzelstraat 68, 1017 hl, amsterdam, the netherlands, registered at the amsterdam chamber of commerce under number 56317441 (``uber'').",4964
-Please note : section 19 of these terms of service contains an arbitration clause and class action waiver that applies to all airbnb members.,4965
-"In addition, for this type of information particularly, the phrase ``let the investor beware'' is apt.",4966
-We will also update the ``last updated date'' at the top of these terms.,4967
-"If your claim exceeds $ 10,000, your right to a hearing will be determined by the aaa rules.",4968
-"Sell, sponsor, or otherwise monetize any service without linkedin's consent ; ",4969
-Exceptions to agreement to arbitrate.,4970
-"Unless otherwise agreed by uber in a separate written agreement with you, the services are made available solely for your personal, noncommercial use.",4971
-"We are not responsible for the conduct, whether online or offline, of any user of facebook.",4972
-"If you notice any skin irritation, soreness, tingling, numbness, burning, or stiffness in your hands or wrists while or after wearing the product, remove your device and please discontinue use.",4973
-"Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion or limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages, so the above limitation may not apply to you.",4974
-"Tinder, in its sole discretion, reserves the right to charge fees for the right to access or use virtual items and / or may distribute virtual items with or without charge.",4975
-These sites may contain information or material that some people may find inappropriate or offensive.,4976
-"This may require skype to temporarily suspend or limit your use of some or all of the software, products or skype websites until such time as this maintenance and/or upgrade can be completed.",4977
-Skype does not guarantee that you will be able to use your skype credit balance to purchase all skype paid products.,4978
-"In addition, you waive any so-called ``moral rights'' in and to the user submissions, to the extent permitted by applicable law.",4979
-"By way of example, and not as a limitation, you agree that when using the services and content, you will not : ",4980
-"We make no warranties or representations, express or implied, as to the timeliness, accuracy, quality, completeness or existence of the content and information posted on the products.",4981
-"You are responsible for providing all equipment required to access the internet or enable communications such as headsets, microphones and webcams.",4982
-"Furthermore, your interactions with advertisers found on or through the service, including, without limitation, all reliance upon advertising, all commercial transactions and legal obligations associated therewith, are solely between you and such advertisers.",4983
-"15 payments, cancellations, and cooling off ",4984
-We'll do the same if we have a dispute with you.,4985
-"Notice to parents and guardians : by granting your child permission to use the vimeo service, you agree to the terms of this agreement on behalf of your child.",4986
-We will give you 60-days' notice by email or through the service if we change section 17 on our agreement to arbitrate and class action waiver.,4987
-"The service is licensed, not sold to you, and that you may use the service only as set forth in this eula ; ",4988
-Certain conditions may induce previously undetected epileptic symptoms even in users who have no history of prior seizures or epilepsy.,4989
-"Supercell may manage, regulate, control, modify or eliminate virtual items and/or merchandise at any time, with or without notice.",4990
-"In addition, we continually test various aspects of our service, including our website, user interfaces, promotional features and availability of netflix content.",4991
-"You agree to indemnify and hold harmless the viber group from and against any and all claims, demands, liabilities, costs or expenses, including reasonable attorney's fees, resulting from your breach of these terms, including any of the foregoing provisions, representations or warranties, from your placement or transmission of any content onto viber's servers and/or from any and all use of your user account.",4992
-"If you become aware of an unauthorized access to your account, you must change your password and notify us immediately.",4993
-"Access and use of the service may be unavailable during periods of peak demand, system upgrades, malfunctions or scheduled or unscheduled maintenance or for other reasons.",4994
-"They cover important information about spotify services provided to you and any charges, taxes, and fees we bill you.",4995
-"You may not assign the agreements or any part of them, nor transfer or sub-license your rights under the agreements, to any third party.",4996
-You agree and understand that linden lab does not control and is not responsible for information you provide to parties other than linden lab.,4997
-The arbitration will be conducted by a single neutral arbitrator.,4998
-"Either party may bring a lawsuit solely for injunctive relief to stop unauthorized use or abuse of the fitbit products or fitbit service, or infringement of intellectual property rights (for example, trademark, trade secret, copyright or patent rights) without first engaging in arbitration or the informal dispute-resolution process described above.",4999
-"During the registration process, you will be required to provide certain information and you will establish a username and a password.",5000
-"Onavo alone shall own all rights, title and interest evidenced by, embodied in, and/or attached/connected/related to the services, including, but not limited to, all related intellectual property rights (defined below) in and to the services, the content, onavo technology (defined below) and any suggestions, ideas, enhancement requests, feedback, recommendations or other information provided by you or any other party relating to the services.",5001
-Check with your payment method service provider for details.,5002
-(b) text and mobile messaging express consents ,5003
-"You acknowledge and agree that, to the maximum extent permitted by law, the entire risk arising out of your access to and use of the site, services and collective content remains with you.",5004
-Any uses of sr samples by you that are not authorized under this agreement are subject to all rights of the copyright owners of such sr samples in law and equity.,5005
-We will confirm our acceptance of your order by sending you a communication that confirms that the order has been processed or the goods have been dispatched -- when applicable (``order acceptance'').,5006
-"If the dispute has a claimed value of not more than $ 10,000,000, then the arbitration will be heard and determined by a single, neutral arbitrator who is a retired judge or a lawyer with not less than ten (10) years' experience as a practicing member of the bar in the substantive practice area related to the dispute, who will administer the proceedings in accordance with the aaa's supplementary procedures for consumer related disputes.",5007
-Masquerade respects the intellectual property rights of others and we expect our users to do the same.,5008
-"If you believe that any action has been taken against your black diamond slots account in error, please visit : http://risingtidegames.helpshift.com/a/black-diamond-casino, or if you believe that any action has been taken against your natural motion game account in error, please email contact@naturalmotion.com.",5009
-"You may need your own amazon account to use certain amazon services, and you may be required to be logged in to the account and have a valid payment method associated with it.",5010
-"If any part of this agreement is found to be invalid or unenforceable, that part of the agreement will no longer apply.",5011
-"All content included in or made available through any amazon service, such as text, graphics, logos, button icons, images, audio clips, digital downloads, data compilations, and software is the property of amazon or its content suppliers and protected by united states and international copyright laws.",5012
-"By accessing or using any of the services, you agree to be bound by these terms.",5013
-"Fitbit and its affiliates are referred to as ``fitbit,'' ``we,'' ``us,'' or ``our'' in these terms.",5014
-The rights you grant us in this section 5 are only for the limited purpose of offering and improving the fitbit service.,5015
-"(iv) calling numbers (whether singly, sequentially or automatically) to generate income for yourself or others as a result of merely placing the call, other than for your individual business communications (and subject to paragraph 4.1 of the terms of use) ; and ",5016
-"11.1 subject to the terms of this license agreement (``license agreement''), as set out in this section 11, and these other terms, and your payment of applicable subscription fees, headspace grants you a limited, non-exclusive, revocable license to stream, download and make personal non-commercial use of the products.",5017
-We sometimes offer free trials of our premium services or other promotional offers (each a ``free trial'').,5018
-"If you are under the age of 18, your parent or legal guardian must accept this agreement on your behalf.",5019
-"We may assign these terms, in whole or in part, at any time without notice to you.",5020
-"To the extent the parties are permitted under these terms to initiate litigation in a court, both you and snap group limited agree that all claims and disputes (whether contractual or otherwise) arising out of or relating to the terms or the use of the services will be litigated exclusively in the courts of england in the united kingdom, unless this is prohibited by the laws of the country where you reside.",5021
-"While spotify accepts no responsibility for third party applications or the content thereof, and while your relationship with such third party applications may be governed by separate agreements with such third parties, to the extent permitted by applicable law, your sole and exclusive remedy, as with respect to spotify, for any problems or dissatisfaction with third party applications or the content thereof, is to uninstall and/or stop using any such third party applications.",5022
-You are responsible for all activity that occurs in association with your account.,5023
-You agree that any termination of your nintendo account may also affect any associated nintendo accounts as described in article 2.,5024
-"Just because you authored a musical work (e.g., wrote a song) does not mean you have the right to grant us the licenses in this eula.",5025
-"Blizzard entertainment shall not be held liable for any delay or failure to perform under any circumstances resulting from causes outside the reasonable control of blizzard entertainment ; including without limitation any failure to perform hereunder due to unforeseen circumstances or cause beyond blizzard entertainment's control such as acts of god, war, terrorism, riots, embargoes, acts of civil or military authorities, fire, floods, accidents, strikes, or shortages of transportation facilities, fuel, energy, labor or materials.",5026
-"A.iii or the entirety of this section 11 is found to be unenforceable, then the entirety of this section 11 will be null and void and, in such case, the parties agree that the exclusive jurisdiction and venue described in section 17 will govern any action arising out of or related to this eula.",5027
-"By using the products, you acknowledge that you understand and agree that the united states and the united kingdom may not have the same level of protections for your personal information that exist in your country of residence, and you nonetheless consent to the processing and storage of your personal information in the united states and the united kingdom.",5028
-Either you or we may start arbitration proceedings.,5029
-We have no liability or responsibility for the privacy and information security practices or other actions of any third-party applications that you choose to access through your accounts with us.,5030
-The following terms (``software terms'') apply to any software (including any updates or upgrades to the software) and any related documentation we make available to you in connection with amazon services (the ``amazon software'').,5031
-"Prices, crossed-out rates and best price guarantee ",5032
-"Except as otherwise described in our privacy policy or any additional terms we provide to you, you agree that (i) your user content will be treated as non-confidential and non-proprietary and will not be returned, and (ii) linden lab does not assume any obligation of any kind to you or any third party with respect to your user content.",5033
-"In the event that these agreements conflict with the provisions of these terms, these terms will govern.",5034
-"In the event that the company makes any future change to the mandatory arbitration provision (other than a change to the company's arbitration notice address), you may reject any such change by sending us written notice within 30 days of the change to the company's arbitration notice address, in which case your account with the company and your license to use the service will terminate immediately, and this dispute resolution provision, as in effect immediately prior to the amendments you reject, will survive the termination of this eula.",5035
-Pricing and availability of virtual money and virtual goods are subject to change without notice.,5036
-- ordered on (*) / received on (*) ; ,5037
-"We will endeavor to notify you by email or at the next time you attempt to access your account after any such deactivation, termination or suspension.",5038
-"User material does not include the account information, product purchase, or product use information which you provide in registering for and using products.",5039
-"Please note that you may be charged for your cancellation in accordance with the accommodation provider's cancellation, (pre) payment and no-show policy or not be entitled to any repayment of any (pre) paid amount.",5040
-Price changes for paid subscriptions will take effect at the start of the next subscription period following the date of the price change.,5041
-(4) using software products that ``packet sniff'' or provide scripting and/or macroing to obtain information from world of warcraft.,5042
-"In addition, to the extent permitted by applicable law, we (including our parent, subsidiaries, and affiliates, and our and their officers, directors, agents and employees) are not liable, and you agree not to hold us responsible, for any damages or losses (including, but not limited to, loss of money, goodwill or reputation, profits, other intangible losses, or any special, indirect, or consequential damages) resulting directly or indirectly from : the content you provide (directly or indirectly) using the services ; your use of or your inability to use our services ; pricing, shipping, format, or other guidance provided by ebay ; delays or disruptions in our services ; viruses or other malicious software obtained by accessing or linking to our services ; glitches, bugs, errors, or inaccuracies of any kind in our services ; damage to your hardware device from the use of any ebay service ; the content, actions, or inactions of third parties, including items listed using our services or the destruction of allegedly fake items ; a suspension or other action taken with respect to your account or breach of the abusing ebay section above ; the duration or manner in which your listings appear in search results as set out in the listing conditions section above ; or your need to modify practices, content, or behavior, or your loss of or inability to do business, as a result of changes to this user agreement or our policies.",5043
-"All information called for in the notice must be provided, including a description of the nature and basis of the claims the party is asserting and the relief sought.",5044
-Linden lab may suspend or terminate your account at any time for any reason.,5045
-Neither you nor the company will participate in a class action or class-wide arbitration for any claims covered by this agreement.,5046
-We do not guarantee we will take action against all breaches of this user agreement.,5047
-"You must not interfere or disrupt the service or servers or networks connected to the service, including by transmitting any worms, viruses, spyware, malware or any other code of a destructive or disruptive nature.",5048
-"You must be at least eighteen (18) years of age to use myfitnesspal, eighteen (18) years of age to use under armour shopping (unless otherwise specified in separate policies applicable to certain specific jurisdictions) and at least thirteen (13) years of age to use the other services.",5049
diff --git a/data/terms_of_service/train.csv b/data/terms_of_service/train.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index 0657131431f8f93a6cebc3b3ba66896f94df20a3..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/terms_of_service/train.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-Sentence,Label,ID
-"Crowdtangle may change these terms of service, as described above, notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in any agreement between you and crowdtangle.",potentially unfair,0
-"You acknowledge that any reliance upon any such introduction, opinion, profile, advice, statement or information and any resulting participation or action shall be at your sole risk.",not potentially unfair,1
-"Because the law may or may not recognize certain intellectual property rights in any particular content, you should consult a lawyer if you want legal advice regarding your legal rights in a specific situation.",not potentially unfair,2
-"These requirements can be found on the website and the google, apple and amazon app marketplaces.",not potentially unfair,3
-Fitbit will not seek its attorneys' fees and costs in arbitration unless the arbitrator determines that your claim is frivolous.,not potentially unfair,4
-Tripadvisor does not knowingly collect the information of anyone under the age of 13.,not potentially unfair,5
-"V) any content downloaded or otherwise obtained through the use of our resources is done at your own discretion and risk, and that you are solely responsible for any damage to your computer or other devices for any loss of data that may result from the download of such content.",not potentially unfair,6
-No oral or written information or advice given by the licensor or its authorized representative shall create a warranty.,not potentially unfair,7
-Products that you may acquire via third-party shopping services are not registered to your nintendo account.,not potentially unfair,8
-"To the maximum extent permitted by law, we (together with our officers, directors, employees, representatives, affiliates, providers and third parties) do not accept any liability for (a) any inaccuracies or omissions in the content displayed on or via the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms ; or (b) any act of god, accident, delay or any special, exemplary, punitive, indirect, incidental or consequential loss or damage of any kind (including, without limitation, lost profits or lost savings), whether based in contract, tort (including negligence), strict liability or otherwise, incurred by you arising out of or in connection with your access to, use of, or inability to access or use, the skyscanner services and/or skyscanner platforms or any content contained provided therein.",potentially unfair,9
-"• you are a small-scale independent production company, non-profit, or artist, in which case you may use the vimeo service to showcase or promote your own creative works.",not potentially unfair,10
-7.8 user material is not considered to be confidential.,not potentially unfair,11
-You may opt-out of receiving text (sms) messages from uber at any time by following the directions found at http://t.uber.com/sms-unsubscribe.,not potentially unfair,12
-The new rate will apply to your next phone call after the new rates have been published.,not potentially unfair,13
-Our aim is to provide the best delivery service possible.,not potentially unfair,14
-"Supercell may reject, refuse to post or delete any user content for any or no reason, including, but not limited to, user content that in the sole judgment of supercell violates these terms of service.",potentially unfair,15
-"Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, you acknowledge and agree that you shall have no ownership or other property interest in the account, and you further acknowledge and agree that all rights in and to the account are and shall forever be owned by and inure to the benefit of supercell.",not potentially unfair,16
-Such termination or suspension may be immediate and without notice.,not potentially unfair,17
-"You are responsible for identifying, understanding, and complying with all laws, rules and regulations that apply to your participation in an experience, event or other host service.",not potentially unfair,18
-"F. does not contain any unsolicited or unauthorised advertising, promotional material, ``junk mail'', ``spam'', ``chain letters'', ``pyramid schemes'' or any other form of solicitation ; and ",not potentially unfair,19
-We believe that you own your data and preserving your access to such data is important.,not potentially unfair,20
-"7.3 skype and/or its licensors retain exclusive ownership of the software, products and skype websites and all intellectual property therein (whether or not registered and anywhere in the world).",not potentially unfair,21
-"This website may contain discussion forums, bulletin boards, review services or other forums in which you or third parties may post reviews of travel experiences or other content, messages, materials or other items on this website (``interactive areas'').",not potentially unfair,22
-"• attempt to probe, scan, or test the vulnerability of any academia.edu system or network or breach any security or authentication measures ; ",not potentially unfair,23
-"Except for any claim relating to your or our intellectual property (such as trademarks, trade dress, domain names, trade secrets, copyrights and patents) (``excluded disputes''), you and onavo agree to resolve through final and binding arbitration any claim between you and onavo, including its affiliates, officers, directors, employees and agents and its affiliates' officers, directors, employees and agents (whether or not such dispute also involves a third party), regarding any aspect of your relationship with us, including these terms, your use of any of onavo's services, your rights of privacy and/or publicity, or any contacts you may have with us, directly or indirectly, for any reason (``dispute'').",potentially unfair,24
-"You may not use the services (other than certain commercial tools) to sell a product or service, increase traffic to your own website or a third-party website for commercial reasons, such as advertising sales, or otherwise undertake any endeavor aimed at deriving revenue.",not potentially unfair,25
-Currency quotes may not be updated on a daily basis.,not potentially unfair,26
-2.4 you grant certain content licenses to other users by submitting your content to publicly accessible areas of the service.,not potentially unfair,27
-"In no event shall linden lab or any of its directors, officers, employees, shareholders, subsidiaries, agents or licensors be responsible or liable to you or to any third party for any loss or damages of any kind, including for any direct, indirect, economic, exemplary, incidental, consequential, reliance, special, or punitive losses or damages or disgorgement or comparable equitable remedy, for lost data or lost profits, arising (whether in contract, tort, strict liability or otherwise) out of or in connection with the service (including its modification or termination), the software, the websites, the servers, your account (including its termination or suspension) or this agreement, whether or not linden lab may have been advised that any such damages might or could occur and notwithstanding the failure of essential purpose of any remedy.",potentially unfair,28
-20.1 this section applies if you select a third-party payment system that enables you to pay for skype credit and certain paid for products via your mobile phone bill where applicable (``pay by mobile'').,not potentially unfair,29
-"These terms, and any other policies or rules we reference in these terms, make up the entire agreement between you and us relating to the subject matter of these terms, and supersede all prior understandings of the parties relating to the subject matter of these terms, whether those prior understandings were electronic, oral or written, or whether established by custom, practice, policy or precedent, between you and us.",not potentially unfair,30
-"Notwithstanding any provision in the user agreement to the contrary, you and we agree that if we make any amendment to this agreement to arbitrate (other than an amendment to any notice address or site link provided herein) in the future, that amendment shall not apply to any claim that was filed in a legal proceeding against ebay prior to the effective date of the amendment.",not potentially unfair,31
-We can each end this contract anytime we want.,potentially unfair,32
-Your user content will be processed by zynga in accordance with its privacy policy.,not potentially unfair,33
-"Take any action that damages or adversely affects, or could damage or adversely affect the performance or proper functioning of the airbnb platform ; ",not potentially unfair,34
-"Verified images (as defined below) are intended only to indicate a photographic representation of a listing at the time the photograph was taken, and are therefore not an endorsement by airbnb of any host or listing.",not potentially unfair,35
-You acknowledge and agree that posting any such user content may result in immediate termination or suspension of your spotify account.,potentially unfair,36
-We may revise these terms from time to time.,potentially unfair,37
-Software development kits provided through skype developer on the skype website (including ``skypekit'') and the use of any application program interface (``api'') exposed or made available by skype are subject to their own licensing terms in which case such licensing terms will govern your use of that software.,not potentially unfair,38
-"Depending on the third party accounts you choose and subject to the privacy settings that you have set in such third party accounts, personally identifiable information that you post to your third party accounts will be available on and through your account on the site and services.",not potentially unfair,39
-"Any attempt by you to assign or transfer these terms, without such consent, will be null and of no effect.",not potentially unfair,40
-"The services are provided by google inc. (``google''), located at 1600 amphitheatre parkway, mountain view, ca 94043, united states.",not potentially unfair,41
-"Tinder does not represent or warrant that (a) the service will be uninterrupted, secure or error free, (b) any defects or errors in the service will be corrected, or (c) that any content or information you obtain on or through the services will be accurate.",potentially unfair,42
-"For notices made to members residing outside of germany, the date of receipt will be deemed the date on which airbnb transmits the notice.",not potentially unfair,43
-Special provisions applicable to developers/operators of applications and websites ,not potentially unfair,44
-You will not solicit login information or access an account belonging to someone else.,not potentially unfair,45
-"You may be able to access certain third-party links, applications or content (``third-party applications'') via accounts related to our services.",not potentially unfair,46
-Use of the fitbit service should not replace your good judgment and common sense.,not potentially unfair,47
-"Except as expressly agreed by the company and you, this eula constitutes the entire agreement between you and the company with respect to the subject matter hereof, and supersedes all previous or contemporaneous agreements, whether written or oral, between the parties with respect to the subject matter herein.",not potentially unfair,48
-"You agree that all of yahoo's trademarks, trade names, service marks and other yahoo logos and brand features, and product and service names are trademarks and the property of yahoo holdings, inc. (the ``yahoo marks'').",not potentially unfair,49
diff --git a/data/tweet_eval_hate/task.json b/data/tweet_eval_hate/task.json
deleted file mode 100644
index a511cbb7be11e790d979c19d6c68f0e86d1f9330..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/tweet_eval_hate/task.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"name": "tweet_eval_hate", "description": "", "data_columns": ["Tweet", "ID"], "label_columns": {"Label": ["hate speech", "not hate speech"]}}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/tweet_eval_hate/test_unlabeled.csv b/data/tweet_eval_hate/test_unlabeled.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index 1a58b6ca5b8bb9bf215f30fe3a23916b407781e0..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/tweet_eval_hate/test_unlabeled.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2967 +0,0 @@
-Tweet,ID
-"@user id marry this fukin whore,& let the bitch behind her be best lady at the wedding",50
-And on and it goes. #BUILDTHATWALL,51
-"This whole ""love will find you if you wait"" is some bs. Bitch I been waiting my whole life and to whenI look for love I still can't find it",52
-i am s1-3 damon salvatore's bitch. i've been called a white man's whore,53
-@user And what happened you line backer bitch ??? NO ONE TOUCHED ME FAT HOE GET GHOST,54
-@user farm rapes are real too bitch,55
-@user @user Shut the fuck up ! #BuildThatWall,56
-@user in 1980 Texas was 70% White today (After #Regan's #Amnesty which Flipped CA BLUE & got us 20Million Illegals) it's barely 48% & 7 of the 15 fastest-growing large cities between July 2016 & July 2017 were located in Texas #NoDACA NO #DACA because it means PERPETUAL #OpenBorders,57
-"""""""We stand with Dreamers"""" Yeah? Go stand with them in their home countries. Undocumented and Unafraid is Unacceptable. #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll #EnoughIsEnough""",58
-Border Patrol Agents Arrest Group of 163 Migrants in Arizona Desert via @user #StopTheInvasion #BuildThatWall,59
-Whoever did this deserves an OBE. #RefugeesNotWelcome,60
-Coulter: Liberals Never Sleep (And Neither Does Jeff Sessions) | Breitbart via @user @user is the only person in DC serious about immigration reform. #BuildTheWallNow @user @user We want our wall and #EndDaca,61
-@user You commies live in LALA LAND! #MAGA #NoDACA #howdoyoulikeusnow,62
-@user @user naw she's now a fat untalented bitch just like whoever responds to your tweet. This isn't 1996 when she was hot,63
-#IllegalAliens is not hate speech,64
-why does this whore actually beg off my boyfriend? he DONT like you bitch.,65
-"@user bitch, you lying to your damn self thinking you're ugly",66
-Pussy ass bitch cunt fuck I HATE YOU.,67
-"Agreed but add traitor to that list as well ok, thank you @user @user #BuildTheWall #LockThemUp #EndDACA now !!!!!!!!!!!",68
-"My bitch ass brother cooked salmon an didn't clean up ANTHIN , now the whole fuckin house smells like DIRTY PUSSY #ITWENTTHRUTHEVENTS",69
-Because it's against the law and undermines the honest efforts of LEGAL immigrants seeking the American dream. #SendThemBack,70
-"@user @user @user Yep, five #Libtarded countries that opened borders for Rapefugee Savages and are blaming their own women and girls for being raped, nice try, #AmericaFirst #WalkAway #MAGA2018 #LiberalismIsAMentalDisease",71
-"I be lowkey puzzled when random hoes block me...like bitch ion even know you, fuck you mad at me for?",72
-She called me a thot bitch you's a lil hoe too,73
-"@user Seems it takes a 2/3 vote to do that, and the Dems won't do it.#BuyFromInAndOut #InternetBillOfRights #DarkLeft #WalkAway #ReinstateRobynGritz #JimJordan4Speaker #2A #DefundPP #ChainDeportation #BuildThatWall #NationalReciprocity #1A #FreeJulian #BoycottNFL",74
-"ima mf asshole, bitch I'm the shit.",75
-brianne swear to god she beyoncé 😂 bitch you from the calliope project ass hoe,76
-Not being boastful but OML I bet any bitch you fckin with ain like me period .. you down bad I promise them hoes go bend and fold on you,77
-"How old is Asshole Eggsalad, like 20? 7 months, bitch #BabyDriver",78
-"START VETTING THE #ILLEGALALIENS THEY TRANSMIT THESE PARASITES INTO OUR COUNTRY USA. PAGUES. PANDORAS BOX. SOUTHERN BORDER. SHIPS. AND AIRPLANES!! THESE PARASITES ARE ON OUR PUBLIC BEACHES, PARKS, STREETSM TREES, ROADS, GRASSES STORES, LIBRARIES, HOTELS, HOSPITALS, SCHOOLS ETC!!",79
-Bitch don't think at all that you was different hoe you basic😘👍,80
-period boobs got you feelin like a whole new bitch,81
-"Cause when we all link and I'm drunk, Ima whole new bitch 😂",82
-Sanctuary County: Illegal Alien Gang Member With Violent History Shot Two People At Fast Food Drive-Thru #DeportThemALL #BanSanctuaryCitiesNo citizen should ever be the victim of Illegal Alien Crime.,83
-This is third world shit happening in AMERICA! What the hell is happening! They r trying to take over our country! Minnesotas leadership sure let them down by accepting all those refugees! Disgusting! #AnimalSacrificeInAmerica #MAGA #NoRefugees #SendThemBack,84
-You hit the hoe she lay there I hit the bitch she fuck back And boy She is noisy I can't shut her up And boy she annoys me,85
-@user happy 4th birthday big bitch!,86
-@user @user #EnemyCombatants should be used by @user to stop them from aiding and abetting Terrorist-but DOJ spends 24/7 spying instead in innocent Trump & WTP for winning!! ##IllegalAliens endanger our children & schools.,87
-Bitch told me I couldn't withstand the storm told that cunt I am the storm 😈,88
-@user @user YES. IT WAS OBAMA. WE CAN WITNESS #MAGA #WalkAway #LeaveDNC #VoteRed2018 #Trump2020 #TrumpPence2020 #WakeUp #NoJihad #NoDACA,89
-The latest Immigration-News! Thanks to @user @user @user #immigration #illegalaliens,90
-Sometimes I wish my bitch ass wasn't clumsy bc I fell and scraped my knee at the pool and everybody saw me fall,91
-@user In ceuta Spain at the borderRefugees go home,92
-@user This should be seen far & Wide.@realDonaldTrump #BUILDTHATWALL,93
-"This will happen here w more murders of Americans, if Democrats get their way!! Vote!!! Get out & VOTE this November!! #Midterms #MAGA #Trump #VoteDemsOut #America #Conservatives #StandWithTrump #standforAmerica #USA #IllegalAliens #BuildTheWall",94
-"It baffles me that women allow themselves to get mistreated by ain't shit ass dudes. BITCH you beautiful, act like it!!!!",95
-He's an asshole anyway. He's in the army and sees everyone else as being far below him. He's so full of himself and he's an unfunny cunt.,96
-Be that bitch that says you don't want those hoes in your home. Why do you even have to be friends with his friwnds? #friendzone,97
-The stakes for immigration in Judge Kavanaugh's confirmation #BrettKavanaugh #Immigration #IllegalImmigration #IllegalAliens,98
-@user How many #illegalaliens use twitter?,99
-#IllegalAliens just curious to see what this is all about. #IllegalAliens. Twitter is bizarre.,100
-Bitch ima zoe i dont do pledge of Allegiance fuck you lil hoe lock the door if you leaving 🙃,101
-"Miserable loves company 🤗, that's why a bitch can't get an argument from me , argue with yourself hoe cause I like to fight 😅",102
-RT: Would you have an issue if President Trump used the Military to #BuildTheWall #BuildThatWallTrump: I could use MILITARY to build my wall if Congress plays tough via @user,103
-"@user Bitch stop it, bum ass hoe you lame as hell Rudy",104
-@user BITCH I JUST LOVE U AS A WHOLE U MY DUDE,105
-"@user Brazil is a sh*thole. This is the same place where they beheaded a referee during a soccer game, then proceeded to cut his body to pieces. IN THE STADIUM. This is a normal occurrence in Brazil, yet the Left says if we don't have open borders then we're ""racist."" #BuildThatWall",106
-@user @user Bitch ass hoe answer my question haha you going?,107
-"Also I've heard vegans make some wild af false equivalencies lol. Like ""dairy is rape"". Bitch no rape is rape, dairy is delicious.",108
-#BUILDTHATWALL#MAGA||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| _| .) Trump is your President.| |,109
-✨🌈: wasupppp dyke😂 I love you daddy lmaooo you my bitch and you cute and gay asffff smoke one before school hoe !,110
-"@user ICYMI: #IllegalAlien Accused of Raping, Trafficking Girl in Louisiana #NoDACA #NoAmnesty #NoChainMigration #AngelMoms #MAGA",111
-@user BITCH I LOVE YOU WITH MY WHOLE HEART UR MY FAVE PERSON EVER THANK U ❤️,112
-lol i will beat the dog shit outta this bitch bruh i swear that 5 hour drive ain't shit i already don't like you lil hoe.,113
-"@user @user YAY , live in Michoacan, Mexico where police are blindfolded and dump in the streets dead with notes on there body taughting the police! #buildthatwall",114
-Fuck whoever said that cause you a bad bitch and far from a hoe Anna queen ❤️,115
-White shoes are so cute but such a bitch to keep clean 😤,116
-I'm really too grown to get out w a Bitch to fight but it's a certain level of disrespect with you whores and I will handle mine,117
-"when someone stepped on my shoes, me: ""bITCH ITS PUMA""",118
-"@user Calling them #IllegalAliens is heartless. Therfore, I won't call them #IllegalAliens.",119
-"@user Trump called McCain a loser for being a POW, as was my dad. Your skanky arse, will soon be on the street. Few want 50+ whore",120
-"There's absolutely no bitch or hoe in my blood. I think people underestimate that, though-which is fine. You'll just learn the hard way.",121
-"@user , you are correct that Reid certainly is a weasel. Sadly, we've got our own weasels; @user Sen McConnell & @user .The corrupt Mueller investigation w/be STOPPED if those 3 did their jobs.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #USA",122
-@user @user Hoe ass bitch you was just trying to suck my dick 😂😂😂😂😂😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭ὢ,123
-The Wall funding.. before or after election? Trump threatens shutdown of government over border wall. #safety #Trump#BuildThatWall #safety #Shutdown,124
-"Democrats, the party of hypocrites, they will say WHATEVER gets them votes. #MAGA#EndDACA#EndChainMigration#EndSanctuaryCities#DeportThemAll#DeportIllegalFamiliesTogether #FamiliesBelongTogether IF they're legally here, if not they need to go back.",125
-@user @user Was Palestine EVER a sovereign nation? #MAGA #NoDACA #howdoyoulikeusnow,126
-I get called a hoe way too often for someone who isn't a hoe. Like bitch I wish I was a hoe smh you not hurting my feelings that's my goal,127
-uGh n e ways my irl always pushing me to buy svt hi touch ticket and the puma shoes uH BITCH i would've bought them if i have money annoYing,128
-Who said that a #BorderWall won't work???? #BuildTheWall #Buildthatwall #NoAmnesty #SendThemBack,129
-#BuildThatWall . #ICE SHOULD BE COMMENDED EVERY HOUR.,130
-@user Fine bitch just come the fuck here !!!,131
-The audacity and impudence of this #TrumpCrimeFamily leaves one absolutely astonished What about all the families that u have broken up & destroyed ?#sendthemback,132
-"""Matteo Salvini, Deputy PM, Italy @user """"Now they (refugees) want war in our country"""" """"Better we send them home""""#Salvini #Britain #refugeesnotwelcome""",133
-@user Haters are going to hate. They hate truth Mr. President. The more haters the left throws at you the more you know you are on the right track. It is sedition. We all see it. We have your back! #MAGA2018 #StringerTogether #RunRunAway #ProudDeplorable #BuildThatWall,134
-@user @user @user @user @user Allison mack. She explained how it works at the border. #BuildThatWall #WalkAway. #whatmsmwonttellyou,135
-"It legitimately makes me sad when people try to use whore/slut as an insult, it's 2017 lol stop living in 1887",136
-@user i hope this bitch gets raped,137
-@user Bitch you were supposed to be home 30mins ago you fat hoe,138
-"i was like oH hEll nO bITCh, so i just kinda like looked away and he went to sit down and the whole time he kept looking over at me",139
-"@user , She must be a miserable person if something THAT innocuous gets her upset. I'd hate to be in HER head.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue #AllLivesMatter",140
-got the same cum dumpster whore i always get at post office. gave me a hard time. bitch.,141
-I love how you are basically using this as an excuse to invade this country. I don't deny that your kind (Mestizos) are part Native American. But it doesn't mean shit. The Europeans built a far more advanced civilization than the Natives could ever dream of. #DeportThemAll,142
-#Dont Believe #Democrats and @user Lies Illegal Aliens work the Same #Jobs that Americans Work taking Jobs From Citizens and lowering Citizen Wages #WalkAway #VoteDemsOut #BlackTwitter #Jobs #Trump #MAGA #SendThemHome #NoAmnesty #Immigration,143
-Thank you @user for doing nothing while a homeless man called me bitch and a hoe 3in. from my face while your patrol car was at the light,144
-bitch is episode 41 out yet im going to kms i hate having to wait a whole week for new episodes,145
-"@user @user What about Mollie Tibbetts. She's permanently separated from her family.Don't hear any concern about her, after being MURDERED by an ILLEGAL ALIEN!#DeportThemAll #DeportTheWholeFamily",146
-#Illegals are not immunized therefore bringing more illness into our country. #BuildThatWall,147
-@user Wake the fuck up and fight back! #Savethewest #sendthemback,148
-Eyebrows waxed...feel like a whole new bitch🙃,149
-"I may be a bitch, but never call me a thief. I may be a cunt, but I will never steal.",150
-Yeah Bc this bitch boutta get raped and murdered so no shit she ain't ever comin back,151
-Used be my bitch I want you back but you a hoe now,152
-"@user We need to improve our country, schools, neighborhoods, hospitals, prisons, by kicking out the illegals. #BuildTheDamnWall #BuildThatWall",153
-Idgaf who u r bitch I will swing on any of you hoes who touch my bestie!!! Swear to god u ducking hating ass bitches!!!!!,154
-This needs to go viral! Please RT! #BuildThatWall,155
-I may or may not have told my bitch ass neighbor that I'd rape her eye socket til she sees the light shining out my ass.... I did.,156
-@user BITCH HOW DARE YOU SUPPORT NACYS HOE ASS!!! IF SHE HAD LISTENED BARB WOULDNT OF DIED,157
-So the government are going to sort out the homeless good idea #stopimmigration #ForBritain #britishhomesforbritishpeople,158
-I told them hoez I only neede one pain killer but they told me take 2 just in case and bitch let me tell you,159
-@user What is cruel is everyone of these American families was forcefully separated (torn apart) by death at the hands of Illegal Aliens who you protect. #DeportThemAll#BanSanctuaryCities#NoAsylum,160
-Bitch cunt dick,161
-Theyre called #AnchorBabies Thank you @user #BuildTheWall #SendThemBack,162
-But I'll just look at God and be like...let that worthless cunt cry a fucking river until she drowns herself in it...fucking hypocrite bitch,163
-@user @user Levi's use to be an American company. It is not nothing but a global socialist company that uses slave labor to make products. Then ship them back to America and charge outrageous inflated prices. I don't buy and want start now. #MAGA #DrainingTheSwamp #BuildThatWall,164
-"""If a chick isn't a virgin before marriage, kill her.""""If a chick disobeys her father or husband, beat her"".""Only whores don't wear veils""- Religion of Lurv.Modern Firang Krischans are cucked LARPers and that's why their wahmyn are preferring to go to rapefugee camps.",165
-"CBS: Driver an Illegal Alien was drunk, high at time of fatal Donna crash that killed 6 year old girl. Yet another victim whose life was stolen by an illegal alien.When will you end this?#BuildTheWall #NoAmnesty #NoDACA #DeportThemAll",166
-The Illegal wanted to get another #AnchorBaby for Welfare and use that as an excuse not to be deported ! They can go back to Mexico with Him Aidos ! #Trump #MAGA #Immigration #SendThemBack ! #,167
-@user Im a Texan but Im rooting for to win. Saw you @user this morning and was very impressed with your credentials and your service to our great country! Wish I could cast a vote for you. Best of luck! #MAGA #KAGA #BuildThatWall,168
-"Ice cream machine was down, which means no Frape. No coffee = bitch 💁♀️",169
-"Read President Trump's tweet.Unless we VOTE #RedWaveRising, the#Demonrats will pass amnesty & open border legislation.They choose illegals over American citizens time & time again.#NoAmnesty #EndCatchAndRelease #EndChainMigration #NoVisaLottery#MandatoryEverify #BuildTheWall",170
-"Oh no, not Jed ""I'm gonna rape this zombie bitch"" & ""Anime games are pedophilic trash"" Whitaker. Whatever will gam…",171
-3 Americans Killed by Illegal Alien Drunk Driver #NoAmnesty #DeportThemAll #KeepAmericansSafe,172
-Fuck a bitch these hoes Trife I anit looking fa no wife if a nigga fall off you think that hoe gone getchu right,173
-Fuck you then bitch @user Cheap ass hoe,174
-First thing they say is that you a hoe . Bitch where...,175
-If it's fuck me then it's fuck you. Y give a fuck? Yall still 👿hoes👿 playing tic tac like some bitch 👿ass kids. Undercover 😡booty faggots. 👿,176
-bay bitch always on the move witch dick to dick don't know who to pick you think you're going up i'll keep it on the low you're just a hoe,177
-"Gold digging, incompetent, ignorant, insecure, Goliath ass bitch. Well fuck you. I'm David. I got my damn slingshot. Gtfo my house hoe",178
-"Mega-Rich #Family behind #Opioid #Crisis has second, secret opioid company ::: (We are #destroying ourselves from within) #Drugs@realDonaldTrump @user @user @user",179
-"Lol if we're being honest I spent the whole day depressed as a bitch in my room, this is the only time I've felt ok today .. rn at 11pm",180
-Dr. Vliet on #FOXNews 7/12/2014 @user Nothing has changed! #Illegals bring #USA diseases!#BuildThatWall ASAP.@DrLee4America,181
-This website says it all!No.Carolina you have a serious problem.Illegal Aliens are sexually assaulting you children at an incredible rate.You must DEMAND this be stopped.#DeathPenalty for#ChildRape#DeportThemAllBefore the next victim!,182
-#BarackObama is a lying #degenerate #SocialismSucks #SocialJustice#snowflakes #EndDACA#ObamaLegacy #Federalist69 #unmaskANTIFA #MSM #FakeNews #EnemyOfThePeople #WeaponOfMassDeception,183
-Slave Labor is all around us but is ignored and called something else. Fight to remove it and human trafficking too. Paying someone low wages under the threat of turning them into ICE is treating them as your slaves. #BuildTheWall #BuildThatWall,184
-No sympathy if you cant come here legally you're not welcome. #DeportThemAll,185
-This bitch got me taking ibuprofen for the headache she's giving me 😒🖕🖕🖕🖕🖕🖕🖕🖕 cunt,186
-@user You nasty little slutty whore your Pussy belong to me,187
-"@user You are confused which Obama, Soros, the MSM want. It is the aforementioned NWO elites that are conning you. Do your research and learn the truth. Thank God Trump won!!!#MAGA #AMERICAFIRST #BuildTheWall #NoDACA #NoChainImmigration #NoAnchorBabies #NoSanctuaryCities",188
-@user @user @user @user @user One man's conspiracy is another man's truth.#BuyFromInAndOut #InternetBillOfRights #DarkLeft #WalkAway #ReinstateRobynGritz #JimJordan4Speaker #2A #DefundPP #ChainDeportation #BuildThatWall #NationalReciprocity #1A #FreeJulian #BoycottNFL,189
-"@user Dan, WAY too tough to choose between all the lying, deceitful corrupt losers representing Dems (& some GOP). The list is long & disgusting. Embarrassing that we pay these lying losers large salaries to corrupt our democracy.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #USA",190
-I hate being used. lied to. taken advantage of. I hate fake people. Don't ask if this is about you. If the shoe fits lace that bitch up👌,191
-@user @user His own fault #SENDTHEMBACK,192
-"""""""#Refugee"""" said """"I'll kill 10s of you, and then I go back. I can EAT HUMANS NOW."""" those #Rapefugees are #invaders, #pedophiles, #terrorists, #rapists, #cannibals, #jewish servants,!! #Islam is not a #ReligionOfPeace !#WhitePeople WAKE UP.!""",193
-I really be feeling like a whole new ass bitch with my hair straight,194
-"The ""hate"" is using the phrase ""illegal alien"" or ""criminal alien."" For this, Twitter refused to allow the organization to promote its tweets. @user #IllegalAliens",195
-Getting played like bitch why you so jealous... I'm not gone brag onna nigga I'm playing. That's what HOES do,196
-"To all the bitch ass hoes that hate me the most, oh yeah I hate you too",197
-I dont want your bitch nigga. If i did her bags and her shoes and jewelery would get better.,198
-@user if there were a female 007 SJW's would bitch about portraying violence against women.,199
-A nigga that beat thou women is a bitch💯,200
-Must read. Its like looking into the future hell bitch face clinton would have put us into. We literally dodged a serious bullet folks. #MAGA #KAG #BuildThatWall,201
-"@user niggas be eating sleep for dinner cause he feeding a bitch that ain’t letting him in the same vicinity as the box, smh",202
-#DACA is Illegal Will End- Because their Parents Are Criminals Crossing a Border Illegally or OverStaying their Visas Doesnt mean their kids get to stay Stop Rewarding Illegal #Immigration Enforce the Laws #NoDACA #NoAmnesty #Trump #MAGA #SendThemBack,203
-It's time for Africans to reevaluate their relations with #China. To me this a new scramble for #Africa.#Sendthemhome,204
-"I wish the word hoe/hoes/whore didn't exist, I really feel like those words have the sexually liberated ladies scared to be themselves",205
-"@user I dont want any effing refugees! Not in Greece, not in America, not anywhere in the West! #SendThemBack!",206
-"@user @user @user He's an illegal, regardless. #SendThemBack",207
-i LOVE you you are one of my closest friends here and i love everything about our friendship and i just love u so much bitch u are my hoe,208
-"@user What a Asshole..Trump you lieing ""Bitch..",209
-"the day a bitch tries to get me locked up for accused rape, i'll really slap the shit outta her",210
-Your bitch a hoe I be fuckin her mouth if she ain't fuckin I'm kickin her out 🙄,211
-"Obama said ""We can't just put walls up all around America. Walls don't keep out threats like terrorism or disease"". Obama built a brick & metal wall around his house in D.C. So walls are fine for him & his family, but not to protect our borders? HYPOCRITE!! #BuildThatWall",212
-@user @user #IllegalAliens is hate speech?? Lololol wow,213
-"@user They go back for holidays, they get sent back there to Schools.So #SendThemBack.",214
-@user @user Just FYI @user and @user are being blackmailed and controlled by the #DeepState!!! Do whaterver it takes to #BUILDTHATWALL now or it will never be built!!!!,215
-"And anyone who says otherwise is either a grade-A asshole or has no idea what they are talking about. Being depressed is a bitch, but...",216
-"@user Illegal invaders that deserve to be deported, as usual. #DeportThemAll #BuildTheWall #KAG #SupportICE",217
-@user @user @user @user @user @user you don't know me to call me a whore bitch.,218
-I like my niggas mean😍😍😍 If a bitch touch you look at her like she got horse shit on her shirt😘 and tell that hoe too back tf up 😁,219
-"My nail girl was hyping me up the whole time ""I love your hair"" ""I love your eyelashes"" ""I love your outfit"" Like yass bitch, here's ya tip",220
-@user Bitch and you froze mine! Now how am I gonna get new shoes before I leave? 😑,221
-This makes me happy like an alligator. 12.5 million to go.#MAGA#nosanctuarybrewster #BuildTheWall#NoDACA,222
-Keep the toxic people out of your life because they ain't nothing but bitch ass hoes,223
-MS-13 Gang Members Charged With Murder Are Obamas Unaccompanied Minors @user #NoMoreDeaths#KeepAmericansSafe#NoAmnesty #NoDACA #BuildTheWall #DoYourJob !,224
-#newday they are not asylum seekers they are illegal immigrants #sendthemback,225
-"@user #1 illegal aliens, millions of EWI people robbing, maiming, killing our citizens, taking our jobs, fleecing our taxpayers.#votered@realDonaldTrump @user @user @user #AmericaisforAmericans#legalvettedimmigrationonly#boycottviceland#MAGA #NoDACA",226
-I tried to call this bitch @user at 12:21 and she didn't answer. Like why are you sleep wake tf up it's your whole ass birthday,227
-"Shoes? $1,200! Glasses? Like $400. But bitch, my outfit?? $20, bitch. Get yourself together, bitch. Learn how to budget, hoe.",228
-JudicialWatch Revealed Obama Admin Threw Out Public Safety & Natl Security. Ignored Required Background Check In Implementing Its ILLICIT & Unilateral Background Checks On #DACA ILLEGAL Alien Amnesty Program@JudicialWatch #MAGA #EndDACA #TRUMP,229
-welcome to thailand bitch- we find rape culture very humorous and we make jokes out of it smh,230
-@user StopImmigration,231
-To whatever little ain't shit fuck face being a little bitch sending screenshots to my YOUR MOM IS A FUCKING HOE 🙃🙃🙃🙃🙃,232
-@user Especially CA!?! Please!!!!!! #ICE #USCitizensOnlyVOTE#Illegals met with #ICEAgents & arrested & deported permanently!?! #BuildTheDamnWall #NoDACA #NoDEMS New Ppl ONLY!?!,233
-We are living in dangerous times. Losing our identity while the #IllegalAliens steal them. They steal our jobs. #BuildThatWall #stopillegals #saveourjobs #MAGA #DrainTheDeepState #AmericaFirst #AmericansFirst,234
-"This white man called me a cunt? like what is that? Is it like saying ""bitch"" lmao",235
-@user @user @user Yes bitch you better tag me back hoe,236
-"Debunking the myth of economic prosperity through #MassImmigration and #IllegalImmigration of non-Whites into White, Western nations: #money #jobs #U6 #ReplacementMigration #WhiteGenocide",237
-@user happy birthday bitch i hate you come drive & see me you fucking hoe,238
-@user see you again and foreword are easily the best on that bitch.,239
-"You are a whore anyways, so don't complain bitch",240
-@user LOLOLOLOLOLOLOL!! Damn. This guy really is a political WHORE. A first class bend-me-over bitch.,241
-"Mr. President @user @user @user @user @user @user Why don't you all consider @user ideas? What have you got to lose? See what you can do, #BuildThatWall",242
-"Bitch mad idgaf you not even my type hoe 😂😂 find you something safe to do, #bossuplilbitch take care of yo kids @user",243
-@user @user Only 9%?!? Thats shameful! It should be 900%!!! #NoAmnesty #NoDACA,244
-Don't say no slick shit then swear you ain't mean it like that cause bitch na I'm finna hoe you 😂,245
-Cause that's my mans bitch! Stop dicksucking hoes who hoe you lame,246
-You can continue to sit in the punk bitch section with all the other blocked hoes,247
-"I feel like the world mine on some scarface shit, if that your hoe on Instagram then don't tag that bitch",248
-"@user No they shouldn't. #NoDACA, #NoAmnesty.Dreamers could be allowed to apply for legal migration once deported without being penalized for their deportation. Fine. But no amnesty for anyone who's an illegal. The days ignoring illegal immigration are over. Stop it.#BuildTheWall.",249
-STAY THE HELL OUT OF THE WATER. #ARABIANSEA Stupid cunts. #nuclearban #solarban #PSE #MondayMotivation #plasticfree #horses #UN #China #India #Iran #WaterBan #NO #NoDeal #NoDACA #immigrationfraud #Mexico,250
-Happy Birthday Bitch!! You not a teenager no more hoe. Its about damn time! Fuck it up like you been fucking it up!…,251
-"Chyron on @user show:RINO McConnell wants to wait to #BuildThatWall until after the primaries.Like every other personality on a @user network, hes now a full-blown RWNJ propagandist.This happens only with the explicit endorsement of @user .",252
-"Spoken like a true globalist. A borderless, one world government has always been their goal. No borders means social mayhem. The more chaos they foment, the more the public will demand an all powerful superstate. Ordo ab chao (out of chaos, order) is their motto. #BuildThatWall",253
-"Ion care what a bitch think or how a hoe feel , cause ain't none of you hoes paying my bills in ain't none of you hoes finna get me a crib",254
-@user Right like bitch just be a hoe no need to flex you making money of some shit you invented 😂😂,255
-"Whoa. Wake the eff up, Western Society. #wakeup #stoptheinvasion",256
-"Emotional manipulation is at the forefront of the migrant situation -- of course feel for the victims of violence in the Northern Triangle. The perpetrators know this and use it to their advantage for financial and selfish gain. Open borders, big business. #BuildThatWall",257
-hadda unfollow that TALKIN ass bitch damn hoe you annoying,258
-"The military may build part of Trumps #border wall, but it wont be easy #BMGR #BuildThatWall",259
-"If I don't greet you by saying ""hey hoe"" or ""hey bitch"" chances are I don't like you",260
-"P21's @user says @user union ""declaring themselves a #sanctuary union really accomplishes very little because they have no power to impact public policy."" Still, ""legislators need to hold universities accountable.""#highered #IllegalAliens",261
-@user Bitch you seen my mf tweet hoe,262
-ANYONE WHOEVER DOUBTED LOUIS & SAID HE COULDNT SING GO LISTEN TO #BackToYou & IF U DONT CHANGE UR MIND UR JUST A BITTER BITCH,263
-@user @user Sure you want #illegals to flood our state. You care nothing about #citizens but more about #IllegalAliens,264
-"What is it with the eyes, it is so weird, they all them, popping out of head @user @user #BuildTheWall #LockHerUp #BoycottNike #BoycottNFL #EndDACA now",265
-.@NancyPelosi and @user precious illegal aliens! #DeportThemAll #BuildTheDamnWall,266
-When is enough. When is congress going to get rid of this asshole Trump. This son of a bitch is bad news,267
-@user @user @user @user Block u bot. #DemocratsHateAmerica #WalkAwayFromDemocrats #DemocratsAreRacists #WatchDeathOfANation #TrumpForever #GodBlessPOTUSTrump #GodBlessFLOTUSMelania #GodBlessAmerica #KeepAmericaGreat #Trump2020 #Winning #BuildThatWall #VoteRed2018 #USA #USA #USA #USA #USA #USA #USA #USA,268
-"@user Doesnt Think Americans Should Point to the Fact that Mollie Tibbetts Murder is an Illegal Alien to Hide the fact that over 32,000 Criminal Aliens have been incarcerated in the last 40 years for Murder #SendThemBack ! #Trump #MAGA #SundayMorning #RedNationRising",269
-Depression is a whole entire bitch,270
-@user She called me a bitch and doesn't even know me wtf you expect? I ain't gonna play nice I don't even know the hoe 😂,271
-I don't double tex bitch stop playing with me you saw the first tex hoe !,272
-"🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹@LaurenJauregui BITCH I TWEETED YOU SO MANY TIMES STOP BEING A HOE , I LOVE YOU LMAO",273
-i would just like to say happy birthday to my favorite bitch. love u hoe!,274
-Second Impostor in Three Weeks Caught by CBP Biometric Verification Technology at Washington Dulles Airport #facialrecognition #illegalaliens #uscustomsandborderprotection #washingtondullesairport,275
-@user @user That's what happens when you let in a bunch of savages from Africa riddled with diseases!!! #CloseTheBorders #SendThemBack,276
-"@user @user @user Gtfo off europe. Here is no place for you, you rapefugee.",277
-@user Bitch so who you was talking about getcho gay ass on hoe don't pull up nowhere over here,278
-"Put a total #Stopimmigration from countries with so diffrent values, its not even fair to the ones that get left behind. Open door policy is not due to #altruistic reasons, its hyping the real estate market which saves the banks, + old #Leftist trick to buy votes. #bosstweed",279
-@user Yall Ready to #BuildThatWall #LockHerUp #MAGA #RedWave #TrumpTrain .@NCGOP .@RealDonaldTrump .@POTUS .@MagaFirstNews .@PeterBoykin .@MagaOneRadioNet .@TheMagaNetwork,280
-um who are you is probably the most dumb bitch response from a spoiled whore you could get.,281
-"@user @user shut yo whore ass up, bitch",282
-@user @user Corden them off please. #TravelBanToOtherCities #DeportThemAll #NoSanctuaryCities Illegal is illegal GO HOME,283
-Sweden needs to clean house. Who cares what people say or think. There are getting destroyed just to show tolerance. #sendthemback,284
-If it's called face time bitch I wanna see yo face the whole damn time 😂😂😂😂,285
-Kick off ya shoes & relax ya fuckin feet bitch,286
-@user Allies? you mean those political bastards who sold their country to the rapefugee business?,287
-GUNSDems fall into 3 categories1 don't have guns but have bodyguards with guns2 don't have guns but depend on law enforcement to protect them3 gangbangers & bad guys w/guns who pray those who don't#NRA #KAG #MAGA #Trump #POTUS #2A #2Amendment #NEWS #USA #NoDACA #guns,288
-"I have punched a kid, smoked weed with a cancer child. Killed a dog. Raped and got raped by some crazy bitch. There IS a line though..",289
-Bitch really just killed my whole vibe,290
-@user @user @user @user @user Dirty ass feet go take a bath bitch maybe youll ha…,291
-"Bitch u can't insinuate someone else isnt doing anything with their life when u don't know them. 😂 Hoe, you're not…",292
-Where are the Women and Children the Dems are always Bitchin about? #NoIllegals #NoDACA #NoChainMigration #AmericanPeopleFirst,293
-Over 62 million people voted for @user b/c of policies clearly stated at dozens of rallies. #BuildThatWall #TaxCutReformBill #EliminateRegulations #ConstitutionalistsOnSCOTUS #AmericaFirstTradePolicy #EndGovermentWaste #ReformTheVA #DestroyISIS Keeping Promices #MAGA,294
-#IllegalImmigrants #OpenBorders oh yes we can see its all about the little helpless children. These poor babies are all on a boat by themselves. Well now you got to let their parents in too -- so they too can help destroy the local peoples life's. #InSane,295
-Ann Coulter To Those Who Say Trump Lacks Authority To Build Wall Pull Out Your Pocket Constitution via @user #BuildThatWall,296
-"When you're just tryna be happy, but then a bitch ass hoe comes along and ruins your day.....",297
-@user A German has been murdered by a Migrant. #DeportThemAll,298
-"So illegal alien tweets are blocked by twitter because its considered hate speech #illegalalien I actually would love for all the #illegalaliens to get legal status and become actual citizens. I welcome all people to enjoy our great country, legally.",299
-"@user the SCAM is the Senate voting on an ""opioid package"" without recognizing what they have done to legitimate pain patients, all the while ignoring the true problem of illicit drugs from open borders and going soft on drug traffickers. #NoDACA it means #OpenBorders & #opioidcrisis",300
-"I am thrilled to see @user following our campaign -- 3 retweets in 2 days!Mr. President, I am going work WITH you to:- #BuildThatWall- Cut taxes even more - Bring back manufacturing - Fix our healthcare",301
-Which is why @user will walk across broken glass to keep our borders wide open. #IllegalAliens are literally determining the balance of power in our nation.,302
-"ain't bout shit you hoes claim, bitch stop speaking on my name .",303
-"Boy, bye😌 ""@diorwhore Delete his number and put a face mask on bitch it's recovery szn""",304
-"@user bitch don't @ me with your ugly ass. Go find a hobby, instead of reading off blogs you dumb ass hoe.",305
-"When some1 is very sick, you send a doctor, not ask them to come to hospital themselves. Now explain me why are we bringing in Syrians, especially adults, into Turkey letting them steal our jobs, lower the wages and ridicule our values?#sendthemback #syrian #Refugees #Turkey",306
-y'all ... I came to the gym all excited to see my trainer and he says why are you wearing chanclas? A bitch forgot to switch shoes. 😒☹️,307
-@user And here we go with him making himself look like an idiot.#2Amendment #BuildThatWall #DeportThemAll #CivilWar #DeclassifyItAll,308
-"Border Agents arrest 5,000 illegal immigrants with criminal records @user @user #BuildTheWallSince they only catch about 50% another 5,000 made it in.#KeepAmericansSafe#DeportThemAll#FamiliesStayTogetherInOwnCountry",309
-i hate how hoes think they know me like bitch you got me bent . if you got sumn to say say it . dont beat around the bush 🙄 dum bitch,310
-Thank You #ICE !! #BuildThatWall !,311
-"Jack ""misplaced"" his phone karma is a bitch next time don't eat the last slice of cake u fat fucking cunt",312
-@user Cunt fuck bitch u tuck u mom in asss,313
-"Last time I visited Disneyland, I bumped into Obama.He was in Fantasyland.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue #AllLivesMatter #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #FoxNews #NRA @user @user @user @user",314
-"#Bangladesh minister claims on TV, India did not raise refugee or #Illegalimmigrants issue with them for 70 years since independence. Why? Cos it suited n helped @user ? #TrinamoolCongress",315
-Previously Deported Illegal Alien Charged With Raping 15-Year-Old Girl In Kansas How many more victims?#BuildTheWall#DeportThemAllCrime was committed with premeditation during the commission of a Felony.#LifeWithoutParole#DeathPenalty,316
-"""A Sicilian police commissioner was attacked in his own home by a Gambian, who was granted asylum due to him being """"underage."""" I thought these poor child refugees fleeing the horrors of war were unable to commit crimes!#DeportThemAll""",317
-"You dont have to be an idiot to figure it out that Democrats are destroying America.Obama, Hillary and the democratic leaders are all traitors!#DemocratsKill #SocialismSucks #EndDACA #EndChainMigration #DemocratsLie",318
-LOL had to share! #IAmSpartacus #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #RedWaveRising2018 #BuildThatWall #KAG2018 #KAG2020 #KavanaughHearings,319
-"I wonder if any of my employees from Chattanooga are texting each other like ""glad that asshole is out of town this week lmao bitch""",320
-Bitches b saying no but body b saying yes ain't nobody bout to rape u bitch 😒,321
-@user @user Australia needs to do nothing of the sort. #sendthemback,322
-"@user Indeed, in the UK the security services put plants in patriotic/anti jihad/anti rapefugee protests. The plants give Nazi salutes in front of press photographers, voil, that protest movement is finished",323
-"In shock, destroyed and devastated. When a person you love and loved you back calls you a cunt, and a hoe, and wishes you harm.",324
-"Mayor Blames Little Girls For #refugee Rapes, Grandpa Makes Him Regret It - #refugees #RefugeesWelcome #IllegalAlien #BuildTheWall #BuildThatWall",325
-Hispanic Invaders have been Destroying California!!!They have No Business being in our Country. Period.#BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll#MCGA #MAGA #AmericaFirst #USA#FoxNews #SundayMorning @user @user @user,326
-If a bitch fuck another nigga and you take her back shes making you vulnerable to getting clowned by another that hoe isnt on your team.,327
-"@user Illegals Dump their Kids at the border like Road Kill and Refuse to Unite! They Hope they get Amnesty, Free Education and Welfare Illegal #FamilesBelongTogether in their Country not on the Taxpayer Dime Its a SCAM #NoDACA #NoAmnesty #SendThemBack",328
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user Please follow back #Turnout2018 #MAGA #BUILDTHATWALL #KAG #DRAINTHESWAMP,329
-@user This is liberalism run amok. They care MORE about criminals than their victims. Death penalty; they WORRY about criminals having NO PAIN. Never mind the victims who suffered greatly.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA,330
-"Bitches be selling they body and acting boogie, bitch you a hoe I see right through you",331
-@user #BuildThatWall hurry up and get it finished. It's started but not completed. Thank God the National Guard will remain on the southern border with Border Patrol for another year per General Mattis.,332
-"swear, next bitch i fuck ima get her pregnant 😈💯 cummin for you hoe!",333
-katara u dumb retarded cunt bitch he is an actual human being with actual feelings,334
-@user Right. She got a whole army behind her so dude better stop acting like a little bitch,335
-"I'll never forget when a group of men called me a bitch/whore for not replying to them and said, ""let's get her in…",336
-I THINK ILL HAVE A RAP BITCH FOR MY ENTREE CAUSE THEY BE THINKING NIGGAS SPIT SPIT SHINE MY SHOES YOU KNOW I KEEPS…,337
-Dirty Shoe Shawty Bitch You Need To Check Your Shoe Strings 😂,338
-Plan to whore out my sexy bitch tomorrow night and look for hot tops. Here is the funniest response I get😂,339
-"@user I be baffled bitches quick to say "" you fucked this n that"" 😂😂you a hoe you a freak bitch 😂😂",340
-"Yo whoever hacked my @user thru Facebook you a bitch , My SoundCloud gone for the moment 😞",341
-@user Unfortunately you're in a sticky size. :( My only problem is replacing my shoes has been a bitch,342
-25 Straight Minutes Of Illegal Aliens Crossing Into US Though Arizona Ranch( #BuildThatWall ) via @user,343
-Five Other Heinous Illegal Alien Crimes You Didnt Hear About This Week MSM refuses to publish or warn citizens of the atrocities being inflicted on them daily by Illegal Aliens.Everyday an Illegal Alien destroy's more American family's.#DeportThemAll,344
-@user @user @user This is a pretty sight #BuildThatWall,345
-"@user @user Also shut up about kids bitch, you don't need kids to live a fulfilling life, if anything they get in the way",346
-Dems suggest Kavanaugh should NOT be considered for SCOTUS b/c #Trump is under investigation!NEVER MIND that said investigation is a TRUMPed-up phony witch-hunt begun by Dems in the 1st place#POTUS #MAGA #DrainTheSwamp #VoteRed #NEWS #NoDACA #KAG #GetOutTheVote #BuildTheWall,347
-@user @user I prefer to be a cunt than a jealous bitch xD,348
-"If I call you a bitch or whore during sex don't be afraid to smack the shit outta me & flip me over talm bout ""NO NIGGA YOU THE BITCH HERE""",349
-3 more @user dreamers in the news.#nosanctuarybrewster #MAGA#NoDACA#BuildTheWall,350
-Bitch tf you tweeting and favoriting shit for ? You know ion fwy so CUT THE LAUGHS it ain't even about you hoe,351
-Bitch ur shoes cute asf,352
-Whoever stole my lip stick bag last night thanks! Just remember karma is a bitch. 👈,353
-Fuck Mike hoe ass bitch ass he need to take his charge,354
-"Say lul bitch you can't fuck with me if you wanted to , these expensive these are red bottoms these are bloody shoes. 🔴💰💸",355
-I love females that remember that they are women not men that irks the fuck out of me when females be out here acting like dudes bitch relax,356
-@user I'm a basic bitch what can I say,357
-This rape advocate bitch just tried to tell me nobody falsely accuses people of rape.🤔,358
-Tired of Forced UN Multiculturalism and Rape Gangs in Stockholm: Swedens Anti-Muslim Refugee Party Set For Record Wins As Election Days Away. #DeportIllegalimmigrants #DeportThemAll #GoHome,359
-"@user Conservatives in the United States are under attack and have been since early 2016. @user manipulated the process in small part, and now they are de-platforming conservatives! #Google #Trump #GOP #tcot #IllegalAliens",360
-@user Please honor your threat to #DefundPlannedParenthood & #SanctuaryCities. @user needs to do their job. #IllegalAliens are CRIMINALS.#DeportThemAll #NoAmnesty #BuildThatWall,361
-@user @user @user @user The point is made much stronger BECAUSE of her testimonial. #MAGA #NoDACA #howdoyoulikeusnow,362
-"@user Your such a bitch,you Leach off of nigga and ik u are probably not gonna read this probably because your sucking dick u whore",363
-@user has the legal right to end Obama's Illegal #DACA Memo Congress Did Not Pass DACA Three times End it Now ! #RedNationRising #Trump #MAGA #NoDACA #NoAmnesty #SendthemHome with their Illegal Parents Stop Rewarding Illegals - @user,364
-@user And when we shut them down and all that taxpayer money needs to go to #BuildThatWall !,365
-"@user happy bday chachi!!!! Keep being the bad bitch that you are, ready for party next year 💓💓💓",366
-"YASS Queen, keep blessing us! Shoe game on psychotic bitch @user",367
-"Congratulations to President Trump and to the United States of America for taking back our country from the illegal aliens. 191,000 illegal invaders have been arrested and deported so far this year to date. We must go faster to get them all. This is GREAT start! #MAGA #NoDACA",368
-Whoever called me unknown and said the shit they said...you're a pussy ass bitch.,369
-@user @user What do you call them? Call them Democrat voters.Deport all the illegal aliens. #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll,370
-"@user @user @user Trans Exclusionary Radical Feminist. It's used as an insult like bitch or cunt,…",371
-@user Shut up rapefugee go back to Africa,372
-@user @user Start Arresting and Deporting All Illegal Aliens who stole or used stolen SSN then deport them ASAP IRS knows where they live! The U.S Will No Longer Tolerant Felons commited by Illegals #Trump #MAGA #RedNationRising #WalkAway #Immigration #NoDACA,373
-@user I lied bitch but Ik you saw me text your ugly hoe ass!!,374
-Whoever cut down the rope swing is a bitch,375
-I’ll tell the baddest bitch around “hoe you uglier than Tory Lanez’s jumpshot”,376
-The #illegal migrant invasion into Britain continues. The #BNP will halt permanent settlement into our homeland and deport all #IllegalAliens and foreign criminals. #Brexit #SwedenElection#WorldSuicidePreventionDay#illegal #IllegalImmigration,377
-Don't nothing move til I sign you hoes mightiest well be my side bitch 😍😘💸💰,378
-"@user @user Don't tell me this isn't a damn invasion! BUILD THE WALL NOW! Give the president the funding, immediately. Enough is enough! Do your jobs! Protect America!#BuildThatWall #BuildThatWallNow @user @user @user @user @user @user @user",379
-Idgaf what the fuck y'all got going on. He ain't my problem no more bitch. 👌#IKnowYouLurkingHoe,380
-@user You'll be happy to know that I never refer to the scumbag Mexican invaders as #IllegalAliens .#MollieTibbetts #WednesdayWisdom #MAGA #Qanon,381
-#ILLEGALimmigrants Don't be #Europe:,382
-Can't believe some italians had the audacity to bitch about us the whole train journey then ask for one of our haribos,383
-"bye it looks like he's saying ""yeah you better buy these fucking shoes you bitch"" i'm",384
-Migrant families file lawsuit over emotional trauma from Trumps zero tolerance policy #WWG1WGA #BuildTheWALL #NoDACA #GreatAwakening #TruthMatters #OperationMockingBirdMedia #FakeNews #CandanceOwnens #WalkAway #Illegals #ICE #QArmy,385
-@user @user @user Or him calling a Blaire a cunt and a bitch and a slew of other horrid words in the…,386
-@user @user We are thrilled he is our President and cant wait for him to #BuildThatWall,387
-I'm 10 Toes Behind My Bitch So If She Don't Like You Guess What? I Don't Like You Either Luh Whores😛,388
-@user Be sure to watch the video. I am sure being called a lying bitch after being raped feels good to the…,389
-You sho right bitch 😡 bless yo little heart hoe,390
-@user @user . And until Trump made it an issue also the aim of most Politicians - cheap labor & votes for the elites. Most still refuse to support reform. #StopImmigration,391
-America wants to #BuildTheWall @user #BuildThatWall #America1st,392
-@user @user @user @user Understood this in Ohio. Now in Florida. Cant wait to vote in DeSantis. His opponent IS a socialist commie. #MAGA #NoDACA #howdoyoulikeusnow,393
-"You make it sound like we came down there and kidnapped him. They sent him there! On purpose! Alone! Hes coming back at tax payers expense. For the love of God, #DeportThemAll #MAGA #KAG #tcot #ccot",394
-Depression isn't just a bitch. It's a Cunt! Still gutted about the Chester Bennington news. #LinkinPark,395
-How did people respond to @user tweets today?Friday 07 Sep 2018 16:00:26 UTCTop hashtags:#fridayfeeiing#buildthatwall#fridaymotivation#retweet#maga#nikeMost influential accounts:@adventuregirl@WeSupport45@DailyCaller@MichaelRapaport@LouiseMensch,396
-bitch ass hoe you feel me,397
-@user @user @user They're in camouflage! This is too uniform & organized; it's an invasion. #BuildThatWall! You can't climb a wall with horses & those enormous backpacks. What are they carrying & why does the children's cartoon 'Dora the Explorer' have a backpack? Asking.,398
-Send them home! Damn congress for funding this. It is straight up treason & abuse of power.#BanIslam#DeportRapefugees,399
-Tia Blue a Baltimore City DSS administrator is a whore and a bitch.,400
-"#BozoBeto Says, He's The Best 4 TX He's For:*Ending #ICE*Open Borders*Legalizing DRUGS*Ending Immigration Laws4 MS-13 Gang Members BRUTALLY Hacked An Informant To Death W/A Machete In TX!#BuildThatWall#VetoBeto#KeepTexasRed #ChooseCruz",401
-"@user wow, you got to meet @user in person! And get your picture taken with her!Lucky you.#MAGA#USA1st#BuildThatWall#NoAmnesty#NoDACA#DumpTheUN#ScrewTheEU#KingTRUMP",402
-@user @user Hey did you see How he was reading the same TelePrompTer (book of LIES) that Hussein-#Treason was reading back in 2008? #MAGA #WalkAway #LeaveDNC #VoteRed2018 #Trump2020 #TrumpPence2020 #WakeUp #NoJihad #NoDACA,403
-Oh ffs NO MORE MIGRANTS GO HOME,404
-@user @user I'll stop being a bitch when you stop being a thirsty hoe,405
-".@RepChrisStewart .@SenMikeLee .@senorrinhatch #NoDACA EVER! #DACA hurts #Utah it hurts #American Citizens and irreparably damages the real #AmericanDreamers - My Children, American Children. @user has the power to #EndDACA Use it! Don't be afraid of #IllegalAliens",406
-"@user i just totally read that wrong as "" you're almost as pretty"" but you are my whole heart Bitch ily",407
-"I hate when people say ""don't throw shade, be direct"" like bitch your basically fucking up the whole concept of throwing shade .",408
-@user @user There is nothing wrong with deporting illegals #DeportThemAll #BuildTheWall #MAGA,409
-"I 👀 acting like you happy, 👀 you like to pretend. You call that hoe yo baby and that bitch be calling you her friend. #IPeepedIt 👀👀👀👀",410
-". If yo ""suppose"" to be nigga entertain, fw the next Bitch , he disrespecting you , dumb ass hoe🚮",411
-DEPORT Deport Deport. That is all you have to say. #IllegalAliens have got to go.,412
-Absolute state of that cunt that just served me in Dunne's. Ignorant bitch,413
-There's a reason why Canada doesn't open their borders to these invaders. Can you guess why? #SendThemBack #AmericaFirst,414
-Bitch you can go around me I'm not moving dumb hoe,415
-@user I'm sure glad I didn't just call fence jumpers #IllegalAliens,416
-BITCH MINSEOK CENTER IS SO DAMN BEAUTIFUL A WHOLE MAIN DANCER,417
-"yeah, she says that until some #rapefugee boots walks all over her. note, that is #racist of her to wish for the demise of a race. its not ok.",418
-Another illegal alien that shouldn't be in America killed an innocent American couple!#BuildThatWall #BuildTheWallNow @user,419
-"Youll never see refugees from America. When things turn to shit, we dont run to other countries. We dust off our guns and fix it. #MAGA #MolonLabe #DeportThemAll",420
-@user @user We'll see...never hear from that bitch until he dies. Just like you hoe.,421
-Truth & Fact!#MAGA#DrainTheSwamp#TrueTheVote#DemandVoterID#NoAmnesty#NoDACA#BuildTheWall#No2Globalism#No2Socialism#SocialismFails#LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder,422
-niggas be hoes talk just like a bitch & no you aint real scratch that off the list 🙃,423
-@user @user @user This is what #Corrupt #Democrat leadership gets you.Q.E.D.#DealWithIt #WWG1WGA #QAnon #Q #RedWave #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #FISAGate #LockHerUp #LockThemAllUp #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll,424
-is PROOF that theyre more privleged. also my bitch mother wont bring my pizza rolls up here like the lazy cunt she is so brb.,425
-I kinda want to throw my shoes out now that dude kyrie a bitch,426
-"@user @user @user Correct/incorrect - doesnt really matter, the point is that it should not be allowed. The number of immigrants coming to England and taking all they can is ridiculous. No wonder they fight tirelessly to get through all the other countries into England. #stopimmigration",427
-"Thank you, Mr. President. Promises made, promises kept. This is why America elected you.#MAGA#BuildThatWall",428
-Im literally counting down the days until the kids go back to school. #SendThemBack,429
-When u give a hoe a compliment and the bitch don't say thank you 🙄 I HATE THAT SHIT like who raised u?,430
-@user She's just another Palinesque media whore trying so hard to stay relevant. Stop giving this bitch attention.,431
-@user Trolling to steal money from liberals again?Are you paying attention to the hearings?Please support the confirmation of Judge Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court of the Untied States of America.#MAGA#USA1st#BuildThatWall#NoAmnesty#NoDACA#DumpTheUN#ScrewTheEU#KingTRUMP,432
-"@user You a bitch mike snake ass hoe mike stfu before I steal your nvm you don't got one lmfao ""looking"" lma…",433
-"As corrupt & dishonest AGs Holder & Lynch were, @user is the WORST. At least THEY were loyal to the man who hired them. Sessions has witnessed FBI & DOJ attempt to take down #POTUS & does nothing.#MAGA #KAG #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA",434
-"@user #Deport illegal aliens NOW! Dreamers are criminals who use fake IDs (identity fraud, a FELONY) to STEAL jobs from American CITIZENS. Others commit heinous crimes like murder. #DeportThemAll @user",435
-"Any bitch who feels comfortable to be in your face and talk to a nigga you use to fuck with call them hoes ""seconds"" better yet clowns.",436
-"I LOVE WATCHING YOUTUBE VIDEOS WHERE THEY CALL OUT YOUTUBERS OR WHOEVER. I DEADASS LOVE CALL OUT CULTURE, IT'S PETTY BUT BITCH AND?",437
-"@user @user #migrants #muslimmigrants go home. You do not belong among ordinary people. Killing, raping, enslaving and torturing people is not allowed even if you call it a religion. You have no rights over me.",438
-"I can never have a conversation with my best friend without calling her ""bitch"" or ""hoe"" 😭❤️ coz I mean dassss my bitch ❤️😃😍",439
-Montana loves Trump. At the rally in Billings MT #MakeAmericaGreatAgain #MAGA #BuildThatWall #TrumpRally #BillingsMontana #billingstrumprally,440
-When I was a young bitch! I swear you hoes couldn't fuck with me! Miami 5 times in one year. From paying $200 for a set of nails .,441
-@user nah bitch don't follow me we not cool hoe I'm bashing your mf face in. Shit ain't sweet.,442
-@user Our website is now LIVE!Please visit & share to show your support for the victims of criminal actions by animals that should not be here in the first place. Order a brick for our memorial wall in their memory.#RETWEET#BuildThatWall#ThursdayThoughts,443
-"If your white, red, and blue converse are no longer white THROW THEM TF AWAY! I'm tired of seeing them dingy ass shoes. Ya ain't cute bitch",444
-"If you have a bitch, don't text me. Don't try to flirt with me. Respect your hoe. I should not have to be the one defending this thot.",445
-"@user @user @user Well, I think a wench comes from renaissance - ""whore"" Seemed out of line to me.",446
-"#AmericaFirst #Trump2020 #BuildTheWall #RaiseAct #EndDACA #MAGA #Veterans #BlueLivesMatter If you don't agree, I DON""T CARE!",447
-We need to show people more of what's really happening in the EU countries who have open borders! @user @user @user @user @user @user #BuildThatWall #WakeUpAmerica @user #MAGA #TuesdayThoughts,448
-#ConfirmKavanaugh#Democrats will thrash and scream no matter what @user does. #RINOS stop #obstructing Let's fulfill #MAGA agenda!#BuildThatWall#NoSanctuary#DrainTheSwamp#AmericaFirst#ConfirmJudgeKavanaugh#DemocratsHateAmerica#WalkAway#VoteRedToSaveAmerica,449
-i ain't treatin or spoilin no bitch unless she da main main got me fucked up haha who u think u foolin ? let hoes cash you out pimp,450
-@user @user @user Make sure this ILLEGAL ALIEN spends the rest of his life behind bars and make sure his remains are deport at the end of his miserable life.#BuildThatWall,451
-@user Bitch not your part hoe,452
-"Illegal Alien CrimeAn overwhelming majority of the Illegal Alien crimes I post every single day, EVERY SINGLE DAY, are committed by dREAMER age criminals!These heinous monsters are who the Left describes as magnificent patriots.#BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll #KeepAmericaSafe",453
-#IllegalAliens is a #LEGAL term @user you are #Nazis for #CENSORSHIP,454
-@user @user Bitch you just want fucking attention. Dont bring your whore self in this.,455
-Why these white hating racist #Africans fleeing to white Europe #goback #sendthemback go back to YOUR Africa Stunned tourists watch 50 migrants on packed boat storm Spanish beach via,456
-"""@DeborahDiltz @user @user One of the reasons crime stats seem low in Germany and other liberal infested countries is because people are too afraid of being called """"racists"""" if they report crimes committed by muslim and african #rapefugees.""",457
-@user #IllegalAliens. What else can we call them? Obummer had a term but cant recall I have ever used it.,458
-@user How does using #IllegalAliens change the fact that #IllegalAliens are #IllegalAliens?,459
-"""~40 million SSI numbers have been stolen & used by Illegal Aliens to get work, according to agency records!""""~Obama stopped sending notice to employers notifying them when numbers don't match their identity!@realDonaldTrump! #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll!""",460
-"""@ceraldi_carleen I am sure he lied about it on his application. They need to deport him like they're doing to all naturalized citizens who """"lied"""" on the apps. #sendthemback""",461
-"I'm a bad bitch, I'm a cunt. 💘",462
-let me clear things out. rape could happen to anyone bitch and everyone is a fucking potential rapist,463
-"I wouldn't suggest that Obama was a wimpy Prez, but when he said we should bring a gun to a knife-fight, I pictured him w/a butter knife.The Code Pink Prez did NOT intimidate Putin OR ISIS.#POTUS #KAG #NEWS #NoDACA #MAGA #Trump #VoteRed #WalkAway",464
-It's getting worse every single day! #StopImmigration #CloseTheBorders #NoMoreImmigrantsHere #StandUpForYourWesternValues,465
-Disgusting White Supremacist Whore. Drown in Semen bitch....,466
-"So now Twitter bans the term #IllegalAliens after its CEO lied to our Congress and told them they dont do politics, yeah right",467
-@user You need to use a hashtag #IllegalAliens,468
-"Hoe stood behind a car door and said ""I don't feel comfortably with you that close"" bitch made 😂😂😂",469
-"@user On the way home from stealing at walmart they wreck the car they are driving with stolen plates, no insurance and no drivers licence. To cover the expense, MY car insurance goes up $50 every 6 months. #SendThemBack #BuildTheWall",470
-@user My question is how do you resettle a refugee and why refugees go home when their country is at peace again illegal migrants don't.just because obummer allowed it doesn't mean it was legal,471
-"anti-immigrant. Anti- murdering, raping, thieving and lazy opportunistic 3rd world primitive migrant who has no right to be in the Western world.#SendThemBack",472
-"Apart from the cute ""building skyscrapers to reunite with balloons"" part this bitch is Cray Cray.",473
-"If the shoe fits, feel free to lace that bitch up and wear it 👠",474
-"@user CAN YOU PLEASE JUST SHIP HIM BACK TO NEWARK so he can go get a job in a correct industry, hey Booker: unemployment+Welfare line is empty, no ones ahead of you yet. #MAGA #WalkAway #LeaveDNC #VoteRed2018 #Trump2020 #TrumpPence2020 #WakeUp #NoJihad #NoDACA",475
-"You can never take a L off a real bitch, I'm hotta than them hoes that you chill w.",476
-"@user Bitch we dont fw 12, thats you! Police ass hoe!! Run to grants real fast and brang yo ass ON💯💯",477
-@user @user FUCK U TOO BITCH CUNT,478
-"bitch you & y'all weak ass body oil selection can suck my clit backwards, hoe.",479
-*calls you annoying and talks shit about you *proceeds to try to follow you on social media ??? Bitch I dont blame her. Fucking creepy hoe,480
-@user @user PLS KEEP SHARING for the release of Kato and Kleo cruelty keeping these babies behind bars #SendThemHome allow them time left to spend w their human family #HaveAHeart #FREEKatoAndKleo,481
-"So, are you saying that we're not supposed to use #IllegalAliens to denote illegal aliens who come to the USA illegally? I'll try to remember that.",482
-"**Illegal Criminal Alien Raped Young Girl In Alabama.**Elias Pablo, who is a resident of Guatemala and an illegal alien to the United States, has been charged with having sex with a child under the age of 12.#DeportThemAll#BuildTheDamnWall",483
-shaved my whole fucking body and I feel like a brand new bitch,484
-"Lifes a bitch, cause a hoe is too easy",485
-You wanted to leave me now you stuck with money hungry stuck up hoes good luck finding a faithful loving bitch like me 😇,486
-@user >THE 'COUNTRY' FORMERLY KNOWN AS '#France' IS 'SO FAR GONE' THAT THEY DON'T EVEN CALL '#Terrorism' '#Terrorism' ANYMORE'#ParisAttack' IS THE 'NEW OFFICIAL PERMANENT HASHTAG' OF '#Paris'#refugeesNOTwelcome #Brexit #MAGA,487
-"Please, let's #DeportThemAll #VeteransLivesMatterMore",488
-Steve Bannon movieTrump at War #MAGA #kag #1A #2A #WAlkaway #DrainTheDeepState #911Day #PatriotDay #TuesdayThoughts #911Neverforget #hitraffic #qanon #IllegalAliens #PatriotsUnited #RedNovember #Bannon,489
-13 Americans Victimized by Illegal Migrant Crime in One Week @user @user Why won't you STOP this constant assault on American citizens and the steady invasion by foreigners on US soil?We the People Demand an end to this!#DeportThemAll,490
-SHUT IT DOWN!!! #BuildThatWall #BuildTheWall #MAGA #AmericaFirst @user #WRWY #WWG1WGA #GreatAwakening @user,491
-"@user @user Ah I see. You're from the under belly of EU, and worried about Trump? Maybe you should be more worried about getting acid thrown on your face by a rapefugee.",492
-#DACA is an Executive Order written by Barack Hussein Obama. Trump has every right to undo this travesty. Decision Must be fast tracked to the Supreme Court ASAP! #EndDACAWhite House Ordered to Restart DACA,493
-@user @user Lmao! Bitch SHUT UP! I'll fucking finesse your jaw hoe!,494
-We don't cuff hoes if you fuck my bitch thanks cuz you can keep her #FreeJigga man I miss my nigga,495
-Yeah bitch I am gonna restate how bad I wanna move out and start my life away from my asshole family,496
-Keep ya bitch hood ... you don't want to play hop scotch w/ them scamming hoes in Hollywood.,497
-@user RT @user Please arrest/prosecute all Governors & Mayors who are violating any Federal Laws. #USA #Americans #Constitution #2A #1A #EndSanctuaryCities #EndDACA #NoAmnesty #EndGunControl #EndGunFreeZones #AmericaFirst #MAGA #Congress @user @user @user @user,498
-"And you're a hoe like you I said mind your business or get slapped, you wish it was you they was arguing over bitch…",499
-"NIKE's choice of Colin Kaepernick was SOLELY political. If they wanted an NFL face, there are 100s of players more accomplished & more deserving; w/o the baggage. TEAMS don't even want him; he was a LOSER.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst",500
-I'm over asking a bitch to do my hair that I'm going to pay nobody got time for you flaking hoes ima just do my own…,501
-@user happy birthday bitch! Hope you have a fab day you hoe n get on lifts soon 🚗,502
-@user This is exactly what all civilized nstions should do! And deport all 3rd worlders including ((those)) who meddle in our business! #DeportThemAll #LockThemAllUp #LockThemUp #StandUpForEurope #defendeurope #WhiteLivesMatter #WhiteGenocide #AllLivesMatter,503
-Illegal Alien Stabbed Mother Of Five To Death In Missouri via @user needless death!@realDonaldTrump @user @user #BuildTheWall #EndDACA #DeportThemAll #KeepAmericansSafeStop the Assault from Illegal Migrants on US citizens!,504
-"""""""#refugee"""" said """"I will kill 10s of you and then go back"""" """"I can eat humans now"""" #Islam is not a #ReligionOfPeace - those #rapefugees are #invaders, #pedophiles, #terrorists, #cannibals, #jewish servants. They're here to exterminate #WhitePeople""",505
-I JUST WATCHED W VIDEO OF A SNAKE EATING A WHOLE FUCKING DEER BITCH NOPE,506
-@user @user @user #SendThemBack I will contribute to the plane fare. No joke.,507
-These animals should be removed from our country immediately! #NODACA #BUILDTHEWALL!!!,508
-@user I don't disagree. The SCANDAL is that we have a CORRUPT Justice Department that is looking under rocks for wrongdoing by ONE party; while ignoring blatant lawbreaking by Hillary & many other Dems.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA,509
-The Ratings for the #NFLKickoff were as flat as #TomBrady's Balls!Help #BuildThatWall!Support our efforts!Order Bricks @ now to avoid the Christmas Rush!,510
-#BuildThatWallNow I do not want those vile thugs in our country! #EndChainMigration #EndSanctuaryCities #EndVisaLottery #AngelFamlies,511
-@user @user 10 in rapefugee years is usually 22 in German.,512
-@user Yet calling President Trump and Republicans nazi's is fine! #IllegalAliens,513
-When one of your old hoes dm you saying '' oh your bio is finally clean'' like bitch you disrespectful bye 😒,514
-"@user @user Oh cry me a river you obstructionist aholes. As the kids say ""Karma's a bitch""",515
-ugh why are people so in love with me. living off my business WELLL bitch you put your whole life on here,516
-Border patrol is checking for IDs #BuildThatWall #RealNews - YouTube,517
-Danger Treasonous individuals paid for by Soros and globalist @user @user #LockHerUp #BuildTheWall #BoycottNike #BoycottNFL #EndDACA now !!!!!,518
-@user @user My question to Obama & the libs: Do you leave your home's door wide open when you sleep so that anyone can walk in? Or do you keep it locked so that if someone tries to enter they have to knock so that you can find out who they are before letting them in? #BuildThatWall,519
-u scared to rape a bitch? I cant relate,520
-@user @user dumb fag ass prick cunt bitch,521
-if tha shoe fits.. put dat bitch on nd do sumn bout it if u dont like it,522
-#DEMS are using #Muslims & #BlackLivesMatter (aka militant #NationOFislam extremist) & #NFL as insurgents in their #Communist REVOLUTION: FACT=HALF of USA Total Muslim Population immigrated under #OBAMA=#NoDACA NO #DACA #Amnesty No #DacaDEAL #BoycottNFL,523
-@user choke bitch,524
-@user @user @user @user Followed #NoAmnesty #EndDACA #DefundSanctuaryCities,525
-@user Friday ? Bitch that's a whole damn week,526
-"Behold the future DACA America - unless we Man The F*ck Up and Deport the illegal aliens.Sooner or later this will be us, having to take to streets crying out for our fellow Americans to MAN THE F*CK UP and save our girls.#NoDACA",527
-My sentiments exactly.Deport New Yorkers.#SendThemBack,528
-"If you don't want your bitch fucked, keep the hoe from near me.",529
-I think a conservative estimate is 99% of #asylum claims by #illegals are false. #DeportThemAll #ArrestEmployers #MAGA,530
-"O = traitor, put in prison for high crimes against American public please President Trump, THANK YOU from America @user @user #BuildTheWall #LockThemUp #EndDACA now !!!!!!!!!!!",531
-@user #NoDaca #NoAmnesty #NoAnchorBabies 2 illegals do not make a legal #BuildTheWall,532
-@user Smoke weed bitch,533
-Just in case the RNC sees this. I'm really disappointed in you guys! I can't believe our POTUS is having ANY difficulty getting his policies enacted & funded. I WILL NOT DONATE ANY MORE MONEY TO RNC.Only to individuals #MAGA #RedWaveRising2018 #RNC #Republican #BuildThatWall,534
-BITCH HOW CAN U SAY THIS WHEN UR A WHITE MANS WHORE.,535
-"@user ""Forked in China"", BCC == BitcoinChaChing / Bit-China-Coin / Bitch-China-Cunt / BitchslapChinaCunt / BitchChinaCoin... Great coin!",536
-You a hoe if you crying because yo ass pregnant. It was all smiles while you was riding that dick bitch.,537
-"But if you believe Robert Francis @user , there are only hapless women & children sneaking (ILLEGALLY) across our border. #BuildThatWall @user #CruzCrew5 Sexual Predators Arrested Attempting to Re-Enter U.S. from Mexico via @user",538
-I got 99 problems and hayfever is the biggest bitch of them all the cunt,539
-needy hoe smh called out. i love you though bitch ass 💙,540
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @ @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user Anytime! Much love soul sister! #MAGA #KAG2020 #Trump2020 #AmericaFirst #BuildTheWall #BackTheBlue #Military #Veterans #NRA #2A #NoDACA,541
-Bitch couldn't tell me he was going to Orlando cause he going to be a whore ! So DO YOUUUUUU lil baaabby,542
-"@user Actually, that sign had been used as ok or cool long before retarded Democratic libtard globalist cunts like you started calling everything white Power and racism and being offended by everything, so go get fucked by a rapefugee you tranny fag @user",543
-FUCK @user UGLY GOD A HOE FLEXING LIKE YOU GOT IT BITCH I KNOW YO ASS IS BROKE,544
-"IF YOU HAVE TRIED TO GET W/ A GIRL YOU ARE NOT ALLOWED TO CALL HER DEMEANING NAMES LIKE ""slut, whore, etc"" SORRY BOUT YALL 🗣🗣🗣",545
-ILLEGAL ALIEN is the correct term. There are no Illegal Immigrants. There are only Legal Immigrants. If you snuck into the USA then you are a CRIMINAL ILLEGAL ALIEN. @user @user @user @user @user #IllegalAliens #IllegalImmigration #Buildthewall,546
-@user @user @user Imagine THE SIZEof THAT RED WAVE !!GOD BLESS TRUMP!Build That Wall#BuildThatWall Plz share..,547
-@user Excellent! #IllegalAlien Parents will not be catch and release anymore!If you dont want families separated then families go to jail together!#BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll #WompWomp #EndDACA #DefundSanctuaryCities #MAGA,548
-@user @user I love it! Do it! #BuildThatWall,549
-"Kisses, bitch. I don't hate you and I don't want to feel this mad, burnt, and fucking brushed off. Free Willy, cunt.",550
-#nonSense we do not want this in US. #MuslimBan no people from these countries should be allowed without proper vetting. It is really scary imagine #ShariaLaw#EndDiversity#EndChainMigration,551
-This dude is a whole bitch 😭,552
-1 whole year for nysc bitch I am mad.,553
-@user #IllegalAliens : a foreigner who is living without authorization in a country of which they are not a citizen.,554
-You trick ass bitch! All these broke ass hoes going too,555
-Can you name another country where the ruling elite has willingly imported a criminal class of #illegals that damages its own citizens? I think the technical term for this is national suicide. #DeportThemAll #ArrestEmployers #MAGA,556
-I now understand women when they say humidity is a bitch for hair. Fuck this shit.,557
-"@user @user cnn the CORRUPT NEWS NETWORK #1 in fake news, enemy of the people, lowest in ratings and falling. Pathetic. #MAGA #BUILDTHEWALL #NODACA",558
-That Chantelle is getting on my tits. Silly cunt needs to learn some manners. Thinks she's the boss! Silly twat! ANNOYING BITCH @user #BBUK,559
-@user Let's #BuildThatWall this #SundayMorning Visit #RETWEETBoycott #NFLSunday Join us @ #BoycottNFL,560
-"Life's a slut, a dirty hoe, either way I can't bitch. -Young Jeezy",561
-@user hey asshole we don't care if you don't want the wall we want it and you answer us dirtbag bitch,562
-"bitches be expecting you to stay around while they hoe , bitch u crazy",563
-@user @user USA NEEDS TO WAKE UP!#NoRefugees#NoMigrants #NoChainMigration#NoDACA#NoImmigrants#NoOrphans,564
-@user FR bitch where you at lil whore,565
-"Me: these shoes look scary Me to me: you're a prison psychologist, suck it up, bitch",566
-@user @user @user @user Lol.. your like talking to the wall my man Trump wants to put up!! #BuildThatWall #trumptrain #keepAmericagreat,567
-@user Bitch RT me one more time & not answer my text 😤,568
-Silly Killary WANNABE !! And @user numbers JUST keep CLIMBING !! #MAGA#MASA#BuildThatWall #BuildTheFuture,569
-"ILLEGAL IMMIGRANT arrested in North Louisiana, accused of rape and human trafficking #BuildThatWall #MAGA via @user",570
-"@user @user My man out here like ""bitch we can't ban the homeless from public places.""",571
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user Please follow back #Turnout2018 #MAGA #BUILDTHATWALL #KAG #DRAINTHESWAMP,572
-"@user @user @user @user I don't want death! I want my grandchildren to their rightful place to become what they what! Not after government alots so many spaces for illegals, not fair for my off spring!!!#AMERICAFIRST #NODACA #MAGA #Gohomewhereyoubelong",573
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user Please follow back #Turnout2018 #MAGA #BUILDTHATWALL #KAG #DRAINTHESWAMP,574
-"#sendthemback if your children want a peacefull life, without rapists on every corner.#forza. #Italia ##NoMoreAfricans !!",575
-"@user That's not a ""humanitarian"" ship. That's $oros. THEY MUST GO BACK.#STOPTHEINVASION",576
-Coz I'm a femmy hoe bitch and I live my truth.,577
-what you want me to smack the bitch or clap back on Twitter? Captain Save a Hoe headass foh and @ me if you got som…,578
-"As President, Obama traveled the world & regularly criticized & apologized for U.S. policy & actions. Why in the world would the rest of the world respect us if our President didn't?#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue",579
-100 Bangladeshi Nationals Apprehended near Texas Border in 3 Weeks | | There has to be an especially nefarious reason for all the Bangladeshis & Indians violating our border. Long way from home. Time to thank #ICE #CBP #DHS #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll,580
-"Bitches think it's easy for a nigga to trust them.Bitch we seen way to much to trust you just cuz u say u ""not like the rest of these hoes""",581
-The worst possible answer to this illegal invasion is to catch a criminal illegally entering in this country and reward him or her with a ticket and release into this country where he or she has no right to be. #TCOT #illegalAliens,582
-"This old ""friend"" called me a broke ass hoe and a week later he lost his job lmfao. Karma a bitch",583
-"@user @user @user @user Good shut it all down let's get this wall built, if was up to me illegals would leave this country by Catapulting not ICE. #DeportByCatapulting #StopOpenBorders #BuildThatWall #MAGA",584
-This is her 6th kid with a man (husband or boyfriend?) wanted for murder. Another kid paid for by American taxpayers. Thank you ICE please detain more of these criminals #sendthemback @user @user @user,585
-@user @user I do not have children. Parenting in todays world? I cant even imagine. #MAGA #NoDACA #howdoyoulikeusnow,586
-@user Bitch please??!! ahh I love you a lot too <3,587
-@user @user SHE DOESNT DATE HIM ANYMORE HOP OFF HER DICK YOU FLOP ASS BITCH!,588
-🙄🙄 just @ me bitch. please. i like telling hoes like you bout theyself. 💯,589
-"Another fine example of why illegal aliens are problem. If your here illegally, why would you want to draw attention to yourself this way. Illegal aliens have no fear of our legal system & only care about themselves. Awful way to die #BuildThatWall",590
-"@user @user Muslims attacked US on 9/11, 3000 killed. Subsequently we allowed more Muslims in our country?!?Does this make any sense to you?You can thank Obama, his liberals minions, RINO's & political correctness. #MuslimBan #BanIslam #TravelBan #DrainTheDeepState #DeportThemAll",591
-@user Bitch you gay hoe,592
-I'll never call a bitch my bestfriend you hoes switch up to much .,593
-100% correct! #teaparty #libertarian #1A #2A #tcot #ows #sgp #p2 #NRA #tpp #gop #ucot #EnforceTheBan #EndDACA #BuildTheWall #H8TheDeepState #H8TheShadowGovernment #H8PoliticalCorrectness #H8BigBrother #EFF #health #wellness #cancer #NaturalNews #Mercola #nutrition #herbs,594
-@user @user Awesome Sir.. the use of this social media platform will allow our story to get out there.. #BuildThatWall,595
-@user I'm not for hitting children but this rugrat is the exceptionsend his mini muslim ass to Turkey if it's so great!!#CloseTheBorders #SendThemBack #BanIslam #BanMuslims,596
-not letting anyone use my kids to be a petty cunt. Kudos to me bitch.,597
-@user @user @user He is a mean cunt,598
-"@user 😂😂😂 good one bitch. I still fuck badder hoes than you , habesha bitches 🤔🤔. Your irrelevant , bitch I kno…",599
-"Good, tired of obstruction and RINOs. #ShutItDown #BuildTheWall #NoDACA #NoAmensty #Opioidcrisis #Rapists #MS13 #Murders #AmericaFirst",600
-"Sit up with hoes and discuss you , like nigga who raised you bitch ass",601
-@user bitch I'm sad as hell shit ruined my whole day now I gotta go sit by a lake and skip rocks and contemplate life,602
-"Keep trying to change the language, I will continue to use the correct term #IllegalAliens Because that is the legal term. An undocumented immigrant is someone who left their Resident Alien Green Card at home.",603
-It's time to build the wall now. These are the people we caught over the last few years! How many are we not catching? @user @user @user #BuildThatWall,604
-@user And there's a k*ke and a rapefugee overseeing the entire process. If anyone touches the 'wrong' ballot they're immediately met with a loud OY VEY!,605
-When your friend still tries to convince you to apply for UST 😂🙈 Cutiee though but you still a hoe bitch @user,606
-@user doesn't like the words #IllegalAliens,607
-"Border Patrol Agents Bust MS-13, 18th Street Gang Members in South Texas via @user @user #StopTheInvasion",608
-"@user RT @user The #USA has a major Debt problem and thus cannot afford big tax cuts for the wealthy, big Globalist Corporations, RINOs, & Wall Street. #USA #Americans #America #PJNET #EndDACA #NoAmnesty #Congress @user @user @user @user @user",609
-Fed up with this crap! #DeportThemAll,610
-@user Why are you pandering to McConnell and Ryan. They can't be trusted or the wall would already be done. #BuildThatWall or no vote from Me.,611
-followed all not previously followed. #Trumptrain #MAGA #KAG #WalkAway #Nodaca #iwantthewall,612
-Keep them bottom feeders out of our country! #BuildThatWall #SecureOurBorers,613
-DACA Illegals have no Right to Take Jobs From U.S Citizens ! DACA has Ended No Business wants to hire illlegals they will have to Fire in a few months #NoDACA #NoAmnesty #Trump #MAGA #SendThemBack DACA is 50% Fraud via @user,614
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user Where is your outcry for the millions of women & children held in Turkey's rapefugee camps? or the 100s of children being sex-trafficked here in the US by these illegal aliens?,615
-@user 😂😂😂😂😂😂😂 life's a bitch,616
-17-year-old charged in killing of teenager in Annapolis linked to MS-13 #NoAmnesty #NoDACA #DeportThemAll @user @user these are not anomalies this is becoming the norm.Immigration reform does not entail giving a free pass!,617
-they're so so so cute dancing like this omg i love women i'm a whole lesbian,618
-@user Christmas will be here before you know it!Order bricks now to avoid the rush this #LaborDay!Great Stocking Stuffers!Please visit this #LaborDayWeekend to order #RETWEET#LaborDayWeekend2018#BuildThatWall,619
-"@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user RT @user Please arrest/prosecute all Governors, Mayors, and members of #Congress who are violating any Federal Laws. #USA #Americans #Constitution #2A #1A #EndSanctuaryCities #EndDACA #NoAmnesty #EndGunControl #EndGunFreeZones #AmericaFirst #MAGA @user @user",620
-@user I can't believe we live in times where butt hurt cunts looking for apologies are given a platform. Life's not fair bitch,621
-I love the way I'm a bitch & a cunt for telling someone to piss off after they msg me 12 times in a row & I don't reply like omg ur a pest.,622
-IM GONNA BUY BTS X PUMA SHOES THE FIRST TWEET I SAID BYE BITCH IM',623
-@user @user Enjoy yaaa whore 😂😂😂😂 fcking whore hai oldie ARY ki.... Shes been fuckedd by everyone an anyone.. Ugly bitch,624
-"Talking bout ""he in my dms tho"" shut up bitch. You a hoe that's why lmao guys go after what they KNOW they can get.",625
-"""#WTF #Canada #IllegalAliens from the south feed you their """"Canned and Coached"""" lie of an amnesty line, they get in. Real victims get bent over the maple syrup barrel by you.""",626
-BITCH HOLD UP try putting yourself in her shoes you wouldnt even know what to do and how to react,627
-@user The DNC must not be upgrading the fed tax OBAMA phones. Nobody getting the word! GOOD! #MAGA #NoDACA #howdoyoulikeusnow,628
-Dems have 20 EXTRA Congressional seats based on #IllegalAlien pop RIGHT NOW#IllegalAliens also give them extra ELECTORAL VOTES.W/o them Dems wouldn't be able to block our agenda or pass their #LibNut BSWHY DO WE COUNT ILLEGALS?They have no right to influence OUR Govt!#Deport,629
-@user @user You got me with the bitch ass hoe comment!! 😂😂😭💀,630
-"@user @user These animals are ungrateful invaders. Parasites, sucking off the liberal tit of the host country. #NODACA#BuildTheWall",631
-The only agenda of ABVP/ RSS in the universities of India is to divide students community on the basis of communal lines.Lets vote for a #GUNDAfreeCampusLet's vote for unityLets vote for NSUI#NSUI5313 #DUSU2018 #DUSpeakUp#SendThemHome,632
-@user He drives me crazy! #BuildThatWall,633
-Become a whole new bitch when them eyebrows on fleeeeek👅,634
-@user @user @user @user @user @user 12 weeks in prison funded by the great British public #sendthemback,635
-"@user @user Absolutely! No DACA, No Amnesty, No Sanctury Cities, Deport All Illegal Aliens, Build The Wall! #MAGA #2A #NoDACA #DeportThemAll #BuildTheWall #OBAMAgate #StandWithICE #PEDOgate #LockThemAllUp #BanIslam #TRUMP2020 @user @user",636
-"""@Maddi89518115 @user Still can't be. Even the neonazis behind the """"rapefugee"""" website only claim around 450 rapes by immigrants for all of 2016 (800% more than suspected (!) rapes officially recorded). So if we pretend for a moment those numbers are the real ones it's still less than 40/month.""",637
-"@user @user 1) #BuildTheWall, 2) #SecureOurBorders, 3) #EndTheVisaLottery, 4) #EndSanctuaryCities, 5) #EndChainMigration, 6) E-Verify, 7) Reform Asylum Laws, 8) #DeportAllIllegals, 9) #NoAmnesty, & 10) #NoDACA",638
-@user Well ur my bitch u fucking whore,639
-"Left work to go to the dentist today and what did I find, some son of a bitch has scraped my car, no note nothing.…",640
-@user @user @user @user where Goku is scared...Vegeta accepts the challenge bitch nigga,641
-Liberals will do anything 2stop the recovery that is taking place under President Trump's policies! We must turn out N record numbers2 keep the house &Senate in November! #DrainTheDeepState #VoteRedToSaveAmerica #ConfirmKavanaugh #BuildThatWall #TRUMP2020,642
-watch what you saying lil bitch watch what you post lil hoe,643
-@user @user @user do ya thang #Deport #BuildThatWall,644
-im not a fan of puma shoes but BITCH I WANT A PUMA SHOES . by bts .,645
-@user bitch have you read The Order of The Phoenix?!,646
-"you a gay ass bitch who seeks attention, STOP! I knew ever since you gonna switch up on me... I guess you did FUCKING SNAKE ASS HOE!",647
-@user @user The only enemy here is Islam!! #BanMuslims #BanIslam #BanTheHijab #CloseTheBorders #SendThemBack,648
-"@user Uh, well- Too Bad. #IllegalAliens #ImaginaryRules #Snowflake #Snowjob #BuildKatesWall",649
-this whore posts regular ass dumb bitch snaps/instas as if she doesnt have an accent,650
-"""@callmechris316 @user Yes it does! #RCMP Waiting to Carry Luggage of #IllegalMigrants who Have NO RIGHTS TO ENTER #Canada They Came From A Safe CountryUSA, BROKE OUR LAWS BY CROSSING #Illegally So They Aren't Eligible to Stay Even if """"Approved"""" #DeportThemAll #CloseOurBorders#StopImmigration""",651
-#BuildThatWall @user Thank you for what you have accomplished!,652
-"Dear, Hating Hoes If you are a ""Ew.. put your shirt on"" type bitch. I hate you. Sincerely @user",653
-"Standing w/ @user #Trump, #NationalSheriffsAssociation launches crowdfunding campaign to #BuildThatWall!",654
-"@user 8% of Illegals requesting DACA had been arrested for rape, murder, and drunk driving. 50% of DACA Illegals Commited Fraud to get #DACA 73% of DACA households on welfare #RedNationRising #Trump #MAGA #NoDACA #NAomnesty #SendThemBack @user",655
-"That fucking cunt is so irritating , what a bitch",656
-@user Bitch! Fck you! I'm not pretending I created blonde hair! Coco put a name on those braids as if she invented that shit! Hoe!,657
-@user BITCH I'M TRYING TO SEARCH YOUR ACCOUNT THIS MORNING BUT IT SAYS USER NOT FOUND ARE YOU DEACTIVATING THEN REACTIVATE AGAIN???,658
-@user @user All glory to a pair of con artists who spent eight years working for their Billionaire Buddies. #WalkAwayMarch #NRA #ICE #BuildThatWall #Veterans,659
-Another @user dreamer in the news.#MAGA#BuildTheWall#nosanctuarybrewster#NoDACA,660
-"What will it mean for #NewJersey to be a #sanctuary state, as #Democrat Gov. Phil Murphy promised as a candidate? This is what it means @user !!!#IllegalAliens #BuildTheWall",661
-@user So Twitter opposes the term #IllegalAliens but allows this from verified accounts. Makes sense.,662
-@user Does that mean @user @user and @user will now start shadow-banning or outright removal of @user @user @user and other US Government tweets and posts about #IllegalAliens ???,663
-"Even without voting, THIS IS HOW 15 million #IllegalAliens give @user an edge in Congress. Dont count them, DEPORT THEM",664
-"Democrats are the party of hatred. They can only spew hatred and lies. Democrats have no business trying to lead a country with hatred. Trump has encouraged prosperity for all Americans, giving us an attitude of gratitude!#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #TrumpTrain #VoteRed #NoDACA #USA",665
-@user @user @user @user @user @user Please follow back #Turnout2018 #MAGA #BUILDTHATWALL #KAG #DRAINTHESWAMP,666
-"@user saying ""Trump's a bitch, I'll make his whole brand go under!"" Back in February makes this video so much bet…",667
-#BuildTheWall National Security @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user #NoDACAdeal #NoAmnesty #MandateEverify #EndChainMigration #MAGA #MakeDCListen,668
-@user tell josh he's gonna get a bitch slap 👋,669
-Miami was my whole life a bitch will.be back next month real live lol,670
-"Woah I heard ""someone"" was disappointed about the bts puma shoes.. ok but bitch wut?",671
-Gavin is a whole ass bitch like nigga 😂😂😂😂 don't ever come for me and you haven't even hit puberty yet,672
-We need a Deterring Border!!#BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll #FoxNews #MAGA #AmericaFirst@realDonaldTrump @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user,673
-Depression is such a bitch man. Pls stop treating it as a joke. I fought depression my whole and I got help for it. I feel more at peace now,674
-you're a dirty whore to me if you're only available to a nigga when you know him and his bitch are on bad terms. lmfaaaooo do better.,675
-A little louder @user for the liberals in the back. #SendThemBack #BuildTheWall,676
-"To whoever stole my Birkenstocks at work today, you're a bum. Bum ass bitch.",677
-If i see and know you a hoe why would i hit you back up lol this bitch got a new nigga in her snap every day c'mon now females in GA WILD! 😂,678
-"@user YUP!!If you said nothing while Obama caged kids, you have no room to complain now. Maybe you should focus your ire on the criminals creating the problem instead of the LEOs enforcing the law.#BuildThatWall",679
-Good Job @user Stop letting Illegal Aliens take #jobs and lower wages of Legal Workers #RedNationRising #Trump #MAGA #SendThemHome,680
-Complicit?! Complacent?!@ABC @user @user @user @user @user @user @user #FakeNews #FakeJournalists#BuildThatWall #DeportThemAll#NeverVoteDemocratAgain,681
-#IllegalAliens Yet that is the official usage by none other than our federal government.,682
-It is hard to believe what has happened in the intervening 17 years. I blame @user and @user for allowing #IslamicTerrorism into our country! Islam is not compatible with American values. #ObamaCrimes #ClintonCrimes #Globalists #DeportThemAll #NeverForget911,683
-"""From the All Cultures Are Equal DepartmentMerry Old EnglandAt his trial an African invader who violently, repeatedly raped a 17-year-old white girl in a graveyard proudly says""""Yes, I did that. WHY NOT?""""#SendThemBack""",684
-"If they are undocumented, they are illegal aliens. Im a documented Latina. Call them what they are Illegal Aliens #IllegalAliens",685
-"""@USAToday Corrected Title """"Illegals caused their own probelms by bringing their kids to commit a crime of invading the U.S !"""" They need to learn how to follow the law and come LEGALLY! Problem Solve #SendThemHome #Trump #MAGA #Immigration #No1MoreIllegal""",686
-"@user @user The USA is not supposed to make the world a better place. It is supposed to make our liberty and earnings safe from politicians. And we are not supposed to play world cop either. Nor are we a rapefugee hostel dumping ground for toxic cultures, illegals, and the death cult.",687
-I don't just follow hoes on twitter/Instagram who just cute....bitch you have to have at least some type of style or talent,688
-@user bitch the whole joke is that he's in blackface sit ya wanna be woke ass down,689
-@user 😂😂😂😂 I been feeling like this 4 a while but thought it was bad because she's happy but BITCH YOU HAVE OTHER JOBS 2 DO!!,690
-"@user He should be careful about that if there are women in his family, because that bitch Karma has a funny sense of humor.",691
-You sound like a bitch in sum messy hoes business,692
-When are we going to Get Rid Of the Invaders? The Parasites? This Scourge in our Land?What're we waiting for?!#DeportThemAll #Dobbs #FoxNews #MCGA #MAGA #AmericaFirst@realDonaldTrump @user @user @user @user @user,693
-@user you a bitch don't make another 2k them hoes be cheating bring 2k15 back fuck nigga,694
-@user You dirty bitch,695
-"Donald Trump HAS brought the jobs back, and now little 'orator' Obama wants to take credit. Pathetic.#BuyFromInAndOut #InternetBillOfRights #DarkLeft #WalkAway #ReinstateRobynGritz #JimJordan4Speaker #2A #DefundPP #ChainDeportation #BuildThatWall #FreeJulian #BoycottNFL",696
-@user its so nice of you to be promoting #trumptapes with POS @user I thought Twitter wasnt bias. #maga #maga2018 #buildthatwall stop,697
-@user @user hell yeah buh life a whole bitch😤,698
-@user @user ur a bitch ur fake as fuck im done with yo hoe ass all u YouTubers r the same self centered bitches 💯👎💩,699
-Fuck fuck ffuck shit piss ass faggot fucking fuck bitch cunt suck my dick fucking fuck,700
-@user And you a mad ass hoe B.C. Your man tried getting at the bitch you can't stand lmao,701
-@user #DEMS use #Feminist & #Muslims & #BlackLivesMatter (aka militant #NationOFislam extremist) & #NFL as insurgents for #Communist REVOLUTION: HALF of USA Muslims immigrated under #OBAMA=NO #DACA #Amnesty #NoDACA #BoycottNFL #BoycottNFLSponsors #BoycottTheNFL,702
-Previously Deported Serial Child Molester Re-Arrested In Arizona @user This is an everyday occurrence!#NoDACADeal#BuildTheWall #KeepAmericansSafe#ProtectOurChildren#DeportThemAll There are far too many depraved Illegal Aliens to weed out,703
-"@user Calling BS. As a femboy or a tomboy this bitch would have better ""rapey"" radar.",704
-I hate when people line their shoes up around the room. Bitch you not USED to shit. Your ass need a closet ! 🙄,705
-@user Arrest Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms.We stand with @user & @user against all enemies both foreign and domestic.#NoAmnesty#NoDACANo more taxpayer-supported dependentsJobs for citizens not invading criminals & their childrenArrest sanctuary officials#BuildTheWall,706
-I Hope Whoever Watching My Page Going Back Telling Chris What I Post ' Get You A Life Miserable Bitch,707
-#FactCheck true #TuesdayThoughts #WalkAwayFromDemocrats #WakeUpAmerica #VoteDemsOut #RedWaveRising2018 #BuildTheWall #StopTheInvasion #ProtectOurChildren #NoAmnesty #EndSanctuaryCities #NoDACA #EndChainMigration #FixTheLaws #EndVisaLottery #Congress,708
-a bitch that can fight will be quick to tell you what your man is doing it's these scary hoes that keep quiet lmao,709
-"Oh, stop!!! Tell all countries that the USA is NOT a refugee safe haven, they are illegal and do not belong here! Stay home, stay away!!! #MAGA #WakeUpAmerica #KAG #IllegalAliens #BuildThatWall #TrumpTrain #MAGA2018 #RedWaveRising",710
-"""Hey Mestizos and Indians, it doesn't matter if your kind was here first, the Europeans built a further civilization than you could ever dream of. """"Identify Native 2020 Census"""" is another fucking excuse for Mestizos to leech of America. #DeportThemAll #BuildTheWall #KAG""",711
-"@user Bitch planet, the walking dead, morning glories, chew, chrononauts, all of the Luther strode titles,…",712
-"#NoHR392If there were no fraud, there wouldn't be a backlog. We need #MeritBased immigration. Start with #4Pillars @user #StandWithAmericanWorkers #endChainMigration",713
-"Unfortunately not ALL #Republicans -- not @user , questionable w/ @user With ""leaders"" like those, it is like having 3 #Pelosi #FundTheWall#BuildThatWall",714
-What a cunty little bitch. #Jeremykyle She should have her benefits stopped for not putting him on BC. That would stop that shit.,715
-I Can Fuck Any Bitch I Want But It Not About That At The End Of The Day. I'm Way Passed The Hittin Hella Whores Stage.,716
-"@user I once saw an Australian porn where the woman said, ""ooh, you dirty little cunt...stick that schlanger in me kookaburra""",717
-guy asked me what shoe size I Am so I said 8 & he was like you're my size & I'm like either I have a big foot or you got a small one;) bitch,718
-"Y'all: ""you a hoe"" Hoe me: ""that's hoe CULTURE to you bitch""",719
-DROP THAT UGLY SOUNDCLOUD BUM ASS NIGGA ALREADY LET HIS HOES LURK BITCH THEY AINT GOT SHIT ON YOU,720
-"@user The Deranged Left ruins everything it touches-Incl Rule of Law, Freedom of Religion/Speech, NatSecurity, BorderSecurity/IllegalAliens, Economy, Sports, Store Bathroom Policies, Gender Identity, Sanctity of Govt, Respect for others! Plus, their PC Madness almost destroyed USA!",721
-President Trumps Latest Border Wall Comments Will Have Democrats Trembling #BuildThatWall via @user,722
-Anonymous?? Bitch this is RAPE,723
-"bitch please stop calling me candy mouth , fucking whore",724
-"NEVER FORGET-it only took 19 radical hijackers to murder 3,000 & injure 6,000 others. We must make sure the people coming into our country don't want to murder us.9/11#NeverForget #September11#Wall#VoterID#EndChainMigration#AntiNWO#DeepState",725
-"@user @user This refers 2 a favorable political effort by GOOGLE 2 DEM Party's Pres. candidate - they were surprised that ""sure-fire"" voters they gave rides 2 didn't ALL vote 4 their woman! They expected it, like the Blacks used 2 do, but began 2 wake up. Next up? MUSLIMS!#StopTheInvasion",726
-"Illegal Immigrants Give California Up to Five Extra Congressional Seats. Why Democrats support illegals over Americans, Votes. #DeportThemAll #NoAmnesty #NoDACA #WalkAway #DemocratsAreDangerous #tcnt #democratmobrule",727
-@user Hey illegal alien invader Hugger @user #StopTheInvasion#DeportThemAll#NoAmnesty#BuildTheWall,728
-"@user The swamp yeah lol ""You from Baltimore bitch""",729
-Do ppl just assume I'm a whore bc of how I look? Bc bruh this Bitch can't even get a text back soooo 💁,730
-I'd just like to know why this turned into a whole ass thread sksksksks bitch,731
-"Bitches wanna make a post after I make a post thinking it's about them like bitch this shoe don't fit your foot , Not this time dummy💁.",732
-"In addition to the vast problems coming across our open border, 1 RARELY mentioned = drug resistant diseases. TB, superbugs or exotic diseases few Americans have a resistance to. #HouseGOP @user @user @user @user @user #BuildTheWall #BuildThatWall",733
-"""@debbie1ala @user @user 100% agreed. These are illegal aliens, not immigrants. Boat people are a sugar-coated way of putting it. It scares me that many Australians on Twitter still think its okay for these """"immigrants"""" to just turn up. #sendthemback""",734
-"@user @user @user Beat it bitch you was coppin pleas until I started hoeing you . ""I thought…",735
-"I'm a whole bitch lol aj know all it take is a ""I love you, bestfriend."" & he get's whatever he wants 🙆♂️",736
-"She's a hoe, she ugly, such a bitch YOU DATED HER PLZ SIT DOWN FELLA",737
-"More insanity! I will continue to use the term illegal alien(s) because thats what they are. #IllegalAliens Who the hell do they think theyre offending, the illegal aliens? Who gives a ****? What about offending ME, an American Patriot. Asinine.",738
-"but why do bad built/ugly hoes have the most shit to talk. like it irritates tf outta me, if you don't sit yo ugly ass down somewhere bitch",739
-Say yes to too many dates and you're a whore that dates too much. Say no to dates and you're a bitch that doesn't w…,740
-@user HAPPY MOTHAFUCKIN BIRTHDAY HOEEEEEEEEE 💖💖💖💖💖💖 I love you so much real Bitch for life 👑,741
-"@user Kassy, your enemies are my enemies! #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #walkaway @user #FakeNews #DrainTheSwamp #BuildTheWall #SendThemBack",742
-@user The only thing 'stinky' is your breath. #AmericaFirst #BuildThatWall #SCOTUSKavanaugh and at least two will be appointed by @user and there's nothing you can do about it.,743
-Nigga you look like slavery in the flesh oh Plymouth Rock landed on you bitch ass nigga,744
-@user @user Too often this now means discrimination against one group by deliberately favoring another. It is also used to mask over when this diversity is made up of #IllegalAliens or their offspring. Implying that someone cautious about allowing unchecked entry into this country (1/2),745
-@user @user Just heard TRUMP was renewed for a second season. The ratings are through the roof! #TrumpTrain #RedWave #MAGA #BuildThatWall #AmericaFirst,746
-"Illegal Alien Gang Member Wanted For Sex-Trafficking Of Children @user This is not an isolated incident, this happens far to frequently!When will you#KeepAmericaSafe#BuildTheWall#MaximumSentencing#DeathPenalty#DeportThemAll",747
-@user @user Hoe you down bad & you crazyyyyyy!!!! Ion think they hear y'all bitch !!!!😂😂😂,748
-I'm a hoe ass bitch - @user,749
-"#Dems want to raise taxes, end tax cuts, enact more regulations to stifle economy, amnesty 39 million #IllegalAliens.#VoteDemsOut #VetoDems #VoteRed",750
-"Yeah you is not a bad bitch, looking at you hoe, you is kind of average",751
-First Booker is caught in a lie; now Kamala. Don't they have any legit arguments against #POTUS #Trump & #GOP ? Must everything be a deception?#Liars #MAGA #KAG #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue #AllLivesMatter #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder,752
-@user don't call me a bitch you whore😭,753
-Democratic platform! Sad! #NoDACA,754
-"#BuildThatWall Jessica Vaughan, the Center's Director of Policy Studies, discusses a push by some politicians to decriminalize the entry of illegal aliens along the southwest border.",755
-"Whats wrong here No ONE IS PROTESTING FOR MOLLIE OR KATE , BUT FOR ILLEGALS INSTEAD, LIBERAL DEMS REALLY NEED TO RETHINK WHAT THEY ARE DOING #BuildTheDamnWall #deportillegalimmigrants",756
-"I'm that person that is always down for shit, like if you were to text me and say ""hey we're headed to Cali for shoes"" down bitch, Lets go",757
-This is always the case with them. NO assimilation; they want to rule and change nations. #WakeUpAmerica #BuildThatWall,758
-Trump's a bitch. I'll make his whole brand go under!!,759
-"Nah bitch, you made me slice your damn tomatoes, took all our dressings, kept adding shit to your salad, and was extra af You payin hoe",760
-Bitch idc when Ima see you hoe!!!,761
-"On this day in 2001 extremist Al-Queda Muslims Islamic Terrorist blew up the Twin Towers, Sad. Keep @user safe from these extremist @user #BuildThatWall #POTUS let's not go backwards with @user @user @user @user @user let's move forward with @user @user @user #MAGA",762
-Think of all the money spent on Jails/Prisons Courthouses/Judges Police & Lawyers & ask yourself WHY DON'T our Politicians/Leaders TAKE EVERY ACTION NEEDED to STOP #illegalAliens at the border & DEPORT the ones who are here? Tell Your House rep (202-224-3121) #NoDACA No #Amnesty,763
-Forgot all about that huh Obuma?@BarackObama #BuildThatWall,764
-"Bitch I ain't got no hoes, why do you think I have to settle and hangout w you on my days off?!?!",765
-I wasnt talking about you in my tweet But if that shoe fits ya then lace that bitch up and wear it.,766
-@user The bitch is crazy I hate this whore so much irl and in rp,767
-"Illegal Alien Who Killed An FBI Agent And A Fire Marshal, Gets $280 Fine, No Jail Time another gross injustice where two citizens lost their lives at the hands of an illegal alien who should not have been here!#DeportThemAll",768
-@user Dude we call each other bitch/hoe 24/7 🙄😂❤,769
-"""Trump On Possible Government Shutdown: """"If It Happens, It Happens"""" | Zero Hedge #ShutItDown @user Your base supports your decision & want the government to #Shutdown or #BuildThatWall !""",770
-"@user Step to me, I'd smack around your ignorant, racist ass. Bitch boy. I'll make you clean your blood off my shoes.",771
-@user Very sad. They should never have to sleep on American soil ever again. #SendThemHome,772
-"@user @user By god there is a lot of woman and children got off that boat eh,poor holiday makers paying good money to go on holiday to witness that #roundthemup #sendthemback",773
-I was thinking they found A WHOLE catheter in there and I was like bitch please but that is vile AF!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!,774
-@user turn your snapchat map on bitch i just wanna talk,775
-all imma say was harry was a cunt and I wanted his bitch ass to die,776
-I’m so tired of seeing these dirty ass rat hoes getting on this bitch bashing niggas you got treated like a hoe who the fuck cares 😑,777
-NIGGA IM HOOOOTTTTTTT DONT SPEAK ON ME YOU BITCH ASS NIGGA ... NIGGAS DIE FOR THAT SHIT YOU READY FOR THAT LIFE HOE ASS NIGGA,778
-@user Just deport all these illegal aliens and their kids back to their 3rd world nation. #MAGA #BuildTheWall #NoDACA #NoAmnesty #DeportAllOfThem,779
-Your base is NOT Happy about this @user @user @user ! We want answers and we want this to STOP! #StopImmigration #NoRefugees,780
-U.S.Sheriffs Fed Up as 25 Americans are Killed Each Day by Illegal Aliens @user @user #KeepAmericansSafe #DeportThemAll,781
-I hate mfs who slam doors when they mad like bitch if you break my shit how ima keep the hoes out?,782
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user yes bitch lookin good xx,783
-"@user @user @user Kristi you fugly looking bitch, the only wrong you had to right was that you loo…",784
-Fucking hate females on here who just whore themselves out and then moan when guys respond! Fake bitches! Thankfully i DON'T respond!,785
-"@user #BuildThatWall Ryan, McConnell try to coax Trump away from shutdown using props and flattery",786
-@user BITCH!!! KJSLK:DJSLKDJ THE ANIMATION IS SO GOOD! THE WHOLE VOICE CAST!! I AM SUDDENLY A KID AGAIN???,787
-I hate when a bitch call you ugly hoe you had to Sneak up on a mirror 😝😂tf,788
-#SaturdayMorning people think #IllegalImmigration is just about #BuildThatWall and #Jobs . . . no one talks about the fraud committed or money sucked out by #IllegalAliens from social services . . .#MAGA #KAG #trump #AmericaFirst #foxandfriends,789
-"@user @user @user We don't want our countries to be over run with rapefugee parasite Moslem scum. You already have 57 countries, stay in those countries. Those countries suck because they are full of your type. #StopIslam #BanSharia",790
-"The Nature of the Hispanic is to Abuse, Corrupt and Subvert!!All Anchors must Go. And the 14th Amendment Retroactively Clarified.#DeportThemAll #BuildTheWall #MAWA #MAGA #AmericaFirst #USA#TrumpTrain #CCOT #WhiteGenocide @user @user",791
-"It is pretty simple equation. Once fake SSN is obtained, nothing stops illegals from voting ( or applying for welfare). Country-wide fraud. So sick of millions of criminals taking advantage of Americans in each and every way. #SendThemBack",792
-NOTE every lib/progressive F-Trump Resister-Hater keeps the tax cut & bonusses received due to #POTUS 2017 tax package.Vote DEM in Nov? See how much smaller their take-home check becomes.No borders? Depress those wages!#MAGA #KAG #WalkAway #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #Trump,793
-@user You left out the 35million illegals that want to be American otherwise y would they invade our country#BuildThatWall,794
-That bitch on the spoiled whore list Thought she could play games with Drake but forfeit,795
-I'm a whole cunt when I'm hungry so,796
-@user Just a whiney cunt bitch of a wife,797
-"Is she admitting to a crime here? Sure sounds like it to me, traitor who should be in prison for life @user @user #BuildTheWall #EndDACA #BoycottNFL #BoycottNike #LockThemAllUp",798
-"Stop playing with these women hearts. Karma ain't a bitch to play with, she really has no feelings.",799
-How did people respond to @user tweets today?Thursday 06 Sep 2018 16:01:21 UTCTop hashtags:#maga#retweet#buildthatwall#support45#treason#corruptionMost influential accounts:@adventuregirl@PalmerReport@WeSupport45@Free_Media_Hub@CodeOfPatriots,800
-"Whoever keeps reporting my page, you're a weak ass bitch😑🖕",801
-Ungrateful Rapefugee In Stabbing Of Americans Believes Dutch Insult Islam,802
-@user bitch you the one that said you wanted to play,803
-Woody Allen ..uflrghhjj .. hiding behind Hollywood production houses bitch raped his one step daughter and married another,804
-@user bitch 😂 mm fuck it,805
-"Woah somebody told me that ""someone"" was disappointed with bts pumas shoes. Ok but bitch wut? Why?",806
-@user #IllegalAliens Twitter is so lacking in self awareness it goes completely over their collective heads.,807
-@user since bitch boy doesn't have a 9in dick,808
-He is a snake ass bitch. He is a fugly slut who shouldn't be trusted and I'm patiently waiting for him to be 18 cuz…,809
-Why am I no longer shocked when I read about the brutality of women from those that Europe attempts to help! #sendthemback,810
-@user I like subs better anyways because you catch way more substance IMO... but he dead sound like a bitch lol,811
-"TX: Man arrested trying to get into house with knife - Heriberto Coronado, 28, is alleged to have held a knife to a female victim's throat at one point as well. ""He was also named in a detainer on an immigration charge."" #DeportThemAll",812
-"@user @user @user @user 1) #EndHealthcareCartel, 2) #EndDACA, 3) Abolish #IranDeal, 4) #EndNAFTA, 5) #BuildTheWall, 6) #FairTax, 7) #DrainTheSwamp, 8) #FairTrade, 9) #BanIslam, 10) #LockHerUp, 11) #EndSanctuaryCities, & 12) #EndCorporateWelfare. #USA",813
-@user whatever i dont need ur permission to rape u anyways bitch,814
-How building a wall REALLY changes our border.#Immigration#Immigrants #border #cage#BuildThatWall #BuildTheWall#kidsInCages,815
-"@user Idk, I'd rather die than be sentenced life in jail and become someone's bitch who rapes me.",816
-@user Twitter Facebook Instagram all ran by liberal idiots who dont care about America or its CITIZENS! #IllegalAliens,817
-@user @user @user Don't be such a shill. #WalkAwayFromDemocrats #DemocratsHateAmerica #GodBlessPOTUSTrump #GodBlessFLOTUSMelania #GodBlessAmerica #KeepAmericaGreat #Trump2020 #Winning #BuildThatWall #USA,818
-"""Please don't call it """"rescue"""" - it's human trafficking #portsclosed #sendthemback #benefitseekers""",819
-I need $$ for them shoes but a bitch like me is broke :(,820
-99% Of Illegal Alien AnchorBabies Birth is Paid by Medicaid 73% of Illegal Household on Welfare Ripping off US Taxpayers #Trump #MAGA #WalkAway #SendThemBack #Immigration via @user,821
-Another Liberal Federal Judge Turns His Back on America #NoDACA#AmericaFirst#MAGA via @user,822
-@user @user @user @user Alr bro #AllLivesMatter #Maga #BuildThatWall,823
-"@user Eric, you are so correct. But Dems/libs/progressives DO NOT CARE about the economThey care about POWER. #POTUS success is IN THE WAY of Dem power; so #Trump is their target. #MAGA #KAG #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue #AllLivesMatter #Border",824
-"Karma a bitch y'all, ion fw that hoe",825
-"SF Transit Center park open barely a month and path already falling apartWhen you hire #IllegalAliens to work for you, what do you expect?Cheap wages, cheap labor.",826
-You broke ass bitch act like a nigga want y'all dusty inside out ass pussc you hoes need to die and come back to life and restart.,827
-@user @user This is garbage. Kavanaugh has done a beautiful job fielding questions.#BuyFromInAndOut #InternetBillOfRights #DarkLeft #WalkAway #ReinstateRobynGritz #JimJordan4Speaker #2A #DefundPP #ChainDeportation #BuildThatWall #NationalReciprocity #1A #FreeJulian #BoycottNFL,828
-We must Remove the Tens of Millions of Invasive Parasites!!We must End this Long Going Nightmare!!#DeportThemAll #FoxNews #MAGA #AmericaFirst@realDonaldTrump @user @user @user @user @user @user @user,829
-@user I'm just being fr. This swamp cunt ass bitch had the NERVE to call the cops because she wanted to start some shit bc her man,830
-#FactCheck changing the words doesNot Change TheTruth #Schiffy #GitmoCallingObamaAndCompany #DemocratsHateAmerica #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll #StopTheInvasion #EndSanctuaryCities #RedWaveRising2018 #VerbalJudo will no longer work against #TheAmericanPeople #WalkAwayFromDemocrats,831
-#BuildThatWallCARTEL- 166 SKULLS FOUND IN MASS BURIAL PIT IN MEXICO: OFFICIALS,832
-"American #homeowners, as you pay your #RealEstate #taxes, remember: youre forced to spend your #money to #school non-White, anti-White #IllegalAliens #UndocumentedImmigrants.Call:1 (866) 347-2423Or go online:",833
-No bitch you need to answer the phone you fake whore😊,834
-You just fwm no more never did bitch ionkno whores,835
-Yo whoever took my shoes last night is a broke back bitch lmao,836
-"@user @user is right, #DoWhatWeSaid! #BuildThatWall",837
-@user @user GOOD 'IDEA' TBH #refugeesNOTwelcome #Brexit #BoundaryCommission #BoundaryReview,838
-Thoughtful Thursday Dear Dumbo @user ;Perhaps the 1.6 Million Homeless Children should get the same benefits as DACA folks?#AmericansAreDreamersToo#MAGA #Focus #NoDaca #NoAmnesty #AmericaFirst @user #CloserNation @user #AlexIsStanding,839
-KYUNGSOO AND FUCKING BAEKHYUN IN TODAYS PERFORMANCE OF THE EVE FUCKING TOLD ME IM A DIRTY CRACK WHORE BITCHHHHH,840
-"Another day, and another one of @user pedophile Dreamers have raped another little girl.Polk Sheriff: Illegal Alien Arrested for Rape of 8-Year-Old Girl in Florida#NoDACA #NoAmnesty #BuildTheDamnWall #ThanQ #QAnon",841
-"You hoes weak, on Facebook but be in the same bitch likes that u be hating on.",842
-"Fiona a whore, Sammi a psycho annoying bitch, Carl a wanna be, Debbie a try hard, Mickey is actually a sweetheart, and Frank a scammer",843
-"Again, please follow Gregg, (We Live We Learn. Have REALLY LEARNT A LOT from Gregg in just Two Years.) WAKE UP AMERICA! #MAGA #WalkAway #LeaveDNC #VoteRed2018 #Trump2020 #TrumpPence2020 #WakeUp #NoJihad #NoDACA",844
-"@user Nike doesn't want to move factories and lose a fortune in trade deals that are now worthless because #Trump is bringing METRIC TONS OF JOBS to America THANK YOU President Trump, we always pray for you and your precious family #TrumpTrain #MAGA #BuildThatWall",845
-Border agents in South Texas saw increase in migrant families make illegal crossings in August? Shoot on sight! #tcot #UniteBlue #Texas #Illegals #IllegalAliens #IllegalImmigration,846
-Bitch I clearly realized that already look at my name. Dumb cunt,847
-@user @user You SUCK Freddy. Just sayin. #TrumpIsYourPresident #VoteRed #AmericaFirst #NoDACA #VoteDemsOut #WWG1WGA #MAGA #KAG #America #USA,848
-@user @user @user Hate to see anyone suffer but McCain is a warmonger son of a bitch tha…,849
-"@user Per the @user and @user Hierarchy of Controls, bollards are expensive and ineffective. Whats always *best* is elimination: physically remove the hazard. #StopImmigration#Repatriation",850
-Everything I need to know about Islam I learned on 9/11#BanIslam #NoDACADeal #EndDACA #NoDreamers #IslamIsTheProblem #NoAmnesty #NoSanctuary #NoTolerance #NoMercy #AmericaFirst #AmericansFirst #AmericansHaveDreams #MAGA #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll #1A #2A,851
-"3) ""you okay?"" ""Fuck you you fat bitch."" ""Fuck you too whore""",852
-"@user @user @user WTF do those POS have to do with an illegal that murdered a police officer? You really want to connect home grown mass murders with criminals that we were in the process of EXPORTING back where they came from, clearly we don't need anymore, we've had enough! #SendThemBack",853
-@user Also the whole bitch thing you did to my bio is kinda what I was going to do for my name link,854
-I'm ready to beat a bitch with another bitch. But you hoes not worth my time or attention. #YeahDatWay👉,855
-"@user Bwahahahahahaha brilliant, love when the food cart lands followed by the invoice #MAGA #BuildThatWall",856
-@user bitch in bout tired of you bitch ass hoe fuck u..peace bitch,857
-"@user My hope is to #DeportThemAll to their home countries. Canada, Germany, England, Mexico, don't care. #NoDACA#StopImmigration#SendThemAllBack",858
-Terribly disturbing. This is just 25 minutes in just one location where there's a continuous stream of illegals entering our country. #BuildThatWall,859
-"idk why my icon isnt apoo cuz he is my number one fav, i think i just really love caesar's whole aesthetic love this goth bitch",860
-@user @user Pocohantas speaks with forked tongue. @user @user #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder @user #MAGA #AmericaFirst #TermLimits #DrainTheSwamp #BuildTheWall #SendThemBack,861
-"@user @user Yea, that 150$B probably came secretly funneled & tunneled. Trump will find a way, if he hasnt already. Theyve just convinced him to wait til after mid-terms to push the budget. Sadly, that move could cost more rep votes than they realize. #BuildThatWall",862
-"@user @user @user You stand with @user because you don't pay taxes, especially not in Maryland. #NoDACA",863
-Idc if I am pregnant you hoes getting creative too this bitch keke called me Winnie the Pooh and his crew,864
-Instinct leads me to another flow every time I hear a brother call a girl a bitch or a hoe,865
-Fanna start traveling bitch. Haha you hoes can't do that 🤗,866
-Bitches kill me with that bitch wanna be me hoe you don't wanna be yourself🙄😒,867
-Karma is a bitch and will get the asshole who did this,868
-Wouldnt it be nice to choose how OUR tax$$ are spent? No more $ on illegals! More $$ on our VETS #MAGA2020 #BuildTheWallNow #ZeroTolerance #SendThemBack #DonaldTrump #Veterans,869
-@user @user If he's being a little bitch then he needs to be treated like one. He's an absolute cunt.,870
-Argentina imported tons of Mestizos and they went from a first world country to another third world Latin American shithole. This is what's in store for America if we #AbolishICE. #BuildTheDamnWall #DeportThemAll #SupportICE #KAG,871
-@user WHERE IS YOUR BITCH ASS AT TONITE??? I KNOW YOU ARE SCARED AS SH**!! THE WORLD AWAITS YOUR DEMISE YOU THIN-SKINNED ASSHOLE!,872
-you can rent a hoe but you cant buy a bitch,873
->Harasses women and calls them bitch and crabby >They block him >Plays the victim,874
-"happy birthday bitch, hope you have a great one hoe! 😊💞 @user",875
-"@user @user @user He didn't get away with it yet. Rosie hasn't sung yet.If Dems take the house, he gets away with it.#GetOutTheVote #MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue #AllLivesMatter #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #NRA #FoxNews",876
-"I hate Fiona , dis bitch a fucking whore 😂😂",877
-Illegal Alien Sex Offender Has Raped Another Child In North Carolina is he not in prison or why hasn't he been deported?This is unacceptable in so many different ways.#BuildTheWall#DeportThemAll #KeepAmericaSafe,878
-#BuildTheDamnWalland keep this criminal trash out of USA #NoDACA #2A,879
-@user Is even more funny when u say it loud and when u cursing like bitch bitchy Bitch ahhh Bitch lmao,880
-"@user @user You really listen to yourself, dont u? That's why there are 12.1 illegals here now costing us billions. Seems to me WE HAVE HAD OPEN BORDERS! Close them. #BuildThatWall",881
-Really #RachelMaddow at least be honest and call illegal aliens - #IllegalAliens. Calling them #Immigrants is highly misleading to those who don't know better. You sound just like #FoxNews in reverse. Not a compliment.,882
-@user ur vids are great but learn to not be an asshole off camera bitch,883
-@user Please insist on wall funding now! Please do not let the speaker of the house and senate leader talk you into waiting to after the election for the funding. after the election you will be dealing with a lame duck congress.#BuildTheWall #BuildThatWall,884
-@user What a complete bitch he is.. sour cunt,885
-"""Time to wake up!""""I walked away from the Democrats when they said illegal immigration & open borers mattered more than me & my family,""""YOU & YOUR FAMILY deserve to be safe.President Trump's highest duty is to keep America safe.#NoAmnesty #NoDACA #EVerify #BuildTheWall""",886
-bitch (whore) see i'm not your bitch,887
-Illegal Alien Repeatedly Raped Girls From Two Generations Of The Same Family via @user #BuildTheWall #NeverAmnesty#DeportThemAll#DeathPenaltyFor Child Molesters!#StopTheDepravity,888
-clout man shoot cuntosaurus dis bitch,889
-@user @user @user you lame bitch that's all you can say... smh you a fake ass hoe like nobody l…,890
-Omg these hoes at Bank of America so mf rude . Like bitch if this glass wasn't between us I would snatch you up,891
-If you're a man and you're shoe size anything under a 10 yous a bitch,892
-@user @user Well read wah he posted very well n u will know why karma will hit him like a bitch,893
-"""@ACLU Well, if we could stop #IllegalAliens before they got into #America then we wouldn't have to jail them for breaking FEDERAL LAW!Remember what the """"a"""" stands for""",894
-it's time for me to BOSS UP on you bitch ass niggas & hoes😛,895
-Happy birthday to my bitch ass cousin @user 😍😘😘 Love You hoeeeee,896
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user Please follow back #Turnout2018 #MAGA #BUILDTHATWALL #KAG #DRAINTHESWAMP,897
-@user 😂😂 don shut yo crybaby ass up bitch you be hoeing ppl all day on this bitch,898
-Bitch I never cuffed yo rat ass you was just one of my freak hoes.,899
-@user We all know what you mean by 'scum' pal. Couldn't agree more. #SendThemBack,900
-Illegal invaders going back! Wonder how many will be back next week? #BuildthatWall,901
-"@user @user 😂😂 bitch you gay, you know what I mean",902
-for bringing the German Rapefugee Knife Culture to Brazil.,903
-"Do you know how many bullets I would take for Taylor, Camila, the whole cast of riverdale and ari? Bitch shoot all the guns at me",904
-@user It shows that the #DysfunctionalPartyDuopoly is not now nor ever has been predisposed to implement an effective program to #StopTheInvasion. #repX #invasionUSA @user #SealTheBorder,905
-Lana i love you bitch. Put that flag back up hoe 🇺🇸 #lustfoflife,906
-Arizona Border Cams Capture 25 Straight Minutes of Rapists & Murderers Crossing Border Illegally #BuildThatWall,907
-@user @user @user she calls me a whore when really im a cyber slut smh,908
-Obama is like a bad rash that just keeps appearing for no reason.#VoteRed2018 #VoteRedToSaveAmerica #ObamaGate #Midterms2018 #MAGA #NoDACA #AmericaFirst #KAG2018,909
-"@user @user So, when are women going to demand their right to have the honor to sign up for selective services which ALL male citizens are OBLIGATED by law? Not really equal yet, are they? Do illegals sign up? Yeah, I see equal happening all over this place! #MAGA #NoDACA #howdoyoulikeusnow",910
-"You won't catch me on this hoe arguing with a bitch lol , bitches are not worth my time ..",911
-"MUST READ: IMPORTANTMedia and political falsehoods about immigration: Propaganda images, immigrant crime and DACA@realDonaldTrump @user #NoAmnesty #EndChainMigration #EndIllegalBirthrightCitizenship#SecureUSBorders#ProtectUSA",912
-#Pentagon will #BuildThatWall for $25 million - if Congress plays tough! @user #MAGA #nationalsecurity #GodBlessPresidentTrump via @user,913
-Its crazy how quickly they got all that garbage in the stands after that rain delay #NFLKickoff #EaglesNation #BuildThatWall #SteelerNation,914
-"@user @user Agreed! Tonight's show was very informative. Tucker is brilliant, and @user is so smart #BuildThatWall",915
-"not even about to make it hot🙄😂stay in your lane😕no ones worried bout you, but hey if the shoe fit then lace that bitch up & wear it😇",916
-Im sorry but i gotta revisit this. Wtf. That shit canoed like a bitch. I bet its a grape swisher 😭,917
-#buildThatWall#lockHerUp#RedWaveRising #Trump2024#MAGA#MACA(Christian Again)#CharlottesvilleGoodPeople,918
-"@user @user @user @user Send them ALL back to their shitholes. They need to stay and make their own shitholes better instead of leeching off of us. No wonder Latin America is a third world shithole, except maybe the white majority countries Chile and Uruguay. #DeportThemAll #BuildTheWall #KAG",919
-@user F*ck you American suburb money loving skank whore. The street whore will enter Heaven before you e…,920
-😂😂😂lmfao I love you hoe bitch thanks dadddy👅,921
-"DACA Dreamer on the run, allegedly wanted for murder @user @user #EndDACA Threat is just too great!#NoAmnesty #DeportThemAll #KeepAmericansSafeNowhere in US Constitution does it say to protect Illegal Aliens!",922
-"whoever called my phone private bitch don't do it, you don't want it😉",923
-You bought that bitch a pair shoes I bought a pipe lil nigga aint neva use one squeeze dat bitch with all my might lil nigga,924
-Love that u used WOMEN instead of bitch.,925
-This is what the streets of the #uk will look like in 10 more years #Brexitnow #stopimmigration,926
-She was just your hoe now she your bitch lmao,927
-When do kids go back to school #sendthemback,928
-"@user @user @user @user @user Yeah, ITS THE ECONOMY STUPID! I am awful glad that you socialist commies forgot that! Thanks, Jim, for leading the (D)socialist 3rd world dumbsh*t party AWAY from that train of thought. We Americans apreciate it! We can get rid of you sooner rather than later! #MAGA #NoDACA",929
-#BuildThatWall yes do whatever you can but get it built #AmericaFirst,930
-@user @user @user Expose the Corruption #DeclassifyFISA #MAGA #AmericaFirst #KAG #BuildThatWall,931
-@user Coming from someone who uses ugly and cunt as terms of endearment.,932
-@user its Time to Enforce the Public Charge #Immigration laws! U.S Taxpayers should not be forced to take care of #Immigrants and Refugees collecting Welfare while our #Veterans are Homeless #Trump #MAGA #SendThemBack #RedNationRising,933
-"My resting bitch face makes me look angry as fuck sometimes, whole time I'm happy af. And no bitch I don't want to smile.",934
-me: be kind to everyone x spread love and positivity x me after a bitch crosses my path: rot in hell you dumb whore,935
-"Think about that folks, keep them out of USA @user @user #BuildTheWall #LockHerUp #EndDACA",936
-"Beatrix a brave #German woman and resistance fighter, she wont be cowed, she stands up for the people of #Germany. Wholl stand up for the people of #England? Not #theresamay but who will??? #Maymustgo #Merkelmussweg #RefugeesNotWelcome #Chemnitz #AfD #AfDwhlen #AfDwirkt #Bild",937
-And he knew he was in a position to help Kylie - bitch where? I hate that hoe but she got more of a career than you,938
-"@user TAR & FEATHER THE NO GOOD SON OF A BITCH, GRANDSON OF A WHOREHOUSE PIMP & SON OF A KKK NUT! MAKE S…",939
-WinTHELL?! Can't be real!? #DeportThemAll #EuropeWeeps #NeverSharia #WakeUpAmerica,940
-@user promoting a petition to stop Kavanaugh. She's intentionally misleading her clueless constituents to believe that a PETITION will stop Kavanaugh. How cynical; but typical of her tactics. #MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst,941
-Your a hoe looking to taken care of...nobody wants to deal with a lazy bitch...male or female!,942
-"For everyone who calls me a bitch, hoe, annoying, ugly, emo, etc. you're probably right congrats here's your medal good job 👏",943
-How often does this have to happen??. #BuildThatWallCriminal Illegal Alien Accused of Sexually Assaulting Eight-Year-Old Florida Girl,944
-So #IllegalAliens ca not be called #IllegalAliens even though that is the wording from our government. #BunchOfCrap @user,945
-@user Seems to me that Michelle Obama w/b more Nike material. They seem to be partial to America-hating grievance pushers.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue #AllLivesMatter #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder,946
-@user @user #BuildThatWall and #DeportThemAll so we can stop worrying about paying TWICE AS MUCH FOR EDUCATION.,947
-"The ""Forgotten No More"" people WILL NOT forget our @user and the Republicans he needs to keep ALL his PROMISES! We will VOTE RED and then they WILL #BuildThatWall Happy to be a part of your T-lines!",948
-"I just knew it, omg, when will this traitor be in prison for all the damage he has done to us and our programs, this is the elderly he has harmed people @user @user #BuildTheWall #EndDACA #BoycottNFL #BoycottNike #LockThemAllUp",949
-Sweden Is Burning: Migrant Gangs Unleash Coordinated Fire-Bomb Rampage Across Multiple Cities | Zero Hedge #refugeesNOTwelcome,950
-#ConfirmJudgeKavanaugh@TheDemocrats @user party of #Obama #Obstructionists @user #Soros #Liers #Violence #Hate #Hypocrisy #Socialists MS-13 #KKK #IllegalAliens #Drugs #ANTIFA #Resist@realDonaldTrump @user @user @user @user #2ADefenders,951
-Awesome idea #BuildThatWall,952
-Both #Frightening and #Demented #Sick Now it will be our problem. #SendThemBack #KAG,953
-"Correct Title: SC Cracks Down on Illegal Aliens Commiting Crimes Stealing IDS, SSN or Using Fake ones (felon) To take Jobs from Americans Illegals NOT ABOVE U.S Laws #SendThemBack #Immigration #NoDACA #Trump #MAGA via @user",954
-@user @user For every social security number that was sold there is an American victim. #BuildThatWall @user @user,955
-Another reason to #BuildTheWall and #DeportThemAll.,956
-That moment you completely realise that you've been rolling with a whore but you knew a hint bout it before @user Bitch,957
-Oregon fast food restaurant revises button policy after employees wear 'Abolish ICE' and 'No one is illegal' pins at work R PROBABLY ILLEGAL ALIENS. ENOUGH IS ENOUGH. #BuildThatWall #WalkAwayCampaign #MAGA,958
-@user bitch you switched up on me fake ass hoe .,959
-FEMA Official says the report is Fake news. #BuildThatWall,960
-"Illegals are Not Entitled To our Country, Our #Jobs Nor Our Welfare System #VoteDemsOut Keep ICE and the Rule of Law Stop rewarding Illegals Mandatory E-Verify on #Jobs and Welfare Here Illegally No Benefits for #AnchorBabies Not Citizens #NoDACA #Trump #MAGA #SendThemBack",961
-"@user What are the chances that out of the 130 aliens, some would go on to permanently separate Americans from their families by murdering them. #ICE #BorderSecurity #ClosedBorders #ImmigrationReform #BuildThatWall",962
-@user Lol they always say a little trim but when you look in the mirror you're a whole new Bitch 😭,963
-RETWEET We ALL know what this MOSLEM was up to. The PROOF is everywhere! @user #MAGA @user #KAG @user #DumpTheDems @user #Trump2020 @user #RedTsunami @user #DeportThemAll @user #Winning @user #NeverForget,964
-"Complete disgust. #Democrats this is on you. #IllegalAliens are invaders, race regardless #deathpenalty",965
-"@user You buggin Bitch , I get a free friend discount hoe",966
-@user don't do too much before I expose you baby hoe Bitch 😂😂😘,967
-THE WALL: House Dems BEG Secretary Mattis to BAIL on $450m Border Wall Project #BuildThatWall,968
-@user Around my birthday . Bitch you won’t kidnap my ass 😂😂😂,969
-@user WELL BITCH TELL ME HOW YOU DOWNLOAD VISS,970
-Awesome news!!#KAG #MAGA #illegalaliens,971
-@user #Subway #Cowards #StopTheInvasion If they do now want to embrace our customs they should go back to their country of origin.,972
-@user Million Illegal Aliens Costing U.S Taxpyers $135 Billion a year! Now Illegals Refuse to take their kids back want them to stay in U.S for Freebies thats an Illegal #Immigration CRISIS ! #WalkAway #VoteDemsOut #Trump #MAGA #SendThemBack,973
-@user All imma say is maniia a bitch and conne is a slab of a whore!!,974
-"Will I be offended when cunts celebrate my death by rejoicing and bitching about me? No, because I'll be a dead cunt. 😑",975
-😂 you don't see me on this bitch talking bout no female ion fucking care bout you hoes 💯,976
-ITS SO DISRESPECT IF YALL FRIENDS CALL YOU BITCH OR HOE . !!!!!!!!,977
-The Last Refuge has a fantastic collection of reports on a business model that profits from illegal immigration. #UniParty #RobbingUsBlind #EndChainMigration#tcot #ccot #pjnet #qanon,978
-Yes!! Keon with Trump! #TRUMP2020 #BuildThatWall #FreeAssabge,979
-That trophy hunter is one son of a bitch. What a cunt,980
-"Conservative Trump Patriots, it might be the weekend but stay up to date. The corrupt Deep State never sleeps. Stay strong for our #Potus45 and for fellow Patriot Conservatives! #NoDaca #Potus45 #MAGA #KAG2020 #VoteRedNovember2018 #StandWithPresidentTump #IfollowAllPatriots",981
-@user Why can't somebody pipe this bitch down? She's a Soros laying cunt getting paid to act.,982
-TWITTER SUSPENDS BENGHAZI HERO After Criticism of President Obama! #WWG1WGA #BiasedMedia #MockingbirdMedia #FakeNews #BenghaziNeverForget #Elections2018 #MAGA #AmericaFirst #BuildTheWALL #ThesePeopleAreEVIL #NoDACA #NoDEMS #GreatAwakening #HRCevil,983
-"If you dont support Trump, than you can just go back to Mexico. And if your not from Mexico, you should just go there anyway!#MAGA#BuildThatWall#Arbys#Trump",984
-"@user Saw you on Watters last night - SO funny!! You had a great time, & so did those watching!If you like Dr. Gina, don't miss tonight's WattersWorld!!#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue #AllLivesMatter",985
-"@user , Chuck Todd will not debate you for the same reason that Carrot Top would not fight Mike Tyson in his prime. BOTH Todd & CT w/be decimated & never the same. Which in Todd's case w/be a good thing.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #USA",986
-Tell me why I bought 3 shirts online & they came in the mail today & I feel like a whole new confident ass bitch 😂😂,987
-"#SendThemHome #NoDACA #TheyAreReturning To Their Home Countries Educated, Healthy & MultiLingual",988
-Angry Entitled Islamic Migrants Attack Taxpayer Anti-Immigrant Party Member at Swedish Rally Muslim Mob Chases Swedes in their Own County. #Multiculturalism #failure #Sverige #Sweden #DeportThemAll #borderbrawl #gohomebabel,989
-"#TurnbullsInsaneImmigration #DestructionOfAustralia #LeftyMadness #Islamabad #IslamicRegimeMustGo #SendThemBackRegional Australia is under threat of Turnbulls INSANE immigration policy, he is destroying our our culture and country. WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO TO STOP IT today ?",990
-"Why does NFL commissioner Goodell, whose spineless lack of leadership is costing NFL billions of dollars a year, still have a job?RETWEET to show your disgust; he must be fired.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue #FoxNews",991
-Communists Take Down Greek Government Website Over Athens Fire Disaster Response Time #Greece#Anonymous won't be taking down terrorists #rapefugee websites any time soon.,992
-"He's implying the Chemnitz demonstrators are nazis. They are family members, friends and general public who've had enough of the mass rapes and murder of children, relatives & friends by gimmigrant rapefugee invaders!",993
-Dese bitches will whore around lookin fa love; pathetic 😴😂,994
-"'Refugees' only come to the white countries not to flee war or poverty but to take over and become the majority,rape our women and children, and claim hey are the victims. #GoHome #RefugeesNotWelcome #ItsOkToBeWhite #WhiteGenocide #SaveWhites",995
-"""""""Dreamers"""" are not Americans, they are illegals.#DeportThemAllSouthern California HS football game sparks race debate, fans asked to stop chanting 'USA! USA!'""",996
-@user #EndDACA Only AMERICANS should vote for elected officials!!! Not dead or illegal people. But then how would you get any votes! #ENDDEMOCRATS,997
-@user Yet all that tra*h comes to America to free load off our kindness & humanity for all. #DeportThemAll,998
-@user bitch shut the fuck up ... ur fuckin nawaz whore,999
-Dems cards are being shown on Abolish ICE campaign. ICE should get temporary officers to accompany census takers and start deportation. DACA has to end. #nodaca #BuildTheWall #deport,1000
-@user Bitch u know. You a good bitch. You mah main hoe. Loveyou😘💕,1001
-I want their puma shoes but a bitch is broke and cant afford them,1002
-Denial: #UN High Commissioner Says No Real Migrant Crisis in #Europe via @user #MigrantCrisis #Rapefugees #EU,1003
-Why do you lock your door?It's the same reason why we need to #BuildTheWall.We love & want to protect those inside our homes & country. We welcome those who enter America LEGALLY. #NoAmnesty #NoDACA #EndChainMigration #EndVisaLottery #MandatoryEverify #NoAnchorBabies,1004
-#GetThemOut it's an attempt at an #IslamicCaliphate. #SendThemBack as they are #ForeignInvaders seeking #CulturalReplacement.Ask your MPs why they support #Islam when #IslamIsIncompatible with #WesternValues. Just ask #TommyRobinson and @user about #MuslimRapeGangs,1005
-Bitch why am I shook af I didn't know this crockpot meatballs recipe needed grape jelly?!,1006
-@user @user bitch come crawling to me when hoseok leaves you for his crab side hoe,1007
-Bitch shut up u a whore,1008
-"Bitch how is you gonna claim to be a ""real"" nigga, yet still on that hoe shit? I'm not understanding the math, i'm ????",1009
-i despise that bitch cunt...,1010
-"I have never raped a bitch, but I will break a bitch. – @user official season 10 tagline! #RHOA",1011
-"@user @user @user @user @user @user ""Stop talking like a whore to me"" Quit being a bitch bro",1012
-@user @user @user knows her audience & how nave & ignorant they are; that they will believe anything regardless how ridiculous. These politicians have NO RESPECT for their constituency.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BuildTheWall,1013
-"And what is your message to our own CITIZENS, our veterans, our children and those living below the poverty line in California? #DeportThemAll #NoDACA",1014
-"Love is a bald headed ugly ass slut bitch, but hey we all have it in our hearts and go through the good and bad of it..",1015
-im tryna go ghost n come back a whole new bitch like BAM,1016
-"The Democrats invented #Racism and they perpetuate it by supporting human traffickers, child traffickers, drug traffickers, importing gangs, importing terrorist cells by supporting open borders#IllegalAliens#OldMenWithPens#KAG#VoteRed2018#RedWaveRising2018#WalkAway",1017
-@user Obama can't get off the couch without Valerie Jarrett giving him a shot of estrogen in his ass and then scripting his day. @user #BuildThatWall,1018
-@user they couldn't deal with his hair. too vegas bitch. vegas whore teas were spilt.,1019
-I Hate #IllegalAliens And what they do to this country,1020
-@user This is why @user will be our next 2020 President! The economy and the wall!! #BuildThatWall no #BuildThatDamnWall,1021
-"I hate for females who hang with me but out here fucking my ""Property"" like bitch wtf you doing on my land! Hoe!",1022
-"@user WHAT'S DOES A HOGG AND A HOG HAVE IN COMMON?@MMFlint!OUTLAW #islam & #sharia STARTING IN THE USA ASAP, THEN THE WORLD!END ALL #immigration & #refugees PROGRAMS,#EndDACA#EndAnchorBabies2#EndHomelessness#AmericaFirst#DrainTheSwamp#BuildTheWall#MAGA@realDonaldTrump",1023
-If this happens there will be a civil war! #EnoughIsEnough #EndIllegalImmigration #DeportThemAll #BuildTheDamnWall,1024
-@user if its gets you upset - Hes the best man for the job.#gohome #strongborders #sendthemback,1025
-@user #LockHimUp and #Deport him#DeportThemAll #BuildTheWall,1026
-Can't wait to dye and cut my hair. Gone be a whole new bitch.😜,1027
-@user None of this would be an issue had these parents not VIOLATED our country's sovereign laws and Illegally entered our country!#SENDTHEMBACK #SendThemALLBackNOW,1028
-@user Eric Lang and other #Yarrabee Farm owners need to be charged with the negligent homicide of #mollytibbetts @user @user @user @user @user @user #NoAmnesty #Deport #NoDaca,1029
-"Instead of calling me a nigger, call out your racist friend. you're literally gum on the bottom of my shoe bitch. b…",1030
-Let's start tagging our Tweets with #IllegalAliens every time we Tweet about border issues.,1031
-@user you hoe you need to be checked for aids bitch.,1032
-@user CAN'T HAPPEN FAST ENOUGH!@USAGSessions STRIKES AGAIN!THE RIGHT PEOPLE CAN MAKE SUCH A DIFFERENCE!BEST THING TRUMP HAS DONE!#NoAmnesty #noHR392 #noh4ead #hireamerican#NoDACA #STOPOPT#NOTNVISA,1033
-Dont you mean #IllegalAliens,1034
-i would beat the fuck outta yo strong back ass bitch! fuck you hoe. @user,1035
-"The wall isn't racism, it stops slavery via @user #BuildThatWall #BuildTheWall #MAGA #GOP #Democrats",1036
-Good Morning Patriots xx Let everything we do be done with them in mind.#WalkAwayFromDemocrats #BuildThatWall #MAGA #ChooseLife #VoteDemsOut #REDWAVE2018 #Midterms #VoteRED #TinyLivesAtStake,1037
-#Ingraham: Time to build the wall via @user #NoDACA #NoDACAAmnesty #NoDACADeal #BuildtheWall @user #IngrahamAngle @user #MAGA #AmericaFirst #KAG #TRUMP #QAnon,1038
-"@user @user @user @user @user @user @user ""Gf you skanky ass bi…",1039
-"I encourage all my friends to do everything so if they want to be a hoe, bitch I support you.",1040
-@user Looks like he doesnt keep his front door open.. but they expect everyone else to.#BuildThatWall #SaturdayVibes,1041
-"Nearly $10 million transferred from FEMA to ICE, document shows #notabigdeal #iceneedstobefunded #deport #deport #sendemback #NoDACA",1042
-"""GET this WORSE THAN SCUM OUT OF OUR COUNTRY! BUILD THAT WALL!!!! I cannot THANK ICE, ENOUGH, for ALL the GOOD they do, & HAVE DONE, for ALL AMERICANS- EVEN the """"Special"""" ones who are TOO STUPID to KNOW IT. #LiberalismIsAMentalDisease #IStandWithICE #BuildThatWall #MAGA #2A""",1043
-@user @user Agree with your idea to use the Army to build the wall! Do it! #BuildThatWall #BuildTheWall,1044
-@user Omg bitch....this whole time I thought u were talking about avatar,1045
-"@user Hoe burnt. To money hungry, you must want the bitch lol",1046
-"This is our 1st amendment right being abuse, this is USA, please Mr President stop the censorship by social media today @user @user #BuildTheWall #LockHerUp #BoycottNike #BoycottNFL #EndDACA now",1047
-@user They're like omg how do you not remember her shoes. Like bitch NO YOU THE WEIRD ONE I'm looking at be…,1048
-@user #BuildTheDamnWall #BuildThatDamnWall #BuildThatWall #BuildTheWall4MollieTibbetts #BuildTheWallNow Need I say more? Solves ALL the problems!!,1049
-@user I hate this country and its rules for one and no rules for another when are we going to man up and stand up to these filthy ppl coming into are country and riding the arse off us? #sendthemhome,1050
-You cuff dat bitch you goofy hoe cause my brudda josh been break dat hoe.,1051
-@user Obama knows the country's thriving under Trump. He's trying convince those who tingle & adore him that Trump didnt build that. Trump is tearing down Obama's legacy brick by brick; Obama is furious as he watches Trump build his own legacy brick by brick. #Buildthatwall,1052
-"& for the hoe that think she don't do what the dummies do... you's a dummy bitch, and a ugly one at that! 🚮",1053
-"i listened to the whole album and cried like a bitch this shit is fucking beautiful, Lana did it again #LustForLife",1054
-We done fucked her before yo bitch a whore n you mad about it?,1055
-#BuildThatWall is all about homeland security and an open border clearly leaves Americans less safe. Makes sense to use our military to protect us by building a wall.,1056
-"@user You heard the guy. Everyone go home and if some rapefugee stabs you, it's in the name of diversity. #WokeMerkel",1057
-"Fuck these hoes !!! They ain't gone send you nowhere but to the clinic or hell , let that bitch keep them problems…",1058
-"PRESIDENT TRUMP: We have TWO options. We have #Military, we have #HomelandSecurity.#BuildThatWall @user",1059
-"@user The Disgrace is the Illegal Parent who brought their kids on their cirme spree to illegally invade the U.S so Taxpayers pay for their kids education WIC, and Medicaid! We Dont owe Illegals our tax dollars #SendThemBack #WalkAway #Trump #MAGA #RedNationRising",1060
-Did you see your daughter in Kate Steinle ? The good news Graham is the killer won't be acquitted like Kate's murderer. #VisaLottery #ChainMigration #EVerify#SecureTheBorder #RIPMollieTibbets #StopTheInvasion #AnchorBabies Great job by Jessica ! See ya Monday,1061
-"@user But I have seen girls accepting terms like bitch, hoe so casually.... I feel ashamed myself, where has respect gone",1062
-@user Stfu hoe ass bitch no you don't.,1063
-Why niggas be cuffin proud whores though? Nigga we use to call that bitch Smash Mouth,1064
-Our much anticipated Reception Managers office finally got under way today! Hopefully with minimal disruption to patients Here our Practice Manager Catherine Oates supervises as Reception Manager Tina gets the work started!! #nhs #romford #buildthatwall,1065
-9 what a stupid fucking thing for you to do last night! #Hypocrites #assholes yes #travelban #nodaca absolutely worst community there is just haters & scoffers! #Bayarea #tech hypocrites what you did was also discrimination!,1066
-@ the family that called me a cunt and a Bitch for their chip not working on their card 👍,1067
-"MS-13 Gang Members Murdered Man, Set Body On Fire In Virginia via @user @user #DeathPenaltyAny thing less is not justice!#BuildTheWall #KeepAmericansSafe#DeportThemAll",1068
-I tweeted Rachel Starr I loved her every day for like 4 whole years and we STILL ain't married. Like how much fuckin love you need bitch???,1069
-@user You keep waving that magic wand sir!!! Ill NEVER get tired of all this #WINNING! #MAGA #BuildthatWall #HillaryforPrison,1070
-Face of Crime in America!!Made Worse by Reagan's 1986 Amnesty!!#DeportThemAll #BuildTheWall #MASA #MAGA #AmericaFirst #USA#ThursdayThoughts #FoxAndFriends #TrumpTrain #CCOT @user @user @user @user @user @user,1071
-BITCH. They ship TODAY if you order before 1pm + they have Afterpay and free samples. UP UR GAME HOES,1072
-"mann fuck a bitch , fuck feelings🖕 .Yall Hoes sneaky 🚮. I Hate All You Bitches ❗️. Wish you Bitches Die 😌 ..Goodnight 😍🔑❤️",1073
-"At this point, we CAN and we SHOULD should prosecute #SanctuaryCity mayors & Governors under #8USC1324. #tcot #illegalAliens #thewall #SanctuaryCities #SanctuaryState #Trump #KateSteinle #KatesWall #ICE #KatesLaw #DACA #DreamAct #DREAMers #DHS #DOJ",1074
-@user Dont watch his sc then bitch,1075
-“ No yo ass single cause you tell yo bitch business... to unknown hoes. ”,1076
-@user How come you are silent on Trump's attacks on the Mueller and Sessions? You Fucking bitch! You fucking whore! Spineless POS!!!,1077
-"""#Children and #Women Are No Longer Safe Where There many """"#asylum"""" seekers, #IllegalAliens, or just #MassImmigration. The Nations of #Europe need to #BuildTheWall and fix #immigration LAWS NOW.""",1078
-@user I love how you think calling someone a dumb bitch is okay though. Your hate for women is very telling.,1079
-don't be late with my motherfuvking glo bottle hoe . you better have that bitch ready for me at the mf door bitchh,1080
-@user bitch do it look like WE play ?!,1081
-@user @user Bigger problem when you don't drink at home and go out and bitch,1082
-U.S. Arrests 99 MS-13 Gangsters Who Entered as Unaccompanied Minors via @user are the dReamers the Democrats are so adamant about protecting!#BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll #BanSanctuaryCitiesProsecute city state officials.#KeepAmericasSafe,1083
-"#WakeUpAmerica. Don't think for a second anyone wanting to bring these animals into our country has your best intentions in mind. Europe needs to clean their shit up, and clean the shit out of office before it's too late. #BuildTheWall #BuildThatWall",1084
-@user @user Yet the @user will put these new voters in hotels but those homeless people continue to live on streets or shelters.Dont get me started on how bad they treat the veterans. @user #sendthemhome,1085
-@user Every time I try to be in my feels you always gotta ruin it like shiii let me be a depressed bitch 😂,1086
-"It's funny trying to be told what to do I will wear what I want Talk to whoever I want Post whatever I want & be whoever I want to be, bitch",1087
-"Evidently, people on Twitter don't like the use of the term #IllegalAlien or #IllegalAliens and consider it ""hate speech"". It's the legal term.",1088
-Sallie MAE is the most annoying bitch EVER hoe I ain't paying you shxt lol,1089
-Don't let these jealous hoes trick you into thinking you ugly . Slay bitch 👑,1090
-"Of course Life is a Bitch.. If it was a slut, It would be easy.. MAYWARD MahalKitaKasiBiga10Na",1091
-THE WHOLE #LUSTFORLIFE ALBUM IS JUST LIKE BITCH STOP ITS STILL 10AM HERE AND IM ALREADY ROLLING ON THE FLOOR AND AH…,1092
-"MS-13 spreads to 22 states, fed by 300,000 illegals, DACA recipients, tied to 207 murders@GOPLeader @user #NoAmnesty#DeportThemAll#BuildTheWallAmnesty creates more Illegal Migration, always has, always will.",1093
-"This white lady just told me I was ""too young"" and ""a baby"" BITCH I'm married with 1.5 kids, paying my own goddamn bills, 🗣 lee me alone hoe",1094
-Just got a whole eyeshadow palette and three eyebrow pencils i am so ready to be a bad bitch shsyxgxjx,1095
-@user #BlueWaveIsComing? But it's a Blue wave of #corruption #LiesLiesLies #openborders #IllegalAliens #Censorship Just #WalkAway from #DemocraticSocialism,1096
-"@user Bitch, I'm,,,,,, I'm glad you shared. I'm flattered 😩 I love you hoe ❤🍷❤",1097
-Whoever the last bitch you was fucking with tell her it's over 😝,1098
-@user no bitch idk about my family being broke 😂dumb ass hoe. and u clearly have a dick between yours.,1099
-"I tell the baddest bitch around.. Hoe you look like Tory Lanez jump shot.""""",1100
-Get reckless Ima pull up with a stick nigga stop stunting for them hoes you a bitch nigga!,1101
-@user 😂😂😂Bitch what with my brand new uniform and shoes😏,1102
-#EU Parliament Adopts Motion to Trigger Punitive Procedure Against #Hungary: via @user #asylumseekers #immigration #illegalaliens #viktororban,1103
-@user bitch I am from San Antonio Tx. U ain't slick with the Spanish u dumbass cunt lmfaoooo just proceed w…,1104
-@user @user @user *syrian rapefugee,1105
-"@user YOU OWE HER FAMILY AN APOLOGY FOR BRINGING HER MURDERER TO CANADA!!! He's still here & us taxpayers are paying to feed, house and protect him #nooneprotectedMarissa #whatifitwasyourfamilymember #yourenotmovingfastenoughonthis #NOMOREREFUGEES",1106
-#BuildThatWallThis is like an army of men coming thru to the USA Looks like new camouflage clothes on them and drugs coming in! @user @user,1107
-"@user Bitch ill keep tweeting at you , you shrimp dick ass hoe fuck you",1108
-"Good Job @user No Illegal Alien Can Think They are Welcome in the U.S Burdening U.S Taxpayers Find them, Arrest Them and #SendThemBack #Trump #MAGA #RedNationRising",1109
-"#BuildThatWall and call them what they are: ILLEGAL ALIENS Suspects, victim in Sanilac County homicide are undocumented immigrants",1110
-#BuildThatWall #fbicorruption needs to stop trying to keep hillary and Obama out of jail and do their jobs.,1111
-@user @user bitch delete your fucking snap name wtf wrong with you fw the opps you wild,1112
-"@user I would rather refer to you as: ""Ginger Bitch""",1113
-I am horrified to share #genes with the #humans who put this #law in place. This is a direct result of #CulturalReplacement by #IslamicCaliphate #ForeignInvaders posing as #EconoMigrants and the #EU leaders are complicit. #FightBack #GetThemOut #SendThemBack,1114
-"@user @user If theres one thing that causes Canadians to speak up, its people butting in a lineup. We all came here from somewhere and we lined up and followed the rules. We have a good immigration process. Use it. #sendthemback",1115
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user Finally approved by GoFundMe! We The People can Donate to #SecureOurBorders Let's get it built! #BuildThatWall #MAGA #BuildTheDamnWall #KatesWall #MolliesWall #JamielsWall Vetted & Verified by GoFundMe legal dept. Here's the link:,1116
-#SendThemBack fight the #CulturalReplacement and #IslamicCaliphate masquerading as #EconoMigration.,1117
-bitch if you ain't screwed up lace ya shoes up.,1118
-@user Utch cunt in ass lovllll twt owned u bitch cunt fuck,1119
-You one of them who take pictures of his legs at the beach basic bitch hoein,1120
-A hoe got one time to fuck me over and it's fuck you forever lil bitch 🖕,1121
-@user @user This is an extremely important issue and a winning issue for the Lresident! Stop listening to your good people because they dont care about you or his country! They will not even be re-elected!! #BuildThatWall NOW!!!,1122
-@user @user @user Weak amnesty lovers like him will keep voters away from the polls #NoDACA #NoAmnesty,1123
-@user You came in my mentions first but okay hoe goodnight ily bitch and I know this picture of this dog just m…,1124
-"this seems like a really good idea, except that it will displace more Californians to my state, which is already affecting our way of life. #refugeesnotwelcome",1125
-"""Hey MPs_how many more times does this scenario hav 2 play-out b4 u WAKE-UP & smell d-BullSheet _this EU multicultural BS has been a clever""""invasion""""2 Destroy all NAT'L societies 2makeWAY 4_a_NWO oneWORLD Gov._U can't live in Peace with Barbarians whoWANT 2conquer U _DEPORTthemALL""",1126
-"#BuildThatWall Go around them. The money is already in the Pentagon and DHS, It's what our military did for decades, if not more than a century of erecting forts and walls to defend the country, and it's a valid response to an invasion.",1127
-We dont want ppl from 3rd world shithole countries living here. .we have enough problems of our own #StopImmigration entirely. #deport them all.. #MAGA #KeepAmericaGreat #BUILDTHEWALL #GOP,1128
-"@user that bitch ain't too good to be touched, whore has never had a job in her life and thinks she's better than somebody else. #RESISTANCE",1129
-"Baby you deserve the better things.Let me show it, prove it. What these other hoes ain't doing. Let a real bitch do it, like I can",1130
-I want them and to fight you bc a bitch can't even buy those shoes in america,1131
-Dumb cunt ass cheating bitch doesn't deserve shit in this world but herpes 🙂🙂🙂,1132
-Refugees in Italy throw away food. Refuse to eat it.#stopimmigration,1133
-fucking dumbass fucking bitch fucking dumbass whore,1134
-"When will #WeThePeople have enough of #CAIR & Muslims in our America? They came here not to assimilate, but to spread their vile Sharia Law, they need to #SendThemBack no one is above our #Constitution our laws. @user close this down! Let them have not another inch!",1135
-If You My Bitch You My Bitch then and that just means You My Bestie In This Crazy HellHole,1136
-Other people: gosh darn it Me: god damn tittie fucking cunt ass bitch mother fucker,1137
-someone ever get in your way and you say sorry because you're a polite ass bitch and they don't say anything back & you're like lol IGHT HOE,1138
-@user @user Please Please Please Declassify Information so American people will know the TRUTH! For Transparency!!#BlueRipple #KatesWall #OBAMASPYGATE #NoAmnesty #NoDACA #MAGA,1139
-@user #Immigration will decide the fate of our nation. #StopTheInvasion,1140
-@user #BuildThatWall send her back hommeeeee! Hahaha,1141
-@user he raped a pregnant bitch,1142
-#Diversity in England. Need any more proof that this is #WhiteGenocide ? #SendThemBack,1143
-whoever recorded this couldn't zoom in or some shit you had one job bitch,1144
-".@VoteSmarts @user @user FYI, #IllegalAliens are Not a *protected *group. Urge you read and Apply Our #Constitution in Our #USA re #Citizens; #FairPlay, eh. What do you have against #mexico, hm.",1145
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user Please follow back #Turnout2018 #MAGA #BUILDTHATWALL #KAG #DRAINTHESWAMP,1146
-"N.J. man charged with human trafficking, sex assault of 18-year-olds #WWG1WGA #BuildTheWALL #ThesePeopleAreEVIL #Pedovores #NoDACA #GreatAwakening #PedoGate #PizzaGateIsREAL #PedoWood #HollyWeirdPANIC #TruthMatters #MKUltra #EndChildSexTrafficking",1147
-The Media is Lying about Chemnitz | Declinist Books Surge in Sales via @user #defendeurope #stoptheinvasion #WhiteGenocide #openborders #multicultural #diversity #diversityisourstrength #germany #Chemnitz,1148
-My mom tryna bribe be into watching my brother and sister for a whole nother week. Bitch this been the longest 11 days of my life.,1149
-I'm about to bitch slap bro so he know he's a hoe,1150
-WAKE UP AMERICA. We cannot continue to allow illegal aliens to stay in County. They are a real and present danger to LEGAL AMERICAN CITIZENS. #BuildThatWall #EndCatchAndReleash #DefundSantuaryCities,1151
-@user Tucker an arrogant ahole! A Trump bitch!,1152
-@user WE CAN NOT forget to vote.Plenty of Americans SACRIFICE in #Military #ICE #Police WE can take a couple hours out of our busy days on Nov 6 to VOTE. PLEASE ALL - help save our country!!#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst,1153
-Thousands rally in Germany for migrant rescue missions.Idiots! #deportThemAll #deportAfricans #deportMuslimFreeloaders #destroyQuran #destroyDeathCult #IslamNotReligion #destroyMosques #banSharia #banHijab #banBurka,1154
-"i'm so salty i tried to go in a store with no shoes on and the ladies like ""you have to have shoes"" BITCH IM NOT VCARRYING A DISEASE",1155
-"@user @user Yes @user if you dont enter the US legally, you are here illegally. Just because you want to emigrate does not give you access or the right to bypass the way to do it legally. In law, an alien is a person in a country who is not a national of that country. #IllegalAliens",1156
-When the Left cannot tell the difference between immigrants and illegal immigrants.#IllegalAliens #Immigration,1157
-"When I think about children seperated from thier family's at the border and how the media sensationalizes it, I think about this guy. Maybe his childern miss him. #BuildThatWall #FakeNews #MAGA",1158
-"the way society tells girls if they show off their body that they're a ""slut, whore, hoe, etc."" makes me SO MAD!! LET PEOPLE BE HAPPY!!",1159
-Y’all dudes need to learn how to respect your girl don’t call her ya “hoe” or “bitch” cause that’s not what she is. She’s your queen. 😤💯,1160
-@user Bitch i said bye hoe and you aint do shit so hoe stop playing with me,1161
-"Whoever was the fucking piece of shit who broke into my car and stole my late mother's purse, I hope #karma gets you, bitch. #FuckYou",1162
-Bitch how?? Nobody watched your videos. You we're just a hoe for male rappers sis.. U not even a rapper at all hone…,1163
-getting the justice that hundreds of unarmed black men and women never received. double standards are a bitch.,1164
-"I hate a ""I can't have no ugly friends ass bitch"" like you just a Rihanna lookin hoe💀❗️✋",1165
-"@user Nah bitch ain't no fuckin shoe , stfu . You a obsessed hoe . He done with you , move on with yo lif…",1166
-Time to Stop Illegals from using kids as a get out of jail card #Detain and Deport Never let them see a U.S City Stop #CatchNRelease #SendThemBack ASAP #Trump #MAGA #RedNationRising #Immigration No Illegals,1167
-@user @user Oooooh caughtcha... you wanna be twitter whore. Your nothing but a dumb fish bitch!!!,1168
-Exactly! Grateful my Sicilian grandparents both paternal and maternal cam here legally and assimilated! #pjnet #SundayMorning #SundayMotivation #NoDACA,1169
-Congress has FAILED AMERICA consistently for years .It's sad. We elect and pay these pukes and they screw us constantly.#VoteRed #RedTsunami#VoteLiberalsOut ALL OF THEM.#SaveTheUSA#NoMuslims#MuslimBan #CloseTheBorders ALL OF THEM##DeportThemAll,1170
-"Flashback: Seven 9/11 terrorists #illegalaliens Overstayed Their Visas, Were Never Deported @user",1171
-im that bitch who goes thru the whole comment section to like all the comments talking abot jm it be like this,1172
-So now you friends with JAVEN bitch fuck you hoe ! ... — OMG BITCH😂😂😂😂,1173
-Mo Brooks: The 15M Illegals in U.S. Give Blue States 20 Congressional Seats #MAGA #WalkAWay #NoDACA #NoAmnesty #DrainTheDeepState #thewall,1174
-"@user @user @user @user Good, it will help with the illegal alien problem. Now we need to #BuildThatWall #MAGA.",1175
-"A stuck up bitch, a whore and a lesbian. I swear no one has had as fucked up a love life as me. @user @user #shaymitchell",1176
-@user @user It was like BHO released a cancer virus on the people of the U.S. intentionally.#InternetBillOfRights #DarkLeft #WalkAway #ReinstateRobynGritz #FireRosenstein #JimJordan4Speaker #2A #DefundPlannedParenthood #ChainDeportation #BuildThatWall #BoycottNetflix #NationalReciprocity,1177
-"""They should have beaten the """"teen"""" (probably a bearded rapefugee) within an inch of his life. Castrate and deport.""",1178
-"@user Cool. And for my bday too. Since YOU ARE COMING WITH ME HOE. Idk bout Josh, BUT I WILL KIDNAP YOU BITCH",1179
-"The Hillary server/unmasking of U.S. citizens/FBI-CIA-DOJ conspiracy, perjury & obstruction - A SILENT COUP - to take down a U.S. President; by far the largest & deepest scandal to ever hit U.S. government.#MAGA #KAG #Trump #POTUS #NEWS #USA #WalkAway #DrainTheSwamp #NoDACA",1180
-"@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user I am a #ProudAmerican that supports #TrumpTrain because he puts #AmericaFirst and wants to #BuildThatWall #KAG #BoycottTheNFL #ILoveYourPresident join me""I Love Your President"" give it a listen.",1181
-"@user @user @user This ceases to become a public forum @user when people are being policed on the words and phrases that they can and cannot use, objective facts using the phrases #IllegalAliens #IllegalAlien is not about hurt feelings, it is about people not liking a terminology applied to them.",1182
-@user RT @user Sanctuary Cities are against the Law. Please shut them down & arrest/prosecute all criminal Governors & Mayors. #USA #Americans #America #Constitution #EndSanctuaryCities #EndDACA #AmericaFirst #MAGA #Congress @user @user @user @user @user,1183
-That's what they are - #IllegalAliens. Now Twitter wants to override US federal government legal designations?,1184
-@user @user @user #NoDaca if they cant pass a budget #ShutItDown,1185
-"Christmas trees are just regular trees that decided to become drag queens. Misty-Mistle-hoe came to sleigh, bitch. @user",1186
-"@user , an ""anonymous source"" told me that @user flunked kindergarten; but he was passed on w/the help of affirmative action.And, because his teacher didn't want to deal w/the little brat any more.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #USA #WalkAway #TDS #NoDACA",1187
-"@user @user 364 down only about 12,499,636 more to go!#BuildThatWall",1188
-I LOVE BEING A HOE WITH YOU YOU ARE ONE OF THE GREATEST THINGS THAT EVER HAPPENED TO ME 💝💞💕💞 ily bitch i ain't ever…,1189
-Court Ruling Freed Iraqi Rapefugee Whos Now Charged With Attempted Murder Of Cop,1190
-"Trump wants to deport illegal aliens with 'no judges or court cases' #MeTooI am solidly behind this actionThe thought of someone illegally entering a country & showing no respect for its laws,should be protected by same laws is ludacris!#DeportThemAll",1191
-@user @user How trump 'moves in like a bitch' with women,1192
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user hope you take these impostors who created the Palestinian refugee crisis to court and get a backbone. They havent given a dollar to the worlds largest/longest suffering refugee population they created now claim you find terror. Enough already. Let refugees go home.,1193
-Attempted Mass Poisoning: Illegal Alien Poured Drain Killer Into Food At Florida Restaurant via @user are they so lenient?This is terrorism!#BuildTheWall #EnforceUSLaws#KeepAmericansSafe #DeportThemAll,1194
-Please advise where I can go to sign the petition to stop your petition.#ApproveJudgeKavanaugh #MAGA #AmericaFirst #NoDACA #AmericansB4Illegals #LimitedAbortion,1195
-like you dudes be so worried about ya bitch being hoes but y'all deadass be the maaainnn problemmm. look in the mirror and you'll see a hoe.,1196
-Bitch I'm kuntry I do what I want,1197
-RT. #PresidentTrump This Election Is A Choice Between:Democrats Who Want To #AbolishICE Republicans Who Want To #AbolishMS13 Democrats Want #OpenBorders #SanctuaryCities#TaxIncreasesRepublicans Want#WallOfProtection#NoDACA#NoIllegalSanctuaries,1198
-@user The left can no longer be trusted. #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #GodBlessICE #MAGA #AmericaFirst #SendThemBack #BuildTheWall #DrainTheSwamp #walkaway @user,1199
-Now who tf could be jealous of any bitch that fucked w| Mazi?! Hoe you sick.,1200
-"@user We voted to stop our invasion, not a tax cut.#BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll",1201
-Men cheat cause we just want a nut. Women cheat for a whole different reason.,1202
-Twitter new arbiter for protected speech. If federal law uses #IllegalAliens then why is this blocked?,1203
-@user @user And that Asian dude poked his dick in this bitch's cunt...where it didn't belong ...js,1204
-"@user So you're telling me you dont enjoy constant use of the words bitch, yeaaaaaa, fook, egypt, hoe, or even peanut head? 😂",1205
-millions of #Americans are ready to donate dollars to #BuildThatWall so @user we need someone like you to start a GoFundMe or other secure way for us to donate dollars to get it done. We are begging you to help. #jjs5547 #maga #walkaway #potus #redwave #realDonaldTrump,1206
-Yall gone stop gasing these hoes up .idgaf if yo ass fat . Bitch you black Asf and disgusting.,1207
-@user @user @user @user yea bitch we are out hoe and ???? what you going to do hoe,1208
-FINE ASS BITCH. CUTE ASS HOE. YOU A FUCKING BADDIE BITCH. I FUCKING LOVE YOUUUUU,1209
-"I hate a hoe that wanna be bold asf till you confront they ass 😑 then they all like ""I never said that"" bitch stfu and catch this shit",1210
-@user @user so why you followed me la bitch? you and your what? 😂😂😂😂😂😂😂,1211
-"YET THEY CLAIM , THEY RE VICTIMS WONDERING WHAT KIND OF HUMAN RACE IS THIS #ILLEGALALIENS HATIN THE BLACK AFRICAN NATION IN ITS COUNTRY.",1212
-EVERY DAMN DAY REPORTED A CHILD RAPED BY AN ILLEGAL. AM SHOUTING ALL CAPS BECAUSE TODAY IT WAS TWO REPORTED. THE OTHER IN ALABAMA. @user THIS IS ON YOU! #BuildThatWall,1213
-@user @user Send me your info please cause you too loose with this bitch word 😂,1214
-And don't ask me who I'm talking about.. if you feel like that mothafuckin shoe fit then by all means bitch you rock it!,1215
-WTF? What are we waiting for? These ppl will be the death of us. #BuildThatWall,1216
-"To all you hoes that rejected my shot this summer, you missed yo blessing Bitch",1217
-@user 'NON-#FakeNews TRANSLATION': 'DESPICABLY 100 (ONE HUNDRED) % (PERCENT) ACCURATE' #refugeesNOTwelcome #Brexit #Liverpool,1218
-"Hopefully, the CA Conservatives will vote every liberal out of office! They've tarnished and destroyed the state! Stop letting the 'Bay Area' control the entire state! Wouldn't that be 'GOLDEN!' Ask people if they need a ride to the polls! #VoteRed#BuildTheWall #EndDACA",1219
-I can never get mad over a bitch cause i know my place .. the madness come in when you keep being friendly with this hoe 💯,1220
-Fuck whoever drank 2 of my teas. Fuck you. And your fucking family. And I wish bad juju karma on you. Because you're a mf cunt waffle.,1221
-"CUPS BITCH I KNOW YOU READING THIS SO WITH THAT BEING SAID, YOU RUDE FOR NOT TELLING ME HAPPY ANNIVERSARY WHORE!!",1222
-"When an American is offended by #MAGA or #AmericaFirst , you KNOW you are dealing with a Leftist.#HillaryForPrison #LockThemUp #NoDACA #KAG #POTUS #NEWS #Military #DrainTheSwamp #WalkAway @user @user @user @user @user @user",1223
-Finally approved by GoFundMe! We The People can Donate to #SecureOurBorders Let's get it built! #BuildThatWall #MAGA #BuildTheDamnWall #KatesWall #MolliesWall #JamielsWall Vetted & Verified by GoFundMe legal dept. Here's the link:,1224
-Ronnie is a fucnign cunt asshole bithc I want him to get knocked out,1225
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user You literally put #BuildThatWall. But youre calling somebody racist. K.,1226
-@user Should Move to Deport Immigrants on Welfare as Public Charges We Dont Owe them Our Tax Dollars #RedNationRising #Trump #MAGA #SendThemBack via @user,1227
-@user @user #IllegalAliens are not a race. Theyre a group of #criminals. #LiberalLogic,1228
-@user @user BUILDTHATWALL,1229
-@user @user 😂😂😂😂 not the bitch that slagged my dog,1230
-@user Well we're getting one tomorrow bitch 💜,1231
-My Shoes 1 Of A Kind Bitch You Can't Find These In New Orleans,1232
-"Whoever said that a dog is a man’s best friend obviously never met you. Happy birthday, bitch @user ! 😙❤🎉🎂🍻",1233
-"Akin to rape victims apologizing to the refugee rapists in EuropeIt's just wrongIf you cannot name the problem, you can't solve the problemThis father is very misguidedAnd it's wrong of the father to blame America for the actions of #IllegalAliens",1234
-"#OnMyBlock we Kneel 4 the, we want 2 #EndChainMigration ,we say Merry Christmas,we dont believe in #ClimateChange,we cherish the #1stAmendment ,we support , we speak English, we love #Capitalism ,we believe marriage is between man & woman & we know there R but 2 Genders!",1235
-Merkel will not allow media to report; 'migrant' beheads 1yr old baby girl! #EuropeWeeps #NeverSharia #DeportThemAll #WakeUpEurope #WakeUpAustralia #WakeUpAmerica,1236
-"My whole life I've heard, ""You're only 5'2'? I thought you were my height."" Lesson learned: Bitch-ass fools people.…",1237
-@user Like um bitch I'm mentally ill u cunts??????,1238
-If I say I love #IllegalAliens is that hate speech? Or will Twitter computers make a smoking hole? Asking for a friend,1239
-MS13 are animals! #ICEHeroes #MS13Animals #DeportIllegals #BuildTheWall #EndChainMigration #EndLotteryVisas #DrainTheSwamp #VoterID #SupportTheBlue #AmericansFirst #MAGA #LawAndOrder #VoteDemsOUT #VoteRed2018,1240
-Ur a bitch I prefer the term cunt actually. Has a better ring to it✌💕,1241
-IT NEVER ENDS! #BuildTheWall #BuildThatWall !!!!!!!,1242
-@user @user Like he ever kept out any threats. He's lying as usual. #BuildThatWall,1243
-@user You're a funny bitch and I love you cunt :) ♡♡,1244
-"""@SchadeTom @user @user I don't vote """"D""""More like got to get rid of my dumb lib neighbors and all the illegals from 3rd world holes.#SendThemBack""",1245
-If you aren't able to sing the whole song don't sing the bitch at all then.,1246
-Me and Jayleen literally came at this bitches life because she thought she would be a cunt,1247
-All this does is condemn leftists attempts to scam the refugee program. It supports Stephen Millers positions. #BuildTheWall #nodaca #StephenMiller,1248
-"Joffrey is a bitch and I cried of joy when he fuckinf died. He killed my fav whore , Ros . He was a rat too",1249
-Every day there's a horrible crime perpetrated by an illegal alien. #DeportThemAll #BuildTheDamnWall,1250
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user Please follow back #Turnout2018 #MAGA #BUILDTHATWALL #KAG #DRAINTHESWAMP,1251
-Dont tell me about yo hoe storied n then try to tell me you dont suck dick 😐 bitch who are you foolin.,1252
-Kyrie was like Gee Money. Lebron was like: Is that all this about some skeezer fuck that hoe bitch you think I give a fuck about her LMAO!,1253
-"STOP ALL IMMIGRATION, ILLEGAL AND REFUGEES! Our government is putting our families in danger with their bleeding heart BS. We should be caring for the American citizens FIRST and the security of our own borders! #BuildThatWall",1254
-@user Basically the whole song is 'you're going to get it bitch'.,1255
-@user Didn't watch the hearings?You are clearing fear mongering.Please support the confirmation of Judge Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court of the Untied States of America.#MAGA#USA1st#BuildThatWall#NoAmnesty#NoDACA#DumpTheUN#ScrewTheEU#KingTRUMP,1256
-@user @user My fiancee is in Italy right now visiting family. She told me that she feels heartbroken and very uncomfortable because of the immigrants. They stare at all the women there like they want to hurt them and they Italian military is everywhere. #sendthemback,1257
-These hoes gone break your heart but aye that's yo down Bitch tho,1258
-"#Germany : THOUSANDS #protest after #Muslim #migrants #murder German man, #Merkel condemns protests #ReligionOfPeace #BanSharia #NoOpenBorders #SendThemBack#EnoughIsEnough #StopHijrah NOW!!! #NoRapeCulture #NoZoophilesCultutre SEND THEM BACK NOW!!!",1259
-If she cheat on her bf for you don't let that hoe tell you you special... that bitch fuckin errrbody play ya part big pimpin,1260
-"When you was young yo mama dropped you on yo head hoe, cuz bitch you got some issues",1261
-#IllegalAliens is nothing more than an accurate description.,1262
-@user We dont care if your meeting Jesus.Bring a vote to the floor BEFORE the mid terms so we can see who voted against the security of our country. We will vote for those who want to #BuildThatWall .It's either that or shut it down.Your work for us.,1263
-@user Who isn't troubled ? Bitch he had 6 kids. He's a selfish cunt.,1264
-Get out of the way #Libtards #NoRefugees No #IllegalAliens#SaveTheWest,1265
-"That's call my bestfriend bitch! I'm so happy man! No kids, no drama,we got our own apartment and car! Hoe if we wa…",1266
-@user @user @user @user Mark Levin is a dumb cunt,1267
-whoever's going down to smoke secretly can you please lock the front door i keep getting blamed for keeping it unlocked bitch wtf,1268
-"@user @user I'm in, David.#IllegalAliens #ILLegalimmigrants",1269
-"@user Bitch, as if there's any greater joy in life than negativity and discourse.",1270
-@user Mannn shut your bitch ass up.. your hoe ass was rooting for George Zimmerman murdering ass.. Fuck you,1271
-This hoe ain't have no money so why would I spend my money on you when you not my bitch,1272
-Pray to God to make it so a good person is in charge from now on @user @user #BuildTheWall #LockHerUp #BoycottNike #BoycottNFL #EndDACA now,1273
-"Bitch you got hoe mentalities, lol, word from the Don",1274
-Your hoes be eating dick so skip the kissing ( stop it bitch ),1275
-Any mfing time this hoe always trying to make it seem like I'm the bad person you call for your daughter bitch you got her.,1276
-@user @user The USA cant take in all of the worlds refugees. #SendThemHome,1277
-Whoever did this to me you a bitch and wish nothing but the worst to you.,1278
-I'll never eat another bitch pussy as long as I'm breathing you hoes are nasty,1279
-@user Why have you forsaken us for @user and @user Keep your word for a change #BTW #DeportThemAll #MAGA,1280
-One thing about me idc what comes out of my mouth or who my words hurt. If you take offense you're just a bitty bitch or hoe ass feminist 💀,1281
-Chain Migration is not sustainable and needs to end NOW. It's time to break the chain! #EndChainMigration,1282
-Rapefugees should be fucking shot.,1283
-@user Thank you Mr. President for putting America and its Citizens First#BuildTheWall #BuildTheDamnWall #BuildThatWall #DeportThemAll #ReleaseTheDocuments,1284
-"the crazy part is, y'all be moving on soooo quick. out here talking to a new bitch the next day. you are a straight burnt out hoe LMAAAO.",1285
-@user FUCK BITCH YOU KNOW ME FUCK I'M NOT USUALLY A VILLAINS TYPE BUT I'M A HOE FOR VIRUS FUCK YOU HE CAN INFEC…,1286
-Every #illegal deported is an incremental pay raise for citizen workers! #DeportThemAll #ArrestEmployers #MAGA,1287
-@user why just a wall let's build an empire #Trump2020 #BuildThatWall 207,1288
-Enough is enough. #SENDTHEMBACK @user,1289
-"🤔 you ever notice how ""go text them other hoes"" backwards is ""i got options bitch so dont play""",1290
-I Agree@realDonaldTrump It's Imperative To Start Deportation On These People - #DeportThemAll They Do Not Belong Here; Also #FireSesssions Get Rid Of #ArrogantRosenstein,1291
-Illegal Aliens Who Murdered Man In North Carolina Captured via @user #KeepAmericansSafe#EndDACA #DeportThemAll #DeathPenalty,1292
-@user @user @user leave my bitch alone people make mistakes so stfu a go somewhere you big shoe lookin ass mf,1293
-This Should Make Every American Called SenatorsTell Them Build The Dam WallNo Chain Migration/Visa Lottery & No Amnesty! Corrupt Democrats Can't WinWith Hard Working Americans Because They Are #WalkAway From Lies!#MAGA #NoDACA,1294
-@user This is inhumane😔 Karma is a bitch she ll get around these brainless heartless assholes!,1295
-@user shut ya bitch ass up before I pull up to ya house. You hoemade just like that fat trel wanna be nigga,1296
-"These savages invade Our Country, disrupt cities, turn many into shitholes like where they came from and WE THE PEOPLE are paying for this SHIT. How about taking or Our OWN Citizens, Veterans and other AMERICANS in need? To HELL with these ungrateful idiots; #SendThemBack",1297
-"The real problem is illegal immigration and if Cristhian Bahena Rivera wasnt in our country, Mollie would be alive today. #MollieTibbets #dummycratoftheweek #justiceforMollie #ElizabethWarren #IllegalAliens",1298
-I'm a happy bitch as long as I have the rainbond around and can drag hyunyoung whoever I want to.,1299
-"New blog post: Liberals? Answers, Please.How about an honest debate on the issues, & explain ""Resist"" and ""Impeach Trump"" in more detail than a bumper sticker.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue",1300
-"Another one of @user Dreamers has murdered 3 people n Arizona, one of them a baby.#NoDACA #NoAmnesty #BuildTheDamnWall #AmericaFirst",1301
-Get you some money you too old to be gossiping like a lil bitch for a broke hoe y'all niggas real life faggots,1302
-"Kamala Harris is angry, immature, corrupt, feckless, unserious, ignorant & unaccomplished.Which makes her the odds-on favorite to be the Dem nominee to challenge #POTUS in 2020#MAGA #KAG #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue #AllLivesMatter",1303
-@user @user @user @user Thank you for the Follow! #NoAmnesty #EndDACA #BuildTheWall,1304
-Nail salon playin sad ass MFn songs totally ruining my whole treat yo bad ass queen self attitude while I try to hold back lil bitch tears.,1305
-"That 'anonymous source' piece in the NYT is so over-the-top & anti-#POTUS , it smells like Omarosa had something to do with it. #MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue #AllLivesMatter #DrainTheSwamp #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder",1306
-And who claims rape on twitter lol. Uh come on now bitch ..,1307
-"@user MAGA. Four times they sent me the same message, and each time I gave them the same answer. Then, the fifth time, Sanballat sent his aide to me with the same message, and in his hand was an unsealed letter-Nehemiah 6:4-5 #buildThatWall",1308
-.@KamalaHarris says Dreamers represent the best of what #America has to offer 60K with arrest records NOT OUR BESTNote to #KamalaHarris USCIS Director Cissna~you could be arrested a whole lot of times and still get DACA#NoDACA,1309
-Just like every other social justice cunt: bitch doesn't know anything about the economy.,1310
-"@user @user Bitch, I'm fun for the whole goddamned family",1311
-"Tho they still showed their manipulative cunt and bitches sides among the ppl in prison, it made the drama somehow more interesting to enjoy",1312
-fuck marty that cunt ass pussy bitch,1313
-@user Border is a National Sercurity threat! #BuildTheWall #PassSAF #EndChainMigration #EndVisaLottery #EnactEVerify #KeepAmericansSafe,1314
-Wait now they're saying @user was raped?! I really just can't believe it. This bitch will do and say anything for attention.,1315
-"@user #JoinTheNRA @user #NoAMNESTY #NoDACA #StopGunCONTROL #GovMEDIA VOTE 2018 MIDTERMS VOTE OUT @user #KS03 @user @user RHINOS #KeepAmericaGreat USA moving to Joined March 2009 Born on June 22, 1960",1316
-#MAGA #KAG #wwg1wga #TogetherAgainstHate #PatriotsUnite #PatriotsEffectingChange #Deplorables #Buildthatwall #RedNationRising #RedWaveRising #VOTEDEMSOUT@DFBHarvard @user @user @user @user SHARE #togetherwearestronger,1317
-"""@GOP Great tweet. Now get rid of RINOs Paul Ryan, Mitch McConnell and Lindsey Grahamnesty, REPEAL Obamacare and DEPORT Illegal Immigrants, INCLUDING so-called """"Dreamers."""" #NoDACA""",1318
-@user BITCH DID Y'ALL HEAR THAT HARMONY?!! Kim Seokjin came to remind you hoes what a vocal king sounds like,1319
-"White Americans, you may report #UndocumentedImmigrants (#IllegalAliens) invading the United States. Heres how:Call:1 (866) 347-2423orGo online: andLearn more:",1320
-"I hate a bitch that think she know me, friend or not bitch you only know what I tell you. Speak on what tf you know hoe🖕",1321
-I'll eat a nigga phone before I let him sneak & put me on Snapchat IG Twitter FB💯 bitch you not finna ever make me lose no hoes,1322
-"#ChildSexTrafficking #IllegalAliens #ChildTrafficking #WakeUpAmerica THEY ARE HERE TO KILL OUR KIDS BECAUSE BUSH, CLINTON, OBAMA KILLED THEIR FAMILIES IN MIDDLE EAST! This war started in Tripoli WHEN THE MUSLIM PIRATES ATTACKED OUR NAVY SHIPS WAR 1812",1323
-@user you whorey ass bitch,1324
-Liberals FURIOUS over this Trump promiseGood#DeportThemAll now & #BuildThatWall,1325
-.@DFBHarvard Do you find it odd that @user has been so quiet lately? #guilt ? #Turnout2018 #MAGA #BUILDTHATWALL #KAG #DRAINTHESWAMP,1326
-@user @user @user Please make @user and @user the first 2 honorary space cadets and send them on a 1-way trip to Mars. TIA#MAGA #AmericaFIRST #FireIvanka #FireKushner #BuildThatWall #NoAmnestyEVER #WhiteGenocide #ShallNotCensor #WarOnWhites,1327
-Yall Trash Buckets really never warned a bitch in the TL about Haitians But EYE SEE YOU HOES,1328
-If that's true Ky is a bitch. But he's the best PG in the league so let's grab whoever Bron wants to play with in a trade & win more titles,1329
-@user ok u fucking yellow ass bitch whore motherfucker,1330
-And I urge Mattis to reject the Dems demand.#BuildThatWall #BuildTheWallNow #BuildTheWall,1331
-@user @user @user who love illegal aliens. You all have more blood on your hands. You have betrayed America.#ILLEGALimmigrants,1332
-ENOUGH w/PHONY LIB argumentsvoter IDs don't workWalls don't workIllegals less crimeimmigration system brokeillegal kids are dreamers; OUR kids are notmore gun laws neededblacks can't be racist#POTUS #KAG #MAGA #NEWS #Trump #Walkaway #VoteRed #BuildTheWall #NoDACA #NRA,1333
-@user Bitch stfu. Whoever is telling you that or making you feel that way can kick rocks. And you can tell them I said so.,1334
-"Hate seeing articles about ""what men should or should not wear/do..."" To whoever comes up with this sh!t: BITCH, mind your own business...",1335
-Katie can you remove URSELF from the group text 😂😂 no bitch you do it I don't even read that bullshit anyways 😂😂😂 #FOHHOE,1336
-@user Join the Patriots & order a laser engraved brick to help #BuildThatWall today @,1337
-#BuildTheWallNow Before the Midterm elections @user @user @user @user #MAGA #MakeDCListen #NoAmnesty #NoDACAdeal #MandateEverify #EndChainMigration,1338
-"@user Even a Gym wouldnt hire him, and who da heck got him in DC? #MAGA #WalkAway #LeaveDNC #VoteRed2018 #Trump2020 #TrumpPence2020 #WakeUp #NoJihad #NoDACA",1339
-Watch this #Swedish journalist #IngridCarlqvist: Ethnic #Swedes will become minority in 2 to 3 decades Let this be a warning to #Germany and the rest of #Europe Stop this madness #RefugeesNotWelcome #SwedenElection #SwedenDemocrats #AfD #RT,1340
-"Fuck U bitch! He wasn't a fictional person, he was an internet manwhore!! He brainwashed me & never wanted to SKYPE ME & he used me for",1341
-bitch you don't deserve a good relationship stop lol nobody on this god damn earth would ever wanna hold ur hoe shit ass down,1342
-I hope the Atlanta Mayor understands what shes doing to the citizens of THIS country! #BuildThatWall #Atlanta,1343
-@user Stop Wasting Taxpayers Money On Illegal Alien #Immigraiton Programs that Cost $40 Million More! Kill the program and #SendThemBack faster #Trump #MAGA #RedNationRising #GOP,1344
-Hey @user when you went down to the border did you see the children that were separated from their HUMAN TRAFFICKERS? Of course you did but youre not honest enough to admit it. #DemocratsAreSociopaths #StopTheInvasion#DeportThemAll#NoAmnesty#BuildTheWall,1345
-@user bitch ass Ronnie nigga suck my dick bitch give me my vc hoe ass bitch don't play with me like this nigga I'll kill you bitch,1346
-I'm glad I have friends who call each other queens and goddesses not bitch or whore. #goalsreached,1347
-@user @user Bitch you stole this from Tron,1348
-Radical Muslims are granted extra rights. #RadicalIslam #Nosharia #NoMuslimIdeology #BuildThatWall #Trump2020 #MAGA #POTUS45 #Christianity #JesusChrist #2AShallNotBeInfringed,1349
-"Got my nails and hair did today, I'm a whole new bitch",1350
-"The person on the left was an innocent American child, murdered needlessly! The person on the right is an ILLEGAL ALIEN who needlessly murdered the innocent American child on the left! #BuildItNow #BuildThatWall",1351
-Bitch I'm the man. Hoe I'm the man. You know I'm the man.,1352
-Bitch no one worried bout you you a hoe no ones worried bout you 😂,1353
-@user @user I'm gunna play the shit out of it then bitch slap the both of you for talking smack 😘,1354
-"Oh yeah boy, I know you're talking to that bitch who hates me. I frankly don't care because she'll never be me. She's a little hoe",1355
-"The worst thing anybody can ever call me is ah HOE, BITCH AND STUPID 😤that shit take me to a whole different mind set 💯🙄",1356
-@user You know what? FUCK MUSLIM STUDENTS!!!! #SendThemBack #IHateShariaLaw,1357
-Freddie clenched her fists as the car got close enough to make out the protesters words.Humans first! Refugees go home! Mallory shouted into a megaphone.Heat burned through Freddies face. She slowed to a stop in front of the middle building.#Btr2sDay,1358
-"I don't care who has something negative to say about me; whoever is invalid as fuck. I am a bomb ass bitch, and no…",1359
-"During 2016 presidential campaign, Obama said that if Hillary does not become president, he will take it personally#Trump won the electoral college OVERWHELMINGLY. Obama, can't you take a hint? GO AWAY.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA",1360
-Trump is president so we cant talk about #IllegalAliens or else we will be called racists. #doublestandard,1361
-@user @user @user I hope they rape ur mom bitch,1362
-why is this bitch ass whore sayign she wot give me my money cause i kept talking shit about her.,1363
-My mom called me a shoe whore and it's true Look back at it > killing you hoes > Always> I got a thang for you > Nann Nigga > Fuck boy > single again > damn,1763
-"WHAT THE FUCK-- The spoon got stuck in his hair. "" BITCH DON'T BE DRAMATIC THERE'S NO HOLE OR BLOOD. """,1764
-@user #DHSFundingBill has many #globalist pills attachedby @user #NoHR392 #NoDACA #NoAmnesty #Nocatchandrelease #BuildTheWall @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user,1765
-"@user is it OK to use the term LEGAL aliens??? Because when you come into this country & go through the legal process, you are actually an LEGAL ALIEN! That is a legal term. Look it up. Illegal alien is also a correct term. #IllegalAliens NOT illegal HUMAN, but illegal alien!",1766
-@user Sorry for all the cunts in this thread. Little boys wouldn't know how to handle a punk bitch anyways 👏👏,1767
-I'm rewatching Breaking Bad & I could see why I hated this bitch the first time I watched this show; Skyler is such a cunt & a fake as wife,1768
-5. last time i cried bitch i cry every day i am a phoenix so when i cry someone else comes back 2 life thank me later,1769
-Bitches hollering it's tooo hot!! Well bitch go back to winter you can have that shit hoe you wasn't yelling it when yo ass was freezing 🙄👉,1770
-"@user I'm convinced the rapefugee invasion is an integral stage leading to this, considering their victims tend to be minors. More exposure to an idea, whether positive or negative, has a normalizing effect on the masses.",1771
-Open your mouth & take the meat like a hoe you bitch ass,1772
-"Everyone wanna be carefree, a hoe, spiritual, allladat summer 17' like it's new 🙄🙄 bitch, find yourself and stop following the hashtags",1773
-@user needs to send in the Military to the southern border stop this invasion of America from the 3rd world. #MAGA #BuildTheWall #NoDACA #NoAmnesty #DeportAllOfThem,1774
-"Amen!Finally, we have a @user puts #AmericansFirst & our #VeteransFirst, not a few really rich kneelers!#BuildThatWall @user @user @user @user @user @user @user #BoycottNike #Trump2020 #TrumpTrain #TrumpArmy #Trumpville #AmericaFirst",1775
-"Bitch, look at her shoes... home haircut realness brought to you by @user 😇😇😇…",1776
-What a disgusting fucking cunt this bitch is I hope she was attacked by the dogs defending their owner #getridofthem,1777
-@user you can't expose me on my birthday hoe bitch🙄,1778
-and no ian gon do fw yo clique but the next hoe that you love i bet i make that hoe my bitch ✅,1779
-@user @user It was awesome!!! #BuildThatWall,1780
-@user We dont care of your meeting Jesus.Have the vote before the mid terms.Make those people vote so we know who is against it so we can vote for those who want it.#BuildThatWall or shut it down. Simple as that.,1781
-@user @user Their #Skill is #Looting & #Raping! These #Migrant #Marauders want to turn #Spain into a #ThirdWorld #STINKHOLE like they've done to their own #Countries! Like a #Cancer they need to be expeditiously removed! #NoMoreREFUGEES,1782
-#ProtectOurBorders#SendThemBack#CNNSucks,1783
-TRUMP: PENTAGON WILL BUILD WALL!Trump says he could use the MILITARY to build his wall if Congress won't fund it through Homeland Security's budget #BuildThatWall #BuildTheWall,1784
-"@user your shoes are ugly and anarcho primitivism sucks, bitch",1785
-MOTHERFUCKING BITCH DICK CUNTBAG LARD EATING ASS SU... — i'm gonna make this my bio tell me who this is i wa...,1786
-It's 2017 n bitches still don't kno the difference between being freaky and being a whore 😂😂,1787
-"@user @user @user @user @user @user #VOTE #GOP IN #DELAWARE @user @user @user #RESEARCH #Delaware #COONS #Carney #illegals #gangs,#wilmington #delaware #1 #CrimeTown look at fact #noSanctuary #nodaca #dems #drive #DELAWARE #BANKRUPT!#GANGS #DRUGS @user @user TELL THE #TRUTH",1788
-"all these niggas that be friends stay in my DM.. bitch i am not a hoe, and no you will never fuck. y'all so damn annoying !!!!!!",1789
-Hate when ppl text my phone and i don't know the number but I ask who is this and ask me a question bitch stop texting my phone whoever u r,1790
-@user SAME SHIT. YOU SKINNY AF BITCH IMA FIGHT YOU HOE DONT MAKE ME LEAK UR NUDES,1791
-WHAT THE FUCK IS THIS SEASON TRAILER DON'T TELL ME RICK WAS IN A COMA THIS WHOLE TIME BITCH #THEWALKINGDEAD,1792
-"When my sister and her boyfriend was arguing my nephew went upstairs & said ""my mama not a bitch or a hoe so you better watch yo mouth"" 😂",1793
-Get it right bitch . im wife hoe . and nun of you broke bitches cant replace me .,1794
-Every bitch got a rainbow in her bio or by her name so all you hoes gay now or is it a wave y'all on,1795
-"""How can Pelosi see """"the good"""" in MS-13 animals who mutilate & torture innocent people; while supporting late term abortion; ending the lives of innocent babies before they are born?VOTES?POWER?#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA""",1796
-364 Illegal Alien Arrests in Six-State ICE Raid@realDonaldTrump @user THANKS!#WalkAway-@TheDemocrats want to #AbolishICE?187 #IllegalAliens- are DANGEROUS ALREADY Convicted Felons!#PedoGate #RealNews#IStandWithICE #Trump#GreatAwakening #MAGA #KAG,1797
-you can never take a L off a real bitch😩 im hotter than them hoes that you chill w😂,1798
-LANA SAYIN BITCH AND FUCK HAS GIVEN ME A WHOLE NEW LIFE #LustForLife,1799
-@user @user this bitch nigga ain't even got the gal to @ me tryna get brian daddy dick actin like a…,1800
-Kim can burn in hell with my fat bitch sister. 😊 yesssssssssssssssssssssss And my ex whore theif murderer,1801
-@user SMH IM NOT CUNT FUCK SHIT BITCH I wanna be shadowbanned idk sis,1802
-"Nigga really said ""I catch ya Bitch and I rape her"".",1803
-"Peppa did not come to play with you hoes, she came to slay bitch #Nicki #RakeItUpStreamingParty",1804
-"@user How low is Sharpton?This race-baiting bigot made millions, didn't pay taxes, lied about race attacks, is functionally illiterate, & is a great asset for GOP victory on Nov 6. Keep talking, Not-so-Sharpton#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway",1805
-@user Their parents never should have done that to them. #BuildThatWall #MAGA #Trump,1806
-@user bitch i can't wait to buy the shit outta those shoes got damn,1807
-@user And because the federal govt uses that language is probably precisely why they are not allowing it. #IllegalAliens,1808
-"Yes, why is it not closed down and everyone in it deported, they are not our friends, invaders who do not assimulate into our country, time for them to go @user @user #BuildTheWall #EndDACA #BoycottNFL #BoycottNike #LockThemAllUp",1809
-i am not the one defending racists. you are. you NEED knowledge. bitch suck a dick and die slow hoe.,1810
-"So you're saying I'm not allowed to say #IllegalAliens on Twitter and if I do, in fact, say Illegal Aliens on Twitter, then I could be banned or suspended?",1811
-@user @user If uncle Sam can use #IllegalAliens then why does twatter have a problem if I use #IllegalAliens asking for a friend,1812
-No Filter Ill Smack The Shit outta You that Bitch the next Bitch && Whoever Tf Else,1813
-Not to sound like a corny ass bitch but like if I think about my friends too long my eyes begin to water like I LOVE you hoes.,1814
-@user okay bitch tf . butttttt im going outta town in a few days whore 😜😜,1815
-Kirk Douglas raped Natalie wood and this son of bitch get to live 100 while natalie wood is dead,1816
-@user lmfao oh you serious? 😂 hoe i was playing with yo rock head ass. janae don't play with me. you know how I rock lil bitch!!!💯,1817
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user She agay bitch?,1818
-"@user Oh she tried you , tell that bitch you wear jeans hoe 😼",1819
-Then he shouldn't mind them right ? #BuildTheWall #BuildThatWall #MAGA #AmericaFirst #AlinskyWasAMaggot,1820
-Minnesota ! Meet conservative Dave Hughes running for congress in November! Please come out & vote for him & help work for true conservative change! Tax CutsStop funding for sanctuary cities! Endorsed by @user Improvement in farming #BuildThatWall #RedNovember,1821
-@user Bitch I was born where everything is done for me so don't try you little poor ass whore.,1822
-Hey Bitch stop quoting Jimmy Tatro you fake ass bitch hoe,1823
-I am a whole other bitch when I'm speaking Spanish,1824
-"#AbolishICE. Grant amnesty to all of these illegal mestizo invaders, and watch them breed like rats and overwhelm existing structures, turning America into a third world country. Just the unlucky Argentines. #KAG #SupportICE #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll",1825
-"""""""Identify Native 2020 Census"""" is bollocks. Yes, Mestizos are Indians, and their kind was here first. It doesn't mean shit though, as the Europeans built a far more advanced civilization than the Indians ever could dream of. #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll #KAG #SupportICE""",1826
-Mollie Tibbetts And The Low Illegal Crime Rate Lie - American Thinker #MollieTibbetts #BuildTheDamnWall #BuildTheWall #BuildTheWallNow #BuildThatWall #MAGA #RedNationRising #KeepAmericaGreat #KAG2020 #KAG TW502,1827
-"If you think your sarcasm will be offensive, say it, whoever finds it offensive is a bitch and you don't need such negativity in your life.",1828
-Ok Twitter. . Double hit. Going for a block? Cunt fuck bitch wanker..... go for it,1829
-I'm so damn happy I ain't gotta dress up tomorrow I'm not a heels everyday type of bitch😩 sweats n gym shoes is my forte😂,1830
-Not if Trump is busted first. Know this: Pence knew the whole time-he's Manafort's bitch.,1831
-@user friends ? that's my BLOOD brother bitch .. he in yo city !! i'm hours away . ill be through there tomo…,1832
-Calling hoes rudness gulliani. Lmfao fight me bitch god damn ill fucking kill you. Weeeeee.,1833
-Send them back! #MuslimBan #DeportThemAll #WakeUpAmerica the Trojan horse has been delivered to your shores while you were sleeping.,1834
-.I wonder if Merkel is listening?Probably NOT. Time for the Germans to take back there country! #Germany #IllegalImmigration #IllegalImmigrants #Duetchland,1835
-@user Yea yea bitch see you at 6 . Ain't shit around my mouth y'all hoes love making shit up . & PRETTIER THAN YOU !!!!,1836
-Hoe you save my messages on SC bitch I'm blocking you,1837
-"""@MarkACollett Wouldn't it be awful if it suffered the same fate as that other piece of publicly funded globalist """"art"""", a """"remembrance wall"""" for rapefugee invaders in Liverpool.""",1838
-Why do you brake a lot 😂 bitch it's called putting gears in hoe,1839
-"#Illegalaliens cited in theft of 39 MILLION #SocialSecurity Numbers-This investigation shines a light on the depth of Americas problems as a result of allowing illegal aliens into the country,-",1840
-Stephen Miller the Public Charge Law has been on the books for 100 years it prevents Immigrants from burdening the U.S Taxpayer if they cant take care of themselvers or their kids #SendThemBack #Trump #MAGA #RedNationRising,1841
-"Dear so called leadersWe voted for a wallThat's why we voted for Trump Hrs the only ""politician"" in my lifetime to do what he said he would doSo dear so called leadersGuess you'll have to go so we can#BuildThatWall @user @user @user @user",1842
-@user A freaking bus ticket to Tijuana is the only thing we should be buying for illegals. #SendThemBack,1843
-"@user @user @user SAY they do NOT want foreign interference in our elections; YET, they are CONTENT with allowing #IllegalAliens to cross our borders; have US taxpayers support them while here; AND, allow THEM to VOTE in our elections. How is THAT not direct foreign interference? @user",1844
-"This is called Taqiyya in Islam. The are of telling lies & deception. Till the time Kareem Abdul-jabbar was not well settled & well connected he would sing U.S. national anthem. Now when Democrats/Librals are openly supporting Muslims, he suddenly feels powerful. #SendThemBack.",1845
-I hate that I fuck with you because you more than just a hoe like bitch the stores I hear the shit I see one day you going get aids 😴,1846
-lani is such a cunt omg the bitch is always coming at people for their looks like sorry can u pipe down,1847
-You called your mom a hoe AND a bitch? 🤐 Imma pray for you cause karma is going to do a number on your life,1848
-"Just as scuzball Democrats want, need. #BuildTheWall #SendThemHome",1849
-"92% of noncitizens ICE picked up in 2017 either had criminal convictions or criminal charge 1,800 Murders 48.000 Assaults ,11,000 Weapons offense , 5,000 Rapes #RedNationRising #immigration #SatuardayMorning #Trump #MAGA #SendThemBack",1850
-#BuildThatWall#StandWithICE#AmericaFirstPolice: Illegal Immigrant Arrested In Shooting Of Upper Darby Store Owner,1851
-#BuildThatWall #KAG & Safe!,1852
-@user @user @user WHY is @user still there?Did we or did we NOT ask him to #StepDownPaulRyan!You SNAKE!#NOVISAS#NODACA#NOAmnesty#BuildThatDamnWall!,1853
-@user @user When we say #BuildThatWall at this is how @user respond!#RETWEET,1854
-@user #IllegalAliens. MAKE IT TREND.,1855
-This bitch got one time to fuck wit me or my dad n ima let her whore ass know,1856
-"@user Same here, Jordan!Jon Voigt was GREAT on @user #MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue #AllLivesMatter #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #FoxNews #NRA #BuildTheWall #BlueLivesMatter #FLAG",1857
-"Calling me a ""bitch"" and a ""ratchet ass whore"" out of the window as you drive by, is honestly so ridiculous. Please grow up.",1858
-".@RealJamesWoods So does Twitter have an objection with the term ""illegal"" or ""aliens"" or just the use together as in #IllegalAliens",1859
-"i don't care what a bitch think or how a hoe feel, cause ain't nann one of you hoes paying my bills 😛",1860
-@user you are fucking bitch ass you for taking my money for shoe $425 you scam people online and you think that…,1861
-"One must question the Patriotism of a party that has no problem with non-citizens from 3rd world countries voting in our elections; thus changing our leadership, culture & direction.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue",1862
-Yes @user please resign. You are not representing the interests of the Republican Party. #MAGA @user #BuildThatWall,1863
-@user @user has created the trend. Im gonna hashtag illegal aliens after every tweet or response. Even if unrelated. #illegalaliens,1864
-3 to 1! BOARD OF SUPERVISORS Pima County AZ REJECTS $1 Million in Border SECURITY GRANT MONEY FOR Sheriffs Department GONE! HEY @user USE THE MONEY TO #BuildThatWall ~WE REALLY HAVE TO DISCERN AND RESEARCH WHO WERE VOTING FOR~#VoteRed2018,1865
-@user <-- another son of a dirty fucking Korean whore bitch,1866
-I don't fuck with none of y'all bitch ass whores-,1867
-@user A lovely African Rapefugee strikes again.,1868
-🌶🌶🌶 hey Dave ILYSM haahah bitch you're my karaoke whore! Hurry tf and get back we finna do shit LMAO! I love SM boo thank you for everything,1869
-bitch i really want to buy those puma x bts shoes.. its so cute,1870
-This is worth a read! @user @user #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #VoteRepublican2018 #VoteDemsOut #VoteRed #TrumpDerangementSyndrome #Trump2020 #MAGA2018 #MAGA2018 #BuildThatWall,1871
-I talk a lot of shit about hoes but Fr tho fellas why would you want to be broke fuckin wit a female you can't even get the bitch no fries 🍟,1872
-"No never, they are some sick sick people, attacking children as they do @user @user #BuildTheWall #EndDACA #BoycottNFL #BoycottNike #LockThemAllUp",1873
-"""In the end, according to United States LAW, 8 U.S. Code 1325 - Improper entry by alienthey ARE considered """"illegal aliens"""". YOU don't get to change our laws or vernacular because it hurts YOUR feelings. You don't know @user",1874
-Yes! ThankQ! .@POTUS Violent criminals out! You do not have the right to be in the US! You should earn it! #deportillegalimmigrants #MeritBasedImmigration #BuildThatWall #VoteRedToSaveAmerica #TheRainMakers #TrumpWorld,1875
-"Lets Go America, stand together for our Flag and our Anthem, hurrayWhere We Go 1 We Go ALL !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! @user @user #BuildTheWall #LockThemUp #EndDACA now !!!",1876
-#QAnon @user Everybody has to feel a little pain -we are at war. Before this (#IllegalImmigration / #refugee / #asylum ) gets grossly out of hand-we gotta get tough. Id rather suffer a little pain than be absolutely destroyed by a Trojan horse. #BuildTheWall Thank You,1877
-"Rep. Mo Brooks Drops a BOMB, Exposes How Blue-States Use Illegal Aliens to Gain More Congressional Seats - #illegalaliens #congressionalseats #crown",1878
-Fuck these hoes! can't no bitch do shit for you but give you a headache and tell you want to do & what not to do,1879
-if you like that weekend song you a side bitch 🗣 let's argue hoes 😂,1880
-"""Illegal Alien Set Free On Bond by Obama Has Murdered a Woman and Kidnapped Her Baby @user @user Why do the citizens of the U. S. have to put up with these atrocious """"Illegal Alien Crimes"""" against Americans?#HonorYourOath#DeportThemAll""",1881
-@user you see my text just like that bitch Carla period Y'all bitches know ion go out sad bout shit like you hoes 💯 yea ok I'm DTM,1882
-#IllegalAliens Apparently Twitter doesn't like this term. Boo hoo.,1883
-I pretend to put my cock in jenelles mouthand pull it away last second and pound that bitches teeth out. Then thrust punch the mouthy cunt,1884
-We must build the #Wall! We must deport every illegal alien! We must have #MoreBorderPatrolAgents We must have #MandatoryEverify We must #EndSanctuaryCities We must #EndChainMigration We must take our nation back!!!,1885
-"And remember people, the bitch that OJ killed was a lying cheating whore, so get over her!",1886
-'DREAMER' Repeatedly Raped Young Girl In North Carolina via @user @user #DeathPenalty#ChildRape#ProtectUS#KeepAmericaSafe#NoDACA,1887
-THIS.#IllegalAliens,1888
-@user Do you mean #illegalalien or #IllegalAliens or the legal definition of #IllegalAlien as defined by the federal government.,1889
-"She's a hoe, she's ugly, she's a bitch, she's this, she's that .. but you dated her ? please, take a seat.",1890
-You A Side Bitch You A Substitute 👩🏫 You Wifing Hoes 🤔 That's What Suckas Do 🍭,1891
-Smokey The Bear says only we can prevent forest fires. #BuildThatWall,1892
-Hoes be like happy birthday son I can't believe your 8 already. Like what you can't believe bitch? You had him in high school,1893
-Per country cap? How about ZERO as a cap? American workers are struggling against over 11 million #illegals millions of #H1B shoved aside in the #job market by foreign #greencard #invaders #MAGA SAY NO TO #HR392..stop foreign worker invasion completely #BuildTheWall #sendthemback,1894
-"whoever boonk is, he's a fuck nigga 'i don't wanna kiss your ugly ass anyways' after your bitch ass got rejected",1895
-"If you one of those ""you prolly was with your other hoes"" type bitch then YOURE FUCKED FOR LIFE!! lol you're dying alone for sure.",1896
-Neva trust a bitch🤘 if she tell you she don't got hoes or nigga's her ass lying💯,1897
-I've heard people yelling #BuildThatWall but I'm one of many out yelling them to #BuildThatBridge. That's right fuck a wall we need to bridge gaps not make them.,1898
-"@user Little known fact: former USSR part of Germany does not enjoy high wages, wealth building as West Germany does. The people are FED UP & this immigrant Rapefugee INVASION is pushing their wages down rather than UP. Germans in general=FED UP w/ Berlin & EU",1899
-@user #IllegalAliens is accurate.#IllegalAliens is TRUTH.The Left must be stopped from changing our History and manipulating the Present with their insane madness via made up PC Crap.,1900
-#StopTheInvasion! @user Use our Defense Budget NOW 2 Defend America! Don't wait on Mitch & Paul! #FridayFeeIing,1901
-"@user lmfaoo bitch y'all hoes been ""21"" 😂",1902
-"@user @user @user tell ME-What could people who come through the BACK DOOR,bring to our country-Except 4 CRIME & DISEASE ??#BuildThatWallU Can share",1903
-A hoe ass bitch & a bitch ass nigga only gonna act towards you the way you allow them.,1904
-bitch you best know I'm gon' have a four loko keg (IF) i ever decide to get married for all my down ass hoes at the funcction 👏😤,1905
-Yeah! #BuildThatWall NOW! Enforce immigration laws as other countries do!,1906
-Ion want your side hoe I want your main bitch,1907
-OMM ILL BEAT A BITCH FUCK YOU PLAY ME FOR HOE,1908
-Got my young bitch kickin flavor she gone flex on you hoes,1909
-@user @user @user @user @user @user A boat and a plane and a bus. #sendthemhome,1910
-@user NOBODY could've done what you have done in under two years! THANK YOU Mr. President! America LOVES you and NEEDS you to keep on with all this GREATNESS!#MAGA #M#Trump2020 #Tr#BuildThatWall,1911
-@user Mark Zuckerberg is the devil! #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #DemocratsHateAmerica @user #WalkAway #GodBlessIce #MAGA #AmericaFirst #RedRage #DrainTheSwamp #BuildTheWall #SendThemBack #BoycottHollywood #BoycottTheNFL #Trump2020 #FacebookSUCKS,1912
-"Bitch, fall in love with edm doesn't mean you will go to clubbing and turn to be bad bitch be open-minded please.owhh hoes how sad you are..",1913
-@user @user @user @user @user Wow! Attention whore and he stole Wes's Bitch…,1914
-A bitch will fuck with 4 different niggas and all of em to be faithful to her 😑HOE YOU CRAZY!!! 😂😂😂,1915
-Bitch they done free'd the OJ 😂😂😂 you hoe mad lol,1916
-#IllegalAliens. Or as the IRS refers to them #UndocumentedAliens. Let's not let the left brain wash us. And it is the legal term.,1917
-"Swap shoes with me, bitch. Lets see how you would cope.",1918
-@user Told you then f_cking liberals are crazy and dangerous! #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #walkaway @user #Trump2020 #MAGA #AmericaFirst #RedRage #DrainTheSwamp #BuildTheWall #SendThemBack #BoycottHollywood #BoycottTheNFL #FakeNews #F_CKCHINA #F_ckRussia #F_ckIran #F_ckDNC @user,1919
-Am I the only one who agrees with Montana??? Gabby is a snakey cunt karmas a bitch😘😘 #loveisland2017,1920
-I wanna look like a whole different bitch on my birthday 😂 I just need a new hair color,1921
-"Fuck those ultra liberal cunt rags on ""The View"". They should be careful of what they say. They're hateful bitches pushing tainted agendas.",1922
-"Hair appointment soon, finna be a whole new bitch",1923
-Support Other Patriots => Follow All => Retweet=> Follow Back Who Follow You#KAG #KAG2020 #MAGA #MAGA2KAG #Cconservative #Libertarian #NRA #2A #CCOT #DrainTheSwamp #DeportThemALL #LocKThemALLup #BuildTheWall #ProLIFE #VoterID #TermLimits #WalkAwayFromDemocrats #Trump,1924
-"howls moving castle -this whole movies is cute -Sophie is THAT bitch, sweet af -8/10",1925
-"@user THIS IS the same ""paper of record"" that covered up the Holocaust.It's amazing that NYT is still in business; but as long as lib billionaires can support it, it will live.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue",1926
-Women carry a sacred and divine energy. Remember that the next time someone calls you a bitch,1927
-"Record $135 billion a year for illegal immigration, average $8,075 each, $25,000 in NY is Enough!The killings, Rapes, Child Molestations, Drunk Driving, ID theft.And citizens are forced to pay them!#DeportThemAll #BuildTheWall #NoAmnesty",1928
-These are the same people invading our northern states like Minnesota. We need them gone from American soil! Do not let them be voted into office! Stop the Palestinian invasion of America! #BanShariaLaw #IslamIsNotAReligionOfPeace #AssimilateOrLeave #DeportThemAll,1929
-Love it when people try to talk to me and I don't realise what a bitchy moody cunt I am that doesny stop ranting like,1930
-i'm still not over this lmao i love this bitch w my whole heart she's my world,1931
-"@user As long as you are not a knife migrant or rapefugee, and have assimilated into German society, you will be safe. Anything else is radical leftist / globalist hyperbole and we already have most major media outlets (including YouTube) doing that and censoring the right/center.",1932
-"I propose a new word a day calendar for @user and his #BuildThatWall dumb ass followers.tunneltnl/noun1.an artificial underground passage, especially one built through a hill or under a building, road, or river.",1933
-@user Bitch ass😂😂😂😂 hop off ceyduh & jay's dick hoe. The bitch you defending isn't even talking anymore SKKURTTT,1934
-More than 45 illegal aliens found in refrigerated truck near Laredo #DeportThemAll#BuildTheDamnWallJust another day at the Texas BorderThank you ICE and Border Patrol for the work that you do,1935
-Arrest them and DEPORT THEM ALL!!!!#BuildThatWall,1936
-If you think crimes caused by the #Migrant influx into #Germany is exaggerated you need to follow @user for your daily dose of cultural enrichment #news. #canpoli #cdnpoli #IllegalAliens #migrants #invaders #immigration #conquest,1937
-YOU A BITCH @user AND YOU IN MY FUCKING CITY HOE. ILL SEE YOU SOON BITCH BOY,1938
-"@user Comey's 7/5/16 phony statement absolved Hillary because she didn't ""knowingly"" break laws.Booker ADMITS to violating the rules. He needs to be prosecuted and/or admonished.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue",1939
-"@user If deficits matter, @user then #StopImmigration. @user immigrants are fiscal debtors x *three gens*.If deficits matter, Stuart, #SendThemBack & #BuildTheWall. @user scores DACA x 10 yrs costing $26 bil.Cant stop immig? OK, then. STFU on deficits.",1940
-"Illegal Alien Rapes Girl, Cops Horrified By What Else He Did During Attack @user @user If this doesn't tell you to#DeportThemAll You don't need to be in office since you do not have Americas interests at heart!",1941
-Another DREAMER living the DREAM.Gunman in Cincinnati bank shooting that killed 3 identified as 29-year-old Ohio resident - ABC News - via @user #NoAmnesty #MAGA #TheWall #EndDACA #Kavanaugh #MorningJoe,1942
-Snake ass hoe I could never fwy I know you're writing STATEMENTS BITCH! U really wanna talk to twitter,1943
-Amen. #MAGA #WalkAway #LeaveDNC #VoteRed2018 #Trump2020 #TrumpPence2020 #WakeUp #NoJihad #NoDACA,1944
-@user Please visit today to honor the thousands of victims killed by illegal aliens!We are building a memorial wall.#RETWEETHelp #BuildThatWall in their memory!Follow @user & @user,1945
-"So sad the elite, politicians and virtue signallers just don't get it. #IllegalImmigration Is not multiculturism.",1946
-@user Again going on record that you care more for illegals than US Citizens. Theyre here illegally! #NoDACA #NoAmnesty,1947
-"It was 30 MILLION DOLLAR JOKE THAT HAS MADE MUELLER AND WITCH HUNT LOOK LIKE NOTHING BUT A, a, a, ( let me just not started) #MAGA #WalkAway #LeaveDNC #VoteRed2018 #Trump2020 #TrumpPence2020 #WakeUp #NoJihad #NoDACA",1948
-Illegal Alien Caught Molesting 7-Year-Old Girl Asks: Can You Just Send Me To Mexico? should be a 'No Bail Hold' on this obvious flight risk!#BuildTheWall #LifeInPrison#NoBailForIllegalAliens#DeportThemAll,1949
-Oh hell no send the whole plane back smh #jfk #sickpeople #runningfever #nyc #dubai #sendthemback,1950
-@user Bitch I'm scared lmao,1951
-"@user @user Illegal Aliens should all be deported along with their entire family NOT, I repeat NOT given free anything .. #NoHealthCare #NoHousing #NoFinancialSupport #NoDACA #NoAmnesty #SendThemBack #StopTheInvasion #BuildTheWallNow from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico #VoteRed",1952
-Hoes Will Get A Room. Invite you. Swear Up & Down You The Only Nigga She Invited. Then When You Get There That Bitch Be Full Of Niggas 😐😂,1953
-sarah the triceratops is such a bitchy lil cunt,1954
-If you can go to a bitch house and FUCK her nigga them hoe you better help pay rent in that mf !!!!!,1955
-I AINT RAPE SHIT BITCH!!!!!!!,1956
-President Obama Ldt MS-13 into the U.S so they could attend U.S Schools are Your kids Safe? Not With #Democrats #MAGA #SendthemBack #BarackObama,1957
-@user Looks like an army!!! #BuildThatWall,1958
-@user Feelgood story. Love hearing this. #BuildThatWall.,1959
-"@user you want to restart Catch and Release???#NoHR392#NoDACA#NoH1b until labor participation rate is at least 80%#NoCatch&ReleaseIllegal Alien Accused of Raping, Trafficking Girl in Louisiana | Breitbart via @user",1960
-@user @user That's what happens when illegal aliens have a free pass. #BuildThatWall,1961
-Just ate a full packet of Maryland cookies and a whole slab of Edam cheese for my dinner. I am a fat cunt,1962
-"Do I have a favourite track? The whole album, bitch. #LustForLife",1963
-"@user Architects, engineers, nurses MA. #DeportThemAll or they fit in and contribute. #brexit",1964
-"Whoever broke into my car and stole my weed this morning; I guess no one ever told you, NEVER steal from a witch. Karma's a bitch",1965
-@user @user bitch thats my cousin hoe cool your beans!,1966
-"#IllegalAliens are robbing #Americans of retirement who do you think pays for their healthcare and emergency room visits my #ObamaCare costs me $36,000 per year because of them @user @user @user @user @user @user #BuildThatWall",1967
-@user @user @user But he'll bitch about it the whole time 24/7 while screaming at the TV. What a lazy loser.,1968
-Wheres the justice? Oh right. Shes an American. #BuildThatWall #MAGA2KAG #MAGAveteran,1969
-I really need to stick to the whole gluten free thing.. celiacs a bitch,1970
-This dude over here harassing my life again- as if he's apart of it. Shut the hell up little Bitch. Re open my twitter whore page you made,1971
-The Atlantic takes a close look at how programmes for refugees in America are changing for the worse under President Trump's administration. #USA #world #Refugees #RefugeesWelcome #refugeesNOTwelcome #symmitree #4change,1972
-Bitch our streak is dying @user,1973
-"@user @user @user as #POTUS was the biggest threat to #freedomofpress and #truth that there has ever been. #TwoFaced self absorbed #Pompous #POS. Well @user is rebuilding the ""Arc of history"". #MoveOn #MoveForward #MAGA #PURGE #BuildThatWall",1974
-@user AWWW TOO BAD!! U CROSS OVER ILLEGALLY YOU SUFFER THE CONSEQUENCES !! THE CAGES ARE AT LEAST STAINLESS! #BUILDTHEWALL #NOILLEGALS #DEPORTTHEMALL,1975
-Of course life is a bitch. If it was a slut it would be easy,1976
-"that hoe already know i don't like her fat neck ass then she got the nerve to cut my ass off! bitch park your car, let's fight 😒",1977
-"There's so much other shit that can go wrong in a relationship, I don't have time to bitch over you liking pics. I'm liking them hoes too.",1978
-We don't want them in AU and NZ either. #sendThemBack,1979
-Twitter now says calling illegal aliens illegal aliens violate some regulation that have. #IllegalAliens Yet that is the official usage by none other than our federal government. Example:,1980
-@user #WhinyAssGirliemen #BoycottTheNFL @user #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #walkaway #FakeNews #Trump2020 #MAGA #AmericaFirst #RedRage #DrainTheSwamp #TermLimits #MAGA #AmericaFirst #BuildTheWall #SendThemBack God bless @user,1981
-karma a lil dirty slutty sneaky bitch,1982
-@user Sell me your makeup then hoe! I'm extra bitch lmao,1983
-@user Listen to @user as she insists that legal and illegal immigrants are taking jobs and resources from #NativeAmerican s. #StopImmigration of #white Europeans! They are destroying America with guns and diseases.,1984
-"@user Seriously, PM me, we patriots can to this. I've got the time and willingness to do it. #BuildThatWall",1985
-I should've fucking cursed this bitch out back when it wasn't my job to be polite lmaoooo consider yourself lucky you miserable hoe.,1986
-S.O.S. ~+++~ Help Europe Now !!!#Rapefugee #OpenBorders #MuslimMigrations #QAnonGermans protest Merkel while Migrant attack in progress via @user,1987
-@user Ask this old whore to suicide or I can help this bitch die screaming. #BBUK You guyz r shit to bring her back.,1988
-@user put me as a caster/mage class or something. I can be the support bitch.,1989
-@user bitch you guessed it!,1990
-Westminster terror attack suspect named as 'Sudanese Rapefugee who drove around London looking for targets' before driving car into cyclists,1991
-For the hoe posting my man .. bitch you lame and just want clout GTFO 😭😭,1992
-I feel like a whole new bitch with bangs,1993
-@user Fuck you your a fucking crack whore racist bitch,1994
-"@user Women who are comfortable using the word ""cunt"" 😈",1995
-Yo... Miguel Arango is actually such a hoe when you watch Rebelde again like he cheated on Mia then kept secretly liking Sabrina.. bitch bye,1996
-@user RT @user #America has a Serious Debt Problem and thus cannot afford big #TaxCuts for the wealthy and big NWO/Globalist Corporations. #USA #Americans #Constitution #BuildTheWall #NoAmnesty #EndDACA #EndSanctuaryCities #MAGA #NoMoreBadBudgetDeals #ReduceTheDebt #Congress,1997
-"Obama reappearing time & time again is like that one turd that just won't go away, no matter how many times you flush!#GoAwayObama #ObamaWorstPresidentEver #MAGA #Veteran #KAG2018 #KAG2020 #AmericaFirst #NoAmnesty #BuildThatWall #2AShallNotBeInfringed",1998
-Salmon cost P400 per 1/4 size of the whole fish. And i was like Okay bitch no money needs to waste.,1999
-@user bitch we are getting this okay,2000
-Promises Made Promises KeptThank you for keeping your promises#FundTheWall #BuildtheWall #HomelessVeterans#IllegalImmigrants #MAGA #KAG @user Letters available here I'll even send you a copy for a keepsake,2001
-@user @user Stuck up bitch why can't she be a success whore once,2002
-@user There goes the neighborhood! #SENDTHEMBACK,2003
-Mexican national charged with raping teen he allegedly smuggled to Maryville @user #humantrafficking #ChildRape#Rape#DeathPenalty#BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll There is no excuse why any Illegal Alien should be in the US committing any crimes,2004
-Very excited that @user is sponsoring BITCH! @user @user #womendirect #ALOT!,2005
-@user Whatever it takes. Take the money out of welfare payments to the lazy and use that. Take it from aid to Mexico and South and Central America. Just #BuildThatWall .,2006
-#BuildTheWall from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico - #Deport all illegals and their families - #NoDACA #NoAmnesty - #ProudAmerica #AmericaFirst #VoteRed,2007
-"Many of these were in El Paso, home town of Beto ORourke running for Senate. He campaigns for open borders. 25 illegals this week dropped off at Walmart to load into Semis more from stash houses. This why Texas needs @user stop human smuggling.#BuildThatWall",2008
-@user @user @user youre not even confident enough to put your face online lmao respect your body you ugly ass bitch,2009
-do yall know what a hoe is? a hoe is that bitch that let a team run a train on her ass. a hoe aint the female playin you how you played her.,2010
-bitch whole pussy out wit some pro-keds on.,2011
-@user The fact that they are here illegally makes them criminals -why reward that behavior? Not coming here for Freedom more like the FREE STUFF -If we did not give illeagals FREE STUFF they wouldnt be here #BuildThatWall,2012
-British Museum sends ILLEGALLY OBTAINED Iraqi artifacts back to Iraq. When will they send the ILLEGALLY OBTAINED Elgin Marbles? @user @user @user #sendthemhome,2013
-He gone tell me he gotta come to MY house so ME can wake him up for work in the am😒 bitch have one of yo hoes wake you up,2014
-"I truly hope so, I do, I do, I do @user @user #LockThemUp #BuildTheWall #EndDACA #BoycottNFL #BoycottNike",2015
-"she told me, you creeping with that hoe🤔 she just another bitch but if she fuck me she could make me leave that other bitch.. 😂😂😂",2016
-Unbelievable.Why are #Americans going through this when I know #Illegal are getting everything for free. I even know elderly #IllegalAliens receiving #SocialSecurity when never worked a day in #America WHY? #VoteRedToSaveAmerica #Veterans #NeverForget #AmericansOverIllegals,2017
-My little brother should've been a girl I swear he's the biggest cry baby little bitch like how my dad & sisters are assholes??? 🙄😒,2018
-High five to the CRA for catching onto this! #Muslims are not to be trusted as we have been seeing acts of terror in our country. We need to stand up against this! #StopImmigration #BanShariaLaw #BanTheBurka #BanTheBurqa,2019
-A LARGE group (100+) of out-of-control African youths have hurled a number of rocks and damaged a police car during a rampage in Melbournes northwest!Thank you @user for importing this rubbish into our country. #auspol #springst #sendthemback,2020
-"As usual I scroll a misogynists timeline & it's sports, slut shaming wmn, calling hoes ugly, w/ sad ""why don't women like me?!"" RTs mixed in",2021
-Here comes the results of socialism. To all Liberals who want communism; here comes your new roomies. #BuildThatWall,2022
-"U poor deluded fool. Like those 2016 polls with all Ur #IllegalAliens voting on polls,the ones U & Ur #CorruptDems paid to win HC the election but LOST.We're Awake & Ur The Ancient History.@realDonaldTrump @user @user",2023
-"Africans having their say about Blacks in Europe, and Europeans in Africa, at the #LandExpropriationHearings, currently underway in #SouthAfrica.#SendThemBack",2024
-"W h o t h e H e l l are these People ? #Burning If this is the effects of #Migrant #Migrants what about #IllegalImmigration Illegal Migrants ?? #India #Indians we cannot neglect , @user @user @user @user @user @user @user",2025
-"You seem like a hoe Ok bitch? Did I ever deny that? Nope, Next.",2026
-This little bitch who used to be the homie but ranked out for being a bitch is now dating my baby mama😂💀 shady shit haha you hoes nasty😂,2027
-@user I can't get enough photos of the IMPERIOUS Obama.Thanks for that. #MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue #AllLivesMatter #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #LiberalLogic #LockThemUp #LockHerUp #HillaryForPrison,2028
-Whoever just got the last pair of them top 3 1's from laced up you a bitch 😒,2029
-DOES THE TRUTH MATTER IF NO ONE HEARS YOU SAY IT!EXCELLENT!#NOAMNESTY #NOH4EAD#NoHR392 #NODACA#STOPSHADOWBAN#FREEALEXJONES#FREEJULIANASSANGE@TEDCRUZ@POTUD,2030
-Idk who niggas play me to be😂 I can show you better than I can tell you thoe bitch,2031
-"@user fuck that bitch, go find another hoe who will actually sell you a ticket",2032
-If a nigga who knows you were with his bitch right before him and gives you the side eye He a hoe,2033
-Bitches Boyfriends/baby daddy/ husband be locked up for 10 minutes and already going out to be a hoe bitch you sad 😂,2034
-"""Another young life cut short thanks to an #IllegalAliens . The animal ,here illegally stabbed this girl to death and """"IF"""" convicted gets 30 years. I say hang him and be done""",2035
-"2few recognize that refugee crisis & associated woes are caused by fools who stand4 perpetual war & chaos via mass deception. Shame on the cowardly/corrupt world politicians who know it, & support the organized criminals by remaining silent. #refugeesNOTwelcome #RefugeesWelcome",2036
-"this hoe wasn't even a love , you was a like ... you dum bitch",2037
-@user @user @user We are being INVADED!!!! #BuildThatWall BUILD THE WALL and SHUT THE DOOR on our border with Mexico NOW!,2038
-You want nd brought dat bitch a pair of shoes I brought a pipe lil nigga💯,2039
-"@user That's a good bitch, I will be coming to Toronto by end of the year so you can kiss my shoes! LOL",2040
-@user @user They can scrim whoever they fucking want this isn't a fucking chall you dumb bitch,2041
-"I recommend 78 yr old Mike Ditka to take NFL commissioner Goodell's place. Rules would be adhered to, fans would stream back, NFL would regain billions of $$ a year.THOUGHTS?#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA",2042
-"#50CentFrostyFilms Look At My Half Dollar PopSicle, Bitch.... Grape",2043
-Support Border Patrol Agents and ICE Agents !They are the unsung #Heroes standing between IMMIGRATION LAW and Order and chaos.The Democrats DESPISE and HATE and REJECT CURRENT USA IMMIGRATION LAWS with the same passion as Antifa etc.#BuildThatWall #MAGA #KAG #RedWaveRising,2044
-@user Well if you pay for the walk we wont have to pay for this illegal children or their parents #BuildThatWall #WalkAwayFromScoialism #WalkAwayFromDems,2045
-HOES BE WANTING YOU TO FEEL SOME TYPE OF WAY AND BE MADD SO BAD! BITCH NOBODY WORRIED BOUT YOU......,2046
-"#BuildThatWall If POTUS has executive power to fund and build the wall to keep illegals out, WE ALL Stand behind him to take that power and use it to his fullest potential to BUILD THE WALL already Sick of Illegals and the BS that goes with it from MSM Fake News",2047
-"#mikeandike #sierraandhunter #twomonkeys #sugarhigh #amped #sendthemhome #sweetuncle #guncle @ Burbank, California",2048
-Joanne: I'm the worst mother ever Me: Earlier you said I couldn't be a hoe because I give it away for free Joanne: HA! Bitch got no money,2049
-I chose cunt instead of bitch because cunt is the worst curse in the world to the whities,2050
-A hoe is always gonna be a hoe and a bitch is always gonna be bitchin.. you're both,2051
-Heavily-armed ill's bum-rush the U.S. border uninterrupted.This is an invasion. We MUST #BuildThatWall NOW.CC: @user,2052
-Then I hit the club ballin wit a bad attitude. hoes like who u think u is? I'm like bitch who is you?,2053
-"They live among us as well, we must have them removed to bring safety back to our nation, it is our right as citizen to be safe from Muslim Terrorism, deport them all, not assimulating to USA @user @user #BuildTheWall #EndDACA #BoycottNFL #BoycottNike #LockThemAllUp",2054
-Tagged me bff in a meme today and she decided she'd be a bitch bout it cant believe the wee cunt would do somethin…,2055
-"@user the reason for the additional beds is based on the number of (illegal alien) minors, who crossed the border ALONE without their parent or legal guardian.#KeepFamiliesTogether #Deport #IllegalAliens",2056
-ICE files detainer against man suspected of shooting Fort Myers police officer via @user Yet another shooting of a citizen and police officer that would not/should not have happened if our laws were enforced.#DeportThemAll,2057
-"@user Making America Awesome Again, #BuildThatWall.",2058
-@user @user TRUMP=HERO TRUMP=LEADER #WELYVTRUMP #BUILDTHATWALL,2059
-me and my sisters dog walking any bitch today so come on all you hating hoes,2060
-i need a bad bitch to rape me today.,2061
-@user @user Toronto is starting to sound like LondonstanWe have to get on the #MadMax2019 train!!@MaximeBernier is the only one who can get our country back.#BanMuslims #BanIslam #SendThemBack,2062
-New Olympic sport ! Illegal migrant stowaways jump lorry.#IllegalImmigration #BorisJohnson,2063
-"@user Cheap Chinesium Slave Labor Shite that #America does not need, and can make far better HERE if we decide we want it. #DealWithIt #WWG1WGA #QAnon #Q #RedWave #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #FISAGate #LockHerUp #LockThemAllUp #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll",2064
-& If you think I'm sweating about your petty ass think again bitch 🤔😂😂😂😂 #bitchimnotscared #obviouslyyouare #youthreatenedhoe ? 😂😂😂😂😂😇😇😇😇😇😇,2065
-I hate being questioned about what kind of friend I am bitch you one of my friends u should know hoe been friends since the 7th grade,2066
-"""""""There will be NO #Amnesty"""" was @user CLEAR Campaign PROMiSE made at his WELL PUBLICIZED """"Arizona Speech"""" so #Trump MUST HONOR that promise & CANCEL #OBAMA's #illegalAlien #DACA EO & also VETO any #GOPe #Amnesty =>#NoDACA or NO 2020 Nomination for ANYONE""",2067
-"Any comments, @user ? How about you, @user ? Or you, @user ? Any Democrats fighting against @user to #BuildThatWall speak up.",2068
-Bloody foreign hornets coming over here killing our bees. #brexitmeansbrexit #sendthemhome #controlourborders,2069
-@user God forbid we use the actual legal term instead of made up PC terms the left try to shove down our throats. #IllegalAliens,2070
-I can be around a bitch and they only know my real name . Keep these hoes out your business baby,2071
-I heard that bitch stay on her shit. So you KNOW THE HOE LOYAL,2072
-@user @user You mean #IllegalAliens right??,2073
-"Ol' Mitch, Trump's little bitch looks forlorn. The two assholes behind him are laughing at him! Tough time working…",2074
-"I love it when you said, ""the bitch is back."" 😊 I missed you assholes! 😙🌵",2075
-#IllegalAliens are ILLEGAL ALIENS. Check the dictionary. #FakePoliticians are fake politicians #GlobalistEmpire are #RealTerrorist #AwakeUSA #WeThePeople,2076
-"Utilizing the facial comparison technology, a CBP officer determined that the traveler was not a match to the passport and referred her for further examination which confirmed that she was a Ghanaian citizen and an impostor.#BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll",2077
-@user I'm so mad who gets me sick in summer like you're a bitch whoever it was 😂😂😂,2078
-@user I asked somebody for this hoe and they gave it to me you finna piss me off bitch gtf out my mentions,2079
-#Filth @user #Nodaca #Deporthemall going to go turn on the phone now that you have to babysit that stupid gang behavior and idiotic graffiti. #Berkeley #CAdeservesbetter,2080
-Hoowww did youuu get here?! Bitch I caught the bus hoe! 😭💀,2081
-GOD BLESS AMERICA AND ALL THE BEAUTIFUL WOMEN IN IT Yasssss bitch 👏👏👏 #LustForLifeListeningParty,2082
-You be chasing them hoes fuck what a bitch think,2083
-"@user TF you gonna do hoe ass ? get the fuck outta my dm's hoe, unless you really wanna it bitch",2084
-"so me being the nice ass bitch i am, apologized to him thru chat. like ur hoe sent him a long ass message im telling you .and he just SEENED",2085
-"To whoever stole £60 of my birthday money out of my room, you are a bitch and you're not allowed round again☺️🖕",2086
-@user @user @user @user @user I am so sick of liberals . Please educate your family and prevent them for voting democrat . #ProtectFreeSpeach #FreeInfowar #SaveAmericaFromLiberals #VoteRepublicanAndSaveAmerica #BanSanctuaryCities #StopTheInvasion #BuiltTheWall,2087
-@user Ctfu meanwhile she stanning his old bitch 😂😂😂😂✋ stomach hurt,2088
-These lil mut whores keep dickeating my man and they not even fans like bitch gtfoh,2089
-Tell that bitch to pay me if she EVER tryna rape me,2090
-HOW MANY DACA HAVE BEEN ARRESTED FOR SMUGGLING PEOPLE OVER THE BORDER?#NoDACA #nohr392 #noh4ead #NoAmnesty,2091
-How incompetent was Obama doesnt know were wall goes on the border not around. #BuildThatWall #BuildTheWall #obamalegacy #obamalibrary,2092
-@user calling me selfish bitch is ok U knw what u r a jealous cunt Mri life aur barbad na kro Coz what I'm going thro is I knw,2093
-"Probably my last tweet ever, I guess we will see. If this happens, Ive enjoyed tweeting with all of you! #IllegalAliens",2094
-@user #BuildThatWall and get this @user out of this country.,2095
-BITCH THOSE ARE SOME NICE ASS SHOES,2096
-"Possibly because @user is a whoring son-of-a-bitch,ya see he's a POLICY guy & an ASSHOLE And,his time in CON…",2097
-Bitch we about to have a whole fuckin party for yall,2098
-@user @user #BuildThatWall already,2099
-“bitch you been a hoe since the womb”,2100
-@user which one of you shitheads invaded my privacy at my home then drove off like a bitch last night? Ask the whole dept for me,2101
-"dis why i didn't want you following me you think everything is about u but i mean if the shoe fits go ahead, lace that bitch up & wear it",2102
-"I had this crazy, bitchy/cunty science/health teacher. Bitch came to school with an attitude everyday, and had the nerve to be married",2103
-@user Censorship is wrong #IllegalAliens,2104
-"Criminal Alien Statistics @user @user These statistics are incredible for this year alone 20 days 316 DUI's, deaths? 20 sex crimes,1 a day?These crimes shouldn't occur!#BuildTheWall #NoDACADeal #NoAmnesty #DeportThemAll",2105
-@user Bitch eat,2106
-@user AM I SUUPOSED TO FEEL LOVE ? BITCH I DO,2107
-Not one immigration activist is calling for assistance for Central American countries to help improve economic conditions there. NOT ONE. Think about that.#Maga #Immigration#StopTheInVasion #ImmigrationIsAWeapon,2108
-"Except for the wall, ending DACA, ending chain migration, enforcing e-verify, eliminating H1B visas, and all the immigration promises that got you elected.#BuildTheWall #NoDACA",2109
-"#NoDACA #Noillegals #BuildTheWall Human trafficking earns profits $150 billion a year for traffickers, according to ILO report from 2014. $99 billion from commercial sexual exploitation$34 billion in construction, manufacturing, mining and utilities",2110
-@user @user @user @user #IllegalAliens are destroying the World. #NoDaca #BuildTheWall #1a,2111
-They are EVERWHERE #BuildThatWall,2112
-@user why r u such a bitch,2113
-"Some will take the hint and leave. Others willl force you to exchange numbers/social media @ or you'll be a ""dirty foot hoe"" ""ugly bitch""",2114
-When dudes act like a chick they truly are a little bitch #hehoes,2115
-Only $10 million to catch & deport 20 million #IllegalAliens ?? I think @user needs a lot more $$s to do their job,2116
-500 ex DACA Criminal Gang.Members still at Large.Will they get Amnesty too?@realDonaldTrump@HouseGOP @user risk is just too great!#EndDACA #BuildTheWall #ReturnLawAndOrder#KeepAmericansSafe#EndChainMigration #EVerify#EnforceUSLaws,2117
-bitch you been havin 2 / 3 dick appointments in a day but don't shower in between lmao dirty luh hoe 😂😂😂,2118
-Same shoes everyday but bitch I'm still swaggin' @user,2119
-#rascist #IllegalImmigrants #Illegals #WalkAway #WalkAwayFromDemonrats -- look at what Europe is dealing with. Do we want this in America?! #MAGA #WalkAway #MakeAmericaGreatAgain #BuildTheWallNow @user @user @user @user @user,2120
-9/12 was just as important as was 9/11#IllegalAliens#OldMenWithPens#KAG#VoteRed2018#RedWaveRising2018#WalkAway#TheStormIsHere #TheGreatAwakening#Q#QArmy#QAnon#WeThePeople#AmericaFirst#DonaldTrump#DrainTheDeepState#DrainTheSwamp,2121
-HOE MY GOOOODDD YESSSSS BITCH !!!! Wow you're so beautiful 💞😍😍💞😍 how can someone be so hotttt 😋😋😋,2122
-"Can we NOW discuss what @user @user @user were doing under Obama bc it looks like the country got increasingly more dangerous with every #IllegalImmigrant and unvetted 3rd World ""refugee"" he imported.",2123
-fun fact: this is a 1975 lyric and some local bitch tried saying this was about her & that I called her a whore in…,2124
-"@user Got to keep those baby rapers with their victims or the left will throw a temper tantrum. #boohoo,#sendthemback#BuildTheWall",2125
-lmao bitch tf you saying you a hoe now that you got a mans you think you a saint??,2126
-😂😂😂😂u always a hoe to a nigga that can't have you & ugly to a bitch that can't stand you🤗,2127
-Niggas bitch about women because they not used to getting women.,2128
-Wow bitch!!! Why don't you worry about your own damn self. At least she isn't the hoe that you are! Sure her day will be great w/out u in it,2129
-"Whatever you do today, do NOT use the term #IllegalAliens or #IllegalAlien cuz Twitter and #Jack consider it hate speech.",2130
-@user @user stop w 'we have to worry about the children' No we do not-many R >20yrs old Go home and make your country better or enter ours legally #NoDACA we can't afford them,2131
-The complacent are in every piece of TRASH on roads & highways. #BuildThatWall no longer complicit.,2132
-@user Which are the VISA OVERSTAYERS???#DeportThemAll Dumb Ass Bitch declaring they believe in GOD & won't have any part of any misgivings about Muslims!,2133
-#IllegalAliens cited in theft of 39 MILLION Social Security Numbers.They especially like the social security numbers of Children!,2134
-"Soon I'm done fucking, bitch put your shoes on",2135
-Tell that hoe I dont want you bitch I'm done,2136
-"@user @user @user @user You wouldn't have thought after 5 years he could've come up with a decent story why he fled, but nothin', just some dribble on political unrest. #fakeugee #sendthemhome",2137
-Better to be silent and allow people to guess you are a moron then to open your mouth and remove all doubt #BuildThatWall #MAGA #WWG1WGA,2138
-"Cory Booker said he had a Spartacus momentIn fact, he had a Pinocchio momentEven CNN confronted his lie#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue #AllLivesMatter #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #FoxNews",2139
-@user @user we will let you call it anything! #BuildThatWall,2140
-females are even worse 💀 fuccin whores will clique up when they only got one thing in common = mutual hate for ONE bitch.,2141
-I get so excited when I make a hair appt bc I know I'm about to be a WHOLE new bitch 😂👱♀️💇😛❗️,2142
-"I did not come to play with you hoes, I came to slay, bitch",2143
-"Yooo y'all remember when Tyler said ""rape a pregnant bitch and tell my friends I had a 3sum"" now he's singing about calling him lol growth",2144
-"If #IllegalAliens don't like being called illegal, they shouldn't break the law. They can follow the established protocols for residency and citizenship or stay home.",2145
-"Mr President Trump it is time to build the WALL. I am ready to Donate to #BuildThatWall, go ahead SIR follow your inclination NOW. What does the Corp of Engineers do? #QAnon #Patriots #RedWaveRising #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #Timetobuildthatwall #GOP Fuck Paul Ryan & McConnell",2146
-"Is the penny finally dropping? We have imported enough rape, murder and violence already, turn the boats round we dont want them.#SendThemBack #RapeugeesNotWecome",2147
-I was separated from my daughter because of Obamacare. #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #MondayMotivaton #IllegalAliens #FamiliesBelongTogether,2148
-I wish GOD would jus BITCH slap our whole planet into realizing it's not Kool what's goin on!!!! Jus my take on it..,2149
-@user @user Naw bitch Ima talk every day until then hoe. Who the fuck your thought you was talkin…,2150
-"@user Maxine Waters, lead instigator of resister's violence; is nowhere to be seen when the violence occurs. She lets others get in trouble while she spews her hatred & vitriol. Brave woman, she is!#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst",2151
-"@user is a old hoe now, y'all. Bitch is 30 while I'm still a young tender 21. Not sure how that happened 🤔",2152
-@user KARMA IS A BITCH! JUST SIT AND WAIT FOR IT ! Like i said you cant turn a hoe into a house wife! BUT HE LOOKED…,2153
-"hoes kill me wit thinking it's automatic beef cause we fucked wit the same nigga, bitch idgaf about you and i def had his head fucked up",2154
-@user I think you mean a rapefugee. Calling that sort of person immigrant makes us legal immigrants look bad.,2155
-you get to asking hoes question they start laughing bitch turn yo goofy down,2156
-@user Senatorial WHORE. Throw money at this bitch & he'll forget all about ARKANSAS & dance to your tune.…,2157
-@user Lesson in Libtardology: bring ILLEGALS w/u to vote@realDonaldTrump@tedcruzWhere are we at regarding @user ALL Polling stations?!#KAG#NoDACA#NOAmnesty #DeportThemAll,2158
-"When you gotta break check a little teenage bitch at 7am, already. Learn to drive hoe",2159
-"I know I can be a cunty ass bitch, but for real I'm actually joking 73% of the time :)",2160
-@user #MichaelCutler correct . Stephanie is WRONG! #GANGOF8 ? #Hereticchurches worldwide taking #Soros $ #Muslimrefugrees & #illegalaliens COME ON STEPHANIE DO YOUR HOMEWORK #LINDSEYGRAHAM,2161
-"Being in the country illegally is not a victimless crime. Millions of Americans, in many cases children, are having their identities stolen to enable criminal activity!#BuildThatWallIllegal immigrants cited in theft of 39 million Social Security numbers",2162
-"@user @user That 21 year old rapefugee raped the 17 year old and proceeded to try raping her mother, while they were at a cemetery. Brock Turner raped a drunk girl with foreign objects in an alley. Both did rape, but situations were different. Not to mention that Brock's sentence was light.",2163
-@user Yes so we need to BUILD The Wall! Blood is on your hands evertime an MS13 gang member or DUI illegal kills an American! #BuildTheWall #FundTheWall #EndVisaLottery #EnactEVerify #EndChainMigration 183 billion yearly taxpayers pay for illegals! Go home!,2164
-"""""""University of Illinois"""" While Thousands of Americans are killed by Illegal Aliens #Democrats want to Reward them with a Illegal DACA Memo #Trump #MAGA #SendThemHome""",2165
-Update: Blocked the bitch. Fuck that cunt.,2166
-"""Trudeau's """"refugees"""" bring mayhem to hotel migrant camps Brainless Trudeau + Migrants in Canada = Rapefugees just like England Germany n Sweden!! Specially against children n young teens!! via @user",2167
-"@user Bet ya that assad would love to have them all back, give his henchmen a overload of work. They attack the ppl of the Countries good enough to take them in! Ungrateful currs! The war in Syria is almost over so they should be sent back!! #SendThemHome",2168
-If he can comfortably call u or any other girl a bitch or a hoe bc u or they dont meet his expectations of how a girl should be HE IS SEXIST,2169
-#IllegalAliens are in the USA illegally and they are alien to our soil. Hence the term #IllegalAlien,2170
-How did people respond to @user tweets today?Tuesday 11 Sep 2018 16:00:32 UTCTop hashtags:#neverforget#september11th#911memorial#buildthatwall#retweet#trumpMost influential accounts:@WeSupport45@JeffreyGuterman@Brimshack@wdunlap@WashingtonDCTea,2171
-Now it makes sense why they cast that dumb Bitch Lena Dunham. Her cunt ass looks like she would join a cult,2172
-i gotcha man thats all i gotta say everybody know you a hoe anyway bitch recognize i got these thick thighs,2173
-@user Bitch lmao,2174
-@user I'm looking for the bus to #sendthemback,2175
-@user Yes We Need It YesterdayHouse & Senate Fund TheDam Wall Now#MAGA #VoteDemsOut#BuildThatWall #AmericaFirst #AnnaLovesTrump #TrumpsSuperElites,2176
-"Comparatively, our own inner city youth & fellow Americans live like 3rd class citizens while illegals are housed at ICE centers that rival the best elementary schools & college dorms in the country. #BuildThatWall @user @user @user @user @user",2177
-@user @user There are NO INNOCENT people in detention centres #SendThemBack,2178
-"""#Navy rescued #Manchester bomber Salman Abedi from war-torn #Libya three years before deadly terror attack via @user #WEST is """"rescuing"""" people that will #kill them.#SendThemHome #bombing #attack Have some dignity and throw them out""",2179
-Maybe he's late cause he can't get his huge feet into his shoes bitch I'm one step from slapping you,2180
-this bitch escaped prison like 2 or 3 times and he fled to florida and killed more women there but a cop pulled him over and he was caught,2181
-"stop JUDGING bitches by there cover, jus cuz she bad don't mean she's a catch shawdy could be a whore 👀 das opposite of a keeper",2182
-When a door closes go through a window. #BuildThatWall #MAGA via @user,2183
-"@user @user Bitch, Im sitting on the floor of the Phoenix airport with this shirt.",2184
-@user Bitch you lame as fuck. I don't give a fuck if you're in China hoe watch your ducking mouth,2185
-@user @user @user Always #NoDACA.I AM BORN IN #USA AND #USA FIRST.,2186
-"You know ima get it bitch until my casket close, I been chasing paper nigga u been chasing hoes. I tore my acl I ball too hard like d rose 💯",2187
-walk a mile in my shoes bitch i cant even walk a mile in my own,2188
-"@user @user @user Not a Spicer fan, but that whole Pope move was a total bitch-slap by Trump.…",2189
-"@user President Donald J. Trump. The greatest President in the history of the United States of America.Hes making America great again, AND trying to make it safe again. @user cares about the American people. Democrats care about Mexican citizens.#BuildThatWall #KAG2020",2190
-Every bitch on twitter selling nudes on Patreon now? Is this how all you hoes have money?,2191
-stop being a bitch online you look like a low class hoe selling herself to nasty bois,2192
-"We're talking BITCH PLANET and rape culture this week, so buckle in and get RILED UP.",2193
-#SaveEurope! Stop the #IslamicInvasion to prevent #WhiteGenocide!#DeportThemALL!There is no virtue in self-imposed cultural and societal suicide!Vote out evil open-border globalist politicians!#UK #France #Sweden #Germany#Belgium #Spain #Italy #Denmark#Netherlands #Ireland,2194
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user (.) @user Liberal Logic It was good when Clinton wanted a wall-#WakeUpSnowFlakes #BuildThatWall #MakeAmericaSafeAgain#MAGA,2195
-@user They belong together and free to go home where they came from. #SENDTHEMBACK #DEPORTALLOFTHEM,2196
-"me to michael ""i use to think that you could judge someone by their shoes but now that that bitch bought checked vans i guess you can't.""",2197
-"And if you ask me, you a bitch ass nigga if you let another hoe disrespect the mother of your kids 👐",2198
-"They cant even grant us a small Hebridean island to be away from all the poisons of modernity, they are now importing their rapefugee armies to every corner of this island, this is about destroying us, nothing less.",2199
-Why can't we say #illegalAliens ??,2200
-I'm not about to wash a grown ass man dishes. Bitch I don't live with you or contributed to that filth. Hoe you NAS…,2201
-"I read up on that photo yesterday.It's a gypsy shanty town, not a Rapefugee one. Gypsies are likely one of the persecuted groups on Earth, loathed by Firangs & horribly oppressed even now.Endian dimwits who get carried away by Firang wealth & politeness should remember this.",2202
-Fucking cheating bitch whore.,2203
-@user @user Pay to play is still in the (D)socialist 3rd world dumbsh*t partys dna. Somebody in the senate and congress are working it. Keep your eyes peeled! Promises IF they become majority. $ just waiting to pour into the newest foundation! #MAGA #NoDACA #howdoyoulikeusnow,2204
-"@user THIS IS FABULOUS! I HOPE THE ACLU IS HOIST BY IT'S OWN PETARD!IT'S IDIOTIC, STUPID, SELF DEFEATING TO SIMPLY STOP APPLYING THE LAW BECAUSE THERE IS A CHILD INVOLVED!NO OTHER US LAW WOULD DO THIS! INSANITY! #NOAMNESTY @user @user #NOASYLUM #nohr392 #deportdaca #nodaca",2205
-"Some of you hoes think you so bad. You might have bad breath, bad credit, and be badly built but you not a bad bitch",2206
-5 years in prison? No wonder illegals come here and do whatever the hell they want. Nothing more than a slap on the wrist. Disgusting. #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll,2207
-"""Manhunt for Illegal Alien who Almost Killed African American Teacher That an """"Open Borders"""" Judge Released@realDonaldTrump is right about Liberal Judges-#WWG1WGA#GreatAwakening #MAGA#walkaway-because -@TheDemocrats put #IllegalAliens before Americans.""",2208
-BITCH BTS ALREADY BURNED THE WHOLE UNIVERSE WITH NOT TODAY WHAT DO U MEAN HOT BUT EVEN BETTER IS THERE ANYTHING LEFT TO BURN,2209
-Why should people here illegally be counted and represented? Send them home and build the wall.#ncpol #BuildThatWall,2210
-"@user @user Looks like #LeftistsPreferIllegalAliens in Europe as well as in the USA.""Migrant"" has allegedly been using legal loopholes to stay in Germany despite having a staggering 542 criminal investigations against him.#GlobalistAgenda",2211
-@user a hole whore out here literally and figuratively 😂🖕,2212
-"@user @user 1) #EndHealthcareCartel, 2) #EndDACA, 3) Abolish #IranDeal, 4) #EndNAFTA, 5) #BuildTheWall, 6) #FairTax, 7) #DrainTheSwamp, 8) #FairTrade, 9) #BanIslam, 10) #LockHerUp, 11) #EndSanctuaryCities, & 12) #EndCorporateWelfare. #USA",2213
-@user And this is exactly how it should be in England!! Crime is low in Slovakia etc but all the scumbags come to to commit crimes as they know they can get away with it - THEY NEVER RETURN!!! #stopimmigration,2214
-minseok really is that bitch he stole the whole show,2215
-#DeportIllegalAliens Sanctuary Cities Government Aid (Taxpayer $$$) for Illegals No excuses#BuildThatWall #BuildThatDamnWall,2216
-@user @user Hoe bitch everyone has had your ugly ass . And everyone has left because how you act . You…,2217
-@user @user can you rally for @user weve got to defeat liberal Pocahontas (@SenWarren ) Massachusetts does not want illegals in our commonwealth #NoDACA #noillegals #senDiehl,2218
-Not long til Lily goes back to school and I regain my sanity. #summerholidays #theywillruinme #sendthemback #shehatesme,2219
-@user Let's see how you are going to babble after the Supreme Court ruling!#DeportThemAll #NoDACA #SupportICE #AbolishDemocRATS,2220
-@user @user String him up to show the message that you will pay for your crimes in a COUNTRY where you are NOT supposed to be in!#BuildThatWall We are losing our legal citizens to those who should not be here in the first place! If they weren't here we would still have our loved ones!,2221
-"Screw #Politicians, you have 63 MILLION Voters who would be willing to donate $100+. That's $6.3 Billion minimum! Open a ""Fund the Wall"" campaign!#BuildTheWall #BuildThatWall #MAGA@realDonaldTrump@DonaldJTrumpJr @user @user @user",2222
-"""Media Blackout: DACA Recipient Threatens To Commit Mass Shooting At New York High School via @user is NOT an """"undocumented immigrant""""!She is an """"Illegal Alien Terrorist""""!#BuildTheWall#EnforceUSLaws#DeportThemAll#NoAmnesty""",2223
-@user A moe shit had me dying this really be life though like fuck u bitch why you do this hoe with the drake in the background lol,2224
-@user You're not females you're hoes why do you think god tried to kill this bitch 2 years ago? You're noth…,2225
-@user @user #AtlantaHitRockBottoms This FOOL is promoting lawlessness from illegals and wants to turn ATL into a 3rd world city like Chicago and LA. We are better than this brainless idiot! #ImpeachBottoms #BuildThatWall,2226
-It's still Fuck OJ. Bitch ass nigga. But good for you. Lil hoe.,2227
-"@user Don't trust polls; see 2016It must be antifa & Maxine Water's steady hand pushing Dems ahead.Maybe #POTUS stunning success w/ISIS, economy, Dow/S&P/Nasdaq, N Korea, unemployment help Dems?#MAGA #KAG #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA",2228
-@user @user @user BITCH IM 8 INCHES!,2229
-S/O to all you lurking hoes and bitch ass niggas 😇🖕,2230
-@user How about Bishops who know something is wrong should DO something?#BuyFromInAndOut #InternetBillOfRights #DarkLeft #WalkAway #ReinstateRobynGritz #JimJordan4Speaker #2A #DefundPP #ChainDeportation #BuildThatWall #NationalReciprocity #1A #FreeJulian #BoycottNFL,2231
-Riiiiiight...... Bitch I pop one of them green hoes and turn into the hulk. You gone have to shoot me.,2232
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user #BUILDTHATWALL Fund #TheWall NOW! The people voted for the wall! Fulfill your promise to voters & #BuildTheDamnWall #MAGA @user,2233
-I must be a cunt or some fucking horrible person to get treated to way I do by some people. I should just change and be a ruthless bitch,2234
-@user Tow the boat back to the safe ports in Africa. #sendthemback it's not late to save Europe #notwantednotneeded,2235
-youn know nann hoe That don' tried all types of shit Who quick to deep throat the dick And let another bitch straight lick the clit,2236
-Illegal aliens should be sent home. Illegal aliens have no place in our country. #BuildThatWall NOW! Illegal aliens are illegal hence the term illegal. They are here illegally and they are aliens to our country @user and @user,2237
-"Bitch was like ""did you know youre supposed to eat the tamale on its own?"" IT'S AN HALLACA YOU WHORE",2238
-@user U better stop supporting Amnesty! #NoAmnesty #NODACA #NOVisaLottery #NOChain #EVerify #VoterIDNOW #MeritBasedOnly #NORefugees,2239
-@user #JustDoIt President Trump 63 Million of US Stand with YouWe only #TakeAKnee before #GOD not NFL Kaepernick or nike#BuildThatWall #Healthcare #MAGA #GODBLESSTHEUSA #SundayMotivation,2240
-8. I REMEMBER LIVE DMING U DWP. ur a g and i hope yr 11 treats u right. REMEMBER MY ADIVCE U BITCH ASS CUNT. ilysm!!,2241
-#MAGA. #GOP2018. #KAG2020. #WalkAway. #BuildThatWall. Heres the VOTER ID controversy boiled down to its essence:,2242
-"@user @user @user @user This waste of Money must be stopped!!! #NoMoreRefugees Keep telling us how SS is going Broke, while you toss $ out the window!! Stop p—-ing. on our backs & telling us it’s Raining!",2243
-@user You are a Friggin idiot and ANTI-AMERICAN #BuildTheWall #NoAmnesty #NODACA #DrainTheDeepState #VOTEDEMOUT2018 #MAGA #WalkAway #TRUMP2020 #TheStorm #LiberalismIsAMentalDisease,2244
-"@user GOD BLESS ICE, THANK YOU FOR GETTING ILLEGAL ALIENS OUT OF OUR SOVEREIGN COUNTRY AND OFF OUR STREETS. #NoSanctuaryStates #NoSanctuaryCities #NoDACA #NoAmnesty #NoCommunists #NoSocialism #AmericaFirst #AmericansAreDreamersToo #MAGA #KAG",2245
-@user @user U a bitch,2246
-My exes are going bowling together even though one was calling the other a cunt/Bitch last week?!?!?,2247
-Life's a bitch because a slut would be too easy .,2248
-"Broke niggas ain't shit cept to a broke bitch, and a hoe witout no dough is a hoe you won't see me wit.",2249
-"WithMoreThan #USD 60 #billions of #forex #reserves & #big #money FromMore #investing to& #importing from #Vietnam by #allies, MilitaryIntelligence,MilitaryRegions&PublicSecurityOfVietnam #government #interest #nuclear #missiles in #WW3. #buildthatwall #maga #trumptrain",2250
-BITCH HE OUT HERE LOOKING LIKE WHOLE NATIONS BEST MODEL IM SO PROUD OF HIM HE IS SO TALENTED HES THE MAN OF VISUAL,2251
-how bout you mind your fucking business bitch. be moral....silently. hoe.,2252
-"#Republicans can keep there majority if they run on #Trumps agenda, #BuildThatWall, grow the economy, law and order and #MAGA . If your a RINO and run away from #TrumpSupporters you desrve to lose",2253
-@user @user They broke into our country. We dont want them here. #SendThemBack,2254
-@user Help #BuildThatWall Visit,2255
-My man bag cost four thousand bitch your bag cost no thousand Ahahahahah ahhhhhh deexxxterr silly lil hoes,2256
-She is absolutely correct!#AmericansFirst#KeepAmericaSafe#BuildThatWall,2257
-And what am i gonna do if they lock me up he asks ? Bitch I'll eat pizza tomorrow cause its Friday hoe,2258
-#BuildTheWall #TravelBan make it permanent! #NoWelfareForIllegals #NoDACA #Deport #WalkAway,2259
-IF UR LAME AND DONT WANNA SEE A DRUNK CUNT TWEET ABOUT HER LATE NIGHT THOUGHTS THEN SMASH THAT UNFOLLOW BUTTON BITCH BC HERE I FUCKEN GO,2260
-But bitch it wasnt about you! that's what im saying! and again you sitting here tryna make the shoe fit😂,2261
-This Bitch Need To Go Back To Eating Whoever Dick She Eating Hitting Me Up Tryna Be Friends @user Your Friend Is Wildin Lmaoooo,2262
-Hey @user when you went down to the border did you see the children that were separated from their HUMAN TRAFFICKERS? Of course you did but youre not honest enough to admit it. Because #DemocratsAreSociopaths #StopTheInvasion#DeportThemAll#NoAmnesty#BuildTheWall,2263
-"@user @user 45 only hates chain migration when it involves brown people. He also believes that he and his family are special & above having to adhere to the same laws as the rest of us. So, no surprise there! He bought Melania a Genius Visa, so none of them belong here. #SendThemHome",2264
-Bitch a ye Ali groupie and not a jgray groupie ur a goofy whore,2265
-#StopTheInvasion democrat citizens should rise up and say no more republicans cant win alone.,2266
-@user @user @user @user Go to HELL bitch. McCain is a hero. Show some respect asshole 😡😡😡,2267
-"@user Rapefugee is offensive. Please use the term ""consentually challenged""",2268
-warning to all you dumb bitches: i don't do no dumb bitch/hoe shit. 👋,2269
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user #BUILDTHATWALL #MAGA #KAG #TRUMP2020 #TRUMP=HERO #TRUMP=LEADER #WELUVTRUMP,2270
-ight y'all so it's almost my birthday &&& with that being said i'm tryna be shaaaaapoppping . whole new bitch feel me . so bam vote,2271
-have you ever called a dude a hoe or a bitch like he one of your bitches? 💀 i be slipping up,2272
-"@user @user You fucking MORON! You are going to turn ATL into a 3rd world city with your garbage, open borders policy. You uneducated FOOL! #AtlantaHitRockBottoms #BuildThatWall #ImpeachBottoms #MAGA",2273
-a whole BOX of oreos bitch,2274
-"@user Hes wanted for murder but who exactly was paying for their medical bills? #taxpayers Yet, funds to support tax payers is running out!!!! #sendthemback",2275
-@user Bitch you scared me. I thought something happened,2276
-He will say its correctly for National Security. #BuildThatWall,2277
-Any woman voting BLUE votes for Sharia#BanSharia#BanIslam#StoptheInvasion,2278
-Bitch you came on TWITTER to say this?! Hoe.,2279
-Biggest hoe in Redding bruh so any nigga fucking with her I'm telling you now the Bitch got STDS 💀💀,2280
-Oh Bitch. ∗Black Girl Voice∗ RT @user TARAJI JUST GAVE ME MY WHOLE ENTIRE LIFE YA'LL.,2281
-@user @user Tell me about it!! I'll cut a bitch if they slag my pup😂,2282
-happy birthday you skank whore @user !!!! ❤️🎉🎉 have a great one don't hoe too hard,2283
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user Thanks for the party Beverly. It looks delicious. But I can't enjoy it knowing @user took $10 million of disaster relief from @user to spend on #IllegalAliens when Americans like you are facing #HurricaneFlorence.,2284
-"My mom FaceTimed me to show off new shoes she got and was like ""no cabe duda que soy una Bitch"" i love her 😂",2285
-@user Meanwhile the whole world is hoping that Piers Morgan will regenerate into someone that isn't a cunt.,2286
-Definition of a whore/trash/piece of dirt/bitch,2287
-18 Images You Won't Believe Exist On Google Maps #QAnon #Elections2018 #CorruptGovernment #GoogleIsCIA #ChildSexTrafficking #AmericaFirst #BuildTheWALL #ThesePeopleAreEVIL #NoDACA #GreatAwakening,2288
-the mobile app keeps asking for me to put in the password for @user BITCH THAT ACCUNT DOESNT EXIST,2289
-You my bff bitch even doe you always trynna curve me but Ik it's love I ain't leaving hoe ❤️,2290
-#Mexico violence: Remains of 166 found in #Veracruz mass grave #DRUGS #CARTELS #BuildThatWall,2291
-I hope they give Orenthal another 9 1/2 years and let him rot and die in that hell hole. Karma is a bitch and so is OJ. #feedOJ,2292
-"Thank you so much for this link, Lisa.I''ve suspected 4 awhile that the Zionist #Globalists were orchestrating the rapefugeeinvasion of #Europe . Even as nationalismseems 2 be gaining some momentum, I'mvery concerned that they too have beenco-opted by Bolshevik Zionism.",2293
-@user >YET 'AGAIN'THE ONLY 'THING' THAT SO-CALLED 'REFUGEES' BRING TO 'THE RIGHTEOUS WESTERN WORLD' IS '#Terrorism' AND 'SEXUAL CRIMINALITY'THE 'TRUE #German PEOPLE' KNOW 'THIS'NOW 'THEY' ARE TELLING THE '#FakeNews #Politicians' TOO#Kothen #Germany #refugeesNOTwelcome #Brexit #MAGA,2294
-@user @user @user @user Bitch you believe in Trump and you call Iggy ugly lol bye hoe 😂😂😂,2295
-@user @user Dont F*ck up What we Voted For - We See You. #MandatoryEVerify #EndRepublicanCheapLabor #EndBirthRightCitizenship #BuildTheWall #EndChainMigration #FixEntryExit #NoDACA,2296
-"@user @user why? hes a fucking snake cunt bitch, its not the clubs fault. hope he dies",2297
-bitch i got a whole alarm system and like 10 camera . ain't no sneakin out💀,2298
-"Message Sent, Sleep Cells Activated, The Plan Is Now Active - Episode 1659b #WWG1WGA #AmericaFirst #ThesePeopleAreEVIL #BuildTheWALL #NoDACA #GreatAwakening #PedoGate #PizzaGateIsREAL #MKUltra #CorruptCIA #ObamaGate #ThesePeopleAreSick #SRA #QAlert",2299
-"I got all these hoes sayin ""you look like Jeff bridges!! "" bitch are you blind?!",2300
-@user Protect U.S Citizens Enforce U.S Laws Illegals are Not above U.S Laws #NoAmnesty No #DACA #SendThemBack #Trump #MAGA @user,2301
-"That ""date rape is a grey area"" shit was the final nail in her fucking coffin. That dumb bitch is over.",2302
-Fucking cunt ass bitches!,2303
-@user @user No he's just a cunt he calls me a slut when I've done no shit to him,2304
-Happy #LaborDay to All LEGAL American Workers ! Shame on Illegal Workers who Steal SSN and IDs to Take #Jobs From Americans and lower Wages #MAGA #SendThemBack #laborday,2305
-"@user @user this or Boom Boom it. #Losers #idiots this is what a insane unhinged deranged Federal Judge got this officer , death!!! #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll #protectAmericans#Thankyou @user",2306
-"I know every word to Trina's Nann Hoe verse, da baddest bitch x Trina, my neck x back x khia, crush on you & queen bitch x lil kim",2307
-"You Hoes ARE NOT Slim Thicc, You Just A Little Less Fat Compared 2 A Regular Size Fat Bitch!!!",2308
-"Never understand why you would wanna call a bitch that like me or wanted to fuck me before,your friend 💯 is them hoes yo friend Fr ? No🙅♂️",2309
-You mad you a easy hoe a nigga can say some nice and you in love 😒 bitch,2310
-A Bitch Don't Be Worried About You Hoes Ease Up 🙄,2311
-"@user In the choir, whores and liars, scumbags in the dirt bitch",2312
-"@user Help confirm a ""Pro-Wall Judge""Confirm Kavanaugh to #SCOTUS Now!Call 202-224-3121Help #BuildThatWall at #RETWEET to Trigger @user like @user & @user & @user #FarmBill #WednesdayWisdom",2313
-"""everyone's condemning #Miller with uncles article, yet no one mentioning in 1st para """"He set foot on Ellis Island on January 7, 1903, """" HE came & sent for family LEGALLY! big differences than people overstaying visas, lying to get in, and crashing borders!#SendThemBack""",2314
-When you tell ah niqqa to get you some red bottoms because he getting his self some & he pull up to yo job with yo shoes LOL I wish bitch😹,2315
-Dom is such a cunt. I'm only 15 mins into tonight's episode but ya hope she goes home. #BB19 #FuckDom #ByeBitchBye,2316
-@user @user @user In my experience the most extremely-hateful-covert-racist are elderly rich ppl if they are not involved in a #GodRevering #ChristianLife #WalkAway #VoteAllDemsOut #Midterms2018 #VoteRedToSaveAmerica #DrainTheSwamp #LockThemAllUp #BuildThatWall #DeportThemAll #NeverForget #KAG,2317
-"""Presidential determination for the number of refugees that COULD be admitted to the US in coming fiscal year """"due Sept. 30""""? via @user @user #NOMORERefugees #NOmoreSomaliRefugees @user Where the heck r u??""",2318
-"shut up i love Those puma shoes already but a bitch is broke so ,,,, im Still going to try to buy it 👅",2319
-"Bitch said systematic rape is real, I know most of twitter is retarded",2320
-@user Hey @user #IllegalAliens are criminals. An #IllegalAlien is a criminal. All #Illegal #Aliens must be deported!,2321
-Lets get this important information out there. Migrant crime statistics the EU wants to keep secret. Link to free book. #migrants #Immigration #StopIslam #stopimmigration #stopmigrants #SaveEurope #ForBritain,2322
-I'm the most sensitive bitch in the whole entire world bc I take everything to heart 🙂🙂🙂🙂🙂 and I hate it sm,2323
-"SCARAMUCCI on DT, Aug 2015: “a hac…anti-American bullies assoc..don’t like the way he talks about women” Here comes another TRUMP WHORE.",2324
-@user Your bitch ass is gonna get slapped send me those hoes now,2325
-@user @user Bit wishy washy policy tho. #sendThemBack,2326
-This fuck is a weak cunt and puy his fellow country men in a bad way with the rapefugee invasion. Deport THEM ALL.,2327
-"More than 65 million strong, and growing.#DeportThemAll#RevokeIllegalCitizenship#RevokeIllegalNaturalization#DeportAllIllegals#DeNaturalization#SendThemHome",2328
-I can be the bitch I can play the whore Or your Fairy-Tale princess who could ask for more #LyricBot,2329
-#WomanFightsOffGang #BuildThatWall #VoteDemsOut #MAGA #INVADERS They Seek To #DestroyFromWithin #NeverForget #September11th #Benghazi #StopVoterFraud @user @user @user @user @user @user @user,2330
-"I may act like a stuck up, self absorbed, conceited cunt, but behind all that, deep down, I'm still a bitch",2331
-"the ""hoe don't do it/oh my god"" and ""bitch you guessed it/you was right"" vines occupy the same spiritual plane",2332
-@user Just as long as they #sendthemback right?,2333
-Nigga they don’t like yo hoe ass no more so they unfollowed you. Ain’t no glitch bitch lmaoooooo,2334
-@user Bitch imma mad then a hoe imma call you when I get home,2335
-Every time this one bitch opens her mouth Im just like 🙄 what else huh ? What else you gon complain about today hoe.,2336
-That Old bitch and young bitch @user look like dudes! Yall Some tranny lookin ass hoes,2337
-Bitches think just bc you ain't with the drama you ain't with the shits😃 bitch I'll smack you & whoever & still keep it cute😘,2338
-im gonna be that bitch colorful does NOT equal galaxy CHECK YOUR SELVES,2339
-@user Everyone Tweet #IllegalAliens and make the @user AI expode,2340
-I would never call a woman a cunt. But this one is an unpatriotic asshole.,2341
-"So KD leaving Russ means he's a bitch an hoe, but Lebron allowing Kyrie to get traded and y'all not... nvm",2342
-"@user , this gives us insight as to how @user would act as president; disclosing top secret docs more regularly than Hillary did.He would be a danger.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue #AllLivesMatter",2343
-"@user The magic wand? Choice! O chose NOT TO help us, POTUS TRUMP chose TO help us. ITS THE ECONOMY STUPID! #MAGA #NoDACA #howdoyoulikeusnow",2344
-I get tired of hearing people complain about politics or #WhiteGenocide when they're not even willing to stand with a sign on a street corner.#RedWaveRising #VoteRed #SecureTheBorder #NoAmnesty #StopTheInvasion #StopWhiteGenocide #RedWave2018 #AmericanProWhiteNetwork #WhiteNet,2345
-"you're a hoe. stop trying to put another female down just because you wanna look ""funny"" for twitter. nooo you're a petty bitch.",2346
-"@user he's a cockapoo LMAO 10/10 would recommend tho, v small and cute and smart and lov to be ur bitch",2347
-@user @user Since it's Hispanic night at the ballpark. Did they just open up the gates and let anybody and everybody in or did they have to have a ticket? #BuildThatWall #Trump2020 @user #ChopOn @user,2348
-i truly should've blocked carter when this bitch said orange juice and grape juice better than apple juice.,2349
-Daniela leaves to dr tomorrow for a whole month bitch ima b sad af,2350
-@user hey white trash go fuck your self dumb shit hoe bitch disgusting hoe,2351
-Shoot her 😂😂 bitch get out my house tf wrong with you hoe,2352
-#9/11 anniversary #foxnews #BuildThatWall i worked in midtown manhattan while the world trade center was being constructed. I had friends who were iron workers on the project. i would sometimes travel to lower manhattan to have lunch with friends & to watch the WTC construction.,2353
-@user Bye! Get the fuck out! GO! GO!!! Bye Felicia with your stupid sharia-loving ass!!! GO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#SendThemBack #AgainstShariaLaw #BuildTheDamnWall #Chemitz #Brexit,2354
-@user Please support the confirmation of Judge Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court of the Untied States of America.#MAGA#USA1st#BuildThatWall#NoAmnesty#NoDACA#DumpTheUN#ScrewTheEU#KingTRUMP,2355
-"@user National security depends on immigration control, stopping visa overstays, vetting, bans from terror ridden nation and the #BuildThatWall",2356
-Dreamers protest on Capitol Hill on DACA deadline day - ABC News - via @user Aliens make 'demands' on their host country!#NoAmnesty #EndDaca,2357
-Were helping you build that wallWere helpful like that#lockhimup#buildthatwall,2358
-@user @user SHUTITDOWN #BUILDTHATWALL #SHUTITDOWN #NOWALLNOGOVERMENT #TRUMP2020 #MAGA,2359
-#Promises KEPT? Trump might use #military to ( #BuildThatWall ) via @user,2360
-@user The 16 year plan they still want to enforce!!!!!! #WINNING #MAGA. #Q #BuildThatWall #ANTIOBAMA,2361
-Im tired of these im a gangster ass hoes 😂😂 bitch you don't even know how to reload a gun and don't know where the safety at,2362
-"If we want to make our voices heardand stop the Illegal invasion of America,If we truly want to tackle Illegal Migration, rememberAmnesty only entices it.We need to:#EndDACA#EndChainMigrationInsist there be#NoAmnesty #EndIllegalBirthrightCitizenship1/1",2363
-"These are the animals we want to band!!!!! #NeverForgetBenghazi never submit to because #islamistheproblem this is #America and I will not covert. #BuildThatWall and keep #MAGA #POTUS and #POTUS44 close it up. You had your chance 8 years of it, failed and keep you keep failing !!",2364
-just spent a whole 16 minutes in court..... bitch it takes longer to drive there,2365
-"@user @user @user So, when are women going to demand their right to have the honor to sign up for selective services which ALL male citizens are OBLIGATED by law? Not really equal yet, are you? Do illegals sign up? Yeah, I see equal happening all over this place! #MAGA #NoDACA #howdoyoulikeusnow",2366
-"#Bulgaria doing it the way it should be done. #illegalaliens try to enter, #IllegalAliens are put in a #pinebox",2367
-okay? the bitch is still broke. go get your plane sis. we only respect them hoes that own they own plane!,2368
-.@maddow Republicans in #congress dont want to see another Republican #impeached. @user & @user on #secret #recording said this all goes away if the Republicans dont keep the #House. #NunesTape shows plot to fire #Rosenstein. #VoteBlueNoMatterWho #SendThemHome,2369
-Yes he should for life @user @user #BuildTheWall #LockHerUp #BoycottNike #BoycottNFL #EndDACA now,2370
-"Sen Cory Booker, Dem 2020 hopeful, caught in blatant LIE. Said he was risking his position as Senator by exposing classified info; although he KNEW the info was NOT classified.BookerLiarEmpty Suit.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA",2371
-"@user Harp, chem trails they control the weather n other uses,if ur weather sucks complain #Stopthechemtrains #MAGA #TRUMP 2020 #BUILDTHATWALL",2372
-"@user She is friend with an African? I bet she was and is still pro-rapefugee. Otherwise you aren't standing there with an African beside you. Sorry, but you wanted this. You are now afraid. I don't care for traitors like you, who did nothing when things could have changed. Bye bye.",2373
-@user But those are illegal immigrants children Candace. They have more rights than our American children.#LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #BuildThatWall #AmericaFirst,2374
-#germany deserves to called #cuck/land they allow in #isis fighters as #Refugees even if they raped underaged girls. this #yazidi girl is scared of this and she is forced to see the face of her rapist.#refugeesnotwelcome should apply to these scum,2375
-The latest Pundits' Post! w/ articles tweeted by @user @user @user #flipboard10fortoday #enddaca,2376
-How to TEST your Dem friends.Ask them if it is shown there is no classified info therein; would they agree to have #POTUS de-classify the FISA warrants so the PUBLIC can see who's telling the truth?#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA,2377
-"@user #NoDACA #TuesdayThoughtsObama Used Dreamer Illegal AliensTo Defraud The American Dream#NoDACAdeal #AmericaFirst Clint Eastwood was mocked forhis 2012 RNC speech, yet the new#ObamaPainting confirms ObamaIS nothing but an empty chair.CLINT EASTWOOD IS A GENIUS",2378
-You hoes barely got this & that but be quick too say sum bout where somebody work bitch go get you a job ho,2379
-If you call a bitch a hoe based off her sexual activity then body counts matter to you . I rest my case,2380
-"@user Ben, you are shit on my shoe still bitch.",2381
-@user happy birthday u bad bitch !!!!!!!!!!!!!! Love u lots🌻,2382
-Theon greyjoy is a cunty cunt that deserves getting his dick cut off. Traitorous bitch #gameofthrones,2383
-There is NO #WhiteGenocide in South Africa. You may want to investigate the #CheapLabour and #IllegalImmigration angle for farm murders. @user is the new AWB.#FactsMatterThe FACTS about Land Expropriation,2384
-I don't love you bitch you a hoe I never will can't tell you my feelings because pimpin don't feel @user,2385
-"Bitch take ""Kardash"" out yo name. You ain't worthy hoe",2386
-@user Damn bitch.. you raised a spoiled whore!,2387
-"@user kwontinue. Karma is Bitch, keep that in mind.",2388
-anyway this bitch is back and ready to detest boygroups minus bts and bap with her whole heart and being,2389
-The Tragic Transformation Of Sweden #kalergiplan #kalergi #pianokalergi #sweden #immigrazione #immigration #stopimmigration #rapeculture #nogozones #shraria #Stopislamisation #StopIslam #saveeurope #defendeurope #europe #WhiteGenocide #closetheborders,2390
-"@user @user 14 Days, And NO COLLUSION! HOW MUCH was it again?! #MAGA #WalkAway #LeaveDNC #VoteRed2018 #Trump2020 #TrumpPence2020 #WakeUp #NoJihad #NoDACA",2391
-"@user @user Illegal Invasion is Forced-Upon #American Taxpayers.#IllegalAliens are Stealing Resources from Citizens.THEY are in the wrong for coming here Illegally.The Prosperity of Americans is Not the issue, nor are Americans stingy for not wanting to be Invaded & Robbed.#IngrahamAngle",2392
-Bitch I went from survey specialist to Therapeutic Preschool Specialist aye,2393
-"@user If we had the wall, it wouldnt even be close. I guess Congressional GOP just like living on the edge. #BuildThatWall Mr. President.",2394
-The blue wave is coming if we don't build that damn wall. #BuildThatWall & #MAGA,2395
-@user fucking cunt bitch,2396
-Jet-setting monk accused of rape now in big trouble for fraud via @user Kara's a bitch as he just found out,2397
-"I was like ""aye its Friday"" then I got that direct deposit and then I was like ""AYEEEEEE BITCH ITS FRIDAY UP IN THIS HOE FUCK YOU MEAN BOI""",2398
-"Women empowering other women - That shit is lit. Like yasss bitch, you are amazing, go you. We can all shine TOGETHER ❤️",2399
-You was a hoe in high school now you a hoe in college congrats lul bitty bitch 😂,2400
-That Hoe Karma Is Bad Bitch 😩,2401
-@user Bitch I'm sick 😒 dirty whore,2402
-Sickening! #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll,2403
-@user You know this hoe saving mofo didn't ever go in on that fragile bitch scared to break her cupcake ass 🙄🙄#GH,2404
-"@user What a hateful, spiteful, self-righteous, self-absorbed filthy cunt of a man! Karma's a real bitch,…",2405
-"@user @user @user Why did you use the hashtag #sendthemback in your first tweet? How is that not a racist tweet? How is anything you've said in this thread not motivated by a deep seated racism and islamophobia? You also said this:""3) It's in his nation.4) It's in his religion. """,2406
-Illegal Aliens Crossing Into America Isn't Immigration -- It's A Harmful Invasion Of Our Nation. Mass immigration is part of the #GlobalistAgenda to destabilize our country. #BuildTheWall #StopIllegalImmigration #NoDACA #NoAmnesty #MAGA,2407
-@user @user @user @user @user #MondayMorning #MorningJoe #BuildThatWall #DeportThemAll #MAGA this is infiltration,2408
-Trump Admin Releases Rule Weve Been Waiting Years For: Obamas Catch-and-Release Loophole Finally ClosingHow did the anti-American Catch & Release policy ever gain traction in the first place. #ObamaGate @user #BuildThatWall#MAGA #wwg1wga,2409
-@user Let all the do gooders house them. These people do not want to work!! Disgraceful lazy scrounging layabouts!! Taxpayers footing the bill as usual #sendthemback,2410
-"@user ""OH IS IT REALLY BITCH YOU KNOW THE DEALLY REALLY HEELY REALLY TILL IT SILLY HOE THAT BILLY HOW I…",2411
-"You put your bitch on the shelf , Nigga I make my hoe bring the cab back",2412
-But don’t let ‘em hear you fucking these hoes though⁰He gon’ kill you ‘bout that bitch,2413
-"How can some of ya worry about how the next nigga/ bitch livin. Who gives a fuck if they broke, or they out here hoein. It aint YOU, is it??",2414
-Import 3rd world savages. Have 3rd world savagery. It's almost like there's some kind of link there. Rapefugees Unleash Coordinated Fire-Bomb Rampage Across Sweden./news/2018-08-13/sweden-burning-migrant-gangs-unleash-coordinated-fire-bomb-rampage-across-multiple,2415
-This was her 5th or 6th child. If we did not give entitlements for all these kids they would be here having so many babies on the backs of American Taxpayers. This should be outlawed. #Stopimmigration,2416
-You hoes can't rap stop it bitch ✋,2417
-"get you a bitch to stan who can drag a hoe frm across the country, and promote her ep, i'll wait...",2418
-Like that ugly ass bitch earlier who said I don't blend my makeup 😂 that wasn't tea. That was a cunt making an inaccurate statement.,2419
-@user bitch till when tomorrow. you thought hoe,2420
-Okay you know what you Chabby fans can't bitch that Gabi is over everyday when that whore Abigail has been on for 10 days straight #Days,2421
-@user #IllegalAliens are Lawbreakers! #sendthemhome,2422
-"Rich as my bitch on the side hoe I got more than you know, HOE I GOT.! Look watch",2423
-Trump's Welfare Ban for Immigrants Would Be $57.4B Tax Cut for Americans via @user #MAGA #WINNING #TrumpTrain #TrumpWins4USA #WeStandWithTrump #Deportillegals #EndDACA #EndChainMigration #EndVISALottery #EndAnchorBabies #SendThemBack,2424
-@user @user @user Exactly. If I wanted my johnson tugged Id show up at Kevin Spaceys pool party. We were told the #BuildThatWall money was embedded in the omnibus bill. Show us!,2425
-Please donate to stop the Illegal Invaders and help #BuildThatWall@realDonaldTrump #MAGA#WWG1WGA,2426
-I'm so excited to get new glasses bc I'm a whole new bitch with new glasses,2427
-"Fake News: Iconic Crying Migrant Girl Never Separated from Mother, Says Father via @user @user @user",2428
-😤 NO BITCH WTF GIVE THIS SHIT TO YOUR LIL SIDE HOE,2429
-"you on twitter in yo feelings on that hoe shit, I know the feeling I had problems wit my old bitch 😆",2430
-@user @user Veterans firstRefugees go home,2431
-"@user Ian Connor raped that bitch too, stay woke",2432
-"👦🚓🚨 you my nigga!!! You a bitch tho I'll fuck you up bitch. 2k , madden? Anything hoe",2433
-"""It's unfair"": In-house data @user shows backlash against #IllegalImmigration especially by legal immigrants. #cdnpoli @user @user @user",2434
-"Illegal Alien Kidanpped, Raped 13-Year-Old Girl via @user #NoAmnesty #ProtectOurChildren#DeportThemAll #KeepAmericansSafeIt is the number 1 job of government! Protect & Defend The Constitution Not Illegal Aliens!",2435
-"@user @user Parts are already being built and Oct 1 is coming, budgets will be made and #BuildthatWall will move at a LOT faster pace. :) #MAGA",2436
-"Mfs be like ""I'm at work"" NO BITCH you just collecting a whole pay check with out working bc you don't DO SHIT.",2437
-Bitch where tf you been at hoe @user,2438
-"@user @user #Germany @user @user here is a nice Rapefugee telling everyone how much he loves his new house, car, 3k euros, and all the white women he can have in germany.",2439
-@user I think we need to make #IllegalAliens trend.,2440
-"@user I'm not drove bitch, you THINK YOURE DRIVING ME BUT THE GAG IS, I'm not mad and I'm beating yo ass now. Bum hoe",2441
-BITCH‼️stop calling me from block.. whoever you is,2442
-@user @user Bitch u celebrate this whore ass jewtuber minecraft x roblox porn rp player's birthday and u…,2443
-"@user @user @user Nah He was Laughing in the back of his head while doing His Speech, the True Speech. To the American People. #MAGA #WalkAway #LeaveDNC #VoteRed2018 #Trump2020 #TrumpPence2020 #WakeUp #NoJihad #NoDACA",2444
-Join American Sheriffs to Secure Americas Borders! #BuildThatWall,2445
-"Karma is a bitch baby, oh you wasn't trying to chill hoes, remember that, one day karma kicks you in the ass and I hope she wear steel toes",2446
-"I will never trust a hoe I to went outta respect, that still double crossed me... Bitch you alreay lost !!",2447
-"@user @user @user @user No, it is not. There are 50 States, and PR is NOT one of them.Nice try though.Bye, Felicia.#DealWithIt #WWG1WGA #QAnon #Q #RedWave #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #FISAGate #LockHerUp #LockThemAllUp #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll",2448
-A must read article. #BuildThatWall #AmericaFirst,2449
-Hoes be like what do you do for a living ? Where area you live in ? Nun yo fucking buisness gold digging ass bitch,2450
-Re: Illegal Immigration and Crime The DACA age group is the most prevalent age for crime.@realDonaldTrump @user @user #NoAmnesty#DeportThemAllThe chance isn't worth the potential outcome!There have been to many lives destroyed.,2451
-Been listening to LP th whole shift. Life is a bitch. But we must continue the fight. RIP,2452
-#BanRapefugees #BanIslamInTheUS Ten-Year-Old German Boy Raped by Migrant Classmates on School Trip via @user,2453
-"""Germany: Doctor Stabbed to Death in His Own Surgery by Somali """"Asylum Seeker"""" Migrant, His 10-Year-Old Daughter Forced to Watch #BuildThatWall #BuildTheWall #ImmigrationReform #Immigration #Germany""",2454
-@user Do it @user #BuildThatWall,2455
-Another wonderful dreamer youngster. #NoAmnesty #BuildTheWall #NoDACA #NoDreamAct #MakeAmericaSafeAgain,2456
-I'm the nicest fucking person but if you come at me calling me a slut and such for having an opinion I will be a bitch to you. Not sorry.,2457
-"Your boats shall drown in the Mediterranean Sea and the rest of you, which had not assimilated into our society will leave immediately. #RefugeesNotWelcome #IllegalAliens",2458
-When guys see a dude with Wine GOOD FOR YOU BRO! when women see a dude with Wine AWWWWW Lucky Bitch 😂😂😂,2459
-@user Bitch I ain't got that kinda money,2460
-@user Imagine thinking you're the baddest bitch when actually you're just a thot life hoe 😷,2461
-"Illegal Alien Broke Into Neighbor's Home, Tried To Rape Her @user @user A majority of these heinous crimes and acts of violence are committed by Dreamer and DACA aged Illegal Aliens.#NoAmnesty #NoDACADeal #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll",2462
-ok I hate to be like that bitch but if your in the us how do you buy the shoes?,2463
-"@user @user @user @user A law broken is still a law, family or not #sendthemback!!",2464
-Bitch shut your bubble gum ass the fuck up kick rocks hoe,2465
-cheaters deserve to die . bitch im giving youu my all & youu fucking somebody else . DIEE HOE,2466
-@user @user I can't stand you hoe 😭 but fine you go ahead & get it up cause bitch we're going somewhere for my 21st,2467
-"@user @user Well then, that would be one less woman affected if he weren't here ILLEGALLY #SENDTHEMBACK",2468
-Fuck you to whoever mirror I just punched off bitch don't cut me off on a good day?,2469
-Hoes be so pressed like bitch I'm younger than you and shitting on you!!!,2470
-"#Buildthatwall #Deportthemall @user More Needless Deaths at the Hands of an Illegal Alien, and an Oregon Ballot Initiative",2471
-"The shit Ima miss from home...""fuck it just rape the bitch.""",2472
-"When I die, whoever speaks .... I need you to start off whatever you say with ""that was a bad bitch""",2473
-"happy birthday to my hoe Bitch I love you hoeeee , turn up get some dick 😂😂💖",2474
-@user Bitch😭😭😭 dude I didn't even bother to read the whole sentence😕 I almost went to Instagram to check😑,2475
-@user BITCH soon but he's done this before,2476
-"@user @user The current #GOP #Congress doesn't care what #Americans think. Most want Obamacare, most support the Mueller investigation, they don't support the tax scam, most want #responsibleguncontrol, most don't want to #BuildThatWall. Stop voting for people that don't support you",2477
-#ONMYMAMMY HE A BITCH Video: It Cannot Be: Armed Man Catfishes Teen Boys Online Then Rapes Them!…,2478
-@user The cowards are the corrupt establishment. Trump and the American working class will win over the D.C. establishment. #MAGA #Kavanaugh #walkaway #burtreynolds #BuildThatWall @user @user @user @user @user @user @user,2479
-"Im tired of being quiet and nice. tired of this hoe thinking she got something over me, bitch you dont. keep quiet over there",2480
-Exactly Vote. #WalkAway #ConfirmJudgeKavanaugh #Conservatives #IRS #Military #DrainTheSwamp #Russiagate #FreeSpeech #IranianPeople #BackTheBlue #Benghazi #BrettKavanaugh #BuildThatWall #MAGA #Trump2020 #Patriots #tcot #TrumpSupporters #TrumpTrain,2481
-"Some dude is so angry outside at his girl he is yelling that she's a fuckin bitch, whore and he hopes she and her whole family die horribly",2482
-"What is the thinking behind #VeteransAgainstTrump ?#POTUS has reformed & improved the VA, while hundreds died during Obama reign waiting for treatment.They can think what they want, but let's be rational.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #RedWave",2483
-PREACH! @user Nails it (May Contain Strong Language) RT if UAgree The #WalkAway #Woke #Movement will bring the Democrat Party DOWN! #AmericansFirst #BuildThatWall #ThursdayThoughts #FlashbackFriday #SaturdayMorning #SundayFunday #MagaParty,2484
-"@user @user You are still stealing valor & credit from @user Without @user @user and his minion leadership team (you) would have never reduced our taxes. The #ACA has never been repealed as you promised, whats new? #BTW #DeportThemAll #MAGA @user for Speaker.",2485
-"stop being an overdramatic bitch... if u were in my shoes, and wake up with the news that your idol committed suicide what would u feel",2486
-@user Bitch I wish yo shit wasn't on private you whore,2487
-ANOTHER ILLEGAL IMMIGRANT ASSAULTS YOUNG GIRL - FLORIDA.#IllegalImmigration #StopTheMadness,2488
-A FUCKING GNNGNF CONCEPT BITCH AN ICONIC BEAUTIFUL WHOLE MEAL MOMENT BITCH I STAN MF LEGENDS BITCH,2489
-#Muslim #Islam Terrorist Did This #NeverForget #NeverForget911 #RefugeesNotWelcome,2490
-"#Europe, you've got a problem! We must hurry and #BuildTheWall before we become overrun with the thugs and drugs smuggled across the border by #IllegalImmigrants. It's happening while we wait!",2491
-"I support ICE, thats why Ill be voting Republican come November. #BuildThatWall #VoterRed2018",2492
-@user You will serve our men and women in blue bitch,2493
-@user lol I'm weak Cecily you better tell that lil bitch she ain't shit👏👏 uglyyyyyy ass hoe,2494
-Fuck being mad at a wack ass bitch! You know how these hoes be....,2495
-Morning. Twitter is being anal and trying to be a safe space for terminally offended. Don't say cunt fuck bitch wanker ... cunts,2496
-"@user Im trippin ? 😁 man bitch if you keep my fucking name out yo mouth dumb ass lil hoe , i understand y…",2497
-The Sheriff needs all of the help he can get! #Trump #IllegalAliens,2498
-"Italy Blocks New NGO Migrant Ship After Malta, Spain Refuse To Take #Italy #NGO #Malta #Spain #Rapefugees",2499
-@user And you always been a bad bitch 😍😍 hutbyiu was wearing brand new uggs and toms every other day!! I was wearing shoes from 06 😂😘,2500
-@user Happy Birthday to my bestest friend in the whole world. I love you bitch 💕,2501
-"@user @user Good grief. The only thing this guy is really good at is saying stupid, false things in #Narcissistic Long Winded speeches. #BuildThatWall #demlibidiots #nomoreobama#itsnotyoureconomystupid",2502
-"Obama, our SMALLEST president. Must take credit for all good; disavows all that was bad during his 8 year assault on our great country.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue #AllLivesMatter #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #NRA",2503
-The fight against the Great Replacement/Refugee Crisis has begun. Germans protested and fought counter protesters today. Spain sent back a bunch of migrants and Europe no longer wants refugees. Good job Europe! #FightBack #WhiteGenocide #RefugeesNotWelcome,2504
-"I am a Targeted Individual @user Follows you I'm a Child of God, have been #gangstalked for 11 years. Have you been #gangstalked? #buildthewall #setlizfree #imawake #nodaca #trumpsupporter #deplorable",2505
-@user Lanas not a problematic bitch though...,2506
-@user Bitch you never reply hoe I'm fixing to go knock your front door in and drag you out to eat or someth…,2507
-@user @user @user @user Shut the fuck up bitch,2508
-"@user You ASAP yams built body Bitch, wasn't I your body goals a few weeks ago? Fuck outta here orangutang titty flopping hoe.",2509
-Many of you so called Men out here are BITCH MADE HOES. Ya moms should've SWALLOWED most definitely!,2510
-@user @user This is an extremely important issue and a winning issue for the President! Stop listening to your good people because they dont care about you Mr President or this country! They wont even be re-elected!! #BuildThatWall NOW!!! #MAGA,2511
-Build The Wall. Its cheaper than maintaining a lifestyle that nearly 30% of Americans are living on. These are not guests. The are a mass of illegal citizens of another country invading ours. #BuildThatWall,2512
-Oh look another #IllegalAliens #libtard Radical Muslim terrorist who tries to kill Americans. Thanks to @user for killing that f***er & saving taxpayers for prison costs! #BuildThatWall,2513
-@user @user @user @user @user Goes further back than McCain. #MAGA #NoDACA #howdoyoulikeusnow,2514
-Bitch I'm cool af if you curve me you a lame hoe 😂,2515
-Assholes will bitch about a free meal because it was made by a 45 year old white dude! Fuccing assholes!,2516
-"THESE American children who go hungry everyday are why we fight to stop this INVASION of illegals!These kids need our care and they need it now!No excuses, no retreat, no surrender.AMERICAN CHILDREN WILL ALWAYS COME FIRST!#StopTheInvasion#DeportThemAll",2517
-"@user 1o million, one cent less, i am a liei8ng son of a bitch and my mom is a whore",2518
-He's not a monster... He's a bitchy little cunt.,2519
-@user @user @user @user @user AMERICA FIRST @user #NoDACA #NoAmnesty #NoDreamNoDeal #SchumerShutdown #BuildTheWall #DrainTheSwamp #MAGA2020,2520
-#sendthemback take care of your #people @user @user,2521
-Do these look like Women & Children? Where are they going? Do you want to meet them? Retweet if you are NOT alright with this!#obamaspeaks #BuildThatWall #WalkAwayFromDemocrats,2522
-"@user @user Blah blah blah, them kids in cages where out there by #Obama the other viral pic was from a protest, u keep spreading the lies the #MSM keeps pushing! #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #BuildThatWallNow #SendThemBack",2523
-@user Bitch who is u talking to that's my brother been since we was younger bitch u better find u something to do lame ass hoe,2524
-A Comparison of Two Presidents: President Trump versus President Obama - Their First 600 Days #RedWaveRising #WWG1WGA #Elections2018 #MAGA #BuildTheWALL #NoDACA #NoDEMS #GreatAwakening #QAnon,2525
-@user Cunt boy got it fucked up. I handle shit and handled his bitch ass,2526
-"@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user On NYC radio it was bluntly stated that. IT IS MS13 And the victims were from a rival gang. IT IS MS13. WE NEED ICE; WE NEED POLICE; We need the WALL #BuildThatWall #POTUS is doing the right thing, protecting AMERICANS. VOTERED #RED_TSUNAMI2018",2527
-i didnt tweet that junhoe is that bitch today but just remember that he is that bitch,2528
-Gabriel Graves Fuck You hoe I'm Make your life a living hell bitch,2529
-"""Previously Deported Child Molester Re-Arrested In Arizona does """"sentenced to 8 years of intensive supervision"""" mean? He is re-entering US 7 years later!#BuildTheWallNow #MandatoryFullPrisonTerm #NoPleaBargain#DeportThemAll""",2530
-@user Bitch you're stuck with that LMAO,2531
-happy bday to my big boobie bitch🎉❤️ily and im so sad i cant be there with u to celebrate but dw u hoe we'll party…,2532
-Ok bitch nigga. You don't even watch basketball! Stfu. Who was the laker coach this year? Bet yo hoe ass look it up…,2533
-"@user Good Job @user More Raids Needed ! Illegal Aliens Do not have a Right to Invade the U.S Use Stolen IDs and SSN , Take Jobs From Citizens, lower wages ,over crowd Schools and abuse Resources #SendthemBack",2534
-This crap won't stop until we #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll #NoAmnesty #NoDaca #NoMore,2535
-#Repost trump_mania (get_repost)#Nike #NFL #KeepAmericaGreat #KAG #KeepAmericaGreat2020 #trump #trumpeffect #buildthatwall #mikepence #conservative #republican #2a #pewpew #america,2536
-This should make the Hate America call by the Deep State really totally clear.#BuyFromInAndOut #InternetBillOfRights #DarkLeft #WalkAway #ReinstateRobynGritz #JimJordan4Speaker #2A #DefundPP #ChainDeportation #BuildThatWall #NationalReciprocity #1A #FreeJulian #BoycottNFL,2537
-These bitches want you to bring something to the table... that other hoes are sittin at Bitch.. i dnt do team meetings,2538
-"@user No, you're semi-woke.1- Firang hatred for Gypsies us a fact.2- Any anti-Firang force, even the jihadi Rapefugee hordes, are a plus for Hindus.If you disagree with 1, it's okay. If you think 2 is absurd, you have issues. End of story.",2539
-"Study: 1 million sex crimes by illegals If you think these numbers are atrocious, they are 12 years old!What are the horrifying numbers today?#BuildTheWall #NoAmnesty #EnforceUSLaws#DeportThemAll Stop subjecting our children to this depravity!",2540
-Savage Indians living up to their Reputation!!#DeportThemAll #BuildTheWall #MASA #MAGA #AmericaFirst #USA#TrumpTrain #CCOT @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user,2541
-Sounds like an excellent idea. #BuildThatWall,2542
-@user @user P.s. thanks for sharing: If the woman was carrying her own piece she could defend herself. #BuildThatWall #BuildTheWall #MAGA,2543
-"""The first sexual attack against a woman happened in Hungary. The criminal is a """"legal"""" afghan rapefugee. This is how Orban protects us.""",2544
-@user BITCH WHICH SONG IS THIS,2545
-"These niggas fuck 12 bitches, but call you a whore for liking another niggas post",2546
-@user #MrNegativity is there any good in your world? Not a very uplifting speech. How sad for you. Me? I THRILLED with the state of my nation. Things are wonderful and we are #winning. #GodBlessAmerica #MAGA #BuildThatWall #LockHerUp,2547
-Another brilliant young artist has had his life snuffed out from ingesting poisonous substances. @user #BuildThatWall How many more? #OpioidEpidemic,2548
-Bitch im watching Friends at my friend house and why they got phoebe carrying 3 triplets for her brother that seems weird,2549
-@user Please DO NOT listen to lame duck @user immigration/The Wall is way more important than tax 2.0! Stick to your instinct #BuildThatWall #BuildTheDamnWall #DeportThemAll,2550
-"What a lying piece of Sh.t he is, he has USA on its knees and HRC was going to finish us off, well nation/public off to the world, go suck on eggs jerk @user @user #BuildTheWall #LockThemUp #EndDACA now !!!",2551
-@user #BuildThatWall to save on a budget. $21.5 National DebtEnd #Corruption now. #nowars,2552
-that cross eyed junkie bitch a fuckin lying opp and she don't deserve my best friend like go get raped again or something,2553
-"Bitches get mad cuz they don’t get posted...Bitch maybe if you wasn’t a. Trifling ass, hoe ass, uncaring ass bitch, maybe he would post you😂",2554
-"We have got to get these Obama DACA illegal alien freeloaders the hell out of our country.If they're too broke to afford an application, how much in taxes do you think they contribute?#MAGA#nosanctuarybrewster #BuildTheWall#NoDACA",2555
-Interesting that Dems say they support 1st Amendment; yet they are the only ones who SUPPRESS free speech by preventing opposing viewpoints (conservatives) speaking at universities. #MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue,2556
-#DeportThemAll The only money any illegals should recieve should be a ticket back to where they are from! Nothing More!#EndIllegalImmigration #EndDACA#EndChainMigration #NoAmnesty#EndVisaLottery #EndSanctuaryCities #NoWelfareForImmigrants#AmericaFirst #BuildTheWall,2557
-@user Maybe Hal has an undetected congenital heart defect that can remind him of karma being a bitch to A-holes.,2558
-Study: Nearly half of White working-class Americans say that they feel like strangers in our own country: #IllegalImmigration #VisaOverstays #WhiteGenocide #jobs #work #U3 #U6 #AmericaFirst #WhitePeople #HartCellerAct,2559
-"@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user exactly, common day slavery in #America is in using #IllegalAliens at slave wages",2560
-"Everyone makes the 'Are traps gay?' debate about straight dudes and trap women, but never about day dudes and cunt bois.",2561
-@user i felt like such an asshole but bitch it's lana del rey come on sweaty,2562
-@user Lol you dumb bitch kill your self you probably got a train ran on you by gamers ugly whore,2563
-im that bitch that will fuck your homies when I find out u aint shit .. like damn I knew I should've hit him instead .. thats not hoe shit,2564
-Dude And Sex-starved Mistress Fuck Face And Cunt Of Tied Up Bitch Madelyn Monroe,2565
-"@user Britney Spear the queen for pop, lana del rey for moody bitch, kyary pamyu pamyu for evil kawaii hoe, E…",2566
-Bitch call me ugly again you dumb whore 😂 stay tf where you at and outa my business you mad ass bitch 🖕 -Ashhh 😘,2567
-and bitch why is you still watching my page hoe you been blocked 😂 df,2568
-"#FakeRefugees #AsylumAbusers #IllegalAliens #Migrants all need to be #Deported. Other countries are doing by the thous & we must to. America can no longer be a doormat & bank for these disrespectful, demanding, greedy people. If they can overrun our country, they can fix theirs",2569
-@user happy 16th birthday hoe!!! Have a blast bitch!!!,2570
-bitch do you ever not come for people ? you're comi... — I COME FOR WHOEVER COMES FOR ZAYN OR WHOEVER TREATS...,2571
-"Going back to Cali strictly for the weather, women and the weed, Sticky Green! No seeds, bitch please ! - Biggie Smalls",2572
-#BuildThatWall We can't afford any more dummies who can't make it on their own.,2573
-Linkin Park tunes whole day in dis bitch,2574
-@user perhaps should teach the dumbass idiots 2 respect other countries laws. #sendthemback,2575
-toe up ass hoe stop worrying bout me and get them roaches out yo baby bed punk bitch🗣️you wan me clean yo house for you??,2576
-"Shakespeare was really wildin' back in the days, calling everyone & everything a cunt bitch same tf",2577
-"tired of #dems trying to speak 4 all ppl of color. Im #hispanic and they dont speak 4 me. I support #trump and support deporting all #illegals. #buildthatwall. #immigration needs to be done legally, no excuses. also, abolish the #h1bvisa program. foreigns r taking #americans jobs",2578
-"Happy Birthday Elise McwhoreMick😉 You're such a bad bitch & ily with all my heart. You're so fun & crazy, it's alwa…",2579
-"Middle finger to the feds, kill them all if I could via @user #auspol #africangangs #sendthemback",2580
-@user Wow you piece of shit bitch ungrateful hoe,2581
-happy birthday to the stupidest hoe i know. the retarded cunt inspire me in more way than she know. i love this dumb bitch @user 🎉😘,2582
-that cheap bitch you rat classmate been worship lmaooooooo my expensive ass can't relate at all and will never relate to that cheap whore,2583
-#BUILDthatWALL #MAGA #KAG#Trump: I could use #MILITARY to build my #WALL if Congress plays tough via @user,2584
-@user @user @user Mid-term are more important. I'm as big as a #BuildThatWall proponent as there is - but if @user does shutdown the .gov it would give the #FakeNews ammunition to convince #WalkAway voters to stay Dem (Socialist/progressive). I believe Trump - win and the wall is built.,2585
-#WalkAway #TuesdayThoughts #BuildThatWall SUPPORT @user,2586
-@user @user @user a bot can dream! #Trumpbots #BuildThatWall 358,2587
-Women ask for your birthday not cause they're interested in celebrating it. They just wanna know if you're a bitch through your sign.,2588
-@user Bruh this bitch so pale and ugly. Disgusting ass racist white cunt,2589
-"@user Katie, they are classless desperate people vying for the Dem 2020 nomination. They need to step it up & whoever is more radical wins.The good news; Kavanaugh is a shoo-in.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #SCOTUS",2590
-@user @user Build a wall? Seems like a great step sense a majority of it flows over the border from Mexico. But you know that pesky common sense gets in the way. Stupid facts and making the liberals look so smart. #LiberalLogic #DemocratsHateAmerica #BuildThatWall #MAGA,2591
-Time for Trump Rally! #MAGA #KAG #POTUS45 #ProudAmerican #ProudDeplorable #NoDACA #NoAmnesty #Deport #BuildTheWall #AmericaFirst #Americansaredreamerstoo,2592
-"@user You and your followers had your shot to appoint #SCOTUS and lost. #Deplorables have spoken with their vote. #BuildThatWall shut down #PlannedParenthood, end #chainmigration replace #ImmigrationLottery #UnredactedFISAdocuments investigate #UraniumOne",2593
-"@user ""That's a taboo word in today's world"" not when your own son is being an absolute cunt, bitch.",2594
-@user He's a bitch and a fucking cunt that should get his throat ripped out my canine's,2595
-@user @user GOOD JOB! ONE FOR THE GOOD GUYS!#NOAMNESTY#NODACA#NoHR392 #noh4ead#noh1b@POTUS @user,2596
-@user @user DO NOT IMSULT MY FANS BITCH,2597
-"You gonna buy a whole ecosystem? is probably the line of the story, but ""Bitch, you're from Baltimore."" is close.",2598
-Dicksucking a bitch that don't even like you 😂😂😂! I hate fat lame hoes bro seriously,2599
-bitch I'm gonna slap those hoes commenting about other members when YOU SHOULD BE GRATEFUL THAT NAMJOON IS THERE,2600
-"Bitch, fuck you. — Lmaoooo f u too hoe",2601
-@user Bitch you owe me a couple blunts hoe,2602
-"@user Then say gtf you ugly ass bitch , you nothing ass hoe, dumb hoe, lmao Hayley you too nice 😂😂😂",2603
-@user Asylum seekers should enter at a LEGAL #USA port of entry & not enter illegally! Separation only occurs with those breaking American #immigration law! #WakeUp #Democrats to lies & #WalkAway #MAGA #BuildThatWall,2604
-@user Bitch fuck you hoe !,2605
-Learn from Most of #Europe that's been #Invaded by Mostly Muslims! Then look at #Italy #Poland & others who Elected Politicians to #StopImmigration & #DeportIllegals #Sweden & #Germany now trying to Reverse the Huge Mistakes of Unlimited Migration of ppl who Refuse to #Assimilate,2606
-"23. Use a combination of the following phrases at least three dozens times a day on social media: cuck, soy, soyboy, SJW, beta male, mangina, snowflake, libtard, MAGA, 14/88, deus vult, dindu, rapefugee, kek. #Tradlife",2607
-"They do not need them, I do not need them nor do I require them to enrich my life. #Stoptheinvasion #Brexit #Sodyoueu #Nosurrender",2608
-You the whore; slinging your dick back and forth through every bitch,2609
-"If there are strength in numbers that will stop a hurricane force, let's send all Trump supporters to form a wall along the east coast. #BuildThatWall #HurricanefFlorence",2610
-Bitch....how the fuck. Siri you a dumb ass hoe,2611
-"Do you think Beyoncé is nice or a bitch — A little bit of both, depends on the time Wonhoe w...",2612
-@user Bitch ass cunt nugget,2613
-Trouble at #ROXHAMROAD - #Migrant Crisis EXPOSED! via @user #immigration #migrantcrisis #asylumseekers #illegalaliens,2614
-"He said ""I can't fuck your bitch, but I can tie my shoes.""😢😢",2615
-"She like dick, dick & nothing else but dick. Cunt as bitch.",2616
-@user @user @user @user @user Holy Guacamole..socialism at its finest..#BuildThatWall @user,2617
-God Bless: the intro? im fucked UP BITCH I LOVE. pretty ass chorus. the imagery she uses matched with her voice is angelic queen of women🇺🇸,2618
-how about i knock heads off and send them gift wrapped to your moms house you dumb raggedy bird bitch ass hoes,2619
-#IllegalImmigrants have NO RESPECT for the country they are in; we need to protect our borders #MAGA #winning @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user #ProudAmerican #WalkAway @user @user @user @user,2620
-"No actually, you were treated like every criminal parent in America today: Break the law, and run the risk of your children being taken away from you. 'Like I am trash': Migrant children reveal stories of detention, sep #SundayFunday #IllegalImmigrants",2621
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user Please follow back #Turnout2018 #MAGA #BUILDTHATWALL #KAG #DRAINTHESWAMP,2622
-Bitch it's Gucci Mane & Metro if Metro don't trus' you imma fuck you in yo ass hoe #Gucci #Wizop #Tho #MetroBoobin #Boominati,2623
-"Chicks be 2 weeks pregnant and be like ""what my baby needs, I got em""....bitch, your baby need facial features first hoe.",2624
-@user I totally support #BuildThatWall but I sure love tacos! Problem?,2625
-I want them ALL DEPORTED !! I WANT MY vote to COUNT again !!! #DeportthemALL #NoDaca #NoAmnesty #BuildTheDamnWall #UsetheArmyCoreOfEngineers,2626
-I hate you hoes know who Journee daddy is cause y'all think fuckin w/him gone make me mad bitch kys,2627
-"""#Slovenia, #Fascists forming paramilitary units to """"defend the #Slovenian nation against incoming #migrants to the country"""" #immigrazione #immigrati #Immigration #Immigrant #Europe #Europeennes2019 #refugeelivelihoods #refugee #Refugees #refugeeswelcome #refugeesnotwelcome""",2628
-@user @user @user must be so proud of her little spark of divinity. #WalkAway #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #DeportMS13 #StopDACA,2629
-Don't call a woman a bitch. Call her an ass-hole. It still gets your point across and it's not sexist. - Eleanor Roosevelt #tt,2630
-"@user Bitch I already did that shit, but I'll do it again to prove you a hoe",2631
-"Parental neglect of migrant children ignored by Feds | Sheila Gunn Reid #Canada Disgusting Savages Destroying #CanadaHotels feces, urine, flooding & abuse of Staff! #DeportThemAll Ingrates! Animals take care of their babies way better! via @user",2632
-"Idk why hoes be on here tryna front.. all that ""I can't fuck wit different niggas"" bitch yes you can stop playin 😂😂",2633
-"PREDICTIONMueller's Trump prosecution team will NOT shut down b4 Nov 6. If Dems win the House, the Mueller/Pelosi tag team will race to impeach #POTUS45. If GOP controls House Mueller will shut down shortly thereafter.#MAGA #KAG #VoteRED #NoDACA #WalkAway #NEWS #AmericaFirst",2634
-@user @user I'm beginning to think Ann's right on this one too. Just focus on THE WALL. #BuildThatWall,2635
-"So the bitch that got my husband's schedule changed from 5-2 to 12-2 by complaining is skipping work???? I don't think so, cunt 🤔",2636
-I got Christmas Law and the Doflamingo sugo-rare and they called me bitch and whore and sexually harassed me LOL.,2637
-"BITCH YOU A PEDO YOU STILL TALKING BOUT CREDIT CARDS, been going past 2 days like a hurt HOE @user",2638
-"@user @user we have to get the folks to sign the petition.they want the wall,but only 1 sig so far.thought this would be overwhelmed by now! #BuildThatWall #MAGA2018 #KAG2020",2639
-don't speak on me bitch if we aint cool!!! none of you hoes!,2640
-"Great! Then McTurtle can give us our #BuildThatWall money. Not a fan of @user #Trump talking about signing another spending bill w/o the promised #GovernmentShutdown, & the pushing the #BuildTheWall debate until after the midterms. That would be 3rd time hes broken the promise.",2641
-"Firing is not enough, public needs prison time for these traitors @user @user #BuildTheWall #LockHerUp #BoycottNike #BoycottNFL #EndDACA now",2642
-@user @user Twitter police will never allow that. #illegalAliens,2643
-As posted on Facebook by Phantom Tactical. #ICE #IllegalAliens #MAGA #2ndAmendment,2644
-There will be a Cronulla Roits 2 in Melbourne. #wearesickofit #sendthemhome,2645
-@user @user I'd believe anything underhanded from the NYT.#BuyFromInAndOut #InternetBillOfRights #DarkLeft #WalkAway #ReinstateRobynGritz #JimJordan4Speaker #2A #DefundPP #ChainDeportation #BuildThatWall #NationalReciprocity #1A #FreeJulian #BoycottNFL,2646
-@user Here is an encouraging word: I heard it suggested recently - maybe by or on @user TV Show - or maybe by Ann herself - that somebody should tell our US President @user & @user we do not need to go to US Congress for funds to #BuildThatWall #BuildTheWall #BuildTheDamnWallNOW,2647
-We let these #migrants in to our country for a better life but what's about our lives and our children's future. That do not want to live by our laws. These #Muslims do not respect our way of life. #SENDTHEMBACK,2648
-@user Dan my #vote was #changed 2x in #delawarehanded wrong card then pollster pulls lever in dem machine?One #GOP ONE FOR #DEMSIT#STINKSIN#DELAWARE#COONS#CARNEY#CROOKED #BIDEN PALS #WANTsanctuary here #noDaca too many #illegals voting today how many in #delaware?,2649
-@user @user @user Amen #OneNationUnderGod #ToGodBeTheGlory#WWG1WGA#BlueLivesMatter #WalkAway#PatriotsUnited #AmericaFirst #BuildThatWall #BestPresidentEver#SaveTheChildren@POTUS@FLOTUS @user @user @user Choose Life,2650
-A tragedy that should have been avoided. To those asshole teens who refused to help...Karma is a bitch!,2651
-@user @ are fighting back with You ! Now lets #BuildthatWall #DeportThemAll and Ask a #Democrat Why they Support Illegals and Wont Mention Americans killed by Illegals every chance we get !,2652
-@user @user Mad Max is a whined up doll. The same saying is repeated. Does she even care that the American People are striving with our booming economy. #MAGA #DrainTheSwamp #BuildThatWall,2653
-"@user I am not saying anything about #IllegalAliens.I did not just use the term #IllegalAliens.Would never do that.I once considered myself a raging capitalist, but we've come to a point where I would not object to #Twitler and other the big social media trusts being nationalized.",2654
-@user @user Drinking beer out of a wine glass makes you look like a cunt... Man or woman,2655
-"I think this proves we no longer need anymore immigration from Mexico, we have succeeded in surpassing them at their own cuisine. Which I was led to believe is the only thing that #DiversityIsOurStrength actually means. #DeportThemAll #BuildTheWall",2656
-"Of course the Toronto attack is a cover up! God forbid the public know what chaos, terror & destruction CULT Muslims are ACTUALLY bringing into our countries by the thousands!Papers say poor Muslim immigrants!I say poor citizens that built these countries!#SendThemBack",2657
-Whoever's just hacked my bnet i hope you die in a ditch bitch,2658
-i would jus like to say happy birthday to the baddest bitch out there. love u hoe!,2659
-my manager just asked me why i seem so depressed like bitch i been this way my whole life,2660
-Trump: I could use MILITARY to build my wall #BuildThatWall via @user,2661
-#PresidentTrump sends more Support to help #ICE Agents 'GET THE #ILLEGALS OUT'To report #IllegalAliens CALL #ICE 1-866-347-2423,2662
-Bitch feed me grapes and stfu,2663
-@user Same. Let's romeo and juliet this bitch.,2664
-Where are you going whore? Fucking bitch. -Random stranger I walked by today. I swear I am getting grief from everyone these days.,2665
-@user @user @user @user Your spurious and dull-witted comments using strawman arguments and red herrings cloud the issue of #IllegalAliens Next time make sure you know what youre talking about. Dont use emotion to trump facts when you cant debate my tweets!,2666
-@user @user @user Lol. WRONG! But it's fun that u think so. #WalkAwayFromDemocrats #DemocratsHateAmerica #DemocratsAreRacists #WatchDeathOfANation #TrumpForever #GodBlessPOTUSTrump #GodBlessFLOTUSMelania #GodBlessAmerica #KeepAmericaGreat #Trump2020 #Winning #BuildThatWall #USA #USA #USA #USA #USA,2667
-Illegal Criminals EVERYWHERE #BuildThatWall !!,2668
-If a guy gets out of a relationship and he fuckin a new bitch the next day then yall saying he a hoe??? Smfh,2669
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user Please follow back #Turnout2018 #MAGA #BUILDTHATWALL #KAG #DRAINTHESWAMP,2670
-This is outrageous. Congress should be fired on the spot. #BuildThatWall #stopwastingmytaxdollars,2671
-"Funny how my whole middle school bullied me but now they either turned out weird , fat , or ugly lmao my bitch karma dont know how to act 😭",2672
-"@user Hahahaha bitch, I watched that video and the whole time I was like ""Kim wants to just get up and leave.""",2673
-@user This is what the media does. Threats and banning free speech. #TrumpTrain #RedWave #MAGA #BuildThatWall #AmericaFirst #FakeNews,2674
-"""@TripAdvisor Well if your """"coming home campaign"""" means sending these illegitimate so called """"refugees"""" home to wherever they came from, I say great! America is NOT their """"home"""", they are NOT Americans and definitely not refugees! #SendThemHome #BuildTheWall #MAGA & F**K trip advisor!""",2675
-"New Report: Government Gave DACA Protection to Thousands of Criminals @user @user #NoDACA #NoAmnesty#DeportThemAll #BuildTheWall #KeepAmericaSafeStop the deception, Stop the lies.#EnforceUSLaws",2676
-@user @user You have lost your country #stoptheinvasion,2677
-@user What a whiny bitch! He doesn't think it's hard work not punching rude assholes like him in the face every day? Fuck him,2678
-Illegals Cross Border Just in Time to Have #AnchorBabies for Welfare and Medicaid Ripping off U.S Taxpayers #RedNationRising #Trump #MAGA #SendThemBack ASAP via @user,2679
-Get raped bitch,2680
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user #IllegalAliens #MAGA #HurricaneFlorerence #96TheMovie #MAGA This is for all you illeagle aliens aot there who are bright as a blowout lightbulb in a pitch black room. #gohome,2681
-take your shoes off when you enter my home. bitch,2682
-📹 rapemewideopen: listen to that bitch getting bred hmmmmm,2683
-You hoes really be doing too much. Like bitch nobody wants your lying cheating ass boyfriend. Relax,2684
-I'm tired of these hoes saying us niggas ain't nah bitch you ain't shit either tf,2685
-@user It's going to make people push harder against #IllegalAliens #humantrafficking #OpenBorders #Globalists #WalkAway #WednesdayWisdom #WWG1WGA #SayBraveThings,2686
-This is NancyNancy called my pay raise #Crumbs.Nancy doesn't want to fund the #MILITARY.Nancy puts #IllegalAliens rights before citizen rights.Nancy wants to house the illegals before our homeless #veterans Don't be a Nancy.@Maga4Justice #Trump#WednesdayWisdom #MAGA,2687
-@user @user They should be deported the moment they are caught. #AmericaFirst #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll #NoBenefitsForIllegals #NoFundingForSanctuaryCities #VetsFirst #Chicago #StopAsylumAbuse #DeportThemAll #WWG1WGA #WeAreQ #QArmy #qanon #ApologyTourIsOver,2688
-"@user ""Mah nameah jeff ahhh work here's in the rapefugee camp and I sound like an Irish gypsy""",2689
-HER RESTING BITCH FACE IS GOALS ❤️@WhoreOfThe80s❤️,2690
-"If the shoes fits, lace that bitch up & wear it.",2691
-@user bitch please lmao no for real I want to leave lol,2692
-Shut your dumbass up bitch we all know you a hoe,2693
-U have NO right to judge which women are better you bitch,2694
-Im sorry for being mean but if you are in my shoes right now i bet you'll kill this bitch.,2695
-"@user I'll always talk to you bitch. Weve been through a lot and when I can't handle life(you know me)I know I have you, hoe! ♥️ u",2696
-#BuildThatWall Ted Cruz has a plan on how to help Republicans win BIG in November!,2697
-All these people slut shaming @user for having 3 baby daddies....like you people have only slept with 1 person ever! Bitch please!,2698
-"I hate stupid ass questions Like. ""My head hurt"" ""Why"" Bitch cause my head hurt hoe I have a headache",2699
-Bitch you can't hoe me I laugh at everything 😂,2700
-I just wanna thank whoever made the text free apps cus a bitch tired of getting blocked. oh im blocked? Let me call you from a different # 🤗,2701
-@user @user @user @user Bitch...cunt...same thing,2702
-My ex tried to hurt me yesterday...so I tore him a new asshole. No one gets that I'm actually a bitch. #notevensorry,2703
-"- lol little dirty whore , talking about OUR nigga. Bitch I made him get rid of you.",2704
-"Do something about this immediately, @user This is a national security crisis. #DeportIllegalAliens #EndChainMigration",2705
-@user #IllegalAliens is not a derogatory term. It is a legal term for people entry a country outside of legal & proper channels. We are headed quickly to a 1984 state of big brother partnering w/ social media.,2706
-Just found out that the only woman the apprentice has kissed in his life is his mom. Signing that cunt up to #undateables,2707
-The next hoe that you love I bet I'll make that hoe my Bitch 😘🤘.,2708
-@user Send them all back! #NoMoreRefugees,2709
-#Florence: Maybe we should be thinking #BuildThatWall along our EASTERN border.,2710
-@user you fuckin WHORE happy birthday I love you and you make me so proud im thankful i know you brodie,2711
-"@user @user I'm thinking that myself, how did it come to this and why? #Americafirst #closetheborder #wideawake #sendthemback",2712
-A little food for thought!#NoDACA #NoAmnesty #NoChainMigration #BuildTheWall,2713
-@user Well I was too but shit them contractions ain't no hoe that epidural you gone be in that bitch chillen won'…,2714
-@user @user @user Money well spent. #SendThemHome,2715
-@user Bitch if my ass is grass ur ass is dirt whore,2716
-Trump says he could use the MILITARY to build his wall if Congress won't fund it through Homeland Security's budget - and he won't rule out another government shutdown to get his wayWhatever it takes @user #BuildThatWall,2717
-@user What a cunt...stay away bitch,2718
-"Lil' bitch! You can't fuck with me if you wanted to! These is cheap, these is Walmart shoes! 😂😂😂",2719
-"OMG LAST RETWEET I DIER AT ""GRAPE"" LIKE BITCH WTF I JUST WANT A NICE SWEATSHIRT AINT NO FRUIT IN THIS BITCH",2720
-@user @user Yes #BuildThatWall. Build That Wall NOW NOW NOW NOW NOW!!!!!,2721
-I know I must make a lot of you hoes sick; All I can tell you is get use to it bitch 😘,2722
-21 savage: You put a ring on that bitch and she a freak hoe Also 21 Savage:,2723
-"MASA WALL Border Wall Design#FundTheWall#BuildThatWall For more information, go to and/or contact @user",2724
-I think it's cute that the only thing a boy knows what to call a women when he's offended is a slut or a whore #youreshot,2725
-#stopimmigration#banislam#Merkelmussweg #FuckEUNot far right but Damn right !,2726
-The bitch in the red jacket at the oj parole is a cunt she trying any question to get him to slip up,2727
-I was scared Lana was gonna be happy this whole album but she really brought the depression on this song yes bitch!,2728
-bitch i want those shoes so bad they are so nice,2729
-@user @user That is the Cleanest those PIG FUCKERS haave been in Years..#SendThemBack,2730
-Anchor Baby Suspected Of Murdering Nursing Student Has Fled To Nicaragua via @user #EndSanctuaryCities #EndIllegalBirthrightCitizenship#EndDaca #NoAmnesty #KeepAmericansSafe,2731
-Fucc these hoes get you a bitch with good credit 😆💵,2732
-. @user @user GENE TRUONO in Delaware is who we NEED in the Senate! He will be a strong ally for Our Big Beautiful Wall! #maga should support Gene for #DESenate and send him to Washington to back up our POTUS! #BuildThatWall @user,2733
-Too many immigrants unlicensed to kill #IllegalAliens #IllegalImmigration#Transportation #BuildThatWall @user @user,2734
-@user I think I have been for ages tbqh.Since back in the day when I was raid-trolling pro-migrant simps by rubbing their nose in what welcoming rapefugees actually meant.,2735
-I'm really trying not put yal fake ass spiritual ass hoes out but bitch you pushing it,2736
-don't say it in a curious cat bitch whoever tf you are,2737
-"@user @user This will be great. Hope @user puts someone in charge who makes sure All $$$ goes toward construction costs. And he/she better get it going after day, Every million donated. #BuildThatWall",2738
-@user @user WELUVTRUMP TRUMP2020 MAGA KAG BUILDTHATWALL WELUVTRUMP WEGOALL,2739
-@user @user The Democrats don't want to fix immigration because they look at immigrants as Democratic votes. The Republicans don't want to fix immigration because #1 They are spineless #2 They are afraid that the communist #DNC will accuse them of being heartless. #SendThemBack,2740
-"@user congrats on becoming the breakfast bitch, if you were watching the comments I was the one with the lobster shoe profile pic♥️♥️",2741
-@user NotF'nLikely#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue #AllLivesMatter,2742
-Whoever has said zouis is dead or has gave me any shit for believing in zouis you can choke bitch,2743
-@user @user Lady?! Bitch or cunt is more appropriate,2744
-I feel like a whole new bitch whenever I paint my nails white lol,2745
-@user BIGGEST MISTAKE EVER.. Can't wait for Karma to come around to visit all of you FUCKING ASSHOLES and SHE will She's a real BITCH LOL,2746
-#SendThemBack To Their Home Country & to Their Historical Culture in Africa. The #Migrants Appreciate Their #AfricanCulture More Than We Know. @user @user @user @user @user @user,2747
-this bitch @user is a hoe. u wanna fuck my best friends boy multiple times when you know they're dating cause youre a crusty ass bitch,2748
-"@user He may be a rubber stamp but, beware he may decide to leave a mark on your ugly face first. Bloody 73rd whore, seditious bitch",2749
-@user @user Google whore and they will find your name bitch!!!,2750
-"ABVP was floated to bypass the ban on RSS. RSS was banned for spreading hate and bigotry through violence and terrorism. Part of ABVP DNA to go around beating up people, curtailing discussion etc #ABVPkaGundaraj DU #SendThemHome",2751
-Bitch I hate you cause you beat women.,2752
-@user @user @user let's go all the way #Trumptrain #BuildThatWall 389,2753
-@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user Please follow back #Turnout2018 #MAGA #BUILDTHATWALL #KAG #DRAINTHESWAMP,2754
-Ugly bitches N FUCK THAT WHORE FUFU YAI,2755
-@user @user @user @user @user @user #BuildTheWallNow @user @user BEFORE the Midterm elections #BuildTheDamnWall #EndChainMigration #MandateEverify #NoAmnesty #KeepPheonixPromise National Security,2756
-@user BITCH YO DIRTY ASS SEE ME CALLIN YOU HOE FUCK U IM OTW TO YO GRANNY HOUSE LIKE RN !,2757
-The gym has me feeling like a whole new bitch!,2758
-Subway in Western Europe vs Subway in Poland via @user #defendeurope #stoptheinvasion #WhiteGenocide #openborders #multicultural #diversity #diversityisourstrength,2759
-@user @user Bitch watch out lil red tx hoe on my click I'll fuck you up,2760
-"""@CalebJohnson50 @user @user It may have to do with plain honest speech. So many politicians have the """"political speech"""" bug. Theyre accustomed to stating what people want to hear & not what they need to . Like saying it is #Fucktarded to believe the mass #Refugee/#Rapefugee immigration was good is idiodic""",2761
-"people stay talking about ""I don't have her number no more"" BITCH THE WAY YOU STALK ME HOE YOU KNOW HOW TO GET AT ME BE FR‼️",2762
-@user @user Now nic bitch he proper dribbling stoopid,2763
-#IllegalAliens just checking to see.,2764
-@user No we wouldn't! #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #walkaway @user #Trump2020 #MAGA #AmericaFirst #RedRage #DrainTheSwamp #BuildTheWall #SendThemBack #BoycottHollywood #BoycottTheNFL #FakeNews,2765
-"@user @user @user Why do the provinces keep paying? When these illegals cross, the feds should be there to look after them and pay their bills. But why not just send them back? Low man always gets stuck with the bill-us the taxpayer. #sendthemback",2766
-They just keep on coming. Build that damn wall and deport. Please! @user #BuildThatWall,2767
-He don't know me I'm a WHOREEEEEE VIA BRITTNEY BITCH,2768
-"@user @user I dont think there is ever going to be a wall, but #buildthatwall and Mexico will pay sure sounded great on the campaign trail.",2769
-Hey Chuck why aren't you working to fix our broken immigration system? #BuildThatWall #EndAsyleeScam,2770
-Salvini prosecuted for defending Italian sovereignty and finally preventing hundreds of migrants to invade Italy. GRANDE SALVINI!Help us preserve the European culture against the invasion.#stop_islamization #complicediSalvini #stopInvasion #REFUGEESNOTWELCOME,2771
-"@user How dare McConnell stand up & say Senate may not win 8 close seats! Won't fund the Wall until after election? @user don't listen to him, listen to your gut & voters. #BuildThatWall as promised. McConnell & Ryan are wrong & the problem if Congress is lost!",2772
-"The protesters banged in droves on the glass for the entire time I was in North Korea, Mao's grandson Mao Xinyu appeared at a meeting in Beijing on Friday. There is no review requirement under the Constitution to #BuildThatWall as a national defense issue - #BuildTheWall",2773
-"I'm ""a crazy bitch"" & ""a hoe"" but you were crying for me back a week ago?🤔‼️ crazy",2774
-"Bill Maher implores Al Franken to reenter politics, debate Donald Trump s the #RedShoeSociety ?!? #WWG1WGA #QAnon #ChildSexTrafficking #ThesePeopleAreEVIL #Pedovores #NoDACA #GreatAwakening #PedoGate #MURDER #PizzaGateIsREAL",2775
-..I can't stop what a hoe say on the internet but bitch don't ever think you bad enough to speak on my kids in my presence‼️,2776
-@user I KNOW THIS! IT TRAVELED A YARD!!!!!!!!!!! #football #BuildTHATWall #KimKardasian,2777
-Woman Dies After Being Pushed Out Of Speeding SUV By Previously Deported Illegal Alien via @user #NoAmnesty #NoDACADeal #DeportThemAll,2778
-@user @user @user #idiot do you want to open your home to a murderer? #MAGA #noasylum #buildthewall #sendthemback,2779
-I'm excited to get my new glasses Bc I turn into a whole new bitch,2780
-@user 😂😂😂😂😂😂😂 I swear my own sister even called and said bitch you pregnant now hoe know I can't have another one,2781
-"@user @user Hey, they like fighting so much they can return there - plenty of fighting & violence for them & no one will care.Win win#sendthemback",2782
-@user #BuildThatWall Its an Invasion America,2783
-@user BITCH THATS LITERALLY SO FUCKING ANNOYING,2784
-@user @user and @user are a huge part of the swamp. Ran by a cesspool of liberal Democrats. #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #walkaway Traitors to the real America. #Trump2020 #MAGA #AmericaFirst #RedRage #DrainTheSwamp #BuildTheWall #SendThemBack #BoycottHollywood #BoycottTheNFL,2785
-I live in such a way that you won't find any drunken whore pics of me. You may see sass but you aren't going to see me slutty. #becausekids,2786
-@user You're a hoe bitch,2787
-"You know Ima get it bitch 💰 until my casket closed⚰️ , I've been chasing paper 💸 nigga you been chasing hoes 😴",2788
-"@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user Are you asking me if my statement on #IllegalAliens was a generalized statement @user ? If your question is to me, yes, it was generalized,, I did not mean to profile ALL to be the same, but I think MANY illegals work the fields for plantations & are exploited doing so",2789
-My momma should've killed my pop and his cunt bitch lmao. At 6 I would've been like TAG ME IN MA!!! Slicing ankles and shit.,2790
-"Vocabulary of Social Media losers "" bitch"" ""Cunt"" ""pussy"" etc 😂😂😂",2791
-Take us to your leader!#IllegalAliens,2792
-@user Yes bitch lets go,2793
-@user Perro stop acting like I don't always chop u up Bitch,2794
-"I wish all you hoes had huge ass feet cause y'all forever buying all the shoes on that nut shit, save me a 5 bitch damn!",2795
-"America, here's what you get with Open Border policy which is supported by many Dems/Liberals. Don't believe it? Its happening now in Germany, France & England! Vote to kept America safe this Nov, vote Republican! #BuildThatWall",2796
-@user '#Sweden' HAS 'FINALLY WOKEN UP'! BUT 'MANY PEOPLE' ARE SAYING THAT IT IS 'TOO LATE' UNLESS 'VERY DRASTIC MEASURES' ARE TAKEN 'IMMEDIATELY' TO '#MAKESWEDENGREATAGAIN'! #SwedenElection #SwedenElections #SwedenDemocrats #SwedishDemocrats #svepol #refugeesNOTwelcome #Brexit #MAGA,2797
-I might send this too my whole family cause they all believe kids got it easy. Bitch please,2798
-#FactCheck the #LeftistHypocrisy is staggering #CryingChuck #GoNancyGo #MaxineVirus #Schiffy #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll #SchumerShutdown never will we forget #NoAmnesty #NiDACA #EndSanctuaryCities #EndVisaLottery #EndChainMigration #StopTheInvasion #AfternoonExpress,2799
-If a bitch talk down on you when your down that hoe don't deserve you when you up,2800
-Frustration With Do Nothing Sessions Reaches Critical Mass Meadows Brings Down The Roof With IRREFUSABLE DEMANDWhere's the popcorn?@realDonaldTrump #MAGA@USAGSessions #WWG1WGA @user #AmericaFirst#BuildThatWall via @user,2801
-Idk who that big nose whore is but you can hop off my ass bitch,2802
-"Honestly. I know #Twictator wants total control, but to suggest I follow #CrookedHillary No thanks twitgo. If I ever follow that criminal, itll be to celebrate when karma finally bites her in the ass #LockHerUp #TuesdayThoughts #MAGA #Trump #BuildThatWall #KAG2018",2803
-Never forget this! Get out and VOTE in November :)#Impeach #Trump #KeepAmericaGreat #Midterms #Resist #AntiTrump #Immigration #Protest #BlueWave #USA #foxnews #feminism #votethemout #MAGA #TrumpTrain #2a #2018Midterms #buildthatwall #america #trump2020 #satire #conservative,2804
-"Some separated children in US opt to join their deported parents - but if they didn't come in through the front door, they shouldn't have a choice. #SendThemBack",2805
-lulu:why soraka got her shoes on in the pool soraka:those are my hooves you bitch,2806
-People Are Waking Up Politicans are Protecting Illegal Immigrants Not their Citizens for Some Globalist Cheap Labor Scheme @user Had the Guts to Tell the Truth #MAGA #SendThemBack #Sweden via @user,2807
-this dude really a whole bitch for doing all the extra and taking a bunch of screenshots of all this shit 😂,2808
-You actin like yo bum ass daddy scaring us BITCH I'll slap that nigga with my dick don't play hoe,2809
-Detainees set fire to buildings during WA detention centre riot #auspol#sendthemback #jihadists @user @user @user @user,2810
-hannah hoy from hubbard a xanny fiend poppin bitch talkin to her ex and mine little crack whore 😂😂 wassup w it hannah,2811
-@user Just received my copy of MAD POLITICSLooking forward to a Mad Politics weekend & your great perspective Dr. Gina!#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue #AllLivesMatter #DrainTheSwamp #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder,2812
-Illegal Alien Beat His 4-Month-Old Daughter To Death @user @user #BuildTheWall #NoAmnesty #DeportThemAll,2813
-Whoever just unfollowed me you a bitch,2814
-@user @user you go and lick the shoe of italian bitch,2815
-"You a hoe — Bitch, this ain't a question or a confession",2816
-"Stop Looking at us asshole. You don't know me anymore. I know you 're a bitch since jhs. Sorry not sorry, but i'm a mother fucking bitch.🔥",2817
-Making America Safe Again!! #BuildThatWall @user,2818
-@user These so called dreamers had 5 years to register they didn't. #EndDACA Democrats against American Citizens,2819
-You trust that bitch ? Damn you trust that hoe ?,2820
-lil hunky bitch you lil whore,2821
-@user Bitch i love you come back to California already hoe <333,2822
-"Animals. Pure and simple. They are not to blame for where they were born or how they were raised but, as adult men who have escaped their homeland, they alone are responsible for how they act during each & every moment after crossing the border. Period. #sendthemback",2823
-"Now that we good, don't be in my face acting like you ain't a hoe just waiting for your moment to gwym. Lil bitty bitch.",2824
-"@user @user Just got on twitter because of this farce today. Imagine this, I make a report on You. Calling you names and telling people how big liar and asshole you are without reason. Would you be angry? Of course You would be. Its a same with me. You can fuck off to help some rapefugee",2825
-@user Close European boarders. Deport violent invaders. #Seebruecke #Messer #DeportThemAll,2826
-@user @user you a straight bitch,2827
-@user @user @user @user @user That bitch a whore in real life. I can smell it,2828
-"""(Approx. 133,800 sex crime arrests among """"criminal aliens"""" incarcerated in USA from 2011-2016 according to GAO, primarily from Mexico & Central America.) (Mexico isn't a race.)#SendThemBack #NoAmnesty #BuildTheWall #EndChainMigration #EndTheVisaLottery #EndAnchorBabies #NoDACA""",2829
-Hey @user #DEMS use #Dreamers & #Muslims & #BlackLivesMatter (aka militant #NationOFislam extremist) & #NFL as insurgents for #Communist REVOLUTION: HALF of USA Muslims immigrated under #OBAMA=NO #DACA #Amnesty NO #DacaDEAL #NoDACA #BoycottNFL,2830
-Why Females Assume You Got Hoes ?? Like Bitch Ian Got No Hoes 😒💯,2831
-"Sure, #AbolishICE and grant amnesty to all of these mestizo invaders, and watch them breed like rats, turning America into a third world country. There is a big crystal ball for America, and it's called Argentina. #SupportICE #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll",2832
-Well stated! #BuildThatWall #DeportThemAll,2833
-"@user I am glad we are actively prosecuting on this ground now. it had been too long ignored in the past. Keep Going, Mark! #MAGA #BuildThatWall",2834
-@user @user @user For @user it's to easy to undo the past president's because there were no legacy to start with. Maybe lazy. #MAGA #DrainTheSwamp #BuildThatWall,2835
-"JOKE, Not laughing! Booker is lying for ""EFFECT"" to make it LOOK & SOUND as if he is ""risking"" his JOB, when in fact DOJ gave him clearance the night before #DemocratsAreDangerous #BuildThatWall",2836
-Illegal immigrants cited in theft of 39 million Social Security numbers #Illegalaliens - this is how they get a better life - than the people whose IDs they steal.,2837
-"@user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user @user so is working #IllegalAliens for pennies on the dollar, knowing they can't come forward about it because they are here illegally, that is why @user are more concerned about getting them here, and keeping them here,, unfair to illegals, unfair to #Citizens",2838
-The next person to call me a fat bitch or a fat cunt is getting their fucking teeth knocked down their throat .. I am not the one ‼️😊,2839
-San Francisco Declared One of the 'Filthiest Slums' in the World. Data reveals the Californian city is dirtier than many third world nations including Obama's homeland Kenya. #MAGA #DeportThemAll #SCOTUS,2840
-I've never watched a single episode of Game of thrones Good for you bitch you must be a broke hoe can't afford hbo,2841
-"""@DRUDGE_REPORT .The enemy is attacking at our Southern border using a """"Death by a thousand cuts"""" invasion maneuver.#BuildThatWall #MAGA""",2842
-@user Bitch yk I don't eat pussy fuck hoe,2843
-"These incidents are the indicators, its high time that Europe need to wake up!#StopImmigration #Westminster",2844
-Conquered my fear and made my bucket list my bitch. #secondtimesacharm #trapeze #circus…,2845
-@user Just throw them back into Mexico.No more taxpayer-supported dependents.Jobs for citizens not invading criminals and their children.#NoAmnesty#NoDACADeport ALL illegals.Arrest ALL sanctuary officials.Fire ALL pro-amnesty politicians.#BuildTheWall,2846
-You a bitch You a hoe That's just my philosophy,2847
-@user @user @user Why the hell didn't you tag me in this too bitch I'm a vine hoe too,2848
-How are you gonna yell through the whole house cause you heard someone rolling over and the bed creaked. Bitch what?,2849
-He says if you buy a bitch some shoes shell walk out your life in them. So baby im buying you jelewery,2850
-@user nah I'm not gonna call you that that's for whores you just my bitch ;),2851
-@user Its time to give hunting licenses to border homes and make it year round open season on this invading force! Free guns and ammo to those willing to defend our borders!!! #BuildThatWall #BuildThatDamnWallNow,2852
-@user A illegal aliens showing exactly what they were coming to this country for in the first place. #sendthemback!!!!!,2853
-@user Yeah do the right thing and vote for the Sweden Democrats Sweden for Swedes not 3rd world rapefugee terrorists! #MakeSwedenGreatAgain,2854
-@user Youve got this. Thank you for your service and commitment to keeping America safe and prosperous. #BuildThatWall @user,2855
-*is that all you do?* Bitch I like to smoke I'm living the life hoes,2856
-@user hey you disrespectful bitch don't you ever fix your fingers to dial my MFN number ever tf again u hoe,2857
-No private comms #NoSanctuaryCities #BuildTheWall #NoDACA #Qanon #MAGA #PatriotsDay #WeWillNotForget @user,2858
-Rape the rapist fuck the rapist rape the rapist and Im doing it with h8te bitch,2859
-@user @user @user @user @user @user Build Wall/EndDACA/End Sanctuary Cities/End Chain Migration/Pass Raise Act/Enact E-Verify/Enforce Travel Ban/Require Photo ID To Vote/Stop Diversity Lottery Immigration/Require Photo ID To Vote/End Diversity Lottery,2860
-@user Bitch you're such a hoe.,2861
-"""Islamic migrant urges Germans, Austrians to give rapefugees """"Their Homes and Money""""""",2862
-"Great job, deport them all on out of our nation, they are not as-simulating to USA either way, @user @user #BuildTheWall #LockThemUp #EndDACA #BoycottNFL #BoycottNike",2863
-@user @user We all need to get rid of Republicans that are not supporting building the wall. #BuildThatWall #midtermElections,2864
-@user OMM he a whole bitch bro,2865
-@user @user @user 1. Never said you were taught. 2. You called me bitch first. 3. I don't fuckin…,2866
-@user ask sheriff of Pima County about #IllegalAliens Xing the border at Fort Huachuca. They walk into the base. #WednesdayWisdom,2867
-This nasty bitch raped her sister and WW are still team Lena Dunham. Seriously how,2868
-@user Bitch yesterday you didn't text back . But shut up we gone smoke hoe,2869
-"Omfg this bitch is so annoying always talking shit about everything, get a hobby & stay out of everyones business you damn attention whore",2870
-@user you a bitch..ol hoe ass,2871
-The fuck do you even see in this bitch?? I swear she will never tolerate you or actually care about u like I did. U r just another hoe,2872
-Senate Leader: 'Half Of My Family' Eligible For Deportation Under Trump Order DeLeon wrote SB-24Sanctuary State Bill & is running for US Senate.#BanSanctuaryCities#DeportThemAll#EnforceUSLaws#KeepAmericansSafe,2873
-@user My bitch brother.,2874
-@user @user I agree with you and look forward to you replacing the swamp rat @user We need Congress members willing to work with @user He has done a great job in just 18 months cant wait for the next 6 & 1/2 years. #BuildThatWall #MAGA,2875
-@user look at you.. all of a sudden.... bitch I'm about to burn your fucking jersey hoe. 😂,2876
-This is an epidemic! #BuildThatWall,2877
-Twitter doesnt like the term #IllegalAliens,2878
-"GET THIS STRAIGHT.It's our only hope to save our nation.We must acknowledge that our taking freedom for granted has jeapordized #Liberty.Exclusive Mo Brooks: Likely 15M #IllegalAliens in U.S., Giving Blue States 20 Additional Congressional Seats.",2879
-The Cubans never assimilated in Miami. Thats why I left. #ThirdWorldCountry #StopTheInvasion,2880
-"'Sanctuary City' Officials Released Illegal Alien Sex Offender, He Then Brutally Raped A 65-Year-Old Woman @user @user @user a day goes by where an Illegal Alien doesn't ruin a life!#BanSanctuaryCities#DeportThemAll",2881
-"Illegal Immigrants cited in theft of 39 million (39,000,000) Social Security Numbers they don't commit crimes, we are safer with illegal migration?#BuildTheWallNow#DeportThemAll #KeepAmericaSafe",2882
-Let's #BuildThatWall this #SundayMorningVisit #NFLSundayJoin us @,2883
-"@user Your message is powerful and a good one, the problem is your a cunt! Your whole presidential campa…",2884
-"@user @user @user @user @user Theyre not blind. Theyll go down fighting so we have to take them down! This is our mission. Destroy (D)socialist 3rd world dumbsh*t party. They like double standards because they feel it is for them and them alone. The do as I say, not as I do party #NoDACA #howdoyoulikeusnow",2885
-"Whoever is doing this you're a sick son of a bitch, fuck you!",2886
-@user @user And it's because he's my sugar daddy bitch I can get one of those because I'm what? SICK…,2887
-@user @user @user It will only be a matter of time before something happens to those ranchers.#BuildThatWall#BuildTheWall #BuildTheDamnWall,2888
-"don't get mad if a dude call you a bitch, hoe, thot none of that ever in your life then, if that's the case lol",2889
-"Fuck @user yous a bitch, legalize weed hoe as nigga.",2890
-"#IllegalAliens are a thing. #Fascim is a thing too. Pretending the good guys are the bad guys is a thing the left likes to do all the time. #NeverForget the #holocaust either & how it happened. Bad guys took over & began to ""diminish"" their enemies for their agenda. #hypocrisy",2891
-Then stop being a whore and tell her? Dumb bitch,2892
-"It pisses me off when someone says that a girl is a whore, like grow the fuck up and learn to respect women",2893
-@user Home now & bitch stop playing w me you ain't grown!,2894
-"bitches be mad I'm not pressed over them. sorry, wrong whore 😭",2895
-@user @user #BanMuslims #BanIslam #SendThemBack to their shitholes!! #CloseTheBorders,2896
-@user likes to call me a cunt & a bitch but I tell him the truth about himself and he can't handle it,2897
-Meanwhile in Spain..#stopimmigration,2898
-@user @user #Stauber just might have my Vote #MN08 but I Wish he would favor a Reduction in Legal Immigration and #EndChainMigration Like Pres #Trump wants #mngop #gop #usatoday,2899
-You & yo bitch some ratchet Bonnie & Clyde hoe,2900
-@user @user You're a bitch tryna expose some shit & make up lies about me burning like a hurt hoe 😂…,2901
-@user Happy Birthday! Thanks for twisting my ankle that one time when we were kids asshole. I'm still holding that against you! Bitch.,2902
-@user @user Haha he's a right little bitch,2903
-"This is way scary, someone stop this evil person @user @user #BuildTheWall #EndDACA #BoycottNFL #BoycottNike #LockThemAllUp",2904
-"@user @user @user @user Hahaha the policy in place is Labors, all the LNP government has done is improve it #Manus #SendThemHome",2905
-"Hoes wanna get bold AFTER the fact. Bitch bye. Where was you at when we called yall out for round 2, 3 or 4? 🤔 Scary.",2906
-I am a bitch and cunt ☺️,2907
-"@user @user @user #NoDACA #MAGA #howdoyoulikeusnowMale illegal aliens dont have the honor to sign up for selective services which is obligatory by law for all male citizens. No signature, NO JOB! Women citizens and illegals dont have the honor. Yep, I see EQUALITY happening all over this place.",2908
-"Bitch, I'm prolly gonna be depressed my whole life with how it's lookin LMFAOO",2909
-United We Stand! Divided We Fall! #NeverForget #911Attacks #Terrorists #BuildThatWall,2910
-excuse my lingo when I call you hoe but bitch you know I talk like dat,2911
-"@user I could not be happier with President Trump. Oh wait , yes I could. #BuildThatWall @user",2912
-Karmas a bitch hoe & on my momma you gon get yours.,2913
-i don't even know that rapist pedophile dyke tranny bitch whore. tell her to go suck her own dick! AND YOU DIDN'T K…,2914
-@user She looks like a bitch I'm in love,2915
-@user The bitch doesn't deserve a cent of your money bro... move on,2916
-She's a bitch... No less than a whore. 😡,2917
-@user Illegals can reunite back across the border in Mexico! We dont need the extra crime that the illegal or refugees invaders bring to America.#NoDACA #NoVisaLottery #NoBenefits4Illegals #NoChainMigration #BuildTheWall #E-Verify @user @user @user,2918
-I love when needy bitches block me so I don't have to. Like hello cunt I have a life,2919
-"Illegal Alien Raped Girlfriend's Daughter In North Carolina via @user is an everyday occurrence in North Carolina, Why?#BuildTheWall #EnforceUSLaws#NoAmnesty #EndSanctuaryCities #KeepAmericansSafe#DeportThemAll",2920
-"You ruined the NBA you underweight, no hoes having, bitch @user",2921
-"If you calling the person you ""love"" a bitch or a hoe than u ain't shit",2922
-"GERMANY: August 26, 2018 #Taharrush at #Chemnitz City Festival -- Migrant group harasses woman and stabs to death a man coming to her aid #Rapefugees #c2708 Neonazis Gegenprotest",2923
-"Illegal Alien Repeatedly Raped Two Girls, Ages 8 and 10 less than #DeathPenalty will not be justice served!#BuildTheWallNow #DeportThemALL #BanSanctuaryCities#KeepChildrenSafe#KeepAmericaSafe",2924
-"Suddenly this hoe is cb shipper, bitch get out, more than once you insulted the cb shippers slkfksdn",2925
-YOU BEAUTIFUL YOU VALUED BITCH YOU ARE A SPECIAL TREASURE AMONGST MANY KINGS HOE YOUR WORTH IS IMMEASURABLE BY ANY EARTHLY UNIT NIGGA,2926
-"if your comeback is just saying the words ""bitch"" and ""hoe"" dust yourself off and try again 😂",2927
-@user @user @user Cut all the free shit for illegals..guarantee they won't be crossing anymore. #BuildThatWall,2928
-@user @user #CA43 time to vote for someone who cares about your district. #MaxineWaters only passed 3 bills in 27 yrs & was voted most corrupt 4XVOTE for .@RealOmarNavarro #MakeCaliforniaGreatAgainREPORT #VoterFraud 1-800-345-8683 (CA hotline)REPORT #IllegalAliens to #ICE 1-866-347-2423,2929
-@user Agree with you 100% #BuildThatWall #MAGA #ImmigrationReform,2930
-@user BITCH ! i would write a whole thesis statement on why i hate ur crusty ass but omf i love u to death HAPPY BIRTHDAY WIFIE 😻,2931
-"@user Fuck your bitch ass. Soft ass muhfugga. LBJ going to LAL next year anyway, hoe.",2932
-@user Bitch??? Excuse you??? How dare you?? Who do u think u r you hoe?????,2933
-"Where is this? Brazil? Uganda? Sudan? Nope, it is France. Got to love that cultural enrichment thing going on. #openborders #refugeesnotwelcome #slums",2934
-I learned today that whoever runs the watchmojo YouTube channel is fucking bleeding like a bitch,2935
-when ugly hoes try to come for you .... Bitch DISGUSTING,2936
-"My tweezing skills got me and my frontal time traveling, we in 2020 bitch! See you hoes l8r 🚀",2937
-"@user @user @user @user @user @user We must put an end to #IllegalsRCriminals #IllegalAliens Pelosi #CNN Interview ignored a mother of a slain boy who was beaten, tortured & burned alive by ILLEGAL CRIMINAL The woman asked Pelosi Which one of YOUR grandchildren or daughters/sons r expendable? She was ignored",2938
-"My cousins and dude made me slow down on being crazy, but I'm still the same bitch that taze hoes at the school house!",2939
-"I crack up when whores say ""I have 15k followers I can't respond 2 every1"". Bitch @user closing in on 100…",2940
-"Tomorrow Sept 11, 2018 is 17 years after terrorists attacked our country.#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BackTheBlue #AllLivesMatter #LiberalismIsAMentalDisorder #FoxNews #NRA #BuildTheWall #BlueLivesMatter #GetOutTheVote #BORDER",2941
-"Wish I was a Bitch, like just for one day can I be a heartless cunt 😩",2942
-Before I ever let a bitch make me mad I'll laugh at that bitch right in ha face 😂😂 ion take you hoes serious,2943
-Bitch nobody really cared about u in 2010 tbh. You was just some regular hoe in videos. Cardi making music sis 👀,2944
-"@user Hmm. People in the country without permission are illegal. People from other counties are aliens. (An immigrant should have applied for status to immigrate. Yup, Im sticking with #illegalaliens",2945
-Bitch you better bite that tongue before I rip it off hoe😂,2946
-"Seeing the photos all over social media today of the twin towers burning down on September 11, 2001 makes me sick all over again. #BuildThatWall #MAGA2020",2947
-@user @user True. Maybe he'll sink the whole shit cuz he's still mad he got bitch slapped in his dormitory doorway.,2948
-"@user Ash you deserve alllll the hate you get you hoe ass bitch, out here being a damn Hypocrite you and cash some damn FAKES. Hoes",2949
-Bitch whore son of bitch shit pig dinosaur elephant rhino monkey dog.,2950
-@user taehyung prolly out there like wow did this bitch really just call my beautiful silky $3000 striped navy b…,2951
-To Whoever the broke ass bitch that stole the seat off my atv...fuck you man! I gotta job I'll buy another.,2952
-"2. ""Ya so the guys from yesterday who were harassing the lifeguards are and theyrecalling *unnamed lifeguard* a cunt, bitch, etc...""...",2953
-"bitch if you were a cookie, you'd be whoreo 🙄🙄🙄",2954
-Not immigrants when they don't enter through a legal port of entry. They are Illegal Aliens. #IllegalAliens,2955
-@user @user @user Those who apply at the entry points get these processes surely. Thats the only other legal way beside doing at the local consulates. Those who are #IllegallyEntering are commuting a crime of illegal entry into this country and then trying to get the legalization. #SendThemBack,2956
-You can always tell a wack bitch by her shoes 😂dead ass,2957
-this bitch mya a whole fan 😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂,2958
-Scum bag piece of trash. #BUILDTHATWALL,2959
-"on me ima have this bitch blasted, i had enough of this bullshit i hate crying cuz i have to hold in the urge to kill an old cunt",2960
-#IllegalAliens no matter how you feel about immigration the fact is that illegal immigrant in Iowa murdered and American citizen! she is not the first it's sad but true! how many more? Who's next? I pray no one! now he gets free food and health care in prison! WE HAVE 2 STOP THIS,2961
-"#QAnon The red line is being drawn, and we are sick of illegals killing innocent Americans or almost. #DeportThemAll #ImmigrationReform #BuildThatWall #LockHisAssUp #KAG2018 #WWG1WGA #PatriotsUnited @user",2962
-hell yea bitch dis go hard as hell flocka i will suck big dick team slut all day and week month year and century i love big naps,2963
-@user Do you support @user Southern Border Wall?Vote & #RETWEETCheck out wall progress at Order Bricks to show you #Support45 @ are an awesome Pro-Trump way to say Merry Christmas or Happy Birthday!#BuildThatWall,2964
-Only 14 more days to #BackToSchool #SendThemBack,2965
-A nigga never go respect a bitch who post nothing but have naked pics on here or showing there ass 24/7. You go be looked at as a rat hoe,2966
-"Andrew from Big brother, THE BIGGEST CUNT EVER!! Guy needs to be fucking humbled! Fucking little bitch! Can't stand the cunt #BigBrother",2967
-i rlly rlly rlly rlly rlly wanna buy those puma shoes but bITCH I JUST BOUGHT AN ALBUM AND I HAVE LIKE 50 PESOS IN MY WALLET,2968
-Enough! #BuildTheWall #DeportThemAll Send the criminals BACK to their country of origin (once we have a GREAT big WALL!),2969
-@user I know bitch you'll love dem hoes dere 😭😍😍,2970
-Yes! My paternal an maternal grandparents came to America from Sicily in the early 1900s and ASSIMILATED! #pjnet #SundayMorning #SundayMotivation #BeAdvised #noDACA,2971
-"""#foodforthought We have laws preventing immigrants from being a """"public charge"""" and illegals from being employed but they go largely ignored. Why is that? @user @user #deportthemall""",2972
-I wish I had a reliable down to earth bitch I could just gather and take with me when I move but y'all a bunch of sneaky cunts,2973
-@user @user @user Dude your not showing your face so why should I bitch,2974
-"@user @user We must remain united & keep our voices heard for 2018 & especially 2020! I mean, just look at the ticket! I follow back all followers! Thanks y'all!#MAGA #KAG2018 #KAG2020 #Veteran #AmericaFirst #NoAmnesty #NoDACA #BuildThatWall #2AShallNotBeInfringed",2975
-I need to smoke & you bitch ass plugs acting like hoes 😤,2976
-to the asshole who was speeding & hit my cat this morning: you're a dick and i hate you and karma is coming for your bitch ass !,2977
-@user Bitch I used sunscreen the whole day,2978
-my bitch prettier than all you hoes. stay out my inbox,2979
-@user @user bitch you always come out wearing some ugly assssss shoes,2980
-@user tweet how you got punked out the other day bitch. now hop out my mentions and keep my name out your mouth hoe.,2981
-"WHERE IS Maxine Waters?!?Did the DNC lock her in a closet so she wouldn't alienate any more independents prior to Nov 6??Maxine, we need you! Hold a press conference, a rally a RIOT!#MAGA #KAG #POTUS #Trump #NEWS #VoteRed #NoDACA #WalkAway #AmericaFirst #USA #BuildTheWall",2982
-@user Lmao fuck you bitch don't get mad at me cuz u don't know the game of basketball hoe,2983
-When u wear white shoes and somebody steps on it Bitch watch it eh,2984
-@user @user All they know is to HATE and to DESTROY! Just like our dems! This is what they want to bring to our Beautiful America! They HATE us & we TAKE CARE of them! WTF?! #WakeUpAmerica #BuildThatWall #VoteRedToSaveAmerica @user WAKE UP @user @user #WeAreWatching,2985
-leave halsey alone u dumb ass fucking bitch i'll come for ur family you idiotic hoe,2986
-Why would I have respect for a bitch that don't even have respect for herself. Hoe you not special,2987
-@user don't stop believin #Trumpbots #BuildThatWall 852,2988
-@user #SendThemHome we do not need those #Students here in #Canada,2989
-@user Fiona the Bitch Ass Cunt Fox,2990
-"Whenever HP is on I have this sick need to watch it & bitch the whole time. Scene that grind my gears: ""HARRY DID U PUT UR NAME IN GOF!?""📢",2991
-If Germans want rapefugees they can keep them. Poland will not accept a single rapefugee. Not even one!!! Poland remains proud and firm!,2992
-"Democratic PATRIOTS pls call your representatives and demand #Kavanaugh be confirmed, esp if up for re-election. .@PressSec .@realDonaldTrump .@GenFlynn #SaturdayMotivation #USOpen2018 .@reba .@katyperry .@johnrich #MAGA #BuildThatWall #RedNationRising #WalkAway",2993
-Mexican Fugitive Wanted For Murder Found In South Carolina We need a wall to keep these scum out of our country!#BuildTheWall #NoDACA#NoAmnesty #MAGA#KAG #VoteRed #WalkAway,2994
-bitch im tired of these ghetto ass parents . if your want your kids shoes to flop off them then be my guest but dont bring them back,2995
-"bitches be on this hoe reading threads on how to take care of their man and please em, like bitch if you don't figure it out fo yoself lol",2996
-@user #IllegalAliens ? Seriously? Sounds like yet another reason that people are selling or selling short $TWTR stock. Good example of power corrupting. Twitter and Dorsey have abandoned any attempt to act like they support #FreeSpeech,2997
-"- I'm Soo Tried Of These Under Cover ""DICK SUCKING ASS HOE'S"" 🍆💦 Bitch You Know You Out Here Slang Puss 😹 Stop Trying To Play Hard 😂",2998
-"@user Yeah, bitch. Because you decided to be a filthy incestuous whore midway through it.",2999
-This bitch at work had the nerve to ask why are all y'all wearing tye die.. because u lil whore it's lit,3000
-"This is a couple who just moved on in to Australia and thought if we behave ourselves and involve ourselves in the Community, and have a child here then we will be allowed to stay.Sorry - if that got you in we would be swamped with MILLIONS just like you.#SendThemBack.",3001
-"This fat bitch Florence is apparently supposed to land right on top of me, so I'll be out of town (& likely offline) for a little bit, which means I'm officially a rapefugee.",3002
-I am a broke bitch that wants the bts puma shoes and I cannot pay in love,3003
-"Magnolia - Lil Wayne remix ""And I. Fuck. These. Hoes. If. I. Don't. Dose. Off. On. That drank. If I. Do. Bitch you to blame, Coochie lame""",3004
-I laughed way too hard at this. #wall #POTUS #BuildThatWall,3005
-Because #IllegalAliens are far more dangerous to Americans than hurricanes?,3006
-The Bruce Elliott Show #Live from the @user Conference in DC!Former @user Director Tom Homan at 10AMAngel Mom Mary Ann Mendoza at 11:15AMJessica Vaugh from the Center for Immigration Control at 11:30AM and more! #BuildThatWall #WednesdayMotivation @user,3007
-#Refugees go home,3008
-"Bitch you ain't gotta call my phone, matter fact all you hoes can leave me alone!! 💯",3009
-P. O. A Freestyle #kehoe #youcantfuckwithme @user Boyz bitch) #Va #rva#804…,3010
-rah don't turn up at my door acting like a cunt😂 u drove to me bitch,3011
-bitch you just said you don't fuck with that boy😂😂😂 hoe blew me,3012
-"Elian Gonzalez Was A Dreamer Too, Liberals, Forcibly Separated From Legal Guardians #EndDaca #DACA #EndDaca #separatingfamilies #Durbin #separatingchildren #keepfamiliestogether MON11",3013
-@user @user @user @user I'd guess about 200 are citizens--the rest will be allowed to vote without being challenged--because Michigan has a fascination for Rapefugee culture--,3014
-@user Perhaps if they were then france wouldnt be the rapefugee hell hole it is now.,3015
diff --git a/data/tweet_eval_hate/train.csv b/data/tweet_eval_hate/train.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index dc15020c56fae70cb6d3f71650cae837ab2a260e..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/tweet_eval_hate/train.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-Tweet,Label,ID
-New to Twitter-- any men on here know what the process is to get #verified?,not hate speech,0
-"RT @user Her:I don't get what u want outta this relationship Him:Well, I was only looking for a bj but u kept coming back",not hate speech,1
-We are excited to host the #ImmigrantStories film screening and panel today with @user to show how the Trump administration’s overhaul of immigration policy has forced the immigrant community to choose between deportation and medical care.,not hate speech,2
-UN wants ‘˜immediate halt’ to separation of migrant families in US #Trumpadministration #UnitedNations...,not hate speech,3
-cormacs such a cunt won’t even let me squeeze his blackheads pussy bitch,hate speech,4
-Dont worry @user you are and will always be the most hysterical woman.,hate speech,5
-@user Skank traitor bitch @user,hate speech,6
-@user @user 2 hysterical women in the US Senate,hate speech,7
-"Jennifer Lawrence is complaining about being a whore, meanwhile she's punching old Asian women in face who are sewing her costumes for her",not hate speech,8
-Germany: Islamic-inspired children’s park in Berlin to introduce children to Islam and the Islamic culture of the refugees - Free Speech Time - @user,hate speech,9
-"US Navy Seal, which killed Osama wrote a book. It tells how this specialforces work today.",not hate speech,10
-It's clear that the administration's attempts to punish local governments for refusing to cooperate with immigration enforcement are unconstitutional. The administration should focus on treating immigrants with compassion and respect.,not hate speech,11
-Curious to know how @user delivers emergency food supplies to #refugees and other vulnerable people around the world? Watch this video:,not hate speech,12
-"HOW REFRESHING! In South Korea, there is no such thing as 'political correctness"" when it comes to dealing with Muslim refugee wannabes via @user",hate speech,13
-World Relief is continuing to provide legal aid and advocating for immigrant families who have been separated at the U.S.-Mexico border. You can make a difference and help reunite families by making a donation today. âž,not hate speech,14
-"Important note: not all women do this and tale responsibility for their actions, just like not all men are assholes.",not hate speech,15
-International migration from sub-Saharan Africa has grown dramatically since 2010,not hate speech,16
-"@user Noely I see you've become hysterical since I last saw you. Don't blam you one bit, you're in Qld right?",not hate speech,17
-"Stop trying to please everyone, you're not my cock... Please yourself",not hate speech,18
-"This is outrageous! But, sadly, this kind of corruption is what we've gotten used to with our current administration! 😠",not hate speech,19
-@user thanks for ruining a beloved song from “The Sound of Music” by using that extremely creepy electronic version in your commercial. Shame on you.,not hate speech,20
-I hate bitches that are always mad at the world for no reason like bitch stfu and be happy hoe,hate speech,21
-The Ethiopia-Eritrea rapprochement: what does it mean for refugees?,not hate speech,22
-"@user It's kind of funny, really. Were the space aliens illegal? Now we need a wall & a roof! I think this country has gone totally nuts. God Bless @user for his strength & courage. #BuildThatWall and if he blocks the democrats out, t",hate speech,23
-Talent- Meeting up with complete strangers for sex,not hate speech,24
-President Trump Weekly Address ‘“ Immigration Reform Needed‘¦,not hate speech,25
-Pope Francis criticizes policy of migrant family separation via @user Stick to religion Mr. Red Pope...,not hate speech,26
-@user mmm perfect body and so am i am now come here girl i got a big cock for u to play with ;),hate speech,27
-"The first sexual attack against a woman happened in Hungary. The criminal is a ""legal"" afghan rapefugee. This is how Orban protects us.",hate speech,28
-@user One man one vote right?Yet here we have one man assuming he can demand the importation of millions of non citizens for HIS agenda.He should be allowed a say on ONE migrant at most. And be personally and directly responsible for everythin,hate speech,29
-"Anybody can dig a hole and plant a tree. But to make sure it survives, you have to nurture it, you have to suffer for it,jst lyk a wife.",not hate speech,30
-@user Going to be where no one will leave the house or even look at a woman because she will claim “rape”.…,hate speech,31
-I didn’t realize girls who wear huge bows in their hair called other women “cunt”. “Northern Bell’s” must be bred t…,not hate speech,32
-"#TakeAKnee trump's a chump! @user is the real deal-helping so many on his journey through greatness! Even @user can't stand #IQ45-stands to CLEAN UP while he's in prison. One hot, lucky #Immigrant babe! #OHi12 #VoteBlue @user in the #Columbus area. #BlueWave baby!",not hate speech,33
-Its time - to stop the immigration - to USA ! Specially from 40 muslim countries. The president named it: SHITHOLE-countries. And he is right and also his wall must be build. But all foreign invaders inside of USA must go home !,hate speech,34
-Syria's military continues to advance in the south west,not hate speech,35
-Homeland Security says he is a REFUGEE. Iraqi refugee charged with attempted murder of Colorado police officer - - @user,not hate speech,36
-@user @user @user Imagine THE SIZEof THAT RED WAVE !!GOD BLESS TRUMP!Build That Wall#BuildThatWall Plz share..,hate speech,37
-| Woman who accused Nelly of rape wants to drop charges,not hate speech,38
-@user Exactly! Why would Americans vote for anyone that supports these absurd policies? IMO it is treason and self destruction to vote for politicians that do not up hold our laws and advocates for illegals over Americans. #BuildThatWall #NoDACA,hate speech,39
-"They do not need them, I do not need them nor do I require them to enrich my life. #Stoptheinvasion #Brexit #Sodyoueu #Nosurrender",hate speech,40
-"“When Mexico sends its people, they’re not sending their best... They’re bringing drugs. They’re bringing crime. They’re rapists. And some, I assume, are good people.” Strangely, @user depends on foreign workers for his properties. #Immigration",hate speech,41
-"Germany Navy rescued 22.000 refugees in the middlesea. Germany has not enough refugees, it wants more! by state duty. The citiziens will give the answer in elections.",not hate speech,42
-Why weren't the democrats in the streets marching for the separated families of people like Jamiel Shaw when he was separated from his son forever after Jamiel Jr. was shot and murdered by an illegal alien? #separatingfamilies #BuildThatWall #MAGA #BGR #BlacksGoneRed,hate speech,43
-@user @user BUT. I would bet you're not looking for facts. That's why you obfuscate.President Trump at NATO: 'Immigration is taking over Europe'https://t.co/L8Kk9bM0TuThere is more. And you know it.,hate speech,44
-@user @user Just choke on your salad sandwich already. Those Men did not die during the Gulf War and do you really think that it did not play on their conscience why they were fighting? They still went anyway. You are directing your crap at the,not hate speech,45
-How keyboard gangsters feel leaving their stupid ass comments,not hate speech,46
-Women want u to automatically believe women who scream rape they don't understand our position....,hate speech,47
-UK Pensioner Faces 350 Lashes In Saudi Arabia why does this country exist it does nothing for migrants picks on old men no help from anyone,not hate speech,48
-HOLLERINGGGGGGG. stupid baby bitch.,hate speech,49
diff --git a/data/twitter_complaints/task.json b/data/twitter_complaints/task.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 84d304ac88a25cb9d1cbcb2efb36dcce143d278e..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/twitter_complaints/task.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"name": "twitter_complaints", "description": "", "data_columns": ["Tweet text", "ID"], "label_columns": {"Label": ["complaint", "no complaint"]}}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/twitter_complaints/test_unlabeled.csv b/data/twitter_complaints/test_unlabeled.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index bf2aac554b0766fe469d7359f1e012841b861206..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/twitter_complaints/test_unlabeled.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3400 +0,0 @@
-Tweet text,ID
-@BurberryService Thanks for sending my Christmas present with the security protection still on it! pic.twitter.com/iI0DUxOUU2,50
-Catching up on #AYTO marathon! The people they pick for these shows..oh the stupidity ��♀️,51
-"Hi @BootsHelp, is it now Boots policy to only offer a refund if the item is faulty?",52
-"@JBPritzker I’m curious...if the SoS is the “least offensive,” do you believe that African-Americans are offensive… https://t.co/etGSvRUS1h",53
-@greateranglia Ok thanks...,54
-@megelizabethgee i’m actually crying,55
-"@DICKS tried to buy this today. Above the rack said 40% off apparel. Was told hats are not considered ""apparel"" https://t.co/vxtNI1Frm7",56
-@mombot @mcrartgallery This is the most fucking stupid thing I've ever heard of. Next step is make women wear burka… https://t.co/m8dfs0isUb,57
-@JustKeedy504 @30samIToya That's how it's gonna happen ��. Thinking shit is cool then BOOM u crying in the car ����������… https://t.co/l4eVJuhPQX,58
-Two Tickets to Start Loving You – A Destination Conference for Moms! https://t.co/NfiUjP5fme,59
-@BTCare Yes but was cut off. Can someone come out?,60
-How is Drew still on @DancingABC ??,61
-@VW @QuirkCars some unauthorized work done on my engine now throwing a check engine light about a week later. Very upset.,62
-"@realDonaldTrump Another white terrorist committing ACTS OF TERROR. Still waiting for you to call it like it is, si… https://t.co/jdXDug1vbg",63
-@Chrysler Is the Pacifica similar to the size of the Town and Country?,64
-@NYTsupport i have complained a dozen times & yet my papers are still thrown FAR from my door. Why is this so hard to resolve?,65
-Hey @nytimes your link to cancel my subscription isn't working and nobody is answering the chat. Please don't play that kind of stupid game.,66
-@The_Weidmanator Source!,67
-Hurry on over for YOUR chance to win one of our EPIC CASH PRIZES! https://t.co/4HgUgjRZXE https://t.co/beGsLj6JmF,68
-@NBASTORESupport they said I have to reach the account department,69
-Just bought hydrocortisone cream at @BootsUK without a single WWHAM question. George Michael is spinning in his grave. 1/10 not recommended.,70
-Feeling a sense of winning. #amwriting #NaNoWriMo17 https://t.co/Y66C8IdyFP,71
-"@NFLUK @Patriots That's right, #OnlyInTheNFL will the refs call an obvious TD incomplete and ruin a great game.",72
-@SEPTA_SOCIAL Yes. I used it today,73
-#HourlyComicsDay https://t.co/3wgmIphO9m,74
-Iphone battery sucks 11.2.1 @Apple,75
-"How delusional do you have to be to even a little seriously say the Bengals have any hope in the next 2-3, or even… https://t.co/73g1ZgFrhI",76
-@SquareUK When will Canada get this!?,77
-@Uber_Support I had $40 in gift cards on my account that disappeared!?!,78
-@TopmanAskUs still waiting for update pls.,79
-"@AskPlayStation Is the PS camera required and if so, why is it not sold with base system?",80
-When ur daughter do ur hair and u feeling ur self https://t.co/4O9dpiHUNy,81
-this tweet does not make sense please ignore,82
-@TommyHilfiger Dramatic shopping exp. ordered 6 jeans same size (30/32) 2 fits / 2 too large / 2 too slim : same brand > different sizing,83
-@ksnyder23s Awww did she at least match? She’s getting way too big!,84
-Family Christmas pictures coming real soon,85
-"@virginmedia Instead of spending money on advertising, why not fix the slow speeds in the RG2 area. CLOWNS",86
-"I entered a giveaway to win ""SainSmart x Anet A8 Prusa i3 3D Printer..."" by #SainSmart! #GiveToEmpower https://t.co/NaC2u8O3a1 #giveaway",87
-Finished my first semester with a 4.0������,88
-4 people followed me and 3 people unfollowed me // automatically checked by https://t.co/cvUtNgodDe,89
-My favorite Bengals play of all time. https://t.co/nbkq1e6flW,90
-@pizzahut awful quality very dissatisfied like that bubble is bigger than my head!! No cheese very crappy piza!!! https://t.co/qpxRvL83ZV,91
-@DICKS I think your Cyber Monday 25% off is broken. It's not showing up in my cart. Or you are lying. I just want a cheap set of weights.,92
-@HPSupport HP DeskJet 3630 series: Online connectivity error... nothing seems to help or work #hppsdr #ijkhelp,93
-@TommyHilfiger has the most pathetic cust service in India. They haven't sorted a simple issue of replacing a sub stndrd bag for 20 months,94
-"@KalelKitten @23andMe Oh nooo, I've been waiting for this video! I did AncestryDNA and the whole process took much… https://t.co/bOstFCZ7BM",95
-@HPSupport can't get printer back on line #hppsdr #ijkhelp,96
-@nvidiacc Thank you for getting back to me on this. So this is a known issue? How will you publicize a solution? Any ideas on an ETA?,97
-@Delta booked my reso in Jan as a platinum with Econ comf. You bumped me in a lower class and seat?,98
-"You must check out Kline, Thatch and Wes! I want them all! https://t.co/Rra0HwtVD9 https://t.co/Yg3HKxPz7h",99
-@AOLSupportHelp 2 weeks and still no reply to a LETTER to UK office about being charged for something I cancelled. Typical of AOL?,100
-@Walmart expired mustard ?? Peanut butter cracked & open? Really? https://t.co/pxpS1IDTLo,101
-"#vodafone down since evening, not able to call any voda. Number to n from @VodafoneIN",102
-From the back to back defending Cup champs to the new guys... https://t.co/Lpqu76amhn,103
-"@McDonalds Tried app order w/app coupon, Apple Pay and curbside pickup. Very pleased. 4 minute wait was much faster than long drivethru.",104
-@ToppsSLAM Any explanation on the dozens of other purple rr base cards yets????,105
-Tell Trump and @AjitPaiFCC that #NetNeutrality is not negotiable. https://t.co/oFGAsKeP7W via @freepress ✊✊✊,106
-Yo. When are we gonna see the new Nike NBA jerseys? @nikestore @nikebasketball @NBA @NBASTORE @utahjazz,107
-Cater to your skin's needs with the NEW #KrogerSpaLine Products! #MyMagazineSharing #FreeSamp https://t.co/ITmA4vPKnK,108
-This is really cool. Check it out.... https://t.co/olbimz6gFK,109
-@anggibson09 Omg I’m watching it too! ���� #48HoursOnID,110
-I get in Twitter to aggravate ppl and log off. That’s it ��,111
-Aaaahhhhhh there is nothing more infuriating than the @BootsUK website - why do I do this to myself?!,112
-@HarrodsService man in store swapped the phone case i took to the til for a very scratched one. Really disappointing and no response so far.,113
-@Superdry Bought these less than 4 weeks ago and they are falling apart! #nothappy https://t.co/vuxUOTgAtG,114
-Whyyyy is your WiFi so slow @HolidayInn?,115
-@babyl_dragon @SIitherinn @nailogical lol she gonna get a snake now,116
-@realDonaldTrump Roy Moore has been in politics for 35+ yrs. Why did the accusations not come out until after he de… https://t.co/fUX4i02dzF,117
-@nvidiacc Hrm ok. I guess the question is can I run 2 x 1920x1200 projectors from a Quadro 2000 then?,118
-@British_Airways that security video certainly caught my eye! I actually watched the whole thing! #brilliant #jobwelldone #Londonbound,119
-@CanyonDriver How would you rate Luke's coaching thus far?,120
-@AirAsiaSupport i need your help to do name amendment for booking no vnmcgg,121
-"@BeatsSupport Hi, can you please respond to my query attached, thanks. https://t.co/PcXmMNZVUW",122
-@celesteedivine aw thank you!!❣️,123
-@BLACKANDDECKER total microwave fail! All the buttons are peeling up. Just bought it a few months ago #fail,124
-@SenWarren @SenGillibrand @realDonaldTrump When will Windbag Warren finally shut her trap?,125
-@eBay Great the government closed down and eBay did the same. #throttling #ebaykillingUSEconomy,126
-Wtf @Topman pick the phone up,127
-@HPSupport Why won't the printer drivers install on my Win10 PC?#hppsdr #ijkhelp,128
-@DailyDresses I actually really like this color :o,129
-"@sho_help trying to watch Showtime on my iPad, keep getting network issues. Hulu and Netflix are working fine. Help?",130
-We have @CmcDecorators in today completing the decoration of our kitchen which was donated & fitted by @IKEAUK Aberdeen #HappyMonday,131
-"@nvidia You guys are insane, such remarkable minds to created such a powerful product yet so small! I applaud Nvidias work.",132
-"@BurberryService Ah great, thanks!",133
-@FitbitSupport I came home to a surprise yesterday from my boyfriend!! Im back in business!! https://t.co/0MbIZTbhb3,134
-@svanlandingham @Delta @ATLairport Nope. No power to get the jetway to the plane,135
-"@duckvalentine No stop. Leave it alone, Nintendo.",136
-@AskeBay Laura...just posted the information you requested.,137
-@AbsolutLIBRA I agree!,138
-@HondaCustSvc Your customer service has been horrible during the recall process. I will never purchase a Honda again.,139
-"Hot Dogs, Horseshoes & Hand Grenades: https://t.co/szcKCaUPoT via @YouTube",140
-"--Buying a new @AlfaRomeoUSA #Giulia: $50,000 --Not having a car for over a week because it is in the shop AGAIN: not priceless just shitty",141
-"@JamesClayton5 @NadineDorries If that is common practice, maybe all involved should consider return your laptops an… https://t.co/qIA3qFjewI",142
-@OhyeathatsCJ Must not have heard ��,143
-Just because they're licensed professionals does not mean that therapists/psychologists/psychiatrists/etc are alway… https://t.co/8GGhThFPvZ,144
-"@BurberryService ITEM 39763961, which store can I get this wallet?",145
-@AlitaHasABucket Story of my life.,146
-@DickGottfried U never returned my calls last year+1/2 nor responded 2 emails/tweets. Good 2 know U care more for D… https://t.co/eUrQxB5D39,147
-@FitbitSupport your flex 2 is shit. Never tracks a swim.,148
-honestly terrified of what the future has in store,149
-@rtmccombs Hit the 3 on his first attempt ��,150
-@LaydenRobinson Typo: “have THEIR way with”,151
-Yikes ! A 25 minute wait time when calling #nordstrom customer service !,152
-"David with the Head of Goliath - Guido Cagnacci (Italian, 1601 - 1663) — Google Arts & Culture / ME https://t.co/F5i9esgzKZ",153
-"@AOLSupportHelp They do not reply, just automated email",154
-@KenyaPower How do I know my meter no if my IUC is Inhemeter.,155
-The Oreo Archives: Have Yourself a Depression-free Christmas https://t.co/pJq3XYbZe6,156
-@RailMinIndia @RailMinIndia l had checked account but the refunded amount is not shown in discription,157
-"@Nordstrom customer care NOT on point today. Took them 15 minutes for them to confirm that I was correct, their phones do not work.",158
-@British_Airways sadly not by BA had to buy new Emirates tickets. Eventually left LHR 36 hrs late via Dubai. Still no luggage.Payout please,159
-"@kacyfalk Lol, thanks Kacy ��",160
-@Trendlaser_ That doesn’t sound very strong. Thanks for the analogy! #nowyouknow #earthquake,161
-@MACcosmetics PLEASE STOP TAGGING MY NAME ON YOUR PRODUCTS!,162
-Hey @nationalgridus your reps become angry and demeaning when I show knowledge of my rights as a tenant. Is intimidation your policy?,163
-Thanks @Uber @Uber_Support for charging my @AmericanExpress card when your drivers cancel my ride. Thank you for charging me twice @Uber,164
-@pizzahut tf is this?! Smh yall got drivers sitting on the pizza to keep it warm? https://t.co/kNAxTSNdFZ,165
-@Superdry hi was wondering if u can help me i bought a superdry coat online in January have only wore it few times the pocket has ripped,166
-These @Nordstrom employees are awesome! 120+ pounds yesterday! https://t.co/JzKj95IudZ,167
-That being said most pages get crumpled up and thrown in the trash lol,168
-Not exactly thrilled with this inadequate offer @GEICO made me for my claim. It's like I have to pay bill and they got the tip. #cheapdate,169
-"When a @yelp representative offers us ""tools to improve"" our rating, but those tools require financial commitment, it's extortion.",170
-@Eagles @OldTakesExposed Just love the fact that the #Eagles take a shot back at the #ESPN crew,171
-@TopmanAskUs I've messaged you and No reply,172
-@propagaxxa when and where,173
-"I'm online, call me https://t.co/MiKf9x4zwm #bitwine",174
-@LPEVHybrid Yeah he prob would love it lol,175
-"@DisneyParks @WaltDisneyWorld Watching from Pensacola, FL!!",176
-@Bryci Just got back from seeing the Christmas decorations. Family tradition. Now time for eggnog.,177
-@BLACKANDDECKER got an email saying small appliances would contact me or i can call them. i called and the case #wasn't valid. this is absurd.,178
-@Love_bug1016 @bevwhaley,179
-@siafalewisnbc Eagles are better team today Still can't believe lack of penalties Refs not a factor at all,180
-@free__samples_ I love all my fans,181
-"The LIE we live in! Everybody should watch and share this video, I’m Speechless, spread it! https://t.co/crhUasdz3x",182
-@SamsungSupport what's going on with my ks8000?? https://t.co/GSGEDJKZGK,183
-@WholeFoods @amazon what is your policy on dogs who are not service dogs in your store? Please advise!,184
-"@AirAsiaSupport I had request for written delay confirmation via eform for the 4th times without response, can you help me",185
-@VirginTrains love your service but have to say the voice from your toilets are very creepy and a bit disturbing,186
-The xx (at @AsiaWorldExpoHk in Chek Lap Kok) https://t.co/X6BAgONwQm,187
-@blackanddecker sure wish I had read the reviews first. Now mine is broke and you won't honor the warranty! http://t.co/5FaKX8LGlB,188
-@NikeSupport check my topmost message and thats the issue,189
-@HondaCustSvc I heard about recall on Honda Accord 2013-2016 . What are the steps to fix this problem? I have 2015 models sports.,190
-@blackanddecker none so far. need a new coffee brewer. broke mine when we moved house #coffeebreak #mondaymotivation,191
-@BestBuySupport Can you at least forward my email to the Florence KY GM? Please confirm:,192
-"Leftover chicken? Don’t worry, we’ve got your back with Mini @PerdueChicken Pot Pies! #Promotion #PerdueCrew -… https://t.co/1yyboziYAl",193
-¡¡¡¡OH HELL YEAH IT'S HERE!!! Treating it delicately and with care @waffsicle @LoboExplosivo @JulienSolomita https://t.co/LIz2LLayLf,194
-@HarrodsService date ? can u keep me updated once thus arrived?,195
-@mikecerealshack @NICKIMINAJ You're not even a real fan #fakenews,196
-@exemplaryetoile @BestBuy Don't know why they bother to offer that then,197
-@TheLife_Outside @GoAwesomePlaces We've been to Taiwan and it is a beautiful place.,198
-"What a ""Rush""!!! https://t.co/3APTgpquXp via @youtube",199
-"I’m listening to 105.9 FM WMAL, Where Washington Comes To Talk ♫ #iHeartRadio #NowPlaying https://t.co/2RabswphnG",200
-@VirginTrains Any ideas on this? Still at Euston.,201
-@washposthelp any update on this? Every time that ad appears your scrolling stutters and I read a different paper. And it appears a lot,202
-Can’t wait to get taxes back and my bonus ������,203
-"@SqSupportUK Ok, so when will the 1% transaction fee be in effect, as seen in a comparison article?!",204
-Is this really what you call a large milkshake @McDonalds https://t.co/DBWdtH7DoR,205
-"@AdamSchefter The game isn’t over, bud. Do you not understand the sport?",206
-I don't know what's going on with BT but this internet service at the moment is fucking terrible.,207
-No. Not okay. One-game suspension for Bengals' George Iloka reduced to $36K fine https://t.co/j51JE08wrE via @ESPN… https://t.co/ldFNc9pQtJ,208
-@amberclines How is the reunion coming out in 9 days and they’re only on week 6?,209
-I think Sallie Mae makes their website as slow and shitty as possible so that it pisses you off more..,210
-@Newegg is scamming people on @eBay / @AskeBay. Be warned! https://t.co/4sDqpxWPLc,211
-"@MicrosoftHelps But i can't open the document, how can i know the version number?",212
-"@GeorgiaPower Forsyrh County, Buford Dam Road, just west of the intersection with Heatherstone Drive.",213
-@BestBuySupport Look at both images,214
-"@jonfavs This looks like it belongs on a serial killer's wall. And not a competent one, but bargain bin zodiac killer. Aka Ted Cruz's dad.",215
-@Luluucuevass That's rough. Probably enough to make you feel like doing the same. Lol. But don't.,216
-@dbongino What I learned from the speech is eating a lot of dirt will apparently stunt your growth. I think they sh… https://t.co/NMt5zSuvOy,217
-Omg! @KFC_UKI first trip to the new kfc near Asda havant drive thru had a missing piece from the wicked variety bucket... This time FOUR missing pieces. Disgusting!!! Only just started using kfc again after finding a hair in my chicken 3 years ago,218
-@BurberryService 8141606222 i need this,219
-I'm a Level 4! What's your hair health diagnosis? https://t.co/Mr7csBJceV @influenster,220
-"@SquareUK Thanks. This sounds like a gift for criminals, just walk around Oxford St with one in your pocket and swipe people going by.....",221
-@angelsprada @riiiiiiiine look at this thread,222
-@TeamTurboTax At least that's what I got when I called.,223
-the boba shop i was in earlier was playing @thisisLANY whatta vibe,224
-"Photographed Ex-Lab Rats And Mice Going Outdoors For The First Time, And Their Expressions Say It All… https://t.co/QBL3mqCBnE",225
-@NBASTORE how you just out of Isiah Thomas jerseys right now @Isaiah_Thomas,226
-I just upgraded to gold in my DYM plan and its great. I sure hope @DownloadYM retweets me.,227
-"@AmazonNews_IN @amznind there is no clear return policy about Redmi 4 (Gold, 64GB) on your website why so",228
-@MicrosoftHelps Yes I am what can I do???,229
-@JetBlue Flight 415. Thks.,230
-i think @medium really needs the ability to follow people's Posts *AND/OR* people's Comments...,231
-Good #CuldceptRevolt knowledge from Hiroyoshi in our Forum - reverting a land to G with Land Transfer gets you 70%… https://t.co/sQSIIfZIWY,232
-There it is! https://t.co/lMszZijMWo,233
-"Thanks, @united for having a nearly-literal million outlets at LAX",234
-�� laurelance: make me choose ★ @lancedinah asked chloe decker or mazikeen “Hunting humans is a job. Who... https://t.co/M7jF3urM1W,235
-"@VirginTrains. Hi, how far in advance can I book seats on a virgin train travelling in October? The",236
-@TopmanAskUs I placed an order on the 5th of December have had details to say it has been dispatched and delivered however have got nothing?,237
-they eventually said sorry to one another and the one guy gave knife guy his scarf that he’d left on another seat,238
-@ThreeUKSupport Yes 48 hours from 12pm today,239
-"@AirAsiaSupport Hi, I've booked on Traveloka. My booking number is FD-658. Now I want to change my flight to Monday Jan 8, but Traveloka can't do it. Could you help check if there's anyway I can change it?",240
-@DIRECTV what a joke of a company 2 wks for a electronics to come to my house. I am looking for another source for my TV.,241
-@HarrodsService @Harrods I tried checking out the whole sunday but failed. Pls advise if I can still get the original discount! Thx!,242
-@EE got this text..is it spam or from ee? https://t.co/vnqIs2eMtU,243
-Very disappointed in @washingtonpost for no crossword today - what gives?,244
-@greavespg @nationalgridus did they have any info? It's eeerie outside!,245
-@UbisoftSupport I just buy R6 points on Playstation store but I didn't receive it in the game. Rainbow six siege,246
-"@TopmanAskUs hi, is it possible to buy a voucher for Topman Australia from the UK? Thanks.",247
-@AmazonHelp Worst*,248
-please watch ���� https://t.co/9ZzxSz6Wkh,249
-"Also I do not think Billy from Stranger Things is hot IRL. I think he looks like a cleaner, abbier, Macaulay Culkin",250
-@AskPlayStation Disconnected the router and PS4 doesn't help!!!! I'm still waiting for your reply!!!,251
-#Chrysler #dodge I'm on the side of the road AGAIN! I'm really tired of this issue,252
-@walmarthelp Okay thank you.,253
-Clayton Holiday Cash Sweepstakes https://t.co/vWEqzDeDd5,254
-@budlight @Budweiser @ksboldtownalex This Bud light is having an identity crisis. #bartender #ksboldtownalex http://t.co/bC6bWYQ7lL,255
-"@virginmedia broadband down for 3 days, problems planned until 27/12 not acceptable.",256
-@yelpsupport team! Help! I've tried three times to convey with your team to change my businesses' incorrect address. What do I do?,257
-Uhm @Delta web's been crashing every time I try to purchase tickets...,258
-@TopmanAskUs I. Need help.with an order,259
-@detsportsnation This is the worst football games of the year,260
-Take Care,261
-It's #MyTwitterAnniversary! I have been on Twitter for 4 years (since 22 Dec 2013). And you? https://t.co/G5cH3SLq65,262
-@neimanmarcus What's not to love?,263
-@nytsupport signed up to nyt subscription on a special offer at SXSW (delayed start) but I don't think it ever started... how can I check?,264
-@ZARA_Care requested a return but courier never appeared. You're not answering the phone. What should I do?,265
-"@Safaricom_Care Hi there, if ai want a paybill gor my wedding support collection, what are the requirements?",266
-@hm_custserv hi do you have this item 0494295001 in any stores in Southampton/Whiteley/Eastleigh in a medium?,267
-Having a horrible flight experience today @AmericanAir on flight 151 from Paris,268
-@AmericanAir #1460 from Austin,269
-"@TeamTurboTax how do you get a human on the phone, for a billing issues not tax help? #poorcustomerservice #fustrated #nothappy",270
-Just had fantastic customer service from @GEICO - Cameron in claims was so helpful and understanding #TheRealMVP #geico,271
-Nice but not my favorite https://t.co/8QrGyhKlL9,272
-@blackanddecker is the lbxr2020-ope compatible with lst1018 which uses lb018-ope?,273
-@SaintMarrey ����,274
-@pbwelcome @ViggleTips @mkaczmarek65 It's 9 degrees ABOVE Zero here in the Frozen Tundra,275
-"@AirAsiaSupport Then it is not helpful to get anything from you, so I practically got scammed by airasia. Thanks! Air Asia",276
-@baygray cue the memes https://t.co/Z0gMsyqV4z,277
-Another radio nobody here to tell you that you’re embarrassing yourself. Shhhhh. �� https://t.co/vtAmQbTtbO,278
-@BestBuySupport Never received my email with instructions for redeeming my 14 day Sling TV trial (from recent Roku purchase),279
-@racing_matters Awesome you were there for that!!,280
-"@virginmedia yes I am both and currently our internet is down and so is the tv, therefore restoring to data and watching recordings",281
-Just shook someone’s hand with a piece of half eaten Italian bread in my hand,282
-@virginmedia No further update and still not working?,283
-"@ThreeUKSupport Folks, What is cost of text message to a US number?",284
-Hey @BN_care Why is this happening? https://t.co/Ze039akyl2,285
-@pizzahut I've not.,286
-@BurberryService @AmericanaShops Could not return my purchase since cc machine was not working yet buying was not a problem. Mistreated 100%,287
-@AdobeCare My Adobe plan includes Lightroom CC and Classic. Interchangeable? Must I apply updates to both? Very unclear since announced.,288
-@KFC_UKI after visiting your coalville branch this today it's safe to say it needs closing and a deep clean and that was just front of house,289
-@jaylan_yuksel It’s the worst ��,290
-@HMRCcustomers Only job. Started middle of Sept. first pay in October. Zero hour contract tax code 000000T (Mt 1),291
-2nd time in 3 years! #SDCC2018 https://t.co/ewuciUEUD0,292
-"@CourtneyPong if you can DM us a link to the listing, we'll check this out - thanks",293
-"The excellent service presented by Carlos Cano today at Gate D50, Flight AA0334 is the reason that I am loyal to @AmericanAir.",294
-@Safaricom_Care kindly check DM,295
-More students who earned free pizza by meeting their Nov. reading goals! @pizzahut #fmsteach https://t.co/9z4EsUdkMX,296
-@ToppsHuddle Omg release a puppy bowl set,297
-@HMRCcustomers Is pension income taxable? I think this is not taxable,298
-@kporzee I have no idea what you are going through right now. The uphill battle you now face will be one of the mos… https://t.co/E9y8BYmemP,299
-"got that ""shouldn't have trusted that fart"" look going on there bud https://t.co/lEKGwuWzdJ",300
-Marshall McDonalds should really consider getting their shit together.,301
-@AskeBay No. and until now still can not connect,302
-@DSGSupport can you dm me for why my order got canceled? Thanks,303
-@XFINITY getting ready to drop you guys. I don't know what the issue is with our router/modem that we're leasing fr… https://t.co/P6YoOwozkb,304
-@KenyaPower I just purchased tokens using mpesa but I can't get the token codes its over 30 minutes now.. My a/c no is 04213141403,305
-SCHS Treble choir starting the winter vocal concert. @StCR13Principal @STCBulldogs https://t.co/n8dF48kdGd,306
-@PeterJSpezia @Arbys That's the worst Mtn dew ever,307
-@Medium Can't write a support ticket via mobile app: impossible if you don't recall your username and publication. Browser redirects to app.,308
-"@bayleeem well, that’s good, & that you finally made it out!! lol.",309
-Yay @amazon! Paid for extra for 2 day shipping. 4 days later they are saying it'll be here on the 28th. #13DayShippingIsAFeature,310
-"Not that I am looking to do anything about it because I'm not, but @Dropbox Professional confuses me. That is all.",311
-@IKEAUK Do potato based products belong in sandwiches?,312
-I get Cash Back when I shop online - Sign up with Ebates and you can too! https://t.co/UgzGbVXUr6,313
-@GameOfThrones @HBO Ouch Too long of a wait and not enough episodes. #needanewshow,314
-@AmericanAir is the worst...,315
-@BLACKANDDECKER I need a phone number or an email address to receive assistance about a product. Thank you! Sent 2 emails but I did not receive any notifications back,316
-"@sho_help can't access showtime site, apps, etc. was 20 minutes into homeland finale! Ugh!",317
-"@greateranglia Delayed? No, it was cancelled.",318
-I love love love my #GH but I totally miss the fancy intro's.. ����❤ #catchingup #soaps #oldschool #fancy,319
-@Uber_Support Have sent two support requests and still no response.,320
-@awscloud - 24 hours - nothing back on my support ticket: 2235411961 over a week without account activation? Little help?,321
-"@StateFarm Watkinsville, GA Agent and UGA superfan featured in this article @CFBPlayoff @UGAAthletics https://t.co/GWj8DvgTek",322
-Read the whole thread�� https://t.co/mdFnNGNh3U,323
-@brewers37 It works this is how much I made so far �� https://t.co/k8oZ4RRPn6 https://t.co/Kp2ukOJLNv,324
-@BLACKANDDECKER I just received my BPACT12H air conditioner. Package contains three parts that were broken when I opened. Can you supply new ones? pic.twitter.com/rtEorzYPdb,325
-@Karnythia Gotta keep his strength up.,326
-"Are you people taking any action? train 12204 ,G5 . Heating system is not working @RailMinIndia @PiyushGoyalOffc @IRCTC_Ltd @eCateringIRCTC",327
-@nvidiacc Anyone know what's up with the Geforce 500 series 580 GPX Driver 275.33,328
-"@DouglasABarrett Boo. I mean it can be hit or miss, but not awful.",329
-Where is the Wash. Post crossword puzzle for 12 -18-15 ??????,330
-Even ur friends know ur ways ����,331
-"I was just checking our news subscriptions, and I realized we subscribed to the print @washingtonpost, but never get the paper.",332
-"@AaronJBonner I've literally had a decade of practice, so I'm pretty good (and OLD, good lord)",333
-@josephbirdsong I tried a few. You would assume they'd taste like diet coke with added flavor right? Wrong. The onl… https://t.co/4ZzO5Tjgs3,334
-What color is trust?,335
-@LenovoSupport I just the reset options in the (Windows) Settings app. Shall I still call the number?,336
-Trying something new for this weeks cover. I’m going to try and have it ready by Saturday this time,337
-Well... that excitement was short lived.,338
-@TeamTurboTax I just got charged $37 for my state filing when you said it was free before 3/16. Wtf I want a refund. Super shady.,339
-"@Safaricom_Care I have been using it but has been dormant for six months but I have the sim card, kindly call me on 0742850939",340
-Leave it to me to get sick AND lose my book the week before finals �� if you see a personal finance book with highli… https://t.co/OkAmiuwQo9,341
-@ToppsSLAM Thanks for NOTHING for not sending notifications to VIP's for Today's Sane VIP Sig. I WASTED $$ on Diam… https://t.co/ikfMMgKxwt,342
-@LenovoSupport Waiting for over 2 hours now for chat agent for depot repair update. Almost 2 hours on hold for phone,343
-@Coach_Lesniak @LadySkyhawksBB Sure...take a picture on the day that I don't dress the part to get manhandled by my team. #lovethisgig,344
-@SouthwestAir I would like to confirm I have a reservation for my cat.,345
-Events to Salute Veterans and Troops in Irving https://t.co/eGGQ108A7d,346
-"BTW @crantraf -- @blackanddecker did me right, and replaced my two failed batteries under warranty. I'm happy :) Thanks @blackanddecker !",347
-@HarrodsService has the Star Wars Prop tour now closed.? Trying to book a tour. Tks,348
-@BN_care it says i need a apartment number to place a shipment but i don't have one.. this is why i don't order books.,349
-Another great week partnering with @Miss_Zapien and her class! #weteachK #empathy #kindnessmatters #kidsdeserveit https://t.co/GvGCfgVILS,350
-@sho_help showtime app on Apple TV isn't working. Hasn't been for last hour.,351
-@WholeFoods thank u @jordanmullaney lol https://t.co/VB2mg8NVxE,352
-@jaay__mall @KatieLynn28 we have such a wonderful friendship,353
-@arbys are you ever bringing back my delicious pumpkin cheesecake shake. https://t.co/n7HmjR6T4g,354
-"@MediumSupport thanks. The other issue is that when you tap the comments icon, it triggers the next article load erroneously (mobile web)",355
-2018 is going to be a good year. I refuse to accept any other reality. • • • • • #2018… https://t.co/oDOOApU2xQ,356
-"@AirAsiaSupport please urgent already one month no respon.01383194,01383583,01383360,01387394",357
-"@MACcosmetics I bought a friend a gift card ages ago, they tried to use and its not working, they said i have to contact you. plz help",358
-#13 on the top 100 iTunes Christmas songs! So proud of u all @chanceperez @DrewRamosNYC @michaelconor @bradytutton… https://t.co/qWy6GF43SE,359
-@sho_help can't stream sho anytime on Apple TV and iPad. What gives?,360
-@KenyaPower_Care account 14272658163 South B. We're off. What's going on?,361
-mcdonalds fries are the best,362
-Dear @washingtonpost : I've been a print subscriber for 30 years. Now your website has kicked me out and customer service hung up on me.,363
-Re-L Mayer and Vincent https://t.co/r5vaFEm6uE @coub That took some work...,364
-@HMRCcustomers Thanks for your help. Would you be able to let me know what number I should call for the specialist student loan team please?,365
-@AegeanSea13 god i hope it gets resolved for everyone soon. honestly thought my shitty wifi was the problem until i went on twitter lol,366
-"@ComcastCares I contacted the FTC, comcast apologize to the FTC not me, I'm sick of calling. Not once in over a year my service has been rt",367
-@BT @juliaedmonds9 As Director of Customer Experience at BT I thought you should know about the service I have received #BT,368
-@SquareUK do you have a pricing structure for non-profits?,369
-@IrishPowerHour Great show!,370
-@IAmDanniV worry about your bills before seeing her :(,371
-@SquareUK hi I'm setting up and account with you. I'm a sole trade & not sure what's the difference between trading name & business name,372
-"I wonder how many valid @blackanddecker warranties were denied today due to made-up, illegitimate policy. Schools aren't commercial property",373
-@taylornation13 I bought it for my niece and I'm going to surprise her this weekend! #ididsomethinggood https://t.co/7420DGHq06,374
-@lnvigorate Fortnite>PUBG,375
-@McDonalds Imma call you tomorrow to see if y'all came to your senses about my chicken strips!,376
-"I kno I say this a lot, but I think I’m going to have to come off fb. All this politics giving me anxiety before Boards. No bueno ��",377
-Wow... don't mess with that kid https://t.co/k7bWaj9eC2,378
-My AOL account has been hacked. I did not send out anything in a Dropbox file. Sorry for the inconvenience.,379
-@delaney_hal @realDonaldTrump @TomSteyer @SecretaryAcosta @USDOL He's a real winner alright ��,380
-#corvids #crow https://t.co/Ozca1B4uUK,381
-@AskPlayStation i would like assistance,382
-"@sho_help hello, i have the uverse 300 package that includes showtime, shouldn't i have access to showtimeanytime or no?",383
-Just posted a photo https://t.co/rPW1d7y4Ht,384
-@ZARA_Care Dm sent,385
-@AmazonHelp Not sure. I'm in UK,386
-"I have yet to see a fifty shades movie, so I think I’m gonna binge watch here soon ��",387
-Why is it that @McDonalds never gets the drink out for any form of its app ordering? Never ... not once,388
-"New Emotes for the day. Come check em out!! Oh yeah, and I'm a year older today! Weeeeeee!! https://t.co/il3xcs69vc",389
-Somebody stole my Amazon package off my porch yesterday :/,390
-"@HPSupport My newly bought ink cartridges definitely weren't full, as seen on the pictures above",391
-@juliamarrtin AWWW SHUCKS,392
-"@WPJohnWagner Yeah, elevate a conversation by taking it straight to a gutter. Insane. #impeachtrump",393
-@nationalgridus in NY is the most unorganized company with no respect for their customer's time. #badbusiness,394
-This had me dying. Today has been fantastic. Poor #Mopar https://t.co/3MnWumyDDz,395
-"Mean-spirited #ParkingDirtySF as @Budweiser driver yelled ""you bikes are f***ing everything up!"", Market & 2nd http://t.co/oOeyUAUpCh",396
-Mmmm...unclaimed contraband bologna. https://t.co/PI2xpyHjtx,397
-@yukky_hetare ( ˘ω˘ ) https://t.co/SrzzO8xgxt,398
-@vwcares thank you.. We solved the problem,399
-@justin_dz @LibraryofVA @US_IMLS @VAStateParks @ScienceMusofVA https://t.co/TDh854xI1O Check our the Virginia Libra… https://t.co/7S9D0c3Ems,400
-@KFC_UKI_Help how do your staff forget to put chips with an order? So dumb! So annoying,401
-Thanks @McDonalds https://t.co/R2rGw22VVh,402
-@LenovoSupport How many Moto phones have gotten the update vs the ones that have not. Just the ones that are eligible.,403
-@rhettandlink I want to cuddle #EarBiscuits,404
-"@SubaruCustCare @CRcars did, told no warranty, wait till thrs for rview. Called again, left #, still waiting on call back. No case # given.",405
-@AnnaBramstedt I wish I could favorite that more than once tbh,406
-@LenovoSupport Is the support site having issues? I'm getting redirected to a page that says the support site is unavailable. I'm trying to find my warranty information.,407
-2 quesoritos and a taco!these golf balls are gold. https://t.co/oTOlBEvQz6,408
-"@comcast what the fuck? You implement 1TB caps, and then we cant even purchase an unlimited plan?",409
-Rarely have I been in a situation where I feared for my literal safety if I ducked and ran. That's just my personal… https://t.co/5vUW4WQBYt,410
-@UbisoftSupport The division just went offline the servers are down?,411
-.@pizzahut why are you doing this https://t.co/iciDIFUSb2,412
-"Tell us about your goodness-filled GoGoWeen treats, activities, and decorations. #GoGosqueeZsquad #sponsored https://t.co/nU0moKv5VO",413
-@HondaCustSvc I understand that you will not be making the Accord Coupe for 2018. Now I have to find another brand. So sorry.,414
-@googlefiber I just had the best customer service help from one of your team members! Resolved my problems and gave… https://t.co/smuXccO5d8,415
-@NYTsupport So what do I need to do to contact customer care for INYT. Totally stumped and I've been trying very hard. :-(,416
-"This is a proud moment for me, one to celebrate. I've reached the point in my media consumption where I pay no atte… https://t.co/NP0lF8ciTQ",417
-@paulmac708 Hell or Huh Water. Also Se7en.,418
-@UbisoftSupport Still cant connect to r6 siege on pc. Eastern us.,419
-@BestBuySupport Electronics which are cheaper at Walmart.,420
-@vwcares my golf's aircon comp broke and I cant afford to fix it :( I love my vw but I am disappointed at its frailty at only 9 years old!,421
-@xboxuk @XboxSupport everytime i go on ww2 it lags me out every sever and kicks me off the game??,422
-@akechi_ebooks wtf.,423
-@mondalan did you know you’re an almond? Al mond you almond you,424
-"Since we all talking about our ideal man, how about someone 5'8""+, average/skinny, with a cute smile",425
-"@British_Airways been trying to book holiday on line for 3 days , website takes card details then chucks me out holiday as now gone up !!",426
-@KenyaPower_Care Thanks. Situation resolved.,427
-@washposthelp I keep trying to subscribe to a print paper however keeps telling me the zipcode is out of range. Even if I try a DC ones.,428
-"@Medium Lately, there is just one post in my Medium Digest instead of the selection I used to get. Is it you or I that has done this?",429
-"@BMW Plus, Bluetooth in my @subaru_usa just arbitrarily stopped Bluetoothing, so I hadda listen to the radio. Blah. At least I look cute.",430
-@ZARA_Care till service in Liverpool store is shocking,431
-@ellenbacca @DanBoers Only if you promise to punch the little bugger if he sees his shadow. #ihatewinter,432
-@banlung_carson @AirAsiaSupport How isTaiwan?,433
-@BTCare Is it possible for BT to stop the #SpamCalls allegedly coming from telephone number 00 please?,434
-@TiaN_Futbol thrilled to have you on the pitch again in SLC. Lobbying now for one of the new red and cobalt Monarch… https://t.co/EcUrs452D0,435
-@alanthomasdoyle looking forward to it! See you tomorrow!,436
-@UbisoftSupport if you got time can u check the dms a person responded once then never responded after that?,437
-@AppleSupport what is this? https://t.co/rL3RVDLIcT,438
-i want mcdonalds,439
-@Dr_Heavenly I was thinking about this the other day. I came to the conclusion that maybe there were problems befo… https://t.co/COy7gudvup,440
-"@united It's not the mischief I'm worried about, it's keeping the Christmas and elf spirit. #10+hour flight",441
-@WildeAndTausch I liked it when Jennings misspoke and referred to our coach as ‘Mark McCarthy’ ��,442
-@bt_uk YOU SUCK.,443
-@DomieBoule This was the doll at ghop when I was there,444
-@BNBuzz How do I find the space limit for ebooks?,445
-@KenyaPower_Care @KenyaPower I wanted to inquire about my bill Account Number 21245063 if possible contact me through 0704722919,446
-@shadetf2 Where was this?,447
-@LovebeginswithL love your product! What metal is the lid of the tampon containers made of? I want to make sure I p… https://t.co/iE2QqY6M80,448
-Let's go eat McDonald's @wubsum,449
-@DDBS_KeishaB @REBELOFNYC @SHARON_NEEDLES @SwordAndScale https://t.co/7hKrp9kQWc,450
-@davidfrum Now this is just like T-ball.,451
-@AlfaRomeoUSA piece of italian crap,452
-@FC_HELP can I return online purchases to a House of Fraser concesssion if I have the delivery note and order details?,453
-@VodafoneIN No call till now. https://t.co/zrjwJgr04E,454
-@SNCKPCK I’m working so hard to get enough tickets to buy his chair!,455
-The beginning when he cut himself off and LAUGHED right at the part where he exposed Janet got me madddddd #HalftimeShow,456
-@AskPlayStation hi I've bought a second hand ps4 and can't sign in the network say banned or suspended code ws-37338-4,457
-Very good service in your Leeds branch today thank you @BootsUK :-),458
-@LIVERavenNation Chicago IL,459
-One last sale before the holidays! See what gifts you can lavish upon others ( or spoil yourself with ��)!… https://t.co/Y5GCakIpLK,460
-"@katiematthews_ Ad long as it isnt freezing tomorrow morning, it should go well for you. Besides long runs are fun! :)",461
-"@WhirlpoolCare thanks for your response. what is the twitter handle for your care centre in delhi, india ?",462
-@USPSHelp My package is stuck less than an hour away and supposed to be here today. Can I just go pick it up since… https://t.co/Nf0UEMJP0l,463
-@lostinadub ur the best,464
-@JordanMarkezich I know haha,465
-I just gave 5 stars to Daisy at @neimanmarcus for the great service I received!,466
-@VW @VWGoA IT look like I will be getting a Whole New transmission for the VW jetta Hybrid 2013. #jettaHybrid #VWCares,467
-"@UPSHelp need help with my parcel been a month , god shocking service awful",468
-Really?! https://t.co/HRYRBeWbrj,469
-"@BN_care any suggestions for Spanish Language for beginners ? I know nothing other than these words Hola, Amigos & Hombres !",470
-@HarrodsService Hi are the save the date emails for grotto 2016 bookings going out to reward card holders today? Haven't had one yet. Ta.,471
-"@KingJames Congrats on your 30,000 career points.",472
-#WPMOYChallenge + Olsen,473
-@KFC_UKI How come your Leeds Train Station outlet won't accept free fries friday offer?,474
-"@Topman Hi Topman, before I checkout my items, my waist is 33inch, should I go for 32 or 34? Thanks!",475
-I'm am beyond pissed @Nordstrom I order a package from them. It was delivered to my home and I call requesting to pick it up and they say..,476
-@DSGSupport here's a better pic. Order # was 3264677178. Please message me for any additional information required https://t.co/iTjWrWPX1V,477
-Very disappointed you are stopping AOL desktop. What alternatives are there as I rely on AOL & wish to keep using a desktop like app system? And this page of contacts does not work? https:// help.aol.com/contact/ I'm going out now but will be back later? @AOLSupportHelp #AOL,478
-@Nordstrom the stitching on my @Burberry jacket is coming apart. Can you fix it? I'm scared to take it to the cleaners,479
-@HarrodsService I have an assessment at HQ on Tuesday but still haven't received email with info? Can you help please?,480
-"@UbisoftSupport Still no online/fleet functions Black Flag... come on guys, best practice customer service please.",481
-"@EE can't get any phone coverage today, you guys working, or is it a fault?",482
-i'm SO happy i got to see dua she was incredible goodnight https://t.co/jMablYZXrH,483
-@ZARA_Care I ordered some perfume on the 6th Nov online and the status still showing as shipped. I have not received it yet!,484
-"@MACcosmetics really disappointing service in your Birmingham New Street store yesterday, customers should be the focus for your employees",485
-Super stoked I spent money to get @beatsbydre just to have the battery go dead within 4 months of use.,486
-@FBIGFOOTFANS Done! Asked for it to be added to Sling TV too!,487
-"Thanks to @NVIDIAQuadro's incompetence I now can't work till October 4th, when the ATI card arrives.",488
-"@BurberryService okay... but if i buy these online, would u plz provide recommendations of my size. Burberry m size coat suits me, btw. thx",489
-"Morning @JetBlue, flight landed an hour ago but all of us that gate checked are still waiting for our bags",490
-@UPS My package was supposed to be here between 1pm & 5pm and I still have yet to receive it... Where is it and where are you? @UPSHelp,491
-Well shoot. Barnes and Noble won't even price match THEMSELVES. Hello 1990s. No wonder brick n mortar is faiiiiiiling. @bn_care,492
-Whoops....Second Language Acquisition!,493
-@itsyourgirl_Z Moda center Portland Oregon,494
-@MediumSupport Following up on my 8/4 my tweet. My edit button doesn't display. Help. Reminder: you need to follow me to receive DM.,495
-@united you are the worst airline ever! I wish I could cancel and re-book with @SouthwestAir! You are making my vacation plans horrific.,496
-Hey Arby's! We have the beef... I guess you keep it and don't put it on sandwiches. #nothinglikethephoto #arbys https://t.co/tXCCFVowjv,497
-@whirlpoolusa your products really stuck how come the manual doors not match the template wmh32529fz0,498
-"@Libertyville93 Also, “Conservative” is not synonymous with “Christian.” Please don’t confuse the two. Politics has… https://t.co/UokNrwKJkU",499
-Love is the Ultimate Luxury Giveaway https://t.co/Swwhzp1vbz via @jilliandodd,500
-@IRCTC_Ltd Why booking page for retiring room is not opening. Always shows your session expired. Resolve the issue. https://t.co/PCSqLumIZO,501
-@si_soccer Please re-post when you learn how to hyperlink,502
-@realDonaldTrump You’d know about being a puppet seeing as you’re a Russian one @realDonaldTrump,503
-@BoosterBricks So cute! Hope we win!,504
-Great service today but Michelle in @BootsUK in the @intuTrafford at the Armani stand..,505
-Who needs a gym when you can work retail during the holidays. #mostwonderfultimeoftheyear https://t.co/CNxjja4OX5,506
-"@monbeebees Idk honestly, i got the amethyst and citrine from my psychic coworker lol",507
-@QueenOfTheCute They are total cuties!,508
-@MicrosoftHelps I have DM'd you the transcript. Kindly check it,509
-@NortonSupport Thanks for inquiring. I have not as of yet. I plan to do it Sunday.,510
-"@turbotax @TeamTurboTax I need help finding some information on our returns, but your automated phone system won't let me in.",511
-@NBASTORESupport Thanks for clearing that up and Thanks to @cravetheauto for letting me know about this event.,512
-@WoolmanBrook green tea,513
-@SamsungSupport I wasn't sure which account to @ Rod :( Afraid it's just feedback about a function that doesn't exist in S Health.,514
-.@hotelsdotcom Currently stranded in Baton Rouge @HolidayInn booked & paid IN FULL but my required accessible room was given away! No rooms,515
-@turbotax I'm done with you guys...The up sells throughout the process is out of control. Why are there 4 editions?,516
-@UPS 2 of your employees deliver opened empty package. Very suspicious. Anyone else have this type of problem with @UPS deliveries.,517
-"@subaru_usa @SubaruCustCare trying to create mysubaru account, get VIN error and to contact support",518
-@SouthwestAir Status FINALLY came through.,519
-@TheBlackStripe_ Where was this idea when we had Jalin Marshall back there?!,520
-@Demjellyrollz Can you link me the post you're speaking of?,521
-@UPS why is my 3 day select package not being delivered for 2nd day in a row,522
-@KenyaPower_Care Thank you. May I get my statement from July up to date. domngash@yahoo.com,523
-@MikeyWax thanks for the follow- loving spaceman and can’t wait to see more from you,524
-"@eBayBusinessUK I like most people use a mobile all the time to run my eBay shop, please tell me how to stop it going to the mobile site????",525
-"Strangling your mother in law isn’t *really* a crime, right? #AskingForAFriend",526
-Thank you @medium for a better H2 styling. I will actually use it now!,527
-@SouthwestAir I understand stuff happens. No communication is something that should never happen.,528
-"These hard working individuals, who need the revenue from PAYING guests to pay their bills. It is the most annoying… https://t.co/JXwl6l9V1w",529
-@Valarnold9 thanks val��,530
-@HeatherHowell_6 I agree 100% like... She has used her platform/position to do so much for that cause and for victims compared to tswift,531
-“Time for the urn” is my new favorite phrase regarding terrible old men,532
-@AskeBay whats with brand limits for asian sellers (thailand) that don't seem to apply to other countries?????,533
-@ThreeUKSupport I can call and txt fine.i have been here last 8 days and about 5 weeks out of last 8,534
-@AskeBay Tried it again today and no problems. Thanks!,535
-@Uber_Support Chris.coleman654@gmail.com Just want to view my delivery feedback that's all,536
-@revampedlyfe lets hang out then,537
-@united Anyway. Thanks for responding. The Weather advisory is pretty clear. Just frustrating. https://t.co/JWn0sKo05z,538
-@PaintDusting I know what you're going through and I'm here to support you.,539
-You're Officially Ready For Fall! via @takeadailybreak https://t.co/hxe4PM7gZo,540
-"@EmpressVnyc @TotalDivas Das true, but on the other hand, you know she really really just wants John, so you wouldn… https://t.co/Ntq5X1QEvw",541
-"@GEICO please help me understand why you nearly double my rate then 3 weeks later when we have an accident tell me I ""might not be covered""",542
-@AWSSupport Sure. Case ID: 2230311591. Thanks :),543
-@tkcxp @tkcxp I usually watch around West 6th. We should get on something for it tho!,544
-"@jadastevens420 Jada, there's nothing about you that doesn't bang...any time of the year.",545
-Finally ready to head home from Winter Meetings. B2 boarding position and still scored exit row seat with legroom. Boom @SouthwestAir.,546
-@divinecomely @derickmdillard Don't come around here with your facts and common sense. Derick doesn't like that.,547
-@ZARA_Care the exchange and refund page is down still?,548
-@WholeFoods Okay! Thanks for your help!! :),549
-"Instead of tongs or tablecloths, we registered for ��. Help us eat happily ever after. https://t.co/HvogEWtAxX #DominosWeddingRegistry",550
-"@ToddJAwesome Don't be! But I know it is hard, I feel you... Just remember THE Awesome family ��Ya",551
-@ASOS_HeretoHelp @CitySprint_help where is my parcel?!?!,552
-so excited for this it's unreal!! https://t.co/SsALUcG79T,553
-I'm earning points with #CricketRewards https://t.co/hLcI0jAmkE,554
-@hulu_support I canceled my subscription before the 30 days and I am still getting charged monthly,555
-@BootsUK still no reply re minor ailments scheme in sussex,556
-@ThreeUKSupport Done all of that. It was working last week,557
-"@HarrodsService hi, is your Christmas shop already open?",558
-@united I have a question about upcoming travels,559
-@MACcosmetics And how do I do that? Can you send me an email address pls?,560
--Everything I Do Is To Better My Family I Don’t Have Much Time For Games .,561
-@BestBuySupport A Samsung Galaxy S5 battery. Do they sale them.,562
-@HMRCcustomers good morning do we need to include outside scope items in boxes 6 and 7 of vat return. Thank you,563
-@Safaricom_Care i have seen it at the bars tab. Thanks for the guide.,564
-"@AmazonHelp Yes. promised for arrival today, but just dispatched.",565
-@RJ_See @DatelineNBC Hanging by a thread....ughhhhh,566
-@JakeGuti should be happy in the morning.,567
-@SamsungSupport THANK YOU!!!!!,568
-@ThePondScumBlog TRUMP IS THE BIGGEST liar of them all.,569
-@gabbyxmayhem Tbh I don’t know why I didn’t expect to see that in the first place,570
-@PostSports @romanstubbs Always put a man on the ball. Especially when you have a 7 footer!,571
-@ProFootballTalk I can’t believe they didn’t sign Kaepernic,572
-@UPSHelp Not asking for full refund just reg ship vs express ship I paid for b/c delivered day 6 instead of day 3. UPS said NO! Unfair!,573
-@edmundmcmillen There’s a very bad bug with electronics Zero or Jacobs ladder that causes random self-damage while shootin… https://t.co/nZtvNn9Fbc,574
-@CaliWyand i miss u more!! ��,575
-"@FC_Help request: have shift dress from 08 spring/summer collection - any chance that 1. there r any left, or 2. u'll make dress again?!",576
-@voorheesXIII I can't tell if you're legit asking or making fun of Cole xD,577
-@OnePlus_IN @OnePlus_Support @oneplus I had purchased a product from your website and immediately cancelled it after paying because I ordered it from amazon but it's been over 20+ days I haven't got my money back. and i am not getting any reply from you v,578
-@HPSupport [TYPE YOUR QUESTION HERE] #hppsdr #ijkhelp,579
-@trixamillionnn I don’t know it seems a lil wild over on your end ������,580
-"@British_Airways Sat in the middle right at the back. Shame you stopped the free bar! Not impressed, Amy!",581
-@Walmart I use to be an employee and was wondering when my W2 will be here. I'm only waiting on you guys. Since ex-… https://t.co/Fuv85Ax7HL,582
-@tommyHilfiger hi guys. I buy a ton of your clothes.. I have lost the pully to pull down the zipper on my grey woolen top.. Can you help?,583
-Uncovered a @SEPTA fossil waiting for the 79. https://t.co/Qwa5r4NuVe,584
-@ASOS_HeretoHelp No response to my DM several hours later #appallingcustomercare,585
-Hard to believe... https://t.co/QaieicZ0TL,586
-"@OhItsTeddy @soleheatonfeet I personally have never been into the mix/match, ""What The"" or Top 3 concepts. But sti… https://t.co/iDgWZml2Fd",587
-@djelzee give me a break,588
-@nvidia hi please i cant find a driver for video card (nvidia geforce 8500 gt) for mac please send me a link when i can download a driver,589
-#PUBG & #Fortnite's argument raises the question: Can you own a genre? https://t.co/tJg1Segu3v,590
-@WorIdOfDancing Sexy https://t.co/IA0QIxYhvo,591
-@RexTrillerson @AwesomeHaircut @TheOnion There is no struggle. There is only do or not do ��,592
-Hello? @hulu @hulu_support ? Are you listening? Why isn't #Dirt on the new app on Fire and Apple TV devices?,593
-@BN_care i understand the why. But the fact is i can have a book shipped overnight cheaper than picking it up in your store,594
-https://t.co/o0OFFhcLL4 https://t.co/oHp3use4Wc,595
-*claps,596
-@ihgrewardsclub How do I chase you up - sent a missing points form but have not heard from you and no option to follow up from the email!!,597
-@ThreeUKSupport Yes it is past the 30 days and is the Special Limited Edition version,598
-@hm_custserv @hm wow still no response. Really shocking...,599
-@ballababy927 @SynysterGates Gates just give her the D already,600
-"The community, staff, and neighbors are great at Stoneleigh Valley Ranch - check out living here! https://t.co/8ZUmRyz5YF #LeaseStarSocial",601
-@JennyMcCarthy Happy belated! Glad it was a good one!,602
-"@BTCare bt mobile can't make outgoing calls, says system is busy, for 3 days now! Any ideas?",603
-Seriously? Just tried to put my brand new shoes on and this happens. So disappointed @nikestore https://t.co/y9t2gyJC0M,604
-@Uber_Support I never received my order,605
-"Just noticed when I brush my @Superdry top with my hand, loads of the design falls off like dust. Is this #micro #plastic #pollution?",606
-@marsha32 Merry Christmas Marsha !,607
-@nvidiacc I bought a 1080 from best buy and didn't get any code for destiny 2. Anything I can do?,608
-@awelfle I think the two are mutually exclusive.,609
-@awscloud @AWSSupport contacting on behalf of a client; their site has been down for 24+ hours but no response from AWS support!,610
-@BurberryService I haven't received any answer from you. What's up?,611
-@GeorgiaPower is working to restore an outage effecting several buildings off Hwy 27 and Clinic Ave. Waiting for service restore time info.,612
-"@WhirlpoolCare @whirlpool_india AMC Policy is worst,everything is chargeable under their policy.Want better sevice. Plz Contact - 8587981023",613
-“Remember when you did this?” Me: https://t.co/lAD994d1I1,614
-"The emo believers wishy washy surrender to a higher power counts, but is not the same quality as a being who thinks… https://t.co/5ulzobGNGw",615
-I’ve been playing the sims practically nonstop for ten hours and life is going swell for them. A thread.,616
-@RailMinIndia @PiyushGoyal mAadhaar not accepted in train 16127 DOJ 26th December coach S4,617
-"Hey @awscloud , @alexadevs the Alexa4Business Windows app gives an error ""Cannot validate credentials. Check Internet connectivity"". I can't proceed with the setup :(. Any hint to solve this issue? IAM creds should be fine.",618
-@CjGormley Link that,619
-@HarrodsService tried many times to check out with the 10% off weekend yesterday and it didn't work! Can I still place my order with 10% off,620
-"""Hi, yes, I would like a steak made with 70% Canadian Beef and 30% Japanese Beef""",621
-@IKEAUKSupport hello can you tell me when the lappland tv unit will be back in stock please? Thanks,622
-Woah! https://t.co/Edx7ldYuKD,623
-@ChryslerCares I have a case open with Chrysler customer service under William Taylor. Waiting on a call back,624
-"@ArbysCares The location is on general booth boulevard right off gallery avenue. In Virginia Beach, Va",625
-@mike_pence DeNile is not a river in Africa! You cannot escape karma! You will be judged (towards the good or towar… https://t.co/BmF5eRYAND,626
-@Ariel_hdz25 Thank you!! Love and miss you too ❤️��,627
-"@OnePlus_Support No, still same issue(",628
-@subaru_usa Already have been to one of your dealerships but the car I wanted to buy had been sold before I got there,629
-@eBay_UK I have messaged u thanks! You and paypal are the same company and they wont help either! :/,630
-@MACcosmetics just signed up for the first time on your website and am not being allowed to use my welcome code,631
-so many blessings soon to come. #2018,632
-@pizzahut The store had closed by the time I received it.,633
-Thank god for @GEICO !!! I knew paying all that money for be a blessing ONE day,634
-@fitbit why does your shipping promises suck?,635
-I think people like seeing me fail :),636
-@mrsmoats52 I sure hope he re-ups. @thebody52 was a true Steeler! A true Player and a true Gentleman. Thank yo… https://t.co/pcMGx9Fup0,637
-@panerabread Reply tweet. Here as in Colorado.,638
-"Apparently the #showtime app *is* down. Thanks for the confirmation, @craigpeters. Also get your act together @showtime, @sho_help.",639
-@HMRCcustomers Hi HMRC. I've uploaded to Facebook. Yet to receive a response. Can you confirm that you're reviewing them please.,640
-"@RailMinIndia train no 12840,coach no S2 all the fans of the coach not running since it departed from mas yesterday.",641
-@BTCare broadband gone off again,642
-@AOL where can I get support for the Verizon email switch?,643
-"@HPSupport Hi, I have buyed a new HP Envy 4526. I can print but not scan in any way (direct, web, PC...) everthing tried #hppsdr #ijkhelp",644
-@PinkColorLover_ @jadapsmith Shitttttt frfr,645
-"@tracypitcher7 @comcastcares @comcastcares you can look at the dm's and see, we have nothing more to discuss. thank you.",646
-Nosey the Elephant Gets Her Happy Ending: Freedom #care2 https://t.co/kXVElD0r9v,647
-@Samsung why is it taking forever to get a refund on a recalled washer? WHYYYYYYYY?,648
-"1830s/40s Flat Buttons, 1700s Buckle and an abandoned chimney on top of a mountain.… https://t.co/fFx9rW9hO1",649
-"@ChryslerCares The Pacifica reminds me a bit of the Kia Sedona van, is your designs in house or outsourced?",650
-"@LenovoSupport my lenovo flex 4 has stopped working. It does not turn on, i have tried pressing the novo button i still wont turn.",651
-Just ordered @DIRECTV for my father-in-law. Installation next Tuesday 12/12. I will be there.,652
-@Delta it goes from balitmore to Florida and then the Dominican Republic,653
-Thanks for the pasta sauce @Walmart https://t.co/WT6GSOJjGw,654
-3 people followed me and one person unfollowed me // automatically checked by https://t.co/X3DkvMvknH,655
-@AirAsiaSupport i have wrongly book my flight. How to change the the destination from KBR to KUL. Booking no. YK2JWF,656
-@GeorgiaPower why bother confirming you can be at my home at a specific time to meet the electrician & still not be here 2 hrs later? #fail,657
-@MicrosoftHelps Not seeing that option presently - but I might not be looking in the right place yet,658
-Just posted a photo https://t.co/EDhPnotf8l,659
-"@NortonSupport No, I can't. As I shut down my computer because it broke everything. Again.",660
-@NortonSupport I spoke to your held desk just now & got the updates. My Case Id: 32540657,661
-Was supposed to depart from Norman Manley airport in Kingston Jamaica at 10:56am but of course @jetblue is delayed. #unacceptable @jetblue!,662
-@MCFCffs @TwitterSupport I AM WHITE SUPREMACIST. THAT WORD OFFENDS MY PEOPLE,663
-@fitbit Having prob with my Fitbit. It shows Only half charged or half up grading and nothing else. What can I do?,664
-Amost ready for the #SuperBowl #Budweiser https://t.co/LXK6O5e7Km,665
-#Chrysler is a disgrace to be called an American Automobile will NOT even cover a part with known issues even though parts been recalled.,666
-"Hope y’all having a good day, make it count ����",667
-@AppleSupport as requested. https://t.co/0c5K18PNA5,668
-"DO NOT STAY @HIExpress Troy Michigan. Bad service. Customers treated like prisoners and I was called Racist by ""Nicole"" . Nothing was done!",669
-@ToppsHuddle These are the Thanksgiving leftovers - all the injured reserve players that could have been in a previ… https://t.co/taJOrR8pQY,670
-@McDonalds I know it's been a while but I need some closure... why did you take away the #bigandtasty and the #sweetchile sauce,671
-Is this legit? Seats sliding on white rails doesn't seem safe. 2014 Honda Odyssey @Honda @HondaCustSvc https://t.co/pPEQVg7LzR,672
-"Pretty nasty lamp shade at the @HolidayInn in Roseville, MI. https://t.co/uoA3hPkhaK",673
-"@tianaoster He should take your last name, then you guys can name your kid “RollerC”",674
-#twice #heartshaker slay,675
-@LenovoSupport will X1 Carbon 2nd Gen get support for Win 10 1703 or are we stuck on 1607 until end of life? Support page last updated March,676
-@OnePlus_IN How do I get in touch with OnePlus regarding sponsorship for a college fest?,677
-"@Sherrell_Dorsey Ok, i'll give you 15 more minutes on Twitter and then you have to do a few hours of real work afte… https://t.co/CCZj5Spju6",678
-"Family is hard. Family at Christmas, when expectations are at their peak, is bananas. I hope your Christmas went we… https://t.co/kiKDqlYDRp",679
-@HondaCustSvc Is premium gasoline recommended for the 2017 Civic Hatchback LX with CVT ?,680
-"Delayed an hour on my way here, delayed by 2+ hours on my way back, @united. Should have taken @Amtrak #dontflyunited",681
-"@British_Airways Hi, flying with you in 2 weeks on the Boeing 777 to Japan. Am I allowed to bring my mavic pro on the flight?",682
-@umterps Section 103 Row 8 Seat 10,683
-@XboxSupport I keep getting this error 8083201c when i try to sync my game data can you please help,684
-"@DIRECTVService What is going on with your OnDemand programming. No shows are listed on HBO,CIINEMAX etc. Also Sunday night football bad pic",685
-@ryandroyd you guys are mirrored and i love it,686
-@Superdry_Care Thank you for resolving my issue promptly #goodcustomerservice,687
-Give these super easy @PerdueChicken fajitas a try. You won’t regret it! #Promotion #PerdueCrew -… https://t.co/ROPxzJEVrB,688
-WOW. Cain and Yelich. What a day to be a Brewers fan. https://t.co/sWsbc8iGOT,689
-I've had a 1-cuper #coffee machine for over 10 yrs from @blackanddecker that's still going strong. It's nice when products last a long time.,690
-"@NYTsupport logged into the website, but article still demanding i sign in http://t.co/mcgkfk7fSx",691
-@OptimumHelp I'm getting no dial tone on my phone and the outages page on your site isn't working. Is phone service down in my area?,692
-@petelau2007 Pleas egive a free OnePlus 5t for me i m so desperate to have one but no MONEY,693
-@NortonSupport Still the same after update/reboot! WIsh I knew why it's not working... It used to work a few years ago :),694
-@VirginTrains Hello. What time does the late evening service start in 1st class in EUS-BHX route please? Looking at the 20:03 train. Cheers!,695
-@GEICO thanks for your help today. I got goin' with Geico. Don't use that line publicly like I just did.,696
-So last week Michigan wins 33-10 and we're supposed to be excited. This week Michigan wins 35-10 (kneeling it out o… https://t.co/f8GE6cBihg,697
-@OnePlus_Support Thank you. It helped. Phew,698
-Ppphotdeals,699
-@AskeBay You clearly didn't read the tweet. Your Just like amazon. Maybe local shopping. You know what you get that way!,700
-"bought a bottle of champagne today and all I wanted was to get carded on my 21st birthday, but they didn’t card me ��",701
-It's Girl Scout season aka my dad will send me a box of thin mints in the mail every week because he has a bad memo… https://t.co/Ihiqvz8ubu,702
-@mleigh843 lmao I meant to tag you in this,703
-"@AOLSupportHelp My AOL (formerly Verizon) account ""unable to authorize"" but my wife's works fine?",704
-Well someone’s feeling pretty... https://t.co/iZp4kYSKkB,705
-@ScummyWorm @mishacollins Oh my chuck! R u 4 real!? YES I do n thank you @ScummyWorm I deeply appreciate your generous and kind act ��������,706
-@kmbreslin1 I hope it doesn't happen but it's awfully suspicious,707
-@Dani_Bagshaw #youwouldntcometodenverwithme,708
-@Delta It was sent,709
-No @FCHWPO dont do him lime that!!!!! #posteralert on @kporzee,710
-@cheesefriiees Mad jealous of that shower curtain g,711
-FYI figured out later he was a faker,712
-@Breznican Seeing the Falcon and new & shiny... ����,713
-@Jpint24 Plant City. First week of March. Strawberry festival.,714
-@virginmedia Ok thanks for the help anyway,715
-@McAlistersDeli Had lunch in South Elgin. I was disappointed with the quality of your product vs what is shown on y… https://t.co/70MtNH5GVv,716
-@AmericanAir Thank you for replacing my suitcase when I got back to MKE today. Much appreciated!,717
-"@Medium howdy. Known bug? >> Huge white spaces on mobile, following an embed (Twitter) ... not duplicative on desktop",718
-@Yaysies I totally thought you meant industry contacts originally. Thanks for clarifying.,719
-"literally just took my jeep on Friday to get new brakes, tires, & to make sure there was nothing else wrong with it. & now the check engine light is on over it",720
-@ISirDubstepI Already tried and I shouldnt have to wait anytime for a false suspension,721
-Freaking out that the most recent #RegularGirls was half recorded in my city. Need to run into you @ReneeYoungWWE ❤️❤️,722
-When someone blocks you before you can reply ���� #ohthetravesty #nofun #hitanerve #DontRecastJace #WeLoveDom #Shadowhunters,723
-@AdobeCare Yes! Updated!,724
-@NortonSupport here's the page I get when I click on the link! https://t.co/3jp2VDQ4TA,725
-@TheEmoKitty666 Wooooooooo lmao,726
-@SEPTA_SOCIAL I haven't seen the route 105 to Radnor leaving 69th a 7:20. It's now 7:22.,727
-Now I want someone to do a country-western Chu Ci. They are the songs... of the South. Qu Yuan feat. Dixie Chicks! https://t.co/7vuXlDaBK0,728
-@Safaricom_Care clarify what?,729
-@charafucker His insta is the greatest thing in hockey,730
-"Thanksgiving, Black Friday hours for Kohl's, Target, JC Penney, Macy's and more https://t.co/HXsM5Mi4bv",731
-@CLERallyChicken I'm going to have to plan better this year since I was a sucker for all but 2 of the day games last year,732
-"4. a total of 2. 5. godd, ed edd and eddy is still the best tv series imo to this day 6. https://t.co/RY3sblZhpk THIS SONG IS MY JAM!!!!!!",733
-"@AskPlayStation I can't log in to PSN, Because it says my account has been blocked",734
-@LaneBest7 “His dream is to represent Brazil at the World Cup” - cap tie him nowwww lol,735
-@Safaricom_Care Check DM,736
-one person followed me // automatically checked by https://t.co/b9gLGhpg49,737
-"@NortonSupport My kid loves you, though.",738
-@WWERollins welcome back Curb Stomp!,739
-https://t.co/enWvdXVtj3,740
-@budlight Is this the kind of product your distributors sale now? http://t.co/rwApWpSuxT,741
-Just left Oxford Street. Full marks to staff @BootsUK in securing building and making sure customers were ok. Very professional approach.,742
-"@VodafoneIN @TRAI Sent multiple emails however, no reaponse from Vodafone corporate team 1/2",743
-"@JoePeshRadio The Sandlot!! Should say the title of my life's biography, since that's what everyone calls me small… https://t.co/rfpzii2B9j",744
-@TopmanAskUs can you tell me when my collect in store order hasn't arrived?? Was due by 15th December!,745
-@TommyHilfiger you jave the worst customer service!!! #pissed #useless #worstbrand,746
-"@boxofficemojo @jumanjimovie @ThePostMovie @TheCommuterFilm Am I to understand this correctly? The sequel to a ""meh… https://t.co/bugRRaSQH5",747
-@FitbitSupport I've already tried that and it's not working unfortunately,748
-@Vgbcc1 Putting a car into solar orbit is a bit underwhelming but this is one big rocket.,749
-@greateranglia why has the driver of the 0015 from Liverpool street to Southend given no reason for the train crawling beyond Ilford?,750
-@catvalente I imagine the only time I'd applaud the King in Orange is when he's being taken away in handcuffs or hi… https://t.co/h9pBs8UbJ9,751
-@NikeSupport Yes that is correct!,752
-That had a poor life!!!!#SmallHotWings @KFC_UKI_Help https://t.co/1q2zlS4Ch2,753
-@greateranglia left my Race of champions beanie on the 0200issh Southend Airport train. Please let me know if found,754
-@SteevieeGee Youre far from that!!,755
-Bitch DISGUSTING https://t.co/K7JnPkXbNA,756
-@TeamJuJu @JujusBike will you add to this when you come to CALI again.!? Please! https://t.co/UroH5nUnmS,757
-Dear @Arbys please bring back loaded potato cakes. I have been craving them since 2009.,758
-"If you can’t prove yourself as a friend, I sure as hell don’t want you as more ����",759
-@greateranglia 1750 Peterborough - Ipswich. No water in either toilet. Not good enough. #gross,760
-thanks @VW for your fantastic car seizing up while driving causing me to spin out and almost die.,761
-My study breaks have consisted of binge-watching John Oliver shows. #thxjohn,762
-Oh no @Superdry my fav jeans have a design defect and are now broken. What shall I do..? https://t.co/tIjZL8OZzN,763
-Took 6 week progress pics for myself last week.. impressed with my results.. and now I've lost 4lbs since then with… https://t.co/yqJurcX7tG,764
-@IHGService My accelerate credit card activity hasn't updated and passed 8 weeks,765
-"Biskey's training methods boil down to ""go get the shit kicked out of you by someone else until you're stronger""",766
-@TommyHilfiger having problems on your site. Just spoke to my bank @HSBC_UK_Help and they say no issues their side?? http://t.co/5MOejf0he0,767
-@Burberry hey burberry hope all is well. I would like to know if some of your shoes or boots uses calf leather trip. I seen few on shops,768
-@MicrosoftHelps This is what happened. https://t.co/EYuCW0U9u6,769
-@Moto_Support Ok. Shall I private message this over?,770
-"@DropboxSupport Your new layout is having issues.. Left justified off the screen on both PC and Mac, all browers.",771
-"@AOLSupportHelp Hello aol, i found i couldn't Open My aol Mail since last night. Is aol website getting down ? Please help thanks",772
-"Hey @NYUstudentlife, remember when @BetsyWolfe was dropping some major knowledge bombs on us and said she was excit… https://t.co/WsPHPBpMY9",773
-@AMWilliams47 Whenever you wanna come over! ��,774
-Look @yelpsupport I promise to stop reviewing sperm banks for bad yogurt. So can you unban me now?,775
-"So is a 220,000 ms read latency on Redshift normal or should we be worried? @awscloud https://t.co/d2IoMjTRyJ",776
-@AirAsiaSupport -Booking number MJK5PS AK http:// 6052.Booking not appear in my account.can please do me a favor how to solve it? pic.twitter.com/GwD3diQN0u,777
-"@OnePlus_IN Extremely disappointed after purchasing the Oneplus5.. 50% at 8:00 pm, phone off for 1.5 hours in between.. 11:30 pm it's 15%",778
-@ThorTripp Right but if Purdue wins they get 6 wins and Indiana gets priority over Huskers based on Higher APR. If… https://t.co/DOF777We3q,779
-@ASavageNation Loved the book! Couldn't put it down. How long will we have to wait until you write the sequel? T… https://t.co/kNiI55AORe,780
-@amandahoovernj @Wawa fluff my utz section for me haha im sure its not even touched,781
-@Moto_Support my phone tends to vibrate when I unlock it sometimes for no reason...please help,782
-@paypayy__ Done ✅ I will! ��,783
-@greateranglia driver license/credit card for Michael David Ward handed into Colchester info point just after 3pm.,784
-@nytimes I'm recieving terrible home delivery service from you. My paper never gets to me! #help,785
-Very disappointed in holiday inn express Orlando. bad experience. Poor cust serv@ihgrewardsclub @holidayinnexpre,786
-I'm spinning to win the products that I want on Win It! and winning points to spend too! #instantwingame #deals… https://t.co/esdWf4jczS,787
-https://t.co/DSSwIpcmU4,788
-@HMRCcustomers Ok thank you. And how can I get refunded for the amount I've overpaid?,789
-@subaru_usa question.. just received email about exclusive one time event for new Impreza. But no information where is when???,790
-@TeamTurboTax i paid my fed taxes via turbo tax when filing my extension but don't see the withdrawal pending in my bank acct. please help?,791
-If I felt threatened by an assistant manager at @Walmart where can I place a complaint?,792
-@EmilyKumlien #IDoubtIt #Blessed #GiveUsDecemberMadness #BiggerPlayoff,793
-@British_Airways I've been looking at return flights from TAB on 6/4/18 flight n price given but can't select #help,794
-@VW my 2011 cc clutch pack feels like it shot. And clunks and shakes when I put it in reverse or park. And I'm not trynna pay $2500,795
-@mikofLohr Micropenis?,796
-@Superdry_Care No from Ireland.,797
-@Topman it's not letting me DM.,798
-@MACcosmetics customer service consistent from Leics 2 St Pancras. Always feel invisible but always get to hear about employees social lives,799
-@Yelp @yelpsupport deceiving for parents who try to find something out about a school. Makes your site worthless!!!,800
-"10/25/17 - I used my cat as a model for this! I love it, even though I might have colored it a… https://t.co/osCXv3qqwm",801
-@JacyMelillo @NickMelill0 @linds7313 @MelF_cknFoster Currently cringing,802
-@comcastcares hey there. Will all baseball games be available in HD with the Extra Innings package for the 2018 baseball season?,803
-"@FC_Help not sure if those are official names for dress, but here is image of it. I really want to find it somewhere! http://bit.ly/iMCQsl",804
-Again @budlight ? I was up for whatever. Except this http://t.co/E6hcxJgVK7,805
-@VL_Archer https://t.co/LS2s5QzCri,806
-@neimanmarcus #NMholiday and #Contest . pic.twitter.com/PBEOajWXP0,807
-@virginmedia Wireless,808
-"@MissMcMeowan Well, you're enjoying it so slam dunk on that one! Are you a trainer or something?",809
-Alllllll cops are baaaaastards https://t.co/ovU5o56Zmi,810
-@HPSupport [ASK YOUR QUESTION HERE] #HPcpIN,811
-@SquareUK Do you guys offer discounts for non-profits or charities? :),812
-@ErikLambert1 You’re forgetting the great Jim Covert,813
-@JetBlue please help. we LOVE JetBlue! Just got back from LA-NYC (flight 424) and my wife left her purse on the plane! What do we do? #TrueBlue #jetblue,814
-@HalfBenLiang I prefer to challenge you to a fondue,815
-BREAKING: @DevinNunes is an idiot #NunesMemo #TrumpRussia https://t.co/Ki0nbinGc7,816
-Check out my newest video post on my Facebook pge think you going to like it. https://t.co/FL2XMWwY4Y,817
-"@BenLesh Turns out patience is a virtue after all, received the links to the videos �� Looking forward to it!",818
-"@BootsHelp hey, if I placed an order on Sunday, should it have been despatched yet? I haven't yet received a despatch email and I've selected deliver to store",819
-These filters are cute tho https://t.co/X1wPBQk844,820
-@GEICO how is it you don't have any way to email claims? Businesses reporting claims against your clients can only fax because the e-upload never works. You need a claims email address.,821
-I have been stuck in one place in this Arby's drive through for 20 minutes. There is no way out. AMA.,822
-$5 coupon for https://t.co/O9PeRo0QdU “GooglePayCheer” worked for me simply through website using movie theater gif… https://t.co/569u3LcVnA,823
-@subaru_usa this apple car play is an absolute joke,824
-@DSGSupport worst customer service ever. Waste of time. It was supposed to be a gift to someone and now what..?,825
-Thank you @amazon for not delivering my orders because @MaraXpress refusing to do there job by doing that #WorstCarier #Dubai,826
-"@JohnLegere @ATT @DIRECTV Ugh, I hope this isn’t per line. We have 5 lines on our plan. @JohnLegere help!",827
-HELP! Rob and Amanda's House Fire https://t.co/A3oj7LMuli,828
-Hoppsan! https://t.co/EMK8R4bZ6b,829
-@NBASTORE when can I buy a framed copy of that @Giannis_An34 dunk on @StephenCurry30 ?,830
-@lovatosxdrew My relapse is in full swing. Trying hard to break through.,831
-@KenyaPower_Care we don't have power near V club Imara Diama,832
-@nvidiacc what's nvidia gonna do for linux users as optimus further creeps into the gtx lines. what about synergy?,833
-"@SEPTA_MFL another SHOCKING development; the MFL is malfunctioning, leaving commuters stranded and frustrated @SEPTA_SOCIAL",834
-@FC_Help what is your policy on false advertising regarding sale items? I was refused a sale in westfield due to a company error on pricing,835
-@AirAsiaSupport My flight that was cancelled was QZ541 booking number IIF5RF,836
-https://t.co/ZX3g1J2wC8,837
-". @bt_uk have come home to find my home hub constantly rebooting, showing orange then flashing green & no WiFi! WTF? #FirmwareUpdate ?",838
-@JonPiscitelli1 @Starbucks yuuuuuuup you know ya boy’s rollin up with a venti dark roast black w/ a splash of cold water ��,839
-#seriously @pizzahut this is how my #BBQ #pizza arrives. Was the #Driver #drifting ?? #bummer https://t.co/QNA4uEwEYL,840
-Please sign the petition to #FreeCyntoiaBrown https://t.co/60vwBQMb7C via @MoveOn,841
-"@pizzahut No, because trying to speak to people at that store is an exercise in futility. And it only happens on the Visa Checkout option.",842
-"@WhirlpoolCare I think you're right, outside vent opening seems clogged - thanks for the tip!",843
-Every time you go to @KFC_UKI and they forget items #compensation !,844
-@WholeFoods I am still waiting to hear back from you.,845
-"Thanks @NBASTORE for canceling my order because ""people don't normally buy shoes"". I'm out the money/shoes and was not helped w/online chat",846
-"@NYTsupport I use the NYT App on my iPad 2, iPad Mini and iPhone 5S. All receive an error message that the connection failed with Twitter.",847
-@TommyHilfiger is my new favorite store,848
-$6 coupon for @pizzahut getting just cheese and they want to add $2.99 for nothing. So annoying!!! #ripoff https://t.co/CKBRCHKBxP,849
-Got mum to go all the way to @IKEAUK so I could get meatballs.,850
-Did a #pictorial today & im proud of it ������ @bhcosmetics Take me back to Brazil & Foil Eyes 2 palettes… https://t.co/fO0efiMt8i,851
-@neimanmarcus thx for sending me a ripped dress & doing nothing to replace it #needlessmarkup #shouldagonetonordstrom,852
-"@nationalgridus My street just lost power... once again. Your phone line is busy, or also down. Boston Road in Andover MA. Please fix.",853
-@mnicolerussell You can do it!!!!,854
-"I'm one step closer to winning $5.00 cash! & $1,000 from @TopCashBackUSA #Giveaway https://t.co/otkf4I7HUE",855
-You can teach ethics as it pertains to anything. History teaches us that the disenfranchised were constantly taken… https://t.co/hXZvX0RIBU,856
-@MCRDPI That was me lol,857
-Sometimes I tell google maps that I’m walking even though I’m driving so that it thinks I’m faster and more athletic than I actually am.,858
-@neimanmarcus It was an online order problem that she totally helped me with...,859
-alabama and georgia’s punters right now #NationalChampionship https://t.co/URwd7YwUX3,860
-@dionbronson Porzingis making Nance Jr. look like the bum he is,861
-@sacadverts I really didn't want to say that myself...but since you mentioned it. DAMN that kid can't read a Mirand… https://t.co/mE7zduFKMI,862
-@awscloud i cant login to my ec2 account :/,863
-@AmazonHelp You did not upload the ep14 of Middle series S9 again?? It was deleted ?,864
-@xychelsea why do you still support the military?,865
-Need to know when @neimanmarcus will have an Android app so I can shop from my phone Not everyone is iOS,866
-"@FitbitDev @Pebble In still not clear if the new Fitbit has and ""always on"" display and a 3 day battery life.",867
-What time is the last train from fern rock to lansdale for Saturday? @SEPTA_SOCIAL,868
-@Matheatre_ This was such a fun show. Thank you,869
-"@Walmart @itsjojosiwa This doll is supposed to be exclusive to Walmart, but is always out of stock. Very disappointed customer.",870
-@Walmart not a single cart available? Pathetic. https://t.co/JTfzbDyhwf,871
-"The #sesamestreetfornod collection is everything I hoped for. Way to go, @TheLandofNod !",872
-@virginmedia Awesome thank you. Is there any t&c to this upgrade I can read prior?,873
-@hm_custserv why is there no mens h+m in Leeds anymore?,874
-chicken mcnuggets !!!,875
-"I entered a giveaway for a chance to win ""Washcloths Towel Set (White, Bulk Pack of 24), Ki..."" by Alurri. https://t.co/m72onCNnW2 #giveaway",876
-@beatsbydre I like them but I've had to glue that back together 3 times https://t.co/4lPdTya6WY,877
-This is a nightmare https://t.co/KrbZEboPeM,878
-@greateranglia 14:44 from Ipswich to diss and currently on the 18:17 fr m diss back to Ipswich,879
-@travismcelroy Wordscapes. One of my bosses got half my library hooked,880
-@DIRECTV could electronics support PLEASE do or email me the steps to get the app to register my iPad with my dvr? Chat feature never loads!,881
-@FordMustang Definitely a GT model ��,882
-#SuperBowl https://t.co/0INf79PATs,883
-UTMB has developed a weight loss drug that shrinks fat and lowers cholesterol without suppressing appetite. Learn m… https://t.co/xojDnUzDL8,884
-@VodafoneIN network at Dadar area is pathetic 4 g works worst than 2g,885
-"@Nordstrom That's okay, I'll keep looking. How soon are refunds given? Just wondering!",886
-"So it's going to cost $7000 to fix the exhaust on my @VW 2009 Jetta, and only $300 is covered under warranty. Help @vwcares?",887
-@HondaCustSvc someone has gotten it touch with me.,888
-@EE you have dumb staff,889
-@ReIatableThings @_TheSilvaLining,890
-@flowering_rebel I mean you already have 2/3 of mine haha,891
-@KFC_UKI just had THE worst KFC I've ever experienced. The staff were rude and the food was cold and dry! Talk about disappointed!!,892
-@ThomasGoldkamp All depends on who the next coach is. Cannot be someone the admin has to “sell” to the fans. Has t… https://t.co/tMeAVW5pzz,893
-@Safaricom_Care you'll have to explain where my bundles go to coz i'm constantly offline....,894
-@QueenQuia23 basically ��,895
-sucks to be a CSU Ram,896
-@BootsHelp how do I replace my lost boots card please? #Help,897
-@SamsungSupport I figured it out myself. But my new S8 is the worst phone I have had.,898
-"@Sean_Schick Yes, eat leaning forward over a plate. Even then it's 50/50. #MayTheOddsBeEverInYourFavor",899
-I need to stay out of the hair groups im in on facebook today.... Tired of looking at damaged ass hair today...,900
-"Hey @McDonalds, why am I being charged tax twice? This is the second time. https://t.co/1Vwd0mplSx",901
-Maybe someday I’ll make it to Festival of the Arts...,902
-@SoReIatable https://t.co/gPwqoDCT3N,903
-@BootsHelp someone has stayed home all day for my order but now #hermesUK are saying attempt was made this evening to deliver (1/2),904
-@childishtonbino @TeamCJCorrea From 530-630 but they're giving the passes out for it 2hrs prior. Gonna be there around 1! ������,905
-@SouthwestAir flight 5702 DCA-TPA has one of the friendliest flight attendants I have ever had the pleasure of flying with. #WeLuvRonnie,906
-@nationalgridus my bill is still messed up ??????,907
-Do you ever respond to a text like “LOL ������” when all you really did was blow more air out of your nose?,908
-"@AWSSupport hi folks,SES question: i have a domain in pending for a long time ago (weeks), i removed and added again but nothing happen.THKS",909
-@LenovoSupport What is the part number for a Swiss German keyboard for X1 20BT please? I'd like to source one :),910
-I’m still so frustrated with .@bioionic warranty. I buy a 300 dollar blow dryer and a year later it completely dies… https://t.co/TnT7HsMxTa,911
-@CartherrineK You know that’s not true Kat ��,912
-@virginmedia I already had this setting done,913
-@Match: Hannity + Moore is not a match made in heaven. Stop sending Hannity love. #dumpseanhannity,914
-@JetBlue I'm guessing SFO just being backed up isn't exactly in your control :(,915
-@subaru_usa I own a 2015 outback. Going to a snow area next week. Does an Outback use chains or cables?,916
-I think @lightroom must be the most unreliable 'paid for' 'professional' software I have ever used.....,917
-@calebp_24 You can do it!! I believe in you! And you get to see me when it's all over!! ��,918
-"@comcastcares The internet blinks on and off continuously in Burnsville, MN. What gives?",919
-@MicrosoftHelps how do i sync my egdge book marks with Edge on my phone?,920
-@hm_custserv @hm This is all I get https://t.co/v52XgLitxt,921
-kmarx: your lover is your guardian angel who accidentally fell for you https://t.co/G7yc59FTKA,922
-@thebookcon I emailed and they told me to refer to the website. I’m just curious how far out you open media applica… https://t.co/tG0GYvxaAp,923
-"Damn IT @Arbys , just brought DThru bag-a-food home 2 eat & NO 3pax of Arby's Sauce as I asked for at store #7190 and w/o sauce=BLAH !",924
-@AskPlayStation I bought a add on for battlefield 1 instead of buying the game and I want to get a refund,925
-I bought a sprite from mcdonalds and they gave me a cup of water...,926
-"@HMRCcustomers Just sent return online, been living overseas for the last 13 months. Didn't realise to inform, will that change my return?",927
-@AskPlayStation I already did this and it says contact us. So i am contacting through twitter!,928
-@tihanaha Old people do everything early,929
-@IKEAUK @IKEAUKSupport @IKEAUK just got home and checked my receipt and found ive been charged for one item twice. Help!,930
-@Windows How do I file a bug report for Windows 10 Update 16299? https://t.co/10zb4D6PgL,931
-@NikeSupport Power saving mode toggle might be on for the last phase of my running and phone was in my coat with horizontal plane,932
-@kiramcfadden1 I think they just jealous TBH ��,933
-@BurberryService Do you accept China Union Pay credit card when I place an order on https://t.co/f6ByJNfD5Y?,934
-@ASOS_HeretoHelp Dmed you again there!,935
-"Mrs. Howard, @FHMSChoir, stopped by to make music with Synergy Singers this morning! https://t.co/hU5bezEUwY",936
-@astro_amanda What’s the best place to watch?!,937
-@jrod0021 Got an apartment in Bourne (Monument Beach) but can’t move in until the 11th. I’m staying with my parents… https://t.co/xzG9xjtMx6,938
-@KFC_UKI how do I get a reply from someone at your useless company??!!,939
-I found a vinyl picture disc version of Bauhaus - Bela Lugosi's Dead today. The band name and the title on side 1… https://t.co/93SJNrNa53,940
-I just gave 5 stars to Nancy at @neimanmarcus for the great service I received!,941
-@British_Airways The offer of a glass of water or a coffee might have made it a bit better,942
-@bt_uk @BTCare have still not fixed the broadband. Despite at least 2 assurances in 48 hours. pic.twitter.com/yRHgv9nW2K,943
-@Moto_Support neither received the charger nor any update . Very disappointed,944
-@realDonaldTrump For you to be so cavalier about this is laughable. Grabbing their pussy? Do you see a problem with… https://t.co/Ct4Al4HwTu,945
-Buy a 28k modem so I can surf AOL at twice the speed as my current 14.4k. #90sPostItNotes,946
-"That’s a terrible call, ref. That was shoulder to shoulder. #DETvsTB #bullshit #badcall #terrible",947
-@thunk_life You look much better!! Sending prayers you’re vision gets back to normal and the treatments keep working ����❤️,948
-I want @Yelp to have a number of TVs category because it is increasingly difficult to find places without TVs,949
-@NBASTORESupport any idea what time the actual store opens?,950
-I love dogs more than kids.,951
-@AOLSupportHelp I've checked that page and none of the have the correct solution. I need your help ASAP! It's getting on my nerves!,952
-"""If you like #HarryPotter Or #VampireAcademy, this is for you"" #BookReview >> https://t.co/91ZeU8dqTu << https://t.co/ovVy99MYUG #Ad",953
-"Can’t say I understand the deal or the hype with this bts outcast game, but I give props to the creator for capturi… https://t.co/Jsmh3TMmhm",954
-"breaks me that bt sport doesnt have an app on the xbox, sat watching fitbaw on the phone like... https://t.co/H9x9Gu60Kr",955
-@AlfaRomeoCares Does the #Giulia come with a compact/fullsize spare? I know the Quadrifoglio has a tire repair kit.,956
-"@WesleyLowery I was in a editorial meeting and the boss says “people don’t care how we do what we do.” I said, yes… https://t.co/pMfhobSxpm",957
-@NikeSupport Yes. I do.,958
-@budlight How does this happen? pic.twitter.com/6sM9AowDPJ,959
-"My grandparents, @BTCare line, phone me, caller display shows as withheld. This is not intended or wanted by them.… https://t.co/jIDzc8Vctd",960
-"@awscloud Hi Everyone, I had cleared my AWS associate Architect certification on 7th June, 2017. I did not receive certificate.",961
-@BTCare they can't help on the live chat - brilliant advice,962
-Watch Gwaer and I duo on @Twitch https://t.co/ku2AXoD4PO,963
-"Final straw with @WhirlpoolCorp. KitchenAid dishwasher tub is rusting after 4 MONTHS. Called at 1PM PDT, NEVER GOT A CALL BACK. Now closed.",964
-@Delta @M_Oneal17 Easy for you to say. I paid $700 yesterday for being late to a flight even though the delay was out of my control.,965
-"Thanks to Ken at @VWChicago for taking such good care of my Beetle, ""Maggie""!! Your Service Dept is the BEST!! @VW https://t.co/bof6iarwPO",966
-@katharinevance Neither Brad nor I got peed on the entire time with Benjamin. The girl has peed on us multiple times per week ����♀️,967
-"@intuit @turbotax Whats up with this crazy website. couldn't figure it out so I went to another service, what a mess you have there!!!!",968
-@GeorgiaPower what the hell is going on?,969
-@painfadesaway thanks for the feedback. You should be able to continue to use https://t.co/j6qsVzQta7 by ignoring the download prompts,970
-Hey any update on the Porzingis authentic road jersey sitch @NBASTORE @NBASTORESupport,971
-I honestly can’t wait to fal in love and have my SO buy me signed copies of my favorite books. Like that’s the dream...,972
-Top 20 Songs - November 2017: https://t.co/Q2vjY3J158 via @YouTube,973
-Join noosa’s Cream of the Crop fan club! Fun games and free swag til the cows come home! Click here to sign up https://t.co/X19t4y37PR,974
-"@nationalgridus - Great Job! 3 power outages in 3 months! Oh, and thanks for responding to my DM that you requested last time. Sarcasm...",975
-@ZARA_Care Hi I purchased something on the 19th December and it was shipped on the 21st and it has still not yet arrived?,976
-@GeorgiaPower 8 powet outs in one year. You have a systemic issue on Talahi Is. Get it fixed. I will tweet each day until I hear from you.,977
-@TomLFritz @ah_ra_cho When you move away from the mitten you have bottle guilt as you feel like you are throwing aw… https://t.co/EYVY9mX6AX,978
-@RubenMezaASR @SonOfLarryJoeSr Good for him but sheesh!!,979
-"@AdobeCare imported a video file into premiere pro, but it has no sound????",980
-"@BN_care My order shipped 3/26, but the tracking number still doesn't work. Help?",981
-"@AdobeCare The service is not connected to my Adobe account, it's my google play. My issue is with the Lightroom CC mobile app.",982
-"@JKraintz18 why are y'all so fat? Why do you think it's okay just because you are ""in love"" #fatties",983
-Anybody know what this #Adobe error means? Holding up my AAF export today. #postchat @AdobeCare https://t.co/JCsEaJGLWT,984
-@allenpwilliams I'm still waiting on more toilet paper,985
-@EE Why is we so much money?,986
-Soo what had happened was.. https://t.co/fjrD8p5I6b,987
-@Moe_Ciroc Sad but true....,988
-At my niece football �� game https://t.co/gIOVpNl97f,989
-@NVIDIAGeForce If I connect a #GTX580 to a TV through HDMI will I get audio output as well?,990
-@chanceperez I know exactly how you feel :( is that why you can crash and take a nap anywhere?,991
-"@CoachFalco That’s awesome!!! Merry Christmas, coach!!",992
-@BTCare Done. Thank you!,993
-Got off early and don’t know what to do with myself!!!,994
-@WhirlpoolCare here's a fun game... Haha you haven't even sent my reimbursement check for my refrigerator and now my washer isn't working...,995
-Live for a bit https://t.co/fZyvWE6MAi,996
-Made soup for my whole family and nearly all of them blew me off. https://t.co/2j0MZn6cmx,997
-"@comcast Internet has been out for hours.... send help, and a refund!",998
-Back to work today (just for one day until Friday!). Plan was to set up new desktop however so far I've spent the… https://t.co/O6oRPj72aK,999
-@hulu_support Ok cool. Thanks for explaining!,1000
-"@HMRCcustomers hi there, I need assistance. I have filed a form for leaving the UK. I have my ref no. I have not heard anything further.",1001
-Hopefully this goes somewhere https://t.co/iJqFqMLgnZ,1002
-"@OnePlus_IN Poor performance,poor camera results,poor network radio after oxygenOS 4.7.4 update on my op5t. Any way I could revert back?",1003
-Department of Public Prosecutions: repeat sexual predators should never be released - who needs to... https://t.co/IziwiVwZBf via @ChangeAUS,1004
-@ChryslerCares 1c3cccbb9fn717601. Resolution team has all info. Call penny 214-583-2188,1005
-@smod4real In no way is an American marrying into the British royal family disrespectful to America today.,1006
-@united I AM ABSOLUTELY infuriated with your refund process. Your website has now not allowed me to submit my request TWICE after I have,1007
-New England vs Everybody... #Patriots,1008
-"@NortonSupport I don't know exactly what it is, had my IT guy purge your spam. Are you a Jehovah's Witness?",1009
-@ZARA_Care was asked to take this further through private message and have been ignored ever since?! https://t.co/wKKuzVY3VT,1010
-@McDonalds where yo tenders at cuh,1011
-"Power outage, joy. And @nationalgridus is claiming >5 customers affected but my entire condo assoc. (23 units, 80+ people) is without power.",1012
-"@UPSHelp Why has my package been ""out for delivery"" for 4 days? https://t.co/DUVi57BXWQ",1013
-"@Yelp Suggestion: On the restaurant listing, it should specify whether dogs re welcomed or not.",1014
-"@MicrosoftHelps Win 10 Pro, Version 1709, OS Build 16299.15",1015
-one person unfollowed me // automatically checked by https://t.co/cyN7LLkvQ5,1016
-Tell me why “chipotle” is in here �� https://t.co/TLjpiV4t65,1017
-@VirginTrains no trains to Manchester - I have an operation and have to get to Stockport . Could I use my ticket to Leeds from kings cross?,1018
-Thank you @blackanddecker for making good on my warranty issues. It took time but you did the right thing. #tooltips,1019
-@YuanqingYang Hello sir... i am a user of ur laptop with serial number WB15327113 and getting horrible service from ur team as i have visited ur service center more than 5 times and every time there is a new dead line been given to me and still my problem,1020
-@United Airlines get your act together and find 4722 a gate. Been sitting on tarmac for nearly 30 minutes.,1021
-"@AOLSupportHelp now you are doing away with the desktop, will i lose all my favourites? or can i retrieve them elsewhere?",1022
-@roccopalmo @nunblogger Jeff City is getting a wonderful shepherd,1023
-@HMRCcustomers Would that suggest they have not sent away my P46?,1024
-@AskeBay can you please reply to my DM. Thanks.,1025
-@KenyaPower_Care Send tokens to for 54400506587 I received the mpesa massage code MB41KKU7RR but I haven't received the tokens,1026
-@_TrevorC Hope 2018 is great for you! Happy New Year!!,1027
-"@BLACKANDDECKER uh, this is unexpected!! pic.twitter.com/2PyCsrwGJS",1028
-Thanks @SamsClub for selling expired beer #fail @budlight http://t.co/V6pH1RQN4Y,1029
-@BlckdByJilZarin And thanks---I am beyond thrilled!!! Yay!!:),1030
-@HarrodsService Are you able to check the in store availability of a scarf?,1031
-@faithmonethill I knoooow,1032
-@JetBlue your killing me with the delays,1033
-@JetBlue hi! Whats means the photo says? https://t.co/s8K35sAuRg,1034
-I already hate finals and I haven't even taken one yet ⚰,1035
-"@christina_kuo @dog_feelings I played football ⚽️ from 9-10:30, so my 30 drive home was filled by Kennedy’s rebuttal. #perfecttiming",1036
-He shot it him with a harpoon!!! Tobias isn't playing!! #BlackLightning https://t.co/ruVslDijjz,1037
-What have I done to be blessed with such amazing people in my life.,1038
-Let’s all go,1039
-@Gwenda SO glad it turned out okay and she is safe in her loving home with no injuries! That is one of the scariest things!,1040
-Awful service from @Uber_Support Opened door and was going to sit down as the driver decided to drive off because I was going to Clapham!,1041
-When you’re just casually getting ready for bed and you accidentally drop your laptop on your foot ��,1042
-Pretty sure we've now seen Arie eat & drink more than any other contestants combined in the entire history of this show #TheBachelor,1043
-@artofKnightJJ these ones are relatable,1044
-@JordanPeele I said to myself that if you/the movie got nominated that I would go back and watch #GetOut.,1045
-Support a great cause and pledge for the Pico Canyon Elementary Fun Run. https://t.co/SA4EIGQEdz,1046
-"@IKEAUK sent a complaint via your website over a week ago, any idea when I'll get a response?",1047
-I just gave 5 stars to Celestine at @neimanmarcus for the great service I received!,1048
-I need this for my kids #GoGosqueeZsquad #sponsored https://t.co/gdm3mHMwTh,1049
-*nervous depressed laughing*,1050
-@UbisoftSupport When will u guys fix the jager glitch,1051
-@oneplus Hi i am using Oneplus X less one year and but i am not getting any service support from as you stopped the support can you please let me know why should i choose one plus ???,1052
-How do i view delivery feedback ?@Uber_Support,1053
-@AWSSupport not impressed with the secret roles that code pipeline tries to create for codepipeline:StartPipelineExecution ...........,1054
-"Why can VW NOT fix my car from the short that your serviceman caused during my recall, even with a case # from corp. #4thattempt @vwcares",1055
-one time i broke my brothers thumb at a funeral bc he wouldn’t shut up so i twisted his thumb until i heard it pop https://t.co/IZmhNKpXnW,1056
-IOS 11.2.5 IS ABSOLUTELY RIDDEN WITH BUGS WHAT IS THIS @AppleSupport,1057
-@ChrisLeeHill @tmacfilm @shutupfish Thank you both so much! Very excited to see more of you guys in the future!,1058
-@Adobe It would be awesome if Bridge keywords had a secondary and tertiary support option.,1059
-"@AmericanAir won't let me change my flight 1 day (4 months out). Want to charge me $1,200 per person. Never again. #bad #service",1060
-Wait. Does Whole Foods have coupons?,1061
-@AirAsiaSupport check you DM!! Beend asking so many times!,1062
-@fduffy3 @BenFennell_NFL @gregcosell @Ike58Reese @JClarkNBCS This Packers fan says ‘Go Eagles!’,1063
-Hi. I'm moving out on Wednesday 31st of January. What happens to the router? Will you guys pick it up? @Safaricom_Care,1064
-"@MACcosmetics sent you an email Monday, when should i expect a response?",1065
-My studio fix foundation smells so bad even my boyfriend said my face smelt thanks @MACcosmetics,1066
-@IKEAUKSupport It's out of stock that's why I asked when it will be back in stock?,1067
-@IKEAUKSupport hi there - do any of your small storage boxes fit the flysta shelving unit? Thanks!,1068
-@Kimzolciak Saw this dress & immediately thought about you - has ur name all over it!�� https://t.co/RERSktnjND,1069
-#LEGOLoki is reading about his favorite topic...himself @Loki_Lego https://t.co/ribtTMby8p,1070
-"@MACcosmetics hi, I emailed you on the 28th June and was told I would hear back and I still haven't heard anything.",1071
-@delta trying to reserve a gluten free meal for Monday but website returns error message. Please advise.,1072
-"@Nordstrom I dont want any monetary value, just a coupon code would be nice",1073
-It's #MyTwitterAnniversary! I have been on Twitter for 8 years (since 18 Jan 2010). And you? https://t.co/LwvkfikAul,1074
-"@Showtime ur app on my xbox 360 constantly having server errors, cant get throught one episode of Homeland without error.",1075
-https://t.co/CMiE3rlm4O,1076
-Honestly i listed to the @MyFavMurder podcast my entire flight so I’m low key nervous I’m about to get kidnapped in my Uber �� #SSADGM,1077
-@ForrestWestfall hahaha booo ����,1078
-Expired beer that we bought today? Whuuuut? @budlight #budlight #budweiser #dammit http://t.co/AXNieZ5oJf,1079
-@AirAsiaSupport @TintuLal - Pls have a look at this and revert back to Mr Jimy,1080
-@hulu Why do you only have season one of #wkrp when the whole series is now available?,1081
-same https://t.co/jZUKTtwe55,1082
-@AirAsiaSupport hi. Can you please expedite this process. I cannot proceed with check in. https://t.co/zP9SreYdna,1083
-@PowerbombTV I did please get back as soon as possible please,1084
-@_Funk_Meister Do you mean inside the blade well?,1085
-"@cgatorwade @WLUHoops @WLathletics Hilltopper fans are the Steeler fans of the MEC. �� Seriously, though, it is a gr… https://t.co/5vksVirfNI",1086
-It was sure nice of the @BrooklynNets to give @JahlilOkafor a nice warm bench seat oops I mean a chance to play �� https://t.co/KWcTfd3Hzx,1087
-"half an hour with adobe customer support, so far we have ""determined that it is a electronicsnical issue"" (no shit)",1088
-"@JessRaeAnn I don't know why but I read that as them telling you ""I hope you were worth it"" the first time.",1089
-@NBASTORESupport Thanks!,1090
-"@Hicks_206 @realDonaldTrump The alert came from a state agency, so the appropriate person to question would be the… https://t.co/VA1VJOt4sb",1091
-@VirginTrains please can u give any idea on the next train that will leave from Euston to Crewe please?,1092
-@OffTheRails42 We certainly can! What item are you looking for? Do you know the size you require & the stores you're able to visit? Thanks!,1093
-"in other news, birds are dumb as fuck https://t.co/HucS6ZJcNX",1094
-@comcastcares got a question can y'all help,1095
-the second i clock in i’m literally the fakest bitch you’ll ever meet,1096
-@BERNlNl Literally me too ��,1097
-"@JetBlue Using Safari on an iPhone, can we get miles for Amazon purchases?",1098
-@jd35 This photo couldn’t look more staged,1099
-My friend @phxgvn just saved a bunch of money on car insurance by switching to @GEICO. Like legit #scoutshonor,1100
-@TimHortons This is the second time I went there for a FV cappuccino and it tastes like hot water. Can't exchange i… https://t.co/s1r8NDSsl5,1101
-@redrobinburgers not sure why it's impossible to replace a delivery order made incorrectly? If you have a record of… https://t.co/gDuXjDZPnU,1102
-@AskPlayStation No luck with PC or Phone.,1103
-"While she says she understands why the president was invited to speak to the marchers, Herndon-De La Rosa is not ha… https://t.co/DLNhwdcUYC",1104
-@AskeBay I have been scammed on ebay and cannot find out how to contact you to attempt a resolution to the problem.,1105
-@KenyaPower_Care kindly send me tokens for account number 37167475088. Been waiting since 7,1106
-@comcastcares Any idea what's interrupting some HD channel service in Savannah?,1107
-@RepAdamSchiff Would love to see you run for president next time!,1108
-@neimanmarcus would you please change my size to a medium in my order? DM me please.,1109
-"@USDOT @LarryHogan @GovernorVA @wmata There's no excuse for terrible service, care & lack of customer safety #WMATA… https://t.co/bgIxWWYrtL",1110
-@TheFakeNed https://t.co/MmIYIOtbVq,1111
-"@British_Airways lost my bag for 4 days over Christmas, took a month to reply, and then sent a measly 7500 Avios. Unacceptable. @alex_cruz",1112
-@jon_bois *their,1113
-@RepJoeKennedy is going to be President one day. Watch.,1114
-Funny how mfs think we gon last �� nah lol not happenin,1115
-@ZARA_Care Just sent the DM,1116
-@AirAsiaSupport Hi! please check for my name amendment request. Name is misspelled and her flight will be tomorrow. thanks,1117
-@Lin_Manuel I’m still confused about the point of shirtless Kyle Ren. Was it just for eye candy?? I sent a message… https://t.co/Q9ck6qB4kO,1118
-@VodafoneIN Recently I port-in vodafone. Today morning one person came 4 physical address verification. I answered all questions & signed. And that person said I'll get SMS of PV within 1hr. Bt EOD I receive SMS says PV is negetive & I've 2 visit nearest,1119
-Reached down into the empty bag. And none were there! No frys spilt out in the McDonalds bag! #wtf,1120
-@WholeFoods Which of your stores are carrying the new Star Wars Ice Cream?,1121
-@BootsHelp how do i add my boots advantage card to my apple phone (wallet),1122
-I am no fan of either Alabama or Auburn. But the announcers are clearly for Alabama. Ripping off helmet is Ticky-Tacky. Really?,1123
-@yelpsupport I noticed my phone was low on storage space and Yelp app was taking up 1GB. After deleting and reinstalling it went to 56MB.,1124
-I love the neighborhood butcher shop #TomFridaysPittsburgh https://t.co/pa2fdxxS4U,1125
-@VodafoneIN What happened still waiting . You people are morden days robbers.,1126
-"Me, a millennial, making guacamole: oh my god, this avocado is perfect. This is worth being unable to afford a home… https://t.co/fvgfKCEsv1",1127
-@mineifiwildout This https://t.co/0vyH0WVVEI,1128
-"@BurberryService Hi. If you purchase a scarf from your online store, does it still come with a scarf box as in the stores?",1129
-@FitbitSupport How many days worth of fitness data can my fitbit charge 2 hold if I am not syncing it continuously with the app?,1130
-@Medium You need an option to set a featured image without it appearing in the post,1131
-@kipjmooney We can only pick one? lol Think it’s pretty safe to say that the only nom it really has a shot for is… https://t.co/9kAih2hjsS,1132
-Sometimes all it takes to uphold a New Years resolution is to have a friend make it for you,1133
-Vestimenta profesional: mahones capris #dead,1134
-@eBay_UK recommended postage cost DOUBLE on the item I sold! Customer services not helpful at all #nothappy,1135
-@AppleSupport I was changing my iCloud storage plan on my phone,1136
-Forever not getting my refunds on my @ASOS order,1137
-"Well it was a good run, but @GEICO is getting left in 2017 for this one",1138
-Hey @united your crew in DFW did an amazing job today with a delayed flight- thank you!,1139
-@ASOS_HeretoHelp hi will this Christmas jumper be coming back in stock that you know of? https://t.co/oOvwlghfYc,1140
-@OnePlus_IN hey I need to downgrade Oreo beta version in my one plus 5 can you help me please,1141
-@Mormon_Thunder Ask him if his sword sings of silver.,1142
-I liked a @YouTube video https://t.co/s4XxNY8kyX Smart comedian DESTROY Feminism with FACTS,1143
-@LenovoSupport when should I expect my Android nougat update for Moto X pure edition,1144
-"@NortonOnline Don't use this router for gaming, lag like no other. Even when it is hard wired. #verydisappointed",1145
-@NYTsupport Are you following me? I seem unable to send you a DM.,1146
-@JetBlue can i take this saran wrapped pepperoni on the plane? https://t.co/p5COGUS2Sf,1147
-@eddypineiro1 @GatorsFB Best of luck to you Eddy!,1148
-@motorolaindia it's December already when you guys are pushing Android 8.0 update . It was supposed to be launched around October.,1149
-Had to stop using the @washingtonpost news app because it won't take my subscription password. Oh well.,1150
-@pattonoswalt Sometimes you just need to do some dishes and listen to The Village Green. Welcome to adulthood.,1151
-@ThreeUKSupport no service in north #London at the moment do you know why ?,1152
-@pizzahut ordered a pizza last night......still waiting and still got charged #12hourslater https://t.co/Di8eLFIUVk,1153
-The fact that people screenshotted my snap story ��,1154
-"@Medium is there really no link to directly share a Medium article to LinkedIn or am I just missing it??? I see Facebook, Twitter..",1155
-For the past month I have been studying for the nclex every week day.. and every day I give myself 1 hour to watch… https://t.co/yxQG3sqSjz,1156
-"@Dropbox I have. But still, a native function could come in handy :) Thanks.",1157
-Vegetarian sliders sound so different compared to the mainstream burger #cravercrew #sponsored https://t.co/VddfmY4i4z,1158
-When the OnePlus 5 gets stable Oreo update.For beta users please release stable #Oreo @oneplus @OnePlus_IN @OnePlus_Support @getpeid,1159
-@HPSupport [I am attempting to set my HP c309g to work wirelessly. Do not know my network,1160
-@KimKardashian Imagine taking a tequila shot for every “where’s Kylie?” comment,1161
-"@washingtonpost new subscriber, but my password is not accepted on a different device from the one I used to subscribe.",1162
-@comcast @comcastcares is ripping is off! They are not allowing remote app recording and yet sold us as a feature,1163
-".@HolidayInn couldn't be more unprofessional. In dealing with a funeral, a hurricane, and your check-in staff, yours was by far the worst.",1164
-"@AirAsiaSupport Hello, please kindly check my DM!",1165
-@WhirlpoolCare I have already contacted this number. Several times. This needs to be escalated beyond your call cntr,1166
-@awscloud Please make it possible to export Logs in CloudWatch to a s3 bucket independent of the region of the bucket. #please,1167
-"@SouthwestAir @gilbertgacilan Hey SW, what route are your new 737 MAX 8's flying now? Havent seen any yet? Ty",1168
-This new sc update makes me mad,1169
-@SamsungMobileUS just got the note 8..but can't send live messages through samsung messaging app....ideas?,1170
-@united I have been on hold for 32 minutes after asking a question. Did you guys forget about me?,1171
-Jajajajajaja. https://t.co/CbZtiA6ym9,1172
-"Outlast 2 Lets Play Chapter 1 ""Genisis 7-7b"": https://t.co/Vnf0XSGi5Q via @YouTube",1173
-@hulu_support You answer look Trump would why the delay.,1174
-@juan__salgado @sidinusofaiii @Ladygeekp @EdKrassen @grammy4lphhl @IRdotnet @realDonaldTrump You are aware that he'… https://t.co/WaDosqMJh1,1175
-@nationalgridus no one responded to me so i assume everything is fine,1176
-@Safaricom_Care Hi you called by this number 0722000000. You need any help from me?,1177
-Bought this lamp and set it up. Turns out the on and off switch isn't working :( please assist @IKEAUK https://t.co/BQnZJNd5iw,1178
-#bringduckhome https://t.co/TRzr05VxvU,1179
-@DropboxSupport I was overcharged. I want a refund.,1180
-@hm_custserv Hey thanks very much would any stores in limerick have them in stock?,1181
-Folks! I just made 300 .00 for doing nothing! Follow my link to learn more! https://t.co/7OPeHl8CNX,1182
-Everyone please block and report @CristCaceWeathe He is an impersonation of me. @TwitterSupport,1183
-@subaru_usa it's in asheville off tunnel road,1184
-"@StephenKing @ScottMGimple Of course we are all good, pure positive energy we are!!!",1185
-@hsmaclean No,1186
-@IKEAUK Hi after getting 4 kasseby frames this week but not available in Notts store? Any idea of delivery to stores this week?,1187
-Man I rlly want McDonald's rn,1188
-@PearlJam October 2014 at Joe Lewis Arena in Detroit. I had an incredible seat. The performance was perfection. I g… https://t.co/RMghwBRdlO,1189
-@GabeDMorrison https://t.co/kUyTL4wRNP,1190
-Download Fish for Money and earn $15 gift cards just for playing a fishing game! @Apps_that_Pay https://t.co/x5X5TJOakZ,1191
-@TwitterBrasil @TwitterSupport @TwitterSupport Hey I have a serious issue with my account. Could you help me please?,1192
-https://t.co/IdIcfq62Ed,1193
-@LenovoSupport lenovo k3 note display flicker and dynamic pixel issue. no support from lenovoindia,1194
-"@neimanmarcus, your online delivery services are subpar. Take a cue from @amazon or @jcrew",1195
-@XboxSupport I factory reset because of this I there a way to retract this,1196
-@FaceTheNation @SenMajLdr More specifically he said that lower-income people are less entitled to tax breaks becaus… https://t.co/49V7dpBDRK,1197
-@budweiserusa Thank you so much for making a box that shreds apart even when carried by both handles. #nogood #parkinglotfail pic.twitter.com/Vs6TpJDzSH,1198
-"@Shypixel @DIRECTVService I pay the extra ""insurance "" every month and didn't have to wait. I don't know if there is a connection or not.",1199
-@OnePlus_Support I had entered in giveway contest for OnePlus 5t lava. So waiting for the result,1200
-@MarkBozantMusic I actually like Grow Up (it could use a cool Theology Teacher somewhere in the lyrics��),1201
-Please help us bring my daddy's lost wedding ring home. He's worn it for 64.5 years! https://t.co/tmnrN8Fn2K,1202
-RESTOCK WHITE JIMMY BUTLER JERSEY IN MEDIUM SIZES ITS BEEN LIKE 3 MONTHS!! @NBASTORESupport,1203
-@HondaCustSvc I have a 2004 CR-V and I hear a clunking under the car when I go over bumps. Any idea what this is? Mechanic can't find it.,1204
-I'm in the running to win a free @SaatvaMattress luxury coil-on-coil pillow-top #mattress from @goodbed! #giveaway https://t.co/2RoOwN30z4,1205
-@CalebWatt15 Good luck with /dev/tcp on #macOS,1206
-@Uber_Support Four days is not as quickly as possible.,1207
-@emiselaa I had to tape them! lol,1208
-@BobCaton So we aren’t going for this :(,1209
-@NYTsupport The new update to the Xword app addresses almost every issue since the redesign. Thanks for listening to your customers!!,1210
-"Trunzo has been wearing a pair of Raf Simons designed Adidas Ozweegos, which he describes as “quite geriatric.” I W… https://t.co/8dZgXgZGT6",1211
-"Suggestion to @BLACKANDDECKER I bought your 12-Cup Programmable Coffee and Tea Maker CM30055, 5 minutes it too long to steep most teas especially green and white tea. Unit should have option to reduce tea brewing time. Makes a nice cup of coffee, though",1212
-"Hey, I realized that I'm one month away to tying my previous unemployment record of 9 months... #Goals",1213
-@hoodcouturemag I need more photos https://t.co/8cTLElFfRE,1214
-I think #thelibrarians and the silver screen is my favorite. Lots of laughs.,1215
-@virgintrains Driver of delayed 15.50 Birmingham New St to Euston has been great. Sad reason for delay #kindcommunication #customerservice,1216
-@ThreeUKSupport yeah gl53 7jx. The shop mentioned the new John Lewis blocking signal but not much else.,1217
-Video editing is a bore,1218
-Cant connect to a game still. @Rainbow6Game,1219
-"@wwbookclub I feel like he'd feel proud with any punishment knowing it's for Voldemort's cause, possibly inspiring others.",1220
-"@AOLSupportHelp hello, my name is jaspreet. i have deactivated phone ,lost disable code.cant get it now. my email id is = belair7aig@aol.com",1221
-"@adamjames949494 @MattGeeson @ItssRaych @TwitterSupport clear bullying there in the first tweet, please have this looked into",1222
-@CC_DukeGames (at)CoachPatJohnson,1223
-Dear @WhirlpoolCorp Naming multiple models of front loading wagers DUET makes it IMPOSSIBLE to find the RIGHT manual & help online.,1224
-No eggs on my breakfast sandwich nice @Mcdonalds you can never get the order right,1225
-@GeorgiaPower when will our power be back on?? It's getting dark over here!,1226
-@NYTsupport 3 unanswered emails & 1 phone call to you. I still haven't received a paper since the end of May. What is the problem?!,1227
-@Dropbox Could you please tell your business team to stop hassling us? They have been relentless over the last few weeks.,1228
-happy britney's birthday,1229
-@Apple @AppleSupport My #Holiday present from #Apple is a MacBook Air that does not work. #HappyHolidays,1230
-"@MsMochaXXXstacy Looking at that, guess what I'm doing all evening?",1231
-I just gave 5 stars to Sunshine at @neimanmarcus for the great service I received!,1232
-"@Jsprings11 Didn’t mean for that to come off as directed towards you ��, that’s just what my reaction would be if a… https://t.co/EY1QhMB60K",1233
-@EE when is the new HTC U11+ gonna be available to order?,1234
-"@Superdry_Care This one, in any colour but black in a medium! https://t.co/ds0oiN3mFE",1235
-Why is this @S1lvrr https://t.co/3xi6abRyPn,1236
-Someone should pick me up n we can go get mcdonalds.,1237
-I really regret changing my internet provider from virgin media to BT. Shocking connection,1238
-"@HPSupport No, it's copy only in black",1239
-@greateranglia why is the 1750 to Norwich slow running through Stratford? Any reason other than the standard congestion?,1240
-@Atomicmerkin This is true.,1241
-Iowa State - 14 Memphis - 20 Refs - 7 3rd and winning TD was pure garbage. #2017LibertyBowl,1242
-@theTunnelBear May I please have extra GBs? : ),1243
-"I accrued anough PTO to justify a vacation, but I won't even need/get to use it because my coordinator literally st… https://t.co/3qCsdvmN3Y",1244
-My brand new @SouthwestAir airplane to Baltimore squeaked like a styrofoam take out container in the back of a 1982 Datsun. #needdrinks,1245
-@johnjnorris @SquareUK Classic,1246
-@MACcosmetics when is the bold & bad mascara coming out in the UK & Ireland?,1247
-J. Sprinkle just scored a TD,1248
-@LenovoSupport thanks guys! Much appreciated!,1249
-@MatchboxTwenty One of my favorites of all time. I was so happy when they played it live this summer!,1250
-"@GeorgiaPower @Cannonland3 Unless you try to use Safari, or Chrome... in which case the ""next"" button does not work.",1251
-"Simple, smart, real life https://t.co/8Qn0hciRCL",1252
-"I believe in this. This is really me tweeting this. #NetNeutrality is key to free expression, innovation & public… https://t.co/DNCQqjB46k",1253
-#hulu @hulu what happened to you guys? 400 bad request errors when I go to your help page Hulu service not available. What am I paying for?,1254
-When I'm checking @Uber @Uber_Support I have 10 $ more ... why? #CustomerService #Uber #LosAngeles #Hollywood https://t.co/x8SIPQGitI,1255
-@SamsungSupport heart rate monitor on my samsung watch is terribly inn accurate,1256
-@GEICO_Service Yes - that would be great,1257
-@TwitterSupport I'm having a rather large issue. Please help.,1258
-"@DropboxSupport hi, just got email 'Your Dropbox Business account has been closed' could you help, got alot of questions here!",1259
-"@UPSHelp I really need help with a package on the way to me, the sender missed a very important part of my address off the package-it won't get to me if this isn't added, i have the ups tracking number, I've looked for ways to add this online but can't se",1260
-@donttrythis WHAT ABOUT THE POLYHEDRALS!!!,1261
-Anyone having issues with their #Giulia @AlfaRomeoCareUK @AlfaRomeoUSA #Alfaromeo if you are I would be interested 2 know #caranddriver,1262
-"Get money for nothing with Dosh, my favorite app that pays me to shop, dine out and book hotels #dosh… https://t.co/xbpJCvjxDS",1263
-i haven’t decided if my manager put me on as a swing tomorrow bc she’s punishing me or bc she thinks she’s giving me the better shift ��,1264
-"Welcome to the north! I mean... Tennessee? Where it’s way too cold, but too cold for snow?... oh. And dry. https://t.co/V0Jsp1Z4sy",1265
-@krakenfx I'm about to pull everything off your exchange. Your lag is costing me money!! and now I get nothing but host errors!,1266
-@RailMinIndia window is not clear at all. Nothing visible. Train no 12846. Pnr no 4336219971.pls do something.,1267
-@RailMinIndia @PiyushGoyalOffc Dear sir when this train will run on time. 7hr late and still continue. https://t.co/5UdQ2iSt6r,1268
-@asiamajor_ Is there room for one more???,1269
-Dear @John_Currie Greg Schiano knew that Jerry Sandusky was molesting children in the locker room. That is reason… https://t.co/UhFddmGMrF,1270
-https://t.co/JCtSz3cQba How bad do you really want a PS4 this year? Get a pre-owned Playstation 4 at a very low dis… https://t.co/XmqCEQ09S2,1271
-"@courtneyc007 Is it part of your major? If no, wing it",1272
-"@LenovoSupport Hi, is there any reason Nougat isn't being released in the UK for your excellent P2 phone?",1273
-@motorolaindia why can't you end up this year with 8.0 update for Moto g4plus,1274
-@NYTsupport how come the weekend delivery arrives so late in the morning - i'd love to read w/ my coffee!,1275
-"Caught in a chase, 25 to life.",1276
-@AskeBay Still haven't heard back from you and still experiencing 'electronicsnical Difficulties' https://t.co/Egnr1kpU22,1277
-“Someone had to tell me that I had cookie in my hair this morning...” -@sayjaycay,1278
-@DIRECTVService hi how come channel 3 is missing?,1279
-"@SqSupportUK Hello, can you tell me why 'Offline mode' might not be available in the iOS app?",1280
-@SamsungSupport why buy from Samsung when they can't even deliver $100 Google Play credit they promised. Smh,1281
-@Lightroom So... Lightroom CC. Is there a possibility to have 'offline' catalogues?,1282
-@Brossentia What's your primary gig now?,1283
-"@airtelindia @Airtel_Presence See this list of companies and their phones supporting the @reliancejio 's VoLTE, and see your small list that too with the major smartphone sellers like @motorolaindia , @Lenovo_in & @XiaomiIndia missing. What are you guys d",1284
-"No ice cream, brand new self order broken, no Sprite, dried up unappetizing food. #fail @McDonalds https://t.co/wBTdh00Lik",1285
-@BN_care I don't know how many times someone needs to tell you I want to unsubscribe from all emails yet every morning I have to go back and say no. Today was day 5. STOP EMAILING ME,1286
-Some where RGIII is jealous about how bad Nick Foles got #NFLPlayoffs,1287
-@DylanYutko Go Badgers!,1288
-Love these two! #BrookeDavonDuet,1289
-"@ZARA_Care I ordered items online, I need to return something but there is no receipt in the box. Please help",1290
-@ThreeUKSupport Thanks Three. Does the data passport work in Grenada,1291
-@greateranglia please fix the platform drainage issue at Audley End.,1292
-"@RailMinIndia Travelling in Purushottam 12802 S9, condition of washroom is pathetic from The source. Plz get it cleaned",1293
-@hsimon62 must stop Fournette,1294
-@HeathFeathASMR @YouTube That's weak,1295
-"My favorite photo from #wausauwinter fest! Love that big fluffy doggie, yes I do! #wausome… https://t.co/w6V9M5edcJ",1296
-@HMRCcustomers Can I defer it? Or pay it by Direct debit ?,1297
-Merry Christmas and Happy Hanukkah. #tistheseason,1298
-@nationalgridus where is my bill for this month?,1299
-@FC_Help Can you confirm the status of an order for me please. Number 2166941.,1300
-@Nordstrom wins #CyberMonday this year,1301
-Nathaniel Rateliff and the Meat Sweats #MakeABandLessInteresting,1302
-@Moto_Support Ive mailed you,1303
-@HMRCcustomers Still waiting on tax return since 4th June. Complaints Department was supposed to solve it and still waiting for 3 weeks.,1304
-"@TopmanAskUs why send me an email to say you are cancelling my order because you no longer have Small in stock, but still proceed to sell that size on your website?! pic.twitter.com/cZ0WrzynE7",1305
-@PiyushGoyal @RailMinIndia @drmjabalpur dear sir train no 12062 pnr 8300549810 many beggers in this train plz resolve issues,1306
-"Sun is setting, wind is picking up, storms are forecasted ���� In the meantime, it’s a lovely night here in Taupō! https://t.co/nUwzer86Bx",1307
-"@AdobeCare Hi, yep I believe so. No update available on CC app",1308
-@subaru_usa We've had a new '17 Impreza for about 7 weeks. Our Avg MPG is WAY below what is advertised. What do we do?,1309
-Do you remember when you joined Twitter? I do! #MyTwitterAnniversary https://t.co/WcBtQuNcip,1310
-"@BeatsSupport : not able to select purchase date of Beats EP on Apple's warranty website. It says ""try again"". What's the fix.",1311
-"@walmarthelp trying to get an update on my order. Can you provide help? If not, i'll cancel and buy from Amazon instead.",1312
-@abbybarnesnicol I could not agree more Abs! I LOVE working from home as those days are so much more productive -… https://t.co/tseEEQKpBX,1313
-Hey @GEICO is it good customer service to inconvenience Houston flood victims? Like does car really look usable? https://t.co/Bw4IcPpifg,1314
-@hulu @hulu_support yall should get House MD since netflix dropped that one too,1315
-No phone service from @ThreeUKSupport in King's Lynn as somebody has farted in Downham Market.,1316
-Book Now And Save!! - https://t.co/6TjdKK3Isf,1317
-"@duker “Dad, you finally get me!”",1318
-@ikeepit2hunnit Yup I was cracking up too ��,1319
-@pizzahut They gave us a 30 day credit,1320
-"@TprPurdy @poe351 @TrooperBenKHP @TrooperBob_SCHP @KingofKSP That I do, dim my lights when another vehicle is approaching me",1321
-Bathroom selfie in my Leviathan shirt from blackcraftcult ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ #selfie #stretchedears… https://t.co/jvnMrE6zCi,1322
-@KenyaPower_Care no power in south b Hazina,1323
-#disappointed in how @SamsungMobileUS/ @SamsungMobileUS #Galaxy #Note8 is #fragile =T #New & #broken! =( #hankrizy @hankrizy @hankrisy #nyc,1324
-@icecoldpenguin But you had to like that Alexa commercial,1325
-@RandySchreck @sho_help yes! Why are the apps down?!,1326
-@SamsungSupport Can someone please help me? I've already sent a DM.,1327
-"@Topman still waiting for order 316778282, tracking says it's been delivered but it hasn't arrived",1328
-@peachnara @snave1208 And don’t forget the terminally ill little girl that they are all fighting for that reminds them how precious life is.,1329
-@DIRECTVService I have a 4k tv can I get a 4k receiver and if so how much extra will it cost?,1330
-@disn3yfanatic I think it's safe �� https://t.co/qltkssptAk,1331
-@davidlabrava ask kurt why the show never won any awards,1332
-@PaigeVanzantUFC Does that mean you may inflict more damage now with that spinning back fist?!,1333
-@Aaron_Tjr you’re always surprising me you little star ��,1334
-@AskeBay so i bought some shoes and i new they were used and dirty but in the picture they guy had uploaded the shoes looked fine and When I got them they look nothing like the picture,1335
-Why do some people need CONSTANT attention and reassurance? Chill. You’re too high maintenance.,1336
-@HondaCustSvc Could someone please explain why my original battery w/100 mo warranty isn't covered when it dies after less than 4 years?,1337
-"@SquareUK hey there - can't activate for credit card payments. We are a charity in the UK, so in the 'Business Type' we don't have an option",1338
-@sydneybetts_ @FlorezaTiffany @chrissyteigen can you buy this one ?,1339
-@AskPlayStation I already did that could it be a corrupted hard drive ?,1340
-@UbisoftSupport Is update more than 20GB?,1341
-one person followed me // automatically checked by https://t.co/Bso1D1cXy4,1342
-@Uber_Support I want Uber to do con call with the driver (my last trip) ASAP,1343
-@WhirlpoolCare Thanks for the response. This isn't the complete model no? https://t.co/LTIoE2AtY6,1344
-@BNBuzz lost my business lost my business today. Not sure why you don't match online prices in store...,1345
-I just reviewed The Queen of Hearts by Kimmery Martin. #NetGalley https://t.co/q4pWVoOxwu,1346
-@snowweisz_ @brandonlaw_wx It truly is!!! The airport is so dead it’s amazing,1347
-@SamsungMobileUS Galaxy S8 btw,1348
-https://t.co/bsRwXt3vD2 #BraunTherms #ad #gotitfree @Influenster https://t.co/iHRL4yPtxd,1349
-When will @Moto_Support @motorolaindia @Moto Ll bring support for @airtelindia VoLTE. Waiting for the Software update along with December Security Patches!,1350
-@Delta Again no reply. I hope someone is working on it. https://t.co/cmDMrW6QDJ,1351
-The lady running the iPad @Harrods in the @LouisVuitton_UK section was so rude and unhelpful. She's needs customer service lessons.,1352
-@NBCThisisUs They also don’t have words. #iseefaces https://t.co/FBXCXCOXt3,1353
-@hm_custserv Is it available in lakeside and how much is it x,1354
-@GEICO_Service charged 20 dollars EVEN THOUGH you got your money. Really?,1355
-This Cowboys game is killing me omg,1356
-This explains that Splenda is a good choice as a natural product. #splendasavvies #sponsored https://t.co/VcLlBFJtGw,1357
-@Delta Will you cover me a rent a car to Atlanta?,1358
-"Ok @JetBlue , I'm in love with you. #efficient #clean #ontime #goodfood #funnycrew #notanad",1359
-"Why do @PayPalUK and @eBay_UK make it so hard to process partial refunds?! I made three long and pointless phone calls yesterday, and got nowhere. Someone even transferred me to eBay Italy. Both companies tell me I need to sort it with the other company. Bureaucratic nightmare...",1360
-@Safaricom_Care If you cared to go through the thread of emails you will realize that i was not sorted,1361
-"@TommyHilfiger stiching on chino's bought 1 month ago in westfield london ripped, no help from shop. Dissapointing. http://t.co/JnGNxpqv2s",1362
-@Kamalh1113 You went to sleep crying,1363
-This is NOT a dog. https://t.co/2q1zUUUKJv,1364
-@prettysmart_420 @Taradactyl16 @netflix That depends on your definition of talented...,1365
-"@realDonaldTrump stop being an asshat and do what you know is right, stop name calling, bullying, and help the peop… https://t.co/JQVUCJGLNS",1366
-@creadymclingais @csydelko That ed Hardy “style?”,1367
-My colleague Nadine Mirchandani discusses consumer demand with n@BloombergTV https://t.co/VAcCyKT38O,1368
-I just registered for Tour De Life Ride 2018 using Race Roster. Join me - https://t.co/LfdGlrNquN,1369
-@erincandy @xoShaaan @nicolconcilio Dude NOTHING is original. I could create a look tomorrow and it might look exac… https://t.co/IAWtCKY2BL,1370
-@hulu_support yr site is confusing. does Live TV include Hulu streaming with no ads?,1371
-"@nationalgridus We're ""homeless"" in MA waiting on NG to install our electricity! Waiting on pre-checks!! Work Request 21643017 Help Please!",1372
-@TrueJXC Yeah man. Trying to get Shears to come but he’s still up in the air.,1373
-@united It was Sunday December 3rd.,1374
-@MACcosmetics I was sent an iridescent powder from you but it has finger nail marks in it and I have literally just opened it .???,1375
-@HPSupport my hp 520-1030a wifi wont connect to any network for some reason even if the network has no password #HPcpAUS,1376
-You’re going to love what you’re eating with this crispy @PerdueChicken po’boy with slaw! #Promotion #PerdueCrew. -… https://t.co/o3AxA3KD0z,1377
-@hulu I'm done. 3 hours trying to submit my payment info and it's declined because my bank is not from US. Help,1378
-"@hm_custserv I've made an order but put the wrong address, can you help?",1379
-@ToysRUs @CBS @NBCNews @ABC @CNN,1380
-"I'm gonna shove all of those kids out of the way in the theater, I've waited too long for this. https://t.co/rHTE5ipZt6",1381
-@dexrickey Prove it,1382
-"@itsSTquotes 7 was a filler episode, they could have done that in a few scenes not a whole episode",1383
-Meet new friends w/Trendy guitars. https://t.co/yYzBiwNu51 https://t.co/flceK7cT2A #giveaway,1384
-@DSGSupport I applied for a job at a local store and nobody has gotten back to me on anything. Can you guys look into it?,1385
-"@WoolyToots Couldn't agree more! ""Hey, this smells revolting; I'm gonna be sick...wanna smell it?""",1386
-What a nice package to come home to @ThreeUK @HandyCandyUK #wuntu #freesweets https://t.co/E5KlcOyNNO,1387
-@lexmoreno15 You're too kind dear ����,1388
-@theyeezymafia Why isn’t it on the confirmed app?,1389
-@mayzie_metzger OH MY GOSH �� so accurate. He’s so excited with the TP.,1390
-"@nvidiacc so far, the mac graphics drivers have been another disappointing update (for both my Quadro 4000 & GTX-285),",1391
-@VijaySales @WhirlpoolCare rather than escalating to each other do something fruitful. Is not even 4 days the product was delivered to me,1392
-@dacaldar No... this is an issue where one can't just stay on the sidelines. A side must be chosen...,1393
-@HPSupport [ASK YOUR QUESTION HERE] #HPcpAUS Camera on laptop not working since a software update,1394
-@sylvioso James Franco for the Oscar(actor). If you saw The Room he captured his character perfectly,1395
-@virginmedia They make bubbling noises continually tried to phone after 20 mins of getting past from pillar to post they cut you off,1396
-@virginmedia is VM down in CV37 area? Had nonexistent WiFi today,1397
-"I know I haven't been on in a while, but with work it's been hard to find time to write. I'm looking to get back in… https://t.co/VEggz5oBHT",1398
-Yo @beatsbydre your headphones went out on me after 2 weeks of usage.. what's up with that?,1399
-@NBASTORE i would like a full refund on the two items I ordered or I need my packages next day air cause this is crazy can I have a number to call to speak to someone,1400
-@KFC_UKI tower burger with no tower #notangryjustdisapointed https://t.co/CaXI1XQGwO,1401
-@Fallout I finally got my wife to try #Fallout4. Some quality family time this weekend! https://t.co/ftA3MHBHwE,1402
-"@UbisoftSupport Hi guys, please advise?",1403
-@astoldbymegs That. Is. Amazing.,1404
-Anyone who ever suggests we have His Grace's birthday party at Chuck-E-Cheese is going to get… https://t.co/WoYmZZv56T,1405
-one person followed me // automatically checked by https://t.co/XpQ0J9sgFE,1406
-@SkyBlueBirdie lil probably something I jotted down from @FoodNetwork assuming my memory wouldnt fail me,1407
-@subaru_usa no response yet multiple people have complained about the same exact thing.,1408
-"At the Guac Theater, you get to pick your seat and the movie you want to watch, so check it out! Put some guac on t… https://t.co/2C7gutdyAO",1409
-@TheMysteryofGF Have you ever used Amino? For GF or SU?,1410
-"@jerrysavellemin The Happiest of Birthdays to you, Sir!!!!!",1411
-LOVE all the red in the Victoria Secret Fashion Show ❣️❣️,1412
-@EE there's no mention of casting on that page.,1413
-"@MicrosoftHelps I am tryin to log into an hotmail email account that I haven't used for years, it says the email don't exist How do i log in",1414
-@OnePlus_IN my oneplus 3T stuck everytime i unlocked my phone ...need soultion,1415
-Told graham I wanted to FaceTime and then I fell asleep...on FaceTime ����♀️,1416
-"@BNBuzz is recalling the adapter to the nook 7 that breaks. I threw it away, it was dangerous,suck to be me,no replacement. Not happy w/7.",1417
-"@AMCTalkingDead So... that was rough... Hug your animals man, you never know when they might take on a bunch of tox… https://t.co/uOdv6TVzM8",1418
-@AmericanAir I fly to often to wait for your old planes to catch up! Hello @VirginAmerica,1419
-"@IHGService ""let us know if your stay isn't a 10"" Let's start with, what's wrong with this picture? https://t.co/fzewa7xbwb",1420
-@EDWSnip3down The packet loss is insane with spectrum. When I play csgo I have 10% packet loss 90% of the time.,1421
-"@EltonCastee aww but the sketches were winning last time i checked!! but i'll be happy with more from you, whatever kind it is :)",1422
-I just got cut off by a bud light truck. Aka the worlds shittiest beer. @budlight,1423
-"Organic Bedding Giveaway ($1,144 worth of prizes!) https://t.co/JObxlhkWjs via @RootandRevel",1424
-Nothing like remember the awkward sexual tension I lived in during middle school when trying to go to sleep,1425
-@hm_custserv do I have to pay for return shipping?,1426
-I want to downgrade my IOS from 11.2.1 to ios 10 please help @AppleSupport After ios 11 battery has started to drain at lightening speed.,1427
-Check out this new piece of art from #CivicDoodle #JPP4 https://t.co/M3U9imvrkf https://t.co/Z5WyASJwNR,1428
-@davelock21 Thanks!!,1429
-My husband could not have made his recent dumpster dive any more beautiful without the help of Black & Decker and... http://t.co/V2YhbDrOF0,1430
-Plot twist: 2017 was about me all along. https://t.co/rd9iZ2Gc2x #XboxYearInReview,1431
-Extremely poor customer service for online pick at store @Walmart #LebanonNH. Takes the fun outta shopping! Why bother???,1432
-"Here’s a case study I wish @DamonLinker, @RyanTAnd, et al would consider. The quince protest was as pure an example… https://t.co/5R1oTYPrXg",1433
-Hey @GEICO I switched to @joinroot and saved 50% How about them apples?,1434
-@DJGuch Facts My Guy,1435
-@ChryslerCares my car turns itself off while driving. I'm supposed to hear from resolution team but I've called 4 times no call back.,1436
-@nvidiacc thanks for ignoring all my tweets,1437
-@JaredLeto Why,1438
-@DIRECTVService has now sent me to 3 different departments and still not helping me with my billing issue. Great service!!!,1439
-@NaNoWordSprints 647 words! Quite windy here.,1440
-Best. https://t.co/yV3OLPE1sv,1441
-"@CaptGiggleFart @DecentAss Get them a dachshund named Richard, place in box. SFW and still a dick in a box!!",1442
-@washposthelp Scrolling in iOS app becomes very laggy/stutters on ~3rd article. Making the app very unpleasant - any fixes coming?,1443
-Hey @Superdry your shirt looks really nice but this band on the inside cuff (and in the neck) is super scratchy!! https://t.co/bgPSKBYknO,1444
-Worst customer service to-date @DICKS in Greensboro off Wendover. Avoid this place and let's show them we have other choices. #otherchoices,1445
-@johnrich @MotorTrend Photos came out great!,1446
-@VirginTrains any update on the 20:07 to Liverpool line street please Euston #rammed,1447
-Rogue One/The Last Jedi Easter Egg: Hyperspace Tracking is one of the files in the data bank on Scarif.,1448
-@SquareUK Hi can i take a payment over the phone?,1449
-@WhirlpoolCare I did DM you and I did send my information 3 times over 2 years. Your company NEVER REPLIED AND NEVER FOLLOWED UP,1450
-Yay! Thanks to @pinchme I'm a #HAPPYPINCHER https://t.co/mVhKBy6SEr,1451
-"@LenovoSupport Hi, I just bought a Lenovo IdeaPad 320-15ikbn pc. I wanted to know which optical drive corresponds to this pc? . And the max of RAM that I can install. No player engraver on this PC! Thank you for your help .",1452
-@OnePlus_IN when will u announce the giveaway winner,1453
-Went to see the @LastWeekTonight train set in Scranton today! @iamjohnoliver https://t.co/5lVAQbTo6X,1454
-@ShellyRKirchoff @realDonaldTrump However on the other hand you leftists tweet with his @ ALL the time. How is he o… https://t.co/amhEIYVKjm,1455
-@ups your website and customer is terrible. Lost my package and locked out my acct. Rep said 4 hrs for a pin # to be sent. What BS,1456
-@RussBrasfield The loss of an institution. �� RIP Stan.,1457
-@AskFrontier when we first started using it around 9ish this am. it comes and goes....sarasota fruitville area,1458
-@215_76 @sixers @KingJames Trying to stir up more trouble on Twitter? lol,1459
-"@Uber_Support Hi, I have twice asked for a refund for a trip I took on the 11th of December but there has been no response. My ride pass didn't work. Furthermore, the driver took a longer route. Please respond promptly. Thanks.",1460
-"@GEICO had a terrible claim experience and feel very unvalued as a customer.... Shopping around, any one have suggestions?",1461
-Horrible customer service! @nationalgridus,1462
-Wow @AWSSupport is slow...,1463
-@SexualPanda I love that you can tell me about the writing because you’re a writer yourself. Haha random how people… https://t.co/zhjKrVzkNk,1464
-@JetBlue Is there a point at which some compensation is given? We are now more than 3 hours delayed :(,1465
-@pizzahut Not yet I'm about to call back,1466
-@lee27473281 @cashoutlay_ What she did to you?,1467
-"@ZARA_Care I bought a bag from you guys on Sunday 17th if December, half the clasp on the bag is broken. This is ridiculous.",1468
-@soapythedog John McCrea's vibraslap @CAKEMUSIC,1469
-Tomorrow I will start and finish all my Christmas shopping... from the couch. Thanks @eBay,1470
-@93XRT @LinBrehmer since this will probably be my one and only win is it fair to say that I win once every super bl… https://t.co/6tJg1688l7,1471
-@DisneylandToday Thank you! Is it the same nightly or does it change?,1472
-"I just entered @AOVStatsZam Month of Gratitude Giveaway, check out AOVStats for Arena of Valor builds and data!… https://t.co/yI1NQeiuim",1473
-@SHO_Network @sho_help Deadfall 1993 is playing Deadfall 2012 on Showtime streaming. Using Playstation Vue.,1474
-"@tweetknifebox So nice, I really want this! It sure would be nice to win it! :)",1475
-We want that album to come first thanks https://t.co/RBDYzBdoRL,1476
-@nationalgridus I'm moving out of state and need to stop my service as of September 15th at 8pm. How do I cancel my service?,1477
-@VirginTrains Euston to Birmingham. Wish me luck.,1478
-@AmyGlynn15 Amazing point. I have settings on my phone for that. I’m sure I’m not alone. I wonder if FSA can disabl… https://t.co/luY1sFYwld,1479
-@AdobeCare Version 12.0.0. Tried on 2 machines. Not sure I understand your first question...my media and sequence are placed in bins...yes.,1480
-Harry Styles’ Kiwi video is hilarious and amazing. I’m on a break from him fandomwise but it reminded me how much I… https://t.co/QBXMSjkRAq,1481
-@PaperFury Lolz this is too funny but all too true!��,1482
-"@Safaricom_Care yes you may, need the line active please. awaiting your call from one of the guys",1483
-I have a closing shift tonight. :< I don't get off until 10:30. ;.;,1484
-@HondaCustSvc It's not an engine problem. It's something physical.,1485
-"@ThreeUKSupport No, I just cancelled by calling you.",1486
-Real disappointed in @DICKS leaving me high and dry. Ordered some new Iowa gear Tues with 1 day shipping and it hasnt even shipped yet...,1487
-"I was really, really optimistic that the @nationalgridus app wouldn't suck, but boy was I wrong.",1488
-#ygcb,1489
-It’s funny seeing what friends invite me out now. Just because I have a child doesn’t mean I can’t go out. But you guys keep doing you����,1490
-Hi @ASOS_HeretoHelp my delivery keeps being delayed due to bad weather and if it's not here for Thursday I don't need it. How do I cancel?,1491
-@British_Airways BA lost our suitcases yesterday. They still didnt arrive. You've ruined our first day of holidays. How do you compensate?,1492
-@Lisy_Left https://t.co/wQwsGEx0Rf,1493
-I'm a big fan of the Mcrib sandwich at McDonald's. Just smashed one.,1494
-"Seems @ups cant figure out if the package is coming, going, if in Ohio or PA. Wow. https://t.co/8jEXhSxKPG",1495
-How can I get them @Fendi @beatsbydre ?!,1496
-@StopTheClot Do you know of any web site that talks about how to deal with peripheral vascular disease and/or post… https://t.co/5L0FERuCnE,1497
-@OnePlus_IN @OnePlus_Support Wifi drains my battery even it was not used one single time..pls assist https://t.co/SuPcoFk1Xu,1498
-"@BridgetMarie The Notebook. Actually, any Nicholas Sparks movie. #benevolentsexism",1499
-@NikeSupport I figured it out :-) Thanks!,1500
-One thing I will never do as a mother is force my older children to take care of their younger siblings...,1501
-@myekay i’m done with you and your mess,1502
-�� With a Huge Moscow Mule Mug. https://t.co/EFrRW5387l,1503
-"@DropboxSupport Just saw it, thank you!!",1504
-"Just remember that without #stupidity there wouldn't be #intelligence, without #ugliness there wouldn't be #beauty… https://t.co/TAMlMacH4l",1505
-crown royAL https://t.co/F5daBGg293,1506
-@HarrodsService so do you know when them item is back in stock thank you,1507
-@lawseyitfc @TwitterSupport how do I report someone for impersonating a professional football,1508
-Tell me why I’m excited for @KimKardashian new fragrance?,1509
-So mad that my @Fitbit Flex died in under 2 days! Need to try restarting but this battery better still be good; only have had it a year.,1510
-@HarrodsService @Harrods I can't shop online....your website doesn't load. Help! #harrodsmoment,1511
-@BestBuy Why have a call back option on the help line if you don't call back? Done it twice now. About to not spend $ with y'all,1512
-I just discovered the Reptile Soup recipe in #dawnofcrafting! Download at https://t.co/NbjhSnvMCm https://t.co/Mf593GqeCy,1513
-"Dear @washingtonpost when you make me sign in then won't let me go back to article I just clicked on, huge #fail",1514
-*playing cards* 7 yr old: Aces are the highest. 4 yr old: A's? Me: A-CE. It can also be one. 4 yr old: oh.... https://t.co/YPb52no8UK,1515
-@HMRCcustomers Help! Need a clients' tax office detail for ref 663 for a mortgage application - can't find info ANYWHERE!,1516
-@Rainbow6Game @UbisoftSupport Does this come out for everybody today?,1517
-I love waiting at Mcdonalds for 15 Minutes just for some semi-good ice cream https://t.co/89efKBd67o,1518
-@VodafoneIN I don't have balance so call me 8384052361 plz,1519
-Went to @saks to buy a @Burberry shirt as a gift. Asked for a Burberry box or bag and they told me to go to the Burberry store on Newbury St. they would be able to give it me with no problem.,1520
-A little help with this jean problem please. Only worn a few times and this has happened. #tragedy @TommyHilfiger http://t.co/gbMYlz02xD,1521
-"#FacebookZero is here. After years of declining single-digit organic reach, publishers will need to double-down on… https://t.co/BSjMOnXXRY",1522
-Hey @DmontyGaming how bout dat... @TheRealCyphic https://t.co/yyZbDb2X0W,1523
-Ok cool https://t.co/iREayiNHa8,1524
-I need a three day weekend...,1525
-Watching #AChristmasPrince again why you ask? No idea,1526
-@BootsUK Hi am I able to buy an item over the phone? Or get it sent from one store to another?,1527
-@Yelp @yelpsupport can you add a filter to show which businesses have changing tables?! #nycbabyproblems,1528
-@LenovoSupport Edge2-1580 Model 80QF. Just did Windows update now the wireless won't work. Any idea or suggestion?,1529
-In need of someone to watch Christmas movies w����,1530
-@ASOS_HeretoHelp I've been keeping an eye out for a week! It was supposed to be 2 days to begin with.,1531
-@QVC you need to let your customers use the Direct Express Card using the payment method for purchasing merchandise… https://t.co/JjYvwZS69d,1532
-"@comcastcares Internet has been down day in Malden, MA. Already sent the DM.",1533
-@THEJeepMafia @m1960a07 @RayGunVoss @mowital @rpx53 @milania1997 @BonhamChrysler2 @ReturnCheck @Thejeepboss… https://t.co/FvI8gEoP1I,1534
-@RyanLennoxk9 @PascoSheriff @LivePdFans @OfficialLivePD @Aschuering13 Good looking dog I miss mine he was A great p… https://t.co/Taur4XhtG4,1535
-@Kaepernick7 Happy Birthday ��������and thank you for your courage and for being a positive role model for our children.,1536
-"@rochelletoro It's Jackson Hole, Wyoming!",1537
-@tomt79 Sorry to see that has happened Tom! Did you buy the jacket online or from an official UK Superdry store?,1538
-@Emilymay_33 Isn’t that the pot calling the kettle black��,1539
-@realelectronicsniques hi is the mini expert face brush available to order online at @BootsUK or @superdrug?,1540
-Oh I hear the silverware being dried! That’s my que to go!,1541
-.@Crumpocolypse : “don’t ever buy me a surprise car for Christmas. Me : “k” #Christmastime #Advertising,1542
-@BestBuy Hold time for customer service for people having problems with online orders is 40 minutes? Wow .....,1543
-�� YASSS It's time for a great show Miss.LittyKitty��:Follow me! 420&b https://t.co/mVh50rpD5J https://t.co/0KwhvZA7bi,1544
-@GEICO are representatives in the office today to answer any questions?,1545
-When you go to grab an unopened beer and it's only half full... Thanks @MichelobULTRA,1546
-@ampersteph @nocontexttgp @abby_booth She’s a robot,1547
-@jedgarnaut I'm having a really great weekend,1548
-@DLicorice At least you're not a Broncos fan....,1549
-Not good enough @IHG Trying to book a hotel and got cut off twice. Got back through and told price no longer available. Very disappointed,1550
-@TamaraLChambers You should 100% watch Clue for Tamara's Never Seen! It's one of my favorite movies and also they o… https://t.co/lsqXGPegE4,1551
-@GeorgiaPower How long is the outage in Stockbridge,1552
-I found a nice deal on Amazon. 25% OFF coupon O5Q9TJLH for Baking Sheet Set. https://t.co/eWwq1lARiX https://t.co/lOhmGrxKDt #giveaway,1553
-@Lyricoldrap ; “I wear a double twin queen california king waterbed.”,1554
-@beatsbydre Luv my Powerbeats but after 18 months Mike and stop/answer button doesn't work. Anything we can do? Help me out beats...,1555
-@NikeSupport I am unable to save my runs. Please help.,1556
-@BurberryService @BurberryService I want to buy this item in this store which is in regent street.,1557
-"Hey @SamsungSupport, so this just happened at 1 am. Thought a bomb went off in my house. https://t.co/E3VWEm6N68",1558
-https://t.co/H7NPlSQTs1,1559
-"@RepJeffDenham Unfortunately for you, your constituents aren't blind to what the #TaxScamBill really means. Unfortu… https://t.co/bHmpF9q7Fp",1560
-"Enter @xmastreemarket's #TreemendousChristmas #Giveaway and win a $70 gift card, wreath or Christmas tree! https://t.co/xO9ROydzcG",1561
-@leandra_leee omg and sideburns caught me with my phone ������,1562
-@SouthwestAir Yes and the plane is half full at that point. Easy enough to have <2 preboard and make them go to back,1563
-@yazminenlynch Also super touristy but there’s a special place in my heart for Cafe Du Monde ❤️,1564
-@kynacoba Unckle Chuckies Whorehouse and BBQ Joint,1565
-@virginmedia bring back the old app please. Still can't get in to TV control. Hangs on connecting.,1566
-@zach_schmidt Is that the camera that shows me a live feed of the snow frozen to the back of my car when I am in reverse?,1567
-@AdobeCare Can I send it to you in a private message?,1568
-@Therapedic Thank you. I’ll send an email now.,1569
-I just gave 5 stars to Elizabeth at @neimanmarcus for the great service I received!,1570
-"@MicrosoftHelps My goodness, can we have .msg support added to Outlook for Mac?",1571
-@DICKS When u send packages u should really put them in a box so you don't ruin a kids X-mas morning 25 days early! https://t.co/3ISL3sXgao,1572
-Gotta know when to fall back ��,1573
-"Just had to ask my cat to not use her nails when she hits me in the face, so obviously today is going great.",1574
-Follow me on instagram! Let me know that you came from my page! :) @that1hapagirl,1575
-GoGo squeeZ is a great snack for on the go #GoGosqueeZsquad #sponsored https://t.co/DYe57aKchq,1576
-@IHGService I'm at Crowne Plaza Battersea for 8 nights. Can I swap one in the middle of stay for a night at Holiday Inn in Bath U.K.??,1577
-@GrantGinder @MaxBorowitz,1578
-@EE how do I go about paying off my contract?,1579
-@greateranglia custard cream but would have been Gypsy Creams if still made,1580
-".@nvidiacc @NVIDIAQuadro CUDA driver Lion update, please? http://t.co/cil6HT1",1581
-Getting a @fitbit has been one of the best investments I've ever made.,1582
-Gotta love taking three 2015 Chrysler's in for recalls and coming home the same day to mail from @Chrysler explaining more recalls,1583
-@DailyVotingPoll If you are clicking no then you must be a yogayho fan,1584
-@greateranglia why is the 0654 Ipswich to Cambridge shown as delayed? Couldn't see anything in journey check. pic.twitter.com/GLStYLgaTN,1585
-buying brown mascara on accident pisses me off so much,1586
-@AppleSupport hey My powerbeats 3 has been powering off on its own? Help?,1587
-@JetBlue have you decreased service between Boston and Baltimore? So few flights available compared to earlier this year,1588
-@JetBlue When are your flights for December 2018 released? Looking to book my Honeymoon transfers,1589
-"@NBASTORESupport hi will you guys have restock on this product Product ID: #959774, thx",1590
-@Airtel_Presence I want to port my number from @VodafoneIN postpaid.,1591
-@GEICO_Service @GEICO done it*,1592
-@taylorswift13 Why do you look confused? You are an AMAZING songwriter!,1593
-@MarissaAlanaa THIS IS WHAT I WAS SAYING EARLIER!! So many jokes to be made,1594
-@BootsHelp am I able to return things to the store if I paid through PayPal or do I need to post it back ?,1595
-@Topman is there a reason no Unidays codes are working on your website? #help #lastminutepresents,1596
-@Walmart I've been waiting for over an hour for my layaway to be found in the back. What's going on?,1597
-Why @awscloud api is spitting weird ^M characters to my log files? Haven't seen those for ages.,1598
-@Jillniki @joannagaines I hear you! One of my biggest wishes is to have demo day at mine with @chipgaines,1599
-I don't know how @comcast still only has the DVR capabilities of 1997.,1600
-@washposthelp I want to cancel my subscription. How can I reach someone to do this?,1601
-"@HarrodsService Has your Christmas shop opened yet? If so, where can I find it?",1602
-@pizzahut should I eat u or papa johns?,1603
-@washingtonpost I'm seriously going to cancel my subscription if you don't fix this https://t.co/OVv4B5a6V5,1604
-Straight up just doing it for the emoji. #TheXFiles,1605
-"when i talk shit about someone, i am so unapologetic cuz when i talk shit, it's not some petty ass reason like you… https://t.co/7vdSAtIDf1",1606
-Because I really love Whole Foods....I could spend my day there honestly,1607
-@Safaricom_Care Alright thanks,1608
-"@Ron_garza7 @derekcarrqb Merry early Christmas , babe!!! ����",1609
-@hulu_support Was DAVE MADE A MAZE added yet? I can't find it on @hulu,1610
-@yashar @Peggynoonannyc Thank you for starting my day with a beautiful non-partisan story.,1611
-"Shout out to the social media team @HeathrowAirport @British_Airways Whilst I get the frustration, there's never a time people should be insulting or rude when tweeting. These good people responding are employee's just tyring to help. #HeathrowAirport #Heathrow #BritishAirways",1612
-@AskPlayStation I have a problem and need help with a refund. Support site kept putting me in a loop with 'contact us' pls advise...,1613
-How do I claim NHS discount on my room booking? @HolidayInn,1614
-@BurberryService still waiting for a reply to an email I sent regarding an issue from this weekend.,1615
-"@blackanddecker So my wife bought me the 4amp Matrix drill.. I am pretty excited about it, too. Now I need some attachments!",1616
-"When @bt_uk broadband is that rubbish, it even tells you on the tv. #WouldNotRecommend #BTisRubbish https://t.co/MnhnjeicjY",1617
-@MATTHARDYBRAND It is DELIGHTFUL to see the Broken Brilliance back. It is time to DELETE!! #WOKENWisdom #WOKENWARRIORS,1618
-@VodafoneIN Waiting for call,1619
-Just entered to win a Wardrobe Upgrade from @dudeshopping and @MizzenAndMain! https://t.co/97mVROadiN,1620
-@FC_Help Thanks! Do you have any idea of the actual name of the dress?,1621
-@ChuckRoss33 Yes! Statistics show racial tendancies. #StructuredSentencing should minimize but doesn’t change environment,1622
-@NortonSupport my software is up to date! nothing's changed :) https://t.co/3RMoKlHnaj,1623
-Waiting for results so excited for it #OnePlus5TLavaRed @OnePlus_IN,1624
-I have no idea where my @MACcosmetics order is and their customer service is frustrating to say the least https://t.co/imYAMHn0BG,1625
-Why did he write 6 upside down https://t.co/VLnBvwqFUM,1626
-@BNBuzz @ConnorFranta that will ensure my entrance to the event for the meet and greet?,1627
-@FC_Help Can you confirm the status of an order for me - seems to have gone missing: W2180436 DHL never delivered and don't have it at their collection point.,1628
-Thanks @pizzahut real appetizing https://t.co/l1AtVcJ7ft,1629
-Omg I can’t even wait anymore. #dying #tswift https://t.co/18WCVY55BC,1630
-Finished Chicken PotPies https://t.co/En1qKtpUe7,1631
-Hey @Medium my account seems to have disappeared on your website. What's happened?,1632
-"@cuhmeel party in your bedroom, fantasy, giving up the gun, upular. it was a nice mix. took me back to freshman year",1633
-@OnePlus_IN there is problem in your parallel app.. I can't download images in WhatsApp if using parallel app.,1634
-"@geico - 30 mins on hold to talk to someone about my policy- because you jacked up my price 57% without telling me. After 2 years of being a customer this is what I get. Consider the policy cancelled, in an hour or so when i am off hold. #insurance #geico",1635
-@Superdry Bullring. Heard of customer service? You left a tag on my coat. Go to get it removed and I'm treated like a criminal. #NoGoodwill,1636
-Hay @applesupport are you guys aware of this issue? Brand new iPhone 8 Plus. Is this just me or what? https://t.co/YNlC6Ckkz4,1637
-"Y’all.. if Beth would have been in this room when this went down, good Lawd. She would have shut the therapist up a… https://t.co/G520t2jmOP",1638
-"Due to @hulu issues, just getting to @TheMindyProject finale now. Thank you, @mindykaling, for making this magic. You are my she-ro.",1639
-"@UPS @UPSHelp , Hi is they any delays in Koeln,Germany due to weather?",1640
-@DonaldJTrumpJr life must be a bitch for you.,1641
-Just posted a photo https://t.co/lOegb7Yoe1,1642
-AT LEAST once a day I find myself going through to the McDonald's app looking at all the deals they have,1643
-@AirAsiaSupport why..i cant proceed,1644
-@AOLSupportHelp my name change to numbers when i enter to play,1645
-"Okay, yes, but at the same time, you should understand your place of privilege if your college tuition/experience i… https://t.co/xe50rJjrDU",1646
-@VW Unacceptable that at 74k the entire A/C system self-destructs and needs a $2k repair. #crapquality #usedtolovevw https://t.co/hpuqlyFvPE,1647
-@AirAsiaSupport Please check your message.,1648
-@LisaMatthis Same. When he turned his hat around...������,1649
-@EE And i have 4G!!! Bloody not great when your trying to arrange interviews with employees,1650
-@FC_Help Please could you point me in the direction of your PR department. I need to contact them with regards to some client work.,1651
-@comcastcares I can validate all the information. Just right here on Twitter via reply?,1652
-@Topman order number is 314635309 (two jeans). Parcel tracking number is RML0514765190A,1653
-@BestBuy I made multiple Unsuccessful attempts to buy iPhone online Monday. Please provide me contact info to resolve this issue,1654
-"@Square @jack congratulations on launching square in the UK, would like to discuss options on moving our merchant accounts to you.",1655
-"Always this happens in my OnePlus 5 can't able to play bcoz of login issues in all browser .... Even after logged in, it again asks for login in @OnePlus_IN @OnePlus_Support pic.twitter.com/aO632syxfs",1656
-Just opened a fresh Bud Light that was filled with water. Please explain @budlight.,1657
-"@Timcast I've watched so much stuff about bitcoin, and I still just don't get it! I need a bitcoin guide for dummies!",1658
-"I HATE my @Chrysler #Sebring so much! this thing is an electrical #lemon dash lights, headlights, windows, wipers..all garbage! #regretful",1659
-@SHO_Network I am getting server errors when I try to activate a device. Plz help,1660
-@JonAcuff @Culligan27 He had burns on all 4 feet and ears. He was taken to a wildlife center. Got fixed up and was… https://t.co/V0QCIhvuc7,1661
-@ProudResister @brontyman @realDonaldTrump He would have to abandon his base.,1662
-"AVON Campaign 26, 2017 https://t.co/9lGo3Gm6uF",1663
-Become a @Discover Cardmember and you’ll get a $50 Statement Credit with your 1st purchase within 3 months. https://t.co/wgqV1USLMQ,1664
-"@EE no signal/network in RG27 0NH, is there a known issue? The network checker states that engineers have fixed a recent issue",1665
-.@WholeFoods trying to plan my week so can u confirm whether the 12 days of cheese on the same cheese nationwide or is every store diff,1666
-@budweiser must of been the guys last day an said eff it http://t.co/vaSnH5rQhG,1667
-@united I need help. But your customer service people at SFO are so uncooperative.,1668
-@Illy__V @TheWeekdy_OVOXO https://t.co/bAZbVtIFfp,1669
-#WPMOYSolder,1670
-@JudgeJeanine Someone needs to have schiff point out in the memo where he said releasing would do damage to our nat… https://t.co/B18Eg0k2Fb,1671
-#Cats #MildredtheCat – I want a #groundhog friend https://t.co/fPGqYRZwRZ,1672
-@Moto_Support But my phone is factory data reset last location is where my phone stolen I will give you IMEI can trace it,1673
-"Also I don't like affection much, but I do like small nighttime cuddles for like a few minutes before bed. But only a few minutes!",1674
-"@NortonSupport still not working here. just got the big red alert message ""not protected"", etc.",1675
-@BootsUK hi I was just wondering if your feather and down sleep products cruelty free???,1676
-@iusuallydont I love it! Best character ever to step onto television,1677
-When @AmericanAir cancels your flight and immediately books you to an earlier flight https://t.co/ZSvUlOSsIG,1678
-I just gave 5 stars to Rainee at @neimanmarcus for the great service I received!,1679
-"@Safaricom_Care This unbelievable! I bought tunukiwa 170mbs yesterday & 105mbs today @8 .55 & all these depleted less than an hour, what's the problem?",1680
-"PLEASE @WholeFoods build a market in Richmond VA that serves The Fan, Downtown, Scott's Addition and Northside. We CRAVE a decent grocery!!!",1681
-@ChrisYoungMusic feel better soon,1682
-Maybe it’s time to dust off that PowerMac G5 that’s in the cupboard... https://t.co/c2XTmzapAj,1683
-"@SilvaScreen Thanks, times 12. https://t.co/e6NkvNjTcB",1684
-@JozLuv “We’ve wandered too far from a hunter gatherer society”,1685
-�� LIVE on @YouNow - https://t.co/plU6WGV6VP,1686
-My clutch had been in my car for its entire life.... That's 365000 miles on one clutch #vw #germanmade,1687
-@NikeSupport Correct,1688
-I should've just taken a sled to work instead of driving...probably would've been faster ❄️❄️❄️,1689
-@DIRECTVService Thanks but I got it done.,1690
-I would have a little respect if he did like @notthefakeSVP or @Evan_McMullin and called it a day. https://t.co/yJA4S6hgDh,1691
-@KFC_UKI Zero interest in customer care then @KFC_UKI given the lack of engagement #takethemoneyandrun,1692
-"When the wait at the Apple store is way too long, so you watch the Ace Family to make the time flyyyyy by ♥️… https://t.co/Oq2ANLrBIm",1693
-@Delta On hold now for more than one hour trying to get my son a seat on a flight he already has a reservation on. Why would I not fly @united ???,1694
-"Bitcoin, Bitcoin, Bitcoin! You've heard about it, you may even have some! Here's how you can 6-7x your beloved... https://t.co/x5CvWF3Hku",1695
-@KaleeStallings_ I'll give you 6,1696
-2 years with this beautiful woman. I couldn’t imagine doing life… https://t.co/xTehbBbZ8m,1697
-"@tjklune I just finished COM... and man... talk about a Kim Kardashian ugly cry. I mean.. ugly tears. Big, fat nas… https://t.co/5oM7bChnSy",1698
-@FitbitSupport hi I just got my first fatbit but it has a line going through everything is this normal https://t.co/ZC7C125nEC,1699
-@AmericanAir gorgeous weekend my favorite #AA company!,1700
-Please tell me I'm not the only person who thinks a pad or tape on Brady's hand magically makes that pass stick to… https://t.co/42jfJLYRJQ,1701
-@McDonalds when is the szechuan sauce coming back? :( someone asked me to get it for Christmas lol! https://t.co/kudmlmzYw7,1702
-@HarrodsService have you guys sent out your save the date emails for the Christmas Grotto yet?,1703
-I need to stop wearing Tommy Hilfiger i forgot hes a racist motherfucker,1704
-@ArbysCares Free chicken or slider or something. I don't recall.,1705
-@jecoycoy i know... :( this bad for work :(,1706
-I've been massively disappointed in @TurboTax for years. Does anyone have a better recommendation?,1707
-"@BeatsSupport Correct, not powering on at all. Even when connected to the charger the light stays off",1708
-@TheSweetLeaf That's what the clerks sing after people leave.,1709
-Read the whole thread https://t.co/NUQ8X6uy3r,1710
-@HeavyMetalDick_ Did you block your account or something?!,1711
-@WhirlpoolCorp @WhirlpoolCare loyal customer for 20 years. Not loyal anymore. Really Disappointed n disheartened!!,1712
-@WGRZ Relief,1713
-"@softpcy he could be an online language tutor! tutor people from home, occasionally have a study group at the lib o… https://t.co/hFHNTIB7vu",1714
-@NewEnglandDrew2 https://t.co/I8lMMiTvdo,1715
-@British_Airways You gave me a fake email for your cargo line (BAWC.retailteamleaders@ba.com) when I called in. #shady,1716
-A casual friendship may transform into a lasting partnership n... More for Scorpio https://t.co/NG3OtyShOu,1717
-@HMRCcustomers Handed P45 in to new employer at the beginning of December so expected to be on the right tax code by now.,1718
-Cyber Monday shoppers beware: talking with @Nordstrom about potential data breach-customer service line connected to my personal phone.,1719
-@virginmedia error code 4002 keeps coming up on the sky sports app.,1720
-"Anything short of JT bringing Janet Jackson on stage, apologizing, and then sitting and watching her perform would… https://t.co/0clc5CBwZg",1721
-@Volkswagen @VW @GMA can't even begin to tell u how disappointed I am with VW. Brought a VW EOS last Sept and the engine is gone do 2,1722
-"@holidayinnmumba @HolidayInn @IHGService @IHG with a criminal case, still you are not returning my money",1723
-@SamsungSupport I was hoping to actually hide the tab - I don't use it. Can you suggest that for a future release?,1724
-"Clear skies both days. I dont care if its an outtage of 20 mins or hours, there's not an excuse for it to go out this much @GeorgiaPower",1725
-@Experian_US Nininnni,1726
-Hey @AdobeCare - any idea why I'm getting bizarre little flashing black and white squares in a double chequerboard pattern all over my screen whenever a bounding box is visible in Photoshop? It suddenly started and it's giving me a headache. Can I stop it (please)? pic.twitter.com/9xSlQY4ZGH,1727
-@bravotvobsessed Nene,1728
-"@SubaruCustCare sitting at DMV for last 2 hours, 60 people still ahead of me, thanks Subaru for not turning in my old plates.",1729
-@AskPlayStation Wasnt helpful plz dm me,1730
-@thehill On what grounds?,1731
-@sjaxc It was crazy fast! Fastest overall pace I've seen since I started running this race.,1732
-A massive & festive shoutout to @JetBlue customer service for getting me on a plane home for the holidays tomorrow despite me mucking up my reservation. I owe ya one pic.twitter.com/mcO2uz7DaV,1733
-"@JoeAllpress Oh no, that's not good! Did you buy the coat online or from an official Superdry store Joe?",1734
-@ChryslerCares is it fair to ask for a new case manager if I feel mine is inadequate?,1735
-Kind of surprised no one knew The Weather Channel for Final Jeopardy. #Jeopardy @Jeopardy,1736
-@chatham58 That was so beautiful,1737
-"No you fuckwit, it's because this tax bill is a HUGE SCAM. https://t.co/UYY2rIaLcS",1738
-@LenovoSupport experiencing too much heating issue with Lenovo vibe K5 Plus(3GB Ram variant).,1739
-@GeorgiaPower any update on Arnoldsville/Lexington outage?,1740
-@motorolaindia @Flipkart When will Moto z2 play gets Oreo update,1741
-I would share it but @Dropbox still has my account held hostage.,1742
-Really @UPS?? This is a pretty terrible way to deliver an express envelope... https://t.co/fwngp2F59Z,1743
-@LordSnow So now our #Watch continues https://t.co/8rW2sitbvm,1744
-@SquareUK YESSS! Finally in the UK! Do you guys have the square cash app for the UK too?!?,1745
-@Seth_Arkada @freeplayfla Ah man I fought I am the only furry attending this event. I wonder if I can meet you there.,1746
-@urfav18_ Mrs.barnes is a good teacher,1747
-The @FCC should stand up for the consumers it represents and protect #NetNeutrality on December 14 https://t.co/s25LtB6A3S,1748
-@VW you did not resolve my issue.,1749
-@awscloud @AWSSupport ..I see that my account was switched to AISPL and all my websites are down!,1750
-"@greateranglia 71601 carriage, there is an ear killer of a screeching noise from the speakers. Just an fyi :)",1751
-Great I'm going to miss the Christmas event because of this Error (CE-30005-8) @overwatch @PlayStation & @AskPlayStation pic.twitter.com/eeLX0ARasO,1752
-@Ryan_McCrystal He played a snap.,1753
-@NortonSupport Bruh we all know companys like you fuck with our computers so we renew the alleged security you provide. Dont bullshit me man,1754
-@KathieLGifford I'll wait for a signed copy.,1755
-@BootsHelp are paper coupons not able to be used online?!,1756
-@bnealforreal Happy thanksgiving,1757
-@greateranglia North Fambridge ticket machine been out of service for over a week now. When are you going to fix? Causing problems!!,1758
-@Google not sure if @RobertDowneyJr would be ok with this????? https://t.co/NWh9IZBx8Q,1759
-"@ASOS_HeretoHelp Any chance someone can back to my email, I'm still trying to get my account activated!",1760
-@RepSwalwell @realDonaldTrump And they were after Page for how many years before the election?,1761
-"@OnePlus_Support Sure, here it is.. https://t.co/pmDdCgg72A",1762
-@TamaraLChambers I think we should all watch Elf this weekend. It's it the spirit of the month and it will make sli… https://t.co/rNTn4L3wRB,1763
-"@MicrosoftHelps The feedback app Hub just ""flashes"" and does nothing. Tried it with both FF and Chrome.",1764
-So are you ready to play Maxine Shaw on the 'Living Single' Reboot @KekePalmer? �� #LivingSingle #TheMaverick #Please ��,1765
-"@TommyHilfiger I'm wearing TH jeans I bought 10+ years ago, bc I lost 53+ pounds. Please send help: I can't find new jeans 4 my new body Lol",1766
-The giant squid taking one for the team and dragging him under. #Trumps1stYearAtHogwarts,1767
-@ACSD_News Several of my favorites!!,1768
-@FC_Help is it possible to exchange a French Connection dress bought in John Lewis in your store?,1769
-#ChateauShowdownCDNThe3rd,1770
-@XboxSupport nothing on our end here in Canada yet.,1771
-*has three pillows* *lays on my own arm instead*,1772
-It's been 11 days since cancellation of my ticket but still no refund. Even complaining to IRCTC is not helping. @PiyushGoyalOffc,1773
-"@walmarthelp maybe you can get someone back to Fabric; Greer,SC store. Been waiting 30 mins.",1774
-@EliteForsberg9 Sheesh. A pregame glass smacker. The worst.,1775
-Got in a car accident in September & im still waiting for my coins @AAAnews @GEICO #ImWaiting,1776
-@AskPlayStation I have an issue with PS4 Remote Play. It won't get past 'checking for updates'.,1777
-dear @AmazonHelp what kind of stuff is this?? what the heck are you doing with my account??? https://t.co/Yy1A20pIMr,1778
-Why does the @VirginTrains toilet talk to you? Feel really weird about peeing in a sentient toilet.,1779
-"I liked a @YouTube video https://t.co/AifjjDpgET Abraham Hicks ~ Impulses from Source, Hesitation & Second Guessing Yourself",1780
-@IKEAUKSupport Hi when the Brusali 4 chest of drawers white will be in stock in Milton Keynes? Thanks,1781
-". @nationalgridus you are easily the worst utilities servicer I've ever had to deal with. Between your phone line, website, and paper billing, you have no idea how to help your customers and you've made it impossible for me to actually pay my bill....",1782
-Conference | FreeConferenceCallHD https://t.co/WI57YoTMOH,1783
-Equal parts excited and terrified that I'm halfway through my pregnancy. Excited for Olivia Jane to get here. Bu… https://t.co/krDhjH1Ffk,1784
-@bobpockrass thank you for your coverage this year. Your insight and opinions are appreciated. Have a great off season.,1785
-@Showtime Second Sunday the app stopped working because of a gateway error... during the climax of an episode. You need more servers.,1786
-Do Chameleons Bones Glow? https://t.co/SUhsSQ03aS #Steemit #Science #Chameleon #Fluorescence,1787
-@ILoveBlueBell What about the other question? What can I do to get Hot Fudge Brownie back - by far the best ice cre… https://t.co/ZHHqj1LoQN,1788
-@AmazonHelp I have. Please check.,1789
-I'm unable to use your account @Uber How'd you help me?,1790
-I have misplaced my Fitbit and it seems pretty pointless to exercise without it.,1791
-@itsbscotttt About 19.,1792
-"When on set, everyone know the value of a quick and effective fix. Kim Wild catches a great shot here. #gaffertape… https://t.co/FYNuor7sLY",1793
-@BloxtunRoblox Stage 573 is currently impossible to complete. It's just a huge rotating stick that you can't possib… https://t.co/sumfHfVDTw,1794
-My job was supposed to call me last week about my first schedule but they didn’t so ��,1795
-How I'm feeling rn https://t.co/w6fdUphQU8,1796
-@DIRECTVService He is 93 and needs more help from us. We couldn't travel down until next week to be with the installer.,1797
-@TommyDeanWriter Blog?,1798
-@virginmedia Don't u think i would have called by now if I could?,1799
-@aggressivesarah Lol Don't distract the public from the questions that really matter,1800
-Monday beach vibes with my #piaminaudiere available @neimanmarcus online or https://t.co/3IDbUHDBSn https://t.co/wC7g93DAJz,1801
-Don't build your happiness on someone else's tears.,1802
-@denis_ricardo_ he's racist @TommyHilfiger I H8 U,1803
-@WildlifeOrphan1 Yea!,1804
-@Delta cancelled my flight for Friday and booked me one 2 days later that has more layovers and takes longer. And cust Serv keeps hanging up,1805
-@ZARA_Care hi looking for an update on an order. Are you able to help?,1806
-@bexmarie12 Jealous!,1807
-.@AppleSupport check your DMs for questions and concerns.,1808
-https://t.co/AJa9UG7U3n Glad to see that people are calling this out for what it is: racist.,1809
-@BTCare This is what is being said all the time send engineer out 3 times and have the same problems,1810
-@Superdry_Care what happens when u send an item back thats the wrong size & mark the card for a replacement to be sent but nothing turns up?,1811
-@thatgirlondeck It's all about tuna fish and organ meats am I right?,1812
-@savvv_f I miss you so much! I wish I were with you for the Christmas show!! ��,1813
-@motorolaindia where is nougat update for moto g4 play ?,1814
-great hatha this morning @yogaworks,1815
-"@DIRECTVService Started a dm convo. Gave you my info, now no response. Yet more awful DIRECTV/AT&T customer service. C'mon get it together",1816
-@emilycristin8 Not relevant at all but lawd he’s fine,1817
-"@KFC_UKI twice in a row now with my box meaI haven't had a spoon,do you expect me to pick them up? #ouch #tomatofingers",1818
-"@AirAsiaSupport Need help with web check-in. For some reason it error'ed on me, tells me I've checked in- I haven't.",1819
-@AdobeCare I have been waiting for over four hours to talk to someone from support am I still in the queue?,1820
-Is this how you fix the exhaust of your @AlfaRomeoCares in #Belarus ? https://t.co/xmEAVQSu6O,1821
-@vwcares How is it that every service center in the Chicagoland area is completely uncommitted to customer service? Never buying a VW again.,1822
-Marvel is finally moving forward on a solo Black Widow movie by hiring a writer! #Marvel #MCU #BlackWidow #movie https://t.co/9kZuNocmoq,1823
-@bobbixmorse So you’re like making this into a full video right?????,1824
-@NFL @NFLTotalAccess McAdoo McDaniels McDonalds Hmmm...see a pattern? They're all clowns...,1825
-@bateson87 Do****,1826
-@nalinashapiro4 @news4buffalo Gotcha.. still broke story,1827
-Thanks for this #christmasfairy #filter #snapchat #loveinit #countdowntochristmas #itson… https://t.co/f1fA9O97m2,1828
-@TiaN_Futbol @RealSaltLake @RealMonarchs are so blessed to have such a huge talent and giving person. Fingers cross… https://t.co/HAftwRrOpf,1829
-@tay_norwood dude same thing happened to me recently ��,1830
-NASA TV to Air Russian Spacewalk at the International Space Station via NASA https://t.co/gQeW7FIksN,1831
-@Chrysler I just got a new 2015 chrysler 200s 3 months ago and its been back in the Dealership for repairs for more then 42 days.,1832
-@AskPlayStation I just checked again and I'm not having the same issues I had earlier.Thanks for the help,1833
-@ZARA_Care I placed an order on 26th and it still has not been dispatched?,1834
-@Nordstrom - really? A massive box for 1 neck tie? Are you out of boxes? #weirdcybermonday https://t.co/oLCUJUrdIC,1835
-@AWSSupport My new password will not go through or even load on an Amazon account EverydayFamily . Can you please fix this issue.,1836
-"""Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may f… https://t.co/FQYJoGJ5nG",1837
-@EE couldn't be more useless! @O2 What you sayin'??,1838
-Tryihg to figure out how asking your customers to be open from 8am to midnight. With NO time frame whatsoever is ok @nationalgridus,1839
-@motorolaindia need service center info in Pune. Thanks,1840
-Forgot my fitbit at home. I feel so lost.,1841
-@MannyMua733 I AM DYYYINNGGGG ��������,1842
-When I can’t sleep I just watch random videos on Facebook. The other night I was watching how to cut a mango. I don… https://t.co/FtmeZPP9HE,1843
-"@Superdry_Care Yesterday, 20th July.",1844
-@rawb54 Lololololol I forgot you don't like beans either. This is why you guys get along so well.,1845
-@IKEAUKSupport @Adomelis V annoying as they were on display when they were never coming back in stock. Has everywhere run out?,1846
-@KFC_UKI two occasions now I've bought food to take home for the family and find items I've paid for not be in the bags!..,1847
-Been missing shows for three months thanks to @bt_uk not setting up our tv package. Save our Christmas @FreeviewTV #xmascatchup #saveourchristmas,1848
-@BeatsSupport Yes and you can barley hear the music,1849
-"@barefootboomer I’m guessing Trump wants to see tanks and armor, aircraft and MLRS going down Pennsylvania Ave. I c… https://t.co/heefv4wxpp",1850
-"Apparently @BNBuzz coupons that you get with membership are made of gold. I never got mine, and now I'm having to fight and wait. Seriously?",1851
-"@tiarachel91 @KendallPatrice I agree with Kendall to be nice, which Kendall exuded but Krystal needs to set herself… https://t.co/UCr3ZBn6k2",1852
-So happy that @McDonalds finally has the Eggnog milkshake out. Yummy! https://t.co/F7lMre4VEz,1853
-#return all @HP products @HPSupport can't even fix them,1854
-"@NortonSupport When I get back to a Windows device, sure. But, what does it mean for it to grey out like that?",1855
-@hm_custserv 7pm and no sign of my next day delivery order- 2 days later. I need it by tomorrow how can I find out where it is???,1856
-"I'm giving away something for you on @Listia: Brand new keychain, ""When I saw you I fel. Get it here - https://t.co/rcU1grn3dU",1857
-@NBASTORESupport I'd like to cancel my order but it's not letting me contact your call centre. Can you please help me??,1858
-@XboxSupport My account has been permanently banned and I haven't been on my Xbox can you please help me,1859
-KIND - Precipitation Depiction 1:27 PM EST #inwx. Looking like plenty of fuel to get these super ells going. https://t.co/j4Csl94Dc5,1860
-Saban is getting out coached and outsmarted #FallTideFall,1861
-"Hey hey @Lightroom users, anyone else finding it is continually crashing since latest Mac update? Ugh!",1862
-"Oust #Nunes this November. His 22nd dist. in central CA is majority nonwhite, dem and ripe for flipping. They lock… https://t.co/R1xQKWztEg",1863
-@latinasmoak @muslimsmoak @usuallyobsessed OMG!! I’ve been so busy the last couple days I didn’t see this and now I… https://t.co/FK3qllwxJ9,1864
-@drewzyj Hey! Nice handle! Sorry to your followers who have to see a super thin me from 17 or 18 years ago. Lol,1865
-"@AskeBay hey, how can someone open a case against me the seller if the estimate time of delivery is Dec 19- Dec 27?",1866
-"For the record, I never thought he could run ANYTHING let alone our country! I think many, if not most, think the s… https://t.co/ecVWkYMK45",1867
-"17 threes.....not once, but twice this week. #theydontwantustobegreat https://t.co/19DCKJUDP9",1868
-@Nordstrom Nope. Still nada.,1869
-@FTC @nationalgridus only gas provider in Bklyn how is that not monopoly? Provide TERRIBLE service b/c no comp. 8am-11:59pm apt window. WTF,1870
-"Try AppBundle 2 for iPhone & iPad! Get 250 Apps in 1, Including Games, #Utilities, Camera and Entertainment Apps. https://t.co/WjZnOCsgKO",1871
-@Lenovo_in @LenovoSupport I have a lenovo BT speaker - BT500. needs repairing. help me with the service center details in Hyderabad.,1872
-Fuck me live chat with BT and Vodafone is worse than the VWR,1873
-@betabay @badcrypto @tonilanec @mahbodmoghadam @scottrogers What’s sad is that @coinbase led an initiative back in… https://t.co/YkFK5NqNCN,1874
-@HPSupport How do I escalate a complaint which has been outstanding for a month now regarding an item I purchased from your store that does not match its description?,1875
-"This “journalist” has no clue the harm he is doing by fear mongering. Good Lord, help us. https://t.co/O1CxIaD1fl",1876
-@MikeMiss975 Ok real quick Mike The Safety Andrew Sendejo for the Vikings intends to play! What?!!! his concuss… https://t.co/esHKVSBjcE,1877
-@djtoastbunny Zoloft/sertraline. But it's not even been two weeks yet. It's too early to know if it will help or not.,1878
-https://t.co/XCciNRcDwk,1879
-@Hazukari what even is the point of the post? to shame people who are fans of LotL under the guide of like... passi… https://t.co/XyTF4NLicN,1880
-@JetBlue Thank you Nicole on flight 238 for being so kind...you just made the couple sitting next to me very happy! Nice work!,1881
-@KyleGaldeira I just drove by. Really large cement chunks from the freeway.,1882
-I went to @BNBuzz and was mistreated #lostbuisness,1883
-Is there anyone that can answer a question for me @GeorgiaPower,1884
-@ZARA_Care I have sent you a DM please look into this,1885
-It's official: @ATT is run by idiots. How in the hell can someone make an almost $400 fraudulent purchase using my… https://t.co/yePX0rpkvU,1886
-@ASOS_HeretoHelp hi I returned an item last week. Can I get a status on refund?,1887
-If she didn't have a need to be online for work right now I would definitely have her leave. But because she needs… https://t.co/c7yz8VW2lP,1888
-Vote for Noah! #voicesavenoah,1889
-We're about the only people in this @DICKS and still can't get anyone to help us. #customerservice https://t.co/70R5PMOck1,1890
-"Build new system? @nvidia forgot to put a bootable USB stick with the cards. So buy another card, install with that and put the fermi in.",1891
-Im craving McDonalds breakfast);,1892
-@RelianceDigital I have been waiting for a week now. @WhirlpoolCare doesn't seems to care about Indian customers.,1893
-@DropboxSupport any answer on my tweet?,1894
-I wanna break out all my bright lipsticks again and have it be seasonally appropriate,1895
-@Moto_Support I m regreting to purchase G5s plus Moto.,1896
-My mom bought two pumpkin pies a week ago. I’m the only one who eats pumpkin pie. Guess how much I’ve had so far? W… https://t.co/KexvLOxuSC,1897
-When you’re trying to figure out how to work the chemistry problems on the study guide and realize there’s no way t… https://t.co/dQbEzahX0X,1898
-"@AskeBay hello, I received an email to say my order has been delayed but the email doesn't tell me which order it's relating to?",1899
-"Hey @HondaCustSvc, how long should a transmission last on a Honda Civic Hybrid? Mine needs to be replaced after 5 yrs. Not a happy customer!",1900
-Started 2018 off by being an idiot so at least I'm keeping that consistent,1901
-Just picked up 3-day-old @CuveeCoffee beans from @WholeFoods #ATX,1902
-"@XboxSupport No, see screenshot. It's the app. I got it straight off the playstore on Android.",1903
-@VirginTrains So you bump the prices up. How's that fair,1904
-I was having a great week until I lost my Fitbit :/,1905
-@beatsbydre just saw this this morning. Was not like this when I took them off last night. Suggestions? https://t.co/ixKkqmYwB0,1906
-Excuse me @NBASTORE but how come there's no @DeAndre all star merchandise? I really wanted to get a jersey,1907
-@blackanddecker Thank you very much. http://t.co/Amd1lUH7x1,1908
-"Brown bears take the game of tag very, very seriously. #BearoftheDay (PC: IG user marciodonizete.72) https://t.co/CtmVNAbN8p",1909
-@FitbitSupport I refer to the fitbit application on Apple Iphone!,1910
-@i_powpow Happy Turkey Day!!,1911
-"@RailMinIndia my pnr was 6602592898,I don't know why you looking wrong pnr, request you to look this issue",1912
-*Screams into the void as InDesign crashes* https://t.co/8acpyAtElA,1913
-"People are always giving away kudos to him, kudos to her, kudos to them.. I don't like this word and how frequentl… https://t.co/xRkFRzPNPL",1914
-@ChristianLeave https://t.co/Z0cnOvN73u,1915
-@AOLSupportHelp had an email address that I used long time ago. Logged in today and all email are gone. Can I get these back?,1916
-@AirAsiaSupport i want to knwo my refund processing. my inquiry number is 00922935.,1917
-I'm canceling my @AppleMusic account because @AppleSupport broke my @beatsbydre ear piece and refuse to fulfill its warranty,1918
-"Good-bye to the flaming piece of shit that was 2017. Hello, lingering odors and pile of ash comprising 2018.",1919
-"@LenovoSupport @windows whenever I turn my laptop on, it just shows the startup screen forever and won't actually turn on. This model doesn't allow me to take the battery out so I cant try that or anything.",1920
-"@Koalaify_ done, but it's fake",1921
-@TwitterSupport can someone please help me??,1922
-petition for @ASOS to make clothes in both 'petite' and 'curve' for those of us who are both fat and short,1923
-@ShortFormErnie when I hit their paywall @washingtonpost won't let me sign in on mobile using Amazon Prime. The button just doesn't work,1924
-@IRCTC_Ltd used bed sheet in Nagpur CSTM Duronto 2nd AC COACH,1925
-"@MicrosoftHelps I'm trying to renew my ea access subscription but its not letting me, any help?",1926
-@UPS This is unacceptable!!! This is how my package arrives? https://t.co/5iPLYaz65J,1927
-5 people followed me // automatically checked by https://t.co/IGZJ5CNPa6,1928
-Really super inconvenient @SouthwestAir for losing my luggage.,1929
-"@albinokid All these years later, I still listen to the version of 'Peace on Earth/LDB' that you did with Everett B… https://t.co/tOG2wEK9no",1930
-@British_Airways I would suggest some basic communication with your passengers would be a good start.,1931
-i tucked liza in under this blanket just for fun thinking she was gonna kick it off and she just snuggled in furthe… https://t.co/2hptV9TmEm,1932
-@Delta DL4447 from MBS to Manila 11/17/17,1933
-Russia’s Biggest Bank Pilots Money Transfer on an IBM Blockchain https://t.co/qzoK1u54wz,1934
-@JimGaffigan the mcrib is back jim,1935
-@SEPTA_SOCIAL Good morning Ken,1936
-Sunset over the river on Michigan. #chicagogram #chicagoriver #photography @ The Magnificent Mile https://t.co/2o8Yi81bup,1937
-@IHGService Wasn't there normal service in the first place? Your answer lacks answers.,1938
-@SEPTA_SOCIAL the 8:33 am 42 bus never came to 10th & walnut,1939
-@BootsUK why is your site permanently out of stock on the NYX Honey Dew Me Up Primer?,1940
-My Moto g5s plus battery percentage decreases on charging.And sometime it jumps from 45% to 77% in seconds and drained from 77% to 56% in seconds.What might be the issue??Using the orginal moto turbo charger. @motorolaindia @FansMotorola @Moto @Moto_Support,1941
-"@pchdotcom Woohoo, I will be waiting. ����",1942
-I'm in the running to win a $100 gift card thanks to @earnhoneydotcom ! #EarnHoney https://t.co/ajWGq9de12,1943
-@FC_Help Hey i was wondering if you were getting any more gold samantha sequin dresses in? Desperate for one!,1944
-@IKEAUKSupport So none available today but showing 'low in stock' on your website. Why? Pointless wasted journey.,1945
-Will @hulu be streaming @blacklightning as it goes?,1946
-I checked in at 99 Ranch Market on #Yelp https://t.co/TYFFV00HQh,1947
-@NikeSupport Unfortunately it was my first marathon so my pace was all over the place...just need an assurance that this error won't recur,1948
-@motorolaindia @Moto_Support by when the g4+ will get the update to oreo ?,1949
-"@AaronOfMavis Thanks man, really appreciate it!",1950
-@Nordstrom Ripoff Company scammed out of $40 on the Nordstrom Card. Customer care told me too bad,1951
-"@Novaesoul ...between the sheets. (sorry, had to)",1952
-"@FC_Help I have just received an email regarding an order I've placed. I don't recall placing any order with you, so please can you advise?",1953
-@united The confusion was on the part of your employee. And then I suffered the consequences.,1954
-@Bob_Pike @cb41596 Nice!!,1955
-"@BurberryService Hi, I've got an old Burberrys Prorsum Mac and am in need of a replacement button, do Burberry still carry old buttons?",1956
-"@AskeBay It shows in ""My eBay"" all selling as well.",1957
-@GEICO_Service how do get copies of what I pad for auto insurance,1958
-@Scooby_Follows #IFB Today! ��#TuesdayWisdom,1959
-@roblee4 It does count as an official miracle that you didn’t roll your eyes so far back into your head that you can see behind you right?,1960
-@TheEmpressIvory Sadist women are the best,1961
-@AskPlayStation Can i delete the whole game and then get it back. This is not working,1962
-My failed mission to find God -- and what I found instead | Anjali Kumar https://t.co/lcomrdvGod,1963
-"@beatsbydre hi, my earphones are falling apart from the seams. How do I get this repaired? https://t.co/shUdhfGK6S",1964
-@FUNimation @BandaiNamcoUS Either one!! ^-^,1965
-"@JacobNottingham A lot of the good ones were already said, but my 80’s geek got to me with GLOW.",1966
-@XboxSupport trying to get on cod WWII not updating and when I try play it it takes me to Microsoft Store,1967
-@SEPTA_SOCIAL Airport Line,1968
-@triedwfire @JGrassman Yes. TY both for your wise words.,1969
-Wow!! https://t.co/VcgHx4F5Ka,1970
-Hi @JetBlue do you have any information that would ease the panicked-and-stressed guardians of unaccompanied minors traveling with you? Will a guardian be able to pick the minors up at the gate or is that an airport-by-airport determination? Thanks!! #jetbluerocks,1971
-Can't believe how bad @beatsbydre powerbeats3 are. 20 minute train journey and not got through one song because I keep reseting @Apple #shit,1972
-@TopmanAskUs is there really nothing that can be done if I've taken tags off of Jeans to exchange. Bought only yesterday..,1973
-@hm_custserv when will these tartan trouser be in the UK? I need them https://t.co/iGvb0mnVsG,1974
-@Roadman_Level Real talk: its not that hard. Can you Rollerblade?,1975
-"God is good all the time, and all the time, God is good. ����",1976
-@NikeSupport hi guys. My battery switched off just before I could end a session on the NTC app. How do I restore or add it in by myself?,1977
-@stephanaee with your amazing boyfriend��,1978
-@Chrysler Buy my lemon back! No heat. Chrysler tries to fix 5 times & still No heat & AC leaks coolant & water into car. rain floods car 2,1979
-@FC_Help i need to check my order,1980
-@TheFrankOzJam Gotta go with Fozzie and Bert,1981
-@Delta I booked 2 tickets last night... one for me and one for a friend... can you help me move a seat?,1982
-@NYTsupport my NYT digital subscription account keeps logging me out when I go to read opinion pieces. Any suggestions?,1983
-@GBPlitz thanks-only been to 1919 before it was 1919. Been to titletown for drinks but not food.,1984
-@JohnLegere @JohnLegere following in hopes I at least get sent a keychain ��,1985
-@LBrookieF I thought the Zach dude was cute LOL,1986
-Lost my Fitbit in the last 30 minutes of my work day & have absolutely no idea where the hell it is.,1987
-@AriProuteur It's coming lets start with this Ari https://t.co/BQwPQKUaZF,1988
-now i can watch people pick their nose in their cars at red lights,1989
-@Moto_Support service provider in Bangalore for my Motorola Xoom mz601,1990
-@AmericanAir your gate agent at H16 for ORD/DEN tonight was awful. No compassion. Lots of us running b/c YOUR flight late. Not our fault!!!!,1991
-@NaNoWordSprints Oh! But it is a dark and stormy night in my novel! :D,1992
-@samararedway,1993
-@ReganDuckworth You say that now that I’m in Minnesota,1994
-"@NBCBlacklist To be happy, and find more happiness in the little things",1995
-@Delta plane in #Atlanta has been on the tarmac for an hour. Is this typical? What's the delay?,1996
-@TolarianCollege do you have a business email you could be reached at? Thanks!,1997
-@CarsonArthur @LeighAnnAllaire @blackanddecker love this trimmer! Making the sidewalk look sharp http://t.co/9XBRm9cl9i,1998
-"Congrats #Eagles - now when I tell my kids ""cheaters never win"" they can't say ""but what about the #Patriots?"" #SuperBowl",1999
-@MIGOP https://t.co/Ra1dy8LrgK Meanwhile Bank of America decides squeezing more money from the poor is a good idea.,2000
-@awscloud Other than card payment why don't we (in india) have other forms (like net banking) of payment to pay AWS bills.,2001
-@comcastcares is gigabit available in 23139?,2002
-@medium Can I hide a post that I already published on medium without deleting that?,2003
-When you did a complete Windows reset on your @LenovoSupport laptop and it still bluescreens with Unexpected_Store_Exception...,2004
-@WholeFoods why did you all get rid of the crispy avacado taco!?! :'((((,2005
-@motorolaindia Hi how to add multiple bluetooth devices to Moto M ??,2006
-@Yelp how does some report an overly aggressive Yelp sales person who does not take no for an answer?,2007
-@KFC_UKI one of these is a hot wing and one is SUPPOSED to be a piece of original recipe. Shocking. One bites worth. https://t.co/RPTGVDCtFT,2008
-"It might seem as if your work is never done, but if you contin... More for Cancer https://t.co/pWz1LIH0hX",2009
-@AmazonHelp i have a echo & dot but one stops the other working saying you are streaming from another device ?,2010
-The Aziz's of the world take and take and then say they've taken your negative reaction to heart. But it's not real… https://t.co/aXVPOYR4DO,2011
-@AirAsiaSupport Is flight AK363 from Surabaya to Kuala Lumpur at 20:50 still operating?,2012
-Still think this is a solid idea. �� https://t.co/Kc08iNV9ha,2013
-@ltsGREYSquotes @brittbsg25,2014
-"@ThreeUKSupport You're not my mum! (Dolly mixtures are already open, send help.)",2015
-@BestBuySupport DM Sent,2016
-@victoriajean14 @AdrianMarie519 @BrystalBaldwin1 @shelbs_rude217 @Elena_Masuri I’m glad it’s not just me your mom is sending these to ��,2017
-I just cashed out $30.20 from @FusionCash. You can too: https://t.co/wExNy2q1zC $5 signup bonus!,2018
-@hpsupport [Catridge failure not even used much ] #hpoj5740 #cartridgefailure #hpAIOi,2019
-"@EE Great, but can I text with wi fi calling",2020
-I saw Goody Proctor with the devil!!!,2021
-"@NikeSupport In Nike + app, how do you turn off receiving notifications to ""send cheers"" to friends?",2022
-Weirdly invested in Justice League appearing on the in flight entertainment on @AmericanAir. Seems like the perfect plane movie.,2023
-@AmazonHelp @C4EAsh give the timeline by which I'll receive my cashback which I should have received by 15th October 2017.,2024
-one person followed me // automatically checked by https://t.co/S0xkb1HNIM,2025
-@BTCare Seven working days and still waiting patiently @bt_uk,2026
-@HMRCcustomers Trying to change my tax code online as personal allowance being applied to a job in no longer at- can you help?,2027
-"@RockStar_Rams @WillramWallace I love it, trench play is ��",2028
-@AdamSchein just FYI on Brady “not congratulating the Eagles” https://t.co/tHVwjo3l1t,2029
-@KenyaPower_Care Thanks buts unable to DM you,2030
-@BestBuySupport I have raised chat issue on forum couple of days back have not got any reply can some one please help me,2031
-@systerfrida What?,2032
-@UbisoftSupport I made a support ticket on 11/20 and I was told it would take 48 hours to get a reply and I haven't heard a thing,2033
-@SCI_Official I thank him for what he was able to capture for us! Thanks Kyle love ya! @KyleOnKeys,2034
-@samjfranco RIGHT. Omg my dream,2035
-"@DashDvsh True, it's overdue lol.",2036
-@80sThen80sNow I love that album!,2037
-@AmericanAir But the bathroom is still NOT working!!,2038
-"@RealJoltCola @subethasoftware Old Jolt was 12 ounce cans at 71.2 mg, so I have read. If new Jolt is 16 ounce cans… https://t.co/T59P8166ln",2039
-@KilaMarieOnline @YouTube Thanks boo�� miss you!,2040
-@Sisanie Ugh I felt her pain. So heartbreaking,2041
-@shrekfanforever Story of my life,2042
-@RealitySteve Can't wait to see what tattoo Grant gets this time. Maybe a koala tramp stamp. #BachelorInParadise #BachelorNation,2043
-@erika_nicastrox @enews Me too! He looks so much better,2044
-What the fuck? @Apple https://t.co/nnGMGsfmIb,2045
-"@AskeBay Hello, there is a rare restriction with my account, all the products I have won and paid in a very short time, I am preparing myself for a trip and urgently need to remove that restriction at the time of auction! pic.twitter.com/Sm1RYNabzR",2046
-@SirLarr what antivirus do you use? I'm sick of Norton eating all my memory....,2047
-@turbotax where do I include the Pennsylvania estimated taxes I paid in 2016. There's no place for it that I can see.,2048
-"@Delta Thanks, I'll have to stick with my original plans and fly Monday morning. Thanks anyways.",2049
-@TwitterSupport @TwitterSupport help me out folks.,2050
-@turbotax what in the world. Major error in refund calculation in state taxes. 90% difference! Is there a contact for an error like this?,2051
-@nationalgridus You guys know there is a #blackout in #Lynn #Massachusetts Is it affecting other cities as well?,2052
-#comcast why are you not on the same page as the cable installers?! u guys driving me nuts! @comcastcares,2053
-"@DICKS Want to buy Timberland Pro boots. Your website states 25% off. Checked exclusions, they are not listed, still no deduction in cart.",2054
-@mzrules @YouTube I love our #outdoorfun ! Can't wait for the next one! #Lady too!,2055
-# virgin media as usual full of lies lies lies !!!,2056
-@thapthidaaa That’s what she said @thapthidaaa,2057
-@VodafoneIN hello still no response what a low grade company and service realy it's slow then tortoise,2058
-@BestBuySupport It says order out if stock when I pre ordered a month in advance,2059
-Why are there two WaPo apps? @washposthelp,2060
-@CocaCola Someone is cutting onions in here,2061
-@HarrodsService sent an email regarding an item which arrived damaged and I haven't had a reply. I require a replacement asap,2062
-I'm not complaining but the only employment requirement for Zoup in Avon is apparently: does your ass look amazing… https://t.co/lNxTt1ZHmY,2063
-Wow. Nice work @UPS. Days late AND smashed. Awesome @UPSHelp https://t.co/C2nupe1TLI,2064
-@HarrodsService staff have to be approved to have tea in The Georgian? Have been bringing family and friends for years! Felt very awkward,2065
-@TwitterSupport Please help,2066
-McAdoo McDaniels McDonalds Hmmm...see a pattern? They're all clowns...,2067
-@Medium Is there any way to create an internal (private) company publication that wouldn't be accessible to the public? (Password / Login),2068
-@AmericanAir The number is incomplete,2069
-@SqSupportUK web & app software sync? Set default message for invoice on web but it doesn't sync to app. Always deleting default text in app,2070
-@ToppsDigital @ToppsSWCT @starwars 2002Daddy....Laugh it up fuzz ball!,2071
-Oh a thread. https://t.co/HGpPna28zd,2072
-@brit_bruno playin’ the drums again? lol,2073
-"@pattonoswalt Have to ask, what was the pitch here? I’m guessing you stopped them at “ok, you’re naked except for a diaper...”",2074
-@beatsbydre so my new powerbeats3 came missing an tip. Will you send new ones?,2075
-Alta not displaying when tapping. Fully charged displays when on charger. Any suggestions?@FitbitSupport,2076
-@_lindsayyidk Shouldn't you be paying attention in class.,2077
-@greateranglia Then why is the train going back ! What is the plan for my onward journey,2078
-It’s finally time to see #TheLastJedi !!!!,2079
-@Medium is offline mode ever coming to Android just like it did for iOS?,2080
-@HondaCustSvc most crvs have air conditioning issues. Isn't it prudent to recall? Losing trust in #hondacrv,2081
-A new friend. #succulents @ Whole Foods Market https://t.co/67vjByR8Sk,2082
-"@TopmanAskUs I have DM'd you, not heard back yet.",2083
-Bet Seattle really misses Hau$$chka tonight.,2084
-@HMRCcustomers Can you please just confirm which town/city this is based in?,2085
-Anyone on #iPhoneX have a weird line on the top of their @Facebook app? @AppleSupport https://t.co/OYkcz2X68X,2086
-"Dear @nvidia, I don't think I should have to roll back to driver v270.61 to make my games work, and my desktop not glitch out.",2087
-https://t.co/ylnKMuCALL,2088
-"@BootsUK Hi, anyone know where my order is from 27th December? Worst service ever!!!",2089
-@XboxSupport & @UbisoftSupport another glitcher to get into ranked https://t.co/ltyYlzZc5u,2090
-Why cant the crossbars be stowed after moving the rear bar to the back most position? Did I do something incorrectly? @subaru_usa #Outback,2091
-@Burberry yall got that post-Christmas sell this year?,2092
-@BootsUK I love Boots! Shame you're introducing a man tax of 7% in 2018 : (,2093
-"@hm_custserv Reply to me then please, in English too",2094
-@jessiepaege @CrankThatFrank noodlerella,2095
-"@valpalpark My calc teacher, tbh. ��",2096
-"May be I should move back? This city will give poorest $500 a month, no strings attached https://t.co/LB7BIQtyFd",2097
-@HondaCustSvc How about the passenger seat? Does that have lumbar support?,2098
-dearest @UbisoftSupport: there really needs to be an easier method to report names that are inappropriate https://t.co/qnq7lRXqcE,2099
-@SquareUK @jack I think I could assist in scaling a very positive experience #greatoutcome,2100
-I’m enjoying more Kroger Cereals with less of the artificial stuff #MyMagazineSharing #SayYesToBreakfast #FreeSamp https://t.co/WuIVNOtIyu,2101
-"#FireGimple Almost 80,000 signatures on https://t.co/0ruM8qogYZ so far to fire this piece of shit for what he did to Chandler Riggs!",2102
-"@IKEAUKSupport Hiya, I had a delivery this morning but some parts haven't yet arrived, how can I find out when to expect them? Thanks!",2103
-@ArbysCares What's that commercial you had a while back where you said... https://t.co/xtyKGGiMTC,2104
-"new @Dropbox ui and windows store app, both are WTF.",2105
-word 2 https://t.co/LtA85JQNwZ,2106
-@DICKS why you messing with me https://t.co/t5JN4joj6k,2107
-@TwitterSupport how can I gain access to account that I no longer have access to the email to. Need to simply remove account.,2108
-@BN_care will i still receive it in the 2-3 express delivery time frame?,2109
-@TeamTurboTax It's too late for that. :( Thought I could use Federal refund towards State but guess not. Not pleased.,2110
-Want to win nuna demi grow stroller? I just entered to win and you can too. https://t.co/CmTVNBIwW4,2111
-@OnePlus_IN Hey guys I accidentally drop my oneplus3 t and broke the front glass Need help,2112
-My sweet kiddo painted the picture I took a couple of years ago.… https://t.co/ugDHR46Fnj,2113
-"@AlfaRomeoCares Website shows 10 Ti's in stock at Steven's Creek Alfa in San Jose, but this drops to 0 in-person. Poor customer experience.",2114
-"I'm getting engine smells in the cabin of my vehicle made by @alfa_romeo their new model #Giulia . Bought the car from @alfaromeonyc . Not the dealership, not @Chrysler not @fiat @FIATUSA is doing enough to fix this issue. They added a seal which is not fixing the problem. @USDOT pic.twitter.com/fOVur42dgd",2115
-@KatieUrick @maaarly__ Hahaha that's me,2116
-@nocontextpawnee @bethkate90 He's always SO heartbroken when Ben has to turn down his job offer but he got a copyright for Cones of Dunshire,2117
-@AskPlayStation The disk i have in is not ww2. I have ww2 on hard drive,2118
-i want this video tattooed on my forehead https://t.co/rR3LW7ZNhq,2119
-@FitbitSupport nothing given to a third party is private. There's been a number of court cases that use fitbit data.,2120
-"Wait, is Charles Manson dying a political issue somehow?",2121
-When a @JetBlue checkin agent has it out for you and places your whole family on a extra security line... feels like a @united move,2122
-@EE Thank you for your prompt reply!,2123
-When your fit bit band is broken but you got things to do and steps to take. https://t.co/gKDbs29FHm,2124
-@BTCare Thank you,2125
-@virgintrains can't believe staff just served a drunk and abusive passenger more alchohol,2126
-"@BN_care Y'all sent me the wrong book and I can't even find your email address. This book is for college so, kinda need it ASAP...",2127
-@VW made me spend $1500 to have them fix a problem and they didn't get it fixed and they have the nerve to tell me it's normal. Frustrating,2128
-one person unfollowed me // automatically checked by https://t.co/D5FBztjND2,2129
-@ASOS I'm trying to order some sale boots for an hour now & it just buffers & my internet is fine? HELP please,2130
-@madalynleeper @Hits96Radio Aw sorry I missed it girl! Next time I got you!,2131
-@RailMinIndia why rate is so high with poor quality . 2 biscuit in 3 rupees . Please explain . https://t.co/IbrAmPnW3Q,2132
-@AmazonHelp It was .Co.UK and no reason given. See attached email. https://t.co/oIWhNMJ2rJ,2133
-Attend a VIPKID Coaching Day in January to meet current teachers & get a fast pass through the interview process - https://t.co/mAzDfk3zhU,2134
-@ShockTop there was a piece of glass in one of your 16oz cans. It just sliced my mouth open. http://t.co/B6dL66H6yR,2135
-@GamersNexus Did you guys bring your own small lighting kit or is it more MacGyver,2136
-shout out to @BurberryService for sorting me out,2137
-@AnheuserBusch are you kidding me? #buschleague #designflaw #recall http://t.co/zdYax4JrXE,2138
-@BootsHelp No worries hun I found the receipt x,2139
-@JBPritzker Pritzker apologizes for comments on race https://t.co/ysl39SUrkE,2140
-Also including 3 dimensional speculative execution paths in all directions that will be abused and exploited for th… https://t.co/QDXXOZOU3B,2141
-@SCUncensored @ToppsHuddle Finally finished sig relics & black mini sigs. I can’t remember a lower set count that h… https://t.co/zr06CJv2HH,2142
-@RailMinIndia @PiyushGoyal @PMOIndia Train running late by more than 4 hours. U don't care about people time. PNR-6705392817,2143
-@EE hi are the phones down again in wells no calls 3 days emergency only,2144
-@le_debut Whoops,2145
-https://t.co/GeUJWGYPQf #surveys #workfromhome #money,2146
-Update: he’s just blowing the leaves in the street around. Awesome.,2147
-"Re women deacons, ""Pope Francis believes in opening spaces,"" says @MassimoFaggioli, adding ""his language on women i… https://t.co/G7ftmDr1Lc",2148
-@heathaaalynn i’m surprised you didn’t lol,2149
-"Morning, do you have service issues in DA17 5DB post code area? @virginmedia",2150
-New set up for lowlight photography working extremely good @getpeid #shotononeplus5T #rawshot @OnePlus_IN https://t.co/vQpbCSTJuC,2151
-@British_Airways still not on tsa pre check. Why?,2152
-@awscloud you have requested more instances (1) than your current instance limit of 0 allows for the specified instance type... Every time,2153
-"@McDonalds My bf only gets cheeseburgers once every few years, but this time there was no burger on his burger! :( https://t.co/XIokDkjJm6",2154
-please be quiet. https://t.co/1ixVWYbiJQ,2155
-"@UPS Package was held up, sent to the wrong state, and then left in the snow. #UPSDeliveryFail",2156
-@RussoMichael15 @tyler_olivieri will never get tired of this,2157
-@thoch99 Ayyy thanks!!,2158
-"a lot of YouTubers seem to become popular and make lots of money even though they're terrible people, so how succes… https://t.co/soD4aS6ULI",2159
-@walmarthelp Reached out to the help desk and still got nothing. Please let me know if you could assist. Thank you very much.,2160
-"@WhirlpoolCare I wasted three months with you idiots, letters phone calls and you denied the claim. Never buy whirlpool again shit heads!",2161
-A whole month without my car and @GEICO can't even get a hold of the body shop that has my car. And my adjuster is in nyc. Total mess,2162
-"“The Shape of Water” if you haven’t seen it, you should. Beautiful movie!! #goldenglobes2018",2163
-@blackanddecker nothing? Where can I buy this? It's very frustrating!,2164
-@KarenCivil @EmpireFOX #Empire I've been waiting...it's in his blood!,2165
-Help me win 20 Curve Digital games from https://t.co/GXwrAJr4lk! https://t.co/0HjKKpTnCf,2166
-"@British_Airways It's working, now, it was down across 4 different connections and 4 different devices.",2167
-"@IKEAUKSupport Hi Leanne, it was 403.087.76 (Trysil wardrobe) and it was the Wednesbury store. Such a shame items can't be reserved.",2168
-@VodafoneIN restore outgoing calls facility until you send the bill nobody from Vodafone got in touch with me regarding my previous concern,2169
-@hulu_support service doesn't seem to be working and live chat is unavailable too. This is frustrating!,2170
-On hold with @DICKS an hour just to get told to call back another day. Hell yeah,2171
-"My Graphics Card has gone to Graphics Card Heaven..R.I.P my @nvidia 8800 GTS, you served me well (Military Funeral Music Begins)",2172
-@HPSupport photo printing quality suck why??m277dw #hppsdr #ljhelp,2173
-Okay SV I didn’t need to finish this video or anything.,2174
-@pizzahut This is the order number - you will find all details from this# 3170924195712001184030217,2175
-@pizzahut Like three times and got left on hold every time. What's up with y'all man,2176
-@IKEAUKSupport Dishwasher repair service has failed after 3 site visits and 2 wrong parts. 0800 Repair has now closed the job rather than order required part and told us to call Ikea to open job again. Back to square one! Broken since Sept. Very disappoin,2177
-New year same taking forever to get dressed,2178
-@Safaricom_Care Hi my dad just sent money to a wrong number. Please reverse.,2179
-That feeling when you order @pizzahut & get the confirmation that your pizza has left the store... 40 min after the estimated delivery time.,2180
-@DSGSupport can you stop sending 8339201847 emails a day. I've gotten 3 already and the days isn't even over,2181
-It's Mom's Day! Wishing you a happy one from the Magnificent Mile. https://t.co/LE5G98Ik5r,2182
-@KenyaPower_Care power outage in Kasarani Watano Apartments since last night...what could be the problem?,2183
-"@CyberStormAlpha This does not help me, when it's 4 degrees out and I'm having to hope my scarf keeps the air warm… https://t.co/LjDFIi0nVJ",2184
-Thanks for the #Retweet @neimanmarcus the #FashionShow was amazing!! #iworkatnm #Houston #HoustonGalleria https://t.co/2jjEsuAKfa,2185
-@Burberry trying to order some rain boots I wear a 7.5 in US what size would I be in your boots do they run small or true to size?,2186
-"@Arbys @ArbysCares awful service in Corydon, Indiana today. Rude employees. Disappointed.",2187
-@UbisoftSupport Battleship needs help with achievements not working.,2188
-"@BuckyGriffin Boiiiiii you ain't goin no where. �� How could you escape when here on the dark side, we have cat videos",2189
-"I entered a giveaway for a chance to win ""The Bond Bordeux Leather Ankle Boot size 6..."" by Gusto Leather. https://t.co/AS43NbI4mZ #giveaway",2190
-Still sitting pretty ! ������ https://t.co/fGT8x5CdT7,2191
-"Hey @BeatsSupport my wireless Powerbeats fully charge(red), software is up to date according to your website but will not turn on. Ideas?",2192
-@AirAsiaSupport please reply my DM ASAP!!!,2193
-"Hey @Wendys, you gave me a BLT and I asked for a double stack, see you in court.",2194
-"@DanRobinson1234 Presentation over attended, weather ok, nice ppl. #hawks pro shop. https://t.co/K6eaklBBM7",2195
-I've completed the daily quest in Paradise Island 2! #GameInsight #ParadiseIsland2 https://t.co/T7TEKwLD64,2196
-@walmarthelp I found that link and my issue was solved IMMEDIATELY with a rep. THANK YOU,2197
-Just paid @Uber Rs. 83 because the driver started the trip while 10 minutes away and could not be contacted,2198
-"“In this was manifested the love of God toward us, because that God sent his only begotten Son into the world, that… https://t.co/MxuEEFu1Lq",2199
-@mimillouise Funny movies are also the best bc takes your mind off things and laugh ��,2200
-Best part about money at Christmas. I can pay my bills after spending all my money on my baby and husband ��,2201
-"“I want to contribute as much as possible to humanity becoming a multi-planet species,” he said, alluding to a goal… https://t.co/nrmmXx65Gk",2202
-@SquareUK do you have an official approach to gift vouchers for use with your pos solution? Do you sell gift vouchers for use with your sys?,2203
-"@VodafoneIN Hi, Awaiting answer on my bill issue...",2204
-@Peji07 My absolute fucking favorite lmao,2205
-"All things considered, I could do a lot worse than having @MrCraigRobinson be my celebrity look-alike",2206
-@mxllorymxe Not to be dramatic but I would die for whiskey,2207
-So... I got a bad @Yelp review... but we think it's fake really whoever does this like really people lose their jobs over this kind of stuff,2208
-@EricYesner @WSAV @GeorgiaPower None at rivers end campground...,2209
-@IHG and @HolidayInn gave you guys another chance - but my room now has a burning air unit. 6th Ave is super unsafe.,2210
-I ordered a Big Mac & an Artisan Chicken once and ate them both v proud,2211
-"@Delta Any updates, HHW?",2212
-hello my pc (windows 8.1) wont get past the lenovo boot logo. any suggestions? @LenovoSupport @lenovohelp @WindowsSupport @MicrosoftHelps,2213
-"@AlfaRomeoCares i need your help, i am in desperation .",2214
-Got my free chance to win $100 FREECASH in points. Tons of wins here! https://t.co/uvgM81rqG0 #instantwingame,2215
-@localvenus ‘if the demon that’s haunting our bathroom sees this...’ lmfao I’m sooo curious to know what you were g… https://t.co/AwN4ObDefi,2216
-@JCameratoNBCS @blowoutcards It would be better if he could drop a free throw forward...,2217
-You ever think about the fact that a watch is just a belt for your wrist?,2218
-I wish Threat Level Midnight was an actual movie,2219
-"@Safaricom_Care hi,kindly activate for me M-Shuari on this number.0703963851",2220
-@SEPTA_SOCIAL Oh I think I figured it out! There for some reason is another heart on the top of the app,2221
-@ck1983xx You're overly dressed in this one! LOL,2222
-@njmartin5225 @GrownAssMidget @TheCWW I've seen this before. It's too funny! ����,2223
-Now he’s imitating “people from Brooklyn” my people can’t catch a break w this guy,2224
-@ThreeUK your customer service is terrible! I paid my last bill and closed my account 2 months ago,2225
-"You may be quite enthusiastic about your future, but it seems ... More for Gemini https://t.co/XWs6cTrbJQ",2226
-.@TwitterSupport There is an account that is seeking to impersonate my account. Can you follow so that I can report? Thanks!,2227
-"@AirAsiaSupport Ok so you're saying that even though I have flown on the later flight, I will still get my refund?",2228
-"Hello @GEICO , why @Enterprise is charging me $113 dollars for a car that was to be paid by you? I returned on time and with gas.",2229
-"@comcastcares what's going on in Sammamish/Issaquah area...I have no internet, TV, etc. https://t.co/vPpIid2Ogc",2230
-@psouhrada @washingtonpost I'd like Roy Moore's pony.,2231
-@Moto_Support Hope your reply comes faster unlike my mobile(mail sent) @LenovoSupport @MotorolaSupport #Modaymotivation #still_saynotomoto,2232
-"@TommyHilfiger the United States. I enjoyed the product, price and we are in the cart. I want to make the payment and purchase.",2233
-Guess there are so many people checking for updates that it takes so long... @MicrosoftHelps @Microsoft https://t.co/aSmR357NT0,2234
-@xoxokatharine That’s way better than the cough drops I’ve had stashed in mine for the last 2 weeks ������,2235
-@HolidayInn please DM me so I can tell you about it,2236
-Love your gate agents @SouthwestAir @slcairport #CustomerService #Rocks,2237
-@greateranglia You too and thank you again,2238
-@NikeSupport Website insists I have no internet connection when I try to log in using Firefox. This tweet to you says otherwise. What's up?,2239
-@Topman Placed an order online two days ago for delivery today paid for. Still no tracking number or details of delivery,2240
-@VodafoneIN this is 4g speed https://t.co/RD8n945d8G,2241
-@SouthwestAir how far in advance should call about group flights #20+ #2020,2242
-A great quote “never scan what you can’t preserve” #s43 #dpla #libraries #archives #digitization #metadata #wvlafall2017,2243
-@DropboxSupport are there any plans to reintroduce the free up space options as there was on carousel?,2244
-Happy birthday to one of the best people I've ever known. So lucky to have you as a friend for life ��@EmAhern21 miss you love,2245
-@BurberryService Or maybe they have the product in store? Otherwise I will just let it deliver!,2246
-Shame on @Chrysler I will never lease a car from them again,2247
-@AskPlayStation For Fifa 18,2248
-Smh still working on my #email account what the freak happened definitely don't know shit is old from 01 help me #aol,2249
-@EASPORTSFIFA @AntoGriezmann @sterling7 Guess what? 150k (which is enough to buy like 12 shitty informs) wasted on… https://t.co/gOdKW14Mxy,2250
-@McDonalds why is every location I go to out of the buttermilk tenders?,2251
-@God_Of_Steel @bernbelleza @Imagineer2017 @EPCOTExplorer @kyleauxren @eleventhirtyate 3. Maybe in Episode IX? They… https://t.co/uvYuJnKyou,2252
-@SEPTA_SOCIAL @SEPTA Thank you!,2253
-"@TopmanAskUs hey, could you possibly follow me so I can DM you? Thanks!",2254
-"@greateranglia The Sudbury train will be ten minutes late but will arrive a few minutes after the 8.24. By that logic, you hold it.",2255
-lw want mcdonalds breakfast rn #hasbrowns,2256
-@LeoSypniewski R u sure https://t.co/wCyh9gCQhW,2257
-"@KFC_UKI_Help Your Trowbridge branch is awful. Waited over 15 minutes for 3 things and when we got in the car, the order was wrong not good!",2258
-@TopmanAskUs can you follow me so that I can DM you my info pls.,2259
-I received $5.25 PayPal. #instagc #free #cash https://t.co/GdEc2NN4tD,2260
-Giant thank you to the Colts’ fans who made the trek out to Culver City. Games tied at 14 w 6:00 to go in half. https://t.co/oVLE87Fbso,2261
-@BestBuySupport No email today :( checked spam and everything... I normally get all my Best Buy emails fine.,2262
-When you visit Disney at Christmas and bring back Disney presents for your dogs... Disney… https://t.co/JdPxMZP3x8,2263
-Yes get that win #yepyepyep https://t.co/B6wHj48RZn,2264
-@Jeff_Blute Fortnite,2265
-It smells overwhelmingly like peppermint. https://t.co/F4rSLT9avB,2266
-@UbisoftSupport I have lost the year 1 ops lol https://t.co/rV24RQpG4r,2267
-@NikeSupport And have latest software updates,2268
-@KFC_UKI_Help My 2nd visit to KFC Chadwell Heath after the last fiasco.This time they had no gravy or corn & forgot my chips #fail,2269
-Need help @nytsupport delivery of the @nytimes on Sundays to any stores in or around Grapevine TX is lacking. Most Sundays non existent? Y?,2270
-"@motorolaindia @motorola @Lenovo_in Have visited Chandigarh 20 Sector Service Centre to get my faulty charger & headphone replaced, but was shocked to see the behavior of the staff, extremely casual, had formated my phone don't know why and didn't even ch",2271
-"@AskPlayStation my shareplay is not working, what should I do?",2272
-I just had an intense 50 minutes of Full Body with Sworkit #fitnessmotivation #sworkit,2273
-@vindale each,2274
-"@cleveland19news Cole is a class act. Even though he no longer plays for the Phillies, he still donates huge to t… https://t.co/h9PcTDcM8W",2275
-Smoothest landing ever into LaGuardia tonight. @Delta thank the pilots of DL5899. Impressive work on a windy night.,2276
-@motorolaindia my back camera of MotoG4plus is hazy. What could be the prob? Any Nearest service to Kammanahalli #Bangalore ?,2277
-"@realDonaldTrump - did you watch a different program? in reality the opposite happened, you mouthpiece refuses to… https://t.co/49RYOnJMVU",2278
-The highlight of my night is that me and Nicole are on a solid snap streak and it’s actually amazing,2279
-"@Nordstrom in Norfolk,Va you seriously need diversity training for some of your employees what happened should have never happened",2280
-After two finals in two nights I think the McDonald's supper was well deserved,2281
-Protip: we can't complain about people not paying for media if dealing with actual delivery/billing is misery when they do. @washingtonpost,2282
-"a baby. a freaking EIGHT MONTH OLD BABY. do you think she was asking for it too, just like the rest of the rape a… https://t.co/cT9525Yh6N",2283
-"Every year dealing with @turbotax freezing, failing, and pain. Now won't let me print my state filing, only Efile for $25.",2284
-"@Uber_Support Still, no progress being made. Is this your customer satisfaction policy?",2285
-"@ArbysCares Germantown, Tennessee",2286
-@Lil_slimGoddess Hahahahaha I️ know you are lmao,2287
-@YobitExchange follow me here #yobit,2288
-@Moto_Support infact it is not working for any city,2289
-@Zendaya aww the nostalgia! missing those shake it up days.,2290
-Drinking a Pinky Up by @peekskillbrews - https://t.co/PagEws6Vti,2291
-"@TopmanAskUs hi, I need to return some jeans I got my son, but I've lost the invoice, have email though as done online, can you help??",2292
-@walmarthelp Can I get some assistance on an order I placed and rollback pricing?,2293
-@bioshock @GameStop Definitely some plasmid themed booze! Maybe a jello plasmid slug lol,2294
-"Play Now You're Winning, No Kidding #instantwingame! Chance to win up to $50! #kids #toys https://t.co/zFum0k2ZJh via @SYWSweeps",2295
-"@washposthelp I had to reset it in the process of subscribing yesterday. New password worked on laptop, but not on phone.",2296
-@DICKS how the fuck you gonna have Providence Friars sweatshirts but not SJSU?!?!,2297
-@bnewbs16 I want Luna,2298
-Goes to McDonalds Orders a cheeseburger Gets the cheeseburger Bites into cheeseburger There is no meat on said cheeseburger,2299
-@NicCageMatch If u don’t think there is a stigma about a man admitting he was abused by a male and how that defines… https://t.co/dsxM9swJfT,2300
-@realDonaldTrump lol what kind of president talks like this. #impeachtrump,2301
-@ThreeUKSupport It's now 24th Jan and I note that this still hasn't been resolved. No connection today either. What's the story now?,2302
-@SamsungSupport If I got my Note8 at Tmobile am I still eligible to get $40.00 off the Gear VR?,2303
-"@GEICO submitted claim for diminished value over 2 weeks ago. Requested status, no response. Trying not to involve attorneys. Please advise",2304
-Dear @comcastbusiness please get @VividLabs service back online sometime soon so I can get my computer out of repair sometime soon.,2305
-@MicrosoftHelps So I've re-run the troubleshooter and it says fixed but netflix still doesn't open. It goes to the logo screen and crashes.,2306
-@Safaricom_Care Kindly call again,2307
-@AdamSchefter Just a reminder: Move on from that (You espn guys are still so obsessed with that).,2308
-"Watch ""Counter Arguments"" on YouTube - https://t.co/n8tZk2wscu",2309
-"If filing taxes is hard, amending a previous year's return is the Hellraiser Puzzle. /thread because i hate everything right now..",2310
-Get up at 4 am just to see @Delta delayed my flight by 3 hour again..every fucking time I fly with them something happens,2311
-CANNABIS NEWS - INTEGRITY TRIBUNE News from CIA - HOT OFF THE PRESS https://t.co/dHcwUQHDlP,2312
-@VirginTrains just been a major argument between passengers for the point I have just made! Passengers already in seats before announced?,2313
-"@FC_Help Hi, I have otto frill dress, never worn but lost receipt, discovered it has small fraying of fabric at bottom of zip - help! thanks",2314
-"@LGAairport + @AmericanAir = ridiculous, incompetence, clueless.",2315
-"@Vanity_Sexx The bigger the onion, the less tears.",2316
-Sweet words from a prince. https://t.co/SDfiCWKwX5,2317
-@BestBuySupport This happened at Acworth GA store.,2318
-#NeologismOfTheDay Smorgasmbord (n). Early morning sex involving a variety of different positions or experiences.,2319
-@VirginTrains Thats more signings then Hull City have made today... Is CB leaving the company or moving to a new role?,2320
-Why is she so perfect? https://t.co/68Ne4JSi7e,2321
-@virginmedia Do either of these numbers put us directly through to someone??,2322
-@Lentertament @LoganPaul @YouTube Considering the idiot won't learn a thing. *Burns his Second Chance in the flames of Hell*,2323
-@Superdry_Care Is there a way to find your store music playlist? There's 1 song we heard in your store last week & can't remember the name!,2324
-@Poppnop A spork is a wonderful choice!! My personal choice is the spoon but alas!,2325
-"@YourAuntBarbara You look gorgeous as always, and I love that dress on you!",2326
-@Pornhub Ask away!,2327
-@pen_harrisonF1 @thebuxtonblog Jokes on them when you look at where you are now,2328
-#yubnope https://t.co/RUVzWuQ5Qy,2329
-@SleekMakeUP Love it!,2330
-https://t.co/mRH4FvhH4h ya know family guy as usual knowing when shits going wrong years before it blows up.,2331
-@Uber_Support after launching ubereats now its Uber cheats. No response from customer service on my issue for being over charged.,2332
-16 years ago today the world lost an amazing musician. Thanks for the music @GeorgeHarrison ✌������ #GeorgeHarrison… https://t.co/uGfrSblVOn,2333
-@AOLSupportHelp When I try to recover my password I get this message You do not have any account recovery options for resetting your password. I need to gain access so I can recover my yahoo account,2334
-@WL_Athletics Seriously - Im going to need a play by play then... �� Facebook live? Anything?,2335
-@Superdry_Care what's your sale returns policy? Was bought item at Oxford store want to swap or get vouchers for it instead,2336
-@neimanmarcus found my order yet???,2337
-@SEPTA_SOCIAL @SEPTA_MFL Around 15min+ headed eastbound.,2338
-@ThreeUKSupport Within 48 hours,2339
-@Walmart Very disappointed in your bathrooms.,2340
-@greateranglia FWIW the unit on the Sudbury line sounds very sick doubt it'll last much longer.,2341
-The only time I’ll ever chase a guy is if he steals my food.,2342
-@lexi_lagattuta Girl who used tumblr?¿?¿,2343
-@tyllrjsh @KeyArenaSeattle @iamblackbear @dcongerphoto THATS ME TOO,2344
-"@Delta do your planes have handicapped accessible bathrooms DTW-TPE route? If yes, can you please send link/pictures? Thank you! #travel",2345
-"@JetBlue Getting this error when attempting to manage my flight. We are sorry, an internal system error has occurred",2346
-I just want everyone to know that @sho_help / @Showtime has the absolute worst customer service I have ever received. Ever.,2347
-"The mood, the aesthetic, the writing. ������ https://t.co/1IrxfSczsi",2348
-@Zebrafishspoony ����,2349
-@subaru_usa will be calling customer service after work.,2350
-@DropboxSupport i need help! please reply to my messages!,2351
-@XboxSupport Any more suggestions?,2352
-"@katya_zamo Oh, really? https://t.co/aGmV7Xt3Tc",2353
-@SamsungSupport Thank you!,2354
-"""When you feel weak. Remember the things that made you strong. Whenever you start to doubt yourself, remember thos… https://t.co/HYGrrbjjUj",2355
-@NBASTORE do you have this in store i'm planning to stop by tomorrow or online only?,2356
-@Moto_Support Any updates please,2357
-@nookBN @BNBuzz I can't find any information about this on b the website. Please provide link.,2358
-@hitRECordJoe Dwight McAlister III. D Mac for short.,2359
-@salesforce @amazon ...and of course the people of Indy freaking rock!�������� https://t.co/gnNLopEY2t,2360
-@DIRECTVService Why is Atlanta United (MLS) not among my choices when I do a Search & Browse for sports teams? Can't set them as a favorite.,2361
-"@RawStory Lmao, ...don't know much biology...",2362
-@FC_Help hi m order is 913181 did you revise the money? if you did.. how about the shipping ?,2363
-@UbisoftSupport My friend got permanently banned for cheating in rainbow six siege and he never cheats can you look into it?,2364
-Wishing the happiest of 21st birthdays to my very best friend!… https://t.co/7pvjn1BrzU,2365
-"@AOLSupportHelp I understand you won't update the AOL Desktop software, but why would you stop CUSTOMERS from continuing to access and use it for favourite places and saved e-mail etc?",2366
-#google chrome .been sending lots of destructive stuff to my laptop..spying on me .advised not to use it .. not picked up by #Norton either,2367
-@SouthwestAir Landed safely and on our way to our meetings. Hopefully the 4:00Pm flight back to la is g2g,2368
-@TommyHilfiger Impossible to order on FR website ?? electronicsnical issues ? Many tries with different debit card... tks http://t.co/80EmCPxYfI,2369
-@ChryslerCares I have a mother question my car fairly new and breaks making a noise rear one and as well smoke smell comes out /:,2370
-"@iamjokinlyserus @crissles Yeah, I was concerned when he darted touching the body looking for a wallet. Smh. He mad… https://t.co/y4P6QfrPoa",2371
-@Apple Yo what the heck?! my only pair of headphones that work and they were cheap as hell https://t.co/WgCGdF5ofq,2372
-@FitbitSupport I can honestly say you’re telling the truth. I contacted your customer support a few years ago and I… https://t.co/CVRDdEVNIJ,2373
-"Wish @XFINITY had an easy ""play next"" list like the Apple Podcast app, that would be soooooOOoOooo nice.",2374
-I can’t wait to see how the new My Hero arc goes,2375
-I need to Use The Restroom but my new roommate has strangers over pls send help,2376
-@ComcastCares #mobile_Care throwing error codes for the TV... resetting boxes will not do anything..,2377
-@BlackGirlNerds Is that the little person from Bad Santa?,2378
-@EE hi how do I log into my free bt sports account please,2379
-4 of 5 stars to Doctor Sleep by Stephen King https://t.co/5MeankxJHK,2380
-@MACcosmetics when is the dua lipa lipglass gonna be available in the uk ?,2381
-"@KFC_UKI_Help absoloutly shocking customer services from your middlehaven middlesbrough store today, will not be going back after today #nothappy #KFC",2382
-Train No. 12358 PNR 2720822708 Toilets very dirty pls help. @RailMinIndia @PiyushGoyalOffc @PiyushGoyal,2383
-@SEPTA_SOCIAL de-lousing the benches? https://t.co/s6uQOEEJQF,2384
-@katie_levans Uuuugggghhhh. I thought the email was just for me! #hulkangry,2385
-"@SebazWorld ""Seba seems cool."" ""Can confirm: Seba is cool.""",2386
-Pathetic!! 2 apple slices!!! #McDonalds https://t.co/vbP6FwJ3LM,2387
-Retweeted Daniel Goddard (@DanielGoddard): #CanesChallenge isn’t just about getting the body back in shape but... https://t.co/I4VD3aSlST,2388
-Great phone customer service from @WhirlpoolCorp thank you Brittany!,2389
-@FOBManiaProject https://t.co/dxpjIYTEiS,2390
-@Darron_Turner anychance you can confirm this is from Bills Winston million car? Building a model and want it spot… https://t.co/HFNYRivKqM,2391
-"@AOLSupportHelp Ready to cancel my AOL account. These pop up ads, with loud volume have forced me to turn my volume off. Horrible.",2392
-"@KenyaPower_Care ACCOUNT NO:37968132, Current meter reading 8083",2393
-"@Mike_Wuerthele I'm a man, I'd like a richer more fulfilled life. If only there were a Managing Editor to inform me… https://t.co/I7UmL24e2E",2394
-@British_Airways 200% price increase since August this year #greatcustomerservice,2395
-‘shithole’ countries. I see. https://t.co/OCsArHIzQl,2396
-@UbisoftSupport will the Siege update automatically start if i leave my pc on and go to bed?,2397
-"@BootsHelp hi I accidentally ordered two of an item I only meant to order one of, Can I cancel part of this order? Thanks!",2398
-@th3chazz If only this was the best burn card in the game... if only..,2399
-"emotional me is so lame, i hate her",2400
-@British_Airways still not received my luggage from redirected flight on Sunday. Is Santa bringing it or should I expect it before then??,2401
-@hmcanada I love the sweater is there a code we can enter to order,2402
-I just Shake my head and laugh because I know . He really has a mental problem.,2403
-@SouthwestAir I never received my companion pass card in the mail. Anything I can do to get another sent? Tx!,2404
-@twanswagg @hbark06,2405
-Mcdonalds knows what's up.,2406
-@sdutKevinAcee At least it means he cares more about winning than a new stadium. You can't say that about Dean Spanos.,2407
-The Soul-Directed Life kicks off its 6th year today with Tara Cousineau and The Kindness Cure -… https://t.co/S8iHe25wAb,2408
-When your brother and his kids surprise your mom with a Christmas visit #USAFsister #bestsurpriseever #GiliAndBop https://t.co/fmxL2wmVBs,2409
-Card Captors was a transatlantic show for me. I was introduced to it soon before my journey from China to Murica as… https://t.co/Vj8Jp1IOaf,2410
-Okay. I tweeted something. #NowWhat,2411
-@hpsupport [Type issue here] #hpenphoto7800 #hpAIOi New printer calibration stuck at 0% and will not allow shutdown. Photo printing works?,2412
-@HondaCustSvc @HondaCustSvc I need someone to help me with an issue,2413
-Only 8 years? Feels like at least 36,2414
-#TideBowl https://t.co/C18WhVUuBO,2415
-@Island_Ratz Self deception is the Original Sin you can commit and be responsible for against your own good. https://t.co/7qmfGztb9G,2416
-"@kiwicoffeeman @posbosshq @tuihanacafe I've got shares in another four IT companies, time to focus on them. Did 7 y… https://t.co/3bs690J7tY",2417
-"@MistressSatan People told me my boobs weren't ""that big"" (32G) but the way they pulled on my neck, back and even s… https://t.co/upe5uWqx5G",2418
-@WilliamShatner Really Cuff don’t be a dick the rest of your life!,2419
-@virginmedia Southern,2420
-"@DICKS Can you help me find any of the below style numbers in SZ 13 Mens 310805-102, 528895-007, 306008-013, 378037-117",2421
-"@NYTsupport Just talked to Liam, a resolution expert. Problem solved - he was great. Thks.",2422
-What type of service is this @VodafoneIN https://t.co/ZJ4GHvB3qB,2423
-"@ArbysCares It was Decatur, Indiana.",2424
-@BestBuy I placed my order 6 days ago and it is still in the preparing process. I see that a store 30 minutes away has one on display? Why,2425
-@ThreeUKSupport i need the number of a UK call centre as the last 3 from abroad have lost the signal. Your service is disgusting,2426
-@Uber_Support my driver on Saturday was doing 52mph in a 20mph zone. I was terrified. How can you allow this??,2427
-@ipsy @MannyMua733 I'm still waiting,2428
-@SeaOfThieves Im still having the too early message. Is there a fix?,2429
-worst customer service experience with @Walmart @WalmartCanada @walmarthelp. never been treated with such contempt,2430
-@CarlsJr When - and *why* - did you discontinue turkey burgers AND fish sandwiches?? Great job further limiting opt… https://t.co/Z2kvyTnbQx,2431
-@LUjoshit I didn’t need this mental image pls take it back,2432
-"@WuTangClan America! I mean, with Eagles vs. Patriots whoever wins, it's AMERICA!",2433
-"@brian_bilston That almost hurt to read, gosh. ��",2434
-"So, I'm now having to check my @subaru_usa Forester's oil each month. Put 4 quarts in today, got about 2 out. #smh",2435
-@bactive2day @Lesher_MS @mmoeller_co @PickleballUSA How have I never done this.....love it!,2436
-@washposthelp using the 'print edition' app on an iPad. Can you help me understand the benefit to the digital subscription? Thanks!,2437
-@hulu_support Hey i cant log into the website on my computer but it worked fine on my phone last night. What do i do?,2438
-@BestBuySupport Two days ago when the 800 number phone person connected me with someone at the store,2439
-@Dat_Saintsfan you throw a snowball on the ground it sounds like a bullet hit the ground #ROCKSTARLOGIC,2440
-@EE Yes and I've now swapped it over to BT about a week ago,2441
-@ntvgoficial #NTVGenLaPlata2012 https://t.co/5qOWhUsskC,2442
-@comcastcares is there an outage in Nashville tn?,2443
-@greateranglia what's the point of putting charger sockets on the refurbished trains when they don't work?,2444
-@JetBlue worst customer service f my life and that's saying something since I thought allegiant held that spot.,2445
-"@ZARA_Care hi there, anyone available to help with my order query?",2446
-"@Safaricom_Care @bobcollymore Updated but still getting time outs, could be poor network?",2447
-"�� At last, one of life's most important mysteries answered! https://t.co/3wRuxpP9e8",2448
-@TopmanAskUs hi do you accept these vouchers in store? https://t.co/dBeSuWYN7u,2449
-@DropboxSupport Thanks!,2450
-@ASOS_HeretoHelp @ASOS my order number is 309749735 where is my shit?,2451
-@BootsUK This is a disgusting waste of packaging! https://t.co/YIBf6neEjm,2452
-Going against Stafford *stress paces faster https://t.co/Q74SgYuJXq,2453
-@WalkingDead_AMC Bet he got bit when he was helping that guy. That's why he wanted Negan to kill him.,2454
-Thanks @Delta for having us sitting in the plane on the tarmac for SIX HOURS then delaying the flight SIX MORE HOURS with no place to sleep,2455
-@Medium please add functionality to bookmark the reading-place ( not just article ); especially for the #longReads,2456
-@pilkmudding aaah THANK YOU ������✨ also lmao i look like i came straight from heaven but behind the camera i am the actual devil ahahah,2457
-@KenyaPower_Care Is it almost resolved!!?,2458
-"@KFC_UKI_Help Went to my local KFC. In bloxwich, leamore lane , so angry they short changed me by ten pound and then denied it",2459
-@holidayinn NW hwy in Farmington Hills Mi is it a coincidence that my Credit card was charged for an additional $103 dollars I think not!,2460
-"@KateGaziano This was a hard decision, but that last minute or so sealed the deal",2461
-@kneenuhhhhh I miss you too! Let’s catch up while I’m home for winter break! ❤️,2462
-@sho_help the Showtime Anytime app is the WORST. It stopped working 4 times while trying to finish Homeland and now it won't play at all.,2463
-"I'm paying 50 dollars less in Insurance now thanks to @GEICO . This might be that last free promo you guys get since the internet isn't going to be free anymore, but goodlooks",2464
-Hello @lenovo_UKI @LenovoSupport I'm having a major problem in that my Ideapad 710S is getting stuck on the Boot Menu when loading. Customer Support live chat not being helpful as I do not have my serial number. Poor service being received currently when I have a big problem,2465
-"@VodafoneIN #Net service down #Called to CC, issue nt resolved. No resolution on complaint #227878622388 even after 2hours",2466
-@Topman what's the point in paying for express delivery if you can't keep to it? Waste of time.,2467
-.@Arbys BUT WHAT ABOUT BETWEEN 5 AND 9 PM? please reconsider on your next flyer!!!! No Arby's will be purchased until resolved!!! 3/3,2468
-#tw if you read the article for suicidal thoughts as well as depression,2469
-@AQWNewsTeam Farming pet?,2470
-"@HondaCustSvc Will the new 2018 Honda will be available in a combo with 6 spd manual, sunroof and leather seats? Current accord is not.",2471
-@SamsungSupport And I'm guessing that sometimes that phone batterys takes a little bit to get used to the new update.,2472
-No tab on my can? What the @Budweiser http://t.co/xyrAeQvdCs,2473
-"@AWSSupport No, I'm still in an endless loop. It's requiring me to enter AWS Nickname and Email Address. Things I already have.",2474
-@Yelp hi there I verified my email account yesterday to claim my business but it's still not listed nor can I log in ? Many thanks,2475
-@DIRECTV don't think I'm ungrateful at the offer of free HBO+Cinemax for a month but I shouldn't have to cancel else be charged #shady,2476
-@UPSHelp hey you deliver my stuff today and it's broken!! What can I do? https://t.co/CKTxqogbEL,2477
-@united I have an important dinner engagement you are going to make me late for.,2478
-"@HMRCcustomers i am a student and am trying to sort out my tax code as I am being taxed, how do I go about fixing this?",2479
-@Ryboogz He is smh,2480
-"The @Delta team is a very friendly and professional group. This makes it all the worse when you come across that rare surly, dismissive one.",2481
-It’s hard work I took a pole class once and almost died �� https://t.co/4Yd1MavpOc,2482
-Tell Senator Burr to do his job and stop protecting Trump. Email him and demand answers: https://t.co/SkxurIUZp3… https://t.co/pndRkeH2KK,2483
-@XboxSupport is Xbox gonna be showing the super bowl again like last year?,2484
-Ready for 26.1! https://t.co/Gc3ObA33JG,2485
-Waiting on @enterprisecares to come get me while the grey ghost(Chrysler 300 )gets fixed up.,2486
-@AbbyNeuber L M A O,2487
-"Care package courtesy of Sean at @bitbybitstudios. Some Fiz coasters and a couple Portland, OR local beers. Thanks,… https://t.co/ko2xA3eXjO",2488
-@AmericanAir nice new Flagship lounge in Chicago - cheers!!! https://t.co/L1htaUHYrq,2489
-@XboxSupport How long will this issue be ?,2490
-@AnheuserBusch your bud exchange website is a JOKE!!,2491
-@GeorgiaPower It's on your map online ....,2492
-Dead ass though I just saved money by switching to @GEICO,2493
-@FC_Help I need to get in contact with someone regarding the fc.com website. I work for a major search engine. Tried enquiries@ and web form,2494
-@blackanddecker check this #ThrowbackThursday http://t.co/CcqZNUbn1e,2495
-"@Arbys This smokehouse chicken sandwich can never, ever, ever, ever, ever go away. That is all.",2496
-@AOLSupportHelp Is all ok with email as I have been advised that someone received 'email address does not exist' when trying to email me,2497
-@FC_Help Will you be getting the wendy cotton v neck dress in pavlova back in stock on the site?,2498
-thank god for chickens,2499
-When 280 characters means Thomas Rhett can spend more time talking about how much he loves his wife https://t.co/DLxbzNJfxM,2500
-@yelpsupport can you site the policy that allows this?,2501
-@angela24janelle @people I can’t love this enough ���� #timrigginshasmyheart,2502
-"@WashPostClaire Bought Sunday delivery + digital last wk. Paper arrived, can't access online. Won't take credit card #, don't know acct. #",2503
-@WGladstone Maybe it's due to the fact that he's a smug ass who doesn't help anything.,2504
-@realDonaldTrump @FoxNews Trump I figured out whybyou hate Kim Jung Un. Cause he has a cult of personality and you… https://t.co/Ti2BxUBUVP,2505
-Bit extreme online safety measures by @virginmedia today. We've had no broadband since 9am. #InternetSafetyDay,2506
-@Dejan_Kovacevic I’ve been a fan since the ‘70’s. I never imagined a scenario where I hated the @Pirates but I thin… https://t.co/zKKKuIzDy5,2507
-@oneplus can't be used on @Verizon correct?,2508
-Got the new iphone 8 29th of sept...a week later they relaese a new phone...and now giving beats to everyone who gets them? Joke that! @EE,2509
-star gazing FT FaceF8 (Prod by. Chupi) https://t.co/qigzFVqtJQ via @YouTube,2510
-"@BacwardsQMark I have been afraid to read my mentions all day, but I can see where you have continuously defended m… https://t.co/um4LrGgHKC",2511
-@jruss486 No fucking way,2512
-@Libsbar could you please get in touch in regards to massive issues with bt at my business address,2513
-@VirginTrains what's happening to the 20:52 service from Stoke-on-trent to London Euston?,2514
-@Unbotherable McDonalds all day.,2515
-@HPSupport my wireless HP envy 5660 printer stopped showing up on my printer menu when I tried to print #hppsdr #ijkhelp,2516
-@British_Airways absolutely shocking service from BA. No better than any budget airline.,2517
-0/7 packages out for delivery..including next day air for the 2nd day..unacceptable @UPS,2518
-@goodreads Love Sevenwaters Saga,2519
-This Tweet from @DiegoMedua has been withheld in: United Kingdom.,2520
-@LianaEnright Who did you fly with? I’m just curious cuz we came to Florida yesterday through AA and it was one of… https://t.co/4PYsYwmpzA,2521
-@GeorgiaPower please take care of these soon!!! Trees with a dangerous lean to the line https://t.co/RlZZulJRRM,2522
-"@CryptoNickk @YouTube Hmmm, anyone else think this sounds like a script? �� First @bitcointre and now you.. “BitConn… https://t.co/IHlaw7a6qy",2523
-@TMobile @SamsungMobileUS #holidaytwogether #contest @MobileRocks76,2524
-@ShockTop This is the last time I buy shocktop. If ingredients said floaty flavor and crusty necks I might drink it. http://t.co/2bnPE5Q1Uw,2525
-You may feel a bit disoriented today as mundane responsibiliti... More for Gemini https://t.co/QsH3UaGQUt,2526
-@JetBlue Is your online check-in down or is it just not letting me check in? This is stressing me out,2527
-@hm_custserv Thanks but I'm going to have to go in now as I wanted next day delivery for a night out Friday,2528
-@realDonaldTrump They are allowed to talk to each other and have opinions.,2529
-@LenovoSupport Where can I order Recovery Disks for a T520? Tx,2530
-@blackanddecker Was using my new laser level and the drywall pin broke off. Advice? http://t.co/PfKLUeh1Iw,2531
-@XboxSupport hi I am getting following error code whilst trying set as home console https://t.co/4RevFoqOUt,2532
-"@AppleSupport Hi, is there any way to check overall battery health for my iphone 6s plus ?",2533
-Sent a DM pls check @SamsungSupport,2534
-"@awscloud how do i get everyday new news of aws , how do i check what is new service or new feature aws launched ?",2535
-"@Showtime problems with @DIRECTV users using Showtime anytime today? Keep getting ""internal error""",2536
-Diagnosed with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma? You may be eligible to participate in a research study. Find out. #NHL #sp https://t.co/LGEGcp7wvE,2537
-It's like @nordstrom knows my soul! #cheese #instamood https://t.co/QKJaStfa4l,2538
-@johnlegend come on john just admit you pranked her,2539
-"@British_Airways Hi Liz, no, I just took it as allocated.",2540
-"Hey @ThreeUKSupport I have an Honor 9 on your network, any idea when the Android Oreo/EMUI update is going to be available OTA?",2541
-I spent 6 hours at the mall and I’M CRYING,2542
-@AppleSupport This link helped thanks,2543
-"@awscloud Account closed, all my instances removed. Asking to sign up again. What kind of stupidity is going on :( Account No: 344642049333",2544
-Why are all the new @hulu apps so bad. I have 2 fire TVs and both have constant errors and even if you get in the layout is ridiculous.,2545
-This is a quote straight from my job I swear https://t.co/zGJYmc7Nwd,2546
-@bergersteen Did you know that you can do curling for funsies at either Kirkwood Ice Rink or Webster?? We should try it out!!!!,2547
-Turkey and quinoa make for the perfect meatloaf bites! Don’t believe us? Give this @PerdueChicken recipe a try and… https://t.co/rwZRycWoGW,2548
-@sisisixes They suck. @UPS is the worst. Ever.,2549
-@thatgreenekid Please become team mom,2550
-"haiku simple: in a pinch of time, life's spices flutter and fall, to waiting below. #haiku #haikuchallenge",2551
-@hulu_support answer your phone i've been on hold for like an hour,2552
-@twatts_up Absolutely! I realized that this is the first acadecon where I had a female gm. And I had three!,2553
-"@farman Yes, absolutely! Thank you. Should I DM you my contact info?",2554
-@GHardstark @GiffordCats ���� i'd love to adopt one!,2555
-My Arizona Reality https://t.co/FFQeTJMtEx https://t.co/gum002taRP,2556
-@AJAXCX MMMMMMM real soon��,2557
-@subaru_usa My maps no longer can get me through Boston- what do i need to do to update this?,2558
-@hm_custserv We have placed the order but would still like our 15% off.,2559
-"@nvidiacc will BFBC2 run smoothly at 900x1600 on high settings, on an alienware m14x with the standard video card? 1.5 gigs of vram.",2560
-@AOLSupportHelp Please STOP the verification system on my acct. If you cannot do so I will cancel my act.,2561
-@LenovoSupport @Yuanqing_Lenovo I'll spread this word to everyone in my family and friends to not to buy your products. #worstaftersales,2562
-@Arbys Hey!!! I NEED HELP!!!,2563
-I'm booked july 31st through august 3 for that racist bastard tommy hilfiger. I need a place to stay in charlotte. What's up north Carolina?,2564
-@beatsbydre 3/3 is book another service time.' Highly unimpressed with build quality. Unimpressed with cust. service experience.,2565
-@Harrods I'm trying to enter the comp in your magazine app - but the link is broken - please help me,2566
-@EE Just rebooted and it's kicked it back in to life. Cheers.,2567
-@AdobeCare Why can't I typ text in CC anymore?? https://t.co/J9nIDZ4ibN,2568
-"@AirAsiaSupport I have filled the e-form on contact support air Asia, reference number 01802417. please process it immediately. thank you",2569
-@TwitterSupport STILL waiting for help on this URGENT matter!,2570
-"@VodafoneIN Pathetic service. Complaint no : 385990950, Not a single response received yet. I am not going to pay my bill this month.",2571
-@SEPTA_SOCIAL Thanks for your help! You guys are always the best!,2572
-@CollegeChoice1 Thanks for the ranking Crookston for top online Sport Management degrees . (… https://t.co/NbTH2oNYtQ,2573
-@BNBuzz how is it that a pre-order actually takes longer to get than if I were to just go to the store the day of the release to buy it???,2574
-@NYTsupport Being charged 2x month. No reply to my email sent months ago.Pls cancel everything! How?,2575
-Think someone at @Budweiser had been drinking the stuff before they put the label on #qualitycontroldayoff http://t.co/GqcccaD0Xl,2576
-"When @ATTCares has you commit to a 6 month contract at better price, but only feels like keeping that price for 1 m… https://t.co/PecGcPJqnD",2577
-@ExcellencePW I'm definitely going to make the drive from Chicago to Sellersville for this event!,2578
-Look at those crazy eyes. https://t.co/Ro6DqdwyMq,2579
-"My Dad is that person who swears they know a shortcut somewhere, but it always ends up taking longer to get there.",2580
-What is better than one holiday roast? Two! Try this @PerdueChicken at friendsgiving! #Promotion #PerdueCrew. -… https://t.co/dww20GcLrj,2581
-Two grown adults making date night plans that consist of: -Dinner somewhere we have a gift card for -Getting my r… https://t.co/DMhdyXkEqB,2582
-"@IKEAUKSupport Heya, it is now sorted thank you",2583
-Really hoping that @subaru_usa will find a solution to the repeated dead batteries in my 2015 Outback! #SUBARU needs to do the right thing!,2584
-"Hey @StellaArtois , got this in my 12 Pack. Sealed bottle, half empty and looks like a burn on it. Wut? pic.twitter.com/qPc0bFxq2S",2585
-The Browns are the worst,2586
-@CaytonHolland Pretty soon you'll have to pay another $9.99 a month to access such exciting content.,2587
-"whats ur favorite position? — the one where im on a bed of money that you gave me, and then i ignore you https://t.co/hOo86Mjl4J",2588
-"@GeorgiaPower Back on right on time. Bad timing for a wedding reception, but great service for out in the boonies!",2589
-during the hardest time in my life I managed to shore up all my own emotions in order to find the strength to bolst… https://t.co/GhUChASyCP,2590
-@TheBryce_ I'm triggered by this tweet,2591
-@lorusso77 Glorious.,2592
-@AmericanAir What complete A-HOLES YOU GUYS WERE DURING THIS DEBACLE.,2593
-@MACcosmetics hi- I bought the bronzer from Manchester airport last month. I can't get it to go on any of my brushes. Tips? It won't budge!,2594
-"Lol..it's so exhausting, expensive and hard to find the right one...for me anyway. Have fun oh bring your skills yo… https://t.co/ulexf1bVC3",2595
-"know yourself, know your worth ���� https://t.co/uoBIBfz1Lo",2596
-@TommyHilfiger need old school tommy tops and jumpers where can you get them from these days. #90sClobber,2597
-@greateranglia @Complyorcry The billericay Car park is equally dangerous and Car damaging,2598
-FUCK YOU @NortonOnline I can't download Super Mario 64 cause your shit program keeps deleting the files,2599
-@TommyHilfiger Bought a belt in store in Vienna. Need to change it. But live in Germany. Leaving now. How do we proceed? Store has closed.,2600
-@Geico to the rescue! Thanks for the quick response! https://t.co/YfzARuPrHq,2601
-@amyallantdf Is it possible to stop evil sleep paralysis from happening?,2602
-"@nationalgridus why can't we get an update on when power will be restored in Marlboro MA? ""We're working on it"" isn't helpful",2603
-I just rocked the vote for @HoneyGoldLovexx for 2018 @XBIZ Awards presented by @MyFreeCams https://t.co/KI4JIVnCW3 #xbizawards,2604
-Went to buy my girls some @warriors gear. Seriously @NBASTORESupport ?? https://t.co/JBCa2stQO8,2605
-FPSmathscience: RT @NFHSPrincipal: Awesome professional growth conversations re NGSS with FPS secondary science st… https://t.co/3QLJFRQTYq,2606
-@FitbitSupport I am getting increasingly frustrated. This is my 3rd fitbit and each devise stops showing the watch when I turn my wrist about 2 weeks after I begin wearing it. Currently I own the Iconic.,2607
-"I entered a giveaway for a chance to win ""Sweater Vest Plaid Blanket Scarf - Christmas..."" by LINKED MODA. https://t.co/1DINazifaX #giveaway",2608
-@AP8809dfs I thought the same thing. And Drum's defense is pretty lacking. You think Val also gets a boost because… https://t.co/fdmVNyezKo,2609
-@TMobile what's up with not everyone getting $10 off @Nordstrom for #TMobileTuesdays,2610
-The original @VitaCoco was my saving grace when pregnant! It was the only thing I could keep down and I have been l… https://t.co/cFBmcL1mac,2611
-"@BettieBoop77 ""Do you know what they do to those chickens?!"" ""No but it's delicious."" - comedian Jim Gaffigan ��",2612
-@NYTsupport Horrified over the 135% price hike for the xword app. Will not be renewing at that price for an app with half the functionality.,2613
-I need help finding a Christmas gift for my dad suggestions please,2614
-why do my drl's keep going out? @VW,2615
-@MicrosoftHelps can u stop adding the uk keyboard layout to my italian keyboard at every update? ktnxby,2616
-Thank you @virginmedia for the speedy resolution following an issue in the Halifax area today!,2617
-And that's why he needs to go. https://t.co/pM70RU0CED,2618
-"@TommyHilfiger Your online eu store is not working and your ""support"" is ignoring the problem. Can not submit the order.",2619
-@kfc @KFC_UKI_Help where does staff stirring krushems with the straw by hand come into food hygiene,2620
-@petenajarian @HalftimeReport @PippaStevens13 The whole market is unusual activity this week. Just say all stocks in SPY,2621
-@DCDeacon I'll take truck stop Denny's over truck stop McD's any day. @DennysDiner is #AlwaysOpen,2622
-"Was happy to find out @Showtime had an app to watch all their shows, until 6 episodes in it stops working. Thanks! @sho_help",2623
-"@KFC_UKI fried several times, the middle is chewy and the outside is soggy. Think I'll just stop eating there",2624
-"@chasandres I think ""ingenus"" is supposed to be ""ingénues"", but that doesn't make much sense in this context. Mayb… https://t.co/PPMpfLdTEM",2625
-Love apps and sides? Of course you do! Give these 3 simple @PerdueChicken recipes a try! #Promotion #PerdueCrew -… https://t.co/OLgvsup1Ru,2626
-@GEICO_Service You can confirm a check is being sent out,2627
-@HondaCustSvc I think you should send me a replacement key!,2628
-"@HPSupport hi, my hp imprint 15-ay019tu webcam not working in window 7",2629
-Fred McGriff should be a hall of famer,2630
-@Burberry best for serious person,2631
-@Medium is it possible to integrate my medium account on my personal website with your API?,2632
-@BestBuy again with their crappy customer service! Make u wait on hold for hours then ask for u to call back later. WHAT?!! UGHHHHH,2633
-@AmericanAir why do we always get a runaround. Now on to 4th attempt to fly standby today...frustrated,2634
-@NBASTORESupport I accidentally ordered a jersey and shipped to the wrong address. Can I change it please?,2635
-"Kinda hate that I couldn't get into all MGT classes this semester, but I'm excited to take a creative writing class… https://t.co/VPA8qIx8nn",2636
-"@AmazonHelp Five days for a package to go 15 miles for Amazon pickup? Showed as ""ready for pickup"" when promised,… https://t.co/zbAsCmeJi6",2637
-There should be an incognito mode for @amazon so people who share an account can Christmas shop for each other!,2638
-"@tyler_viducic Yeah no, there's no other side for me ��",2639
-"@AppleSupport Hi there, I am on iOS 11.2.5 (15d60) thanks!",2640
-@AmazonHelp why haven't Hermes come to pick up the parcel I'm returning? Was supposed to come last Thursday.,2641
-@TeamTurboTax my corporate accountant is filing extension for me and the company. Can I file using turbo tax after?,2642
-"@hm_custserv the ordered items were shipped last 12/8, i didnt receive my order yet until now& tracking number is not valid as well",2643
-my beats broke after 1 month @beatsbydre @Apple https://t.co/bsSlkUJyAU #longdistancerelationship #Powerbeats3Wireless,2644
-@elonmusk what about the core???,2645
-@British_Airways trying to check in online but unable to find my booking. Unable to reach agent. Can you assist?,2646
-"@RichardR the worst is, Mr Surname",2647
-@BN_care Just got off the phone with Clarence from River Crossing story in Indianapolis. He could not have been more helpful. Really went out of his way for me!! YAY!,2648
-"@GEICO_Service Hi, I have been trying to settle a claim for the past 10 days. But all I get is voicemails. can someone help please.",2649
-@Superdry_Care my order hasn't shipped at all,2650
-"@yelpsupport @Yelp Oh so you were there? Ok, got ya. It was all Wyndham. Maybe ask me first vs just taking stuff into your own hands.",2651
-Trying to get someone @EE to answer the phone is impossible. The customer service line just cuts you off!,2652
-"@AGBecerra Please, Mr. Becerra, follow New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman's lead and sue to block the end of net neutrality rules.",2653
-@Harrods hi does harrods sell hugo boss the scent shower gel.,2654
-Nordstrom is forever letting me down.,2655
-"@JBFlint @WSJ With the Murdoch Family soon to be the 2nd largest Disney stockholders, doesn't this mean that they are still studio owners?",2656
-@TeamTurboTax my messages to you are getting flagged and not being delivered. What's up?,2657
-"@NortonSupport Yeah. I mean, I see it that way off and on all the time on multiple devices and have always wondered why it does that.",2658
-hey @medium your report button no worky.,2659
-@xBrieBatx We got kicked out by the city (fault of the owner not us) and had to stay with my friend for a week until we moved on Saturday,2660
-Tell the DEA to Leave the Supplement Kratom Alone #iamkratom #kratomeducation #KeepKratomLegal https://t.co/PUVC0koY3c,2661
-My first #amazon echo #Alexa is ready to listen to me and assist me #amplifying #human #potential https://t.co/Aqht8Y4VPt,2662
-"@Apple First off, my shit only work away from my phone sometimes. Somebody is lying. I want my $500 back.",2663
-�� Voted for @mrsmazelee to win the the #ShortyAwards https://t.co/gNqUbzLdkd,2664
-@united MDT to CAE with a friend in about 4 weeks (via IAD).,2665
-@destiniesfic Okay DO YOU KNOW HOW BADLY I need to try to figure out what Kylo's planning? I'm RE-READING early cha… https://t.co/PbXr1Ii5wm,2666
-@NBASTORE Can I bring my own item to be signed?,2667
-@MicrosoftHelps can you help out here?,2668
-Looks like I'm leaving @DIRECTV for a different provider.,2669
-"@EAMaddenNFL can you explain to me why the game crashes during LVL, my team mate gets kicked out as the game won’t… https://t.co/Tw22Wefm9p",2670
-"Listening to Next to Normal all through for the first time in quite a while and yep, still great. Forgot a lot of p… https://t.co/AnfVw9kjcL",2671
-@Bombay_valah @VodafoneIN Ridiculous service. My mother's 3G network by @tatadocomo works much better than #vodafone4G,2672
-@NBASTORE @NBASTORESupport when will the black celtics jersey be available for purchase?,2673
-@Zookeeper_Sam @LordanArts i can’t get enough! i love that it raises awareness/is informative,2674
-@hm would you have this in an XL in any central London stores ? https://t.co/LXJQATmL7b,2675
-LOVE my @blackanddecker bread machine but the paddles won't stay on in the basket anymore & the kneading is non existent... How can I fix it,2676
-@UbisoftSupport Xbox One its not connecting online at all,2677
-@Jaclynhill MEEE,2678
-So.....my adjuster was supposed to return my call within two hours. I called her at 1. It's 430. @GEICO,2679
-"@nikkkkila I love you too, I sure hope so. See you bring and early ��.",2680
-@SouthwestAir Thank you.,2681
-"@AOLSupportHelp it looks like I can drag it all into the IMAP side and it will come back. Hopefully this will do, thanks!",2682
-"@GeorgiaPower No, he said the one that was put in the day before was bad and put a new one in at 1 AM when my power was restored",2683
-@GregorysTree Welcome to London @Jack Dorney @square looks really interesting. How do we get started?,2684
-"@Superdry_Care found a jacket online but want to check if it's available today in your stratford store, could you help?",2685
-@EHSRAMS We are super proud of RAM Tynee Ridgely for her artwork at the Reginald F. Lewis Museum. #IBproud… https://t.co/ls6TQ6Mewy,2686
-When did Rugelach become Cookies & Cream Pretzel @WholeFoods ? https://t.co/jmTBKGZi52,2687
-@XboxSupport when will #GTA5ONLINE be working right? #FixIt,2688
-@TheSimCommunity Geebus.... What happened? Where did the time go? It feels like just yesterday I was arguing with m… https://t.co/2HzgvFfHCV,2689
-@KFC_UKI hi. Can you tell me if Penrith restaurant is open after refurb pls? 4 bridge lane ca11 8gt,2690
-She is so beautiful!,2691
-@NYTsupport why is it so hard to cancel or start a subscription? I now have three dormant accounts that you will not allow me to delete,2692
-@pistolsguys He freaking stops running to make sure he has the ball!!!!,2693
-"@British_Airways Davina, thank you! Clear guidelines here, but not at all what your advisor on the phone stated!",2694
-In need of a reunion with the squad soon @nicoleekleinn @Caissatuley @kaylaleibfried ��,2695
-Surprised and embarrassed by impolite service @Nordstrom Ebar Merrick Park.,2696
-@vwcares I have a problem and my local VW did everything they could to help. Can you help me?,2697
-@MNAWSTY @pixarcoco i lost my shit when he was singing w his grandma ��������,2698
-@subaru_usa hello I have a 2012 impreza and I love it. My driver seat back is broken down after 1 year and 12000 miles 32000 total 2nd owner,2699
-"@ASOS_HeretoHelp giving yourselves almost three weeks to process a return (sent 03/12, told to cb 20/12) is kinda shocking.",2700
-@lolitsleeanne Tell me about it!,2701
-"I’m training to be the #LastFanStanding during today’s big game, and win a Mercedes-AMG! Check it out at… https://t.co/La3N5anuco",2702
-there are different realms of nsfw twitter and this is the deepest most notorious of them all,2703
-"@btsport I ordered bt infinity and forgot to tick the box for bt sport on the app, how do I add it on ?",2704
-@FC_Help looking for models / actors or dancers ? Olivier,2705
-@caitiecait21 Like 90k people hate him now lol,2706
-"@BurberryService Hi, I just received an email saying that my order has arrived at the store and I need to collect it myself due to my payment option...but I will not be back to Hong Kong for a long time, is there any chance that someone could collect it f",2707
-"@CindyFitch1 @WVUExtension I can't speak for the other 54 counties, but calendars are in my office will be delivere… https://t.co/FvaetIIwTh",2708
-@TwitterSupport ban @fuckoffotamendi please he is racially abusing me https://t.co/LdCmr7WeXA,2709
-@Medium - congratulations. You have reached popular status and the spamming has begun. https://t.co/VhmgMJWC7w,2710
-@WeNeedFeminlsm Men already hit us worldwide and it goes largely unnoticed and unpunished. I don't think violence i… https://t.co/p6klzqQSXa,2711
-@turbotax fuck you,2712
-@DropboxSupport Can you help us with ticket# 7256931? We are not getting any response to our ticket.,2713
-"Whether we’re just chilling or going out somewhere, my heart always lies with you. I love you Bree ❤️ https://t.co/1MLIyfOUKr",2714
-"I have the flu and I feel like I’m dying, but all I can think about are chicken tenders and French fries... #priorities",2715
-#NewProfilePic https://t.co/s2pCYYvKFt,2716
-@AllDaySportTalk “uncatchable but only because he was shoved out of bounds” man there’s always some bullshit excuse,2717
-gene belcher doing performance art of my life https://t.co/TYqwOStjHl,2718
-@Lawrence See you on the TV at 10 I can't wait to hear you say what I wish I could say on tv.,2719
-"@AmericanAir If there were pictures of meals available for reserving meals in advance, that would make it so much easier to decide.",2720
-@GEICO_Service in new york city?,2721
-"@black_deckerus hey guys, I love this product featured on @thenester today but don't see a price? Help a girl out? http://t.co/4aydP3Dj0E",2722
-@DjRed_ScrewedUp bruh you gon do the whole new Big K.R.I.T. album? It would be dope if you did,2723
-"@AWSSupport I found bug in S3, i can upload file to others bucket, but i can't report that to electronics support because my plan is basic,..",2724
-If The Killers and Panic are playing at Plymouth just know I'm probably there. 8/10 times probably me,2725
-@samsanders @GraceandFrankie One of the best Netflix original series. Highly underrated.,2726
-This is literally the most aggie thing aggie could do for a coaching hire. https://t.co/9ZW7zEqLkO,2727
-"So ladies, #ncis was good?? @sandbar17 @smackalalala @CruisinSoozan",2728
-@ItsPrabSophie Yo I was just dancing it can strike any time,2729
-@subaru_usa Can your car stop for kids bikes dogs cats backing out of driveways?,2730
-@GEICO_Service Not that I know of. My plan is going to be cancelled on the 9th so I have more than enough time to find another company,2731
-I really hate the fact that the @NBASTORE isn't selling the #KembaWalker All-Star jersey online. Or even the shooting shirt. Why? @hornets,2732
-"@Moto_Support Mumbai, Bangalore, Delhi tried all.. nothing works.",2733
-Should I give my -HP +Res Fjorm Warding Stance 3 from a -Spd +Def Neko Sakura? #FEHeroes #FEH #FireEmblem,2734
-WOW! God shares wonderful ideas with His Chosen to share with the world Amazing future surgery with hope for millio… https://t.co/Kq66fjMLtr,2735
-@SquareUK Can someone please just tell me if this is a scam.,2736
-@monicaabbott change is hard but necessary - much love to you and your team tonight,2737
-"@Walmart hello, i have an order issue, dm me.",2738
-I get to try @SeventhGen Free & Clear Wipes free in the #generationgood community. Ck them out at Amazon too! #Ad https://t.co/lOPn7x7STo,2739
-"I loved our date night, planning on having alot more �� @almaarielle",2740
-@SEPTA @SEPTAPHILLY stuck going nowhere on Warminster line! What gives??? #sixers,2741
-@SpazMcSpazzy No such thing as an excessive shoe collection (says the girl who has overflow from her giant shoe rac… https://t.co/fec0Mtwh0b,2742
-"@BlackberryBallr @FOX17Blitz @Sumoney_1 OMG what a young boy in this picture, also your son haha, good times right @taramhernandez",2743
-@emilyofarden @ProteanCity YES! Team hugging. Can these rules be permanent?,2744
-@Nordstrom do you sell an item similar to @Macys INC International Concepts Sammee Slip-On Sneakers?,2745
-Stay strong. It does get better. I found out the boy who bullied me in 7th grade has been arrested multiple times.… https://t.co/xrl5L6lDr5,2746
-@NikeSupport I'm a huge Nike fan too. A bit let down and it killed my run.,2747
-I really hate when people don't follow simple instructions.. all of this literally could have been avoided!,2748
-"Oh @blackanddecker #foodprocessor, where have you been all my life? WAY easier to make #homemade #sunbutter than a blender!!",2749
-one person followed me // automatically checked by https://t.co/W8zf1J74xm,2750
-@DropboxSupport I have two folders that I have shared.Recipients receive locked images.Unable to unlock. How do I stop this from happening?,2751
-@AOLSupportHelp havent logged in a while to my email and i forgot my password everytime i try to reset password it doesnt let me please help,2752
-@wakaflakalyssa That’s me with parks and rec,2753
-"The 2018 Fake Food Awards from Eat This, Not That! https://t.co/yrk6uPvoNm",2754
-@HMRCcustomers Thanks! When does this change as I thought it had been phased out?,2755
-@delta no water and no news for passengers for the last few hours at ATL - please send water and updates!!!!,2756
-"@DICKS I can't understand how Dick's has a store credit card, but you can't use it online.",2757
-@yourstrulymia_ There are literally few noises I hate more than an incessant chirp first thing in the morning. I em… https://t.co/CExstC2Uzo,2758
-@ToppsHuddle Awesome thanks!,2759
-@AnnaPaquin Nancy has RBF nailed. You’ve done a great job of making me despise her.,2760
-"@DropboxSupport Done, thanks!",2761
-@OnePlus_Support Will try ! Thank you,2762
-@sqkpop was fun!,2763
-@LenovoSupport The updated driver worked,2764
-"@DEXCEED_JEWELRY @SheriniBear @stacey_kuffner Your jewelry is beautiful, so I can't help but to support it! ������",2765
-@TheRyanBossman Ryan what is this song dkdjfkg,2766
-@SouthwestAir big shout out to Rebecca at LAS McCarran for helping with my mom today...much appreciated,2767
-@QuickBooks A payroll fee of $618.00 billed in Jan. Oh but BTW it won't work anymore after May 31st. You are the mo… https://t.co/C75Pt6FQ0T,2768
-"@Delta getting ""We can't check you in online, because there are duplicate flights in your reservation"". Can you help please??",2769
-@AskeBay I have sent you a DM,2770
-@5FDPChrisKael ☝️they're all right! Middle finger���� also because you're the tallest with the longest beard. Bazinga. ☻,2771
-@gruber Maybe you should do this more often or once a year at least,2772
-@wayTOOLegit14 I'm fr ��,2773
-@MicaiahManga Yes indeed! Amazing talent. Gotta love the card artwork in #CuldceptRevolt! https://t.co/nBRW6VHPdK,2774
-@AP_Sports @AP @hopesolo @AnnieMPeterson She’s a domestic abuser. No thank you.,2775
-"@united Yes, great flight, new plane and professional crew!",2776
-"@Newtaloo my phone told me why a while back lmao, or maybe it was for some other game idk but something about being… https://t.co/LRdQ7Ic3En",2777
-Just three months wear @ASOS @ASOS_HeretoHelp https://t.co/34ox7YsL2c,2778
-@Arbys bring back the gyro pls Arby,2779
-@BurberryService why is my sales associate so distracted to help other customers when I am trying to purchase things and get out?,2780
-"I placed an order with express delivery on 19th and have been given a tracking number, but HDL say its invalid? order is 50770571 @FC_Help",2781
-"@KenyaPower_Care No lights till now, what's the issue seriously!!",2782
-@DIRECTVService You overcharged me $150 for a service I did not authorize and then make me wait on hold 20 min to rectify. Salt in wound.,2783
-@ColbyGoon but he also went on Oprah and made the racist statements,2784
-@virginmedia disgusting 7weeks ago I phoned about this and nothing has been down about it. https://t.co/Gf5GjhJWiA,2785
-@BootsHelp Hi no didn't come on for most the night so called in the store the next day thanks,2786
-@GabrielU_14 New year new me,2787
-@AskPlayStation I accidently bought two 12 month subscription when I only wanted one. How can I get a refund for the second one?,2788
-@AWSSupport instance reboot have stopped working . Retried 4 times for 2 different machines in last 30 minutes.,2789
-"@hm Had a really poor shopping experience at Galleria H&M in Roseville, California",2790
-@BestBuySupport Upgrading. The half off was for new customer from what I saw.,2791
-Hey @Yelp please revisit this review. The guy said it was for the location IN Montgomery-completely different city. https://t.co/X0YkyrhV8l,2792
-@MACcosmetics hi I'm nc15 In the studio fix fluid foundation will I be the same shade in the pro long wear foundation?,2793
-8 am finals should not be a thing ����,2794
-@WhirlpoolCorp @whirlpoolusa Brand new dishwasher doesn't work. Runaround from @Lowes Tried calling @WhirlpoolCorp On hold 4 20 min. Help!!,2795
-@vivelawhatever Presh,2796
-@AWSSupport Anyone else getting really slow performance from EFS in us-east-1? #aws #efs #needsomehelp,2797
-"If I read another “I remember it differently, but I’m sorry” non-apology, I’m going to scream. If you didn’t rape/h… https://t.co/2r9eMqNlpl",2798
-@FitbitSupport Yes I've done all of these steps and still not working!! #Help,2799
-Unsubscribe from unwanted emails and combine the rest into a single daily digest with @Unrollme https://t.co/IOkACHSqc0,2800
-There’s this cute guy who works in he produce department at my public and little does he know we’re getting married,2801
-@RailMinIndia I got down from Kodambakkam station ten minutes back.,2802
-Nervously waiting for my sister to accept my github PR @bricker,2803
-@BootsHelp You have still not replied to my original tweet on friday!,2804
-@AdobeCare Printing from Adobe Acrobat,2805
-@NASAMoon @MsDiggs312 So Cool,2806
-"@SiriusXMFantasy @BrandonFunston Choose 2 WR: M. Thomas, JuJu, Alshon or Tate",2807
-"After seeing @tmbg , I always like to check my bank account to see if it smells like cat food. #tmbg… https://t.co/LZ7lEtKTgP",2808
-"@DropboxSupport Amending the ""announcement13"" part of the URL to any number between 1-15 also brings up the same page.",2809
-@SkippNo_Excuses stop stalking me daddy....,2810
-@totallyytrixie_ Laptop screwed up and not able to get a new one at the moment. It'll probably be a while before I… https://t.co/9mpPrBtGoe,2811
-@AdrianJacobs What is wrong with me?! I can't stop giggling.,2812
-"@BadAstronomer To my fam and friends in Alabama, I don’t want my peeps to always have to come to Cali for my visits.",2813
-@PokemonGoApp Every time I go they have no idea what I’m asking about,2814
-Why every time I go to @WholeFoods Easton they never have their juice bar up. I'm so irritated at y'all. Stop wasting my time.,2815
-"@ThomasWictor Now here's a female vocalist, Mariska Veres https://t.co/raJTUhXmn8",2816
-@Yelp I've had two legitimate reviews removed for the same business. Is there someone I can talk to about this?,2817
-@HIExpress at Fisherman's Wharf on N Point Street. Boo to you for charging me extra for my 17 yr old son - he is not an adult!,2818
-Shout out to @amazon prime for helping us finish decorating the new office in no time! #prime #amazonobsession https://t.co/6o3jXlZZNh,2819
-Happy Thanksgiving! Our thankful sale starts now! - https://t.co/mHMpf9RPMB,2820
-@united please explain this picture. #nosmoking during an #evacuation? #UAL3798 https://t.co/1vC2UEwVwZ,2821
-@McDonalds what in your right mind possessed you to replace the #2 on the menu?,2822
-@kinoptika That’s kind of the point. Jules Verne was French and making commentary on the stereotypical Englishman.… https://t.co/BmGA06SPsx,2823
-@ZARA_Care what is this all about just went to stratford city branch and they telling me i cant return the chlothes back!,2824
-"@michaelaschull OMG, I just used the Fenty Beauty foundation for the first time and I am IN LOVE! It's so soft and… https://t.co/DoANZ0QInB",2825
-@ZARA_Care so disappointed with customer service today. I used a tracking label that was incorrectly filled out by zara for a return...(1/3),2826
-"Oppose Graham-Durbin-Flake #amnesty, @SenRubioPress ! Bill does not end chain or visa lottery, doesn't mandate E-Verify. 1 GIANT amnesty!",2827
-@hm_custserv Can you also check the same stores for 0566618002 in 10 and 12? Thanks!,2828
-Check out new game - Guess the hunter! It’s created in #free game builder @quickappninja https://t.co/Zv9IUkwHPH,2829
-Ignore. We have seen where the issue is,2830
-And Im in @HolidayInn most elite level. But they are REALLY SORRY. And they WILL REPORT THIS. Im still messed up. Their mistake. I suffer.,2831
-@DICKS How many Nebraska shirts do you think you will sell with this graphic? https://t.co/Wwqz8IGL8C,2832
-"even though I've been up, I haven't started my executive time. So now, it's on. https://t.co/Qo8TuIBvk0",2833
-@KayyyJarvi You don’t need that kind of negativity in your life CUT THEM LOOSE,2834
-@AmazonHelp Maybe I should loop in @UPSHelp,2835
-@DIRECTVService No questions... it's just pricey,2836
-@CarmellaWWE Show him a clip of that flying dropkick that knocked the ref out last tuesday:),2837
-"Death, taxes and #Big10 refs screwing up games.",2838
-@subscribetowapo signed up for the dig sub & every time I click I still get intercept :(. Any way to auto-bypass? https://t.co/ptqNYz08Ki,2839
-@TommyHilfiger clothing collections are only some support please link ?,2840
-"Can I come up with a research proposal draft by Wednesday? ....no, but I gotta do it anyway... this research meeting is going to be terrible",2841
-"@turbotax Used TT for over 10 yrs; not impressed w/ 2016. ""Interview"" felt less thorough and not at all sure we got all of our deductions.",2842
-@AskPlayStation It didnt work https://t.co/AkeFUQZY4h,2843
-Check this out. Looking for people interested in running for office to make our world a better place... https://t.co/U18QPmCBpz,2844
-Why is @AmericanAir 3177 to Nashville delayed tonight?,2845
-@turbotax I'd rather file a return that didn't claim the HSA than pay y'all $71 for a service that could be free without that form,2846
-@AskeBay Hi. I was sold something and then the seller and listing almost immediately disappeared. How do I get my money back?,2847
-@ASOS_HeretoHelp is there any way to share saved items?,2848
-"@natalieevamarie so happy got this at Barnes and Noble, a beautiful pop pic.twitter.com/sndFjn95Qg",2849
-@MACcosmetics why on national lipstick day in 5 minute the lipsticks were go? was there only a certain amount to be given out?,2850
-@Delta What about those who are stranded waiting for their connections? How will you handle getting them to their destinations?,2851
-"@chriswatterston @AdobeCCDesign @AdobeCare Also getting this, zooming out or in clears it, but the glitch comes back",2852
-"These @awscloud m5 instances are really really good, you simply can't boot them. pic.twitter.com/yzmfodIEmq",2853
-"If you don’t use the Oxford comma, I can’t trust you. #punctuationmatters #commassavelives",2854
-"Trying my best to hit this toggle in iMessages, I am on the latest version of iOS @AppleSupport https://t.co/xtyEKkVwpL",2855
-@HPSupport My printer will not print 2 sided or in color #hppsdr #ijkhelp,2856
-@moosehickey @Alyssa_Milano She is a heathen just like them.,2857
-"@nvidiacc something will trigger my two displays to turn off, then on again, and then I get message saying driver stopped responding",2858
-"@RepCarbajal, why haven't you promised to vote for the CRA to overrule the FCC and save our #NetNeutrality rules? T… https://t.co/sTDj8jQMvj",2859
-@maropetro Oo ya! A good bulletin'll get you every time.,2860
-@AmazonHelp Any update ?,2861
-"@oneplus @OnePlus_Support What is the photo edit app called, which you guys use to layer two photos of the same location in your videos?",2862
-Sick as a dog,2863
-Booooo https://t.co/Z6iWub56yb,2864
-@arianalynnyo Really? �� you’re not even here though ��,2865
-"Yo @UbisoftSupport I completed the Vigil aniversary challenge and I never received the Medallion Charm, what should I do?",2866
-"@PiyushGoyalOffc @drmdelhi Dear Sir, Train12404 is 5 hrs late moving at 20 kms speed. Other crossing trains are at 70 kms speed. Pls help",2867
-Rip to the kids career ������ https://t.co/wjIJoOnIVI,2868
-"@LenovoSupport I'm fed up with Lenovo! You replaced the screen on my laptop and wiped the hard drive. Why? When I contacted your support line to find out why, I was placed on hold, then no one can tell why it happened, then I'm disconnected! Horrible cust",2869
-@NortonSupport Just sent a DM.,2870
-*This is in no way shade to my parents or any other parents doing it. It’s just something that has to stop*,2871
-@ArbysCares Eden Prairie. It wasn't busy so there really wasn't an excuse to be dirty & not being able to find a clean table.,2872
-"@WhirlpoolCare 20 odd mins hold music,somebody trying to sell me a service plan for my new machine... can I book an engineer ?",2873
-@EBrattelli What did Lexi do?,2874
-@hulu_support CBS minn vs Carolina is unwatchable bad. Fox Dallas vs Giants if fine though. Can you check your cbs feed,2875
-I just earned 1 Point from searching the web. #instagc https://t.co/e1XjaqgBvA,2876
-@HondaCustSvc in car electronics support team told us to contact att. Said they can't help to activate. They sort out problems after activating.,2877
-@budlight opened my case and was sad one of my beers died http://t.co/DIKaVcrq0k,2878
-My @TheMattEspinosa book finally came in but for whatever reason @BNBuzz sent me 2 copies when I only needed one,2879
-@Mythic_Memory Yes that is very true,2880
-https://t.co/uIULWhH8dh Church Discipline Is Good If Done Properly/Biblically,2881
-@JioCare @reliancejio or @VodafoneIN get me out of this always out of netwrk @Airtel_Presence zone.I wanna port in.,2882
-@NYTsupport why do you offer a subscription $1/wk then when I click to order it's $1.50/wk?,2883
-"Wow! I just entered for a chance to win ""Veddha Professional 6 GPU Miner Case Aluminum Stac..."" by Veddha. https://t.co/XnkvXjE06V #giveaway",2884
-@AppleSupport how do I unenroll my apple music plan from student status? I'm not a student anymore and can't reverify.,2885
-Geico is the worst insurance in the word,2886
-"@daddyissues @shanedawson If you think about it, that would make sense. Logan made YouTube a butt load of money, so… https://t.co/ROg4F5PJ23",2887
-@BLACKANDDECKER Pq n consigo comprar a bateria de 12 v da minha parafusadeira?,2888
-"@FC_Help looking for ""bright carol"" or ""stained glass"" dress. do you have these in stock anymore?",2889
-"@james_odon NOOOOO bc that’s a Christmas movie and you, sir, are a Christmas hater!!",2890
-"@nationalgridus incredibly beautiful day, no wind at all and the power is out. Fix it fast. #medford",2891
-@AvanJogia I could be ok with that,2892
-This UCF offense is bonkers. How the heck was this team 0-12 2 years ago?,2893
-@DIRECTVService Sent. Thanks!,2894
-@AmericanAir how do you check the upgrade list using the app?,2895
-https://t.co/CrM9nQ1hpJ for America!!!! https://t.co/Uxcu6UXQeX,2896
-It’s infuriating how many people don’t care or are happy that the government shut down. I need to get off Twitter.,2897
-@eNastyLive Yea hopefully it gets flagged and removed soon,2898
-Shoutout to the people that became millionaires through Bitcoin,2899
-@daferv2 radical :v https://t.co/8VOi446PGW,2900
-@sobore Good morning my friend!,2901
-@petelau2007 Waiting for Oreo to One Plus 5T,2902
-@BridgetteWest Hang in there babe. I know how hard this is. He loved you both and was so proud of you guys.....… https://t.co/qZvIg3PeBk,2903
-@zdarsky I murdered chip with the barn door and he was just trying to help me with my groceries,2904
-@UPSHelp So who refunds me my extra money for expedited service? I'm not paying for a service that didn't happen!,2905
-@HolidayInn can you please tell me why you are not accepting Scottish currency in England?,2906
-"@WhirlpoolCorp @WhirlpoolCare very very BAD exp. from Whirlpool customer service executives, Sikha- the supervisor on floor, service centre",2907
-@GregTalleur @StCbaseball @Patriots That's awesome,2908
-@oneplus I am loving it. #OnePlus5T is love.,2909
-"@BN_care paid for expedited shipping guaranteed to be delivered today, now my package isn't expected to be delivered until tomorrow.",2910
-"@drjbg3 @VAEducatorCMJ Congrats, Chris.",2911
-@MACcosmetics how long does ur standard shipping take?,2912
-@nvidiacc Is Geforce Now currently down for maintenance? Have been unable to start any game for 2+ hrs on Mac OS client. Found other posts on Geforce Now forums with same issue.,2913
-Knowing what they are going to face they still came forward #realstrength,2914
-@940mxUser @KillYourBrand lady Sheldon. /drops mic,2915
-@AmericanAir Your twitter account is on point! Well done. Thanks for listening!,2916
-@emilyjaynemorse Agreed! I used to watch Chicago like once a week minimum. Easily paid for itself. Also I stole the… https://t.co/FjdcsQNiuh,2917
-"I had to call the WSJ about a problem with my account, the guy proceeded to sing a song about my name and then told… https://t.co/Yl5WRMnJP7",2918
-"On an awesome note, @united Club at Newark serves @HeavenHill Elija Craig.",2919
-@YuanqingYang plzz I begg you plzz release a nougat update for lenovo plzzpzlzlz,2920
-"$250,000 is mine if I open the MONOPOLY safe! https://t.co/IcB7uZIBTb https://t.co/T5y0Kv6C0l",2921
-@realDonaldTrump How did that work out for you Donny?,2922
-@RailMinIndia Please clean my coach TRAIN 12781 S3 17 PNR-4439383383,2923
-@NBASTORE if I ordered something right now&paid for next business day by noon shipping would it get here tomorrow or does it have to process,2924
-CRYING THE ACCURACY #SNL,2925
-"@BestBuy how come I placed two separate orders Monday night, for the same product, and 1 is arriving today and one hasn't shipped yet?",2926
-"@hulu your Xbox app is worse than flossing with orange juice, or at the very least, less user friendly.",2927
-"@Superdry_Care Unfortunately I don't...I have the invoice and order information though, not sure if that's any help?",2928
-@realDonaldTrump Thank God for that,2929
-@chloesophiaaa_ @hannahshaver_ @GiovannaElise love you endlessly,2930
-Trying to settle a debate. How often do you clean your microwave?,2931
-Takeaway of #PitchPerfect3: Guy Burnet could infiltrate Adam Scott’s life and no one would be the wiser #PP3,2932
-@thechuckchapman Don't make assumptions.,2933
-I would watch this. https://t.co/UuA87eJdPT,2934
-@hedrickkk ��Mane! I can never see it! State of La Danse is at the same time. Good luck to you though!,2935
-@lenovo @Lenovo_in @LenovoGov @YuanqingYang @lenovoUS I bought Lenovo K8 note two days ago! it has brightness dimming issue while playing video reported by many people on Lenovo forums too please provide software update fix! Phone is good don't make worse,2936
-@AmazonHelp Can you rectify this?,2937
-I completed a cash offer @TreasureTrooper and was rewarded with $0.25! https://t.co/Qt2dkuSeXp,2938
-@ragavan @chrisblizzard It's still funny. And sad.,2939
-If the panel says the sky is blue will you disagree. Nobody can take you seriously@TheJuanWilliams,2940
-Thank you for putting #KindnessInAction! https://t.co/JZ9T40OwkJ via @glsen,2941
-@IKEAUKSupport Does the Marinated herring still have bones it.??,2942
-@TopmanAskUs please see my DM. No response yet thks,2943
-No chill @DICKS #BeatsByDre https://t.co/85Oqvzwt4y,2944
-@CNNPolitics #insidepolitics @jaketapper @maddow @realDonaldTrump https://t.co/RQTiV5mBGE,2945
-@AskPlayStation Well it’s about time your back online,2946
-@ciaraisobel erm you haven't liked my tweet,2947
-Hey @AOL @AOLSupportHelp locked out of my acct. Been on hold for 30 mins to recover/reset passwrd. Help needed now!,2948
-@realDonaldTrump Don’t fuck with the National park system!!! Our National Parks are one of the few things foreign c… https://t.co/GRWIwH5ujA,2949
-@TwitterSupport Can u help me to delete my new account. I should login but I make mistake to create new account with the same data,2950
-@RebsAllin Yes.,2951
-"Win a FREE pair of ""Win Like '82"" Air Jordan 11's in your size from @J23app #J23WinLike82. Enter here -> https://t.co/fXb89bsRH3",2952
-@awscloud No confirmation of my registration yet for big data roadshow in Mumbai which is on 20th June 2017. cc #Pune,2953
-@HondaCustSvc Your tv commercial with 2 kids and 2 monsters fighting in odyssey is so annoying. Loud! Please replace with an appealing ad.,2954
-@JohnThune What are the advantages for most of us of the repeal net neutrality? Who wins if this repeal succeeds?,2955
-#NTVGenLaPlata2012 https://t.co/ItprLLhxdk,2956
-"@JosephExile Hulu has a lot of good cartoons that Chloe and I enjoy so I mostly keep it for that, I do the cheapest… https://t.co/Bvj8zEZPFU",2957
-@MACcosmetics looking for a new lipstick. Something in betweeb brave and velvet teddy. Any ideas?,2958
-@TwitterSupport Hello someone trying to access my friend account. I want to recover the password but she didn't have access to her old email,2959
-"""If you gone be a player make sure you know who to play cause when you play good people you play yourself ��������",2960
-@huggy8ear @ThreeUKSupport @oneplus @ThreeUK I struggle for 4G on my 3t too with three!,2961
-Love crescent rolls? Try adding pesto @PerdueChicken to them and you’re going to love it! #Promotion #PerdueCrew -… https://t.co/CtHOHR5Dl7,2962
-"Okay, @SkypeSupport I need to unlink my Microsoft account from my skype account @MicrosoftHelps . Which one of you can help me?",2963
-@realDonaldTrump You’re an idiot.,2964
-@markspens @DollHouseKiera Yeah I wasn’t expecting them today so was shocked,2965
-@AmericanAir It is not the wait - it is the mixed message about lithium batteries and fate checked bags.,2966
-@ABCustomerCare do you not have email? That numbers going to Cost a Fair bit from the UK!,2967
-@WholeFoods why not sell plain pearl couscous?! https://t.co/B1PMYh0v0F,2968
-"You love the notion of surprise, as long as you’re not the one... More for Aquarius https://t.co/opnLBKlxsz",2969
-@VirginTrains is there no 06:03 from Rugby to London tomorrow? Not appearing as an option to buy ticket on-line.,2970
-@tacobell your bensenville il location is slackin first you're out of melted cheese and now the drive thru is closed 4 hours early????,2971
-@ASOS_HeretoHelp Just sent them now,2972
-"@DropboxSupport Is there any way I can make a one-time purchase to increase my storage, rather than having to do a monthly subscription?",2973
-@sho_help why can't I enter my username/password on appletv? Why does showtime hate me?! Endless cycle of input :(,2974
-The new @Arbys stinks...10mins to take my order and another 15 to get it. And stop asking my name like we're friends https://t.co/fQRjo03NxO,2975
-@V00DOOChile Yes. So was I lol.,2976
-What a waste of space @VirginTrains are. 16 minutes to get on a live chat and nowhere near a response. Pitiful,2977
-@chrislhayes Let me get this straight... Trump's lawyers are telling him that he can't go in front of the DOJ in fe… https://t.co/NsfarJDTLK,2978
-@beatsbydreUK beats2 wireless no longer charging or working,2979
-@subaru_usa messed up my oil change and now I have oil everywhere,2980
-@HarrodsService Hi is the Laura mercier finishing brush to use with Laura mercier face illuminator in store?i wanted to check in store,2981
-My greatest accomplishment and proudest artistic work is the lighting for Your Fault I love it so much,2982
-@ASOS_HeretoHelp heeeeey i never got the free tshirt i ordered and was wondering who i could speak to about that,2983
-If you're in Denver on 2/15/18 go see @JIDsv + @earthgang at The @bluebirddenver - they both released some of my fa… https://t.co/YeDGADww5S,2984
-"@maytha_maytha you successfully registered that email with http://t.co/vUNQnH84Ya, but that does not entitle you to unlimited articles.",2985
-@theokmullins @lancesquire @Ken_Rosenthal The owners make billions merely on advertisements. The players are merely slaves!!!,2986
-@motorolaindia let us know when we receive #androidoreo update for #motoG5Splus mobile phone.,2987
-Update: it’s now a collective 37 hours,2988
-@NikeSupport yes I am,2989
-"Hey @JetBlue, thanks for ruining my morning! Now I can't watch the Arsenal game https://t.co/oZqAcyXuKo",2990
-@NBCNews @JoeNBC Why has the military not deployed to Puerto Rico. My son was sent to Haiti after the earthquake,2991
-@FC_Help How can I get a hold of you so we can discuss the problem I am havnig with my coat?,2992
-@MLG When will we get a new time-table for tomorrow?,2993
-@MIKEYUNG You could sing the alphabet song to me and i'd fall in love with it! Love your voice!,2994
-#PuppyBowlXIV #TeamFluff Ana's profile is #TeamFluff Playing for #TeamRuff What gives @meepthebird,2995
-"@adamcbest @AmethystMimosa You're not big, you're not clever, it's late and you're showing off",2996
-@McDonalds Waited all year to get a McRib and the one I got was dry and with hardly any sauce/condiments on it. Pretty disappointed!,2997
-Pet peeve: when ur phone corrects omw to On my way! EVERY FUCKING TIME The frustration is really real,2998
-@KFC_UKI_Help Just got home with my KFC and it's all pink :( who/where can I send a complaint to? This is not the first time it's happened,2999
-@Uber_Support @Uber your app doesn't seem to work and there in no way I can send you a mail regarding the issue.,3000
-"@ZARA_Care Hi, can you update me on my order as it still says being prepared even though I ordered 7 days ago. Thanks",3001
-@MicrosoftHelps After updates my Kodak camera is no longer recognized. Pixpro FZ151. Online store to update.,3002
-✌�� to 2017...2018 is going to be even better... https://t.co/UjfmAm9YWp,3003
-No wonder my #iphone is slow as hell I hope @Apple is planning on free upgrades for all its customers!! #pissed… https://t.co/PxHqwWqTcN,3004
-@ErinAndrews You have the best job ever!!!!! #DWTS25,3005
-@AOLSupportHelp hi and help! All of my emails have disappeared from desktop and remote devices duffydld is the screen name,3006
-"Really @blackanddecker? 1st replacement blender lasted 5 smoothies, 2nd replacement blender not even 1. #badservice #badproduct",3007
-#PS4share https://t.co/UBfE50mSW0,3008
-Thanks @WholeFoods https://t.co/25e5UD6kvP,3009
-@bookd25 I've never heard of either one. This will be my last book of the month so I can try to plan ahead for Febr… https://t.co/3wSX7UvRCp,3010
-@michellee_urso Good luck to both of us,3011
-So I bought the new Norton Core router and have been using it for the past two weeks. It has a few things that... https://t.co/IIV0OZGMK9,3012
-@AmandaEWorthy Yes! And she was sitting beside him when he said it!,3013
-@hm_custserv been almost two weeks and my order has yet to arrive. What's up??,3014
-@CT_Illuminerdy True shame @srbarnett missed Tot! What a battle of wits and words it would have been...,3015
-"@ebay riddle me this: friend won several auctions from the same seller that were described as ""like new"". Seller immediately cancels her orders saying the items are ""damaged"" and then blocks her from being able to bid in the future. This seems pretty shad",3016
-@Moto_Support Hmm doesn't seem to be working quite like that in practice. Getting messages saying I'm nearly out of memory at five gig.,3017
-@MicrosoftHelps Why can't I add my Yahoo email account to Outlook!?!? I've tried everything!,3018
-@SquareUK Now accept card payments with Square in the UK! It's about time! https://t.co/GKAAEORwcr,3019
-@greatroom @tourism_tofino Ahhh so want to be there!,3020
-@HPSupport HP envy 4500 help please #hppsdr #ijkhelp,3021
-@nvidiacc any specific application or benchmark? I'll check next time I swap it out with the GTX-285 for testing,3022
-Fancied a @KFC_UKI & boy do i regret it. Absolutely piss poor. The only redeeming factor is the gravy. #NotWorthIt #disappointed,3023
-@nvidiacc ASUS G60 Series. Bought it to play games but guess not BF3,3024
-"@united hi, what time does your Dublin check in desk open at tomorrow morning please? @E_faa",3025
-Here is my first baby bump picture at 12 weeks and 4 days. I’m tired… https://t.co/TM47bX6fGy,3026
-@SEPTA_NOR And now 2751 is 10 minutes late?,3027
-"@awscloud AWS Guys, you may need to look at the issue on S3 versioning where permission & versioning keep growing:) https://t.co/fyf2EuTZ8C",3028
-https://t.co/5vLpOFCOQk,3029
-@realDonaldTrump You won by less then 80k votes spread across 3 states. Hardly a landslide. Voter apathy because th… https://t.co/GG6z2T7RLd,3030
-I swear @neimanmarcus has some of the worst customer service on this fucking planet,3031
-@SouthwestAir Is there a way to link or add my child's Rapid Rewards to my personal account?,3032
-I just gave 5 stars to Gloria at @neimanmarcus for the great service I received!,3033
-I miss playing D&D,3034
-"Monday Night Football' tonight: Streaming, TV, why Patriots will thump Dolphins https://t.co/cZ4E59OnoD",3035
-@NickTurturro1 Yep! That’s why there was a commercial with Eli!!!!,3036
-"Why is it so freaking hard to add a story to a publication on @Medium? Every time, I get caught in a stream of errors and broken links",3037
-@SamsungMobileUS Text message alert sound no existent on note 5. Common problem.,3038
-@ChipotleTweets @mattydaddy2201 whoops,3039
-"@recfab I feel this very strongly, especially as I've been trying to drop some weight for health issues. But you an… https://t.co/C1d8tnd0Pc",3040
-@DICKS just ruined my kids Christmas by canceling my order. So long ping pong table. #fixthisDicks,3041
-"@MaxScoville Yes, you’re correct. It was also a semi-hypothetical question. Just feels weeeierd, man. My town is Th… https://t.co/LlLDUSJ0D7",3042
-@OnePlus_Support @OnePlus_IN customer care number is invalid,3043
-"@FitbitSupport Well, it seems to be working right now. If I have anymore problems, I will message you.",3044
-@mollyguinn @TwitterSupport this account is cyber bullying me,3045
-@CoryBrandan had. had me laughing. i couldn't ignore the typo.,3046
-Discover all the guac recipes you could ever ask for in the Avocado kitchen! You'll take your burgers to the next l… https://t.co/YV9r7ENxOz,3047
-@pizzahut wow. 2.5 hours since we ordered our pizza for a work function. It's only 4 pizzas! From now on we get @dominos,3048
-"@GeorgiaPower whole neighborhood lost power,called and they said it would be back at 1:30. 1:20 I'm back. You rock GP. #greatservicecalls",3049
-@heyythereclaire On my way,3050
-Just had a job Interview at @WholeFoods which was so bad that I'm legit going to contact a labor lawyer. @JeffBezos @AmazonHelp @amazon,3051
-"@ASOS_HeretoHelp HI, I was sent a uni code which says is valid until i graduate, but when I try to use it it says it has already been used?",3052
-Bought me some litecoin.,3053
-@sho_help absolute nonsense that i have to log in every time i watch on appletv. tonight was logged out WHILE WATCHING. what are you doing?,3054
-"https://t.co/7Bhe4z3zzk Re:final para: Babson,u pretentious,out-of-touch hypocrite. @newseasons WAS run this way b4… https://t.co/C0X0Yk2DfD",3055
-"About to board @SouthwestAir flight #25 for the year, hello #Alist!! #cuttingitclose #flysouthwest",3056
-"That salad was so good, I had to make a second one",3057
-#naldo_8k_giveaway https://t.co/LIuXzY4iHa,3058
-"@Brianna_daSilva *hugs* Yeah, ignoring comments like that is hard, for sure. But at least for me, engaging always e… https://t.co/tSqY2YwCRv",3059
-"So frustrated dealing with this HEALTH HAZARD, MOLD INFESTED, NEW 200 from @Chrysler @ChryslerCares I need my car replaced.",3060
-"@Steinmeyer_ No problem dude, I gotta keep the people informed",3061
-@joe_thoma_iv @PageSix Mansplaining to the nth degree,3062
-@TwitterSupport please help,3063
-@MACcosmetics your staff in Edinburgh airport and appalling. So rude and ignoring all costomers to do their own makeup. Awful service,3064
-@sho_help Any known issues with the Showtime Anytime app for xbox 360? Not working for me at the moment!,3065
-Love when @nationalgridus hangs up on you when you're trying to pay your bill!,3066
-#PS4share https://t.co/TxPTxj5P0x,3067
-Kaley Cuoco as Blanca Champion in Killer Movie is a national treasure,3068
-I was honored to represent @UCOBronchos and @UCOCEPS at #NAEYC sharing my research on teacher autonomy. https://t.co/xmk1ytgTea,3069
-@Voltron Well hey that's the day Before my 17TH bday and I'm gonna be super busy that day ...,3070
-@KaceyMusgraves It’s a deal. See you in OKC Thursday.,3071
-@kubruh_ New phone who dis?,3072
-"@dinosaurcomics I never tweet, but holy crap. “Life is hard, language is just how we talk about it,” is freaking DE… https://t.co/3vV83KUG7l",3073
-"""Doth @DailyCaller protest too much?"" https://t.co/18y9srjXDp",3074
-@AaronDy99391233 @xhristinaaaa Yeah but that wasn't a full week��,3075
-"My fitbit #Fitstats_en_US for 11/26/2017: 2,169 steps and 0.9 miles traveled. https://t.co/hHs3jGWsib",3076
-"@nvidiacc It might have been a bad overclock. Also, it normal to have flickering in certain applications while running SLI?",3077
-I’ve been experiencing with dark lipstick lately and this is the result… #NewProfilePic https://t.co/1bE5piqW72,3078
-@HondaCustSvc how do I file a formal complaint against a service location?,3079
-My only complaint of the day is my Arby's sweet tea wasn't that sweet,3080
-"@BTCare BT provide the worst customer service, complaints procedure. A disgrace https://t.co/pkdPlgrGkH",3081
-Preds 0-10 when trailing going into the 3rd...,3082
-@greateranglia Afternoon! @TfLRail have failed to give us any info about this. Do you guys have any you could share please?,3083
-@United policy to change a flight is ridiculous,3084
-@Moto_Support unhappy with the media volume of new G5s plus phone. Didn't expect from Moto phones,3085
-https://t.co/ZTBtDZtVI0,3086
-@tedlieu @POTUS The only people with the power to end this farrce of a presidency are the GOP with their majorities… https://t.co/rHjVR5wjlC,3087
-@KFC_UKI How do I translate this receipt from the Tower of London branch for input to the kfc app? https://t.co/5ikKspRusm,3088
-@yelpsupport @Yelp still can't claim my business .... What's going on ? Add contact number 01786396236,3089
-@AppleSupport not what I want to see after updating the software on my iPad!!!,3090
-"@Medium I altered my medium profile picture, because I didn't like the previous picture. Said previous picture however still shows up in google search results, because despite me removing it, it's still on your server. How do I really get rid of a former ",3091
-if no one tells me to shut up when im singing/humming obnoxiously i won't even know im doing it so just tell me to shut up x,3092
-"@LuciferGOP No, you're not.",3093
-@ira nice! where'd u pick up that copy?,3094
-@Uber cancellation attempts exceeded?!? But then no rides nearby! Wow just wow!,3095
-Find them in the Krystal Bijoux Etsy Store! https://t.co/AKIOwFmVcd,3096
-"@UPS where is the ""severe"" weather in Houston? https://t.co/awJ28ifn6n",3097
-"@CapitalNekia @drnabil - Happy to have you in my community, have a great day :)",3098
-"@AOLSupportHelp It started yesterday, but i try again it could work normal. But since last night Its just like this https://t.co/RKqVebsFBp",3099
-Central Holy Cross for the Blind Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants #SaveTheName @garretleblan19 @stefanoguarisco,3100
-Cherish the little things.,3101
-@SpanglerHannah Omg ily and miss you ��☹️,3102
-"@BeatsSupport hi, I brought my beats wireless 3 headphones in may and now they don't turn on at all. No light when charging neither",3103
-@sleightsofhand What makes it more attractive than gw raids? Less punishing? More people?,3104
-"@JetBlue Can't wait to hang in the state of the art terminal 5 at JFK tomorrow morning. We LOVE JetBlue, best airline EVVVVER...!",3105
-I liked a @YouTube video https://t.co/anSCusMID0 2011 GoTJ Chest Painting was popular this year,3106
-@Cappy62 You should have told me you needed a TSwify buddy. You could tag along with us. Slightly less illegal.,3107
-"@XboxSupport I originally thought it was just my disc and if my friends did not work I would just exchange mine, but his did not work either",3108
-"@OnePlus_Support Ok, plz find Request no. 1742725 & resolve the issue ASAP.",3109
-Omg my @Uber smells so bad,3110
-"@NikeSupport Pl find attached screenshot, Power saving mode is not ON https://t.co/gDB4NzPJz1",3111
-There are never enough hot wings. #SuperBowl,3112
-Mulder out there squatchin. This episode is going to be fun. #TheXFiles,3113
-"@EE Hi, I have ran out of data the the last 4 months in a row, can I modify my plan to suit? #monthly #contract",3114
-"@Burberry @BurberryService You should have someone look at your e-mail marketing.. second time a promo has come through ""clipped""",3115
-@catherinebadass I'm glad. I'm here if you need to talk :),3116
-@REALIcePoseidon Scripted as fuck. Pandering to kids with rich parents and overseas oil tycoons. Hope you get your shit back,3117
-@SEPTA_SOCIAL On the Septa app,3118
-@RealSkipBayless @undisputed Don’t believe a word that @RealSkipBayless says... https://t.co/kGJEqtuZ8i,3119
-"@MarySiverio "" I'm already used to this , I can do this "" - every fool ever",3120
-@wizkhalifa bro bro you know anybody who can add service and activate this @MotorolaUS 2 way pager?,3121
-Please help me win this kawaii giveaway from @blippocom! �� #kawaiigiveaway https://t.co/UR0a4JoC0T,3122
-@SEPTA_SOCIAL why is the 38 going down Market?,3123
-"If you need to build credit and are looking for a credit card company that cares about their customers, don't open… https://t.co/KyeFTBGka3",3124
-Remember this table I painted a couple weeks ago? (details here: http://t.co/0YuTm2GcLl) Well my husband (who... http://t.co/5TJItw4WUg,3125
-@comcastcares service just restored. Thanks for checking in!,3126
-@crazy_crypto Their loans are our gains,3127
-Hey @Medium why do you want permission to change my profile? That doesn't sound right.,3128
-@budlight I just had 2 beers in an 18 pack half full and still carbonated. #nothappy,3129
-@HMRCcustomers i want to change my tax code and not is possible webchat,3130
-@ItsKellyKnox I buried a fly in a match box....after dousing it in holy water in an attempt to revive! ...we were obv very sensitive kids!,3131
-@dgunnerHG I don’t know what happened there. That was crap.,3132
-"Ty @neimanmarcus for scamming a woman $250 for ur cookie recipe, I now have it because of ur stupidity. #brilliant customer service",3133
-@TwitterSupport @exposingtrans_3 This account tweets screen shots of abuse and threats AGAINST women by TRANs & their allies.,3134
-@HPSupport Guidance please scanning multiple pages into 1 pdf on a HP7525 under Windows10 Thx. #hppsdr #ijkhelp,3135
-"@virginmedia Happy one week anniversary, one week no internet and TV. What happened to the numerous number of ""capable"" engineers?",3136
-I liked a @YouTube video https://t.co/qcGJadXhfr SWEET FLAMES OF VENGENCE! FULLMETAL ALCHEMIST BROTHERHOOD EPISODE 53 & 54 REACTION,3137
-They play Legend of Zelda bg music at Barnes and Noble.. my studying feels more adventurous now,3138
-@JesseCox Hey Jesse! Are you and @dexbonus going to be playing the next chapter of Life is Strange: Before the Storm?,3139
-@notyurmamacita wheres the part where u run towards me hunched over struggling in the water,3140
-@SEPTA_SOCIAL Wilmington / Newark,3141
-@kconnormartin Learning about the vocative in Czech in grad school answered a lot of questions I had about growing up. #Štěpičku,3142
-@VodafoneIN Shared my number over DM,3143
-Here for this https://t.co/HF2igEBJVt,3144
-@SutcliffeDavid I was a little late to the Gilmore Girls party but damn do I love my Christopher! ;),3145
-@AlolaVulpixPGO @XboxSupport Probably D:,3146
-@NBASTORE @FedExHelp @USPS all let me down today!,3147
-Proud to be the 339th �� on @BackerKit for The Tim'rous Beastie Anthology. Thanks @Iron_Spike https://t.co/OKzDavyXYh,3148
-Very nice @BestBuy was placed on a 48 minute hold just to get hung up on. Great customer service. @BestBuySupport,3149
-@GrassDavid This about sums up my feelings on this mascot travesty. https://t.co/XifV4sLgma,3150
-"@VodafoneIN Network going worse by the day, are you people working on network upgradation? when will normality be restored?",3151
-"The hate in this world makes me ashamed to be human. Seriously, we're all stuck here together. End the shit already!",3152
-"Come on, Rep. Schulz. You don’t trust the people? #utpol #utleg #MadeToHappen https://t.co/LgqfEEy5jv",3153
-@GeorgiaPower But they look ready to topple over any time,3154
-@thewossy @TwitchSupport @Twitch Still been waiting for over 2 months for them to fix my account log in. Have not b… https://t.co/zDYaPCnHsE,3155
-@hulu_support When we load the app on Amazon fire tv,3156
-"@greateranglia It tell you what there isn't, heating on the 7.43 from wtm! Hypothermia for all, it's the GA way....",3157
-I'd like to see a feature in @Medium editing that swaps highlighted text with the private comment text. Would make for easier collaboration.,3158
-"@XboxSupport Yes its still happening,it still says ""https://t.co/JzrTmzC4u4"" and it has no download speeds or upload speeds at all.",3159
-@TheBenSwain Jealous bitch.,3160
-@SamsungSupport what up with the poor customer service on the phone. Refusing to transfer calls to a higher up.,3161
-Hey @British_Airways would you consider giving me a refund for the redundant seat you made me purchase? https://t.co/GzaskiD0hZ,3162
-@THEORIGINALMRI_ Congratulations,3163
-@OnePlus_IN Your service center in Chennai is very worst. The phone no is keep ringing n no one picking it. I need to replace battery for my Oneplus One. Please help #OneplusService,3164
-@BeatsSupport I'm sorry but reset hasn't worked,3165
-This would be a terrible idea https://t.co/bqoUYsSSQv,3166
-Our #Subaru #Outback finally got her #Missouri #licenseplates #ShoeMeStateOfMind #MidwestLife… https://t.co/pNd99S7ZN9,3167
-"@dreamgfENG @dreamgfENG I experimented with what the problem could be, and changing the hair fixed it. May wanna lo… https://t.co/wvgKjKj5dC",3168
-#AFCvEFC is the match on NBCSCN or MSNBC in #Boston ? @XFINITY @comcast @premierleague @Arsenal,3169
-Easy to feel good about a class where your professor doesn't post grades until they submit your final grades and it… https://t.co/8AycnoK9ob,3170
-�� LIVE @YuppItsBrandon on @YouNow - come to this cuties broadcast https://t.co/QqyaMAyAUW https://t.co/nHuvZXIcA8,3171
-"@AWSSupport I want 2 store, access & delete user session details in Elasticache using Lambda nodejs. Plz point to docs,links,study material.",3172
-barnes and noble dates are so underrated,3173
-"@BTCare hello, please can you tell me the roaming charges to use BT Mobile in India and Sri Lanka, thanks",3174
-Check DM @Safaricom_Care,3175
-Just bought these @brooksrunning Launch 2s 1 month ago from @DICKS & they already have a hole! 1 month!?! #nothappy https://t.co/Ea6mCzUazY,3176
-@paul_balze @SteveMartinToGo Come on man type faster!! Lol.,3177
-@VirginTrains is the 20:40 from Euston to Manchester running?,3178
-@AskeBay shouldn't the item be removed until the full payment is received? That is common sense and Amazon never do that!,3179
-@walmarthelp In store.,3180
-INCUBUS Kicks Off Superbowl Weekend at the Joint at the Hard Rock Hotel LV https://t.co/MYIgDtHh7O,3181
-"If I open the MONOPOLY safe, I would win $250,000! https://t.co/MaedHtmqvk https://t.co/8dxKd9MpR5",3182
-"@lowlifemaggot I know right, it's so damn dumb. It's obvious the girl is lying",3183
-@Arbys in Canton. Smooth how you turn off your marquee sign to make people think you're closed and make people wait for all their food,3184
-@greateranglia Is that without railcard even return to Bolton on 20th jan,3185
-"@OneL_WIL @drgonzo777 Idk you’re young or not athletic yourself to even think, resting is better on a young mans bo… https://t.co/iG1W09ffhJ",3186
-"@BurberryService hello Burberry, please could I cancel an order? Many thanks. Lena",3187
-I chose team @ChickfilA #ChicknStrips. Which team are you on? https://t.co/a1U2Qaww7v,3188
-@Honda Thx to your safety features we walked away after person ran a red & t-boned our car in intersection. I'll miss my Honda Pilot,3189
-I just earned a Swag Bucks bonus for collecting a complete set of limited edition collectors bills at… https://t.co/0ST941ntbx,3190
-@iamValC I’m only a couple years younger than you and it’s crazy how so many things have changed since then. I find… https://t.co/aM2KBOndeB,3191
-@JetBlue any concerns about icing between BOS and EWR tomorrow?,3192
-@HMRCcustomers Self assessment,3193
-@ChryslerCares Hey Chrysler Cares I'm the one with the 2011 200 need help with the Heating. Inside the car it's really strange,3194
-"@OnePlus_Support It is one plus 5 , version of OS 8.0.0",3195
-Sarita's Vinyl Hour: Chick Corea and Return to Forever / Light As a Feather (1973) https://t.co/ep02aaiqJm,3196
-"@HarrodsService where can I make a complaint about a member of your staff? I had an appalling service, makes me not want to shop here again.",3197
-I'm like wait leave my package at the door but I can't pick it up! TF @Nordstrom,3198
-@SquareUK Hello. Can we have Square in Nigeria too?,3199
-@ASeasonWith it polite to reply!!!,3200
-"@VW @vwcares FYI @BergeVolkswagen has a bad habit of listing cars as cert-preowned online, but they actually aren't. Duped me & friends #Phx",3201
-@KFC_UKI who do I complain too pls? Just been to one of your midland outlets and a member of staff chucked me threw the window... #assault,3202
-@IKEAUK hi I have requested many times for a replacement card to be sent and still not received anything.,3203
-@HMRCcustomers Good Evening I've started a new post & the Agency are asking for confirmation.,3204
-@BootsHelp I have received a parcel and the packing is very poor and an item is missing pic.twitter.com/wfrJMAwwOa,3205
-@nytimes why does it take 57 minutes online to make a simple subscription change? Please fix the process. I was this close to canceling altogether. pic.twitter.com/j5v36DlTYv,3206
-@Uber can someone please help me with a promotion email,3207
-"Almost got scammed by #FamilyEnergy in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn. Caught her bluff and got the letter ripped off. Lie detection electronicsniques from TV used to the fullest. @ConEdison @nationalgridus make your customers aware of this please.",3208
-@TwitchSupport doc broke your site buddy get a phat grip,3209
-"""Do you know who I am?"" - Donald Trump at top volume, all the time.",3210
-@hulu what do ya have for Christmas Movies?,3211
-"@walmarthelp I'll just remember to have it delivered to my house instead of waiting around at the Rehoboth Beach,Delaware location",3212
-I have a problem with 85% of my packages delivered by @UPS & it is so frustrating,3213
-@C_Dawson116 Brutal.,3214
-"@Safaricom_Care am not getting correctly, you so you are saying the cash is with Mwangi or At my account I called the customer care",3215
-Managers are paid more (usually) so people aspire. Not sure if that's the correct pay structure. https://t.co/1XricIHOwk,3216
-"@BeatsSupport They should last longer, I had cheap $20 headphones I bought before the beats and they are still going",3217
-"@FC_Help Hi - I'm writing a piece for MSN Him and wondered who I could talk in the PR dept about this season's clothes/trends, etc? Help!",3218
-@McDonalds Is there any way to get the train cars we may have missed? Our kids love the trains with the kids meals,3219
-I called in sick today. Thanks @pizzahut,3220
-@VodafoneIN Thanks for resolving my complaint,3221
-@EE still no 4g in leamington spa CV32 4HN.......,3222
-I just joined Gamer Rewards. Sign up and get free tickets and prizes here: https://t.co/2LDyBPIOuL,3223
-I don't get why everyone one says this is sticky it dried down completely for me. I will try more colors https://t.co/IVf7x7TDix,3224
-@NikeSupport It was purchased at https://t.co/SFsIz2BOOJ but its got to be almost 4 years old if not 5.,3225
-https://t.co/3tRjNlg7KB,3226
-Switched to a land line today for work. The @ATT cell service is out in OK today. So glad I am a us cellular for my personal!,3227
-"@AirAsiaSupport sent you DM yesterday, mind to check? thank you very much.",3228
-@LenovoSupport when is HD Netflix coming to the Tab 4 10 Plus? It's currently throttled at 540p despite being Widevine L1 capable.,3229
-@Electric_Forest Wishing for the lineup ❤,3230
-@LPEVHybrid are you ok,3231
-So sick of Xbox being trash! I get teredo errors and I never use to get them!! @XboxSupport,3232
-@SouthwestAir I do not know if I have a pet reservation though.,3233
-@GEICO had some of the best customer service I've ever experienced in my life. #truestory #fightme,3234
-"Yo @KFC_UKI you fleeced me, where is my popcorn in this banquet box? https://t.co/UgfFMpg6wo",3235
-@SEPTA_SOCIAL Did the 50 bus stop running?!?,3236
-"@aliceAHH Hi Alice, Please be advised that as there is no commitment to restock this garment, it's only available in the sizes shown. Thanks",3237
-@GeorgiaPower Your online outage reporting page does not work with either Chrome or Safari. I won't deign to attempt IE.,3238
-@HMRCcustomers Where can I view it? I cannot see it,3239
-@UbisoftSupport When I run a speed test it shows I have 32mbps Download. But downloading through uPlay has 4mbps? Any fix for this?,3240
-"@TwitterSupport i am locked out of my actual account and the help center is no help, what can i do?",3241
-@NikeSupport But here is what it says on the NikeFuel tab (zero NikeFuel). https://t.co/iVzOHGnuma,3242
-#voicesaveAdam,3243
-"@IKEAUK @IKEAUKSupport Hi, can you recommend me wall Wall shelves for printer? no price limit.",3244
-@AdobeCare Mr.Raj is the response /support ur team will provide. if ur not able to resolve my query i will escalate this issue ti next level,3245
-@GolicAndWingo Why not. What's good for the coaches is good for the players.,3246
-@bobpockrass thanks for remembering the fans north of the border,3247
-@walmarthelp I need help!!,3248
-Sully bought this for @Amir_Garrett https://t.co/QTsfP1XVSX,3249
-@RailMinIndia train no 19052 all laptop/mobile changing point suplly off.,3250
-Trap Ketchum now out EVERYWHERE... @shofu https://t.co/xW5leLFVA0,3251
-@KenyaPower_Care But will it be fixed today???,3252
-Hey @DIRECTVService @DIRECTV is Mobile DVR out of home not working? Mine abruptly quit working 2 days ago,3253
-@ThreeUKSupport can yoj wipe my voicemail for me. 75 messages of spam need to be deleted.,3254
-@heyjessee_ No I totally get it! To each their own but I just wanted to point out that my views are changing now th… https://t.co/IPu29ssYMx,3255
-@Uber_Support I don't see a link anywhere on the tax information page to consent to e delivery for 1099? Where is it?,3256
-⚡ The idea of ‘Lady Doritos’ is not going well https://t.co/nkaB0BfUh6,3257
-"@ThreeUKSupport I already did, they promised a call back and it didn't happen. Not impressed with the colleagues in Noida",3258
-"@ZARA_Care Thanks for This, now got a case number open.",3259
-"@KFC_UKI_Help Uttoxeter branch is useless. Drove through 15 minutes ago and still waiting for food, along with 6 other cars.",3260
-Not an Onion Onion story https://t.co/tC6VY6qvUp,3261
-@PredsNHL @ElectronicXpres C. Cause that’s what my wife is with me ��. 310-H15,3262
-Am not getting correct figures on your @Safaricom_Care app. Iko nini? https://t.co/QhXyHhfvVv,3263
-@JetBlue Not cancelled. Delayed. Been sitting on plane for two hours. Water is frozen. Who knew it gets cold in Syracuse?,3264
-@YasmineGalenorn So agree!,3265
-@lovenkotb4life9 @YoungandHungry That's what I'd like to know bc I don't have that many of my shows to watch lately… https://t.co/Lh3mh7POsH,3266
-Thank you @WholeFoods for refunding me the gift cards.,3267
-"@British_Airways Hi BA, I have some questions re my companion voucher. What's the best channel to provide details?",3268
-@BurberryService thanks for sending the wrong shirt...... pic.twitter.com/infmTil4zc,3269
-https://t.co/dQIRTHDb4D...,3270
-@Tswan_2 �� Them Cavs ending it in 6,3271
-@SRuhle Judge Moore has a vintage! Look at age difference between girls he pursued when younger and present gap wit… https://t.co/fylvO1wOCt,3272
-Hey @awscloud. We are throwing a AWS themed birthday party for a friend who is very passionate about your product. Where can we get AWS swag,3273
-@Delta I honestly don't believe that. You would change your ways if you were truly sorry,3274
-@mattdmc91 @2Rich2FoldPoker @ESPNCFB *Roquan. Damn auto correct,3275
-@UPS why do my packages go clearly in the opposite direction just to come back my way??,3276
-Os os luego a whateeen,3277
-"@_Sophie_04 That actually makes a lot of sense, redhead disease",3278
-"@awscloud My account is past due. Tried to make payment online but could not find a location to do so. Trying opening a case. Got an e-mail from someone, responded with the required info and was told it is a no-reply address. Can you assist?",3279
-"@VZWSupport @SamsungSupport Why are lengthy text msgs now being broken down into multiple texts instead of ""multimedia messages"" = 1 text ???",3280
-Too bad @TommyHilfiger doesn't want black people wearing his clothes. I heard.,3281
-@HPSupport My officejet 3830 won't print. #hppsdr #ijkhelp,3282
-@AOLSupportHelp I'm using AOL Gold. I cannot indent a line of type in my email (I used to be able to do that). Why?,3283
-@UPSHelp Package from London to Sydney just rescheduled to 4 days later? Why?,3284
-"Filming with @shes_a_muppet and @afonso.dan, featuring the @wevibe Gala and Jive. https://t.co/a28B2euh88 https://t.co/EFdG6f2vCD",3285
-#chromebooks #edelectronics @google The managed network settings on almost all our Chromebooks have been lost. Bug from a… https://t.co/gnUIZ6AYk3,3286
-@OnePlus_IN hi my one plus 5t. Battery s getting drained fast. 6 to 7 hours if I use the phone. Kindly give a solution. @getpeid,3287
-I just gave 5 stars to #Felicia at @neimanmarcus for the great service I received!,3288
-@LPIsaacGuest amazing what you're putting together for everyone. Any chance I can talk to you privately?,3289
-can't believe I have 76000 miles on my 2011 @VW CC & in need of a transmission. any advice @vwcares,3290
-8. @turbotax It also improperly imported my data from e*trade and kept thinking it hadn't gotten all the information needed.,3291
-@RitchDaRuler @ClemsonBubba52 @CoachYoungblood They HATED him lololololol,3292
-You won’t forget any ingredients for this @PerdueChicken recipe because there are only 3! #Promotion #PerdueCrew -… https://t.co/S4FOfuygXF,3293
-@TeamTurboTax I cant bc of security reasons. I dont think im ever using your company again.,3294
-I just added this to my closet on Poshmark: JCREW 3/4 sleeve button down shirt. https://t.co/doEkqycX3V via @poshmarkapp #shopmycloset,3295
-aye @CarmenKingy sorry for the notification spam my sister took me thrift store shopping & im just chillin on a dus… https://t.co/Uo4QkdcyvO,3296
-@KenyaPower_Care Thanks it has gone through..,3297
-@PredsNHL A,3298
-@hooviehams @hooviehams and we did.... Lol,3299
-@DIRECTVService is there an outage in Buffalo 14220? Been seeing code 771 for last two hours.,3300
-Check out this awesome game I found on BrightLocker - MonstroBoy. https://t.co/Otwlt0jp3Z,3301
-@motorolaindia I read news that Moto release Oreo update for Moto G5+. When it rolls to India?,3302
-"@AskPlayStation Just Followed, sorry about that",3303
-A mood https://t.co/PoAJNTFQiL,3304
-sitting in the hotel room crying over my paper and how much I hate school rn while my bf is go kart racing. Is it r… https://t.co/c4md6Yw9GM,3305
-@eBay Would love to offer the items in my power seller account for #Bitcoin for those willing to pay.,3306
-"@treasuretruck Will you please stop texting me cool stuff that's nowhere near my house?! This is getting so annoying, also disappointing. :(",3307
-happy 18th bday to my booooo�� @madrowe_ https://t.co/0cYdXoT7CT,3308
-just want to thank @ASOS_HeretoHelp @ASOS for ignoring me for three days xxxx,3309
-"Good morning, @McDonalds ... your 88-05 Astoria Blvd, East Elmhurst location refused to give cup of water with order. Is this your protocol?",3310
-@LenovoSupport talked for hour couple of times with higher team and sent mail to dkumar11. item should have been dispatched on the same day,3311
-@XboxSupport okay will give it a try. thanks!,3312
-@bt_uk one of your openreach engineers was driving his van dangerously fast through Farnham town centre just now. Too fast to catch reg.,3313
-"@AskPlayStation @Mister_Blake I'm having the same issue, can I get a DM too? Thanks.",3314
-@NikeSupport hi guys. How can I see local running routes via the iPhone app?,3315
-"@BurberryService hi, if I placed an order for next day delivery on Sunday 10th, when should I expect it to arrive? I've still not had a despatch email or a reply to my email",3316
-@UconnectCares Iheart radio app doesn't work. Have opened 2 different tickets both were closed without being fixed.,3317
-Embrace debate: What is the best John's?,3318
-@VirginTrains Always specify the train time when booking as struggle to understand when your off peak open returns are allowed to be used,3319
-"I just ordered taxi. It hasen't even arrived, the money was taken and I was charged for someone else's service. @Uber",3320
-@kooCronnoC Soooo it’s not the scratch off kind of lottery then?,3321
-"@IKEAUKSupport hi, your Reading store car park is broken.",3322
-Last few days of free ice skating on Stansted Mountfitchet train platforms... catch it while it lasts! @networkrail @greateranglia,3323
-@subaru_usa @SubaruCustCare I bought a new Impreza on 2/8 and traded in my 2012. They payoff check for my previous loan only went out today?,3324
-2017 was a great year! Can’t wait for 2018! https://t.co/mBEuKMqWZ2,3325
-@WhirlpoolCare Thanks for reaching out. Hopefully I hear back from @HomeDepot,3326
-just in case you thought i was fucking around https://t.co/lzfZjSKW8z,3327
-"Please @TeamTurboTax, situation ended up being a mess and need a refund of software. That's all. Been bounced around your site for an hour.",3328
-@NotMrNutting is the Crick stocked for Trout Season this year?,3329
-@OnePlus_Support Rs 25k #down the #drain. If you can't debug/support close your company! #Oneplus,3330
-@Nagheenanajar you have some pals that would like this https://t.co/kCJ2LKyF9I,3331
-"@tomsegura hey man, any design work I could do for you?",3332
-@united Thanks so now what?,3333
-"@MicrosoftHelps i await ur response, in view of the fact that the details have been forwarded",3334
-@Postmates is #BetterThanSanta https://t.co/xXqB2d02XZ I wish my mom could get the gift of a new smile. This year h… https://t.co/PPfrX2z8bX,3335
-@hm_custserv @hm please could you tell the email address to contact H&M for any references?,3336
-@SirFritzAlot @Apple @U2 Time to let it go.,3337
-I love this site! https://t.co/C0T5igzlQl,3338
-"@NYTsupport Your website no longer remembers that I'm a subscriber. Safari 5.1.1, OS 10.6.8",3339
-Just graduated from the best school ever! @TAMU #WHOOP #classof2018 https://t.co/tCD8NRCiGi,3340
-@BerniecratsTO @TYTNetwork @TheYoungTurks @cenkuygur Jordan who? That’s what people would have said before TYT gave… https://t.co/jqRrRKkUDs,3341
-Feeling more like the poor engineer than Orson Welles today,3342
-@whirlpoolusa I spent $1000 on a washer in 2014 and the washer is now broken and over $400 to fix a bearing problem.,3343
-@SubaruCustCare Did this about 3 hours ago. Haven't heard anything yet.,3344
-Try @PerdueChicken Restaurant Style Chopped Salad & impress with your cooking chops! #Promotion #PerdueCrew -… https://t.co/cNfHYvSx5v,3345
-@Nordstrom about to lose my business 5ever,3346
-"""It's not my fault."" https://t.co/CRWJokCOEt",3347
-"S7 Edge, we got a problem. This pink pixel line! I think it's a pressure issue from the edge screen. https://t.co/SFd3wh5DB2 @samsungsupport",3348
-@McDonalds BRING BACK THE SRIRACHA MAC SAUCE! #lifeover,3349
-"@InboxDollars I think there's an error, says it's 'expired'.",3350
-@BNBuzz can I complain to you about the coffee I just received?,3351
-@gvecch_94_ Yes die hard lol but i agree they need to work on defense and bell needs to clean up his act a bit befo… https://t.co/SMDbtdJky0,3352
-"@annainaustin Oh, now. You're never too old to let that freak flag fly! #nojudgment",3353
-@EveryDollar Watching with my husband #moneyandmarriage live stream 2017 https://t.co/4dk3aIXtpk,3354
-@SEPTA_SOCIAL You too! https://t.co/hx6YIPBGFH,3355
-@neimanmarcus Thank you,3356
-"@AppleSupport So it doesn't matter that the email receipt for the transaction shows the old card, even though my Apple ID info is corrected",3357
-".@DropboxSupport I want to switch to Smart Sync, but does it support symlinks on Mac? This is necessary for my large media usage of Drpbx.",3358
-Wow #MyTwitterAnniversary https://t.co/zvUqLG4LLu,3359
-"@mattkecksucks @carterjwm @Wendys One is a legend, and the other? Just a stupid slithery little sneaky sneeeek.… https://t.co/MBHZgYaUuu",3360
-@Lowes Do you price match https://t.co/6lF8QfA9f0? I'm getting conflicting answers.,3361
-"@VW #VWCares , funny I don't feel like you do. Car still in shop. Letter not mailed to me yet that was generated on April 18th #notfeelingit",3362
-Love it when I almost die rear ended by a semi cause my jeep turns off again. One day they will fix it #jeepsucks #Chrysler,3363
-@LenovoSupport 3 month old Legion Y720 every time I close the lid or put the computer to sleep and then wake it back up the screen looks like it is dead. Massive glitching and not able to see the log in screen. Defaulted all lid closure settings and issue,3364
-@UbisoftSupport @Rainbow6Game Does blackflag servers connect yet,3365
-After bombarding me with reminder emails I've just turned up for my flu jab & they've run out! Rubbish service @BootsUK,3366
-@TwitterSupport I've reported this account multiple times and so have friends. ( @ryanwinfield9 ) It's a fraud account copying mine. Help!!,3367
-@FitbitSupport But ppl in the uk use miles and Celsius!,3368
-@DeanGeorgaris Haha I love the show!! ����I literally cannot breathe right now ��that ending tho,3369
-@Jetblue discriminates against people with disabilities.,3370
-@HPSupport can I use an HP officejet 4500 desktop as a wireless printer,3371
-@jm2walsh @TheRickyDavila Yes Yes Yes,3372
-"@plume__ I also recommend branching out to Freecell, in which the more empty spaces you have filled up the worse you are doing",3373
-@Nordstrom website is maddeningly slow. Chat won't load. Can't authorize new debit card. Had to retype things a number of times. Cmon,3374
-@greateranglia what are you playing at? https://t.co/fcrfALq1nV,3375
-"@Gav_Leaf @TheSpoonyOne To be fair, it's Mike Huckabee. So, depends on how you define ""people.""",3376
-"@nvidiacc from the beginning it never worked right, driver issues (drvs in wrong places), now with the last CUDA update it broke the Mac.",3377
-@NikeSupport The latest release,3378
-Wanna make an easy $5 here ya go https://t.co/IMZP96KrPS,3379
-An actual photograph of me on hold with insurance.… https://t.co/1wv6Elsz0U,3380
-#moplc18 I’m here! Looking for any of my tweet peeps!?!?!?,3381
-"@AirAsiaSupport Hi, today 02 Dec there is a flight Per/Dps at 1120. If I book seats will I get on the plane? IS it really flying?",3382
-"My fitbit #Fitstats_en_US for 12/18/2017: 4,313 steps and 2.1 miles traveled. https://t.co/EarcnrpYhg",3383
-@milypage she literally looks like she’s been dead for 6 years. this is lowkey an insult to Angelina Jolie.,3384
-I've been excited for this for months and it's finally here! Loving… https://t.co/vrz25V8GXz,3385
-"This thread makes the Aziz thing abundantly clear. To all saying that ""She should have said no,"" uh...she DID. Se… https://t.co/1zfBQPrQKb",3386
-@ThreeUKSupport How do I do that?,3387
-@SteveHofstetter and now we have to pay for collecting rain water,3388
-"Furious w/ @Yelp Salesman calls, tells us he can ""fix"" our reviews. We decline. Two days later another legit 5 star review is removed. #scam",3389
-"Seriously! Jeez, don’t tap anyone on the shoulder to ask them a question, that’s “rape” �� << clearly an exaggeratio… https://t.co/Rdc2LDLMOZ",3390
-"Proud of my friend, Williamston & @HopeCollege alum @brentforsberg. People to watch: Developer Brent Forsberg is '… https://t.co/nPCvyNd0Sk",3391
-@AlfaRomeoCares hi just been told there is a problem with the Mito heater resistor(similar to the zafira) and if left it could go on fire!!,3392
-@QBCares We have #CanceledQuickBooksPayrollSubscription Extremely expensive service and will be looking to take our… https://t.co/BNto7ecCmx,3393
-@NikeSupport The app keeps on logging out without me doing it. How do i stop that from happening,3394
-"Giving away 5 copies of @Mag_Chatterton's debut #poetry collection, #ThisLullaby! https://t.co/xcvMtDQcxl… https://t.co/cWQ4nELfYj",3395
-"@ASOS_HeretoHelp Is the 28 day return policy, from when you send it off or does it have to be back with you by the 28 days?",3396
-@RailMinIndia travelling in the local train in Chennai from Tambaram to Beach. Fans are switched off completely. Pls take action.,3397
-Hey @GeorgiaPower. Any reason my power suddenly went out in Brookhaven? It looks like it's just effecting 7 houses. ETA on a fix?,3398
-"Whoever left the mysterious bag that caused a bomb threat at the Charleston Airport, your mom’s a hoe https://t.co/sgBMtdcdlc",3399
-My bad I got android 8.0 So what's new with this version ?,3400
-"NEWSTEAM, AAAASSSSSSEEEMMMMMBLE https://t.co/L8kOuaLVBi",3401
-"@SEPTA_SOCIAL If I buy 1 zone 2 ticket at Jefferson, how much will that cost me?",3402
-"HUGE props to @GEICO !!! After an incredibly frustrating and sad total loss of my car, in an accident where I was not at fault, #geico has literally taken care of everything in 8 days! not 8 business days JUST 8 TOTAL DAYS!! THANK YOU!!!",3403
-"@AOLSupportHelp If I add a contact in the web contacts, will that get sync'd to the desktop contacts? And which platform takes precedence?",3404
-@SpaceflightNow Have a toddy in one hand and drumming my fingers softly with the other one,3405
-@DineshDSouza Probably safe to say almost every president since FDR does...,3406
-The guy in the mail room totally hates me I’m literally always here,3407
-Wonder why cars get major issues *just* after the warranty expires? @Chrysler #UnhappyCustomer,3408
-@ASOS_HeretoHelp awaiting my student discount code .. primary e mail not received it and not in junk folder,3409
-@kayla_bayla13 “Could of” instead of “could’ve”,3410
-@SloanDereksloan @Lauren_Southern White is electronicsnically the absence of color,3411
-"@stonewall_sue @TuckerCarlson @texasmexicolaw is from Fort Worth and you’re right, he is smart.",3412
-@ColeBug22 Any Chaz Batch jerseys floating through the cubes?,3413
-@MorganRae_05 ������,3414
-@AOL Not able to view mails on laptop for my aol.in account for the past few days. Though mobile works fine! Can you guys suggest solution?,3415
-@Safaricom_Care @bobcollymore Ok thank you tomorrow i will go and update my details but i hope it will work again without hiccups.,3416
-"@WholeFoods Oh, don't worry. They'll be closing soon. I'll ask tomorrow when I head in. Thank you so much for your response.",3417
-@ZARA_Care why doont you have any online store of own,3418
-"hi @FC_HELP, i made a complaint in one of your stores 5 days ago and no one has dealt with it. who's best to contact at head office, please?",3419
-@chelseescully @jeffreygoldbIum Fantastic!,3420
-Hi @SquareUK is there bluetooth facility for printed receipts?,3421
-"I entered a giveaway for a chance to win ""Pre-Seasoned Cast Iron Skillet (Black, 12"" Inc..."" by Homerware. https://t.co/bgd3YczBY4 #giveaway",3422
-@Moto_Support The fast charging is not working that is the problem.,3423
-@Moto_Support Dear sir they tried to contact me once bt I was busy then I call bk n no response. They hiding the truth.,3424
-@SportsCenter No,3425
-"Bought these last week, already puffed up. What's up @Walmart? https://t.co/bN4FaajmEt",3426
-America could literally build the entire border wall from the bullshit I’ve heard from each of you tonight���� #fuckoff,3427
-@FitbitSupport my Charge 2 isn't syncing from 20 Nov. Bluetooth and Location service is on yet no luck,3428
-"@JustJem24 Ok I wana play...kill f@(* marry old school: Landon, Mark, Miz",3429
-@Nordstrom Of course where should I do that,3430
-@VodafoneIN Again a huge bill shock despite all the earlier conversations and emails.. Pls help,3431
-"@DropboxSupport Hi, no problem, just sent an email over.",3432
-@scrapfabric @DICKS TOTALLY not cool.,3433
-I mean they all look fab but John’s scarf and glasses and smile and everything is giving me LIFE,3434
-"@TheJoshAVinson Hey there, Joshua. Send us a DM with the email address used to make the reservation and we'll go from there. ^TL",3435
-When you pose silly with the movie poster to win a gift card ��#shamelessplug #GreatestShowFan #Sweepstakes… https://t.co/SNACuyMb4A,3436
-"@MicrosoftHelps It's a Hotmail account & yep, just one email address.",3437
-@washposthelp have vaca stop hat resumes 12/31. Website wont change to resume 1/1. Help,3438
-@BraydenWolf22 Waiting forever for more scenes from ya bud! It's been too long!! What happened to the other studios… https://t.co/Dk1aTekVgq,3439
-So many new #PF17 arrivals on @neimanmarcus!! Check it out!! https://t.co/0O7W2cB3WM https://t.co/uZQJz4L1DK,3440
-@dannygonzalez me: yo pass the aux cord friend: you better not play trash me: https://t.co/xw8dT5pMHs,3441
-Why the hell is @PUBATTLEGROUNDS STILL not available to preorder on the @Xbox @XboxSupport store? WTF.,3442
-"@VirginTrains still waiting for someone to get in contact with me, about this refund.",3443
-@McDonalds what gives cold apple pie at 7am. Really,3444
-"@adrielhampton @ReallyAmerican1 @BarackObama @JoeBiden Me too, @ReallyAmerican@BarackObama and @JoeBiden!",3445
-@AdobeCare Adobe sign in error message when using google account... Now what?,3446
-"Today's Daily Word - Sunday, November 05, 2017: https://t.co/xB0JafCvjd Divine Order is Happening Now!",3447
-Kiosks out @SouthwestAir @PHLAirport :(,3448
diff --git a/data/twitter_complaints/train.csv b/data/twitter_complaints/train.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index a5e2c25434c0a90510f3ea8484880757c62900fd..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/data/twitter_complaints/train.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-Tweet text,Label,ID
-@HMRCcustomers No this is my first job,no complaint,0
-"@KristaMariePark Thank you for your interest! If you decide to cancel, you can call Customer Care at 1-800-NYTIMES.",no complaint,1
-If I can't get my 3rd pair of @beatsbydre powerbeats to work today I'm doneski man. This is a slap in my balls. Your next @Bose @BoseService,complaint,2
-@EE On Rosneath Arial having good upload and download speeds but terrible latency 200ms. Why is this.,complaint,3
-"Couples wallpaper, so cute. :) #BrothersAtHome",no complaint,4
-"@mckelldogs This might just be me, but-- eyedrops? Artificial tears are so useful when you're sleep-deprived and sp… https://t.co/WRtNsokblG",no complaint,5
-@Yelp can we get the exact calculations for a business rating (for example if its 4 stars but actually 4.2) or do we use a 3rd party site?,no complaint,6
-@nationalgridus I have no water and the bill is current and paid. Can you do something about this?,complaint,7
-"Never shopping at @MACcosmetics again. Every time I go in there, their employees are super rude/condescending. I'll take my $$ to @Sephora",complaint,8
-@JenniferTilly Merry Christmas to as well. You get more stunning every year ��,no complaint,9
-@NortonSupport Thanks much.,no complaint,10
-@VerizonSupport all of a sudden I can't connect to my primary wireless network but guest one works,no complaint,11
-Aaaahhhhh!!!! My @Razer @PlayOverwatch d.va meka headset came in!!! I didn't even know it had shipped!!! So excited… https://t.co/4gXy9xED8d,no complaint,12
-@Lin_Manuel @jmessinaphoto @VAMNit Omg a little squish!!!!! Enjoy and congrats!!!! I miss mine being so young! ������,no complaint,13
-@IanJamesPoulter What's your secret to poaching eggs? Mine NEVER look that good.,no complaint,14
-@AWSSupport When will be able Kinesis Firehose compatible with Elasticsearch 6.0? Thank you!,no complaint,15
-@NCIS_CBS https://t.co/eeVL9Eu3bE,no complaint,16
-@msetchell Via the settings? That’s how I do it on master T’s,no complaint,17
-"Today at work there was a low flying duck heading toward a crowd of people, and I yelled ""watch out! and I'm very disappointed with myself.",no complaint,18
-@NortonSupport @NortonOnline What the hell is a dm 5-10 days to get money back bank account now overdrawn thanks guys,complaint,19
-@united not happy with this delay from Newark to Manchester tonight :( only 30 mins free Wi-fi sucks ...,complaint,20
-@ZARA_Care I've been waiting on a reply to my tweets and DMs for days now?,complaint,21
-"New Listing! Large 2 Family Home for Sale in #Passaic Park, #NJ #realestate #homesforsale Great Location!… https://t.co/IV4OrLXkMk",no complaint,22
-@SouthwestAir I love you but when sending me flight changes please don't use military time #ignoranceisbliss,complaint,23
-@JetBlue Completely understand but would prefer being on time to filling out forms....,no complaint,24
-@nvidiacc I own two gtx 460 in sli. I want to try windows 8 dev preview. Which driver should I use. Can I use the windows 7 one.,no complaint,25
-Just posted a photo https://t.co/RShFwCjPHu,no complaint,26
-Love crescent rolls? Try adding pesto @PerdueChicken to them and you’re going to love it! #Promotion #PerdueCrew -… https://t.co/KBHOfqCukH,no complaint,27
-@TopmanAskUs please just give me my money back.,complaint,28
-I just gave 5 stars to Tracee at @neimanmarcus for the great service I received!,no complaint,29
-@FitbitSupport when are you launching new clock faces for Indian market,no complaint,30
-@HPSupport my printer will not allow me to choose color instead it only prints monochrome #hppsdr #ijkhelp,complaint,31
-@DIRECTV can I get a monthly charge double refund when it sprinkles outside and we lose reception? #IamEmbarrasedForYou,complaint,32
-"@AlfaRomeoCares Hi thanks for replying, could be my internet but link doesn't seem to be working",complaint,33
-Looks tasty! Going to share with everyone I know #FebrezeONE #sponsored https://t.co/4AQI53npei,no complaint,34
-@OnePlus_IN can OnePlus 5T do front camera portrait?,no complaint,35
-@sho_help @showtime your arrive is terrible streaming is stop and start every couple mins. Get it together it's xmas,complaint,36
-@KandraKPTV I just witnessed a huge building fire in Santa Monica California,no complaint,37
-@fernrocks most definitely the latter for me,no complaint,38
-@greateranglia Could I ask why the Area in front of BIC Station was not gritted withh all the snow.,complaint,39
-I'm earning points with #CricketRewards https://t.co/GfpGhqqnhE,no complaint,40
-@Schrapnel @comcast RIP me,no complaint,41
-"The wait is finally over, just joined @SquareUK, hope to get started real soon!",no complaint,42
-@WholeFoods what's the best way to give feedback on a particular store to the regional/national office?,no complaint,43
-@DanielNewman I honestly would believe anything. People are...too much sometimes.,no complaint,44
-@asblough Yep! It should send you a notification with your driver’s name and what time they’ll be showing up!,no complaint,45
-@Wavy2Timez for real,no complaint,46
-@KenyaPower_Care no power in south b area... is it scheduled.,complaint,47
-Honda won't do anything about water leaking in brand new car. Frustrated! @HondaCustSvc @AmericanHonda,complaint,48
-"@CBSNews @Dodge @ChryslerCares My driver side air bag has been recalled and replaced, but what about the passenger side?",complaint,49
diff --git a/dataset_infos.json b/dataset_infos.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a6d6448b5e1d00e610328560ceb10fa22b968b8..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/dataset_infos.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"ade_corpus_v2": {"description": "Large pre-trained language models have shown promise for few-shot learning, completing text-based tasks given only a few task-specific examples. 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--- a/raft.py
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-# coding=utf-8
-# Copyright 2020 The HuggingFace Datasets Authors and the current dataset script contributor.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-import csv
-import json
-import os
-from pathlib import Path
-
-import datasets
-
-# TODO: Add BibTeX citation
-_CITATION = """\
-@InProceedings{huggingface:dataset,
-title = {A great new dataset},
-author={huggingface, Inc.
-},
-year={2020}
-}
-"""
-
-_DESCRIPTION = """Large pre-trained language models have shown promise for few-shot learning, completing text-based tasks given only a few task-specific examples. Will models soon solve classification tasks that have so far been reserved for human research assistants?
-
-[RAFT](https://raft.elicit.org) is a few-shot classification benchmark that tests language models:
-
-- across multiple domains (lit review, tweets, customer interaction, etc.)
-- on economically valuable classification tasks (someone inherently cares about the task)
-- in a setting that mirrors deployment (50 examples per task, info retrieval allowed, hidden test set)
-"""
-
-_HOMEPAGE = "https://raft.elicit.org"
-
-# TODO: Add the licence for the dataset here if you can find it
-_LICENSE = ""
-
-DATA_DIR = "data/"
-TASKS = {
- "ade_corpus_v2": {
- "name": "ade_corpus_v2",
- "description": "",
- "data_columns": ["Sentence", "ID"],
- "label_columns": {"Label": ["ADE-related", "not ADE-related"]},
- },
- "banking_77": {
- "name": "banking_77",
- "description": "",
- "data_columns": ["Query", "ID"],
- "label_columns": {
- "Label": [
- "Refund_not_showing_up",
- "activate_my_card",
- "age_limit",
- "apple_pay_or_google_pay",
- "atm_support",
- "automatic_top_up",
- "balance_not_updated_after_bank_transfer",
- "balance_not_updated_after_cheque_or_cash_deposit",
- "beneficiary_not_allowed",
- "cancel_transfer",
- "card_about_to_expire",
- "card_acceptance",
- "card_arrival",
- "card_delivery_estimate",
- "card_linking",
- "card_not_working",
- "card_payment_fee_charged",
- "card_payment_not_recognised",
- "card_payment_wrong_exchange_rate",
- "card_swallowed",
- "cash_withdrawal_charge",
- "cash_withdrawal_not_recognised",
- "change_pin",
- "compromised_card",
- "contactless_not_working",
- "country_support",
- "declined_card_payment",
- "declined_cash_withdrawal",
- "declined_transfer",
- "direct_debit_payment_not_recognised",
- "disposable_card_limits",
- "edit_personal_details",
- "exchange_charge",
- "exchange_rate",
- "exchange_via_app",
- "extra_charge_on_statement",
- "failed_transfer",
- "fiat_currency_support",
- "get_disposable_virtual_card",
- "get_physical_card",
- "getting_spare_card",
- "getting_virtual_card",
- "lost_or_stolen_card",
- "lost_or_stolen_phone",
- "order_physical_card",
- "passcode_forgotten",
- "pending_card_payment",
- "pending_cash_withdrawal",
- "pending_top_up",
- "pending_transfer",
- "pin_blocked",
- "receiving_money",
- "request_refund",
- "reverted_card_payment?",
- "supported_cards_and_currencies",
- "terminate_account",
- "top_up_by_bank_transfer_charge",
- "top_up_by_card_charge",
- "top_up_by_cash_or_cheque",
- "top_up_failed",
- "top_up_limits",
- "top_up_reverted",
- "topping_up_by_card",
- "transaction_charged_twice",
- "transfer_fee_charged",
- "transfer_into_account",
- "transfer_not_received_by_recipient",
- "transfer_timing",
- "unable_to_verify_identity",
- "verify_my_identity",
- "verify_source_of_funds",
- "verify_top_up",
- "virtual_card_not_working",
- "visa_or_mastercard",
- "why_verify_identity",
- "wrong_amount_of_cash_received",
- "wrong_exchange_rate_for_cash_withdrawal",
- ]
- },
- },
- "terms_of_service": {
- "name": "terms_of_service",
- "description": "",
- "data_columns": ["Sentence", "ID"],
- "label_columns": {"Label": ["not potentially unfair", "potentially unfair"]},
- },
- "tai_safety_research": {
- "name": "tai_safety_research",
- "description": "",
- "data_columns": [
- "Title",
- "Abstract Note",
- "Url",
- "Publication Year",
- "Item Type",
- "Author",
- "Publication Title",
- "ID",
- ],
- "label_columns": {"Label": ["TAI safety research", "not TAI safety research"]},
- },
- "neurips_impact_statement_risks": {
- "name": "neurips_impact_statement_risks",
- "description": "",
- "data_columns": ["Paper title", "Paper link", "Impact statement", "ID"],
- "label_columns": {"Label": ["doesn't mention a harmful application", "mentions a harmful application"]},
- },
- "overruling": {
- "name": "overruling",
- "description": "",
- "data_columns": ["Sentence", "ID"],
- "label_columns": {"Label": ["not overruling", "overruling"]},
- },
- "systematic_review_inclusion": {
- "name": "systematic_review_inclusion",
- "description": "",
- "data_columns": ["Title", "Abstract", "Authors", "Journal", "ID"],
- "label_columns": {"Label": ["included", "not included"]},
- },
- "one_stop_english": {
- "name": "one_stop_english",
- "description": "",
- "data_columns": ["Article", "ID"],
- "label_columns": {"Label": ["advanced", "elementary", "intermediate"]},
- },
- "tweet_eval_hate": {
- "name": "tweet_eval_hate",
- "description": "",
- "data_columns": ["Tweet", "ID"],
- "label_columns": {"Label": ["hate speech", "not hate speech"]},
- },
- "twitter_complaints": {
- "name": "twitter_complaints",
- "description": "",
- "data_columns": ["Tweet text", "ID"],
- "label_columns": {"Label": ["complaint", "no complaint"]},
- },
- "semiconductor_org_types": {
- "name": "semiconductor_org_types",
- "description": "",
- "data_columns": ["Paper title", "Organization name", "ID"],
- "label_columns": {"Label": ["company", "research institute", "university"]},
- },
-}
-
-_URLs = {s: {"train": f"{DATA_DIR}{s}/train.csv", "test": f"{DATA_DIR}{s}/test_unlabeled.csv"} for s in TASKS}
-
-
-class Raft(datasets.GeneratorBasedBuilder):
- """RAFT Dataset"""
- VERSION = datasets.Version("1.1.0")
- BUILDER_CONFIGS = []
-
- for key in TASKS:
- td = TASKS[key]
- name = td["name"]
- description = td["description"]
- BUILDER_CONFIGS.append(datasets.BuilderConfig(name=name, version=VERSION, description=description))
-
- DEFAULT_CONFIG_NAME = (
- "tai_safety_research" # It's not mandatory to have a default configuration. Just use one if it make sense.
- )
-
- def _info(self):
- DEFAULT_LABEL_NAME = "Unlabeled"
-
- task = TASKS[self.config.name]
- data_columns = {col_name: (datasets.Value("string") if col_name != "ID" else datasets.Value("int32")) for col_name in task["data_columns"]}
-
- label_columns = {}
- for label_name in task["label_columns"]:
- labels = [DEFAULT_LABEL_NAME] + task["label_columns"][label_name]
- label_columns[label_name] = datasets.ClassLabel(len(labels), labels)
-
- # Merge dicts
- features = datasets.Features(**data_columns, **label_columns)
-
- return datasets.DatasetInfo(
- # This is the description that will appear on the datasets page.
- description=_DESCRIPTION,
- # This defines the different columns of the dataset and their types
- features=features, # Here we define them above because they are different between the two configurations
- # If there's a common (input, target) tuple from the features,
- # specify them here. They'll be used if as_supervised=True in
- # builder.as_dataset.
- supervised_keys=None,
- # Homepage of the dataset for documentation
- homepage=_HOMEPAGE,
- # License for the dataset if available
- license=_LICENSE,
- # Citation for the dataset
- citation=_CITATION,
- )
-
- def _split_generators(self, dl_manager):
- """Returns SplitGenerators."""
- # TODO: This method is tasked with downloading/extracting the data and defining the splits depending on the configuration
- # If several configurations are possible (listed in BUILDER_CONFIGS), the configuration selected by the user is in self.config.name
-
- # dl_manager is a datasets.download.DownloadManager that can be used to download and extract URLs
- # It can accept any type or nested list/dict and will give back the same structure with the url replaced with path to local files.
- # By default the archives will be extracted and a path to a cached folder where they are extracted is returned instead of the archive
- data_dir = dl_manager.download_and_extract(_URLs)
- dataset = self.config.name
- return [
- datasets.SplitGenerator(
- name=datasets.Split.TRAIN, gen_kwargs={"filepath": data_dir[dataset]["train"], "split": "train"}
- ),
- datasets.SplitGenerator(
- name=datasets.Split.TEST, gen_kwargs={"filepath": data_dir[dataset]["test"], "split": "test"}
- ),
- ]
-
- def _generate_examples(
- self, filepath, split # method parameters are unpacked from `gen_kwargs` as given in `_split_generators`
- ):
- """Yields examples as (key, example) tuples."""
- # This method handles input defined in _split_generators to yield (key, example) tuples from the dataset.
- # The `key` is here for legacy reason (tfds) and is not important in itself.
-
- task = TASKS[self.config.name]
- labels = list(task["label_columns"])
-
- with open(filepath, encoding="utf-8") as f:
- csv_reader = csv.reader(f, quotechar='"', delimiter=",", quoting=csv.QUOTE_ALL, skipinitialspace=True)
- column_names = next(csv_reader)
- # Test csvs don't have any label columns.
- if split == "test":
- column_names += labels
-
- for id_, row in enumerate(csv_reader):
- if split == "test":
- row += ["Unlabeled"] * len(labels)
- # dicts don't have inherent ordering in python, right??
- yield id_, {name: value for name, value in zip(column_names, row)}
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